NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS 

 

E.D. Tabs March 1998

Residence and Migration

of First-time Freshmen

Enrolled in Degree-Granting

Institutions: Fall 1996

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Education Research and Improvement NCES 98-277
iii

Highlights

This report presents detailed tabulations of data on the residence and migration of first-time

freshmen enrolled in degree-granting institutions in the fall of 1996. The data are from the

residency portion of the "Fall Enrollment" survey, part of the Integrated Postsecondary Education

Data System (IPEDS) of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)1

. IPEDS provides

comprehensive and consistent data for all postsecondary institutions in the United States and

outlying areas, including those institutions that grant an associate's or higher degree.

The 1996 IPEDS Fall Enrollment survey collected information on the number of students enrolled

in postsecondary institutions by student level, enrollment status (full- or part-time), race/ethnicity

and gender. It also collected enrollment by state of residence2 for all first-time freshmen including

those first-time freshmen who had graduated from high school in the 12 months preceding the fall

of 1996. Residence data are reported for all 4-year degree-granting institutions and 2-year degreegranting higher education institutions3

 that were eligible to participate in Title IV federal financial

aid programs in the 1996-97 academic year. 

Previous reports of the residence and migration of first time college students were limited to those

institutions that were accredited at the college level by an agency recognized by the Secretary of

Education, whether or not they granted a degree. The Department of Education no longer

recognizes a distinction between Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions that are accredited at

the college level and those that have vocational accreditation. As a result, for the 1996 IPEDS

surveys there was no current universe of 'higher education' institutions as defined by accreditation

status. 

The tables in this report are presented by state, by control (public and private) and level of

institution, for all first-time freshmen and separately for first-time freshmen who graduated from

high school in the 12 months prior to the fall of 1996. Additional data for private nonprofit

institutions are provided in appendix B.

The IPEDS residence report for the fall of 1996 accounted for 2.22 million first-time freshmen. 

Almost 380,000 of these freshmen (17.1 percent of all enrolled first-time freshmen) migrated

 1

Additional data from the fall enrollment part of the survey will also be published and

made available to interested readers; see U. S. Department of Education, National Center for

Education Statistics, Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions: Fall 1996.

2

State of residence is the state identified by the student as his/her permanent address at

the time of application to the institution. This may be the legal residence of a parent or guardian,

or the state in which a student has a driver’s license or is registered to vote. It is not necessarily

the state in which the student’s high school is located.

3

Higher education institutions are those accredited at the collegiate level by an agency

recognized by the Secretary, U.S. Department of Education for the 1995-1996 academic year.
iv

between states; that is, they enrolled in a degree-granting postsecondary institution that was in a

state different from the student's state of residence (table 1). 

The percent of first-time freshmen who left their state to attend college varied considerably by state,

ranging from a low of 6.4 percent in California to a high of 55.2 percent in the District of Columbia

(figure 2 and table 3). Additional states that had 10 percent or less of their freshmen leaving the

state included Alabama (8.7 percent), Arizona (9.2 percent), Iowa (9.9 percent), Kansas (10.0

percent), Michigan (9.2 percent), Mississippi (7.0 percent), North Carolina (8.4 percent), Oklahoma

(10.0 percent), Texas (8.1 percent), Utah (6.5 percent), and Washington (7.0 percent). In addition

to the District of Columbia, states that had 30 percent or more of their first-time freshmen leave the

state to attend college included Alaska (50.3 percent), Connecticut (44.3 percent), Maine (38.7

percent), Maryland (30 percent), New Hampshire (42.4 percent), New Jersey (37.1 percent), Rhode

Island (32.8 percent), South Dakota (30.1 percent) and Vermont (43.9 percent).

Several states had sufficiently large numbers of freshmen students migrating into their state to

attend college to significantly affect the state's total enrollment of first-time freshmen. For

example, in-migrants comprised 85 percent of the District of Columbia's total enrollment of firsttime freshmen; in New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont over half their classes of first-time

freshmen were from out of state; and in Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Nevada, and North

Dakota, between 30 and 49 percent of the state's enrollment of first-time freshmen were from a

different state (figure 1 and table 3).

