NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 12a1126n.06

Nos. 10-3773, 11-3523

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )

)

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

v ) SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

)

ROBERT L. SCHWARTZ, )

)

Defendant-Appellant. )

Before: CLAY and WHITE, Circuit Judges; and HOOD, District Judge.*

HOOD, District Judge. Defendant-Appellant Robert Schwartz appeals from the district

court’s forfeiture moneyjudgment and from the district court’s order enforcing a writ of garnishment

to satisfy the restitution ordered in the judgment. Schwartz argues that the district court erred when

it ordered enforcement of a writ of garnishment over his objections because it allowed the

government to collect on restitution that was not, in his eyes, yet due and owing. Because the

language in the judgment allowed for a sum certain of restitution to be due immediately, there is no

merit to his argument. Schwartz also argues that the district court erred when it entered a final order

of forfeiture without entering a preliminary order of forfeiture as required by Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2. 

Any error was, however, harmless because the final single-stage forfeiture proceeding provided all

the process due to Schwartz with respect to forfeiture by Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2.

The Honorable Joseph M. Hood, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky,

*

sitting by designation.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court with respect to the enforcement

of the writ of garnishment and the forfeiture judgment. 

I.

Schwartz was charged in May 2009 in an Information with one count of mail fraud and one

count of filing a false federal income tax return. (R. 1, Information.) In the Information, the

government also gave Schwartz notice of its intent to seek a forfeiture money judgment of

$2,492,469, the amount of Schwartz’s fraudulent proceeds, as well as its intent to forfeit a list of real

properties that constitute or that were derived from proceeds traceable to Schwartz’s mail fraud, up

to a value of $2,492,469. (Id.) 

In June 2009, Schwartz pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to both the mail fraud

and tax felony violations as charged in the Information. (R. 2, Plea Agreement; R. 19, Change of

Plea Tr.) In the plea agreement, Schwartz agreed that the fraud loss was $2,492,469 and that the

mandatory restitution to the Hadassah Hospital would be in that amount. (R. 19, Change of Plea Tr.,

pp. 24-26.) The plea was silent as to forfeiture. 

At his sentencing hearing, Schwartz admitted that the statement of facts in support of his

guilty plea was true and accurate. Schwartz was an attorney in Cincinnati who, in 2003, was given

power of attorney to handle the financial affairs of his wealthy and elderly friend and client, Beverly

Hersh. (Id., pp. 32, 37.) Schwartz prepared several codicils to her will and also drafted three trust

agreements. Upon Ms. Hersh’s death, her estate was to be distributed as follows: 20 percent to

Hadassah Hospital; 30 percent to the Hersh Charitable Trust; and 50 percent to the Hersh Revocable

Trust. (Id.) Ms. Hersh died in 2005 and Schwartz was named executor of her estate. (Id., p. 33.) In

2006, Schwartz filed estate-tax returns indicating that Hadassah Hospital was to receive $2,502,469,

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that the Hersh Charitable Trust was to receive $3,756,703, and the Hersh Revocable Trust was to

receive $6,261,172 from Ms. Hersh’s estate. (Id.) However, Schwartz never advised the Hadassah

Hospital of the extent of Ms. Hersh’s gift and only made three distributions to Hadassah totaling

$210,000. (Id., pp. 34-35.) Schwartz fraudulently distributed over $9 million through the Hersh

Revocable Trust, most of which went to Schwartz, which he used for personal expenditures and asset

purchases for family members, employees, friends and close associates. (Id., p. 34.) 

While no preliminary order of forfeiture was ever requested or entered, on June 7, 2010, the

day before Schwartz’s sentencing, the government filed a motion for a forfeiture money judgment

in the amount of $2,492,469 pursuant to Rule 32.2(b)(1)(A) and (c)(1) and disavowed any intention

to seek forfeiture of the five (5) parcels of real property referenced in the Information. (R. 41, Motion

for Money Judgment.) On June 8, 2010, the district court sentenced Schwartz to 48 months in

prison, followed by three years of supervised release. (R. 43, Judgment.) The district court ordered

that Schwartz pay a $10,000 fine and $3,227,686 in restitution, as follows: $2,292,469 to Hadassah,

due immediately, and $935,217 to the Internal Revenue Service, due upon Schwartz’s release to

supervision. (Id., pp. 5-6; R. 51, Sentencing Tr., pp. 49-50.) The district court ordered that, if

Schwartz was working in a non-UNICOR or grade 5 UNICOR job while incarcerated, he would have

to pay $25 per quarter toward restitution, and that, if Schwartz was working in a grade 1-4 UNICOR

job while incarcerated, he would have to pay 50 percent of his monthly pay toward restitution. (R.

