IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-1670

Filed June 15, 2016

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

JARROD DALE MAJORS,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Taylor County, David L. 

Christensen, Judge.

Jarrod Majors appeals from the sentence imposed on resentencing. 

AFFIRMED.

Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Bradley M. Bender, 

Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Louis S. Sloven, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee.

Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
2

DANILSON, Chief Judge.

Jarrod Majors appeals from the sentence imposed following an 

individualized resentencing hearing. We find no abuse of discretion and affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

In July 2002, as a result of a home invasion, Majors was charged with 

eleven counts: two counts of attempted murder, one count of first-degree 

burglary while in possession of a firearm, three counts of assault while 

participating in first-degree burglary while in possession of a firearm in a 

weapons-free zone, three counts of going armed with intent, and two counts of 

criminal trespass. He was seventeen years old at the time of the offenses. In 

November 2002, he entered a plea of guilty to one count of attempted murder

and agreed not to appeal. In exchange, the State agreed to dismiss the 

remaining ten counts. However, Majors appealed, and the State proceeded with 

the remaining ten counts. 

On May 13, 2003, Majors agreed to plead guilty to a lesser-included 

offense of second-degree burglary, to dismiss the appeal of his sentence for his 

conviction of attempted murder, and to agree the sentence for burglary would be 

served consecutive to his sentence for attempted murder. The State agreed to 

dismiss the remaining nine counts. Majors waived time for sentencing and

requested immediate sentencing. The district court sentenced Majors to an

indeterminate term in prison not to exceed ten years on the second-degree 

burglary conviction, which was to run consecutively to the twenty-five-year,

attempted-murder sentence. 
3

On May 9, 2014, after having filed several additional motions and two 

applications for postconviction relief,

1 Majors filed a motion to correct an illegal 

sentence. He asserted that because he was a juvenile at the time of the 

commission of the offenses, the imposition of an automatic mandatory minimum 

sentence was illegal. A resentencing hearing was held. The parties stipulated 

that based on the recent rulings of the Iowa Supreme Court, Majors’ motion 

should be granted to the extent that the prior automatic imposition of the

sentencing provision under Iowa Code section 902.12 (2001) constitutes an

illegal sentence. As a result, the parties agreed that Majors was entitled to an 

individualized resentencing hearing. 

The district court than heard and received evidence from the parties, a 

victim-impact statement from one of the victims, and the parties’

recommendations as to what sentences should be imposed. The court took 

Majors’ resentencing under advisement and considered whether the mandatoryminimum sentence pursuant to section 902.12 is subject to his resentencing or if 

such a mandatory sentence is unconstitutional under the cruel and unusual 

punishment clause of the Iowa Constitution, article 1, section 17.

On September 26, 2014, the district court issued a lengthy and 

comprehensive ruling. We quote some of the court’s conclusions. The district 

court noted the Iowa Supreme Court’s recent decisions, the factors to consider in 

juvenile sentencing, and that a lengthy term of incarceration without the 

 

1 See Majors v. State, No. 12-1090, 2013 WL 2637599, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. June 12, 

2013).
4

possibility of parole is to be the exception. The court then considered the factors 

in Majors’ case:

At the time of the commission of these offenses, the 

defendant was only fifteen days from his eighteenth birthday. In the 

appellate opinions finding mandatory minimum sentences

unconstitutional when applied to juvenile offenders, the Iowa 

Supreme Court emphasizes that juveniles’ immaturity reduces their 

culpability because they are subject to impulsive behavior and peer 

pressure, and they have not adequately developed the ability to 

comprehend the full nature and consequences of their actions. 

Given this stance, logic would dictate that as juveniles get older the 

juveniles become more mature, become less subject to impulsive 

behavior and peer pressure, and they are better able to 

comprehend the full nature and consequences of their actions.

Therefore, juveniles who have almost reached the age of [eighteen]

would be substantially mature, minimally subject to impulsive 

behavior and peer pressure, and largely able to comprehend the 

full nature and consequences of their actions. If this logic is applied 

to the facts of this case, the defendant was only fifteen days from 

reaching the age of eighteen, the age at which a person becomes 

fully accountable for the person’s criminal acts.