First-time freshmen who had graduated from high school in the 12 months prior to the fall of 1996

comprised only about 70 percent of the total class of first-time freshmen. This varied by state of

residence, ranging from a low of 38 percent in Washington to a high of 81 percent in North Dakota

and Virginia (derived from tables 1 and 2). It also varied by the level of institution. Among 4-year

institutions, the percentage of all first-time freshmen who were recent high school graduates ranged

from a high of 94 percent in Iowa to a low of 73 percent in Utah (figure 3). Among 2-year

institutions, the percentage ranged from a high of 70 percent in North Dakota to a low of 24 percent

in Washington state (figure 4). The migration of recent high school graduates out of their states of

residence to attend college resembled the migration of all first-time freshmen. 

A slightly higher percentage of recent high school graduates than all first-time freshmen (20 vs. 17

percent, tables 1 and 2) left their home state to attend college. The percent of enrollment of recent

high school graduates due to in-migration was generally higher in states that had a high percentage

of freshmen in-migrants (table 3). Similarly, in states that had a high percentage of out-migrating

freshmen, the percent of recent graduates who left the state to enroll in school was higher than that

of first-time freshmen as a whole (figure 2 and table 3).

The migration patterns of first-time freshmen have been relatively stable since 1992. Enrollment

due to the in-migration of first-time freshmen fluctuated by 5 percentage points or more in only 5

states between any two of the three most recent points in time that residence and migration data

have been collected (1992, 1994, and 1996) (table 4), while the percent of enrolled residents leaving

a state changed by 5 percentage points or more in only 6 states between these three reference points

(table 4). 
v

In most states where relatively large changes have occurred either in the percent of enrollment due

to in-migration or in the percent of enrolled first-time freshmen leaving the state, these changes

occurred because of a pattern of increases or decreases over the three points in time. For example,

the percent of enrollment due to in-migration in Idaho dropped from 32.5 percent in 1992 to 27.3

percent in 1994 to 24.5 percent in 1996. Similarly, the percent of enrolled first-time freshmen

leaving South Dakota rose from 24.6 percent in 1992 to 24.8 percent in 1994 to 30.2 percent in

1996. Eighteen states had an increasingly higher percentage of enrollment due to in-migration over

the period from 1992 to 1996. Included in this group are Arizona, Connecticut, Maine, Michigan,

and Utah. Twenty-four states had an increasing percentage of first-time students leaving the state to

attend college, including Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, North Dakota, and Rhode Island.

In the fall of 1996, almost 23 percent of all first-time freshmen and 26 percent of recent high school

graduate first-time freshmen were enrolled in private degree-granting postsecondary education

institutions in the nation. Almost 53 percent of all first-time freshmen and almost 58 percent of

recent graduate first-time freshmen who migrated between states enrolled in private institutions

(tables 10 and 11).

The percent of all first-time freshmen enrolled in private degree-granting higher education

institutions ranged from over 40 percent in Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Massachusetts,

New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont to less than 10 percent in Kansas,

Mississippi, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Washington and Wyoming. In all but 17 states, at

least one-half of the individuals who left the state to attend college for the first time did so to attend

a private institution. States with a large number of private degree-granting postsecondary

institutions were the primary beneficiaries of this migration. In Massachusetts, for example, where

72.5 percent of the degree-granting postsecondary institutions are private, and private institutions

make up 59 percent of total FTE enrollment in the state4

, 88 percent of the first-time freshmen who

migrated into Massachusetts attended a private institution (table 10).

First-time students were also more likely to go out of state to attend 4-year rather than 2-year

institutions. Overall, in the fall of 1996, almost 54 percent of first-time freshmen were enrolled in

4-year institutions (table 14). However, only 47.9 percent remained in state to attend 4-year

schools, whereas 82.9 percent of those migrating out of state did so to attend 4-year schools (table

14). Among first-time freshmen who were recent high school graduates, over two-thirds were

enrolled in 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions. Sixty-two percent remained in their

home state to attend 4-year colleges, but 91 percent of those who left their home state, left to attend

4-year schools (table 15).

