United States

Department

of Agriculture

www.ers.usda.gov

Electronic Report from the Economic Research Service

U.S. Agriculture, 1960-96 

A Multilateral Comparison 

of Total Factor Productivity

V. Eldon Ball, Jean-Pierre Butault, and Richard Nehring

Abstract

This study provides estimates of the growth and relative levels of agricultural

productivity for the 48 contiguous States for the period 1960 to 1996. For the full

1960-96 period, every State exhibits a positive and generally substantial average

annual rate of productivity growth. There is considerable variance, however. The

wide disparity in growth rates resulted in substantial changes in the ranking order

of States by productivity. For each year, we calculate the coefficient of variation

of productivity levels. We use these coefficients to show that the range of levels

of productivity has narrowed over time, although the pattern of convergence was

far from uniform. The fact that in some States, productivity grew faster than others and yet the cross-section dispersion decreased, implies that the States whose

productivity grew most rapidly were those with lower initial levels of productivity. This result is consistent with Gerschenkron’s notion of the advantage of relative backwardness. The States that were particularly far behind the productivity

leaders had the most to gain from the diffusion of technical knowledge and proceeded to grow most rapidly. We also observe a positive relation between capital

accumulation and productivity growth, implying embodiment of technology in

capital.

Keywords: Production accounts, multilateral index numbers, total factor productivity.



	




	


	


ii

Contents

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1

Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 2

Production Accounts ............................................................................................................ 3

 Output ................................................................................................................................ 3

 Intermediate Input ............................................................................................................. 5

 Capital Input ...................................................................................................................... 7

 Land Input ......................................................................................................................... 10

 Labor Input ...................................................................................................................... 11

Total Factor Productivity ................................................................................................... 12

Analysis of Differences in Productivity ............................................................................. 17

Summary and Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 18

References............................................................................................................................. 21

Footnotes .............................................................................................................................. 23
iii

Figures

Figure

Number

1 Growth in crop output, by State, 1960-96 ..................................................................... 4

2 Growth in livestock output, by State, 1960-96 .............................................................. 5

3 Growth in intermediate inputs, by State, 1960-96 ......................................................... 6

4 Growth in capital input, by State, 1960-96.................................................................... 10

5 Growth in land input, by State, 1960-96 ....................................................................... 11

6 Growth in labor input, by State, 1960-96 ......................................................................12

7 Coefficients of variation of State Productivity.............................................................. 14

8 Growth in output, by State, 1960-96 .............................................................................15

9 Growth in inputs, by State, 1960-96.............................................................................. 16

10 Growth in total factor productivity, by State, 1960-96 ................................................. 16

11 Productivity level and productivity growth, by State, 1960-96 .....................................20

Tables

Table

Number

Tables 1-10 are available as Excel spreadsheets at http:\\www.ers.usda.gov\data\StateAgTFP/sfagtfpindex.htm

1 Crop Output Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama, by State, 1960-96............................ 28

2 Livestock Output Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama, by State, 1960-96..................... 31

3 Intermediate Input Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama, by State, 1960-96................... 34

4 Capital Input Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama, by State, 1960-96............................ 37

5 Land Input Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama, by State, 1960-96............................... 40

6 Labor Input Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama, by State, 1960-96.............................. 43

7 Total Output Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama, by State, 1960-96............................ 46

8 Total Input Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama, by State, 1960-96............................... 49

9 Total Factor Productivity Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama, by State, 1960-96......... 52

10 States Ranked by 1996 Level of Productivity.................................................................. 55

11 Regressions of total factor productivity growth on relative productivity level

 and growth in factor intensities, 1960-96..........................................................................18
U.S. Agriculture, 1960-96

A Multilateral Comparison of

Total Factor Productivity

V. Eldon Ball

Jean-Pierre Butault

Richard Nehring

Introduction

The rise in agricultural productivity has long been chronicled as the single most important source of

economic growth in the U.S. farm sector. Though their methods differ in important ways, the major

sectoral productivity studies by Kendrick and Grossman (1980) and Jorgenson, Gollop, and Fraumeni

(1987) share this common conclusion.

1 In a recent study, Jorgenson and Gollop (1992) find that

productivity growth over the 1947-85 period accounted for 82 percent of the economic growth in

agriculture, compared with only 13 percent in the private nonfarm economy.

2 Moreover, the rate of

productivity growth over this period in agriculture (1.58 percent) was nearly four times the corresponding

rate in the private nonfarm economy (0.44 percent).

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has been monitoring the industry’s productivity

performance for decades. In fact, the USDA in 1960 was the first agency to introduce multifactor

productivity measurement into the Federal statistical program. Today, the USDA's Economic Research

Service (ERS) routinely produces total factor productivity measures for the aggregate farm sector from

production accounts that distinguish multiple outputs and inputs, adjust for quality change in each input

category,

3 and recognize that some farm production (e.g., breeding livestock) is both an investment good

as well as an agricultural output.

4

A properly constructed measure of productivity growth for the aggregate farm sector is certainly

important. It provides a useful summary statistic indicating how economic welfare is being advanced

through productivity gains in agriculture, but it may mask important State-specific or regional trends. A

recent study by Ball et al. (1999) focuses on agricultural productivity at both sector and State levels. A

model accounting for interstate transactions in farm goods links sectorwide and State-specific measures of

productivity growth. One conclusion is that there is much more volatility across States than can be

inferred from productivity measures for the aggregate farm sector. The results also indicate that

productivity growth in the U.S. farm sector is wholly a function of the productivity trends in individual

States. Interstate shifts in production activity and resource reallocations have had little effect.

___________

V. Eldon Ball and Richard Nehring are economists with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service, and

Jean-Pierre Butault is with the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nancy, France.
2

In the present study, we estimate the growth and relative levels of productivity for the States for the

period 1960 to 1996. We adopt an index number approach. Comparisons of productivity over time are

often based on index number procedures. Recent developments in economic theory have improved our

knowledge about which index number procedures are most attractive for making productivity

comparisons. The distinguishing feature of these procedures is that they possess many properties

considered desirable in classical index number analysis, and they represent exactly production structures

that have attractive properties.

Problems arise, however, when more than two States are compared simultaneously. The use of binary

indexes to compare each of the possible pairs of States gives results that may not satisfy Fisher’s (1922)

circularity test. Eltetö and Köves (1964) and Szulc (1964) have proposed a method that achieves

transitivity while minimizing the deviations from the binary comparisons. The procedure they developed

is used in this study to provide estimates of the relative levels of productivity.

The purpose of this comparison is to analyze changes in these levels over time. We find that the range of

levels of productivity (as measured by the coefficient of variation) has narrowed over the study period,

although the pattern of convergence was far from uniform. This is a remarkable result given the wide

variation in State growth rates.

To account for the observed convergence in productivity levels, we consider two hypotheses, which are

not mutually exclusive. The first is the catch-up hypothesis, which states simply that those States that

lagged furthest behind the leading States in terms of levels of productivity benefit the most from the

diffusion of technical knowledge and, hence, should exhibit the most rapid rates of productivity growth.

The second hypothesis is that technological innovation is embodied in capital and intermediate inputs. If

the input measures do not correct for changes in input quality, then a positive relation should be observed

between the rate of productivity growth and the rates of growth of capital and intermediate inputs.

Support is found for the two hypotheses. First, we find a strong inverse relationship between the rates of

growth of productivity and the initial levels of productivity. Second, our results support the existence of a

positive interaction between capital accumulation and productivity growth. The relation between growth

in materials input and productivity growth is positive, as predicted, but statistically insignificant.

Methodology

A productivity index is generally defined as an output index divided by an input index. The measures of

productivity presented in this paper are formed from Fisher indexes of outputs and inputs. Let p 0 N

i

»

denote the positive price vector for State ,  M, 1, = ii . The corresponding quantity vector is x 0N

i

≥ .

The Fisher quantity index is defined as:

, 



 





⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅ ≡ p x

p x p xp x Q ( p , p , x , x ) j k

j j

k k

k j 2

1

kjjk kj

F (1)

where the superscripts j and k can be interpreted as time periods or as States. Diewert (1976) showed that

equation 1 can be derived from a homogeneous quadratic production or input requirements function (or

aggregator function). The homogeneous quadratic aggregator function can provide a second-order

approximation to an arbitrary twice differentiable, linear homogeneous function.
3

The direct application of equation 1 to the − 21)M(M possible pairs of States yields a matrix of binary

comparisons that may not satisfy the transitivity condition. To eliminate this problem, we apply the

multilateral Eltetö and Köves (1964) and Szulc (1964) method, which defines the index for State j relative

to State k as the unweighted geometric mean of binary Fisher indexes:

Q Q ( p , p , x , x ) Q ( p , p , x , x k. j, ,) ki ki

F

ij ij

F

M

1=i

M

1

jk

EKS 

 ∀



 







∏ ⋅≡ (2)

The multilateral Eltetö-Köves-Szulc index defined by equation 2 satisfies transitivity while minimizing

the deviations from the binary Fisher indexes.

The binary Fisher indexes, which are the building blocks of the multilateral Eltetö-Köves-Szulc indexes,

are based on prices and quantities of commodities common to both States in the comparison. Even so,

these binary indexes sometimes rely on a very small number of commodities. In this study, we construct

direct binary Fisher indexes if the commodities common to both States represent a minimum percentage

of the value of production in both States. Below this percentage, the Eltetö-Köves-Szulc indexes are

constructed using indirect binary comparisons through other States.

The indirect binary indexes are calculated using a chain-link method. Adjacent States are selected on the

basis of the shortest possible path (i.e., fewest States) without falling below this predefined threshold.

This method is similar to the chain-link method used in intertemporal comparisons. The only difference is

that there is no natural ordering of the data points (such as chronological ordering).

Production Accounts

ERS has constructed State and aggregate accounts for the farm sector. Output of the sector is defined as

gross production leaving the farm, as opposed to real value added. Inputs are not limited to capital and

labor, but include intermediate inputs as well. Both State and aggregate accounts view all of agriculture

within their respective boundaries as if it were a single farm. Output includes all off-farm deliveries but

excludes intermediate goods produced and consumed on the farm. The difference is that output in the

aggregate accounts is defined as deliveries to final demand and intermediate demands in the nonfarm

sector. State output accounts include these deliveries plus interstate shipments to intermediate farm

demands. The text in this section provides an overview of the sources and methods used to construct the

annual production accounts for the 1960-96 period for each of the 48 contiguous States.

Output

The development of a measure of output begins with disaggregated data for physical quantities and

market prices of crops and livestock compiled for each State by ERS’s Resource Economics Division.

5

The output quantity for each crop and livestock category consists of quantities of commodities sold off

the farm, additions to inventory, and quantities consumed as part of final demand in farm households

during the calendar year. As discussed above, off-farm sales in the aggregate accounts are defined only in

terms of output leaving the sector. Off-farm sales in the State accounts include sales to the farm sector in

other States as well.

The price corresponding to each disaggregated output reflects the value of that output to the sector. That

is, subsidies are added and indirect taxes are subtracted from market values.
4

Using equation 2, we construct indexes of crop and livestock output for the 48 States for the period 1960-

96. Indexes of crop output are presented in table 1. We present indexes of livestock output in table 2. All

values are shown relative to Alabama in 1996. Average annual rates of growth are presented for the full

1960-96 period and for six subperiods.

6

Figure 1--Growth in output, by State, 1960-96

AR

WA

DE

GA

FL

ID

NM

NE

LA

ND

NC

MS

OR

CA

NV

CO

AL

KY

KS

TX

MD

SD

UT

MN

PA

MT

VA

OK

AZ

MI

WY

MO

TN

SC

IN

IA

IL

OH

WI

CT

WV

VT

NY

ME

NJ

NH

MA

RI

-0.015

-0.010

-0.005

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.040

Percent change in 

output
5

Intermediate Input

Intermediate input consists of goods used in production during the calendar year, whether withdrawn

from beginning inventories or purchased from outside the farm sector or (in the case of the State

production accounts) from farms in other States. The inclusion and treatment of open-market purchases of

feed, seed, and livestock inputs require little discussion. These inputs should enter both State and

aggregate farm sector intermediate goods accounts. However, the treatment of withdrawals from

producers’ inventories requires elaboration.

Inventories enter the measurement of output, intermediate input, and capital input. Beginning inventories

of crops and livestock represent capital inputs and are treated as such in the discussion of capital later.

Additions to these inventories represent deliveries to final demand and, therefore, are treated as part of

output. Goods withdrawn from inventory are symmetrically defined as intermediate goods and, therefore,

must enter the farm input accounts.

Data on current dollar consumption of petroleum fuels, natural gas, and electricity in agriculture are

compiled for each State for the 1960-96 period. Prices of individual fuels are taken from the Energy

Information Administration’s Monthly Energy Review. The index of energy consumption is formed

implicitly as the ratio of total expenditures (less State and Federal excise tax refunds) to the corresponding

price index.

Figure 2--Growth in livestock output, by State, 1960-96

NC

AR

DE

GA

NM

WA

MS

AL

SC

KSCO

TX

NEOK

IDFL

VA

KY

CA

MD

AZ

UT

PA

LA

NV

WY

WV

VT

MT

OR

ME

CT

TN

MI

NY

WI

MN

SDMO

OH

ND

IN

IA

NH

NJ

IL

MA

RI

-0.030

-0.020

-0.010

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

0.060

Percent change in 

livestock output
6

Pesticides and fertilizers underwent significant changes in input quality over the 1960-96 study period.

Since input price and quantity series used in a study of productivity must be denominated in constantefficiency units, we construct price indexes for fertilizers and pesticides from hedonic regression results.

A price index of fertilizers is formed by regressing the prices of single-nutrient and multi-grade fertilizer

materials on the proportion of nutrients contained in the materials.7 Price differences across pesticides are

assumed due to differences in physical characteristics such as toxicity, persistence in the environment,

and leaching potential.

8 The corresponding quantity indexes are formed implicitly as the ratio of the value

of each aggregate to its price index.

There remain several purchased inputs that collectively account for some 15 percent of the input service

flow. We compute price and implicit quantity indexes of purchased services such as contract labor

services, custom machine services (less income from machine hire), machine and building maintenance

and repairs, and irrigation from public sellers of water. Indexes of intermediate input are constructed by

aggregating across each category of intermediate input described above. These indexes and their average

annual rates of growth are presented in table 3.

Figure 3--Growth in intermediate inputs, by State, 1960-96

AR

WA

DE

NM

OK

KS

NC

GA

NETX

ID

FL

NV

MS

CO

AL

CA

LA

OR

ND

WY

MT

KY

MD

MNUT

SCSD

VA

MI

TN

AZ

MO

WI

PA

IN

OH

WV

IL

IA

VT

NY

ME

CT

NJ

MA

NH

RI

-0.030

-0.020

-0.010

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

Percent change in 

intermediate inputs
7

Capital Input

This study requires measures of capital input and capital service prices for each State. Construction of

these series begins with estimating the capital stock and rental price for each asset type for each State.

The perpetual inventory method is used to develop capital stocks from data on investment. Implicit rental

prices for each asset are based on the correspondence between the purchase price of the asset and the

discounted value of future service flows derived from that asset.

Capital Stocks

Under the perpetual inventory method, capital stock at the end of each period, Kt, is measured as the sum

of all past investments, each weighted by its relative efficiency, dt:

K = d I . - t

0=

t τ τ

τ



∞

 (3)

We assume that the relative efficiency of capital goods declines with age, giving rise to the need for

replacement of productive capacity. The proportion of investment to be replaced at ageτ is equal to the

decline in efficiency from ageτ 1- to ageτ :

m ( - = d - d t. , 1, = ,) τ τ τ 1 - τ  (4)

These proportions represent mortality rates for capital goods of different ages. Replacement requirements

in period t can be expressed as a weighted sum of past investments:

R = m I , - t

1=

t τ τ

τ



∞

 (5)

where the weights are the mortality rates.

Taking the first difference of expression equation 3 and substituting from equations 4 and 5, we can write:

K - K = I - R . tt1-tt (6)

The change in capital stock in any period is equal to the acquisition of investment goods less replacement

requirements.

To estimate replacement requirements, we must introduce an explicit description of the decline in

efficiency. The relative efficiency of an assetτ years of age is given by:

d ,L > 0, = 

d L 0 ,) - (L / ) - (L = 

τ

τ β τ τ

τ

τ ≤≤ (7)

where L is the service life of the asset and β is a curvature or decay parameter.9

Little empirical evidence is available to suggest a precise value of β . However, two studies provide

evidence suggesting that efficiency decay occurs more rapidly in the later years of service. Utilizing data

on expenditures for maintenance and repairs of farm tractors covering the period 1958-74, Penson,

Hughes, and Nelson (1977) found that efficiency loss was, in fact, very small in the early years of service
8

and increased rapidly as the end of the asset’s service life approached. More recently, Romain, Penson,

and Lambert (1987) compared the explanatory power of alternative capacity depreciation patterns for

farm tractors in a model of investment behavior that also included the price of capital services. They

observed that the concave depreciation pattern better reflected actual investment decisions.

Taken together, these studies suggest that possible values of β should be restricted to the zero-one

interval. Ultimately, the β values chosen for this study were 0.50 for durable equipment and 0.75 for

structures. It is assumed that the efficiency of a structure declines slowly over most of the service life

until a point is reached where the cost of repairs exceeds the increased service flows derived from the

repairs, at which point the structure is allowed to depreciate rapidly. The decay parameter for durable

equipment assumes that the decline in efficiency was more uniformly distributed over the asset’s service

life.

Investment as used in this study is composed of different types of capital goods. Each type of capital good

is a homogeneous group of assets for which the service life L is a random variable reflecting quality

differences, maintenance schedules, etc. For each asset type, there exists some mean service life L around

which there exists some distribution of actual service lives. In order to determine the amount of capital

available for production, the different service lives and their frequency of occurrence must be determined.

It is assumed that this distribution can accurately be depicted by the normal distribution truncated at a

point two standard deviations before and after the mean.

10

Once the frequency of occurrence of a particular service life is determined, the efficiency function for that

service life is calculated using the assumed value of β . This process is repeated for all possible service

lives. An aggregate efficiency function is then constructed as a weighted sum of the individual efficiency

functions using as weights the frequency of occurrence. This function reflects not only changes in

efficiency, but also the discard distribution around the mean service life of the asset.

Beginning inventories of crops and livestock are treated as capital inputs.

11 We estimate the stock of

inventories using the perpetual inventory method, assuming zero replacement.

Prices of Capital Services

Firms add to the capital stock so long as the present value of the net revenue generated by an additional

unit of capital exceeds the purchase price of the asset. Following Coen (1975), this can be stated

algebraically as:

r + (1 ) w,> 

K

R

 wK

y p t t1=t





 





∂

∂

∂

∂ 

∞

 (8)

where p is the price of output, w is the price of an additional unit of capital, and r is the real discount rate.

To maximize net present value, firms add to the capital stock until this equation holds as an equality. This

requires that:

c. =

r + (1 ) K

R w r + rw = 

K

y p t t-

=1t ∂

∂

∂

∂ 

∞

 (9)
9

The expression for c is the implicit rental price of capital corresponding to the mortality distribution m.

The rental price consists of two components. The first term, rw, represents the opportunity cost of

invested funds. The second term, r + (1 ) K

R

 w r t t-

=1t ∂

∂ 

∞

 , is the present value of all future replacements

required to maintain the productive capacity of the capital stock.

Let us define F as the present value of the stream of capacity depreciation on one unit of capital according

to the mortality distribution m:

 = F m r + (1 ) .

tt

=1t



∞

 (10)

Since replacement at time t is equal to capacity depreciation at time t:

 

F) - (1

F

 =

r + (1 ) = F K

R t

=1t

t t-

=1t



∞∞

∂

∂

 (11)

and

. F) - (1

rw

 = c (12)

The real rate of return r in the above expression is calculated as the nominal yield on investment grade

corporate bonds less the rate of inflation as measured by the implicit deflator for gross domestic

product.

12 An ex ante rate is obtained by expressing observed real rates as an ARIMA process.13 We

then calculate F holding r constant for that particular vintage of capital goods. In this way, implicit rental

prices c are calculated for each asset type.

Indexes of capital input in each State are constructed by aggregating over the different capital assets using

as weights the asset-specific rental prices. Service prices for capital input are formed implicitly as the

ratio of the total current dollar value of capital service flows to the quantity index. The resulting measure

of capital input for each State, adjusted for changes in input quality, is presented in table 4.
10

Land Input

To obtain a constant-quality land stock, we compile data on land area and average value (excluding

buildings) per acre in each Agricultural Statistics District in each State. We further disaggregate land

input into irrigated and dry cropland, grazing land, and other land in 11 Western States. The land area in

each district and use category is reported in the quinquennial Census of Agriculture (U.S. Department of

Agriculture). USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service annually updates State estimates of total

land in farms. For the years intermediate to the censuses, percentages in each district and use category are

interpolated. Land values per acre are used to aggregate across the different land categories in each State.

The service flows from public lands were estimated by means of grazing fees paid using data from the

U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Land Management and USDA’s Forest Service.

Finally, the differences in the relative efficiency of land across States prevent the direct comparison of

observed prices. We construct relative prices of land in each State based on hedonic regressions. Indexes

of land service flows (table 5) are formed implicitly as the ratio of the value of service flows to the price index.

Figure 4--Growth in capital input, by State, 1960-96

FL

KY

AR

NV

AZTN

TX

ALOR

WAUTNM

MOCADE

ID

NC

WYVA

IALA

GAMT

WINEOKMD

MN

IN

CO

ND

PA

MS

IL

KS

OH

VT

SD

SC

WV

MI

NY

ME

MA

NH

CT

NJ

RI

-0.020

-0.015

-0.010

-0.005

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

Percent change in capital 

input
11

Labor Input

The USDA labor accounts for the aggregate farm sector incorporate the demographic cross-classification

of the agricultural labor force developed by Jorgenson, Gollop, and Fraumeni (1987).

14 Matrices of hours

worked and compensation per hour have been developed for laborers cross-classified by sex, age,

education, and employment class—employee versus self-employed and unpaid family workers.

The task for this study is to develop a set of similarly formatted but otherwise demographically distinct

matrices of labor input and labor compensation by State. This is accomplished using the RAS procedure

popularized by Jorgenson, Gollop, and Fraumeni (1987, pp. 72-76) by combining the aggregate farm

sector matrices initially produced in that study but updated through 1996 with State-specific demographic

information available from the decennial Census of Population (U.S. Department of Commerce).

15 The

result is State-by-year matrices of hours worked and hourly compensation with cells cross-classified by

sex, age, education, and employment class and with each matrix controlled to the USDA hours worked

and compensation totals.

Figure 5--Growth in land input, by State, 1960-96

RI

WY

NE

ID

NV

SD

IA

WA

KS

IL

ND

MN

MTOK

AR

UT

CO

MO

OR

NM

IN

OH

TX

LA

AZ

KY

CA

DE

WI

TN

MI

VA

MS

PA

NJ

FL

MD

WV

AL

NY

NC

GA

MA

SC

VT

ME

CT

NH

-0.035

-0.030

-0.025

-0.020

-0.015

-0.010

-0.005

0.000

Percent change in land 

input
12

Labor compensation (opportunity cost) data for self-employed and unpaid family workers are not

available. As a result, for each State and year, self-employed and unpaid family workers in each State are

imputed the mean wage earned by hired workers with the same demographic characteristics.

Indexes of labor input are constructed for each State and the aggregate farm sector over the 1960-96

period using the demographically cross-classified hours and compensation data. Labor hours having

higher marginal productivity (wages) are given higher weights in forming the index of labor input than

are hours having lower marginal productivities. Doing so explicitly adjusts State and aggregate farm

sector indexes of labor input for quality change in hours as originally defined by Jorgenson and Griliches

(1967).

16 We present indexes of labor input for each State in table 6.

Total Factor Productivity

We present indexes of total output for the 48 States for the period 1960 to 1996 in table 7. In table 8, we

present indexes of total factor input. These indexes are constructed from disaggregated industry data

described earlier. Indexes of total factor productivity for each State and year are formed as the ratio of the

output index to the input index. These indexes are presented in table 9, along with their percentage rates

of growth. Finally, in table 10, we rank the States by their relative level of productivity in 1996. We also

include in the table their rank in 1960 and the average annual rate of growth from 1960 to 1996.

Figure 6--Growth in labor input, by State, 1960-96

NV

FL

OR

WY

CA

WA

MT

AZ

ND

CO

OK

UT

NE

SD

TX

NM

ID

KS

PA

MN

MO

OH

NY

IA

WI

WV

AR

MD

KY

NJ

CT

IL

TN

GA

DE

VT

VA

IN

NH

ME

MI

AL

LA

NC

MS

MA

RI

SC

-0.060

-0.050

-0.040

-0.030

-0.020

-0.010

0.000

Percent change in 

labor input
13

One remarkable similarity exists across all States. For the full 1960-96 period, every State exhibited a

positive and generally substantial average annual rate of productivity growth. There is considerable

variance, however. The median rate of productivity growth was 1.94 percent per year. Nearly half of the

States (19 of 48) had productivity growth rates averaging more than 2 percent per year. Only two States

(Oklahoma and Wyoming) had an average rate of growth less than 1 percent per year. The reported

annual rates of growth ranged from 0.94 percent for Wyoming to 2.84 percent for Louisiana.

The wide disparity in growth rates over the 1960-96 period resulted in substantial changes in the rank

order of States. For example, between 1960 and 1996, Connecticut rose from 20th to 1st

, Georgia rose

from 14th to 3rd

, and North Carolina rose from 22nd to 4th. In contrast, Iowa fell from 1st to 5th, Wisconsin

fell from 3rd to 14th

, and Colorado fell from 4th to 21st in terms of levels of productivity. West Virginia

was last throughout the period. Moreover, its productivity relative to Connecticut fell from one-half in

1960 to one-third in 1996.

Figure 1 provides details for the intervening years. It plots for each year the coefficient of variation (the

ratio of the standard deviation to the mean) of productivity levels for all 48 States. We use these

coefficients to show that there was some narrowing of the range of levels of productivity between 1960

and 1987. This is a remarkable result given the wide variation in productivity growth rates. The fact that

some States grew more rapidly than others and yet the cross-section dispersion decreased implies that the

States that grew most rapidly were those with lower initial levels of productivity, a finding consistent with

Gerschenkron’s (1952) notion of the advantages of relative backwardness. Those States that were

particularly far behind had the most to gain from the diffusion of technical information and proceeded to

grow most rapidly.

There was a sharp increase in dispersion between 1988 and 1996. This was a consequence of extreme

variability in growing conditions. The drought of 1988 was the worst since 1956, with one-third of the

Nation experiencing a severe to extreme drought, as defined by the Palmer Drought Index. Also during

1988, the Southwestern United States experienced above-normal percipitation. The effect of such

extremes on productivity can be seen in table 9. Twenty-three States showed increases in productivity in

1988, while 24 States exhibited decreases in productivity.

In 1993, when severe spring and summer flooding affected the upper Midwest, a major drought gripped

the Southeastern United States. In fact, while floodwaters coursed down the Mississippi River in late July

and August, adjacent land in the Bootheel of Missouri was parched by drought. According to table 9, 29

of 48 States had negative productivity growth.

In the West, above-normal precipitation has been the rule during recent wet seasons (roughly OctoberApril). This follows the long-running drought of 1986-87 to 1991-92 and a recurrence of drought in 1993-

94. The summer of 1994, which featured record corn and soybean production in the Midwest, was one of

the hottest, driest summers on record in the West.
14

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.22

0.21

0.20

0.19

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.15

Figure 7--Coefficients of variation of State productivity
15

The Southern High Plains, including western Texas, were parched by the drought of 1994, and have yet to

fully recover. But nearly ideal growing conditions prevailed in the Midwest during the 1992, 1994, and

1996 seasons. In 1996, 43 of 48 States posted positive productivity growth. Such a large number of States

recorded gains in productivity in only 3 of the 37 years we studied.

Figure 8--Growth in output, by State, 1960-96

AR

WA

DE

GA

FLID

NM

NELA

ND

NC

MS

OR

CA

NV

COAL

KY

KS

TX

MD

SDUT

MNPA

MT

VA

OK

AZ

MI

WY

MO

TN

SCIN

IA

IL

OH

WI

CT

WV

VT

NY

ME

NJ

NH

MA

RI

-0.015

-0.010

-0.005

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.040

Percent change in 

output
16

Figure 9--Growth in inputs, by State, 1960-96

AR

DE

NV

WA

CO

NEKSFL

NMCA

OKTX

ID

GA

WY

OR

AL

ND

MT

AZ

UT

SD

MD

MN

LA

KY

NC

MS

MO

IA

WI

IL

PA

VA

TN

IN

OH

MI

WV

NY

SC

VT

ME

NJ

CT

NH

RI

-0.025

-0.020

-0.015

-0.010

-0.005

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

Percent change in 

inputs

Figure 10--Growth in total factor productivity, by State, 1960-96

LA

CT

NC

MS

MI

GA

AR

SC

KY

WA

ID

ND

PA

VA

MA

NMFL

NH

OR

MDIN

ME

NE

DERI

TN

SDVT

AL

WV

OH

MN

UT

MO

CA

NJ

IA

IL

NY

MTAZ

WI

CO

TX

KS

NV

OK

WY

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

Percent change in total 

factor productivity
17

Analysis of Differences in Productivity

In this section, we turn to a regression framework to test two hypotheses concerning technology

convergence. The first is the catch-up hypothesis, which states simply that those States that lag furthest

behind the technology leaders should exhibit the most rapid rates of growth in productivity. Taking each

State as an observation, this hypothesis implies that the rate of growth of productivity is inversely

correlated with the initial level of productivity.

