NO. 12-19-00016-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS

ERIC C. RALLS, 

APPELLANT

V.

BRIAN FUNK,

APPELLEE

§

§

§

APPEAL FROM THE 7TH

JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Eric Ralls appeals from an adverse summary judgment rendered against him in Appellee 

Brian Funk’s breach of contract suit. In a single issue, Ralls asserts the trial court erred in denying 

his motion to quash deemed admissions, the summary judgment is improper, and the attorney’s

fees awarded are unreasonable. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

On January 1, 2014, Funk agreed to loan $65,000 to Ralls, memorialized by a promissory 

note. On that same date, the parties entered into a consultant agreement by which Ralls agreed to 

pay Funk $47,840 for certain services he was to provide. Ralls failed to pay the amounts due under 

the note or the agreement, and Funk sued to recover the sums owed.

The court rendered partial summary judgment in favor of Funk on the cause of action to 

recover on the promissory note on April 10, 2018 and severed that cause from the breach of 

contract cause. Funk served his first request for admissions on Ralls on September 19, 2018, to 

be answered within thirty days. Funk filed a motion for summary judgment in the breach of 
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contract case on October 23, 2018, relying on his unsworn declaration1 and Ralls’s deemed 

admissions to prove his case.

On November 8, 2018, Ralls served responses to Funk’s request for admissions via 

facsimile wherein Ralls denied that Funk performed any consulting services for him. On 

November 19, 2018, Ralls filed a motion to quash deemed admissions and, in the alternative, 

undeem the responses. He claimed to have mistakenly believed that discovery had been abated 

and argued that the request for admissions impermissibly addressed controverted issues making 

up the fundamental legal issues of the case. He specifically argued that Funk provided no evidence 

of his performance of the contract other than the deemed admission. On the same day, Ralls filed 

his response to the motion for summary judgment. The response is supported by numerous

exhibits including Ralls’s response to Funk’s request for admissions. Ralls also argued that Funk’s

self-serving declaration that he performed is not proof. 

Funk filed objections to Ralls’s summary judgment evidence. The trial court granted 

Funk’s objections to the evidence and granted his motion for summary judgment. The court 

ordered Ralls to pay the principal amount of $41,340, plus interest and attorney’s fees. The court 

also denied Ralls’s motion to quash the deemed admissions. This appeal ensued.

DEEMED ADMISSIONS

In his sole issue, Ralls attacks the summary judgment by way of his assertion that the trial 

court abused its discretion in failing to quash, and erred by relying on, deemed admissions. Ralls 

asserts that good cause exists to allow withdrawal of the deemed admissions because he mistakenly 

believed that discovery was abated pending mediation. He also argues that use of the deemed 

admissions violates due process because one of the admissions is merits-preclusive, and its use is 

a prohibited attempt to get him to admit that Funk has a valid cause of action and he has no ground 

of defense. He further contends that Funk did not meet his burden to show that Ralls’s failure to 

answer the admissions resulted from flagrant bad faith or callous disregard of the rules. 

Standard of Review and Applicable Law

Once an action is filed, a party may serve written requests for admissions that can 

encompass any matter within the scope of discovery. TEX. R. CIV. P. 198.1. If the opposing party 

does not serve its responses to the admissions requests within thirty days, the matters in the 

 1 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 132.001 (West 2019).
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requests are deemed admitted against the party without the necessity of a court order. Id. 198.2(c). 

Any matter admitted or deemed admitted is conclusively established unless the court, on motion, 

permits withdrawal or amendment of the admission. Id. 198.3; Marshall v. Vise, 767 S.W.2d 699, 

700 (Tex. 1989).

We review the denial of a request to withdraw deemed admissions for an abuse of 

discretion. Stelly v. Papania 927 S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam). Withdrawal of 

deemed admissions is permitted upon a showing of good cause for failure to timely respond and a 

finding by the trial court that (1) the party relying upon the deemed admissions will not be unduly 

prejudiced, and (2) presentation of the merits of the action will be served by the withdrawal. TEX.

R. CIV. P. 198.3; Marino v. King, 355 S.W.3d 629, 633 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam). The party 

seeking withdrawal of the deemed admissions has the burden to establish good cause. Boulet v. 