 

 4

State Higher Education Profiles: Sixth Edition, U.S. Department of Education, National

Center for Education Statistics, 1993.
Figure 1.—Percent of enrollment of all first-time freshman due to in-migration 

 in degree-granting institutions, Fall 1996 1/

1/ Includes all eligible 4-year degree-granting institutions and eligible 2-year degree granting institutions that were classified as

 higher education institutions in academic year 1995-96.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS),

(IPEDS), "Fall Enrollment Survey", Fall 1996

17.07

18.17

13.57

21.02

14.84

6.38

25.37

34.21

40.58

84.99

19.83

18.39

20.04

24.49

8.65

21.13

20.23

15.00

15.77

15.22

28.91

23.62

37.07

9.52

18.93

13.88

21.59

20.90

18.00

30.52

51.24

9.66

18.09

16.46

21.76

32.77

14.82

12.51

21.78

23.02

56.39

19.28

27.27

21.12

8.19

28.46

60.36

27.55

12.65

24.72

15.53

26.07

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

U.S. and outlying areas

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

State

Percent

vi
Figure 2.—Percent of residents enrolled as first-time freshmen in degree-granting 

 institutions, who left the state, Fall 1996 1/

1/ Includes all eligible 4-year degree-granting institutions and eligible 2-year degree granting institutions that were classified as 

 higher education institutions in academic year 1995-96.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS),

(IPEDS), "Fall Enrollment Survey", Fall 1996

17.07

8.70

50.34

9.17

12.22

6.37

17.40

44.33

25.02

55.21

15.23

13.89

23.40

22.52

15.66

11.89

9.93

10.00

12.74

12.91

38.70

30.04

26.06

9.24

18.31

6.98

16.42

24.60

15.36

26.86

42.37

37.08

21.45

17.46

8.41

22.38

12.16

9.98

17.98

16.20

32.78

11.42

30.11

14.91

8.08

6.47

43.93

19.79

7.03

16.12

14.70

25.87

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

U.S. and outlying areas

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

State

Percent

vii
Figure 3.—First-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past 12 months as 

 a percent of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting 4-year 

 institutions, by state of residence, Fall 1996 1/

1/ Includes all eligible 4-year degree-granting institutions and eligible 2-year degree granting institutions that were classified as

 higher education institutions in academic year 1995-96.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS),

(IPEDS), "Fall Enrollment Survey", Fall 1996

94.1

92.6

92.3

92.3

91.7

91.1

91.1

91.0

90.8

90.1

89.9

89.9

89.6

89.6

89.2

89.1

88.9

88.9

88.6

88.6

88.4

88.3

88.2

88.0

87.2

87.2

87.2

87.1

86.7

86.4

86.3

86.3

86.3

86.1

85.7

85.5

85.2

85.0

84.2

83.7

83.1

82.3

82.2

82.0

80.9

80.7

80.0

78.2

78.0

77.0

75.9

72.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Iowa

California

Washington

Hawaii

New Jersey

Minnesota

Virginia

Connecticut

Pennsylvania

Maryland

Nebraska

South Carolina

Delaware

Kansas

Wisconsin

Florida

Texas

Arkansas

North Dakota

North Carolina

Mississippi

Illinois

New Mexico

Nevada

Oregon

Tennessee

U.S. and outlying areas

Wyoming

Ohio

Alabama

Massachusetts

Kentucky

New Hampshire

Missouri

Michigan

Louisiana

Indiana

New York

Maine

Colorado

Arizona

Rhode Island

Georgia

West Virginia

District of Columbia

Vermont

Montana

Oklahoma

South Dakota

Alaska

Idaho

Utah

State

Percent

viii
Figure 4.—First-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past 12 months as 

 a percent of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting 2-year 

 institutions, by state of residence, Fall 1996 1/

1/ Includes eligible 2-year degree-granting institutions that were classified as higher education institutions in academic year 1995-96.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS),

(IPEDS), "Fall Enrollment Survey", Fall 1996

69.7

64.6

61.9

60.1

59.3

58.4

58.4

58.0

57.5

57.4

57.0

57.0

55.7

55.1

54.9

54.6

54.4

54.2

54.2

53.8

53.3

53.2

52.3

51.6

50.5

48.9

48.7

48.5

48.4

48.0

47.6

47.5

46.6

44.8

44.7

44.4

44.3

43.9

43.7

43.4

43.0

41.4

40.9

40.9

40.6

38.7

34.2

31.4

29.0

27.3

26.5

24.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

North Dakota

Utah

Tennessee

Massachusetts

Wyoming

Kentucky

Florida

Alabama

California

Mississippi

South Dakota

Virginia

New York

Missouri

New Jersey

New Mexico

Hawaii

Maryland

Arkansas

Texas

Rhode Island

Oregon

Michigan

Delaware

Idaho

U.S. and outlying areas

Louisiana

Illinois

Maine

Indiana

Nebraska

Montana

Ohio

Alaska

Georgia

West Virginia

South Carolina

Pennsylvania

New Hampshire

District of Columbia

Kansas

Oklahoma

Iowa

North Carolina

Connecticut

Wisconsin

Arizona

Nevada

Minnesota

Colorado

Vermont

Washington

State

Percent

ix
x

Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the reviewers of this report: Jacqueline E. King, American Council

on Education; Michael Cohen, Claire Geddes, Lee Hoffman, and Marilyn McMillen, National

Center for Education Statistics. The authors also appreciate the technical assistance provided by

Martha Hollins. 