The second hypothesis is that technological innovation is embodied in capital and intermediate inputs. If

the input measures do not fully reflect the changes in input quality, then this hypothesis suggests that the

rate of growth of productivity will be positively correlated with growth of capital and intermediate inputs.

Again, we can treat each State as an observation to test this hypothesis.

To investigate both hypotheses, we employ the basic specification:

+ ,i=1 , , M, t=1 , , T, L

M

+

L

K

FPT = + TFP + it

i

t

3

i

t

2

i

10 t

i

t β β β β 

 ε 



























 ˆˆ ˆ ln (13)

whereTFPi

t is the relative level of productivity of State i at the beginning of each period,





 





L

K i

t

and 



 





L

M i

t

are relative factor intensities, and it ε is a stochastic error term. The circumflexes (^)

denote time derivatives or relative rates of change. Both 3- and 5-year averages are used for the rates of

growth to reduce random noise.

The data consist of time series observations on each of several cross sections or States. We include State

dummy variables to control for State-specific effects, such as the stock of infrastructure and expenditures

on research and extension. Time dummy variables are included to allow productivity growth rates to vary

by period (e.g., in response to unevenness in the flow of new technologies).

The regression results, shown in table 11, confirm the catch-up hypothesis, showing a highly significant

inverse relation between the rate of productivity convergence by State and its initial level of productivity.

The results for the embodiment hypothesis are mixed. Coefficient estimates for growth of the capitallabor ratio are positive and significant at the 1-percent level. These results suggest that embodiment of

technology in capital was an important source of productivity growth.

The coefficient estimates for the materials-labor ratio are all positive, as predicted, but statistically not

significant. We conclude that the input indexes fully reflect the improvements in their quality.
18

Table 11. Regressions of total factor productivity growth on relative productivity level and

growth in factor intensities, 1960-96

Independent

variables

Three-year averages

TFP

^

Five-year averages

TFP

^

Constant -0.007*

(2.10)

-0.007**

(2.09)

ln TFP -0.186**

(24.54)

-0.127**

(25.71)





 



 LK^

0.107**

(4.63)

0.089**

(4.47)





 



 LM^ 0.018

(0.84)

0.017

(0.85)

R2 0.504 0.546

MSE 0.023 0.014

ValueF 16.74** 19.74**

Sample Size 1548 1454

Note: t-ratios are shown in parentheses below the coefficient estimate. State and time dummy variables are included

in the specification, but the results are not shown. The observations are based on 3- or 5-year averages, as indicated.

*

 Significant at the 5 percent level; ** significant at the 1 percent level.

Summary and Conclusion

In this study, we estimate the growth and relative levels of productivity for the 48 contiguous States for

the period 1960 to 1996. For the full 1960-96 period, every State exhibits a positive and generally

substantial average annual rate of productivity growth. There is considerable variance, however. The

median rate of productivity growth was 1.94 percent per year, while average growth rates ranged from

0.94 percent for Wyoming to 2.84 percent for Louisiana.
19

The wide disparity in growth rates resulted in substantial changes in the rank order of States. For each

year, we compute the coefficient of variation of productivity levels for all 48 States. We use these

coefficients to show that the range of levels of productivity has narrowed over time, although the pattern

of convergence was far from uniform. The fact that some States grew faster than others and yet the cross

section dispersion decreased implies that the States that grew most rapidly were those with lower initial

levels of productivity. This result is consistent with Gerschenkron’s (1952) notion of the advantages of

relative backwardness. The States that were particularly far behind the productivity leaders had the most

to gain from the diffusion of technical information and proceeded to grow most rapidly.

Finally, there was a positive correlation between productivity growth and growth of the capital-labor

ratio, implying embodiment of technology in capital.
20

Figure 11--Productivity level and productivity growth, by 

State, 1960-96

CTFL

GANC

IAWA

IDSDMEDEARKY

CAWIMNNEPAVTSCILCONJLA

NYINMSMAKS

ALNDORMINMMDMOAZNHVAUTOH

NVRI

TXTN

MTOK

WY

WV

0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.60

Productivity relative to AL

1996 Productivity 1960 Productivity 1960-96 Growth
21

References

Ball, V.E. “Output, Input, and Productivity Measurement in U.S. Agriculture, 1948-79,” American

Journal of Agricultural Economics. 67(1985):475-486.

Ball, V.E., J-C Bureau, R. Nehring, and A. Somwaru. “Agricultural Productivity Revisited,” American

Journal of Agricultural Economics. 79(1997):1,045-1,063.

Ball, V.E., F.M. Gollop, A. Kelly-Hawke, and G.P. Swinand. “Patterns of State Productivity Growth in

the U.S. Farm Sector: Linking State and Aggregate Models,” American Journal of Agricultural

Economics. 81(1999):164-179.

Coen, R. “Investment Behavior, the Measurement of Depreciation, and Tax Policy,” American Economic

Review. 65(1975):59-74.

Denison, E. Accounting for Slower Economic Growth. Washington, DC. The Brookings Institution, 1979.

Diewert, W.E. “Exact and Superlative Index Numbers,” Journal of Econometrics. 4(1976): 115-146.

Elteto, O., and P. Koves. “On a Problem of Index Number Computation Relating to International

Comparisons,” Szatistikai Szemle. 42(1964):507-518.

Federal Reserve Board. Moody’s BAA Seasoned Corporate Bonds. Washington, DC, monthly.

Fisher, I. The Making of Index Numbers. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1922.

Gerschenkron, A. “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective,” The Progress of Underdeveloped

Areas. (Bert F. Hoselitz, ed.), University of Chicago Press, 1952.

Jorgenson, D., F. Gollop, and B. Fraumeni. Productivity and U.S. Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press, 1987.

Jorgenson, D., and F. Gollop. “Productivity Growth in U.S. Agriculture: A Postwar Perspective,”

American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 74(1992):745-750.

Jorgenson, D., and Z. Griliches. “The Explanation of Productivity Change,” Review of Economic Studies.

34(July 1967):249-283.

Kendrick, J.W., and E.S. Grossman. Productivity in the United States, Trends and Cycles. Baltimore: The

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.

Palmer, W.D. “Meteorological Drought.” U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Research

Paper No. 45, 1965.

Penson, J.B., D.W. Hughes, and G.L. Nelson. “Measurement of Capacity Depreciation Based on

Engineering Data,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 59(1977):321-329.

Romain, R., J. Penson, and R. Lambert. “Capacity Depreciation, Implicit Rental Prices and Investment

Demand for Farm Tractors in Canada,” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 35(1987):373-378.
22

Szulc, B. “Indices for Multiregional Comparison,” Przeglad Statystyczny. 3(1964):239-254.

Teekens, R., and J. Koerts. “Some Statistical Implications of the Transformation of Multiplicative

Models,” Econometrica. 40(1972):793-819.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service. Agricultural Land Values

Survey. annual.

_______________. Agricultural Prices. annual.

_______________. Producer-Owned Grain Stocks. 1979.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. “Geographic Area Series, State and County Data,”

Census of Agriculture. Volume 1. 1959, 1964, 1969, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1987, and 1992.

_______________. “Characteristics of Population,” Census of Population. Volume 1. 1960 and 1970.

_______________. “Detailed Population Characteristics,” Census of Population. Chapter D. 1980.

U.S. Department of Commerce. Fixed, Reproducible, Tangible Wealth of the United States, 1925-1994.

1999.

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Monthly Energy Review. monthly.
23

Footnotes

1. Jorgenson, Gollop, and Fraumeni (1987), table 6.7, pp. 198-200.

2. Jorgenson and Gollop (1992), pp. 746 and 750.

3. See Jorgenson and Griliches (1967) for a discussion of input quality.

4. For a description of USDA methods, see Ball (1985) and Ball et al. (1997).

5. The estimates of output are product based. The product approach proceeds by valuing final output of

all agricultural products, but only those products. Thus, agricultural products from establishments that

produce agricultural goods as a minor or secondary activity are valued, while goods and services that

might be produced on farms but are secondary to agriculture are excluded.

6. The six subperiods are not chosen arbitrarily but represent cyclical peaks. Since the data reported for

each subperiod are average annual growth rates, the unequal lengths of the subperiods do not affect

comparisons among the subperiods.

7. The observations consist of average prices for each of the chemicals. When average data are used

rather than actual observations on prices, the disturbance terms are likely to be heteroskedastic.

Efficient parameter estimates are obtained by applying weighted least squares. Expenditure shares are

used as weights.

8. The pesticides model is estimated in double logarithmic form. It is well known that the antilog ofδ

ˆ

t

is not an unbiased estimate ofδ t , which means that price indexes based on the dummy variable

method are biased. A standard bias correction is to add one-half of the coefficient's standard error to

the estimated coefficient. See Teekens and Koerts (1972).

9. The decay function defined by equation 8 incorporates many of the commonly used forms of capacity

depreciation as special cases. The upper limit of β is unity. This corresponds to the one-hoss shay

form of depreciation. As the value of β approaches zero, decay occurs at an increasing rate over time.

If β is zero, the function corresponds to the formula for straight-line depreciation. Finally, if β is

negative, decay occurs most rapidly in the early years of service, corresponding to accelerated forms

of depreciation such as geometric decay.

10. Mean service lives for each asset type are taken from Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth in the

United States, 1925-94 (U.S. Department of Commerce).

11. Net additions to inventory during the calendar year are considered a component of output.

12. The nominal rate was taken to be the average yield on Moody's BAA bonds over all maturities.

13. Observed real rates are expressed as an AR(1) process. We use this specification after examining the

correlation coefficients for auto correlation, partial and inverse auto correlation, and performing the

unit root and white noise tests. We centered each time series by subtracting its sample mean. The

analysis was performed on the centered data.

14. See Ball et al. (1997).
24

15. For 1960 and 1970, see "Characteristics of the Population," Census of the Population, Volume 1; for

1980, see “Detailed Population Characteristics,” Census of the Population, Chapter D. The Bureau of

the Census did not tabulate State-specific demographic data for agriculture in 1990. Consequently,

the 1990 marginal matrices described in the text were constructed from 1980 marginals adjusted for

1980-90 trends from series updated from those initially reported in Jorgenson, Gollop, and Fraumeni

(1987) and controlled to USDA totals by employment class.

16. For a discussion of the theoretical basis for adjusting labor input for compositional shifts in the labor

force, see Jorgenson and Gollop (1992).
Table 1. Crop Output Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama

Year AL AR AZ CA CO CT DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY

1960 0.706 1.098 0.799 6.814 0.936 0.165 0.099 1.945 1.357 3.761 0.877 3.614 2.073 2.531 1.1771961 0.663 1.128 0.839 6.730 0.910 0.169 0.096 2.199 1.410 3.826 0.963 3.697 2.012 2.270 1.3231962 0.619 1.171 0.822 6.999 0.809 0.163 0.092 2.523 1.358 3.814 1.040 3.809 2.144 2.004 1.3111963 0.775 1.222 0.889 7.160 0.700 0.170 0.090 2.026 1.573 4.265 1.092 4.105 2.336 1.830 1.4391964 0.764 1.289 0.794 7.494 0.705 0.163 0.085 1.989 1.561 4.030 1.114 3.818 2.045 1.837 1.6051965 0.777 1.412 0.847 7.253 0.669 0.163 0.116 2.377 1.603 4.128 1.102 4.602 2.403 2.183 1.3811966 0.602 1.225 0.817 7.767 0.819 0.167 0.077 2.550 1.385 4.606 1.078 4.204 2.231 1.940 1.2801967 0.603 1.223 0.804 6.993 0.755 0.157 0.120 3.015 1.743 4.822 1.280 5.166 2.346 2.151 1.6811968 0.601 1.394 0.823 8.043 0.866 0.146 0.093 2.516 1.473 4.826 1.263 4.689 2.440 2.408 1.3731969 0.646 1.427 0.869 8.256 0.959 0.141 0.117 2.925 1.446 4.886 1.307 4.905 2.618 2.732 1.5001970 0.615 1.446 0.818 8.055 1.027 0.135 0.111 2.903 1.567 4.689 1.312 4.120 2.302 2.462 1.4071971 0.783 1.475 0.778 8.370 1.011 0.141 0.108 2.966 1.895 5.621 1.396 5.322 2.948 3.037 1.4451972 0.722 1.421 0.826 8.461 0.941 0.124 0.116 3.194 1.793 6.033 1.383 5.355 2.763 3.073 1.5551973 0.750 1.620 0.884 9.260 1.026 0.121 0.137 3.603 1.932 6.367 1.458 5.368 3.004 3.490 1.4891974 0.793 1.322 0.967 9.911 1.045 0.125 0.125 3.658 2.280 5.063 1.462 4.377 2.361 2.741 1.6471975 0.882 1.899 0.887 10.598 1.053 0.145 0.136 3.938 2.352 5.861 1.449 6.444 3.121 3.012 1.5991976 0.876 1.618 0.979 10.844 1.105 0.129 0.134 4.183 2.233 5.786 1.632 6.092 3.443 3.068 1.8941977 0.804 1.824 0.980 11.005 1.139 0.140 0.111 4.033 1.702 6.017 1.528 6.513 3.534 3.439 2.1181978 0.882 1.841 1.035 10.867 1.167 0.137 0.138 4.269 2.031 7.387 1.827 6.367 3.554 3.015 1.8981979 1.046 2.040 1.181 12.209 1.375 0.119 0.148 4.284 2.449 8.157 1.786 7.472 3.731 3.911 2.0161980 0.784 1.506 1.109 12.858 1.494 0.128 0.117 4.807 1.731 7.611 1.886 6.045 3.553 3.228 1.8071981 1.256 2.223 1.304 13.035 1.528 0.128 0.144 4.593 2.381 8.607 1.957 7.543 3.697 3.430 2.1891982 1.184 2.091 1.279 13.679 1.459 0.145 0.152 4.384 2.529 7.876 2.054 7.606 4.225 4.001 2.3621983 0.900 1.543 1.091 12.125 1.506 0.118 0.142 4.500 2.177 4.876 1.999 4.340 2.469 3.245 1.5891984 1.045 2.054 1.102 13.344 1.610 0.127 0.158 4.303 2.506 7.135 2.021 6.464 3.853 3.728 2.1051985 1.113 2.013 1.097 13.366 1.787 0.132 0.169 4.282 2.464 8.275 1.824 7.919 4.223 4.299 2.3841986 0.825 1.791 1.145 13.036 1.589 0.144 0.147 4.614 1.859 8.252 1.950 7.325 3.790 4.044 1.8961987 0.874 1.942 1.197 14.876 1.650 0.181 0.132 4.679 1.977 7.123 2.032 6.608 3.830 3.981 1.7191988 0.903 2.217 1.030 12.664 1.587 0.177 0.154 5.185 2.137 5.121 1.867 4.479 2.608 3.356 1.5651989 0.860 2.132 1.307 14.838 1.527 0.169 0.170 5.073 2.390 7.328 2.015 7.318 3.972 2.913 2.1831990 0.757 2.264 1.031 15.271 1.662 0.185 0.191 4.879 2.033 7.738 2.147 7.240 4.018 4.144 2.1601991 0.955 2.297 1.097 13.772 1.640 0.183 0.202 5.102 2.512 7.372 1.803 6.563 3.313 3.612 2.2021992 0.994 2.888 1.083 15.253 1.639 0.190 0.207 5.342 2.655 8.945 2.217 8.504 4.621 4.274 2.4971993 0.838 2.341 1.065 15.594 1.721 0.176 0.170 5.709 2.253 4.939 2.338 7.424 4.418 3.916 2.4271994 1.007 2.860 1.141 16.376 1.726 0.191 0.209 5.782 2.876 9.441 2.371 8.933 4.936 4.624 2.3791995 0.813 2.503 1.107 15.642 1.680 0.198 0.177 5.659 2.873 7.589 2.426 6.773 3.873 3.491 2.1341996 1.000 2.893 1.251 16.293 1.721 0.217 0.213 5.414 3.187 8.596 2.462 7.783 4.063 4.420 2.424

Average annual growth rates:1960-96 0.010 0.027 0.012 0.024 0.017 0.007 0.021 0.028 0.024 0.023 0.029 0.021 0.019 0.015 0.0201960-66 -0.026 0.018 0.004 0.022 -0.022 0.002 -0.041 0.045 0.003 0.034 0.034 0.025 0.012 -0.044 0.0141966-69 0.023 0.051 0.021 0.020 0.052 -0.055 0.139 0.046 0.014 0.020 0.064 0.051 0.053 0.114 0.0531969-73 0.037 0.032 0.004 0.029 0.017 -0.040 0.039 0.052 0.073 0.066 0.027 0.023 0.034 0.061 -0.0021973-79 0.055 0.038 0.048 0.046 0.049 -0.002 0.013 0.029 0.039 0.041 0.034 0.055 0.036 0.019 0.0511979-89 -0.020 0.004 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.035 0.014 0.017 -0.002 -0.011 0.012 -0.002 0.006 -0.029 0.0081989-96 0.021 0.044 -0.006 0.013 0.017 0.036 0.032 0.009 0.041 0.023 0.029 0.009 0.003 0.060 0.015 
 table 1 Continued

LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV

0.627 0.224 0.319 0.354 1.355 2.293 1.795 1.023 0.661 2.552 1.384 2.266 0.063 0.467 0.312 0.0570.656 0.221 0.319 0.387 1.472 2.357 1.769 1.095 0.505 2.524 0.842 1.943 0.060 0.443 0.310 0.0540.686 0.223 0.302 0.388 1.442 2.061 1.644 1.104 0.732 2.656 1.735 2.061 0.064 0.453 0.334 0.0690.830 0.220 0.291 0.395 1.457 2.504 1.851 1.328 0.784 2.713 1.477 2.027 0.060 0.425 0.325 0.0740.792 0.209 0.309 0.380 1.571 2.104 1.709 1.395 0.787 2.846 1.570 1.818 0.053 0.412 0.301 0.0730.814 0.205 0.356 0.358 1.423 2.208 1.964 1.276 0.856 2.400 1.831 1.966 0.053 0.433 0.296 0.0860.853 0.208 0.279 0.352 1.429 2.519 1.814 1.178 0.841 2.355 1.629 2.509 0.056 0.394 0.338 0.0750.956 0.188 0.383 0.356 1.423 2.611 1.873 1.099 0.898 2.656 1.672 2.376 0.056 0.411 0.318 0.0881.075 0.183 0.347 0.357 1.487 2.801 2.216 1.294 0.925 2.216 1.982 2.292 0.054 0.401 0.352 0.0750.908 0.181 0.377 0.335 1.484 2.740 1.854 1.216 0.883 2.375 2.046 2.807 0.049 0.385 0.331 0.0951.003 0.196 0.372 0.308 1.556 2.776 1.808 1.273 0.831 2.488 1.635 2.388 0.053 0.392 0.309 0.0920.996 0.202 0.359 0.311 1.469 3.210 2.345 1.380 0.906 2.460 2.456 2.881 0.055 0.390 0.313 0.1031.043 0.188 0.346 0.319 1.585 3.218 2.255 1.305 0.896 2.410 2.097 3.164 0.052 0.334 0.318 0.0950.989 0.197 0.381 0.292 1.641 3.927 2.336 1.451 0.869 2.793 2.194 3.407 0.052 0.373 0.351 0.1091.034 0.197 0.413 0.243 1.544 2.984 1.807 1.210 0.910 2.713 1.851 2.585 0.053 0.410 0.263 0.1081.115 0.212 0.437 0.284 1.871 3.313 2.114 1.288 1.109 2.920 2.283 3.173 0.058 0.398 0.339 0.1121.241 0.209 0.431 0.271 1.674 2.914 1.939 1.395 1.147 2.953 2.378 3.130 0.056 0.426 0.319 0.1251.190 0.208 0.399 0.259 2.001 4.659 2.671 1.485 0.995 2.481 2.341 3.941 0.058 0.401 0.403 0.1291.290 0.210 0.473 0.269 2.028 4.724 2.546 1.489 1.127 2.904 3.004 4.156 0.054 0.432 0.359 0.1281.423 0.182 0.480 0.269 2.291 4.714 3.045 1.722 0.934 2.625 2.801 4.520 0.055 0.433 0.381 0.1441.193 0.182 0.404 0.252 2.374 4.583 2.261 1.287 0.944 2.626 2.065 3.823 0.055 0.412 0.365 0.1491.426 0.209 0.507 0.239 2.533 5.226 3.108 1.730 1.245 3.028 3.494 4.780 0.059 0.450 0.423 0.1461.579 0.201 0.512 0.273 2.671 5.288 2.962 1.925 1.353 2.929 3.404 4.526 0.060 0.469 0.454 0.1531.297 0.208 0.434 0.272 2.248 3.779 1.866 1.398 1.110 2.224 2.849 3.236 0.064 0.418 0.419 0.1551.484 0.226 0.560 0.237 2.604 5.182 2.449 1.698 0.886 2.714 3.164 4.558 0.064 0.449 0.459 0.1781.299 0.230 0.567 0.256 2.957 5.336 3.275 1.794 0.524 2.516 3.460 5.321 0.063 0.506 0.503 0.1711.230 0.239 0.451 0.296 2.649 5.116 2.985 1.243 1.150 2.146 3.561 5.068 0.061 0.477 0.439 0.1691.276 0.242 0.450 0.258 2.452 4.835 2.878 1.592 1.237 2.127 3.238 4.615 0.069 0.465 0.462 0.1701.603 0.246 0.440 0.279 2.072 3.161 2.349 1.634 0.586 2.374 1.491 4.412 0.071 0.449 0.448 0.1631.351 0.256 0.487 0.255 2.641 4.884 2.796 1.455 1.126 2.483 2.436 4.502 0.066 0.440 0.471 0.1851.535 0.239 0.566 0.266 2.922 5.221 2.744 1.593 1.111 2.626 3.391 5.070 0.071 0.456 0.470 0.1831.407 0.283 0.536 0.247 2.927 5.074 2.766 1.707 1.294 2.820 3.341 5.109 0.073 0.508 0.482 0.1541.756 0.262 0.587 0.280 2.949 5.316 3.474 2.153 1.105 2.864 4.184 5.595 0.087 0.513 0.484 0.1411.443 0.273 0.489 0.253 3.035 3.226 2.571 1.596 1.379 2.706 3.099 4.488 0.075 0.512 0.485 0.1751.682 0.248 0.570 0.225 3.154 5.800 3.339 1.795 1.213 3.055 3.607 5.881 0.083 0.561 0.513 0.1881.557 0.231 0.512 0.237 3.215 5.263 2.585 1.719 1.393 2.894 3.164 4.595 0.079 0.528 0.499 0.2011.825 0.253 0.607 0.273 2.766 5.699 3.479 1.909 1.261 3.000 3.946 5.974 0.078 0.552 0.526 0.211

 annual growth rates:

0.030 0.003 0.018 -0.007 0.020 0.025 0.018 0.017 0.018 0.004 0.029 0.027 0.006 0.005 0.015 0.0360.051 -0.012 -0.023 -0.001 0.009 0.016 0.002 0.023 0.040 -0.013 0.027 0.017 -0.021 -0.028 0.014 0.0460.021 -0.047 0.101 -0.016 0.013 0.028 0.007 0.011 0.016 0.003 0.076 0.037 -0.045 -0.007 -0.007 0.0770.021 0.021 0.003 -0.034 0.025 0.090 0.058 0.044 -0.004 0.041 0.017 0.048 0.014 -0.008 0.015 0.0360.061 -0.013 0.038 -0.014 0.056 0.030 0.044 0.029 0.012 -0.010 0.041 0.047 0.011 0.025 0.013 0.046

-0.005 0.035 0.002 -0.005 0.014 0.004 -0.009 -0.017 0.019 -0.006 -0.014 0.000 0.018 0.002 0.021 0.026

0.043 -0.002 0.031 0.009 0.007 0.022 0.031 0.039 0.016 0.027 0.069 0.040 0.022 0.033 0.016 0.018 
 table 1 Continued

NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV 

1.280 1.815 1.336 0.823 1.134 0.025 0.917 1.219 0.898 3.718 0.199 0.840 0.141 1.277 1.524 0.160 1.332 1.715 1.199 0.823 1.169 0.025 0.938 0.959 0.945 3.647 0.187 0.874 0.142 1.287 1.628 0.159 1.238 1.696 0.926 0.893 0.969 0.026 0.998 1.156 0.888 3.428 0.220 0.898 0.136 1.385 1.685 0.148 1.297 1.797 0.955 0.908 1.041 0.025 0.988 1.193 0.975 3.838 0.216 0.682 0.136 1.507 1.504 0.141 1.213 1.669 1.055 0.934 1.058 0.025 0.992 0.933 1.072 3.553 0.213 0.834 0.129 1.563 1.474 0.142 1.261 1.801 1.379 0.989 1.097 0.024 0.998 1.135 1.024 3.998 0.232 0.823 0.115 1.543 1.611 0.135 1.285 1.977 1.095 0.971 0.939 0.025 0.858 1.114 0.874 3.989 0.217 0.718 0.130 1.675 1.721 0.105 1.373 1.870 1.072 1.002 1.210 0.022 0.962 1.294 0.883 3.657 0.255 0.819 0.127 1.828 1.768 0.146 1.280 2.041 1.260 0.924 1.142 0.022 0.792 1.344 0.857 4.146 0.241 0.800 0.115 1.714 1.911 0.143 1.243 1.891 1.291 1.070 1.194 0.021 0.890 1.325 0.915 3.829 0.238 0.832 0.106 1.744 1.798 0.144 1.312 1.954 1.175 1.046 1.261 0.023 0.855 1.188 0.895 3.846 0.241 0.811 0.102 1.769 1.831 0.147 1.313 2.331 1.031 1.109 1.256 0.023 0.965 1.471 0.993 3.373 0.246 0.798 0.112 1.932 2.139 0.151 1.030 2.164 1.133 1.075 1.119 0.020 0.867 1.578 0.963 3.883 0.221 0.811 0.098 1.974 1.983 0.149 1.169 2.031 1.673 1.200 1.265 0.022 0.926 1.549 0.999 5.101 0.246 0.895 0.104 1.842 1.874 0.159 1.288 2.255 1.356 1.254 1.369 0.020 1.014 1.166 0.912 3.956 0.259 0.904 0.100 2.061 1.883 0.156 1.327 2.630 1.561 1.322 1.401 0.028 1.112 1.294 1.057 4.785 0.259 0.917 0.095 2.412 2.070 0.162 1.293 2.805 1.413 1.369 1.418 0.025 0.960 0.669 1.132 4.796 0.272 0.869 0.103 2.485 1.663 0.142 1.290 2.966 1.656 1.329 1.445 0.023 0.901 1.652 1.178 5.092 0.260 0.753 0.089 2.221 2.531 0.134 1.358 2.916 1.468 1.378 1.531 0.025 1.003 1.865 1.224 4.591 0.286 0.919 0.105 2.543 2.476 0.157 1.456 3.212 2.029 1.494 1.551 0.024 1.074 1.979 1.293 5.777 0.305 0.903 0.101 2.462 2.675 0.143 1.503 3.240 1.576 1.692 1.464 0.024 0.831 1.534 1.073 4.630 0.304 0.742 0.104 2.799 2.792 0.158 1.449 2.705 1.601 1.771 1.663 0.022 1.108 1.919 1.487 5.887 0.331 1.023 0.111 2.916 2.840 0.144 1.460 3.192 1.928 1.634 1.678 0.032 1.118 2.335 1.527 5.672 0.331 0.992 0.111 2.809 3.014 0.156 1.412 2.323 1.456 1.639 1.456 0.035 0.774 1.855 1.000 4.655 0.319 0.732 0.115 3.034 2.443 0.149 1.468 3.290 1.615 1.769 1.838 0.036 1.040 2.482 1.470 4.572 0.329 1.024 0.110 3.000 2.963 0.180 1.491 3.745 1.653 1.664 1.915 0.045 0.965 2.484 1.558 5.459 0.327 0.919 0.111 2.732 2.869 0.195 1.442 3.461 1.571 1.754 1.828 0.043 0.708 2.613 1.219 4.744 0.334 0.724 0.108 2.750 2.854 0.160 1.443 3.165 1.487 1.867 1.753 0.042 0.821 2.478 1.266 4.437 0.350 0.778 0.098 3.027 2.610 0.160 1.291 2.399 1.739 2.006 1.570 0.042 0.868 1.385 1.227 4.742 0.334 0.863 0.090 3.241 1.487 0.142 1.332 3.048 1.704 2.032 1.761 0.035 0.968 1.963 1.304 5.246 0.317 0.992 0.098 3.193 2.576 0.162 1.377 3.414 1.855 2.118 1.830 0.032 0.798 2.578 1.353 4.894 0.330 1.033 0.104 3.541 2.852 0.175 1.401 2.907 1.581 2.089 1.611 0.034 0.901 2.597 1.339 5.458 0.344 0.983 0.099 3.264 3.019 0.153 1.192 3.664 1.829 2.006 1.978 0.037 0.958 2.799 1.661 5.912 0.367 1.104 0.127 3.344 2.521 0.188 1.203 3.212 1.698 2.264 1.815 0.032 0.807 2.253 1.479 5.867 0.374 0.905 0.109 3.823 2.158 0.182 1.290 3.809 1.664 2.241 1.900 0.033 1.073 3.264 1.674 5.695 0.371 1.040 0.115 3.771 3.018 0.177 1.218 3.312 1.361 2.324 1.808 0.031 0.963 2.590 1.574 4.825 0.378 1.025 0.103 3.977 2.693 0.175 1.187 3.011 1.427 2.425 1.968 0.031 1.002 3.498 1.655 5.429 0.368 1.096 0.103 3.998 2.573 0.166 

 annual growth rates:

-0.002 0.014 0.002 0.030 0.015 0.006 0.002 0.029 0.017 0.011 0.017 0.007 -0.009 0.032 0.015 0.001 

0.001 0.014 -0.033 0.028 -0.031 -0.003 -0.011 -0.015 -0.005 0.012 0.015 -0.026 -0.013 0.045 0.020 -0.069 

-0.011 -0.015 0.055 0.032 0.080 -0.054 0.012 0.058 0.016 -0.014 0.031 0.049 -0.069 0.013 0.015 0.103 -0.015 0.018 0.065 0.029 0.015 0.018 0.010 0.039 0.022 0.072 0.009 0.018 -0.005 0.014 0.010 0.025 

0.037 0.076 0.032 0.037 0.034 0.012 0.025 0.041 0.043 0.021 0.036 0.001 -0.004 0.048 0.059 -0.017 

-0.009 -0.005 -0.017 0.031 0.013 0.038 -0.010 -0.001 0.001 -0.010 0.004 0.009 -0.003 0.026 -0.004 0.012 -0.016 -0.002 -0.025 0.025 0.016 -0.019 0.005 0.082 0.034 0.005 0.022 0.014 0.007 0.032 0.000 0.004 
Table 2. Livestock Output Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama

Year AL AR AZ CA CO CT DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY

1960 0.379 0.291 0.267 1.759 0.656 0.098 0.075 0.276 0.469 3.334 0.356 1.920 1.116 1.130 0.555

1961 0.411 0.347 0.285 1.869 0.713 0.098 0.073 0.280 0.508 3.435 0.365 1.951 1.130 1.372 0.577

1962 0.431 0.358 0.324 1.975 0.775 0.096 0.075 0.294 0.526 3.546 0.369 1.976 1.126 1.395 0.589

1963 0.444 0.387 0.311 1.995 0.810 0.095 0.083 0.307 0.570 3.673 0.386 1.973 1.134 1.518 0.604

1964 0.471 0.428 0.317 1.982 0.806 0.097 0.086 0.331 0.600 3.919 0.381 1.975 1.119 1.483 0.621

1965 0.510 0.453 0.341 2.108 0.879 0.096 0.086 0.335 0.631 3.701 0.378 1.814 1.025 1.401 0.599

1966 0.557 0.510 0.348 2.117 0.929 0.095 0.092 0.355 0.683 3.849 0.375 1.792 1.003 1.545 0.609

1967 0.574 0.549 0.367 2.174 1.045 0.093 0.096 0.384 0.726 4.049 0.379 1.779 1.039 1.565 0.628

1968 0.594 0.574 0.418 2.183 1.018 0.089 0.088 0.416 0.735 3.983 0.402 1.793 0.992 1.593 0.668

1969 0.621 0.603 0.489 2.176 1.159 0.087 0.103 0.447 0.777 3.768 0.392 1.669 0.967 1.701 0.667

1970 0.628 0.639 0.467 2.252 1.268 0.085 0.102 0.435 0.808 3.833 0.424 1.666 1.023 1.827 0.685

1971 0.652 0.675 0.493 2.264 1.437 0.084 0.098 0.459 0.821 3.772 0.446 1.643 1.050 1.971 0.702

1972 0.669 0.718 0.538 2.369 1.501 0.085 0.102 0.466 0.821 3.629 0.447 1.599 1.040 2.201 0.684

1973 0.660 0.691 0.563 2.337 1.329 0.082 0.110 0.481 0.800 3.409 0.443 1.561 1.027 2.023 0.660

1974 0.646 0.762 0.485 2.337 1.149 0.076 0.113 0.519 0.821 3.360 0.425 1.504 0.965 1.775 0.685

1975 0.677 0.706 0.482 2.333 1.184 0.076 0.105 0.528 0.766 3.110 0.417 1.388 0.907 1.706 0.609

1976 0.708 0.787 0.444 2.400 1.219 0.081 0.120 0.517 0.806 3.445 0.414 1.419 0.976 1.902 0.637

1977 0.709 0.826 0.455 2.344 1.359 0.083 0.122 0.528 0.834 3.667 0.424 1.429 0.938 2.076 0.765

1978 0.708 0.866 0.546 2.426 1.448 0.083 0.127 0.509 0.861 3.591 0.441 1.391 0.952 2.052 0.702

1979 0.725 0.897 0.424 2.375 1.304 0.084 0.140 0.534 0.960 3.405 0.522 1.421 0.980 2.025 0.664

1980 0.721 0.894 0.462 2.297 1.265 0.085 0.131 0.559 0.962 3.636 0.529 1.470 1.034 1.986 0.761

1981 0.744 0.931 0.420 2.416 1.117 0.088 0.139 0.535 0.994 3.530 0.548 1.402 0.988 1.962 0.835

1982 0.713 0.882 0.422 2.516 1.174 0.094 0.148 0.587 0.965 3.304 0.551 1.303 0.961 1.953 0.817

1983 0.709 0.877 0.452 2.424 1.180 0.093 0.157 0.582 0.943 3.131 0.527 1.311 1.045 2.020 0.929

1984 0.718 0.951 0.481 2.559 1.217 0.096 0.164 0.552 0.941 2.972 0.521 1.252 0.996 2.037 0.899

1985 0.749 0.982 0.468 2.656 1.233 0.097 0.169 0.568 0.974 2.970 0.569 1.275 1.043 2.050 0.889

1986 0.795 1.028 0.465 2.698 1.296 0.098 0.171 0.581 0.977 2.971 0.542 1.216 1.056 2.199 0.868

1987 0.843 1.153 0.478 2.673 1.306 0.091 0.187 0.536 1.000 3.101 0.564 1.237 1.105 2.214 0.853

1988 0.846 1.145 0.444 2.833 1.319 0.088 0.192 0.556 1.031 3.101 0.626 1.332 1.085 2.237 0.839

1989 0.875 1.238 0.400 2.885 1.270 0.079 0.197 0.569 1.056 3.102 0.603 1.273 1.044 2.273 0.866

1990 0.973 1.277 0.434 2.929 1.282 0.093 0.203 0.562 1.103 3.153 0.646 1.246 1.076 2.363 0.843

1991 1.013 1.316 0.437 2.983 1.290 0.090 0.210 0.542 1.119 3.106 0.619 1.277 1.087 2.326 0.891

1992 0.982 1.338 0.484 2.907 1.355 0.111 0.220 0.571 1.179 3.385 0.641 1.299 1.135 2.462 0.885

1993 0.956 1.394 0.479 2.935 1.441 0.111 0.226 0.584 1.244 3.328 0.662 1.273 1.118 2.381 0.883

1994 0.996 1.465 0.447 3.184 1.437 0.112 0.236 0.601 1.386 3.321 0.706 1.243 1.102 2.610 0.929

1995 1.033 1.465 0.476 3.305 1.528 0.124 0.239 0.584 1.396 3.174 0.746 1.174 1.102 2.623 1.024

1996 1.000 1.572 0.479 3.352 1.540 0.120 0.242 0.607 1.489 3.016 0.798 1.071 1.022 2.655 1.109

Average annual growth rates:

1960-96 0.027 0.047 0.016 0.018 0.024 0.006 0.033 0.022 0.032 -0.003 0.022 -0.016 -0.002 0.024 0.019

1960-66 0.064 0.094 0.044 0.031 0.058 -0.005 0.035 0.042 0.063 0.024 0.009 -0.011 -0.018 0.052 0.016

1966-69 0.036 0.056 0.114 0.009 0.074 -0.031 0.037 0.077 0.043 -0.007 0.015 -0.024 -0.012 0.032 0.030

1969-73 0.015 0.034 0.035 0.018 0.034 -0.016 0.016 0.019 0.007 -0.025 0.030 -0.017 0.015 0.043 -0.003

1973-79 0.016 0.044 -0.047 0.003 -0.003 0.004 0.041 0.017 0.031 0.000 0.027 -0.016 -0.008 0.000 0.001

1979-89 0.019 0.032 -0.006 0.019 -0.003 -0.006 0.034 0.006 0.010 -0.009 0.014 -0.011 0.006 0.012 0.027

1989-96 0.019 0.034 0.026 0.021 0.028 0.060 0.029 0.009 0.049 -0.004 0.040 -0.025 -0.003 0.022 0.035 31
 table 2 Continued

LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV

0.225 0.117 0.195 0.113 0.665 1.897 1.187 0.354 0.367 0.363 0.341 1.302 0.053 0.195 0.238 0.069

0.238 0.115 0.198 0.119 0.678 1.964 1.249 0.386 0.355 0.401 0.392 1.405 0.057 0.187 0.258 0.063

0.241 0.113 0.209 0.122 0.718 1.942 1.248 0.402 0.361 0.418 0.393 1.481 0.057 0.179 0.271 0.065

0.252 0.112 0.213 0.127 0.717 1.947 1.279 0.430 0.395 0.433 0.437 1.562 0.056 0.172 0.287 0.068

0.265 0.110 0.211 0.131 0.746 2.012 1.302 0.443 0.419 0.451 0.459 1.654 0.055 0.162 0.247 0.071

0.277 0.106 0.221 0.131 0.710 1.905 1.250 0.472 0.429 0.470 0.432 1.610 0.053 0.152 0.293 0.075

0.284 0.102 0.225 0.133 0.675 1.893 1.299 0.497 0.445 0.505 0.428 1.744 0.054 0.135 0.324 0.077

0.298 0.101 0.221 0.134 0.649 1.915 1.372 0.526 0.434 0.543 0.413 1.845 0.052 0.128 0.362 0.076

0.297 0.097 0.227 0.134 0.635 1.912 1.364 0.530 0.466 0.571 0.393 1.919 0.049 0.116 0.357 0.081

0.296 0.090 0.240 0.139 0.633 1.836 1.336 0.547 0.458 0.606 0.377 1.836 0.047 0.111 0.389 0.086

0.314 0.087 0.245 0.147 0.645 1.890 1.410 0.567 0.472 0.645 0.390 2.075 0.044 0.105 0.434 0.086

0.329 0.086 0.249 0.148 0.667 1.964 1.454 0.573 0.488 0.648 0.425 2.120 0.045 0.104 0.412 0.092

0.342 0.081 0.241 0.150 0.667 1.888 1.449 0.575 0.482 0.659 0.430 2.160 0.043 0.097 0.477 0.096

0.304 0.075 0.242 0.154 0.646 1.932 1.443 0.548 0.466 0.656 0.452 2.116 0.043 0.088 0.511 0.098

0.305 0.075 0.243 0.159 0.613 1.865 1.384 0.550 0.450 0.666 0.466 1.984 0.040 0.087 0.401 0.095

0.304 0.077 0.244 0.162 0.615 1.752 1.290 0.529 0.410 0.634 0.435 1.850 0.042 0.079 0.434 0.097

0.321 0.074 0.256 0.172 0.649 1.814 1.322 0.546 0.424 0.688 0.429 2.019 0.041 0.076 0.437 0.090

0.311 0.074 0.255 0.174 0.657 1.860 1.335 0.549 0.392 0.711 0.401 2.048 0.040 0.083 0.491 0.088

0.288 0.071 0.276 0.179 0.653 1.822 1.313 0.515 0.434 0.742 0.358 2.093 0.042 0.077 0.467 0.087

0.280 0.068 0.288 0.177 0.638 1.912 1.332 0.487 0.409 0.815 0.388 2.415 0.041 0.069 0.464 0.091

0.285 0.068 0.298 0.160 0.672 2.110 1.300 0.512 0.439 0.857 0.421 2.454 0.038 0.071 0.452 0.099

0.282 0.068 0.314 0.161 0.680 2.084 1.295 0.525 0.478 0.889 0.420 2.373 0.040 0.070 0.392 0.099

0.288 0.068 0.312 0.155 0.713 2.055 1.196 0.542 0.449 0.891 0.409 2.479 0.040 0.070 0.423 0.100

0.289 0.067 0.320 0.135 0.749 2.093 1.280 0.544 0.514 0.944 0.440 2.474 0.040 0.072 0.433 0.109

0.277 0.063 0.322 0.137 0.749 1.975 1.169 0.544 0.479 0.947 0.443 2.379 0.038 0.070 0.470 0.105

0.295 0.066 0.335 0.128 0.765 2.070 1.163 0.576 0.428 1.015 0.450 2.534 0.038 0.082 0.496 0.094

0.300 0.064 0.327 0.119 0.755 2.041 1.128 0.566 0.417 1.061 0.413 2.559 0.038 0.082 0.489 0.091

0.276 0.058 0.335 0.117 0.756 2.078 1.146 0.575 0.409 1.145 0.419 2.774 0.035 0.100 0.492 0.092

0.300 0.054 0.319 0.109 0.755 2.103 1.151 0.593 0.427 1.195 0.326 2.858 0.032 0.099 0.536 0.084

0.246 0.053 0.322 0.098 0.753 2.066 1.125 0.597 0.432 1.258 0.340 3.009 0.030 0.090 0.551 0.085

0.276 0.056 0.325 0.114 0.749 2.032 1.108 0.623 0.447 1.317 0.336 3.016 0.031 0.088 0.527 0.092

0.275 0.057 0.333 0.114 0.767 2.069 1.158 0.654 0.467 1.409 0.324 2.930 0.032 0.090 0.565 0.098

0.304 0.058 0.346 0.120 0.802 2.184 1.204 0.707 0.451 1.557 0.397 2.985 0.034 0.097 0.582 0.090

0.330 0.056 0.357 0.122 0.808 2.132 1.256 0.762 0.467 1.663 0.338 3.018 0.033 0.092 0.605 0.094

0.338 0.056 0.350 0.127 0.837 2.130 1.272 0.834 0.469 1.796 0.341 2.899 0.032 0.096 0.661 0.098

0.349 0.053 0.359 0.141 0.820 2.162 1.358 0.896 0.478 1.958 0.360 3.044 0.035 0.118 0.606 0.096

0.353 0.053 0.360 0.142 0.782 2.175 1.342 0.939 0.479 2.018 0.342 2.939 0.035 0.121 0.751 0.103

 annual growth rates:

0.013 -0.022 0.017 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.027 0.007 0.048 0.000 0.023 -0.012 -0.013 0.032 0.011

0.039 -0.022 0.023 0.028 0.003 0.000 0.015 0.057 0.032 0.055 0.038 0.049 0.001 -0.061 0.051 0.017

0.014 -0.043 0.022 0.013 -0.022 -0.010 0.009 0.032 0.010 0.061 -0.042 0.017 -0.044 -0.064 0.061 0.038

0.007 -0.044 0.002 0.026 0.005 0.013 0.019 0.001 0.004 0.020 0.045 0.036 -0.025 -0.058 0.068 0.032

-0.014 -0.017 0.029 0.023 -0.002 -0.002 -0.013 -0.020 -0.022 0.036 -0.026 0.022 -0.005 -0.041 -0.016 -0.012

-0.013 -0.025 0.011 -0.059 0.017 0.008 -0.017 0.020 0.005 0.043 -0.013 0.022 -0.030 0.026 0.017 -0.007

0.052 0.000 0.016 0.053 0.006 0.007 0.025 0.065 0.015 0.067 0.001 -0.003 0.021 0.042 0.044 0.027 32
 table 2 Continued

NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY

0.936 0.962 0.584 0.302 0.828 0.015 0.141 0.818 0.450 1.790 0.208 0.370 0.162 0.334 1.922 0.121 0.220

0.954 1.013 0.624 0.318 0.834 0.014 0.148 0.896 0.460 1.872 0.215 0.373 0.170 0.341 1.949 0.117 0.208

0.964 1.038 0.629 0.321 0.840 0.014 0.150 0.928 0.470 1.970 0.213 0.368 0.171 0.349 1.991 0.112 0.221

0.973 1.036 0.659 0.324 0.839 0.014 0.154 0.983 0.478 1.991 0.216 0.378 0.172 0.350 2.009 0.109 0.249

1.001 1.064 0.690 0.329 0.843 0.014 0.152 1.056 0.480 1.983 0.217 0.365 0.173 0.358 2.079 0.109 0.250

1.005 1.000 0.735 0.323 0.846 0.013 0.157 1.018 0.484 1.997 0.212 0.367 0.175 0.371 1.991 0.106 0.258

0.971 1.002 0.761 0.330 0.834 0.013 0.167 1.057 0.499 2.075 0.226 0.371 0.163 0.374 1.934 0.102 0.261

0.962 0.989 0.781 0.330 0.834 0.012 0.183 1.122 0.518 2.133 0.224 0.377 0.158 0.361 1.942 0.099 0.282

0.945 0.964 0.814 0.331 0.826 0.011 0.181 1.116 0.521 2.178 0.224 0.385 0.159 0.371 1.938 0.098 0.279

0.946 0.957 0.853 0.319 0.843 0.011 0.193 1.047 0.520 2.381 0.225 0.396 0.164 0.355 1.874 0.094 0.266

0.943 0.969 0.947 0.325 0.846 0.010 0.201 1.076 0.542 2.506 0.233 0.410 0.169 0.372 1.941 0.095 0.269

0.948 0.995 0.994 0.323 0.865 0.009 0.218 1.141 0.546 2.692 0.231 0.421 0.172 0.375 1.971 0.099 0.294

0.937 0.967 1.105 0.338 0.843 0.008 0.218 1.119 0.562 3.083 0.232 0.425 0.173 0.399 1.961 0.097 0.289

0.887 0.857 1.168 0.328 0.815 0.008 0.207 1.197 0.558 3.154 0.224 0.408 0.166 0.420 1.874 0.095 0.278

0.914 0.851 1.183 0.315 0.842 0.008 0.204 1.235 0.541 3.061 0.224 0.429 0.166 0.427 1.924 0.100 0.293

0.917 0.868 1.104 0.314 0.867 0.008 0.206 1.052 0.565 3.031 0.232 0.428 0.174 0.418 1.903 0.099 0.284

0.914 0.899 1.032 0.326 0.912 0.008 0.210 1.057 0.588 3.075 0.228 0.433 0.183 0.453 2.011 0.094 0.305

0.913 0.858 1.164 0.319 0.950 0.007 0.209 1.071 0.579 3.158 0.222 0.454 0.185 0.444 2.068 0.097 0.295

0.934 0.808 0.991 0.322 0.983 0.007 0.219 1.040 0.573 3.162 0.232 0.471 0.187 0.499 2.122 0.095 0.311

0.989 0.870 1.115 0.370 1.031 0.007 0.224 1.027 0.581 3.064 0.224 0.537 0.185 0.520 2.176 0.108 0.295

1.039 0.848 1.191 0.359 1.112 0.008 0.237 1.118 0.579 2.922 0.232 0.564 0.185 0.467 2.214 0.109 0.289

1.054 0.847 1.153 0.381 1.179 0.007 0.243 1.098 0.585 3.006 0.265 0.549 0.188 0.550 2.309 0.108 0.298

1.058 0.878 1.178 0.381 1.179 0.007 0.230 1.026 0.595 3.445 0.263 0.556 0.201 0.551 2.284 0.102 0.289

1.055 0.919 1.125 0.378 1.223 0.007 0.233 1.078 0.609 3.045 0.251 0.591 0.199 0.534 2.269 0.122 0.296

1.040 0.910 1.108 0.379 1.187 0.007 0.247 1.080 0.634 3.207 0.233 0.604 0.187 0.550 2.264 0.117 0.294

1.087 0.947 1.132 0.395 1.264 0.007 0.252 1.090 0.657 3.219 0.245 0.639 0.194 0.566 2.400 0.112 0.307

1.047 0.949 1.218 0.394 1.305 0.006 0.260 0.970 0.660 3.354 0.260 0.666 0.192 0.572 2.393 0.125 0.297

1.023 0.975 1.200 0.385 1.320 0.007 0.266 1.095 0.653 3.421 0.269 0.670 0.197 0.585 2.484 0.124 0.301

1.018 0.975 1.184 0.390 1.325 0.007 0.280 1.135 0.614 3.476 0.294 0.665 0.193 0.654 2.469 0.112 0.304

1.013 0.929 1.224 0.400 1.323 0.006 0.281 1.130 0.560 3.369 0.288 0.673 0.188 0.651 2.361 0.118 0.287

0.994 1.024 1.172 0.411 1.316 0.006 0.294 1.139 0.532 3.673 0.292 0.667 0.190 0.711 2.367 0.129 0.276

1.007 0.925 1.197 0.409 1.331 0.006 0.287 1.132 0.543 3.923 0.289 0.689 0.191 0.734 2.335 0.132 0.351

1.064 0.923 1.159 0.401 1.353 0.007 0.312 1.130 0.575 3.912 0.313 0.702 0.194 0.782 2.304 0.134 0.306

1.038 0.955 1.184 0.399 1.348 0.007 0.314 1.001 0.553 4.126 0.308 0.714 0.202 0.817 2.312 0.153 0.316

1.014 0.939 1.363 0.401 1.369 0.006 0.319 1.000 0.542 4.295 0.329 0.734 0.199 0.852 2.248 0.165 0.293

1.071 0.953 1.310 0.397 1.395 0.006 0.335 0.982 0.545 4.683 0.341 0.754 0.207 0.885 2.269 0.173 0.305

1.101 0.988 1.315 0.388 1.407 0.006 0.363 0.927 0.531 4.100 0.370 0.773 0.213 0.900 2.223 0.162 0.313

 annual growth rates:

0.004 0.001 0.023 0.007 0.015 -0.026 0.026 0.003 0.005 0.023 0.016 0.020 0.008 0.028 0.004 0.008 0.010

0.006 0.007 0.044 0.015 0.001 -0.026 0.029 0.043 0.017 0.025 0.014 0.001 0.001 0.019 0.001 -0.028 0.029

-0.009 -0.016 0.038 -0.011 0.004 -0.053 0.048 -0.003 0.014 0.046 -0.001 0.022 0.001 -0.017 -0.010 -0.027 0.006

-0.016 -0.028 0.079 0.007 -0.008 -0.081 0.017 0.033 0.018 0.070 -0.002 0.007 0.003 0.042 0.000 0.002 0.011

0.018 0.003 -0.008 0.020 0.039 -0.018 0.014 -0.026 0.007 -0.005 0.000 0.046 0.018 0.036 0.025 0.021 0.010

0.002 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.025 -0.015 0.022 0.010 -0.004 0.009 0.025 0.023 0.002 0.023 0.008 0.009 -0.003

0.012 0.009 0.010 -0.005 0.009 -0.003 0.037 -0.028 -0.008 0.028 0.036 0.020 0.018 0.046 -0.009 0.046 0.012 33
Table 3. Intermediate Input Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama

Year AL AR AZ CA CO CT DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY

1960 0.550 0.628 0.431 2.605 0.862 0.123 0.106 0.523 0.750 3.846 0.550 2.438 1.509 1.581 0.620

1961 0.542 0.672 0.434 2.559 0.890 0.111 0.093 0.519 0.752 3.816 0.560 2.353 1.426 1.791 0.607

1962 0.593 0.706 0.505 2.739 0.972 0.105 0.095 0.568 0.802 3.951 0.561 2.421 1.417 1.711 0.628

1963 0.596 0.751 0.481 2.786 0.973 0.104 0.102 0.570 0.807 4.033 0.591 2.385 1.413 1.839 0.652

1964 0.621 0.789 0.465 2.730 0.962 0.106 0.106 0.588 0.873 4.214 0.605 2.435 1.442 1.681 0.646

1965 0.662 0.822 0.492 2.840 1.039 0.096 0.105 0.591 0.920 4.109 0.593 2.376 1.373 1.707 0.627

1966 0.707 0.874 0.478 2.749 1.104 0.097 0.112 0.638 0.992 4.480 0.606 2.586 1.536 1.865 0.678

1967 0.717 0.930 0.501 2.825 1.187 0.097 0.114 0.708 1.009 4.621 0.606 2.583 1.466 1.857 0.668

1968 0.714 0.963 0.529 2.836 1.129 0.091 0.098 0.692 0.998 4.549 0.627 2.601 1.403 1.905 0.699

1969 0.745 1.020 0.609 2.873 1.318 0.088 0.107 0.734 1.055 4.514 0.635 2.513 1.407 2.127 0.690

1970 0.769 1.049 0.561 2.864 1.426 0.085 0.107 0.739 1.043 4.565 0.670 2.471 1.425 2.182 0.705

1971 0.751 1.056 0.600 2.949 1.624 0.079 0.096 0.731 1.000 4.443 0.687 2.312 1.383 2.270 0.660

1972 0.749 1.049 0.657 2.922 1.720 0.076 0.092 0.760 1.008 4.489 0.691 2.393 1.440 2.644 0.724

1973 0.771 1.055 0.663 2.971 1.440 0.073 0.104 0.756 1.041 4.356 0.743 2.406 1.494 2.518 0.693

1974 0.766 1.070 0.587 3.088 1.288 0.083 0.111 0.820 1.071 4.295 0.740 2.545 1.544 2.186 0.731

1975 0.716 0.958 0.571 3.097 1.252 0.077 0.100 0.784 1.014 4.348 0.714 2.476 1.513 2.155 0.698

1976 0.776 1.098 0.596 3.294 1.358 0.077 0.107 0.769 1.105 4.751 0.715 2.734 1.650 2.446 0.710

1977 0.735 1.108 0.612 3.135 1.475 0.075 0.110 0.771 1.050 4.622 0.736 2.778 1.643 2.518 0.734

1978 0.841 1.226 0.718 3.607 1.739 0.080 0.143 0.953 1.163 4.878 0.923 2.815 1.779 3.102 0.816

1979 0.907 1.304 0.615 3.656 1.656 0.083 0.149 1.092 1.319 4.985 0.995 3.004 1.837 3.087 0.801

1980 0.900 1.300 0.619 3.482 1.649 0.087 0.150 1.093 1.323 5.093 0.994 3.047 1.876 3.036 0.826

1981 0.859 1.251 0.575 3.535 1.441 0.082 0.150 1.011 1.286 4.865 0.975 2.922 1.756 2.727 0.770

1982 0.798 1.165 0.585 3.538 1.566 0.077 0.146 0.974 1.129 4.748 0.963 2.841 1.766 2.936 0.745

1983 0.817 1.209 0.593 3.453 1.593 0.083 0.157 1.011 1.183 4.459 0.940 2.723 1.786 2.993 0.738

1984 0.854 1.300 0.598 3.605 1.555 0.078 0.176 0.972 1.193 3.977 0.903 2.457 1.627 2.910 0.678

1985 0.825 1.246 0.550 3.351 1.514 0.074 0.163 0.937 1.131 3.857 0.873 2.407 1.589 2.853 0.671

1986 0.831 1.311 0.530 3.368 1.562 0.075 0.160 0.954 1.120 3.880 0.849 2.426 1.627 3.040 0.712

1987 0.922 1.495 0.539 3.321 1.538 0.073 0.181 1.012 1.186 3.947 0.851 2.308 1.630 2.956 0.683

1988 0.909 1.538 0.500 3.384 1.578 0.068 0.184 0.934 1.151 3.797 0.900 2.272 1.559 2.952 0.756

1989 0.903 1.720 0.485 3.557 1.468 0.070 0.192 0.951 1.176 3.750 0.908 2.216 1.519 2.905 0.742

1990 0.950 1.889 0.450 3.575 1.468 0.075 0.186 0.967 1.157 4.109 0.849 2.307 1.620 3.094 0.814

1991 0.911 1.943 0.459 3.782 1.384 0.071 0.190 0.955 1.152 4.021 0.846 2.394 1.638 2.878 0.834

1992 0.909 1.883 0.457 3.645 1.428 0.072 0.187 0.951 1.158 4.029 0.897 2.444 1.658 3.085 0.826

1993 0.953 1.992 0.465 4.028 1.482 0.072 0.186 1.053 1.274 3.948 0.856 2.479 1.724 3.042 0.866

1994 0.949 2.057 0.491 4.216 1.566 0.075 0.201 1.015 1.294 3.815 1.020 2.472 1.716 3.153 0.830

1995 1.018 1.898 0.539 4.845 1.672 0.076 0.230 1.130 1.484 3.690 1.098 2.390 1.656 3.255 0.859

1996 1.000 1.892 0.510 4.371 1.593 0.066 0.242 1.009 1.515 3.667 1.071 2.417 1.588 3.314 0.883

Average annual growth rates:

1960-96 0.017 0.031 0.005 0.014 0.017 -0.017 0.023 0.018 0.020 -0.001 0.018 0.000 0.001 0.021 0.010

1960-66 0.042 0.055 0.017 0.009 0.041 -0.040 0.010 0.033 0.047 0.025 0.016 0.010 0.003 0.028 0.015

1966-69 0.018 0.052 0.081 0.015 0.059 -0.032 -0.015 0.047 0.021 0.003 0.016 -0.010 -0.029 0.044 0.006