In assessing whether the defendant’s actions were the result 

of youth or a criminal nature, because this is a resentencing 

hearing instead of an original sentencing hearing, the court has the

benefit of knowing the defendant’s behavior during his eleven years 

of incarceration. The report provided by his counselor lists fifty-five

prison rule violations spread out relatively evenly over the length of 

his period of incarceration. Instead of depicting a person who has 

decreased his impulsivity and gained maturity and understanding of 

consequences, the defendant’s behavioral record in prison paints a 

picture of a person who does not recognize societal rules, now or 

eleven years ago. This record is indicative of a person who had 

developed his adult behaviors and attitudes by the time he 

committed his crimes. While juveniles are more capable of change 

than adults, the defendant’s actions over the past eleven years 

have shown that he is the exceptional juvenile who formed his longterm attitudes and behaviors before reaching the age of majority,

and those negative attitudes and behaviors persist to this date.

The court also took an in-depth examination of the facts of the crimes committed:

[T]he defendant thoroughly planned these crimes, demonstrated 

the patience to wait for the right opportunity and took measures to 

avoid detection, identification, and apprehension. Jamie Peckham 

told how his family attended an activity every Wednesday evening, 
5

and afterward he would drop his wife off at their house and then 

drive their two children around for a while so they would fall asleep. 

The defendant lived across the street from his victims, and it was 

not a coincidence that the defendant entered their home and 

concealed himself in the upstairs bedroom on the same night of the 

week that he had observed this routine taking place. The 

defendant had the foresight to bring duct tape to bind Holly 

Peckham. He wore a mask to conceal his face and gloves to 

ensure that he left no fingerprints. The defendant devised a homemade silencer by taping a plastic bottle over the end of the barrel of 

a rifle. He took measures to avoid apprehension, arming himself 

with a loaded rifle, which had a chambered round, and a machete. 

These facts indicate that the defendant did not act impulsively or as 

the result of any peer pressure, but instead acted carefully and

deliberately, planning the timing and method of his crimes very 

carefully. These facts also indicate that the defendant fully 

understood the nature and potential consequences of his acts. He 

sought to avoid those consequences by concealing his identity and 

trying to ensure he would escape apprehension by arming himself 

with two separate weapons.

Ultimately, the court concluded:

All of these facts demonstrate that the defendant did not act 

under an impulse or peer pressure, and that he had fully 

considered the nature, risks, and potential consequences of his

actions. The defendant cannot use his juvenile status at the time 

he committed these crimes to shield him from full responsibility for 

those crimes. “At the same time, it bears emphasis that while youth 

is a mitigating factor in sentencing, it is not an excuse.” [State v.] 

Null, 836 N.W.2d [41,] 75 [(Iowa 2013)].

After comprehensive consideration of all of the relevant 

factors, for the reasons set forth above, it is the conclusion of the 

court that the defendant is the exceptional case in which sentences

providing for the maximum period of incarceration, including a

mandatory minimum sentencing provision, are appropriate.

The court then entered judgment. On his conviction for burglary in the 

second degree, the court ordered Majors to be sentenced to an indeterminate 

term of imprisonment not to exceed ten years and pay a fine of $1000, as well as 

the statutory surcharges and court costs. The court suspended the imposition of 

the fine and surcharge. On his conviction of attempted murder, the court ordered 
6

Majors to be sentenced to an indeterminate term of imprisonment not to exceed

twenty-five years, ruling Majors must serve at least seventy percent of the

maximum term of the sentence before he is eligible for parole. The court also

ordered that the sentences were to be served consecutively, for a total term of 

incarceration not to exceed thirty-five years.

Majors appeals, contending the district court abused its discretion in 

resentencing him. 

II. Scope and Standard of Review.

Where the claim raised by an appellant is that the district court failed to 

consider any of the required factors or considered any of the required mitigating 

factors to be aggravating, then the sentence imposed has been the product of a 

defective sentencing proceeding, which is unconstitutional. See State v. Lyle, 

854 N.W.2d 378, 402-04 (Iowa 2014); see also State v. Seats, 865 N.W.2d 545, 

553 (Iowa 2015) (stating “we have begun to decide cases involving constitutional 

attacks on the validity of a sentence” and “[w]hen a defendant attacks the 

constitutionality of a sentence, our review is de novo”).

However, where the appellant attacks the legality of the sentence on 

nonconstitutional grounds, our review is for errors at law. Seats, 865 N.W.2d at 

553. If the claim is that the district court has granted an individualized hearing, 

imposed a sentence within the statutory limits, and considered all the required 

factors but the appellant disagrees with the sentence imposed nonetheless, then 

our review is for an abuse of discretion. See id. at 552-53 (noting “a district court 

did not abuse its discretion if the evidence supports the sentence”).
7

III. Discussion.

A flurry of sentencing cases have been handed down in the last few years 

by the United States Supreme Court and our supreme court. A summary of 

these cases alleging cruel and unusual sentences has been well documented in 

our case of State v. Tuecke, No. 15-0617, 2016 WL 1681524, at *3-8 (Iowa Ct. 