43, Judgment, p. 6, R. 51, Sentencing Tr., p 50.) The district court also ordered that, “[u]nless the

court has expressly ordered otherwise . . . [,] payment of criminal monetary penalties is due during

imprisonment.” (R. 43, Judgment, p. 6, R. 51, Sentencing Tr., p 49.) 

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With respect to the motion for forfeiture, Schwartz’s counsel initially stated that Schwartz

had agreed to the forfeiture and deferred to the government on how it wanted to proceed on the

forfeiture at the sentencing. (Id.) However, Schwartz’s counsel then objected to the government’s

motion for a forfeiture money judgment based on Schwartz’s concern that it might adversely affect

the ability of Hadassah to receive full restitution. (Id., pp. 58-59.) Schwartz’s counsel also objected

on the grounds that the government’s motion for a forfeiture money judgment was not made part of

the plea agreement and that there had not been a preliminary order of forfeiture, as required by Rule

32.2, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. (Id., pp. 59-60.) The government responded that a

preliminary order of forfeiture under Rule 32.2 was not required where the government was only

seeking a forfeiture money judgment. (Id., p. 60.) The district court then ordered a $2,492,469

forfeiture money judgment against Schwartz. (Id., p. 61.) Schwartz filed a timely Notice of Appeal

on June 22, 2010. (R. 45, Notice of Appeal.)

In October 2010, the government filed an application for a writ of garnishment directed to

Foundation Bank, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 3205(a), on the grounds that Schwartz had an unpaid

judgment debt of restitution ordered by the district court and that Foundation Bank was in possession

and control of funds owned by Schwartz that the government sought to apply toward satisfaction of

that judgment debt of restitution. (R. 59, Application for Writ of Garnishment.) The district court

granted the writ. (R. 60, Order for Writ of Garnishment; R. 61, Writ of Garnishment.) Following

Schwartz’s objection, full briefing, and a hearing on the issue, the magistrate judge reported and

recommended to the district court that the Writ of Garnishment be enforced on January 14, 2011.

(R. 88, Garnishment Hearing Tr.) The district court entered an order on April 21, 2011, adopting

the magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation, overruling Schwartz’s objection to the

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recommendation, and ordering that the Writ be enforced. (R. 82, Order). This timely appeal

followed.

II.

Schwartz argues that the writ of garnishment was improperly enforced because, based on 18

U.S.C. § 3612(c), the government may only collect unpaid restitution. He reasons that the full

amount is not yet due because he is making periodic payments toward his restitution as set forth in

the judgment and, thus, the government has no basis to garnish Schwartz’s IRA accounts held by

Foundation Bank. However, Schwartz ignores that the judgment provides that “[Schwartz] shall

pay... restitution of $2,292,469, which shall be due immediately.” [R. 43, Judgment, p. 6]. While

the judgment provides for periodic payments to be applied to his monetary obligation each quarter

while Schwartz is employed during his incarceration, the existence of the payment schedule does not

change the fact that $2,292,469 in restitution to Hadassah was immediately due upon entry of

judgment.

The district court may order that the defendant pay the entire amount of restitution in one

lump sum or in partial payments set forth in a payment schedule. 18 U.S.C. § 3612(c). Here, the

majorityof the restitution ordered, $2,292,469, was due immediatelyupon sentencing, with a smaller

amount due to the IRS at a later date. Because Schwartz did not pay that portion of the restitution

due to Hadassah at the time the judgment was imposed, that amount became an unpaid debt that the

government could seek to collect immediately by all available and reasonable means. 18 U.S.C.

§§ 3612, 3613; 18 U.S.C. § 3664(m)(1)(A)(ii); 28 U.S.C. § 3205(a); United States v. Miller, 588

F. Supp. 2d 789, 795–96 (W.D. Mich. 2008). 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s order enforcing the writ of garnishment.

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III.

Schwartz complains that he was surprised when he received the United States’ motion for

entry of a final order because there had never been a request for or entry of a preliminary order of

forfeiture in the matter and because the plea agreement addressed restitution but not forfeiture. 

Because forfeiture had not been addressed by these means earlier, he believed that the United States

had abandoned forfeiture. He argues that he was harmed by the omission of the preliminary order

of forfeiture because he was unable to “research the applicable law and respond” and did not have

an opportunity to “negotiate a lesser amount as part of the Plea Agreement” since he did not realize

that forfeiture would still be an issue at the conclusion of the matter. Schwartz fails, however, to

articulate anyspecific objections or arguments based on the law that he would have presented against

the award or amount of forfeiture if he had been given an earlier opportunity to do so. 