1969-73 0.008 0.008 0.021 0.008 0.022 -0.046 -0.008 0.007 -0.003 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.015 0.042 0.001

1973-79 0.027 0.035 -0.013 0.035 0.023 0.022 0.061 0.061 0.039 0.022 0.049 0.037 0.034 0.034 0.024

1979-89 0.000 0.028 -0.024 -0.003 -0.012 -0.018 0.025 -0.014 -0.011 -0.028 -0.009 -0.030 -0.019 -0.006 -0.008

1989-96 0.015 0.014 0.007 0.029 0.012 -0.007 0.033 0.008 0.036 -0.003 0.024 0.012 0.006 0.019 0.025 34
 table 3 Continued

LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV

0.429 0.149 0.301 0.199 0.962 2.053 1.442 0.734 0.504 0.728 0.700 1.759 0.064 0.267 0.243 0.054

0.433 0.135 0.293 0.188 0.942 2.067 1.429 0.736 0.495 0.724 0.680 1.867 0.058 0.240 0.268 0.050

0.435 0.131 0.304 0.188 0.907 2.070 1.395 0.786 0.485 0.752 0.757 1.936 0.056 0.234 0.275 0.054

0.473 0.128 0.297 0.189 0.912 2.015 1.424 0.817 0.556 0.753 0.779 2.094 0.054 0.215 0.300 0.050

0.471 0.122 0.298 0.191 0.938 2.082 1.481 0.858 0.569 0.762 0.828 2.007 0.050 0.208 0.259 0.055

0.486 0.110 0.307 0.188 0.879 1.910 1.440 0.852 0.538 0.809 0.805 2.012 0.045 0.188 0.302 0.065

0.515 0.109 0.319 0.192 0.905 2.075 1.644 0.852 0.594 0.821 0.823 2.288 0.046 0.182 0.339 0.062

0.552 0.111 0.311 0.192 0.895 2.119 1.605 0.901 0.611 0.862 0.836 2.303 0.047 0.181 0.402 0.072

0.567 0.102 0.310 0.181 0.841 2.101 1.600 0.876 0.591 0.867 0.833 2.399 0.043 0.170 0.372 0.064

0.565 0.099 0.309 0.185 0.865 2.111 1.709 0.898 0.625 0.897 0.855 2.352 0.042 0.157 0.421 0.069

0.583 0.093 0.319 0.184 0.902 2.082 1.656 0.966 0.639 0.937 0.843 2.630 0.044 0.153 0.435 0.070

0.593 0.088 0.307 0.172 0.869 2.141 1.591 0.946 0.642 0.870 0.872 2.643 0.043 0.143 0.428 0.078

0.607 0.084 0.280 0.164 0.832 2.228 1.701 0.948 0.648 0.858 0.846 2.855 0.040 0.131 0.489 0.084

0.573 0.078 0.299 0.170 0.879 2.255 1.643 0.949 0.680 0.903 0.929 2.992 0.038 0.125 0.513 0.083

0.594 0.093 0.320 0.210 0.899 2.186 1.723 0.915 0.665 0.953 0.869 2.642 0.043 0.130 0.392 0.089

0.550 0.089 0.309 0.186 0.862 2.132 1.493 0.793 0.638 0.934 0.922 2.382 0.039 0.129 0.448 0.083

0.630 0.089 0.312 0.190 0.954 2.244 1.588 0.894 0.673 1.043 0.981 2.612 0.039 0.128 0.434 0.085

0.577 0.087 0.313 0.197 0.858 2.173 1.557 0.864 0.685 1.026 0.946 2.706 0.040 0.122 0.510 0.084

0.669 0.089 0.372 0.213 1.025 2.549 1.649 0.971 0.820 1.213 1.058 3.147 0.040 0.128 0.505 0.099

0.681 0.090 0.395 0.203 1.092 2.633 1.746 1.005 0.814 1.239 1.152 3.584 0.039 0.131 0.513 0.104

0.701 0.087 0.424 0.204 1.146 2.753 1.747 0.981 0.727 1.228 1.084 3.621 0.040 0.133 0.463 0.110

0.638 0.084 0.435 0.189 1.140 2.698 1.582 0.952 0.736 1.200 1.034 3.326 0.037 0.119 0.377 0.102

0.635 0.084 0.399 0.148 1.145 2.745 1.591 0.903 0.719 1.116 1.012 3.582 0.038 0.118 0.393 0.085

0.632 0.087 0.430 0.151 1.195 2.769 1.621 0.922 0.721 1.130 1.054 3.555 0.039 0.118 0.413 0.098

0.644 0.083 0.430 0.146 1.211 2.632 1.446 0.985 0.683 1.163 1.010 3.232 0.036 0.117 0.427 0.101

0.594 0.080 0.400 0.124 1.117 2.601 1.416 0.889 0.601 1.083 0.988 3.264 0.035 0.116 0.410 0.089

0.604 0.080 0.377 0.125 1.158 2.538 1.517 0.900 0.557 1.064 0.968 3.369 0.035 0.117 0.423 0.096

0.616 0.076 0.379 0.127 1.121 2.400 1.545 0.960 0.628 1.112 1.015 3.378 0.032 0.115 0.455 0.097

0.666 0.070 0.367 0.116 1.019 2.337 1.490 1.014 0.651 1.106 0.974 3.393 0.029 0.117 0.458 0.095

0.730 0.073 0.383 0.120 1.058 2.297 1.437 1.084 0.615 1.124 0.889 3.444 0.030 0.118 0.445 0.094

0.732 0.074 0.398 0.123 1.111 2.535 1.581 1.167 0.625 1.079 0.971 3.549 0.030 0.120 0.442 0.094

0.751 0.075 0.413 0.123 1.204 2.660 1.620 1.245 0.613 1.082 0.962 3.284 0.029 0.124 0.456 0.088

0.741 0.070 0.409 0.119 1.188 2.707 1.639 1.208 0.592 1.156 1.029 3.383 0.029 0.125 0.457 0.093

0.750 0.070 0.408 0.119 1.283 2.663 1.694 1.328 0.612 1.236 1.035 3.455 0.029 0.125 0.477 0.091

0.731 0.075 0.423 0.126 1.314 2.783 1.710 1.348 0.704 1.284 1.058 3.305 0.029 0.135 0.514 0.107

0.701 0.077 0.445 0.139 1.304 2.873 1.740 1.381 0.691 1.482 1.042 3.419 0.030 0.145 0.472 0.106

0.712 0.070 0.425 0.119 1.200 2.737 1.677 1.387 0.723 1.500 1.089 3.504 0.028 0.133 0.548 0.103

 annual growth rates:

0.014 -0.021 0.010 -0.014 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.018 0.010 0.020 0.012 0.019 -0.023 -0.019 0.023 0.018

0.031 -0.051 0.010 -0.005 -0.010 0.002 0.022 0.025 0.027 0.020 0.027 0.044 -0.056 -0.063 0.056 0.023

0.031 -0.034 -0.011 -0.014 -0.015 0.006 0.013 0.018 0.017 0.030 0.013 0.009 -0.031 -0.050 0.072 0.036

0.003 -0.057 -0.008 -0.021 0.004 0.017 -0.010 0.014 0.021 0.002 0.021 0.060 -0.025 -0.056 0.049 0.046

0.029 0.024 0.046 0.030 0.036 0.026 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.053 0.036 0.030 0.004 0.007 0.000 0.038

0.007 -0.021 -0.003 -0.052 -0.003 -0.014 -0.019 0.008 -0.028 -0.010 -0.026 -0.004 -0.024 -0.010 -0.014 -0.010

-0.004 -0.007 0.015 -0.002 0.018 0.025 0.022 0.035 0.023 0.041 0.029 0.002 -0.013 0.017 0.030 0.014 35
 table 3 Continued

NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY

1.076 1.226 0.696 0.408 0.975 0.039 0.335 1.020 0.601 2.165 0.215 0.490 0.151 0.612 1.597 0.172 0.222

1.020 1.237 0.705 0.408 0.926 0.035 0.331 1.052 0.566 2.265 0.211 0.467 0.140 0.596 1.585 0.162 0.216

1.028 1.179 0.723 0.430 0.889 0.032 0.323 1.091 0.583 2.361 0.207 0.481 0.146 0.625 1.565 0.163 0.234

0.990 1.168 0.756 0.444 0.844 0.029 0.319 1.193 0.608 2.444 0.212 0.461 0.140 0.647 1.536 0.157 0.250

1.027 1.168 0.767 0.429 0.850 0.026 0.334 1.170 0.623 2.360 0.207 0.421 0.137 0.638 1.508 0.155 0.253

0.939 1.147 0.814 0.440 0.848 0.026 0.323 1.160 0.617 2.523 0.193 0.444 0.133 0.667 1.475 0.144 0.260

0.970 1.202 0.874 0.438 0.860 0.025 0.332 1.198 0.654 2.732 0.224 0.471 0.128 0.665 1.588 0.141 0.262

1.003 1.183 0.848 0.469 0.815 0.025 0.346 1.263 0.714 2.746 0.210 0.459 0.132 0.720 1.630 0.139 0.307

0.974 1.136 0.904 0.431 0.879 0.024 0.359 1.236 0.667 2.785 0.206 0.469 0.123 0.668 1.608 0.144 0.321

0.964 1.157 1.006 0.444 0.873 0.021 0.368 1.278 0.670 3.090 0.216 0.491 0.127 0.669 1.669 0.138 0.309

0.957 1.157 1.036 0.450 0.867 0.020 0.379 1.280 0.695 2.957 0.218 0.491 0.126 0.701 1.699 0.137 0.305

0.918 1.164 1.097 0.450 0.879 0.019 0.374 1.315 0.662 3.269 0.211 0.471 0.128 0.702 1.671 0.132 0.324

0.893 1.156 1.193 0.443 0.820 0.018 0.386 1.285 0.701 3.744 0.209 0.474 0.127 0.737 1.727 0.137 0.346

0.851 1.141 1.308 0.461 0.817 0.018 0.388 1.448 0.704 3.870 0.196 0.499 0.114 0.742 1.688 0.140 0.333

1.009 1.209 1.262 0.452 0.878 0.019 0.462 1.288 0.710 3.436 0.212 0.552 0.135 0.793 1.763 0.146 0.305

0.951 1.202 1.137 0.410 0.896 0.019 0.351 1.221 0.686 3.393 0.216 0.528 0.130 0.691 1.753 0.145 0.306

0.972 1.323 1.125 0.471 0.960 0.020 0.389 1.116 0.740 3.681 0.215 0.517 0.135 0.767 1.847 0.145 0.344

0.975 1.277 1.256 0.485 0.985 0.019 0.375 1.193 0.735 3.588 0.222 0.507 0.137 0.760 1.774 0.136 0.326

1.006 1.310 1.293 0.567 1.029 0.019 0.417 1.439 0.768 4.079 0.272 0.580 0.139 1.011 2.024 0.147 0.399

1.034 1.380 1.492 0.657 1.069 0.019 0.446 1.472 0.809 4.284 0.262 0.655 0.150 1.028 2.145 0.160 0.396

1.088 1.479 1.504 0.600 1.140 0.019 0.450 1.422 0.812 4.021 0.267 0.678 0.157 0.976 2.273 0.158 0.378

1.065 1.382 1.288 0.627 1.121 0.019 0.422 1.339 0.775 3.869 0.274 0.636 0.154 1.061 2.258 0.152 0.333

0.953 1.304 1.218 0.576 1.067 0.018 0.371 1.484 0.761 4.068 0.257 0.598 0.155 1.059 2.129 0.148 0.338

1.074 1.342 1.228 0.581 1.184 0.019 0.371 1.505 0.783 3.786 0.266 0.604 0.162 1.038 2.351 0.161 0.370

1.005 1.293 1.192 0.596 1.089 0.018 0.377 1.420 0.763 3.929 0.252 0.588 0.149 1.082 2.216 0.163 0.358

0.922 1.255 1.195 0.584 1.087 0.018 0.358 1.434 0.771 3.680 0.245 0.573 0.139 1.002 2.208 0.161 0.356

0.890 1.290 1.248 0.553 1.093 0.017 0.346 1.352 0.749 3.799 0.248 0.562 0.145 0.987 2.070 0.149 0.313

0.876 1.293 1.335 0.553 1.090 0.016 0.347 1.399 0.773 3.900 0.264 0.561 0.137 0.963 2.109 0.148 0.362

0.834 1.207 1.389 0.561 1.051 0.014 0.341 1.351 0.754 3.995 0.263 0.580 0.118 1.057 1.845 0.141 0.373

0.833 1.174 1.413 0.608 1.102 0.014 0.378 1.182 0.669 3.773 0.243 0.555 0.126 1.069 1.780 0.133 0.352

0.863 1.242 1.408 0.600 1.142 0.014 0.360 1.341 0.678 4.114 0.235 0.549 0.136 1.091 2.025 0.151 0.294

0.886 1.286 1.428 0.593 1.103 0.015 0.363 1.260 0.659 4.133 0.228 0.548 0.136 1.191 2.060 0.147 0.398

0.816 1.257 1.377 0.626 1.037 0.016 0.352 1.256 0.689 4.071 0.243 0.560 0.128 1.205 1.965 0.135 0.322

0.780 1.315 1.390 0.598 1.055 0.016 0.385 1.263 0.709 4.272 0.238 0.586 0.129 1.320 1.855 0.167 0.321

0.840 1.289 1.522 0.614 1.100 0.016 0.389 1.253 0.678 4.104 0.276 0.579 0.130 1.342 1.986 0.177 0.339

0.862 1.319 1.576 0.698 1.143 0.015 0.434 1.366 0.729 4.710 0.286 0.615 0.136 1.534 2.009 0.177 0.338

0.789 1.252 1.516 0.638 1.062 0.015 0.439 1.322 0.733 4.277 0.286 0.633 0.125 1.419 1.836 0.175 0.324

 annual growth rates:

-0.009 0.001 0.022 0.012 0.002 -0.027 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.019 0.008 0.007 -0.005 0.023 0.004 0.001 0.011

-0.017 -0.003 0.038 0.012 -0.021 -0.073 -0.002 0.027 0.014 0.039 0.007 -0.007 -0.028 0.014 -0.001 -0.033 0.028

-0.002 -0.013 0.047 0.005 0.005 -0.054 0.034 0.022 0.008 0.041 -0.011 0.014 -0.001 0.002 0.017 -0.008 0.055

-0.031 -0.004 0.066 0.009 -0.017 -0.044 0.013 0.031 0.012 0.056 -0.025 0.004 -0.028 0.026 0.003 0.004 0.019

0.032 0.032 0.022 0.059 0.045 0.009 0.023 0.003 0.023 0.017 0.048 0.045 0.046 0.054 0.040 0.023 0.029

-0.022 -0.016 -0.005 -0.008 0.003 -0.028 -0.017 -0.022 -0.019 -0.013 -0.008 -0.017 -0.017 0.004 -0.019 -0.019 -0.012

-0.008 0.009 0.010 0.007 -0.005 0.004 0.022 0.016 0.013 0.018 0.023 0.019 -0.002 0.040 0.004 0.039 -0.012 36
Table 4. Capital Input Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama

Year AL AR AZ CA CO CT DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY

1960 0.858 0.964 0.350 2.931 1.227 0.282 0.115 0.679 1.172 5.235 0.928 4.646 2.747 2.882 1.355

1961 0.847 0.957 0.359 2.897 1.220 0.275 0.113 0.690 1.155 5.174 0.924 4.614 2.746 2.906 1.352

1962 0.844 0.959 0.375 2.868 1.217 0.270 0.111 0.701 1.149 5.218 0.927 4.630 2.734 2.906 1.359

1963 0.849 0.986 0.397 2.883 1.210 0.267 0.111 0.726 1.149 5.289 0.944 4.677 2.775 2.917 1.385

1964 0.872 1.029 0.426 2.909 1.199 0.266 0.111 0.766 1.175 5.422 0.972 4.782 2.838 2.926 1.426

1965 0.899 1.091 0.460 2.948 1.197 0.265 0.111 0.808 1.195 5.539 1.003 4.857 2.882 2.952 1.455

1966 0.931 1.165 0.497 3.015 1.224 0.268 0.115 0.857 1.224 5.737 1.040 5.136 2.984 3.061 1.517

1967 0.956 1.239 0.524 3.085 1.257 0.272 0.115 0.909 1.260 6.046 1.070 5.273 3.086 3.119 1.592

1968 0.999 1.319 0.560 3.170 1.285 0.276 0.120 0.972 1.318 6.343 1.131 5.614 3.194 3.226 1.698

1969 1.010 1.363 0.588 3.217 1.303 0.276 0.118 1.015 1.327 6.547 1.156 5.666 3.255 3.313 1.739

1970 1.028 1.407 0.613 3.223 1.317 0.274 0.120 1.066 1.347 6.611 1.189 5.776 3.311 3.388 1.785

1971 1.040 1.462 0.631 3.280 1.357 0.274 0.122 1.086 1.378 6.695 1.210 5.799 3.385 3.420 1.822

1972 1.073 1.500 0.641 3.286 1.369 0.273 0.121 1.140 1.404 6.858 1.238 6.022 3.458 3.453 1.889

1973 1.090 1.567 0.663 3.317 1.385 0.270 0.125 1.192 1.427 7.066 1.267 6.191 3.562 3.470 1.934

1974 1.152 1.702 0.682 3.489 1.425 0.272 0.132 1.284 1.506 7.429 1.350 6.543 3.736 3.664 2.037

1975 1.227 1.810 0.706 3.606 1.460 0.274 0.138 1.376 1.598 7.547 1.427 6.657 3.817 3.751 2.153

1976 1.268 1.861 0.724 3.705 1.492 0.275 0.144 1.423 1.644 7.865 1.456 7.139 3.973 3.868 2.207

1977 1.305 1.890 0.746 3.810 1.519 0.277 0.151 1.472 1.694 8.118 1.507 7.299 4.143 3.980 2.312

1978 1.327 1.961 0.784 3.904 1.559 0.277 0.156 1.505 1.710 8.417 1.540 7.552 4.227 4.038 2.422

1979 1.360 2.025 0.818 4.037 1.586 0.280 0.162 1.576 1.760 8.665 1.594 7.700 4.395 4.087 2.503

1980 1.407 2.125 0.838 4.154 1.645 0.283 0.170 1.669 1.838 9.066 1.631 8.086 4.572 4.235 2.628

1981 1.415 2.108 0.854 4.252 1.646 0.282 0.171 1.726 1.831 9.026 1.653 7.812 4.505 4.134 2.609

1982 1.414 2.101 0.843 4.269 1.618 0.277 0.171 1.714 1.823 8.811 1.617 7.786 4.454 3.961 2.633

1983 1.368 2.015 0.823 4.162 1.581 0.269 0.168 1.685 1.773 8.571 1.581 7.638 4.364 3.908 2.595

1984 1.318 1.936 0.793 4.053 1.566 0.261 0.163 1.641 1.701 8.105 1.531 7.066 4.120 3.811 2.483

1985 1.282 1.906 0.776 3.975 1.526 0.251 0.159 1.586 1.651 7.992 1.478 6.980 4.092 3.740 2.481

1986 1.234 1.801 0.735 3.846 1.449 0.239 0.154 1.507 1.576 7.457 1.402 6.548 3.847 3.557 2.386

1987 1.177 1.710 0.690 3.691 1.373 0.227 0.147 1.433 1.489 6.998 1.304 6.141 3.627 3.395 2.286

1988 1.147 1.642 0.651 3.599 1.358 0.218 0.142 1.371 1.447 6.677 1.259 5.802 3.496 3.222 2.247

1989 1.119 1.587 0.611 3.536 1.353 0.210 0.140 1.325 1.405 6.597 1.225 5.569 3.343 3.136 2.208

1990 1.098 1.540 0.577 3.517 1.335 0.206 0.139 1.285 1.386 6.480 1.194 5.544 3.327 3.054 2.209

1991 1.085 1.504 0.552 3.487 1.320 0.202 0.139 1.254 1.358 6.444 1.173 5.419 3.249 3.034 2.191

1992 1.051 1.464 0.529 3.457 1.313 0.196 0.138 1.218 1.333 6.211 1.141 5.178 3.109 2.931 2.155

1993 1.029 1.424 0.503 3.410 1.295 0.192 0.135 1.181 1.305 6.072 1.095 5.093 3.071 2.907 2.131

1994 1.017 1.394 0.478 3.362 1.284 0.187 0.132 1.149 1.277 5.713 1.078 4.878 2.943 2.836 2.097

1995 1.015 1.373 0.456 3.333 1.257 0.183 0.131 1.123 1.267 5.783 1.049 4.845 2.918 2.824 2.083

1996 1.000 1.334 0.438 3.292 1.248 0.178 0.128 1.090 1.239 5.590 1.031 4.592 2.795 2.744 2.048

Average annual growth rates:

1960-96 0.004 0.009 0.006 0.003 0.000 -0.013 0.003 0.013 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.011

1960-66 0.014 0.032 0.058 0.005 -0.001 -0.009 -0.001 0.039 0.007 0.015 0.019 0.017 0.014 0.010 0.019

1966-69 0.027 0.052 0.056 0.022 0.021 0.010 0.011 0.056 0.027 0.044 0.036 0.033 0.029 0.026 0.046

1969-73 0.019 0.035 0.030 0.008 0.015 -0.005 0.013 0.040 0.018 0.019 0.023 0.022 0.023 0.012 0.027

1973-79 0.037 0.043 0.035 0.033 0.023 0.006 0.043 0.047 0.035 0.034 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.027 0.043

1979-89 -0.020 -0.024 -0.029 -0.013 -0.016 -0.028 -0.015 -0.017 -0.023 -0.027 -0.026 -0.032 -0.027 -0.026 -0.013

1989-96 -0.016 -0.025 -0.048 -0.010 -0.012 -0.024 -0.013 -0.028 -0.018 -0.024 -0.025 -0.028 -0.026 -0.019 -0.011 37
 table 4 Continued

LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV

0.744 0.316 0.566 0.336 2.337 4.027 2.434 1.046 1.139 1.581 1.926 2.882 0.133 0.498 0.390 0.122

0.745 0.308 0.558 0.329 2.294 4.006 2.415 1.040 1.120 1.579 1.921 2.888 0.129 0.487 0.386 0.120

0.747 0.300 0.547 0.321 2.274 4.020 2.438 1.040 1.090 1.586 1.848 2.871 0.125 0.479 0.391 0.119

0.761 0.295 0.540 0.317 2.266 4.011 2.460 1.054 1.118 1.622 1.932 2.915 0.123 0.473 0.395 0.120

0.796 0.292 0.536 0.318 2.277 4.086 2.544 1.084 1.144 1.670 1.945 2.935 0.120 0.470 0.406 0.123

0.829 0.289 0.536 0.328 2.305 4.104 2.627 1.127 1.161 1.738 1.995 2.951 0.118 0.465 0.412 0.125

0.859 0.289 0.544 0.332 2.322 4.183 2.763 1.166 1.197 1.803 2.054 3.043 0.118 0.467 0.424 0.126

0.908 0.291 0.548 0.338 2.363 4.328 2.885 1.222 1.228 1.892 2.092 3.200 0.118 0.471 0.443 0.129

0.964 0.292 0.565 0.339 2.410 4.460 3.030 1.263 1.279 1.990 2.150 3.314 0.117 0.480 0.461 0.133

1.004 0.290 0.566 0.341 2.432 4.540 3.156 1.305 1.307 2.034 2.201 3.376 0.116 0.477 0.463 0.136

1.012 0.286 0.569 0.340 2.436 4.566 3.170 1.296 1.314 2.075 2.255 3.476 0.113 0.474 0.485 0.141

1.051 0.284 0.579 0.339 2.457 4.610 3.248 1.348 1.308 2.123 2.248 3.457 0.112 0.472 0.470 0.145

1.065 0.281 0.580 0.339 2.444 4.670 3.346 1.357 1.321 2.151 2.317 3.514 0.111 0.467 0.481 0.146

1.100 0.277 0.585 0.348 2.484 4.709 3.438 1.389 1.318 2.185 2.302 3.573 0.112 0.462 0.492 0.148

1.147 0.278 0.610 0.372 2.550 4.965 3.644 1.477 1.377 2.297 2.382 3.734 0.113 0.471 0.504 0.154

1.235 0.279 0.639 0.379 2.620 5.117 3.758 1.535 1.428 2.385 2.439 3.753 0.115 0.479 0.520 0.159

1.255 0.280 0.658 0.388 2.670 5.272 3.837 1.577 1.492 2.431 2.592 3.889 0.117 0.482 0.534 0.165

1.272 0.284 0.684 0.396 2.693 5.367 3.922 1.606 1.539 2.499 2.705 4.015 0.120 0.490 0.541 0.171

1.281 0.286 0.699 0.400 2.738 5.686 4.053 1.644 1.545 2.559 2.746 4.171 0.122 0.496 0.561 0.177

1.310 0.292 0.728 0.407 2.803 5.725 4.181 1.666 1.562 2.649 2.796 4.147 0.124 0.510 0.574 0.185

1.353 0.300 0.754 0.412 2.896 6.045 4.323 1.749 1.601 2.726 2.921 4.430 0.127 0.523 0.601 0.196

1.361 0.301 0.759 0.412 2.884 6.060 4.230 1.721 1.585 2.749 2.777 4.358 0.126 0.520 0.581 0.205

1.356 0.297 0.766 0.406 2.866 5.957 4.239 1.726 1.586 2.737 2.742 4.251 0.126 0.515 0.585 0.210

1.304 0.291 0.753 0.390 2.817 5.853 4.121 1.680 1.562 2.657 2.677 4.231 0.122 0.498 0.575 0.206

1.263 0.283 0.730 0.376 2.709 5.631 3.885 1.606 1.512 2.553 2.564 4.130 0.119 0.476 0.554 0.205

1.227 0.276 0.719 0.360 2.648 5.569 3.770 1.555 1.429 2.478 2.494 4.079 0.116 0.459 0.551 0.199

1.157 0.264 0.695 0.340 2.520 5.140 3.636 1.463 1.303 2.345 2.327 3.757 0.112 0.434 0.533 0.193

1.091 0.251 0.660 0.320 2.383 4.803 3.436 1.381 1.280 2.202 2.203 3.499 0.107 0.406 0.507 0.182

1.045 0.242 0.646 0.305 2.280 4.616 3.277 1.332 1.263 2.108 2.140 3.373 0.104 0.385 0.493 0.176

0.999 0.236 0.636 0.292 2.222 4.610 3.155 1.281 1.207 2.042 2.066 3.445 0.102 0.367 0.485 0.169

0.973 0.232 0.630 0.283 2.201 4.532 3.117 1.240 1.229 1.992 2.090 3.298 0.099 0.355 0.480 0.171

0.945 0.229 0.628 0.275 2.187 4.581 3.060 1.197 1.224 1.936 2.100 3.362 0.098 0.344 0.471 0.168

0.903 0.224 0.615 0.264 2.135 4.410 2.984 1.159 1.239 1.884 2.055 3.253 0.095 0.333 0.470 0.165

0.870 0.220 0.610 0.255 2.089 4.304 2.933 1.130 1.207 1.829 2.051 3.205 0.093 0.323 0.460 0.159

0.836 0.215 0.599 0.247 2.051 4.133 2.858 1.088 1.220 1.776 2.008 3.086 0.091 0.314 0.451 0.159

0.813 0.211 0.595 0.239 2.019 4.166 2.810 1.068 1.198 1.752 1.990 3.074 0.088 0.308 0.451 0.158

0.787 0.206 0.582 0.233 1.985 4.107 2.735 1.036 1.203 1.714 1.946 2.980 0.086 0.300 0.446 0.158

 annual growth rates:

0.002 -0.012 0.001 -0.010 -0.005 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.001 -0.012 -0.014 0.004 0.007

0.024 -0.015 -0.007 -0.002 -0.001 0.006 0.021 0.018 0.008 0.022 0.011 0.009 -0.021 -0.011 0.014 0.006

0.052 0.001 0.013 0.009 0.015 0.027 0.044 0.038 0.029 0.040 0.023 0.035 -0.005 0.007 0.029 0.025

0.023 -0.011 0.008 0.005 0.005 0.009 0.021 0.016 0.002 0.018 0.011 0.014 -0.009 -0.008 0.015 0.020

0.029 0.009 0.037 0.026 0.020 0.033 0.033 0.030 0.028 0.032 0.032 0.025 0.018 0.016 0.026 0.038

-0.027 -0.021 -0.014 -0.033 -0.023 -0.022 -0.028 -0.026 -0.026 -0.026 -0.030 -0.019 -0.020 -0.033 -0.017 -0.009

-0.034 -0.020 -0.013 -0.032 -0.016 -0.016 -0.020 -0.030 0.000 -0.025 -0.009 -0.021 -0.024 -0.029 -0.012 -0.009 38
 table 4 Continued

NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY

2.106 2.997 1.573 0.884 2.134 0.044 0.700 1.906 1.262 4.036 0.369 1.194 0.285 1.080 3.433 0.393 0.413

2.061 2.975 1.557 0.861 2.091 0.043 0.692 1.917 1.254 3.987 0.364 1.182 0.281 1.059 3.373 0.386 0.402

2.024 2.937 1.543 0.843 2.053 0.042 0.687 1.886 1.253 3.967 0.361 1.175 0.276 1.048 3.330 0.380 0.399