Creation of the final database used to generate the tables in this report was accomplished

through an interagency agreement with the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 

Sandra Reading of the Economic Surveys Division of the Census, along with other members of the

Census staff, and a network of state coordinators shared responsibility for data collection and

processing, nonresponse followup, and resolution of data inconsistencies. While their names are

too numerous to mention here, their time, effort, and commitment toward making this an accurate

database are gratefully acknowledged.

The authors of this report are indebted to all individuals who completed the survey forms

and thus provided the information that made this report possible.
Table of Contents

Page

xi

Highlights......................................................................................................................................iii

Figures

1. Percent of enrollment of all first-time freshmen due to in-migration in degree-granting

institutions, Fall 1996......................................................................................................... vi

2. Percent of residents enrolled as first-time freshmen in degree-granting institutions, who

left the state, Fall 1996 .....................................................................................................vii

3. First-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past 12-months as a percent of all

first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting 4-year institutions, by state of 

residence...........................................................................................................................viii

4. First-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past 12-months as a percent of all

first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting 2-year institutions, by state of 

residence.............................................................................................................................ix

Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ x

Tables

1. Residence and migration of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting

institutions, by state: Fall 1996 .............................................................................................................1

2. Residence and migration of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past

12 months enrolled in degree-granting institutions, by state: Fall 1996 ............................. 2

3. Migration patterns of first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting institutions, by

state: 50 states and the District of Columbia....................................................................... 3

4. Migration patterns of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting institutions, by

state: 50 states and the District of Columbia, Fall 1992, 1994, and 1996........................... 4

5. Migration patterns of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past 12

months enrolled in degree-granting institutions, by state: 50 states and the District of 

Columbia, Fall 1992, 1994, and 1996 ................................................................................. 5

6. Residence and migration of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting public

institutions, by state: Fall 1996 .............................................................................................................6

7. Residence and migration of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past

12 months enrolled in degree-granting public institutions, by state: Fall 1996 .................. 7
Table of Contents

Page

xii

8. Residence and migration of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting private

institutions, by state: Fall 1996 .............................................................................................................8

9. Residence and migration of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past

12 months enrolled in degree-granting private institutions, by state: Fall 1996 ................. 9

10. Percentage of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting private institutions, by

residence and migration status and state: Fall 1996.......................................................... 10

11. Percentage of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past 12-months

enrolled in degree-granting private institutions, by residence and migration status and

state: Fall 1996 .................................................................................................................. 11

12. Residence and migration of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting 4-year

institutions, by state: Fall 1996 ........................................................................................................... 12

13. Residence and migration of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past

12 months enrolled in degree-granting 4-year institutions, by state: Fall 1996 ................ 13

14. Percentage of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting 4-year institutions, by

residence and migration status and state: Fall 1996.......................................................... 14

15. Percentage of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past 12-months

enrolled in degree-granting 4-year institutions, by residence and migration status and

state: Fall 1996 .................................................................................................................. 15

16. Residence and migration of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting 2-year

institutions, by state: Fall 1996 ...........................................................................................................16

17. Residence and migration of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past

12 months enrolled in degree-granting 2-year institutions, by state: Fall 1996 ................ 17

18. Residence and migration of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting public 

4-year institutions, by state: Fall 1996 .............................................................................. 18

 19. Residence and migration of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the 

past 12 months enrolled in degree-granting public 4-year institutions, by state: 

Fall 1996 ......................................................................................................................... 19

20. Residence and migration of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting private 

4-year institutions, by state: Fall 1996 .............................................................................. 20
Table of Contents

Page

xiii

21. Residence and migration of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past

12 months enrolled in degree-granting private 4-year institutions, by state: 