State, 189 S.W.3d 833, 836 (Tex. App.−Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). Good cause is 

established by showing the failure involved was an accident or mistake, not intentional or the result 

of conscious indifference. Wheeler v. Green, 157 S.W.3d 439, 442 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam). 

A different standard applies when the deemed admissions are merits preclusive. See id. at 

443-444. When requests for admissions are used as intended, addressing uncontroverted matters 

or evidentiary ones like authenticity or admissibility of documents, deeming admissions by default 

is unlikely to compromise presentation of the merits. Id. at 443. Requests for admissions were 

never intended to require a defendant to admit the validity of a plaintiff’s claims or concede his 

defenses. Marino, 355 S.W.3d at 632. When a party uses deemed admissions to try to preclude 

presentation of the merits, where the requestor essentially seeks an admission of liability, the 

deemed admission can amount to a death-penalty sanction. Medina v. Zuniga, No. 17-0498, 2019 

WL 1868012, at *3 (Tex. April 26, 2019). In that instance, constitutional due process concerns 

arise. Marino, 355 S.W.3d at 632. 

When requests for admissions are merits preclusive, the trial court is required to allow their 

withdrawal unless the party requesting withdrawal acted with flagrant bad faith or callous 

disregard for the rules in failing to timely respond to requests for admissions. Wheeler, 157 

S.W.3d at 443. Ordinarily, the burden of showing good cause lies with the party seeking 

withdrawal of deemed admissions. See Boulet, 189 S.W.3d at 836. But when the requests for 

admission are merits preclusive, the party opposing the withdrawal of the admissions has the 
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burden to show that the party seeking the withdrawal acted with bad faith or callous disregard of 

the rules. See Marino, 355 S.W.3d at 634. 

Simple bad judgment does not rise to the level of bad faith or callous disregard for the 

rules. Ramirez v. Noble Energy, Inc., 521 S.W.3d 851, 860 (Tex. App.−Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, 

no pet.). Bad faith is the conscious doing of a wrong for dishonest, discriminatory, or malicious 

purpose. Time Warner, Inc. v. Gonzalez, 441 S.W.3d 661, 666 (Tex. App.−San Antonio 2014, 

pet. denied). A determination of bad faith or callous disregard can be made when a party is mindful 

of pending deadlines and nonetheless either consciously or flagrantly fails to comply with the rules. 

Ramirez, 521 S.W.3d at 860. When no showing of bad faith or callous disregard for the rules is 

made, it is presumed that presentation of the merits would be served by allowing withdrawal of

the deemed admissions. See Marino, 355 S.W.3d at 634; In re Sewell, 472 S.W.3d 449, 456 (Tex. 

App.−Texarkana 2015, orig. proceeding).

Finally, to permit withdrawal, the evidence must also show that the opposing party will not 

be unduly prejudiced by the withdrawal of the merits-preclusive admissions. See Marino, 355 

S.W.3d at 633. Undue prejudice may be shown if withdrawing an admission or filing a late 

response will delay trial or significantly hamper the opposing party’s ability to prepare for it. See

Wheeler, 157 S.W.3d at 443.

Analysis

On September 19, 2018, Funk served Ralls requests for admissions, production, and 

interrogatories regarding the breach of contract claim. Funk requested only three admissions. 

They are as follows:

No. 1: Admit Defendant signed the Consultant Agreement.

No. 2: Admit Plaintiff performed Plaintiff’s obligations 

under the Consultant Agreement.

No. 3: Admit Defendant did not pay Plaintiff the Fee, as the 

term is defined in the Consultant Agreement. 

The due date for Ralls’s responses was October 19, 2018. Funk’s October 23 motion for 

summary judgment put Ralls on notice that the deemed admissions were to be used against him. 