1.991 2.928 1.537 0.839 2.012 0.042 0.691 1.908 1.266 3.993 0.364 1.177 0.272 1.054 3.321 0.375 0.402

1.995 2.954 1.541 0.845 2.009 0.041 0.700 1.935 1.295 4.032 0.368 1.157 0.270 1.064 3.305 0.373 0.410

1.988 2.963 1.562 0.851 2.007 0.041 0.712 1.917 1.327 4.095 0.372 1.173 0.268 1.078 3.292 0.372 0.414

2.007 3.027 1.588 0.854 2.023 0.041 0.731 1.951 1.364 4.234 0.383 1.190 0.266 1.085 3.313 0.372 0.417

2.050 3.138 1.609 0.863 2.031 0.041 0.749 1.986 1.412 4.387 0.389 1.198 0.271 1.107 3.373 0.370 0.422

2.095 3.215 1.657 0.872 2.102 0.041 0.777 2.047 1.459 4.558 0.406 1.234 0.274 1.132 3.432 0.380 0.440

2.096 3.267 1.704 0.871 2.105 0.040 0.772 2.090 1.509 4.670 0.408 1.243 0.275 1.140 3.461 0.379 0.443

2.090 3.277 1.727 0.864 2.108 0.039 0.776 2.088 1.503 4.779 0.411 1.254 0.271 1.131 3.453 0.378 0.447

2.109 3.338 1.714 0.864 2.128 0.038 0.782 2.089 1.564 4.831 0.414 1.260 0.274 1.133 3.475 0.374 0.451

2.109 3.410 1.725 0.860 2.131 0.037 0.795 2.094 1.565 4.900 0.414 1.264 0.275 1.146 3.516 0.374 0.461

2.113 3.454 1.740 0.865 2.140 0.037 0.800 2.109 1.590 5.102 0.416 1.280 0.275 1.143 3.522 0.373 0.463

2.201 3.565 1.851 0.897 2.240 0.036 0.833 2.180 1.657 5.402 0.429 1.329 0.283 1.180 3.618 0.385 0.477

2.305 3.727 1.953 0.938 2.349 0.037 0.863 2.182 1.737 5.617 0.448 1.375 0.292 1.249 3.739 0.397 0.498

2.369 3.841 1.988 0.975 2.421 0.037 0.884 2.215 1.772 5.728 0.458 1.407 0.300 1.289 3.836 0.402 0.507

2.428 3.978 2.008 1.006 2.508 0.037 0.905 2.147 1.839 5.896 0.472 1.437 0.311 1.317 3.863 0.408 0.521

2.460 4.057 2.066 1.029 2.585 0.037 0.928 2.271 1.878 5.974 0.485 1.470 0.316 1.337 4.057 0.415 0.513

2.518 4.199 2.079 1.072 2.690 0.037 0.957 2.256 1.942 6.058 0.498 1.528 0.326 1.394 4.177 0.424 0.530

2.600 4.395 2.170 1.113 2.806 0.038 1.008 2.386 2.008 6.202 0.517 1.604 0.337 1.463 4.361 0.435 0.551

2.620 4.330 2.114 1.151 2.844 0.038 0.986 2.338 2.005 6.138 0.527 1.603 0.340 1.464 4.458 0.444 0.550

2.610 4.278 2.094 1.156 2.871 0.037 0.988 2.276 2.016 6.025 0.531 1.620 0.344 1.486 4.419 0.445 0.558

2.557 4.176 2.043 1.114 2.813 0.035 0.964 2.256 1.985 6.012 0.519 1.576 0.339 1.436 4.376 0.433 0.553

2.475 3.977 1.989 1.100 2.720 0.034 0.912 2.191 1.914 5.760 0.497 1.535 0.329 1.425 4.248 0.422 0.533

2.403 3.938 1.953 1.077 2.690 0.033 0.882 2.169 1.883 5.617 0.483 1.507 0.320 1.384 4.216 0.414 0.516

2.306 3.744 1.868 1.038 2.590 0.030 0.838 1.992 1.815 5.410 0.466 1.461 0.310 1.333 4.016 0.396 0.487

2.193 3.560 1.804 1.002 2.484 0.029 0.785 1.901 1.732 5.163 0.451 1.398 0.298 1.281 3.865 0.384 0.476

2.102 3.415 1.743 0.992 2.418 0.028 0.757 1.855 1.702 5.104 0.447 1.368 0.290 1.269 3.758 0.375 0.470

2.027 3.293 1.717 0.986 2.356 0.027 0.732 1.789 1.672 4.966 0.437 1.347 0.284 1.258 3.671 0.368 0.460

1.995 3.260 1.719 0.993 2.336 0.027 0.713 1.772 1.665 4.927 0.430 1.349 0.282 1.253 3.713 0.368 0.438

1.969 3.225 1.725 1.013 2.315 0.026 0.692 1.794 1.648 4.903 0.434 1.346 0.278 1.277 3.741 0.368 0.439

1.918 3.107 1.675 1.005 2.266 0.026 0.666 1.779 1.621 4.859 0.431 1.321 0.273 1.267 3.695 0.356 0.442

1.874 3.065 1.652 1.004 2.244 0.025 0.647 1.776 1.599 4.857 0.429 1.308 0.272 1.262 3.634 0.352 0.445

1.837 2.955 1.621 1.015 2.203 0.025 0.627 1.753 1.581 4.839 0.427 1.286 0.267 1.269 3.588 0.346 0.446

1.805 2.918 1.637 1.023 2.177 0.024 0.618 1.760 1.570 4.817 0.426 1.285 0.263 1.255 3.608 0.343 0.435

1.769 2.838 1.620 1.029 2.137 0.024 0.601 1.713 1.551 4.749 0.424 1.277 0.260 1.246 3.564 0.337 0.441

 annual growth rates:

-0.005 -0.002 0.001 0.004 0.000 -0.018 -0.004 -0.003 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.002 -0.003 0.004 0.001 -0.004 0.002

-0.008 0.002 0.002 -0.006 -0.009 -0.013 0.007 0.004 0.013 0.008 0.006 -0.001 -0.011 0.001 -0.006 -0.009 0.002

0.015 0.025 0.023 0.007 0.013 -0.009 0.018 0.023 0.034 0.033 0.021 0.015 0.011 0.017 0.015 0.006 0.019

0.002 0.014 0.005 -0.002 0.004 -0.021 0.009 0.002 0.013 0.022 0.005 0.007 0.001 0.001 0.004 -0.004 0.011

0.029 0.033 0.030 0.036 0.038 0.003 0.030 0.011 0.033 0.029 0.030 0.029 0.028 0.033 0.028 0.022 0.022

-0.022 -0.024 -0.019 -0.008 -0.013 -0.031 -0.027 -0.023 -0.015 -0.020 -0.013 -0.013 -0.014 -0.010 -0.013 -0.014 -0.014

-0.019 -0.021 -0.008 0.006 -0.014 -0.022 -0.028 -0.006 -0.011 -0.006 -0.004 -0.008 -0.013 -0.001 -0.004 -0.012 -0.006 39
Table 5. Land Input Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama

Year AL AR AZ CA CO CT DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY

1960 1.808 1.514 2.489 19.122 1.607 0.146 0.154 3.793 2.271 2.895 1.138 3.582 2.754 3.392 1.728

1961 1.731 1.508 2.458 18.761 1.580 0.133 0.146 3.680 2.178 2.654 1.141 3.309 2.529 3.224 1.658

1962 1.679 1.502 2.430 18.362 1.536 0.133 0.146 3.627 2.050 2.625 1.123 3.289 2.483 3.147 1.643

1963 1.667 1.508 2.413 18.093 1.530 0.119 0.148 3.501 1.980 2.678 1.129 3.349 2.489 3.187 1.648

1964 1.635 1.512 2.394 17.830 1.536 0.106 0.147 3.492 1.898 2.579 1.140 3.314 2.434 3.143 1.630

1965 1.604 1.519 2.403 17.702 1.539 0.106 0.148 3.440 1.852 2.587 1.141 3.293 2.385 3.125 1.616

1966 1.536 1.479 2.369 17.521 1.560 0.093 0.128 3.390 1.801 2.498 1.146 3.246 2.340 3.103 1.595

1967 1.524 1.476 2.359 17.541 1.610 0.093 0.131 3.372 1.825 2.711 1.171 3.372 2.403 3.277 1.596

1968 1.488 1.502 2.338 17.448 1.613 0.093 0.129 3.288 1.746 2.552 1.175 3.241 2.291 3.214 1.555

1969 1.490 1.528 2.315 17.179 1.570 0.079 0.127 3.217 1.713 2.537 1.158 3.174 2.217 3.072 1.505

1970 1.470 1.530 2.308 17.012 1.557 0.079 0.128 3.172 1.685 2.564 1.160 3.169 2.234 3.020 1.497

1971 1.511 1.512 2.295 16.992 1.586 0.080 0.131 3.183 1.718 2.659 1.172 3.181 2.336 3.072 1.538

1972 1.496 1.530 2.286 16.718 1.541 0.066 0.128 3.141 1.684 2.514 1.152 3.055 2.218 2.933 1.505

1973 1.534 1.529 2.280 16.702 1.576 0.066 0.133 3.129 1.727 2.785 1.181 3.352 2.415 3.234 1.534

1974 1.546 1.532 2.276 16.646 1.600 0.066 0.134 3.095 1.747 2.867 1.203 3.403 2.452 3.305 1.527

1975 1.419 1.498 2.221 16.435 1.547 0.066 0.134 3.051 1.542 2.850 1.214 3.390 2.439 3.283 1.440

1976 1.387 1.498 2.214 16.524 1.570 0.066 0.134 3.008 1.542 2.833 1.233 3.378 2.425 3.275 1.430

1977 1.355 1.464 2.188 16.633 1.573 0.066 0.134 2.986 1.543 2.824 1.252 3.366 2.412 3.261 1.431

1978 1.320 1.461 2.187 16.715 1.566 0.066 0.133 2.937 1.528 2.720 1.250 3.280 2.361 3.094 1.434

1979 1.323 1.453 2.142 16.768 1.553 0.066 0.133 2.917 1.536 2.785 1.262 3.332 2.396 3.102 1.428

1980 1.295 1.455 2.111 16.896 1.557 0.066 0.134 2.921 1.543 2.825 1.271 3.355 2.399 3.254 1.421

1981 1.264 1.437 2.084 16.986 1.541 0.066 0.134 2.877 1.492 2.818 1.265 3.356 2.399 3.255 1.420

1982 1.253 1.406 2.056 16.991 1.521 0.066 0.134 2.854 1.437 2.775 1.255 3.315 2.380 3.187 1.408

1983 1.192 1.297 2.040 16.323 1.440 0.065 0.125 2.739 1.318 2.269 1.201 2.803 1.977 2.870 1.337

1984 1.204 1.361 2.047 16.309 1.453 0.066 0.133 2.702 1.369 2.730 1.199 3.258 2.293 3.017 1.402

1985 1.181 1.328 2.042 15.952 1.437 0.066 0.132 2.633 1.363 2.710 1.174 3.224 2.268 3.009 1.399

1986 1.147 1.298 2.020 15.552 1.397 0.066 0.111 2.582 1.318 2.599 1.129 3.092 2.184 2.895 1.382

1987 1.075 1.267 1.999 15.103 1.341 0.053 0.108 2.515 1.228 2.350 1.055 2.875 2.017 2.784 1.335

1988 1.054 1.283 1.972 14.963 1.321 0.053 0.109 2.459 1.223 2.405 1.042 2.954 2.082 2.754 1.321

1989 1.065 1.299 1.953 14.971 1.324 0.053 0.113 2.397 1.193 2.542 1.069 3.140 2.200 2.856 1.325

1990 1.012 1.288 1.953 14.755 1.307 0.053 0.113 2.331 1.178 2.531 1.067 3.129 2.187 2.875 1.314

1991 0.991 1.289 1.954 14.383 1.288 0.053 0.113 2.246 1.134 2.568 1.040 3.159 2.167 2.824 1.319

1992 0.973 1.303 1.954 14.143 1.313 0.053 0.114 2.244 1.138 2.585 1.053 3.177 2.187 2.913 1.321

1993 0.993 1.278 1.926 14.330 1.315 0.053 0.113 2.198 1.128 2.472 1.053 3.061 2.147 2.926 1.316

1994 1.018 1.276 1.924 14.340 1.313 0.053 0.115 2.202 1.139 2.609 1.056 3.193 2.216 2.958 1.326

1995 1.028 1.271 1.933 14.502 1.315 0.053 0.114 2.215 1.151 2.547 1.058 3.116 2.161 2.959 1.319

1996 1.000 1.292 1.941 14.742 1.324 0.053 0.115 2.218 1.150 2.634 1.069 3.200 2.214 3.032 1.334

Average annual growth rates:

1960-96 -0.016 -0.004 -0.007 -0.007 -0.005 -0.028 -0.008 -0.015 -0.019 -0.003 -0.002 -0.003 -0.006 -0.003 -0.007

1960-66 -0.027 -0.004 -0.008 -0.015 -0.005 -0.076 -0.030 -0.019 -0.039 -0.025 0.001 -0.016 -0.027 -0.015 -0.013

1966-69 -0.010 0.011 -0.008 -0.007 0.002 -0.052 -0.003 -0.017 -0.017 0.005 0.003 -0.007 -0.018 -0.003 -0.020

1969-73 0.007 0.000 -0.004 -0.007 0.001 -0.044 0.010 -0.007 0.002 0.023 0.005 0.014 0.021 0.013 0.005

1973-79 -0.025 -0.009 -0.010 0.001 -0.003 0.000 0.001 -0.012 -0.019 0.000 0.011 -0.001 -0.001 -0.007 -0.012

1979-89 -0.022 -0.011 -0.009 -0.011 -0.016 -0.023 -0.016 -0.020 -0.025 -0.009 -0.017 -0.006 -0.009 -0.008 -0.007

1989-96 -0.009 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 0.000 0.001 0.002 -0.011 -0.005 0.005 0.000 0.003 0.001 0.009 0.001 40
 table 5 Continued

LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV

1.160 0.183 0.612 0.236 2.128 2.470 2.836 1.696 1.732 2.679 1.993 4.686 0.143 0.437 1.835 0.375

1.133 0.183 0.583 0.222 2.009 2.325 2.659 1.654 1.728 2.648 1.967 4.355 0.143 0.408 1.814 0.373

1.130 0.168 0.565 0.215 1.921 2.294 2.597 1.618 1.689 2.419 1.855 4.307 0.131 0.390 1.791 0.354

1.155 0.168 0.569 0.208 1.938 2.308 2.650 1.598 1.690 2.415 1.877 4.384 0.131 0.391 1.758 0.362

1.175 0.153 0.551 0.201 1.896 2.272 2.630 1.572 1.688 2.361 1.856 4.236 0.119 0.360 1.735 0.359

1.196 0.137 0.550 0.187 1.828 2.234 2.590 1.549 1.685 2.324 1.846 4.228 0.107 0.328 1.723 0.359

1.201 0.137 0.533 0.173 1.781 2.148 2.550 1.476 1.684 2.282 1.864 4.130 0.107 0.326 1.707 0.359

1.204 0.137 0.524 0.160 1.817 2.283 2.646 1.470 1.713 2.288 1.952 4.481 0.095 0.304 1.719 0.359

1.234 0.122 0.502 0.153 1.748 2.179 2.582 1.492 1.710 2.236 1.942 4.295 0.083 0.301 1.699 0.359

1.243 0.122 0.479 0.139 1.627 2.102 2.527 1.521 1.668 2.184 1.795 4.245 0.083 0.295 1.672 0.366

1.244 0.122 0.478 0.132 1.595 2.111 2.512 1.501 1.629 2.154 1.758 4.235 0.083 0.295 1.665 0.366

1.246 0.107 0.489 0.125 1.677 2.209 2.609 1.501 1.626 2.183 1.861 4.385 0.083 0.311 1.673 0.366

1.251 0.107 0.462 0.118 1.600 2.077 2.537 1.492 1.543 2.082 1.654 4.179 0.071 0.275 1.659 0.366

1.247 0.107 0.480 0.118 1.658 2.268 2.676 1.497 1.572 2.104 1.828 4.582 0.071 0.288 1.676 0.365

1.250 0.107 0.485 0.118 1.658 2.328 2.711 1.487 1.631 2.073 1.965 4.742 0.071 0.292 1.682 0.366

1.111 0.107 0.485 0.111 1.627 2.296 2.676 1.399 1.622 1.877 1.995 4.716 0.059 0.291 1.676 0.366

1.100 0.107 0.469 0.111 1.611 2.288 2.632 1.383 1.630 1.864 1.983 4.710 0.059 0.291 1.677 0.365

1.069 0.107 0.436 0.111 1.614 2.287 2.613 1.357 1.636 1.835 1.976 4.694 0.059 0.290 1.680 0.363

1.091 0.107 0.430 0.111 1.572 2.203 2.557 1.331 1.610 1.793 1.878 4.474 0.059 0.287 1.678 0.364

1.080 0.107 0.434 0.111 1.587 2.265 2.577 1.330 1.620 1.785 1.902 4.534 0.059 0.289 1.669 0.363

1.080 0.107 0.452 0.111 1.611 2.305 2.577 1.322 1.650 1.791 1.972 4.668 0.059 0.289 1.669 0.361

1.079 0.107 0.451 0.111 1.611 2.314 2.576 1.322 1.652 1.745 1.951 4.663 0.059 0.289 1.659 0.358

1.081 0.107 0.450 0.111 1.599 2.281 2.552 1.309 1.618 1.696 1.863 4.541 0.059 0.289 1.618 0.357

1.020 0.107 0.404 0.110 1.394 1.922 2.354 1.247 1.560 1.557 1.613 3.918 0.059 0.273 1.595 0.356

1.041 0.107 0.431 0.104 1.568 2.235 2.501 1.274 1.576 1.674 1.745 4.455 0.059 0.287 1.594 0.357

1.021 0.107 0.413 0.104 1.554 2.211 2.475 1.263 1.573 1.636 1.727 4.433 0.059 0.287 1.567 0.358

1.003 0.107 0.390 0.104 1.481 2.111 2.412 1.239 1.567 1.607 1.713 4.279 0.059 0.254 1.539 0.357

0.932 0.107 0.378 0.103 1.386 1.954 2.300 1.175 1.528 1.543 1.639 4.063 0.059 0.248 1.522 0.357

0.923 0.107 0.362 0.102 1.378 1.974 2.282 1.140 1.491 1.442 1.592 4.069 0.059 0.247 1.515 0.356

0.928 0.107 0.360 0.101 1.416 2.087 2.331 1.127 1.501 1.447 1.689 4.239 0.059 0.250 1.516 0.358

0.907 0.107 0.360 0.101 1.420 2.090 2.324 1.096 1.486 1.403 1.667 4.218 0.059 0.251 1.511 0.357

0.898 0.107 0.361 0.094 1.431 2.098 2.326 1.062 1.469 1.401 1.615 4.249 0.059 0.253 1.503 0.356

0.886 0.107 0.347 0.094 1.452 2.118 2.329 1.063 1.478 1.392 1.702 4.304 0.059 0.253 1.502 0.356

0.864 0.092 0.344 0.094 1.404 2.011 2.283 1.056 1.480 1.357 1.711 4.229 0.047 0.252 1.495 0.355

0.853 0.092 0.349 0.094 1.440 2.138 2.320 1.061 1.479 1.367 1.729 4.380 0.047 0.255 1.499 0.351

0.870 0.092 0.349 0.095 1.422 2.119 2.313 1.087 1.478 1.363 1.739 4.311 0.047 0.254 1.492 0.350

0.916 0.092 0.354 0.088 1.462 2.176 2.334 1.074 1.517 1.385 1.768 4.417 0.048 0.258 1.492 0.350

 annual growth rates:

-0.007 -0.019 -0.015 -0.027 -0.010 -0.004 -0.005 -0.013 -0.004 -0.018 -0.003 -0.002 -0.031 -0.015 -0.006 -0.002

0.006 -0.048 -0.023 -0.051 -0.030 -0.023 -0.018 -0.023 -0.005 -0.027 -0.011 -0.021 -0.048 -0.049 -0.012 -0.007

0.011 -0.040 -0.036 -0.075 -0.030 -0.007 -0.003 0.010 -0.003 -0.015 -0.013 0.009 -0.084 -0.034 -0.007 0.007

0.001 -0.033 0.001 -0.040 0.005 0.019 0.014 -0.004 -0.015 -0.009 0.005 0.019 -0.038 -0.006 0.001 -0.001

-0.024 0.000 -0.017 -0.010 -0.007 0.000 -0.006 -0.020 0.005 -0.027 0.007 -0.002 -0.030 0.001 -0.001 -0.001

-0.015 0.000 -0.019 -0.009 -0.011 -0.008 -0.010 -0.017 -0.008 -0.021 -0.012 -0.007 0.000 -0.014 -0.010 -0.001

-0.002 -0.022 -0.002 -0.020 0.005 0.006 0.000 -0.007 0.001 -0.006 0.007 0.006 -0.031 0.004 -0.002 -0.003 41
 table 5 Continued

NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY

1.105 2.204 3.965 1.424 1.662 0.021 1.144 1.599 2.199 12.819 0.736 1.802 0.206 1.206 1.459 1.117 1.340

1.040 2.055 3.905 1.434 1.610 0.021 1.097 1.544 2.114 12.366 0.733 1.729 0.200 1.193 1.410 1.102 1.340

1.032 2.025 3.780 1.413 1.563 0.021 1.057 1.526 2.059 12.096 0.724 1.672 0.193 1.160 1.396 1.083 1.330

1.013 2.048 3.802 1.437 1.544 0.021 1.022 1.533 2.036 12.080 0.718 1.656 0.187 1.165 1.379 1.067 1.329

0.998 2.013 3.802 1.434 1.510 0.021 1.009 1.523 2.020 11.914 0.712 1.632 0.180 1.125 1.357 1.035 1.329

0.978 1.965 3.784 1.438 1.474 0.021 0.988 1.501 1.985 11.775 0.716 1.599 0.167 1.119 1.342 1.020 1.331

0.946 1.927 3.756 1.436 1.435 0.021 0.951 1.481 1.950 11.374 0.714 1.571 0.161 1.131 1.326 0.955 1.331

0.913 2.001 3.860 1.444 1.439 0.021 0.949 1.545 1.956 11.611 0.719 1.563 0.148 1.156 1.338 0.927 1.334

0.871 1.947 3.839 1.428 1.390 0.021 0.923 1.499 1.932 11.436 0.720 1.544 0.142 1.158 1.303 0.896 1.332

0.836 1.897 3.713 1.397 1.335 0.021 0.904 1.469 1.916 11.358 0.720 1.502 0.135 1.124 1.280 0.881 1.326

0.834 1.890 3.647 1.373 1.320 0.021 0.892 1.461 1.902 11.281 0.708 1.478 0.129 1.106 1.269 0.866 1.325

0.836 1.960 3.712 1.368 1.359 0.021 0.910 1.507 1.968 11.359 0.707 1.478 0.122 1.114 1.293 0.855 1.330

0.844 1.899 3.593 1.342 1.324 0.021 0.879 1.446 1.928 11.160 0.707 1.438 0.122 1.089 1.261 0.838 1.328

0.880 2.015 3.816 1.353 1.350 0.021 0.885 1.531 1.957 11.484 0.707 1.436 0.116 1.126 1.296 0.842 1.330

0.902 2.039 3.857 1.351 1.366 0.021 0.886 1.580 1.958 11.565 0.709 1.422 0.116 1.137 1.306 0.845 1.335

0.817 1.977 3.709 1.292 1.324 0.021 0.783 1.576 1.828 11.418 0.697 1.357 0.116 1.136 1.285 0.740 1.324

0.786 1.952 3.686 1.296 1.281 0.021 0.772 1.568 1.815 11.393 0.704 1.345 0.116 1.147 1.271 0.722 1.322

0.770 1.938 3.652 1.299 1.253 0.021 0.760 1.564 1.803 11.360 0.714 1.333 0.116 1.158 1.257 0.704 1.316

0.746 1.903 3.551 1.292 1.229 0.021 0.743 1.515 1.799 11.214 0.718 1.313 0.116 1.151 1.224 0.685 1.317

0.734 1.914 3.519 1.304 1.233 0.021 0.745 1.525 1.788 11.193 0.707 1.317 0.110 1.182 1.228 0.702 1.313

0.723 1.910 3.608 1.321 1.239 0.021 0.737 1.556 1.778 11.257 0.709 1.321 0.110 1.212 1.237 0.720 1.309

0.747 1.897 3.545 1.337 1.226 0.021 0.725 1.544 1.766 11.201 0.698 1.321 0.116 1.235 1.238 0.772 1.306

0.729 1.874 3.435 1.341 1.210 0.021 0.687 1.515 1.749 11.091 0.692 1.319 0.110 1.230 1.224 0.737 1.299

0.699 1.637 3.102 1.296 1.145 0.021 0.613 1.366 1.686 10.671 0.682 1.271 0.109 1.169 1.100 0.681 1.298

0.719 1.830 3.209 1.285 1.193 0.021 0.632 1.482 1.740 10.972 0.674 1.302 0.110 1.171 1.186 0.651 1.296

0.693 1.818 3.222 1.262 1.188 0.021 0.618 1.470 1.737 10.864 0.665 1.273 0.103 1.163 1.174 0.617 1.299

0.670 1.772 3.181 1.226 1.148 0.021 0.594 1.437 1.667 10.660 0.652 1.232 0.103 1.134 1.137 0.633 1.300

0.641 1.674 3.113 1.182 1.115 0.021 0.549 1.385 1.579 10.429 0.641 1.184 0.096 1.087 1.089 0.632 1.299

0.631 1.684 3.106 1.164 1.101 0.021 0.538 1.376 1.573 10.270 0.639 1.178 0.096 1.061 1.083 0.631 1.292

0.619 1.756 3.247 1.185 1.097 0.021 0.551 1.419 1.591 10.386 0.639 1.181 0.097 1.083 1.097 0.633 1.292

0.620 1.769 3.271 1.178 1.085 0.021 0.539 1.405 1.565 10.338 0.635 1.168 0.096 1.078 1.095 0.633 1.288

0.616 1.773 3.143 1.172 1.088 0.021 0.539 1.398 1.568 10.219 0.632 1.157 0.097 1.071 1.098 0.633 1.280

0.609 1.756 3.374 1.162 1.082 0.021 0.544 1.428 1.598 10.183 0.633 1.146 0.097 1.088 1.091 0.633 1.281

0.593 1.707 3.373 1.157 1.064 0.021 0.536 1.381 1.527 10.161 0.628 1.130 0.090 1.088 1.051 0.633 1.278

0.588 1.747 3.391 1.156 1.057 0.021 0.533 1.432 1.519 10.115 0.622 1.136 0.090 1.076 1.069 0.634 1.269

0.572 1.729 3.402 1.158 1.041 0.021 0.537 1.426 1.530 10.162 0.621 1.136 0.090 1.075 1.062 0.633 1.272

0.583 1.759 3.470 1.168 1.049 0.021 0.548 1.455 1.518 10.156 0.620 1.145 0.090 1.094 1.081 0.635 1.275

 annual growth rates:

-0.018 -0.006 -0.004 -0.006 -0.013 0.000 -0.020 -0.003 -0.010 -0.006 -0.005 -0.013 -0.023 -0.003 -0.008 -0.016 -0.001

-0.026 -0.022 -0.009 0.001 -0.024 0.000 -0.031 -0.013 -0.020 -0.020 -0.005 -0.023 -0.041 -0.011 -0.016 -0.026 -0.001

-0.041 -0.005 -0.004 -0.009 -0.024 0.000 -0.017 -0.003 -0.006 0.000 0.003 -0.015 -0.058 -0.002 -0.012 -0.027 -0.001

0.013 0.015 0.007 -0.008 0.003 0.000 -0.005 0.010 0.005 0.003 -0.004 -0.011 -0.038 0.000 0.003 -0.011 0.001

-0.030 -0.009 -0.013 -0.006 -0.015 0.000 -0.029 -0.001 -0.015 -0.004 0.000 -0.014 -0.009 0.008 -0.009 -0.030 -0.002

-0.017 -0.009 -0.008 -0.010 -0.012 0.000 -0.030 -0.007 -0.012 -0.007 -0.010 -0.011 -0.013 -0.009 -0.011 -0.010 -0.002

-0.009 0.000 0.009 -0.002 -0.006 0.000 -0.001 0.003 -0.007 -0.003 -0.004 -0.004 -0.010 0.002 -0.002 0.000 -0.002 42
Table 6. Labor Input Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama

Year AL AR AZ CA CO CT DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY

1960 3.364 4.653 0.968 12.129 2.233 0.806 0.387 2.720 4.127 10.665 2.546 8.396 7.025 5.781 5.753

1961 3.146 4.298 0.869 11.587 2.129 0.740 0.361 2.611 3.864 10.245 2.530 7.967 6.631 5.420 5.592

1962 2.984 4.165 0.814 11.054 2.124 0.753 0.359 2.649 3.614 10.102 2.521 7.942 6.430 5.299 5.419

1963 2.949 4.029 0.798 10.390 1.946 0.695 0.334 2.583 3.886 9.736 2.494 7.590 6.109 5.111 5.457