Fall 1996............................................................................................................................ 21

22. Residence and migration of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting public 

2-year institutions, by state: Fall 1996 .............................................................................. 22

23. Residence and migration of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the 

past 12 months enrolled in degree-granting public 2-year institutions, by state: 

Fall 1996............................................................................................................................ 23

24. Residence and migration of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting private 

2-year institutions, by state: Fall 1996 .............................................................................. 24

25. Residence and migration of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past

12 months enrolled in degree-granting private 2-year institutions, by state: 

Fall 1996............................................................................................................................ 25

Appendix A: Technical Notes..................................................................................................... 27

Description of Survey.................................................................................................................. 27

Survey Methodology ................................................................................................................... 28

Overview ........................................................................................................................... 28

Universe, Institutions Surveyed and Response Rates........................................................ 29

Survey Conduct and Editing.............................................................................................. 34

Data Management and Imputation .................................................................................... 35

Tables

A1. Number of institutions in the 1996 Fall Enrollment survey and survey response rates by

survey form and sector of institution................................................................................ 30

A2. Number and survey response rates of postsecondary institutions, by Title IV eligibility,

and by degree-granting status and sector of institution: 50 states, District of Columbia,

and the outlying areas, Fall 1996....................................................................................... 32

A3. Enrollment in postsecondary institutions, by Title IV eligibility and higher education

status, and by degree-seeking status and sector of institution: 50 states, District of

Columbia, and the outlying areas, Fall 1996..................................................................... 33
Table of Contents

Page

xiv

A4. Number of institutions and enrollment of all first-time freshmen for parts A and C of

degree-granting institutions, by survey form and response status: Fall 1996.................... 36

A5. Reported and imputed first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting institutions, by

survey form and part, and by state: Fall 1996 ................................................................... 37

Appendix B: Nonprofit Institutions .......................................................................................... 41

 B1. Enrollment of first-time freshmen in degree-granting institutions, by residence of

student, and level and control of institution: 50 states and the District of Columbia,

Fall 1996............................................................................................................................ 41

 B2. Residence and migration of all first-time freshmen enrolled in degree-granting private

nonprofit institutions, by state: Fall 1996......................................................................... 42

 B3. Residence and migration of first-time freshmen graduating from high school in the past

12 months enrolled in degree-granting private nonprofit institutions, by state:

 Fall 1996........................................................................................................................... 43
  	 

 
      
  


     

																																																																																																																											

 
 
 
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Appendix A - Technical Notes

Description of Survey

The Fall Enrollment (EF) survey is conducted annually as part of the National Center for Education

Statistics' Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).5 The "EF" survey collects data on the

number of students enrolled in postsecondary institutions in the United States and its outlying areas.6

 Most

institutions on this file are eligible to participate in Title IV programs (financial aid). The final 1996

enrollment file includes data for 6,840 institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the

outlying areas.

Enrollment data were requested from 7,024 postsecondary institutions offering academic,

vocational, and continuing professional education programs in 1996. The level of detail requested on each

survey form depended on the highest level of offering of the institution and its higher education status in the

previous academic year.7

 For example:

Form Type Level of Institution Data Requested:

EF1 4-year higher education institutions Attendance Status (full- or part-time)

and all other schools offering a Student Level (undergraduate, firstbaccalaureate or higher degree professional, graduate)

Race/ethnicity and sex of student

Degree-seeking status

Major field of study (even numbered years only)

Year of study

Age of student (odd numbered years only)

Residence of first-time students

(even numbered years only)

EF2 Less-than-4-year higher education Attendance Status (full- or part-time)

institutions Race/ethnicity and sex of student

Degree-seeking status

Year of study

Age of student (odd numbered years only)

Residence of first-time students

(even numbered years only)

CN All other schools Attendance Status (full- or part-time)

Race/ethnicity and sex of student

Year of study

 5

Other IPEDS surveys include Institutional Characteristics, Completions, Fall Enrollment in Occupationally Specific

Programs, Finance, Salaries, Fall Staff, Academic Libraries, and the Consolidated survey.

 6

Postsecondary education is defined as the provision of a formal instructional program whose curriculum is

designed primarily for students who are beyond the compulsory age for high school. This includes programs whose

purpose is academic, vocational, and continuing professional education, and excludes avocation and adult basic

education programs.