Ralls’s untimely responses to the request for admissions were served on November 8 and his 

untimely responses to interrogatories were served on November 11. 
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Merits-Preclusive Discovery Sanction

In his November 8 answers to the requests, Ralls admitted the first and third requests for 

admission. The first and third requests clearly involved uncontroverted facts and therefore are 

unobjectionable. See id. On appeal, Ralls complains only of the second request, arguing that the 

issue of whether Funks performed his obligations under the contract is “the basis for the merit” of 

his breach of contract claim. He argues that, by this request, Funk asks Ralls to admit to the 

validity of the claim and concede he has no defense, matters that are in dispute. We agree that 

deemed admission number two is merits preclusive. This request did not seek to discover 

information. It relieved Funk of the burden to prove an ultimate issue of fact necessary to establish 

his case, that he performed as required by the consultant agreement. This was not a proper use of 

requests for admissions, and it implicates due process concerns. See Marino, 355 S.W.3d at 632. 

Therefore, we consider whether Funk demonstrated that Ralls, in failing to timely respond to the 

request for admissions, acted in flagrant bad faith or with callous disregard for the rules.

Flagrant Bad Faith or Callous Disregard

Ralls filed his motion to quash the deemed admissions on November 19, 2018, asserting

that his failure to timely respond to the request for admissions was due to mistake. He claimed

that, “[d]uring the process of negotiating settlement of the note judgment, the parties agreed to 

abate discovery and to mediate the note.” Ralls believed discovery remained abated. He presented 

no evidence in support of his motion.

Partial summary judgment was granted in favor of Funk on the promissory note cause of 

action on April 6, 2018. A severance order was rendered on May 22, 2018, making this a final 

judgment. On August 10, 2018, Funk served requests for production on Ralls with an initial 

response deadline of September 10 that was later extended to September 25, 2018. By these 

requests, Funk sought financial information to aid in collection of the April 6 judgment. On 

October 23, 2018, Funk filed a motion to compel production of documents pertaining to the April 

6 judgment. Ralls did not produce any documents, although he did pay off the April 6 judgment. 

The original scheduling order provides that discovery was to be completed by January 11, 

2019. The record contains no abatement order or evidence of an agreement between the parties. 

The record does contain Funk’s counsel’s declaration in which he states there was no agreement 

to extend the October 19 deadline. Funk’s September 19, 2018 request for admissions was served 

prior to the scheduling order’s cutoff and long after the judgment on the note had been rendered. 
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Ralls has not identified a logical connection between abatement of discovery in the breach of 

contract cause of action and negotiations regarding collection on the note. 

To sum up, Ralls answered three weeks late and never produced documents. Although 

requests and responses were sent within the court’s scheduling order deadline, there was no written 

agreement between the parties to extend the deadline for responses to Funk’s requests for 

admissions, or a court order of abatement. Ralls’s excuse, based on an untethered assertion, invites 

skepticism. His failure to confirm the due date was imprudent. However, there is nothing in the 

record to show Ralls consciously missed the deadline for dishonest, discriminatory, or malicious 

purposes. See Time Warner, Inc., 441 S.W.3d at 666. Ralls’s untimeliness does not rise to the 

level of flagrant bad faith or callous disregard for the rules. We presume that presentation of the 

merits would be served by allowing withdrawal of the deemed admissions. See In re Sewell, 472 

S.W.3d at 456.

Finally, allowing withdrawal of the admissions would not delay a trial or significantly 

hamper Funk’s ability to prepare for trial. Funk was already in possession of Ralls’s responses.

Further, Funk had already moved for summary judgment, and the motion was supported by 

evidence other than the admissions. Therefore, there was no showing that withdrawing the 

admissions would lead to undue prejudice. See Wheeler, 157 S.W.3d at 443. We conclude that

withdrawal of the merits-preclusive admission was required. See id. Accordingly, the trial court 

abused its discretion in failing to grant Ralls’s motion to quash the deemed admissions. See Stelly, 

927 S.W.2d at 622. 

SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Ralls does not contest the existence of the agreement. He argues that a deemed admission 

satisfied a fundamental issue in the case, the element of performance of the contract, and, therefore,

rendering summary judgment on that deemed admission is reversible error. As explained above, 

the trial court erred by not withdrawing the deemed admissions, and we will review the summary 

judgment without considering the deemed admissions as evidence.

Standard of Review and Applicable Law

A party moving for traditional summary judgment bears the burden of showing that no 

genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R.