1964 2.861 3.577 0.829 9.895 1.803 0.676 0.296 2.635 3.541 9.122 2.495 7.032 5.670 4.998 5.259

1965 2.824 3.475 0.826 10.198 1.760 0.669 0.311 2.802 3.496 9.030 2.503 6.810 5.437 4.933 5.115

1966 2.641 2.871 0.799 10.091 1.837 0.601 0.272 2.779 2.881 8.816 2.364 6.179 5.024 4.789 4.694

1967 2.664 3.113 0.819 8.596 1.906 0.481 0.220 3.051 2.920 8.288 2.092 6.027 4.266 4.470 4.773

1968 2.647 3.118 0.811 9.029 2.009 0.477 0.203 2.826 2.891 7.806 1.907 5.551 3.957 4.198 4.114

1969 2.526 3.332 0.837 8.857 1.994 0.446 0.218 2.723 2.641 7.766 1.934 5.325 3.766 3.887 3.803

1970 2.215 2.971 0.803 9.524 2.005 0.425 0.228 3.144 2.651 7.404 1.887 5.077 3.858 3.806 3.592

1971 2.126 3.014 0.784 8.876 1.903 0.405 0.207 3.127 2.671 7.317 1.812 5.115 4.123 3.860 3.565

1972 2.100 2.969 0.792 9.265 1.807 0.467 0.204 3.011 2.648 7.403 1.834 5.205 4.302 3.839 3.550

1973 2.201 2.980 0.809 9.485 1.989 0.479 0.214 3.107 2.854 7.385 1.822 5.361 4.561 4.027 3.403

1974 1.808 2.706 0.741 9.776 2.427 0.401 0.228 2.522 2.373 7.076 1.693 5.050 3.831 3.761 3.095

1975 1.795 2.446 0.782 10.877 2.240 0.431 0.236 2.401 2.132 7.757 1.526 5.233 4.048 3.608 3.078

1976 1.879 2.453 0.741 10.254 1.982 0.451 0.229 2.637 2.260 8.005 1.978 5.516 3.650 3.936 3.103

1977 1.819 2.470 0.830 9.527 1.885 0.471 0.216 2.631 1.979 7.668 1.797 5.605 3.879 3.905 3.130

1978 1.800 2.327 1.112 7.843 1.816 0.419 0.203 2.678 1.905 8.131 1.905 5.094 3.270 3.726 3.203

1979 1.756 2.006 0.922 9.098 1.669 0.384 0.200 2.837 2.374 8.324 1.744 5.794 3.393 4.365 2.463

1980 1.913 2.360 1.074 8.681 1.939 0.411 0.197 2.668 2.463 8.063 1.774 4.822 3.587 4.695 2.843

1981 2.317 2.367 0.988 8.502 2.127 0.432 0.165 2.528 2.817 5.968 1.806 5.224 3.482 4.905 2.979

1982 1.442 1.784 1.134 8.279 1.684 0.333 0.239 2.676 2.081 7.165 2.419 4.133 3.179 4.461 3.018

1983 1.090 2.296 1.097 8.487 1.728 0.402 0.194 2.562 2.055 6.835 1.727 4.151 3.557 4.494 2.634

1984 1.338 2.049 1.111 8.144 1.729 0.437 0.287 2.403 2.032 6.677 1.744 4.304 3.164 3.385 2.540

1985 1.340 2.148 1.015 7.931 2.153 0.376 0.192 2.318 1.794 6.139 1.718 4.134 3.182 3.728 2.235

1986 1.039 1.775 0.922 7.441 1.856 0.308 0.198 2.336 1.579 6.259 1.651 3.904 3.240 3.319 2.156

1987 1.245 1.702 1.079 7.694 2.230 0.315 0.186 2.356 1.406 6.213 1.526 3.428 3.034 3.182 2.192

1988 1.230 1.794 1.031 8.175 1.875 0.303 0.189 2.561 1.395 6.341 1.611 3.873 3.156 2.841 2.296

1989 1.309 1.733 0.983 8.668 1.951 0.323 0.198 2.423 1.684 5.923 1.763 4.006 3.077 3.013 2.598

1990 1.349 1.708 1.015 7.936 1.746 0.317 0.159 2.286 1.548 6.090 1.708 3.477 2.705 3.230 2.718

1991 1.422 1.764 0.957 8.709 1.385 0.339 0.136 2.500 1.662 5.430 1.331 3.630 2.554 2.756 2.335

1992 1.748 1.697 1.037 7.603 1.287 0.373 0.163 2.711 1.625 5.276 1.267 3.300 2.443 2.653 2.328

1993 1.354 1.609 0.835 7.781 1.260 0.376 0.139 2.530 1.523 4.496 1.175 3.180 2.616 2.691 2.271

1994 1.041 1.513 0.926 8.051 1.226 0.396 0.168 2.565 1.498 4.467 1.197 3.331 2.284 2.585 2.073

1995 1.184 1.990 0.768 8.766 1.231 0.345 0.154 2.482 1.433 5.209 1.364 3.495 2.296 3.123 2.227

1996 1.000 1.792 0.652 9.243 1.394 0.300 0.131 2.314 1.437 4.350 1.276 3.063 2.196 2.852 2.188

Average annual growth rates:

1960-96 -0.034 -0.027 -0.011 -0.008 -0.013 -0.027 -0.030 -0.004 -0.029 -0.025 -0.019 -0.028 -0.032 -0.020 -0.027

1960-66 -0.040 -0.080 -0.032 -0.031 -0.033 -0.049 -0.059 0.004 -0.060 -0.032 -0.012 -0.051 -0.056 -0.031 -0.034

1966-69 -0.015 0.050 0.016 -0.043 0.027 -0.100 -0.074 -0.007 -0.029 -0.042 -0.067 -0.050 -0.096 -0.070 -0.070

1969-73 -0.034 -0.028 -0.009 0.017 -0.001 0.018 -0.005 0.033 0.019 -0.013 -0.015 0.002 0.048 0.009 -0.028

1973-79 -0.038 -0.066 0.022 -0.007 -0.029 -0.037 -0.011 -0.015 -0.031 0.020 -0.007 0.013 -0.049 0.013 -0.054

1979-89 -0.029 -0.015 0.006 -0.005 0.016 -0.017 -0.001 -0.016 -0.034 -0.034 0.001 -0.037 -0.010 -0.037 0.005

1989-96 -0.038 0.005 -0.059 0.009 -0.048 -0.010 -0.059 -0.007 -0.023 -0.044 -0.046 -0.038 -0.048 -0.008 -0.025 43
 table 6 Continued

LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV

3.316 1.429 1.578 1.117 7.459 9.059 8.437 5.847 1.988 8.761 3.118 5.771 0.459 1.760 1.242 0.176

3.222 1.297 1.514 1.086 7.140 8.687 7.986 5.380 1.828 8.379 2.878 5.442 0.416 1.655 1.124 0.160

3.056 1.225 1.547 1.043 6.765 8.696 7.813 5.296 1.844 8.012 2.870 5.302 0.384 1.639 1.077 0.165

2.947 1.112 1.511 1.097 6.650 8.524 7.429 4.896 1.777 8.010 2.664 4.878 0.375 1.563 1.004 0.165

2.806 1.044 1.421 1.071 6.205 8.283 7.177 4.700 1.715 7.279 2.513 4.618 0.358 1.527 0.943 0.167

2.693 1.047 1.444 1.052 5.882 8.133 6.934 4.435 1.734 7.071 2.546 4.563 0.369 1.497 0.874 0.173

2.521 0.928 1.226 1.039 5.677 7.636 6.470 4.029 1.783 6.380 2.453 4.303 0.338 1.183 0.804 0.147

2.282 0.759 1.127 0.837 5.151 7.235 6.091 3.460 1.731 6.183 2.287 4.067 0.285 1.038 0.768 0.185

2.167 0.741 1.077 0.767 4.713 6.745 5.609 3.496 1.603 5.780 2.183 3.909 0.281 0.971 0.817 0.180

1.940 0.653 1.030 0.753 4.481 6.610 5.530 3.109 1.640 5.384 2.146 3.817 0.253 0.921 0.744 0.161

1.693 0.613 1.029 0.720 4.559 6.158 5.733 3.245 1.545 5.365 1.981 3.729 0.240 0.884 0.710 0.169

1.736 0.627 1.026 0.639 4.153 6.237 5.647 2.986 1.628 5.118 2.019 3.797 0.197 0.868 0.700 0.160

1.808 0.620 1.005 0.679 3.907 6.079 5.431 2.747 1.617 4.551 2.091 4.009 0.175 0.868 0.641 0.184

1.690 0.666 1.057 0.732 3.969 6.716 5.625 2.626 1.629 4.474 2.014 4.105 0.182 0.849 0.725 0.182

1.717 0.511 1.026 0.580 3.417 7.064 5.241 2.179 1.695 3.765 2.170 4.634 0.170 0.867 0.671 0.210

1.441 0.541 0.967 0.585 3.087 7.066 5.518 1.647 1.396 3.224 1.983 4.679 0.172 0.885 0.734 0.220

1.666 0.588 0.989 0.609 3.322 7.583 5.233 2.066 1.544 3.580 1.992 4.871 0.192 1.001 0.803 0.237

1.402 0.590 0.951 0.647 3.057 7.339 4.490 1.921 1.568 3.310 2.428 4.241 0.200 0.986 0.794 0.205

1.422 0.565 0.923 0.675 2.904 7.176 4.249 1.808 1.563 3.236 2.384 4.669 0.217 0.988 0.780 0.229

1.335 0.513 1.005 0.624 3.119 6.558 4.572 1.486 1.620 3.687 2.578 4.582 0.193 1.009 0.961 0.210

1.499 0.544 1.101 0.694 3.135 7.702 4.114 1.921 1.767 3.615 1.952 4.843 0.217 1.048 0.746 0.217

1.678 0.562 1.259 0.728 2.933 7.123 3.721 1.751 1.801 3.779 2.013 4.563 0.234 1.052 0.810 0.228

1.434 0.591 0.980 0.522 3.247 7.177 5.130 1.662 1.830 3.789 2.226 4.522 0.202 0.939 0.887 0.153

1.153 0.544 0.938 0.534 3.381 6.169 4.393 1.400 1.459 2.547 1.979 4.011 0.154 0.887 0.775 0.161

0.975 0.530 0.802 0.498 3.453 6.957 4.421 1.350 1.839 3.013 2.308 4.374 0.185 0.860 1.045 0.178

1.222 0.485 0.722 0.505 3.137 6.943 4.324 1.514 1.663 2.554 2.111 4.554 0.183 0.962 0.756 0.173

0.967 0.389 0.619 0.457 2.572 5.990 3.399 1.169 1.441 2.071 1.974 4.076 0.174 0.978 0.687 0.168

1.050 0.346 0.637 0.413 2.666 6.376 4.191 1.287 1.238 1.989 1.952 3.834 0.147 0.911 0.898 0.136

1.283 0.308 0.590 0.337 2.858 5.542 4.280 1.432 1.399 2.088 2.089 3.792 0.115 0.956 0.813 0.112

1.137 0.291 0.705 0.333 2.813 5.525 3.527 1.385 1.555 2.227 2.006 3.842 0.121 0.770 0.856 0.126

0.989 0.299 0.759 0.364 2.825 5.255 3.388 1.314 1.394 2.365 1.901 3.971 0.153 0.710 0.848 0.146

0.886 0.339 0.672 0.349 3.160 4.890 3.633 1.320 1.536 2.504 1.977 3.659 0.123 0.616 0.871 0.146

1.186 0.392 0.784 0.381 2.632 4.699 3.397 1.235 1.456 2.457 1.810 3.151 0.139 0.752 0.873 0.159

1.120 0.389 0.661 0.372 2.513 4.603 3.147 1.265 1.254 2.107 1.750 2.631 0.105 0.682 0.873 0.149

0.933 0.413 0.615 0.400 2.400 4.450 3.189 1.159 1.388 2.107 1.663 3.115 0.111 0.822 0.814 0.144

1.077 0.323 0.662 0.392 2.664 4.301 3.698 1.238 1.198 2.354 1.630 3.117 0.168 0.805 0.668 0.163

0.904 0.278 0.605 0.333 2.220 4.276 3.683 1.316 1.396 2.309 2.013 3.277 0.141 0.657 0.626 0.164

 annual growth rates:

-0.036 -0.045 -0.027 -0.034 -0.034 -0.021 -0.023 -0.041 -0.010 -0.037 -0.012 -0.016 -0.033 -0.027 -0.019 -0.002

-0.046 -0.072 -0.042 -0.012 -0.045 -0.028 -0.044 -0.062 -0.018 -0.053 -0.040 -0.049 -0.051 -0.066 -0.072 -0.031

-0.087 -0.117 -0.058 -0.107 -0.079 -0.048 -0.052 -0.086 -0.028 -0.057 -0.045 -0.040 -0.096 -0.083 -0.026 0.031

-0.034 0.005 0.007 -0.007 -0.030 0.004 0.004 -0.042 -0.002 -0.046 -0.016 0.018 -0.083 -0.020 -0.006 0.031

-0.039 -0.043 -0.009 -0.027 -0.040 -0.004 -0.035 -0.095 -0.001 -0.032 0.041 0.018 0.010 0.029 0.047 0.024

-0.016 -0.057 -0.035 -0.063 -0.010 -0.017 -0.026 -0.007 -0.004 -0.050 -0.025 -0.018 -0.047 -0.027 -0.012 -0.051

-0.033 -0.006 -0.022 0.000 -0.034 -0.037 0.006 -0.007 -0.015 0.005 0.001 -0.023 0.022 -0.023 -0.045 0.038 44
 table 6 Continued

NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY

5.757 8.527 4.348 3.086 6.438 0.162 3.661 3.321 5.460 13.520 0.978 4.887 1.149 3.580 10.336 2.025 0.864

5.571 8.019 4.189 2.979 6.034 0.144 3.631 3.118 5.098 12.931 0.944 4.723 1.049 3.396 9.785 1.870 0.834

5.396 7.756 3.960 3.025 5.616 0.125 3.510 3.092 4.763 12.652 0.939 4.437 0.976 3.287 9.558 1.758 0.792

5.055 7.357 3.785 2.871 5.319 0.098 3.228 2.990 4.780 11.790 0.874 4.189 0.913 3.251 9.256 1.550 0.824

4.720 6.969 3.401 2.861 5.074 0.085 2.981 2.820 4.628 10.847 0.844 4.040 0.891 3.168 8.573 1.431 0.816

4.667 6.711 3.340 2.719 4.819 0.093 2.786 2.741 4.313 10.143 0.805 3.854 0.895 2.970 8.781 1.401 0.785

4.293 6.309 3.359 2.323 4.511 0.086 2.265 2.719 4.313 9.241 0.747 3.489 0.835 2.842 8.173 1.202 0.744

4.037 5.981 3.610 2.171 4.444 0.085 2.186 2.612 3.676 9.201 0.703 3.342 0.677 2.485 7.569 1.193 0.721

3.887 5.435 3.427 2.010 4.196 0.088 2.125 2.526 3.510 9.051 0.667 3.253 0.619 2.443 7.479 1.129 0.690

3.872 5.160 3.409 2.012 3.996 0.070 2.001 2.516 3.249 9.287 0.658 3.131 0.590 2.482 7.291 1.083 0.664

3.717 4.865 3.502 1.925 3.946 0.066 2.069 2.350 3.286 9.066 0.614 2.972 0.545 2.686 7.000 1.071 0.645

3.719 5.018 3.472 1.855 3.805 0.062 1.963 2.311 3.277 8.270 0.593 2.894 0.529 2.525 6.862 1.055 0.636

3.630 4.924 3.583 1.625 3.736 0.064 1.942 2.208 3.395 8.767 0.562 2.805 0.511 2.406 6.617 1.007 0.659

3.788 5.175 3.603 1.688 4.095 0.059 1.803 2.455 3.308 8.329 0.582 2.807 0.524 2.439 6.571 1.066 0.681

3.696 4.450 2.760 1.478 4.543 0.063 1.542 2.714 2.491 7.428 0.618 2.274 0.450 2.452 6.759 1.073 0.672

3.776 4.324 2.860 1.736 4.555 0.063 1.614 2.610 2.375 7.314 0.662 2.329 0.467 2.500 6.942 0.970 0.700

4.015 4.436 2.748 1.624 4.338 0.078 1.437 2.463 2.698 7.175 0.675 2.135 0.515 2.737 6.830 0.906 0.680

3.542 4.876 2.394 1.804 4.450 0.075 1.285 2.729 2.349 7.338 0.675 1.674 0.509 2.278 7.781 1.073 0.592

3.710 4.765 2.593 1.831 4.074 0.067 1.277 2.468 2.416 7.740 0.747 2.077 0.527 2.246 7.597 0.752 0.600

3.734 3.987 2.407 1.907 3.810 0.062 1.185 2.665 2.190 7.500 0.715 1.867 0.485 2.482 7.928 0.641 0.674

4.084 4.680 2.216 1.942 4.534 0.065 1.129 2.719 2.357 7.589 0.730 2.035 0.582 2.618 7.679 0.696 0.632

4.106 3.138 2.602 2.454 4.104 0.066 1.200 2.986 2.329 7.053 0.498 2.270 0.632 2.553 7.600 0.671 0.699

3.477 4.395 1.994 2.212 4.531 0.049 0.932 2.394 2.518 7.248 0.709 2.364 0.424 2.229 7.545 0.911 0.755

3.562 5.066 1.874 2.074 4.449 0.068 0.841 3.023 3.355 6.470 0.489 1.659 0.543 2.391 7.154 0.806 0.715

4.735 3.254 2.443 1.852 3.973 0.066 1.048 2.390 2.519 7.207 0.598 1.942 0.642 2.382 7.182 0.677 0.681

3.613 3.724 2.240 1.728 3.484 0.065 0.790 2.530 2.183 7.150 0.578 1.793 0.587 2.011 6.872 0.490 0.659

3.223 3.917 2.084 1.645 3.420 0.057 0.677 2.027 1.701 6.514 0.420 1.568 0.480 1.952 6.580 0.500 0.593

2.887 3.361 1.830 1.676 3.404 0.044 0.601 2.271 1.388 6.532 0.397 1.436 0.488 2.173 6.089 0.598 0.642

2.803 3.350 2.270 1.848 3.548 0.033 0.824 2.180 1.626 7.161 0.446 1.069 0.476 2.000 5.989 0.530 0.568

2.924 4.033 2.175 2.098 3.732 0.033 0.911 2.251 1.949 6.396 0.456 1.232 0.466 2.492 5.886 0.653 0.540

2.619 3.924 2.460 2.117 3.588 0.032 1.027 2.025 2.018 6.698 0.523 1.636 0.427 2.658 6.164 0.572 0.542

2.518 3.835 2.410 2.029 3.878 0.043 0.930 2.143 2.089 6.695 0.546 1.770 0.299 2.713 5.293 0.643 0.679

2.462 3.304 2.456 1.849 3.519 0.047 0.722 1.710 2.313 6.676 0.577 1.605 0.257 2.080 4.887 0.787 0.553

2.577 3.430 2.440 1.729 3.393 0.047 0.689 1.640 2.076 6.733 0.453 1.377 0.256 2.249 4.638 0.797 0.620

2.426 3.340 2.278 1.944 3.080 0.053 0.535 1.803 1.680 6.632 0.530 1.316 0.275 2.570 4.722 0.697 0.662

2.555 3.885 2.543 2.293 3.023 0.034 0.722 1.955 2.054 7.025 0.524 1.731 0.461 2.319 4.732 0.687 0.828

2.478 3.706 2.628 2.585 3.104 0.029 0.651 1.882 1.940 7.653 0.578 1.637 0.389 2.658 4.150 0.797 0.683

 annual growth rates:

-0.023 -0.023 -0.014 -0.005 -0.020 -0.048 -0.048 -0.016 -0.029 -0.016 -0.015 -0.030 -0.030 -0.008 -0.025 -0.026 -0.007

-0.049 -0.050 -0.043 -0.047 -0.059 -0.105 -0.080 -0.033 -0.039 -0.063 -0.045 -0.056 -0.053 -0.038 -0.039 -0.087 -0.025

-0.034 -0.067 0.005 -0.048 -0.040 -0.070 -0.041 -0.026 -0.094 0.002 -0.043 -0.036 -0.116 -0.045 -0.038 -0.035 -0.038

-0.005 0.001 0.014 -0.044 0.006 -0.040 -0.026 -0.006 0.004 -0.027 -0.031 -0.027 -0.030 -0.004 -0.026 -0.004 0.006

-0.002 -0.043 -0.067 0.020 -0.012 0.006 -0.070 0.014 -0.069 -0.017 0.035 -0.068 -0.013 0.003 0.031 -0.085 -0.002

-0.024 0.001 -0.010 0.010 -0.002 -0.064 -0.026 -0.017 -0.012 -0.016 -0.045 -0.042 -0.004 0.000 -0.030 0.002 -0.022

-0.024 -0.012 0.027 0.030 -0.026 -0.017 -0.048 -0.026 -0.001 0.026 0.034 0.041 -0.026 0.009 -0.050 0.028 0.034 45
Table 7. Total Output Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama

Year AL AR AZ CA CO CT DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY

1960 0.481 0.549 0.445 3.349 0.780 0.119 0.083 0.802 0.731 3.326 0.504 2.224 1.346 1.614 0.742

1961 0.488 0.594 0.470 3.403 0.808 0.119 0.081 0.882 0.776 3.411 0.539 2.268 1.335 1.666 0.805

1962 0.487 0.616 0.489 3.561 0.813 0.116 0.081 0.989 0.776 3.476 0.567 2.318 1.375 1.580 0.808

1963 0.547 0.651 0.505 3.625 0.795 0.117 0.086 0.850 0.869 3.711 0.594 2.415 1.443 1.584 0.861

1964 0.561 0.698 0.473 3.723 0.795 0.117 0.087 0.854 0.888 3.766 0.598 2.317 1.335 1.568 0.929

1965 0.590 0.755 0.506 3.730 0.825 0.116 0.096 0.980 0.924 3.675 0.593 2.501 1.400 1.663 0.838

1966 0.566 0.731 0.500 3.897 0.916 0.117 0.088 1.048 0.908 3.932 0.583 2.358 1.331 1.651 0.810

1967 0.579 0.755 0.508 3.693 0.967 0.112 0.105 1.208 1.039 4.128 0.651 2.664 1.390 1.745 0.953

1968 0.592 0.826 0.546 4.033 0.991 0.106 0.091 1.084 0.971 4.089 0.661 2.518 1.391 1.859 0.876

1969 0.623 0.857 0.608 4.093 1.119 0.103 0.109 1.231 0.996 3.973 0.668 2.513 1.430 2.041 0.916

1970 0.619 0.887 0.577 4.087 1.217 0.100 0.106 1.215 1.053 3.949 0.691 2.268 1.369 2.033 0.899

1971 0.690 0.919 0.582 4.192 1.332 0.101 0.102 1.254 1.157 4.221 0.731 2.639 1.590 2.315 0.922

1972 0.681 0.930 0.628 4.295 1.355 0.097 0.107 1.327 1.127 4.254 0.728 2.623 1.527 2.491 0.944

1973 0.683 0.978 0.663 4.522 1.264 0.093 0.120 1.458 1.149 4.216 0.748 2.604 1.593 2.500 0.907

1974 0.690 0.909 0.639 4.728 1.155 0.091 0.118 1.507 1.261 3.709 0.740 2.239 1.338 2.070 0.977

1975 0.741 1.084 0.608 4.946 1.180 0.097 0.117 1.599 1.241 3.884 0.731 2.900 1.575 2.153 0.916

1976 0.759 1.043 0.620 5.069 1.223 0.095 0.126 1.664 1.237 4.046 0.792 2.799 1.723 2.282 1.032

1977 0.732 1.138 0.626 5.082 1.329 0.100 0.119 1.628 1.104 4.257 0.764 2.945 1.730 2.525 1.187

1978 0.760 1.168 0.702 5.094 1.400 0.099 0.131 1.685 1.219 4.659 0.868 2.876 1.745 2.363 1.074

1979 0.824 1.255 0.664 5.469 1.354 0.094 0.143 1.710 1.412 4.769 0.919 3.246 1.819 2.615 1.084

1980 0.736 1.075 0.668 5.608 1.360 0.097 0.127 1.884 1.207 4.742 0.954 2.812 1.794 2.379 1.088

1981 0.907 1.342 0.704 5.750 1.268 0.099 0.141 1.801 1.423 5.020 0.989 3.268 1.815 2.431 1.261

1982 0.863 1.266 0.697 6.019 1.285 0.109 0.150 1.777 1.445 4.639 1.022 3.229 1.963 2.618 1.307

1983 0.767 1.077 0.654 5.475 1.305 0.100 0.153 1.809 1.325 3.550 0.989 2.187 1.461 2.405 1.122

1984 0.821 1.297 0.676 5.947 1.364 0.104 0.163 1.727 1.421 4.253 0.992 2.866 1.891 2.580 1.281

1985 0.863 1.304 0.666 6.022 1.432 0.107 0.170 1.730 1.433 4.647 0.958 3.363 2.042 2.778 1.371

1986 0.804 1.271 0.682 5.945 1.413 0.112 0.165 1.844 1.261 4.640 0.982 3.134 1.913 2.792 1.196

1987 0.853 1.405 0.707 6.517 1.438 0.120 0.173 1.833 1.313 4.374 1.023 2.920 1.959 2.781 1.130

1988 0.864 1.488 0.629 5.900 1.430 0.117 0.183 2.005 1.383 3.720 1.014 2.286 1.543 2.604 1.073

1989 0.872 1.528 0.700 6.639 1.376 0.108 0.191 1.979 1.474 4.487 1.047 3.209 1.990 2.490 1.285

1990 0.911 1.595 0.626 6.806 1.425 0.122 0.201 1.914 1.408 4.655 1.118 3.166 2.027 2.920 1.262

1991 0.998 1.633 0.651 6.360 1.426 0.119 0.209 1.968 1.560 4.508 0.987 2.970 1.807 2.742 1.310

1992 0.988 1.826 0.677 6.793 1.474 0.135 0.217 2.063 1.646 5.204 1.137 3.617 2.270 3.033 1.396

1993 0.923 1.707 0.668 6.922 1.562 0.130 0.211 2.186 1.580 3.854 1.190 3.248 2.192 2.870 1.373

1994 1.000 1.910 0.675 7.331 1.561 0.136 0.230 2.221 1.865 5.360 1.230 3.725 2.353 3.245 1.389

1995 0.970 1.800 0.677 7.151 1.607 0.146 0.222 2.170 1.872 4.618 1.274 2.959 1.990 2.878 1.369

1996 1.000 1.998 0.732 7.397 1.629 0.151 0.235 2.110 2.032 4.887 1.317 3.244 2.009 3.227 1.523

Average annual growth rates:

1960-96 0.020 0.036 0.014 0.022 0.020 0.007 0.029 0.027 0.028 0.011 0.027 0.010 0.011 0.019 0.020

1960-66 0.027 0.048 0.019 0.025 0.027 -0.003 0.011 0.044 0.036 0.028 0.024 0.010 -0.002 0.004 0.015

1966-69 0.032 0.053 0.065 0.016 0.067 -0.041 0.069 0.054 0.031 0.003 0.045 0.021 0.024 0.071 0.041

1969-73 0.023 0.033 0.022 0.025 0.030 -0.026 0.024 0.042 0.036 0.015 0.028 0.009 0.027 0.051 -0.002

1973-79 0.031 0.041 0.000 0.032 0.011 0.002 0.030 0.027 0.034 0.021 0.034 0.037 0.022 0.007 0.030

1979-89 0.006 0.020 0.005 0.019 0.002 0.014 0.029 0.015 0.004 -0.006 0.013 -0.001 0.009 -0.005 0.017

1989-96 0.020 0.038 0.007 0.015 0.024 0.048 0.030 0.009 0.046 0.012 0.033 0.002 0.001 0.037 0.024 46
 table 7 Continued

LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV

0.341 0.152 0.235 0.182 0.861 1.911 1.318 0.564 0.423 1.019 0.613 1.573 0.057 0.282 0.262 0.064

0.358 0.150 0.237 0.196 0.907 1.972 1.347 0.608 0.362 1.040 0.465 1.530 0.059 0.269 0.274 0.059

0.370 0.149 0.239 0.199 0.923 1.855 1.304 0.621 0.443 1.092 0.755 1.616 0.060 0.266 0.291 0.065

0.425 0.147 0.239 0.206 0.927 2.021 1.395 0.714 0.479 1.119 0.693 1.653 0.058 0.252 0.298 0.068

0.420 0.143 0.243 0.205 0.984 1.902 1.356 0.745 0.493 1.172 0.734 1.625 0.056 0.241 0.264 0.070

0.434 0.139 0.264 0.199 0.911 1.886 1.416 0.721 0.521 1.056 0.807 1.656 0.054 0.242 0.290 0.076

0.451 0.137 0.243 0.199 0.892 1.995 1.395 0.707 0.525 1.069 0.740 1.932 0.055 0.217 0.325 0.074

0.493 0.130 0.272 0.200 0.874 2.041 1.459 0.702 0.538 1.186 0.746 1.942 0.054 0.218 0.342 0.078