A.

As a threshold matter, Schwartz suggests that the district court erred in entering the forfeiture

money judgment because it was not provided for in the plea agreement. His argument rests,

however, solely on case law in which this Court found that a district court erred when it failed to

enter a judgment of forfeiture in keeping with an element of the parties’ plea agreement, which the

court had accepted. See United States v. Skidmore, 998 F.2d 372, 376 (6th Cir. 1993) (holding that

specific performance of the plea agreement was appropriate remedy where the district court had

breached it by excising a key provision of the agreement concerning forfeiture). Schwartz’s plea

agreement included no promise by the government to exclude or dismiss the forfeiture count, nor

was there any agreement as to what sentence the Court might impose. Forfeiture is an element of

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the sentence. As a result, Schwartz can hardly complain on these grounds, and his reliance on

Skidmore is inapposite at best.

B.

Next, Schwartz argues that the forfeiture provision contained in the judgment should be

vacated because a preliminary order of forfeiture was never entered by the district court as required

by Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2. Rule 32.2 provides that “[i]f the court finds that property is subject to

forfeiture, it must promptly enter a preliminary order of forfeiture setting forth the amount of any

money judgment, directing the forfeiture of specific property, and directing the forfeiture of any

substitute property if the government has met the statutory criteria.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(b)(2)(A)

(emphasis added). With respect to timing, the district court must enter the preliminary order, unless

impractical to do so, “sufficiently in advance of sentencing to allow the parties to suggest revisions

or modifications before the order becomes final,” which occurs at sentencing. Fed. R. Crim. P.

32.2(b)(2)(B), 32.2(b)(4)(A). Thus, the district court erred byfailing to enter a preliminaryforfeiture

order. Having considered the magnitude of that error in the context of this case, we conclude that

it was harmless. 

While the failure to enter a preliminaryorder before sentencing and judgment, i.e., in a timely

fashion per Rule 32.2, does not deprive the district court of authority to enter a final order of

forfeiture, see United States v. Martin, 662 F.3d 301, 308 (4th Cir. 2011), cert. denied __ S. Ct. __,

2012 WL 950228 (April 16, 2012) (quoting Dolan v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S. Ct. 2533

(2010)), “‘[p]rocedural due process requires that an individual receive adequate notice and

procedures to contest the deprivation of property rights’ that result from criminal forfeiture under

21 U.S.C. § 853.” United States v. Shakur, 691 F.3d 979, 988 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States

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v. Smith, 656 F.3d 821, 827 (8th Cir. 2011), cert. denied, ––– U.S. ––––, 132 S. Ct. 1586 (2012)). 

Thus, with respect to timing, the district court should enter a preliminary order, unless impractical

to do so, “sufficiently in advance of sentencing to allow the parties to suggest revisions or

modifications before the order becomes final,” which occurs at sentencing. Fed. R. Crim. P.

32.2(b)(2)(B), 32.2(b)(4)(A). However, a “preliminary” order of forfeiture is final as to a criminal

defendant’s rights in the items or amounts to be forfeited. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(c)(2) (“When

[any] ancillary proceeding ends, the court must enter a final order of forfeiture by amending the

preliminary order as necessary to account for any third-party rights. If no third party files a timely

petition, the preliminary order becomes the final order of forfeiture if the court finds that the

defendant . . . had an interest in the property that is forfeitable under the applicable statute.”); see

United States v. Gross, 213 F.3d 599, 600 (11th Cir. 2000) (holding that the preliminary order of

forfeiture was final and appealable because the preliminary order finally determined the defendant’s

rights in the forfeited property). It is that preliminary order which invites third parties to make

claims of interest with respect to the item or items to be forfeited in proceedings consistent with Fed.

R. Crim. P. 32.2(c). Thus, it matters not whether the motion for and the order entered by the district

court in this case were styled “preliminary” or “final” because the effect was the same for Schwartz. 

His interest in the property could be adjudicated with all due process by virtue of the single

proceeding which was concluded with a final order of forfeiture, assuming he did receive notice and

an opportunity to be heard during that proceeding.

Schwartz offers nothing to establish that he was denied adequate procedural due

process—notice and the opportunityto be heard—in this situation, even though he argues that he was

surprised when he received the United States’ motion for entry of a final order because he thought

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that the United States had decided not to pursue the claim of forfeiture against him in the absence

of a preliminary order of forfeiture. That surprise, however, does not rise to the level of a

constitutional wrong. Nor has Schwartz provided this Court with any specific, colorable objections

that he would have made to a preliminary order of forfeiture had it been sought or entered or with

respect to the final order of forfeiture if more time had been available to him, nor has he denied that

the forfeiture amount ordered was equal to the amount of loss caused by his fraud. Moreover, in its

own review, this Court has not unearthed any prejudice to Schwartz caused by the prosecution and

the district court’s failure. 