App. Apr. 27, 2016). We need not repeat it here. 

The posture of this case requires us to review a resentencing decision to 

determine if, after an individualized sentencing hearing, the court properly 

applied the Miller factors.2 Majors was a juvenile when he committed his crimes 

and was granted such a hearing. Ultimately, the district court concluded this was 

a rare case that necessitated the imposition of the mandatory-minimum seventy 

percent for the offense of attempted murder. 

Majors asserts the district court abused its discretion in resentencing him, 

giving too much weight to some factors and too little weight to others. Appellate 

review for abuse of discretion “‘is not to second guess the decision made by the 

district court, but to determine if it was unreasonable or based on untenable 

grounds.’” Lyle, 854 N.W.2d at 412 (quoting State v. Formaro, 638 N.W.2d 720, 

724-25 (Iowa 2002)). 

Recent precedent requires that a juvenile offender be given individualized 

sentencing consideration. See Null, 836 N.W.2d at 52-56 (providing an overview 

of juveniles, legal responsibility, and diminished culpability). An individualized 

sentencing hearing requires the court to consider several factors:

 

2 Miller v. Alabama, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012). 
8

(1) the “chronological age” of the youth and the features of youth, 

including “immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks 

and consequences”; (2) the “family and home environment” that 

surrounded the youth; (3) “the circumstances of the . . . offense, 

including the extent of [the youth’s] participation in the conduct and 

the way familial and peer pressures may have affected [the youth]”; 

(4) the “incompetencies associated with youth—for example, [the 

youth’s] inability to deal with police officers or prosecutors 

(including on a plea agreement) or [the youth’s] incapacity to assist 

[the youth’s] own attorneys”; and (5) “the possibility of 

rehabilitation.”

State v. Ragland, 836 N.W.2d 107, 115 n.6 (Iowa 2013).

Additionally, our supreme court has stated that the purpose of an 

individualized sentencing hearing is for the court to “undertake an analysis of 

‘everything the United States Supreme Court said in Roper and Graham’ about 

youth.” Null, 836 N.W.2d at 74 (citation omitted). The trial court “must recognize 

that because children are constitutionally different from adults, they ordinarily 

cannot be held to the same standard of culpability as adults in criminal 

sentencing.” Id. The court must also recognize that “juveniles are more capable 

of change than are adults and that as a result, their actions are less likely to be 

evidence of irretrievably depraved character.” Id. at 75. “At the same time, it 

bears emphasis that while youth is a mitigating factor in sentencing, it is not an 

excuse.” Id.

More recently, in Seats, the court explained further:

In sentencing the juvenile offender, the court must take into 

account any information in the record regarding “the family and 

home environment that surrounds him—and from which he cannot 

usually extricate himself—no matter how brutal or dysfunctional.”

In examining the “family and home environment,” the judge shall 

consider any information regarding childhood abuse, parental 

neglect, personal and family drug or alcohol abuse, prior exposure 

to violence, lack of parental supervision, lack of an adequate

education, and the juvenile’s susceptibility to psychological or 
9

emotional damage. The sentencing judge should consider these 

family and home environment vulnerabilities together with the 

juvenile’s lack of maturity, underdeveloped sense of responsibility, 

and vulnerability to peer pressure as mitigating, not aggravating, 

factors.

. . . .

Finally, the sentencing judge must take into consideration 

that “[j]uveniles are more capable of change than are adults” and 

that as a result, “their actions are less likely to be evidence of 

‘irretrievably depraved character.’” . . . It is very difficult for a judge 

to distinguish between “‘the juvenile offender whose crime reflects 

unfortunate yet transient immaturity, and the rare juvenile offender 

whose crime reflects irreparable corruption.’”

865 N.W.2d at 556 (citations omitted). The court “must take into account any 

information in the record regarding these factors. Id. (emphasis added).

In addition, we are guided by the 2014 decision of Lyle, 854 N.W.2d at 

402. There, our supreme court noted that judges are not prohibited from 

sentencing juveniles to prison for the length of time identified by the legislature 

for the crime committed, and the legislature is not prohibited from imposing a 

minimum time that youthful offenders must serve in prison before being eligible 

for parole. Lyle, 854 N.W.2d at 402. But, the sentencing court is to “consider all 

the circumstances of each case to craft an appropriate sentence and give each 

juvenile the individual sentencing attention they deserve and our constitution 

demands.” Id. The court identified the relevant sentencing factors to be 

considered by the district court:

Under article I, section 17 of the Iowa Constitution, the 

portion of the statutory sentencing schema requiring a juvenile to 

serve seventy percent of the period of incarceration before parole 

eligibility may not be imposed without a prior determination by the 

district court that the minimum period of incarceration without 

parole is warranted under the factors identified in Miller and further 

explained in Null.