0.531 0.125 0.265 0.201 0.887 2.106 1.566 0.765 0.566 1.079 0.832 1.953 0.052 0.207 0.350 0.077

0.477 0.120 0.283 0.201 0.884 2.040 1.432 0.755 0.548 1.151 0.842 2.080 0.049 0.199 0.365 0.086

0.519 0.122 0.286 0.202 0.915 2.084 1.464 0.786 0.540 1.214 0.725 2.093 0.047 0.196 0.389 0.086

0.527 0.123 0.285 0.203 0.901 2.278 1.662 0.822 0.572 1.208 0.987 2.281 0.049 0.195 0.375 0.093

0.550 0.115 0.275 0.206 0.938 2.235 1.631 0.800 0.565 1.200 0.890 2.392 0.046 0.172 0.422 0.093

0.509 0.114 0.286 0.202 0.943 2.499 1.652 0.825 0.547 1.309 0.933 2.435 0.046 0.179 0.455 0.099

0.525 0.114 0.298 0.189 0.891 2.097 1.425 0.747 0.556 1.294 0.823 2.063 0.045 0.189 0.352 0.096

0.555 0.119 0.306 0.205 1.006 2.179 1.496 0.762 0.619 1.331 0.967 2.229 0.047 0.180 0.404 0.099

0.609 0.117 0.312 0.208 0.961 2.058 1.450 0.808 0.640 1.382 0.997 2.305 0.046 0.187 0.398 0.100

0.585 0.116 0.301 0.206 1.074 2.724 1.716 0.841 0.568 1.259 0.971 2.614 0.046 0.184 0.463 0.100

0.606 0.115 0.339 0.212 1.081 2.723 1.660 0.821 0.637 1.408 1.155 2.713 0.046 0.190 0.433 0.099

0.645 0.104 0.350 0.211 1.153 2.778 1.831 0.877 0.562 1.378 1.114 3.050 0.046 0.184 0.438 0.107

0.573 0.104 0.335 0.193 1.203 2.861 1.557 0.753 0.585 1.408 0.916 2.864 0.044 0.179 0.424 0.114

0.649 0.112 0.376 0.190 1.258 3.066 1.838 0.906 0.712 1.556 1.364 3.132 0.046 0.190 0.403 0.112

0.703 0.110 0.376 0.196 1.324 3.069 1.727 0.979 0.733 1.526 1.329 3.117 0.046 0.196 0.434 0.116

0.610 0.112 0.359 0.180 1.215 2.576 1.421 0.810 0.683 1.337 1.175 2.686 0.047 0.182 0.428 0.121

0.665 0.115 0.398 0.172 1.330 3.001 1.556 0.907 0.581 1.494 1.276 3.078 0.046 0.190 0.466 0.128

0.616 0.118 0.409 0.171 1.454 3.113 1.831 0.959 0.414 1.482 1.374 3.436 0.046 0.216 0.499 0.118

0.596 0.120 0.371 0.174 1.350 3.021 1.714 0.781 0.648 1.404 1.382 3.370 0.045 0.207 0.471 0.116

0.595 0.117 0.377 0.162 1.289 2.953 1.693 0.895 0.673 1.459 1.287 3.383 0.046 0.214 0.481 0.117

0.717 0.116 0.362 0.162 1.163 2.394 1.526 0.921 0.464 1.571 0.684 3.383 0.045 0.209 0.506 0.109

0.599 0.119 0.378 0.147 1.353 2.986 1.658 0.871 0.652 1.649 0.987 3.518 0.042 0.200 0.523 0.117

0.678 0.115 0.403 0.162 1.440 3.077 1.629 0.930 0.657 1.735 1.271 3.695 0.044 0.203 0.507 0.121

0.639 0.131 0.400 0.156 1.455 3.054 1.672 0.987 0.729 1.859 1.247 3.642 0.045 0.221 0.536 0.115

0.768 0.124 0.424 0.170 1.485 3.211 1.923 1.157 0.657 1.975 1.555 3.823 0.051 0.227 0.548 0.106

0.688 0.127 0.402 0.164 1.517 2.465 1.680 1.035 0.757 2.000 1.185 3.558 0.046 0.223 0.563 0.120

0.770 0.118 0.422 0.159 1.575 3.330 1.931 1.148 0.705 2.201 1.342 3.830 0.048 0.242 0.610 0.126

0.736 0.110 0.411 0.172 1.584 3.166 1.738 1.167 0.772 2.260 1.216 3.511 0.049 0.244 0.570 0.130

0.827 0.118 0.441 0.185 1.412 3.328 2.036 1.258 0.725 2.334 1.455 3.919 0.049 0.253 0.669 0.137

 annual growth rates:

0.025 -0.007 0.018 0.000 0.014 0.015 0.012 0.022 0.015 0.023 0.024 0.025 -0.005 -0.003 0.026 0.021

0.047 -0.017 0.006 0.015 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.038 0.036 0.008 0.031 0.034 -0.005 -0.043 0.036 0.026

0.019 -0.045 0.052 0.002 -0.003 0.007 0.009 0.022 0.014 0.025 0.043 0.024 -0.044 -0.030 0.039 0.050

0.016 -0.013 0.002 0.002 0.016 0.051 0.036 0.022 0.000 0.032 0.026 0.039 -0.014 -0.027 0.055 0.033

0.040 -0.015 0.033 0.007 0.034 0.018 0.017 0.010 0.005 0.008 0.029 0.038 0.000 0.005 -0.007 0.013

-0.007 0.013 0.008 -0.036 0.016 0.007 -0.010 -0.001 0.015 0.018 -0.012 0.014 -0.009 0.008 0.018 0.009

0.046 -0.001 0.022 0.032 0.006 0.016 0.029 0.053 0.015 0.050 0.055 0.015 0.021 0.034 0.035 0.022 47
 table 7 Continued

NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY

1.042 1.179 0.817 0.461 0.926 0.018 0.377 0.930 0.586 2.418 0.205 0.523 0.152 0.620 1.787 0.133 0.212

1.070 1.176 0.799 0.472 0.941 0.018 0.388 0.890 0.608 2.438 0.205 0.536 0.158 0.628 1.842 0.130 0.209

1.047 1.185 0.713 0.496 0.883 0.018 0.408 0.978 0.594 2.411 0.215 0.541 0.157 0.663 1.890 0.124 0.219

1.073 1.219 0.742 0.503 0.906 0.018 0.408 1.024 0.630 2.579 0.216 0.474 0.157 0.701 1.833 0.119 0.248

1.062 1.189 0.797 0.515 0.915 0.018 0.408 0.972 0.666 2.464 0.216 0.519 0.155 0.724 1.865 0.120 0.245

1.081 1.199 0.935 0.529 0.929 0.017 0.413 1.025 0.651 2.642 0.219 0.516 0.152 0.726 1.867 0.116 0.242

1.067 1.261 0.860 0.528 0.869 0.017 0.380 1.041 0.609 2.687 0.223 0.483 0.149 0.770 1.874 0.103 0.246

1.088 1.217 0.866 0.538 0.956 0.016 0.423 1.145 0.625 2.610 0.235 0.521 0.145 0.808 1.896 0.115 0.282

1.048 1.258 0.947 0.513 0.929 0.015 0.371 1.159 0.618 2.803 0.230 0.520 0.142 0.779 1.943 0.113 0.278

1.038 1.206 0.984 0.551 0.957 0.014 0.409 1.108 0.636 2.841 0.230 0.538 0.144 0.778 1.863 0.110 0.267

1.056 1.233 1.019 0.547 0.978 0.015 0.404 1.082 0.645 2.932 0.236 0.540 0.146 0.797 1.919 0.111 0.270

1.060 1.372 1.013 0.565 0.990 0.014 0.450 1.213 0.678 2.911 0.237 0.543 0.151 0.847 2.037 0.116 0.294

0.966 1.301 1.122 0.566 0.933 0.012 0.421 1.228 0.680 3.340 0.229 0.550 0.148 0.877 1.982 0.114 0.289

0.975 1.189 1.314 0.597 0.957 0.013 0.429 1.272 0.688 3.763 0.232 0.566 0.145 0.851 1.887 0.115 0.279

1.032 1.266 1.216 0.607 1.008 0.012 0.455 1.151 0.648 3.289 0.237 0.583 0.144 0.928 1.923 0.118 0.282

1.047 1.411 1.249 0.629 1.035 0.015 0.486 1.108 0.715 3.612 0.241 0.587 0.148 1.040 1.981 0.119 0.291

1.034 1.489 1.151 0.652 1.071 0.013 0.443 0.856 0.755 3.642 0.244 0.573 0.156 1.086 1.897 0.109 0.313

1.032 1.520 1.320 0.634 1.105 0.013 0.423 1.220 0.766 3.804 0.236 0.546 0.152 0.997 2.252 0.109 0.287

1.069 1.472 1.142 0.652 1.155 0.013 0.462 1.266 0.778 3.626 0.251 0.614 0.159 1.135 2.271 0.115 0.315

1.137 1.609 1.392 0.723 1.195 0.013 0.487 1.288 0.807 3.926 0.251 0.652 0.157 1.127 2.368 0.120 0.301

1.187 1.605 1.321 0.772 1.227 0.013 0.423 1.225 0.733 3.475 0.256 0.619 0.157 1.183 2.429 0.125 0.297

1.181 1.423 1.302 0.812 1.335 0.012 0.512 1.340 0.876 3.932 0.287 0.703 0.161 1.281 2.511 0.120 0.316

1.187 1.603 1.421 0.770 1.340 0.015 0.506 1.429 0.896 4.168 0.286 0.697 0.170 1.250 2.548 0.120 0.307

1.170 1.340 1.235 0.770 1.301 0.016 0.401 1.314 0.727 3.568 0.274 0.630 0.170 1.304 2.354 0.131 0.310

1.178 1.664 1.277 0.811 1.397 0.016 0.493 1.517 0.905 3.647 0.266 0.739 0.160 1.306 2.525 0.138 0.307

1.217 1.840 1.306 0.788 1.475 0.020 0.474 1.524 0.949 3.951 0.274 0.727 0.165 1.235 2.585 0.139 0.302

1.174 1.748 1.334 0.817 1.477 0.018 0.402 1.483 0.838 3.809 0.286 0.679 0.163 1.245 2.575 0.137 0.321

1.158 1.669 1.293 0.847 1.465 0.018 0.440 1.533 0.848 3.756 0.297 0.700 0.163 1.339 2.563 0.136 0.317

1.105 1.409 1.359 0.894 1.411 0.018 0.465 1.229 0.809 3.889 0.309 0.726 0.158 1.454 2.183 0.123 0.306

1.115 1.612 1.378 0.909 1.470 0.016 0.496 1.414 0.798 3.970 0.300 0.774 0.157 1.438 2.495 0.133 0.293

1.116 1.794 1.382 0.943 1.487 0.015 0.454 1.605 0.793 4.074 0.307 0.784 0.161 1.586 2.587 0.145 0.300

1.133 1.563 1.326 0.932 1.429 0.015 0.481 1.605 0.797 4.424 0.309 0.782 0.159 1.518 2.615 0.140 0.371

1.099 1.815 1.364 0.901 1.562 0.017 0.516 1.661 0.918 4.551 0.333 0.831 0.171 1.575 2.434 0.152 0.317

1.086 1.683 1.348 0.982 1.507 0.015 0.471 1.405 0.847 4.696 0.332 0.774 0.170 1.748 2.318 0.164 0.339

1.101 1.873 1.472 0.976 1.547 0.015 0.556 1.705 0.900 4.763 0.345 0.831 0.171 1.756 2.557 0.171 0.304

1.112 1.712 1.342 1.000 1.536 0.014 0.533 1.481 0.869 4.725 0.356 0.840 0.172 1.843 2.463 0.176 0.339

1.120 1.629 1.368 1.028 1.596 0.014 0.564 1.745 0.888 4.569 0.373 0.876 0.176 1.859 2.391 0.166 0.328

 annual growth rates:

0.002 0.009 0.014 0.022 0.015 -0.008 0.011 0.017 0.012 0.018 0.017 0.014 0.004 0.031 0.008 0.006 0.012

0.004 0.011 0.009 0.023 -0.011 -0.016 0.001 0.019 0.007 0.018 0.014 -0.013 -0.003 0.036 0.008 -0.043 0.024

-0.009 -0.015 0.045 0.014 0.032 -0.053 0.024 0.021 0.014 0.019 0.010 0.036 -0.013 0.003 -0.002 0.023 0.028

-0.015 -0.003 0.072 0.020 0.000 -0.030 0.012 0.034 0.020 0.070 0.002 0.013 0.002 0.023 0.003 0.011 0.011

0.026 0.050 0.010 0.032 0.037 -0.001 0.021 0.002 0.026 0.007 0.013 0.024 0.013 0.047 0.038 0.007 0.013

-0.002 0.000 -0.001 0.023 0.021 0.021 0.002 0.009 -0.001 0.001 0.018 0.017 0.000 0.024 0.005 0.010 -0.003

0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.018 0.012 -0.015 0.018 0.030 0.015 0.020 0.031 0.018 0.016 0.037 -0.006 0.032 0.016 48
Table 8. Total Input Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama

Year AL AR AZ CA CO CT DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY

1960 0.941 1.135 0.801 5.471 1.192 0.216 0.139 1.145 1.306 4.671 0.961 3.712 2.637 2.536 1.494

1961 0.914 1.143 0.787 5.334 1.195 0.198 0.125 1.124 1.273 4.568 0.966 3.565 2.504 2.646 1.460

1962 0.947 1.162 0.853 5.431 1.252 0.195 0.126 1.177 1.283 4.640 0.965 3.616 2.467 2.564 1.465

1963 0.947 1.194 0.827 5.383 1.225 0.186 0.130 1.169 1.316 4.658 0.986 3.556 2.427 2.644 1.495

1964 0.964 1.195 0.818 5.252 1.194 0.184 0.130 1.199 1.331 4.690 1.000 3.528 2.395 2.509 1.473

1965 1.000 1.222 0.851 5.397 1.242 0.177 0.131 1.226 1.365 4.624 0.997 3.460 2.309 2.521 1.442

1966 1.025 1.219 0.834 5.294 1.304 0.167 0.132 1.272 1.349 4.826 0.991 3.539 2.378 2.626 1.443

1967 1.038 1.291 0.861 5.166 1.379 0.151 0.127 1.375 1.372 4.894 0.958 3.547 2.232 2.607 1.454

1968 1.037 1.329 0.887 5.241 1.358 0.147 0.114 1.335 1.361 4.783 0.951 3.500 2.142 2.607 1.401

1969 1.052 1.396 0.955 5.235 1.479 0.140 0.122 1.355 1.367 4.777 0.961 3.409 2.110 2.690 1.353

1970 1.043 1.388 0.917 5.306 1.550 0.135 0.123 1.413 1.359 4.757 0.979 3.358 2.145 2.712 1.340

1971 1.029 1.400 0.943 5.298 1.674 0.130 0.113 1.409 1.341 4.713 0.982 3.283 2.186 2.784 1.319

1972 1.027 1.400 0.989 5.312 1.722 0.134 0.110 1.423 1.342 4.738 0.988 3.344 2.245 2.993 1.362

1973 1.058 1.412 0.998 5.391 1.556 0.133 0.120 1.437 1.397 4.730 1.025 3.441 2.354 2.975 1.330

1974 1.030 1.415 0.923 5.567 1.502 0.130 0.128 1.427 1.373 4.694 1.016 3.527 2.302 2.745 1.330

1975 0.985 1.311 0.912 5.747 1.453 0.130 0.120 1.386 1.292 4.820 0.983 3.512 2.315 2.711 1.306

1976 1.045 1.426 0.929 5.861 1.500 0.132 0.126 1.405 1.380 5.120 1.045 3.764 2.373 2.965 1.322

1977 1.008 1.434 0.954 5.616 1.571 0.133 0.127 1.410 1.312 5.026 1.047 3.813 2.411 3.020 1.354

1978 1.088 1.511 1.087 5.788 1.742 0.132 0.151 1.558 1.384 5.212 1.184 3.771 2.433 3.351 1.436

1979 1.136 1.528 0.973 6.042 1.669 0.131 0.156 1.688 1.547 5.336 1.224 3.980 2.509 3.426 1.348

1980 1.147 1.575 0.998 5.858 1.701 0.136 0.157 1.680 1.567 5.424 1.232 3.958 2.572 3.462 1.420

1981 1.144 1.540 0.955 5.899 1.589 0.134 0.154 1.611 1.557 5.117 1.225 3.905 2.488 3.277 1.393

1982 1.037 1.434 0.972 5.877 1.609 0.123 0.158 1.602 1.395 5.140 1.259 3.762 2.455 3.312 1.381

1983 1.002 1.465 0.967 5.760 1.602 0.130 0.159 1.584 1.397 4.707 1.174 3.497 2.370 3.268 1.319

1984 1.039 1.493 0.968 5.804 1.583 0.129 0.178 1.531 1.400 4.625 1.148 3.483 2.305 3.125 1.275

1985 1.012 1.463 0.925 5.552 1.593 0.122 0.162 1.482 1.331 4.485 1.116 3.423 2.276 3.120 1.240

1986 0.970 1.430 0.890 5.440 1.570 0.116 0.157 1.476 1.282 4.409 1.075 3.319 2.251 3.128 1.241

1987 1.031 1.499 0.906 5.386 1.567 0.109 0.168 1.493 1.274 4.312 1.033 3.096 2.169 3.021 1.206

1988 1.014 1.527 0.867 5.486 1.557 0.104 0.169 1.453 1.245 4.225 1.063 3.104 2.130 2.941 1.257

1989 1.016 1.618 0.842 5.702 1.493 0.106 0.176 1.432 1.292 4.161 1.086 3.096 2.089 2.935 1.275

1990 1.044 1.702 0.822 5.570 1.470 0.108 0.168 1.410 1.257 4.360 1.037 3.053 2.093 3.072 1.339

1991 1.026 1.736 0.816 5.865 1.372 0.108 0.167 1.420 1.260 4.207 0.976 3.121 2.068 2.863 1.297

1992 1.056 1.689 0.821 5.537 1.388 0.111 0.169 1.441 1.257 4.161 0.993 3.079 2.047 2.967 1.287

1993 1.034 1.726 0.793 5.890 1.416 0.111 0.165 1.473 1.317 3.941 0.949 3.049 2.106 2.944 1.302

1994 0.983 1.740 0.819 6.090 1.460 0.114 0.177 1.449 1.324 3.857 1.045 3.068 2.037 2.980 1.246

1995 1.048 1.722 0.825 6.738 1.517 0.110 0.194 1.509 1.437 3.894 1.113 3.030 1.996 3.144 1.285

1996 1.000 1.688 0.792 6.452 1.504 0.100 0.196 1.403 1.453 3.761 1.082 2.967 1.931 3.127 1.290

Average annual growth rates:

1960-96 0.002 0.011 0.000 0.005 0.006 -0.021 0.010 0.006 0.003 -0.006 0.003 -0.006 -0.009 0.006 -0.004

1960-66 0.014 0.012 0.007 -0.005 0.015 -0.043 -0.009 0.018 0.005 0.005 0.005 -0.008 -0.017 0.006 -0.006

1966-69 0.009 0.045 0.045 -0.004 0.042 -0.060 -0.026 0.021 0.004 -0.003 -0.010 -0.013 -0.040 0.008 -0.021

1969-73 0.001 0.003 0.011 0.007 0.013 -0.013 -0.003 0.015 0.005 -0.002 0.016 0.002 0.027 0.025 -0.004

1973-79 0.012 0.013 -0.004 0.019 0.012 -0.003 0.043 0.027 0.017 0.020 0.029 0.024 0.011 0.023 0.002

1979-89 -0.011 0.006 -0.014 -0.006 -0.011 -0.021 0.012 -0.016 -0.018 -0.025 -0.012 -0.025 -0.018 -0.015 -0.006

1989-96 -0.002 0.006 -0.009 0.018 0.001 -0.009 0.016 -0.003 0.017 -0.014 -0.001 -0.006 -0.011 0.009 0.002 49
 table 8 Continued

LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV

0.882 0.319 0.502 0.307 2.242 3.227 2.649 1.416 1.000 1.953 1.404 2.825 0.129 0.485 0.583 0.114

0.875 0.293 0.486 0.295 2.171 3.188 2.574 1.377 0.952 1.909 1.358 2.852 0.118 0.448 0.593 0.107

0.863 0.280 0.498 0.290 2.084 3.191 2.525 1.411 0.941 1.890 1.401 2.879 0.112 0.440 0.594 0.111

0.890 0.264 0.487 0.295 2.072 3.129 2.508 1.401 0.987 1.894 1.405 2.937 0.109 0.415 0.607 0.108

0.880 0.250 0.478 0.294 2.028 3.165 2.531 1.418 0.990 1.823 1.421 2.823 0.103 0.403 0.558 0.113

0.887 0.241 0.487 0.291 1.933 3.010 2.474 1.389 0.972 1.845 1.416 2.818 0.099 0.381 0.588 0.123

0.895 0.226 0.474 0.293 1.919 3.091 2.585 1.346 1.025 1.776 1.424 2.967 0.096 0.345 0.611 0.115

0.902 0.206 0.457 0.270 1.835 3.112 2.534 1.321 1.036 1.795 1.421 2.969 0.090 0.328 0.662 0.131

0.911 0.197 0.451 0.254 1.728 3.050 2.483 1.318 1.009 1.753 1.410 2.999 0.086 0.313 0.646 0.124

0.891 0.183 0.442 0.254 1.693 3.041 2.554 1.283 1.034 1.721 1.405 2.956 0.081 0.297 0.671 0.125

0.873 0.175 0.450 0.249 1.724 2.977 2.544 1.332 1.023 1.747 1.375 3.104 0.081 0.291 0.679 0.128

0.889 0.171 0.444 0.232 1.646 3.045 2.519 1.295 1.036 1.678 1.411 3.136 0.075 0.284 0.670 0.133

0.907 0.168 0.420 0.231 1.574 3.075 2.567 1.265 1.028 1.591 1.390 3.294 0.069 0.270 0.712 0.142

0.878 0.169 0.442 0.241 1.622 3.194 2.578 1.255 1.052 1.618 1.448 3.437 0.068 0.266 0.747 0.141

0.900 0.159 0.458 0.258 1.563 3.200 2.621 1.187 1.066 1.583 1.459 3.307 0.071 0.273 0.634 0.151

0.832 0.161 0.445 0.240 1.493 3.167 2.473 1.032 1.002 1.500 1.474 3.123 0.068 0.275 0.697 0.148

0.915 0.166 0.449 0.246 1.601 3.323 2.521 1.157 1.059 1.635 1.532 3.327 0.070 0.284 0.697 0.153

0.850 0.165 0.443 0.256 1.498 3.256 2.425 1.122 1.076 1.594 1.589 3.311 0.072 0.279 0.760 0.148

0.914 0.164 0.485 0.271 1.593 3.496 2.465 1.177 1.148 1.727 1.641 3.654 0.074 0.284 0.756 0.165

0.912 0.161 0.511 0.260 1.677 3.498 2.585 1.164 1.160 1.804 1.735 3.941 0.070 0.290 0.787 0.167

0.946 0.162 0.546 0.267 1.730 3.734 2.552 1.199 1.140 1.798 1.644 4.044 0.074 0.296 0.726 0.174

0.929 0.162 0.565 0.259 1.704 3.652 2.405 1.168 1.147 1.790 1.600 3.825 0.073 0.286 0.665 0.170

0.908 0.164 0.524 0.216 1.735 3.658 2.521 1.135 1.135 1.725 1.584 3.928 0.071 0.277 0.678 0.153

0.859 0.161 0.525 0.216 1.731 3.432 2.411 1.099 1.078 1.592 1.506 3.745 0.068 0.268 0.674 0.161

0.849 0.157 0.518 0.207 1.764 3.509 2.319 1.120 1.095 1.659 1.536 3.672 0.068 0.266 0.704 0.165

0.837 0.150 0.488 0.191 1.665 3.477 2.271 1.078 1.025 1.549 1.489 3.700 0.066 0.268 0.662 0.156

0.801 0.141 0.457 0.185 1.587 3.256 2.210 1.033 0.955 1.461 1.432 3.632 0.065 0.260 0.654 0.159

0.794 0.133 0.453 0.179 1.543 3.150 2.259 1.050 0.957 1.454 1.422 3.539 0.060 0.249 0.695 0.155

0.838 0.125 0.436 0.163 1.481 2.985 2.205 1.080 0.983 1.437 1.401 3.522 0.055 0.250 0.682 0.149

0.852 0.124 0.458 0.164 1.497 2.971 2.075 1.104 0.973 1.459 1.340 3.584 0.056 0.238 0.679 0.149

0.822 0.125 0.473 0.168 1.529 3.043 2.142 1.131 0.958 1.436 1.374 3.650 0.059 0.234 0.675 0.152

0.809 0.130 0.471 0.164 1.637 3.050 2.195 1.165 0.968 1.449 1.376 3.444 0.055 0.228 0.686 0.148

0.847 0.133 0.479 0.164 1.537 3.025 2.162 1.128 0.947 1.488 1.396 3.421 0.056 0.239 0.686 0.152

0.834 0.128 0.462 0.162 1.559 2.961 2.137 1.193 0.929 1.489 1.389 3.372 0.050 0.232 0.698 0.149

0.780 0.133 0.464 0.168 1.553 2.993 2.155 1.180 1.011 1.517 1.381 3.357 0.051 0.249 0.712 0.160

0.790 0.124 0.483 0.174 1.581 3.017 2.232 1.210 0.970 1.681 1.364 3.417 0.058 0.253 0.657 0.163

0.770 0.114 0.462 0.153 1.438 2.939 2.183 1.217 1.026 1.685 1.456 3.492 0.053 0.235 0.691 0.160

 annual growth rates:

-0.004 -0.029 -0.002 -0.019 -0.012 -0.003 -0.005 -0.004 0.001 -0.004 0.001 0.006 -0.025 -0.020 0.005 0.010

0.003 -0.058 -0.009 -0.008 -0.026 -0.007 -0.004 -0.009 0.004 -0.016 0.002 0.008 -0.050 -0.057 0.008 0.001

-0.002 -0.069 -0.023 -0.047 -0.042 -0.005 -0.004 -0.016 0.003 -0.010 -0.004 -0.001 -0.056 -0.049 0.032 0.030

-0.004 -0.020 0.000 -0.013 -0.011 0.012 0.002 -0.006 0.004 -0.015 0.008 0.038 -0.043 -0.028 0.027 0.029

0.006 -0.009 0.024 0.012 0.005 0.015 0.000 -0.012 0.016 0.018 0.030 0.023 0.005 0.014 0.009 0.029

-0.007 -0.026 -0.011 -0.046 -0.011 -0.016 -0.022 -0.005 -0.018 -0.021 -0.026 -0.009 -0.023 -0.020 -0.015 -0.012

-0.014 -0.012 0.001 -0.010 -0.006 -0.002 0.007 0.014 0.008 0.021 0.012 -0.004 -0.009 -0.002 0.003 0.011 50
 table 8 Continued

NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY

1.727 2.563 1.666 0.963 1.854 0.043 0.826 1.517 1.514 5.062 0.427 1.237 0.271 1.118 2.612 0.537 0.473

1.656 2.491 1.649 0.947 1.758 0.039 0.816 1.515 1.435 5.061 0.416 1.191 0.252 1.081 2.548 0.506 0.461

1.638 2.404 1.629 0.969 1.672 0.036 0.793 1.535 1.413 5.106 0.412 1.176 0.249 1.082 2.508 0.492 0.470

1.567 2.340 1.637 0.961 1.593 0.032 0.760 1.602 1.441 5.086 0.406 1.129 0.237 1.094 2.458 0.457 0.490

1.558 2.286 1.592 0.948 1.567 0.029 0.750 1.569 1.440 4.881 0.397 1.067 0.232 1.075 2.372 0.439 0.493

1.484 2.232 1.624 0.938 1.532 0.029 0.720 1.548 1.395 4.935 0.380 1.071 0.229 1.066 2.363 0.423 0.495

1.464 2.218 1.676 0.878 1.502 0.028 0.674 1.574 1.430 4.989 0.399 1.058 0.218 1.048 2.401 0.391 0.489

1.459 2.175 1.707 0.878 1.461 0.027 0.680 1.619 1.395 5.037 0.380 1.032 0.203 1.033 2.387 0.386 0.522

1.423 2.064 1.722 0.828 1.478 0.027 0.685 1.592 1.342 5.056 0.373 1.032 0.190 1.001 2.367 0.382 0.529

1.412 2.035 1.779 0.832 1.443 0.024 0.676 1.618 1.312 5.322 0.379 1.033 0.189 1.003 2.391 0.369 0.516

1.387 1.991 1.807 0.819 1.431 0.023 0.690 1.597 1.331 5.209 0.372 1.014 0.181 1.043 2.378 0.366 0.512

1.366 2.034 1.846 0.808 1.426 0.021 0.678 1.620 1.325 5.349 0.365 0.991 0.180 1.022 2.356 0.358 0.524

1.340 2.014 1.913 0.767 1.376 0.021 0.682 1.580 1.363 5.743 0.359 0.980 0.178 1.020 2.368 0.354 0.543

1.336 2.059 2.021 0.788 1.424 0.020 0.670 1.725 1.358 5.840 0.354 1.001 0.170 1.032 2.344 0.365 0.538