On the whole, Schwartz received all of the process required in this instance. Schwartz had

notice of the government’s intent to seek forfeiture by virtue of the forfeiture provision in the

Information lodged against him. See 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C); 28 U.S.C. § 2461(c). Schwartz does

not deny that he was on notice of what amount would be subject to forfeiture, that he received the

motion for entry of a final order of forfeiture in advance of the hearing on the matter, or that the

district court provided him with an opportunity to make objections to the fact and amount of

forfeiture at the sentencing hearing. As required by Rule 32.2, the district court determined the

amount of money that Schwartz was required to pay by referencing items in evidence, such as the

written plea agreement. Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(b)(1)(A), (b)(1)(B). He does not deny that the United

States offered and the district court relied upon adequate factual support for a forfeiture judgment

in the amount of $2,492,469, the amount of the forfeiture awarded, or that he already agreed in the

plea agreement that said amount was the amount of actual loss caused by his fraud in determining

restitution. See United States v. Riddell, 329 F. App’x 328, 329 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing United States

v. Simpson, 538 F.3d 459, 465–66 (6th Cir. 2008), and United States v. Finkley, 324 F.3d 401, 404

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(6th Cir. 2003)) (recognizing that a district court “must base its order of restitution on actual

losses.”); (R. 2, Plea Agreement, ¶10 and Statement of Facts; R. 19, Change of Plea Tr., pp. 32–37). 

Thus, any error in failing to enter a preliminary order of forfeiture in this matter is harmless. Fed.

R. Crim. P. 52(a) (stating that “[a]ny error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not affect

substantial rights” is harmless error and “must be disregarded”). 

While not articulated in his briefs, at oral argument and in a subsequent supplemental letter

of authority filed pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 28(j), Schwartz hints that, if given the opportunity

below, he would argue that the district court could not order both forfeiture and restitution. To the

extent that Schwartz makes this argument, we do not find it persuasive. While not addressing this

question directly, this Court has discussed the different purposes of restitution and forfeiture, which

are not mutually exclusive, 

. . . [f]orfeiture and restitution are distinct remedies. Restitution is remedial in nature,

and its goal is to restore the victim’s loss. Forfeiture, in contrast, is punitive; it seeks

to disgorge any profits that the offender realized from his illegal activity. Given their

distinct nature and goals, restitution is calculated based on the victim’s loss, while

forfeiture is based on the offender’s gain.

United States v. Boring, 557 F.3d 707, 714 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Webber, 536

F.3d 584, 602–03 (7th Cir. 2008)); see also United States v. Dierker, 417 F. App’x 515, 523–25 (6th

Cir. 2011) (deciding that both forfeiture and restitution were correctly determined). Other circuit

courts that have addressed this issue have overwhelmingly determined that a district court may order

restitution and forfeiture, and that both are often mandatory. United States v. Kalish, 626 F.3d 165,

169 (2d Cir. 2010) (“We see no infirmity in the . . . imposition of both a forfeiture remedy and a

restitution remedy. These remedies are authorized by separate statutes, and their simultaneous

imposition offends no constitutional provision.”); United States v. Alalade, 204 F.3d 536, 539–41

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(4th Cir. 2000);United States v. Taylor, 582 F.3d 558, 567 (5th Cir. 2009); United States v. Leahy,

464 F.3d 773, 793 n.8 (7th Cir. 2006) (“While we recognize to the untrained eye, this might appear

to be a ‘double dip,’ restitution and forfeiture serve different goals, and we have approved of

[ordering both restitution and forfeiture] in the past.”); United States v. Newman, 659 F.3d 1235,

1241 (9th Cir. 2011); United States v. McGinty, 610 F.3d 1242, 1247 (10th Cir. 2010); United States

v. Browne, 505 F.3d 1229, 1280-81 (11th Cir. 2007). 

To be clear, this Court does not condone the failure to seek or enter a preliminary order of

forfeiture. However, in this limited instance, where the United States sought a money judgment

forfeiture, Schwartz had agreed to the amount of fraud loss in the plea agreement, and the district

court provided a hearing, at which the government factually supported its motion for forfeiture

judgment and Schwartz had an opportunity to object, the absence of a preliminary order of forfeiture

did not affect Schwartz’s substantial rights, and the district court’s error was harmless. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court with respect to forfeiture.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment and order.

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