Id. at 404 n.10 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
10

But then in the case of State v. Sweet, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ , 2016 WL 

3023726, at *29 (Iowa 2016), the supreme court adopted a categorical rule that 

juvenile offenders may not be sentenced to life without the possibility of parole 

under article 1, section 17 of the Iowa Constitution. In reaching this conclusion, 

the supreme court decimated the use of the Miller factors, describing one factor 

as “not . . . very helpful,” Sweet, 2016 WL 3023726 at *27, and another factor 

“fraught with risks.” Id., 2016 WL 3023726 at *28. Ultimately, the court stated 

the Miller factors cannot be applied in any principled way—at least as it pertains 

to whether parole eligibility should be granted for a juvenile defendant facing a 

life sentence. 

Unfortunately, the principles in Lyle, requiring the application of the Miller

factors to determine if a mandatory-minimum sentence should be imposed upon 

a juvenile offender serving or required to serve a term of years, were not 

overruled in Sweet. Therein lies our dilemma. Do we follow the principles of 

Lyle, or conclude the principles of Lyle have been completely eroded by the 

decision in Sweet? 

We conclude the resolution of this question has been best answered in 

Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997). In Agostini, the United States Supreme 

Court stated,

We do not acknowledge, and we do not hold, that other 

courts should conclude our more recent cases have, by implication, 

overruled an earlier precedent. We reaffirm that “[i]f a precedent of 

this Court has direct application in a case, yet appears to rest on 

reasons rejected in some other line of decisions, the Court of 

Appeals should follow the case which directly controls, leaving to 

this Court the prerogative of overruling its own decisions.” 
11

521 U.S. at 237 (alteration in original) (citing Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson,

490 U.S. 477, 484 (1989)). 

Our supreme court has said much the same in stating, 

Yet it is the prerogative of this court to determine the law, 

and we think that generally the trial courts are under a duty to follow 

it as expressed by the courts of last resort, as they understand it, 

even though they may disagree. If our previous holdings are to be 

overruled, we should ordinarily prefer to do it ourselves.

State v. Eichler, 83 N.W.2d 576, 578 (Iowa 1957).

Because Lyle, as well as State v. Pearson, 863 N.W.2d 88, 95-97 (Iowa 

2013), a similar case involving a juvenile offender facing a mandatory-minimum 

sentence, have not been overruled and directly control the issue before us, we 

remain bound by the principles of Lyle. 

Here, the district court noted eight factors that it considered in reaching its 

sentencing decision: 

In considering the appropriate sentences to be imposed in this 

case, the court has considered the following factors: (1) the 

defendant’s prior record of convictions; (2) the defendant’s 

employment circumstances, including the defendant’s economic 

circumstances; (3) the defendant’s family circumstances; (4) the 

plea agreement; (5) the nature of offenses, including whether a 

weapon or force was used and the effect on the victims; (6) the 

maximum opportunity for rehabilitation of the defendant; (7) the

protection of the community and society; and (8) the age of the 

defendant. In determining the appropriate sentences to be 

imposed the court considered the mitigating and aggravating

circumstances, to the extent such circumstances exist, in relation to 

each of these factors.

The court then discussed each of those eight factors. After considering 

those factors, the court specifically found that Majors was the “exceptional case 

in which sentences providing for the maximum period of incarceration, including

a mandatory minimum sentencing provision, are appropriate.” The district court 
12

did provide an individualized sentencing hearing, imposed a sentence within the 

allowable statutory framework, and carefully considered the factors stated in Null

and Lyle to the extent the record reflected information on each factor.

3

 We 

cannot say the sentences imposed were unreasonable or based upon untenable 

grounds. We find no abuse of discretion. We affirm.

AFFIRMED.

 

3 We acknowledge the district court stated the older the juvenile—the more intelligent 

and mature they can expected to be. The court in Sweet found this fact “not a very 

helpful factor” in determining if a juvenile facing a life sentence should be afforded 

immediate parole eligibility. Although the child’s age may not serve as a proper basis to 

determine maturity, the court gave consideration to the child’s age as it was required to 

do, and we decline to be hyper-technical to say the court abused its discretion.