1.447 2.015 1.890 0.757 1.535 0.022 0.704 1.659 1.259 5.417 0.372 0.991 0.179 1.071 2.427 0.373 0.518

1.417 1.999 1.804 0.757 1.556 0.021 0.614 1.599 1.222 5.383 0.383 0.976 0.177 1.013 2.445 0.357 0.526

1.464 2.111 1.779 0.795 1.580 0.022 0.631 1.509 1.315 5.633 0.385 0.946 0.185 1.097 2.515 0.348 0.554

1.415 2.148 1.819 0.832 1.615 0.022 0.606 1.577 1.269 5.592 0.393 0.889 0.187 1.045 2.531 0.358 0.528

1.456 2.160 1.868 0.892 1.607 0.021 0.639 1.702 1.306 6.026 0.436 0.998 0.191 1.188 2.708 0.330 0.581

1.483 2.150 1.989 0.966 1.615 0.021 0.655 1.743 1.315 6.172 0.425 1.035 0.196 1.236 2.831 0.331 0.591

1.564 2.289 2.004 0.940 1.751 0.022 0.658 1.744 1.342 6.007 0.432 1.079 0.209 1.233 2.921 0.338 0.576

1.556 2.105 1.882 1.012 1.701 0.021 0.639 1.722 1.313 5.834 0.413 1.069 0.212 1.280 2.920 0.338 0.553

1.425 2.152 1.761 0.964 1.704 0.020 0.578 1.709 1.319 5.941 0.421 1.052 0.198 1.251 2.832 0.353 0.562

1.495 2.148 1.691 0.941 1.752 0.021 0.554 1.746 1.394 5.627 0.403 0.983 0.209 1.232 2.878 0.343 0.575

1.523 2.011 1.742 0.927 1.650 0.020 0.568 1.655 1.305 5.794 0.401 0.996 0.205 1.252 2.814 0.326 0.561

1.369 2.019 1.717 0.901 1.595 0.020 0.529 1.673 1.272 5.610 0.392 0.964 0.193 1.170 2.778 0.300 0.555

1.295 2.024 1.709 0.861 1.572 0.019 0.501 1.525 1.178 5.549 0.372 0.923 0.189 1.143 2.634 0.291 0.513

1.237 1.924 1.708 0.854 1.549 0.018 0.480 1.562 1.119 5.538 0.375 0.893 0.181 1.138 2.582 0.300 0.550

1.188 1.851 1.796 0.876 1.529 0.016 0.493 1.516 1.142 5.638 0.379 0.859 0.167 1.161 2.398 0.285 0.546

1.188 1.891 1.805 0.939 1.573 0.016 0.526 1.435 1.134 5.375 0.365 0.862 0.171 1.229 2.337 0.294 0.525

1.169 1.924 1.852 0.936 1.578 0.016 0.519 1.476 1.145 5.650 0.367 0.910 0.174 1.260 2.518 0.297 0.474

1.168 1.937 1.849 0.922 1.586 0.017 0.509 1.455 1.140 5.648 0.366 0.922 0.162 1.325 2.420 0.304 0.574

1.110 1.826 1.830 0.920 1.497 0.017 0.477 1.376 1.185 5.591 0.379 0.909 0.153 1.251 2.303 0.307 0.499

1.094 1.870 1.833 0.883 1.486 0.017 0.492 1.360 1.159 5.742 0.359 0.897 0.152 1.336 2.197 0.335 0.506

1.108 1.833 1.899 0.927 1.461 0.018 0.469 1.391 1.075 5.599 0.394 0.882 0.154 1.388 2.272 0.330 0.525

1.131 1.914 1.983 1.034 1.471 0.017 0.522 1.477 1.163 6.074 0.398 0.956 0.173 1.456 2.287 0.328 0.551

1.074 1.843 1.959 1.038 1.436 0.016 0.513 1.439 1.146 5.875 0.408 0.956 0.159 1.445 2.102 0.342 0.521

 annual growth rates:

-0.013 -0.009 0.004 0.002 -0.007 -0.027 -0.013 -0.001 -0.008 0.004 -0.001 -0.007 -0.015 0.007 -0.006 -0.013 0.003

-0.028 -0.024 0.001 -0.015 -0.035 -0.073 -0.034 0.006 -0.010 -0.002 -0.011 -0.026 -0.036 -0.011 -0.014 -0.053 0.006

-0.012 -0.029 0.020 -0.018 -0.013 -0.054 0.001 0.009 -0.029 0.022 -0.016 -0.008 -0.048 -0.015 -0.001 -0.019 0.018

-0.014 0.003 0.032 -0.014 -0.003 -0.044 -0.002 0.016 0.009 0.023 -0.017 -0.008 -0.026 0.007 -0.005 -0.003 0.010

0.017 0.007 -0.003 0.034 0.021 0.009 -0.004 0.002 -0.005 0.009 0.030 0.006 0.023 0.030 0.031 -0.017 0.016

-0.022 -0.013 -0.010 -0.003 -0.003 -0.028 -0.022 -0.019 -0.015 -0.014 -0.015 -0.018 -0.013 -0.001 -0.019 -0.012 -0.012

-0.014 -0.004 0.012 0.014 -0.013 0.004 -0.004 0.000 0.001 0.013 0.016 0.015 -0.010 0.023 -0.015 0.021 -0.001 51
Table 9. Total Factor Productivity Relative to 1996 Level for Alabama

Year AL AR AZ CA CO CT DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY

1960 0.511 0.484 0.556 0.612 0.654 0.549 0.595 0.701 0.560 0.712 0.525 0.599 0.510 0.636 0.496

1961 0.534 0.520 0.597 0.638 0.676 0.600 0.645 0.784 0.609 0.747 0.558 0.636 0.533 0.630 0.552

1962 0.514 0.530 0.573 0.656 0.649 0.595 0.640 0.840 0.605 0.749 0.587 0.641 0.557 0.616 0.552

1963 0.578 0.545 0.610 0.673 0.649 0.632 0.663 0.727 0.660 0.797 0.603 0.679 0.595 0.599 0.576

1964 0.582 0.584 0.578 0.709 0.666 0.633 0.668 0.712 0.667 0.803 0.598 0.657 0.557 0.625 0.631

1965 0.590 0.618 0.595 0.691 0.664 0.657 0.732 0.799 0.677 0.795 0.595 0.723 0.606 0.660 0.581

1966 0.552 0.600 0.599 0.736 0.703 0.698 0.671 0.824 0.673 0.815 0.588 0.666 0.560 0.629 0.561

1967 0.557 0.584 0.590 0.715 0.701 0.741 0.824 0.879 0.757 0.844 0.679 0.751 0.623 0.670 0.655

1968 0.570 0.622 0.616 0.769 0.730 0.720 0.796 0.812 0.713 0.855 0.694 0.719 0.650 0.713 0.625

1969 0.593 0.614 0.637 0.782 0.757 0.738 0.892 0.909 0.729 0.832 0.695 0.737 0.678 0.759 0.677

1970 0.594 0.639 0.629 0.770 0.785 0.735 0.861 0.860 0.775 0.830 0.706 0.675 0.639 0.750 0.671

1971 0.671 0.656 0.617 0.791 0.795 0.778 0.903 0.890 0.863 0.896 0.744 0.804 0.727 0.832 0.699

1972 0.663 0.664 0.635 0.808 0.787 0.723 0.979 0.933 0.840 0.898 0.737 0.784 0.680 0.832 0.693

1973 0.646 0.693 0.665 0.839 0.813 0.699 0.996 1.015 0.822 0.891 0.729 0.757 0.677 0.840 0.682

1974 0.670 0.643 0.692 0.849 0.769 0.696 0.919 1.056 0.918 0.790 0.728 0.635 0.581 0.754 0.734

1975 0.752 0.827 0.667 0.861 0.812 0.742 0.973 1.154 0.960 0.806 0.744 0.826 0.681 0.794 0.701

1976 0.726 0.732 0.668 0.865 0.816 0.719 1.001 1.184 0.896 0.790 0.758 0.743 0.726 0.769 0.781

1977 0.727 0.794 0.656 0.905 0.846 0.753 0.932 1.154 0.841 0.847 0.730 0.772 0.717 0.836 0.877

1978 0.698 0.773 0.646 0.880 0.804 0.750 0.868 1.082 0.881 0.894 0.733 0.762 0.717 0.705 0.748

1979 0.725 0.821 0.682 0.905 0.811 0.720 0.920 1.012 0.912 0.894 0.751 0.816 0.725 0.764 0.804

1980 0.642 0.683 0.670 0.957 0.800 0.718 0.807 1.122 0.770 0.874 0.775 0.711 0.698 0.687 0.766

1981 0.793 0.871 0.737 0.975 0.798 0.743 0.919 1.118 0.914 0.981 0.808 0.837 0.729 0.742 0.906

1982 0.832 0.883 0.717 1.024 0.799 0.886 0.952 1.109 1.036 0.903 0.812 0.858 0.800 0.790 0.946

1983 0.766 0.735 0.677 0.951 0.814 0.768 0.960 1.142 0.949 0.754 0.843 0.626 0.616 0.736 0.851

1984 0.790 0.869 0.699 1.025 0.862 0.807 0.915 1.128 1.015 0.920 0.865 0.823 0.821 0.826 1.005

1985 0.854 0.891 0.721 1.085 0.899 0.881 1.044 1.168 1.077 1.036 0.859 0.983 0.897 0.890 1.106

1986 0.829 0.888 0.766 1.093 0.900 0.965 1.053 1.249 0.984 1.052 0.914 0.944 0.850 0.893 0.963

1987 0.827 0.938 0.781 1.210 0.917 1.101 1.031 1.228 1.030 1.014 0.990 0.943 0.903 0.921 0.937

1988 0.852 0.974 0.725 1.075 0.918 1.119 1.079 1.380 1.110 0.880 0.954 0.737 0.724 0.885 0.854

1989 0.858 0.944 0.831 1.164 0.922 1.015 1.086 1.381 1.141 1.078 0.964 1.037 0.953 0.848 1.008

1990 0.873 0.937 0.762 1.222 0.970 1.129 1.198 1.357 1.120 1.068 1.078 1.037 0.968 0.950 0.943

1991 0.973 0.940 0.799 1.084 1.039 1.107 1.248 1.386 1.238 1.071 1.012 0.952 0.874 0.958 1.010

1992 0.935 1.081 0.825 1.227 1.062 1.215 1.288 1.431 1.309 1.251 1.145 1.175 1.109 1.022 1.085

1993 0.893 0.989 0.842 1.175 1.103 1.171 1.278 1.484 1.200 0.978 1.254 1.065 1.041 0.975 1.055

1994 1.017 1.098 0.824 1.204 1.069 1.190 1.297 1.532 1.409 1.390 1.177 1.214 1.155 1.089 1.115

1995 0.925 1.045 0.821 1.061 1.059 1.327 1.146 1.438 1.302 1.186 1.145 0.976 0.997 0.915 1.066

1996 1.000 1.184 0.925 1.146 1.083 1.509 1.197 1.504 1.398 1.299 1.218 1.093 1.040 1.032 1.181

Average annual growth rates:

1960-96 0.019 0.025 0.014 0.017 0.014 0.028 0.019 0.021 0.025 0.017 0.023 0.017 0.020 0.013 0.024

1960-66 0.013 0.036 0.013 0.031 0.012 0.040 0.020 0.027 0.031 0.022 0.019 0.018 0.015 -0.002 0.020

1966-69 0.023 0.008 0.020 0.020 0.025 0.019 0.095 0.033 0.026 0.007 0.055 0.034 0.064 0.063 0.063

1969-73 0.022 0.030 0.011 0.018 0.018 -0.013 0.028 0.028 0.030 0.017 0.012 0.007 0.000 0.026 0.002

1973-79 0.019 0.028 0.004 0.013 0.000 0.005 -0.013 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.005 0.012 0.012 -0.016 0.027

1979-89 0.017 0.014 0.020 0.025 0.013 0.034 0.017 0.031 0.022 0.019 0.025 0.024 0.027 0.011 0.023

1989-96 0.022 0.032 0.015 -0.002 0.023 0.057 0.014 0.012 0.029 0.027 0.033 0.008 0.013 0.028 0.023 52
 table 9 Continued

LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV

0.386 0.477 0.468 0.593 0.384 0.592 0.498 0.398 0.423 0.522 0.437 0.557 0.442 0.581 0.450 0.559

0.409 0.514 0.487 0.663 0.418 0.619 0.523 0.442 0.380 0.545 0.343 0.536 0.498 0.599 0.462 0.551

0.429 0.531 0.480 0.687 0.443 0.581 0.516 0.440 0.471 0.578 0.539 0.561 0.538 0.605 0.489 0.584

0.478 0.558 0.490 0.696 0.447 0.646 0.556 0.509 0.485 0.591 0.493 0.563 0.538 0.608 0.490 0.632

0.477 0.571 0.509 0.698 0.485 0.601 0.536 0.525 0.498 0.643 0.516 0.575 0.542 0.599 0.474 0.621

0.489 0.577 0.541 0.685 0.471 0.626 0.573 0.519 0.536 0.572 0.570 0.588 0.544 0.634 0.493 0.621

0.503 0.608 0.512 0.680 0.465 0.646 0.540 0.525 0.512 0.602 0.519 0.651 0.578 0.631 0.531 0.647

0.546 0.629 0.594 0.743 0.476 0.656 0.576 0.531 0.519 0.661 0.525 0.654 0.600 0.665 0.516 0.594

0.583 0.635 0.589 0.792 0.513 0.691 0.631 0.581 0.560 0.615 0.591 0.651 0.604 0.661 0.542 0.623

0.536 0.654 0.641 0.789 0.522 0.671 0.561 0.588 0.530 0.669 0.600 0.704 0.598 0.668 0.544 0.687

0.594 0.700 0.636 0.808 0.530 0.700 0.576 0.590 0.528 0.695 0.527 0.674 0.588 0.674 0.573 0.668

0.593 0.719 0.642 0.876 0.548 0.748 0.660 0.635 0.552 0.720 0.699 0.727 0.654 0.685 0.559 0.700

0.606 0.685 0.655 0.894 0.596 0.727 0.635 0.632 0.550 0.755 0.641 0.726 0.672 0.637 0.592 0.657

0.579 0.672 0.648 0.838 0.581 0.782 0.641 0.657 0.520 0.809 0.644 0.709 0.674 0.672 0.609 0.700

0.583 0.713 0.650 0.735 0.570 0.655 0.544 0.629 0.521 0.817 0.564 0.624 0.633 0.694 0.556 0.637

0.667 0.742 0.688 0.854 0.674 0.688 0.605 0.739 0.617 0.888 0.656 0.714 0.694 0.655 0.579 0.668

0.665 0.702 0.695 0.845 0.600 0.619 0.575 0.698 0.604 0.846 0.651 0.693 0.656 0.657 0.571 0.654

0.688 0.705 0.680 0.803 0.717 0.837 0.708 0.750 0.528 0.790 0.611 0.790 0.644 0.660 0.610 0.679

0.663 0.698 0.699 0.784 0.679 0.779 0.673 0.698 0.555 0.815 0.704 0.743 0.629 0.668 0.573 0.601

0.707 0.647 0.684 0.813 0.688 0.794 0.708 0.753 0.485 0.764 0.642 0.774 0.654 0.635 0.556 0.638

0.606 0.641 0.613 0.725 0.695 0.766 0.610 0.628 0.513 0.783 0.557 0.708 0.593 0.604 0.584 0.651

0.699 0.694 0.666 0.735 0.739 0.840 0.764 0.776 0.621 0.869 0.853 0.819 0.627 0.664 0.607 0.663

0.774 0.674 0.718 0.907 0.763 0.839 0.685 0.863 0.646 0.885 0.839 0.793 0.652 0.707 0.641 0.757

0.710 0.694 0.684 0.832 0.702 0.751 0.589 0.737 0.634 0.840 0.780 0.717 0.700 0.679 0.635 0.753

0.784 0.736 0.768 0.830 0.754 0.855 0.671 0.810 0.531 0.901 0.831 0.838 0.676 0.714 0.662 0.778

0.735 0.785 0.838 0.893 0.873 0.895 0.806 0.889 0.404 0.957 0.923 0.929 0.694 0.805 0.754 0.758

0.744 0.852 0.813 0.941 0.851 0.928 0.775 0.756 0.679 0.961 0.965 0.928 0.696 0.796 0.721 0.726

0.750 0.882 0.832 0.904 0.835 0.938 0.749 0.852 0.703 1.003 0.905 0.956 0.763 0.862 0.692 0.757

0.855 0.926 0.831 0.996 0.785 0.802 0.692 0.853 0.472 1.093 0.488 0.961 0.815 0.838 0.742 0.734

0.703 0.957 0.825 0.900 0.904 1.005 0.799 0.789 0.670 1.130 0.736 0.981 0.750 0.840 0.771 0.787

0.825 0.921 0.850 0.963 0.942 1.011 0.761 0.822 0.686 1.208 0.925 1.012 0.740 0.870 0.752 0.794

0.790 1.003 0.848 0.952 0.889 1.001 0.762 0.847 0.753 1.283 0.906 1.057 0.818 0.969 0.782 0.782

0.906 0.933 0.885 1.038 0.966 1.061 0.889 1.026 0.694 1.327 1.114 1.117 0.905 0.949 0.799 0.700

0.825 0.989 0.870 1.011 0.973 0.832 0.786 0.868 0.816 1.343 0.853 1.055 0.925 0.963 0.807 0.804

0.986 0.887 0.908 0.944 1.014 1.113 0.896 0.972 0.697 1.451 0.972 1.141 0.944 0.970 0.856 0.789

0.932 0.888 0.850 0.988 1.002 1.049 0.779 0.965 0.797 1.345 0.891 1.028 0.845 0.962 0.869 0.800

1.074 1.033 0.954 1.208 0.981 1.132 0.933 1.034 0.707 1.386 1.000 1.122 0.924 1.080 0.969 0.855

 annual growth rates:

0.028 0.021 0.020 0.020 0.026 0.018 0.017 0.027 0.014 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.020 0.017 0.021 0.012

0.044 0.040 0.015 0.023 0.032 0.014 0.014 0.046 0.032 0.024 0.029 0.026 0.045 0.014 0.028 0.024

0.021 0.025 0.075 0.049 0.039 0.013 0.013 0.038 0.011 0.035 0.048 0.026 0.011 0.019 0.008 0.020

0.019 0.007 0.003 0.015 0.027 0.039 0.033 0.028 -0.005 0.048 0.018 0.002 0.030 0.002 0.028 0.005

0.033 -0.006 0.009 -0.005 0.028 0.002 0.017 0.023 -0.012 -0.010 -0.001 0.015 -0.005 -0.009 -0.015 -0.016

-0.001 0.039 0.019 0.010 0.027 0.024 0.012 0.005 0.032 0.039 0.014 0.024 0.014 0.028 0.033 0.021

0.061 0.011 0.021 0.042 0.012 0.017 0.022 0.039 0.008 0.029 0.044 0.019 0.030 0.036 0.033 0.012 53
 table 9 Continued

NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY

0.603 0.460 0.490 0.479 0.500 0.424 0.456 0.613 0.387 0.478 0.480 0.423 0.560 0.554 0.684 0.248 0.449

0.646 0.472 0.485 0.498 0.535 0.464 0.476 0.587 0.424 0.482 0.492 0.450 0.626 0.581 0.723 0.258 0.454

0.639 0.493 0.438 0.512 0.528 0.508 0.514 0.637 0.421 0.472 0.523 0.460 0.629 0.612 0.754 0.251 0.466

0.684 0.521 0.453 0.523 0.569 0.565 0.537 0.639 0.437 0.507 0.531 0.420 0.660 0.641 0.746 0.261 0.505

0.681 0.520 0.500 0.543 0.584 0.605 0.544 0.620 0.463 0.505 0.543 0.487 0.668 0.674 0.786 0.273 0.496

0.729 0.537 0.575 0.564 0.607 0.585 0.574 0.662 0.467 0.535 0.576 0.482 0.665 0.681 0.790 0.274 0.490

0.729 0.569 0.513 0.601 0.578 0.597 0.563 0.661 0.426 0.539 0.559 0.457 0.685 0.735 0.781 0.263 0.502

0.746 0.560 0.507 0.612 0.654 0.573 0.622 0.707 0.448 0.518 0.617 0.505 0.715 0.782 0.794 0.297 0.540

0.737 0.610 0.550 0.620 0.628 0.559 0.541 0.728 0.461 0.554 0.616 0.504 0.748 0.778 0.821 0.295 0.526

0.735 0.592 0.553 0.662 0.663 0.598 0.605 0.685 0.485 0.534 0.606 0.521 0.762 0.776 0.779 0.299 0.517

0.761 0.619 0.564 0.669 0.683 0.647 0.586 0.678 0.484 0.563 0.636 0.533 0.806 0.765 0.807 0.305 0.527

0.776 0.675 0.549 0.700 0.694 0.661 0.663 0.749 0.512 0.544 0.648 0.548 0.837 0.829 0.865 0.323 0.561

0.720 0.646 0.587 0.738 0.678 0.594 0.617 0.777 0.499 0.582 0.638 0.562 0.829 0.860 0.837 0.322 0.531

0.730 0.578 0.650 0.757 0.672 0.633 0.641 0.738 0.507 0.644 0.655 0.566 0.851 0.825 0.805 0.315 0.518

0.713 0.628 0.643 0.802 0.656 0.570 0.646 0.694 0.514 0.607 0.636 0.588 0.804 0.866 0.793 0.317 0.543

0.739 0.706 0.692 0.831 0.665 0.689 0.793 0.693 0.585 0.671 0.630 0.601 0.834 1.027 0.810 0.335 0.554

0.706 0.705 0.647 0.820 0.678 0.611 0.702 0.567 0.574 0.646 0.633 0.606 0.843 0.989 0.754 0.315 0.565

0.729 0.708 0.725 0.763 0.684 0.583 0.698 0.773 0.603 0.680 0.601 0.613 0.813 0.954 0.890 0.304 0.544

0.734 0.682 0.612 0.731 0.719 0.612 0.723 0.744 0.596 0.602 0.577 0.616 0.832 0.956 0.839 0.348 0.542

0.767 0.749 0.700 0.748 0.740 0.597 0.744 0.739 0.613 0.636 0.591 0.630 0.800 0.911 0.837 0.363 0.510

0.759 0.701 0.659 0.822 0.701 0.603 0.644 0.703 0.546 0.579 0.592 0.574 0.754 0.960 0.831 0.370 0.516

0.759 0.676 0.692 0.802 0.785 0.600 0.801 0.778 0.667 0.674 0.695 0.657 0.761 1.000 0.860 0.356 0.570

0.833 0.745 0.807 0.798 0.786 0.790 0.875 0.836 0.679 0.702 0.679 0.663 0.858 0.999 0.900 0.339 0.546

0.783 0.624 0.730 0.819 0.742 0.755 0.723 0.752 0.522 0.634 0.679 0.641 0.815 1.058 0.818 0.382 0.539

0.773 0.827 0.733 0.875 0.847 0.800 0.868 0.917 0.694 0.629 0.663 0.742 0.781 1.043 0.897 0.422 0.548

0.889 0.911 0.761 0.875 0.925 0.968 0.896 0.911 0.747 0.704 0.698 0.754 0.858 1.055 0.930 0.464 0.545

0.907 0.864 0.780 0.948 0.940 0.964 0.802 0.972 0.711 0.686 0.768 0.736 0.863 1.089 0.978 0.472 0.626

0.936 0.868 0.757 0.991 0.946 1.046 0.917 0.981 0.758 0.678 0.792 0.784 0.901 1.177 0.993 0.455 0.576

0.930 0.761 0.757 1.020 0.923 1.141 0.942 0.811 0.709 0.690 0.816 0.845 0.947 1.253 0.910 0.430 0.561

0.939 0.852 0.764 0.967 0.934 0.973 0.943 0.985 0.703 0.738 0.821 0.899 0.918 1.170 1.067 0.451 0.559

0.955 0.933 0.746 1.007 0.942 0.929 0.875 1.087 0.693 0.721 0.834 0.862 0.924 1.259 1.027 0.487 0.633

0.970 0.807 0.717 1.011 0.901 0.896 0.944 1.103 0.699 0.783 0.843 0.848 0.983 1.145 1.080 0.462 0.646

0.991 0.994 0.746 0.979 1.043 0.956 1.083 1.207 0.775 0.814 0.878 0.914 1.116 1.260 1.057 0.496 0.634

0.993 0.900 0.735 1.112 1.014 0.864 0.958 1.033 0.730 0.818 0.923 0.863 1.118 1.308 1.055 0.490 0.669

0.994 1.022 0.775 1.053 1.059 0.810 1.185 1.225 0.836 0.851 0.876 0.943 1.108 1.265 1.125 0.519 0.579

0.983 0.895 0.677 0.968 1.044 0.836 1.020 1.003 0.747 0.778 0.892 0.878 0.992 1.266 1.077 0.537 0.614

1.042 0.884 0.699 0.990 1.112 0.851 1.100 1.213 0.775 0.778 0.913 0.916 1.102 1.287 1.137 0.485 0.630

 annual growth rates:

0.015 0.018 0.010 0.020 0.022 0.019 0.024 0.019 0.019 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.019 0.023 0.014 0.019 0.009

0.032 0.035 0.008 0.038 0.024 0.057 0.035 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.026 0.013 0.034 0.047 0.022 0.010 0.019

0.003 0.014 0.025 0.032 0.046 0.001 0.024 0.012 0.043 -0.003 0.027 0.044 0.036 0.018 -0.001 0.042 0.010

-0.002 -0.006 0.040 0.034 0.003 0.014 0.014 0.018 0.011 0.047 0.019 0.021 0.028 0.015 0.008 0.014 0.001

0.008 0.043 0.012 -0.002 0.016 -0.010 0.025 0.000 0.032 -0.002 -0.017 0.018 -0.010 0.017 0.006 0.023 -0.003

0.020 0.013 0.009 0.026 0.023 0.049 0.024 0.029 0.014 0.015 0.033 0.036 0.014 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.009

0.015 0.005 -0.013 0.003 0.025 -0.019 0.022 0.030 0.014 0.007 0.015 0.003 0.026 0.014 0.009 0.010 0.017 54
Table 10. States Ranked by 1996 Level of Productivity

Average annual

 1996 1960 growth of productivity 1960-96

State Rank Level Rank Level Rank Growth

CT 1 1.509 20 0.549 2 0.0284

FL 2 1.504 2 0.701 17 0.0212

GA 3 1.398 14 0.560 6 0.0254

NC 4 1.386 22 0.522 3 0.0271

IA 5 1.299 1 0.712 37 0.0167

WA 6 1.287 19 0.554 10 0.0234

ID 7 1.218 21 0.525 11 0.0234

SD 8 1.213 6 0.613 27 0.0190

ME 9 1.208 11 0.593 22 0.0198

DE 10 1.197 10 0.595 24 0.0194

AR 11 1.184 29 0.484 7 0.0249

KY 12 1.181 27 0.496 9 0.0241

CA 13 1.146 7 0.612 35 0.0174

WI 14 1.137 3 0.684 42 0.0141

MN 15 1.132 12 0.592 32 0.0180

NE 16 1.122 17 0.557 23 0.0195

PA 17 1.112 25 0.500 13 0.0222

VT 18 1.102 15 0.560 28 0.0188

SC 19 1.100 36 0.456 8 0.0244

IL 20 1.093 9 0.599 38 0.0167

CO 21 1.083 4 0.654 43 0.0140

NJ 22 1.080 13 0.581 36 0.0172

LA 23 1.074 46 0.386 1 0.0284

NY 24 1.042 8 0.603 39 0.0152

IN 25 1.040 24 0.510 21 0.0198

MS 26 1.034 44 0.398 4 0.0265

MA 27 1.033 33 0.477 15 0.0215

KS 28 1.032 5 0.636 45 0.0134

AL 29 1.000 23 0.511 29 0.0186

ND 30 1.000 40 0.437 12 0.0230

OR 31 0.990 31 0.479 19 0.0202

MI 32 0.981 47 0.384 5 0.0261

NM 33 0.969 37 0.450 16 0.0213

MD 34 0.954 34 0.468 20 0.0198

MO 35 0.933 26 0.498 34 0.0174

AZ 36 0.925 18 0.556 41 0.0142

NH 37 0.924 39 0.442 18 0.0205

VA 38 0.916 43 0.423 14 0.0215

UT 39 0.913 30 0.480 33 0.0179

OH 40 0.884 35 0.460 31 0.0181

NV 41 0.855 16 0.559 46 0.0118

RI 42 0.851 41 0.424 25 0.0193

TX 43 0.778 32 0.478 44 0.0135

TN 44 0.775 45 0.387 26 0.0193

MT 45 0.707 42 0.423 40 0.0143

OK 46 0.699 28 0.490 47 0.0098

WY 47 0.630 38 0.449 48 0.0094

WV 48 0.485 48 0.248 30 0.0186 55
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record

Ball, V. Eldon

U.S. agriculture, 1960-96 : a multilateral comparison of total factor productivity.

(Technical bulletin (United States. Dept. of Agriculture) ; no. 1895)

1. Agricultural productivity--United States--States--Evaluation.

I. Butault, J. P. II. Nehring, Richard.

III. United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service.

IV. Title.

S441

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