CIV. P. 166a(c). A plaintiff moving for summary judgment must conclusively establish all 
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essential elements of his cause of action as a matter of law. MMP, Ltd. v. Jones, 710 S.W.2d 59, 

60 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam). Once the movant establishes his right to summary judgment as a 

matter of law, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to present evidence raising a genuine issue of 

material fact. Amedisys, Inc. v. Kingwood Home Health Care, LLC, 437 S.W.3d 507, 511 (Tex. 

2014).

To determine if there is a fact issue, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to 

the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors could do so, 

and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. Mann Frankfort Stein & 

Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). The evidence raises a genuine 

issue of fact if reasonable and fair minded jurors could differ in their conclusions in light of all the 

summary judgment evidence. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex. 

2007) (per curiam).

To prove a breach of contract claim, the following elements must be satisfied: 1) a valid 

contract, 2) the plaintiff performed or tendered performance, 3) the defendant breached the 

contract, and 4) the plaintiff was damaged as a result of the breach. Critchfield v. Smith, 151 

S.W.3d 225, 233 (Tex. App.−Tyler 2004, pet. denied). 

Analysis

In support of his motion for summary judgment, Funk presented his declaration, the 

consultant agreement, the promissory note, and the declaration of his attorney, Gwen I. Walraven. 

Paragraph three of the agreement provided in its entirety: “Consultant will provide services in 

connection [sic] internet arbitrage transactions related to Owner’s interest in the website known as 

Red Orbit.” In his declaration, Funk explained that he and Ralls entered into a consultation 

agreement on January 1, 2014, in which he agreed to provide Ralls with consultation services 

regarding internet arbitrage transactions related to Ralls’s interest in a website known as Red Orbit. 

In exchange for those services, Ralls agreed to pay Funk $47,840. Both parties signed the 

agreement. Funk also stated in his declaration: “In the regular course of my business, I provided 

the Services to Ralls. The Fee came due on January 1, 2015. Ralls failed to pay the Fee, which is 

defined in the Agreement. The principal amount due and owing under the terms of the Agreement 

is $41,340.” This evidence proves the elements of Funk’s breach of contract claim and Funk’s 

entitlement to summary judgment. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); MMP, Ltd., 710 S.W.2d at 60;

Critchfield, 151 S.W.3d at 233.
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After Funk established his right to summary judgment as a matter of law, the burden shifted 

to Ralls to present evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact. Amedisys, Inc., 437 S.W.3d 

at 511. Ralls submitted evidence in support of his response to the motion for summary judgment, 

Funk objected to the evidence, and the trial court sustained the objections. Ralls did not complain 

of that ruling on appeal. Accordingly, Ralls did not raise a genuine issue of material fact. The 

trial court did not commit reversible error in granting the summary judgment for Funk. See TEX.

R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

ATTORNEY’S FEES

Ralls contends the trial court erred in awarding attorney’s fees to Funk. He alludes to due 

process issues and asserts that Funk’s claim should fail. Further, he argues that the evidence does 

not support the fee award. Specifically, he asserts the amount awarded is not fair, just, or 

reasonable. We disagree. As explained above, summary judgment in favor of Funk on his breach 

of contract cause of action was proper.

A party may recover reasonable attorney’s fees in a breach of contract case if the party 

claiming the fees prevails on its breach of contract claim and recovers damages. TEX. CIV. PRAC.

& REM. CODE ANN. § 38.001(8) (West 2015); Woodhaven Partners, Ltd. v. Shamoun & Norman, 

L.L.P., 422 S.W.3d 821, 837-38 (Tex. App.−Dallas 2014, no pet.). A “reasonable” attorney’s fee 

is one that is not excessive or extreme, but rather moderate or fair. Sullivan v. Abraham, 488 

S.W.3d 294, 299 (Tex. 2016). The award of attorney’s fees generally rests in the sound discretion 

of the trial court. El Apple I, Ltd. v. Olivas, 370 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2012). We review the 

amount awarded as attorney’s fees under a legal sufficiency standard. See Rohrmoos Venture v. 

UTSW DVA Healthcare, LLP, 578 S.W.3d 469, 489 (Tex. 2019). If an award of trial attorney’s 

fees is mandatory under Section 38.001, an award of appellate attorney’s fees is likewise 

mandatory. Ventling v. Johnson, 466 S.W.3d 143, 154 (Tex. 2015).

Under the lodestar method of calculating reasonable attorney’s fees, the trial court 

multiplies the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation by a reasonable hourly billing 

rate. El Apple I, Ltd., 370 S.W.3d at 760. The product is the base fee or lodestar. Id. The court 

may then adjust the lodestar up or down, if necessary to reach a reasonable rate. Id. A lodestar

calculation presumptively produces a reasonable and necessary fee. Rohrmoos Venture, 578 

S.W.3d at 499. The party seeking the fees has the burden of proof and should address (1) the 
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nature of the work, (2) who performed it and their respective rates, (3) when the services were 

performed, and (4) the number of hours worked. El Apple I, Ltd., 370 S.W.3d at 762-63. There 

must be evidence of time spent on specific tasks. Long v. Griffin, 422 S.W.3d 253, 255 (Tex. 

2014). As with fees awarded for work during a trial, there must be evidence of the reasonableness 

of fees for appellate work to support the award of appellate attorney’s fees. Siegler v. Williams, 

658 S.W.2d 236, 241 (Tex. App.−Houston [1st Dist.] 1983, no writ). 

Funk’s lead counsel, Gwen Walraven, prepared a lengthy declaration dated October 23, 

2018, setting out details on which she based her attorney’s fees. She stated that she is familiar 

with the type of litigation involved in this matter and the legal services ordinarily and necessarily 

performed by attorneys handling such a matter. She said she is familiar with the reasonable, usual,

and customary attorney’s fees normally charged for handling this type of litigation in Texas. She 

identified her hourly rate, between $450 and $480 per hour, and stated that it is reasonable and 

customary in Dallas and Smith Counties for an attorney with her experience. Walraven also stated 

that all services she performed in connection with this matter were necessary. She listed the legal 

services provided and identified how much time she spent on each task. She stated that she 

expended in excess of 50.3 hours working on the case and anticipated working at least another 

four hours on the case.

Walraven also stated that her associate, Scott Larson, expended in excess of 85.2 hours on 

this case and will spend an additional twelve hours on the case, and his legal fee rate has been 

between $310 and $350 per hour. She stated that all services performed by Larson in connection 

with this matter were necessary. She listed the specific legal services Larson provided and stated 

the amount of time spent on each task. Walraven also identified $1,720.71 in expenses and costs 

related to prosecution of this case. She stated that the sum of at least $58,385.91 is the usual, 

customary, and reasonable fee for the legal services rendered in this matter. Her calculations 

included fees incurred in prosecuting both the claim on the note and the breach of contract claim.

In her declaration, Walraven also addressed a total of $46,000 in potential legal fees that 

could be incurred post-judgment, depending on how far the parties take the contest. She identified

separate reasonable amounts for each stage of the case. 

We conclude that Funk’s expert presented legally sufficient evidence to support the trial 

court’s award of attorney’s fees. Walraven’s declaration identified the attorneys’ experience level 

and their hourly rate, the work performed, and the time attributed to particular tasks. Accordingly,
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the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding those fees. See El Apple I, Ltd., 370 S.W.3d 

at 762-73. We overrule Ralls’s sole issue.

DISPOSITION

Having overruled Ralls’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

BRIAN HOYLE

Justice

Opinion delivered October 31, 2019.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.

(PUBLISH)
COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

JUDGMENT

OCTOBER 31, 2019

NO. 12-19-00016-CV

ERIC C. RALLS,

Appellant

V.

BRIAN FUNK,

Appellee

Appeal from the 7th District Court 

of Smith County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 17-1625-A)

THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed herein, 

and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the judgment.

It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment of 

the court below be in all things affirmed, and that all costs of this appeal are hereby adjudged 

against the Appellant, ERIC C. RALLS, for which execution may issue, and that this decision be 

certified to the court below for observance.

Brian Hoyle, Justice.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.