 7

Higher education institutions are those that were accredited at the collegiate level by an agency recognized by the

Secretary, U.S. Department of Education as of academic year 1995-96.
28

NCES conducts the Enrollment survey and all other IPEDS surveys in order to fulfill its legislative

mission "to collect, and analyze, and disseminate statistics and other data related to education in the United

States..." (20 U.S.C. 1221e-1, General Education Provisions Act, Sec. 406(b), as amended). 

Survey Methodology

Overview

1996 fall enrollment data collected by the National Center for Education Statistics that are

included on the public use data file represent 6,840 postsecondary institutions, of which, 6,535 are

eligible to participate in Title IV programs (financial aid) in the United States and its outlying areas.

There were 305 institutions that had self-reported eligibility and were found to be ineligible based

on the Office of Postsecondary Education’s PEPS file of March 1997. The 1996 Fall Enrollment

survey was sent to the universe of institutions that were accredited at the collegiate level as of the

1995-96 academic year and to all other eligible institutions offering a bachelor's, master's, doctor's

or first-professional degree. Enrollment data were collected from the institutions not receiving the

Fall Enrollment survey via the Consolidated survey8

. The Consolidated survey was sent to all

remaining 4-year, 2-but-less-than-4-year, and less-than 2-year institutions eligible for Title IV

funding. The enrollment data collected via the Consolidated survey were merged into the Fall

Enrollment survey data. 

Students included in the Fall Enrollment survey:

. students enrolled in courses creditable toward a degree or other formal award;

. students enrolled in courses that are part of a vocational or occupational program,

including those enrolled in off-campus centers; and

. high school students taking regular college courses for credit.

Students excluded from the Fall Enrollment survey:

. students enrolled exclusively in courses not creditable toward a formal award and who

are not in a postsecondary vocational program;

. students enrolled exclusively in remedial courses;

. students exclusively auditing classes;

. students studying abroad (e.g., at a foreign university) if their enrollment at the

institution is only an administrative record and the fee is only nominal;

. students in any branch campus located in a foreign country; and

 

 8

 	

  
 
 
 		
 


  		

 





  		

		
 
 		 
 	

  

		 

 		

29

. students earning continuing education units (CEU's) only.

Universe, Institutions Surveyed and Response Rates

A major subset of all postsecondary institutions are those institutions that are eligible to

participate in Title IV aid. It is this group of institutions that annually receive a fall enrollment

survey. In past IPEDS surveys, eligible institutions were self-identified and included those

institutions accredited at the college level by an agency or association recognized by the Secretary,

U.S. Department of Education. Any other postsecondary institution that has at least one program of

 300 or more clock hours (or 8 credits) and was established for at least 2 years was also included in

the subset of eligible institutions. The latter group was based on self-reported responses to items on

the Institutional Characteristics survey.

 Beginning in 1996, the subset of eligible institutions was validated by matching the IPEDS

universe with the Postsecondary Education Participation System (PEPS) file which contains the

“true” eligibility status of postsecondary institutions. This file is maintained by the Office of

Postsecondary Education (OPE). OPE grants eligibility to institutions to participate in Title IV

federal financial programs. Using the PEPS file as the source for determining eligibility, 7,024

institutions were mailed Fall Enrollment Survey forms.

Fall Enrollment survey forms were mailed in July 1996: (1) EF1 forms were mailed to

2,385 institutions; (2) EF2 forms to 1,523 institutions; and (3) CN forms to 3,116 institutions.

The survey results were collected from November 1996 through June 1997. During this time

period a total of 184 institutions determined to be out-of-scope were deleted from the universe. 

These deletions resulted from formal notification by IPEDS state coordinators, the Department of

Education eligibility notices, and from follow-up telephone calls. Included in the deletions were:

(1) duplicates of other institutions on the file; (2) institutions that closed or had merged with

another institution, and thus were no longer a legitimate institution or branch; (3) institutions that

no longer offered postsecondary programs; or (4) schools that did not to conform to the IPEDS

definition of an institution or branch. At the conclusion of this process, 6,840 institutions

represented the final 1996 fall enrollment universe. The final universe was also adjusted to reflect

institutions that changed from one sector to another subsequent to survey mailout. 

Table A1 shows the number of institutions that were mailed the 1996 Fall Enrollment

survey (or the Consolidated form) by level and control of institution; the final in-scope universe of

institutions receiving either survey form; the number of in-scope institutions that responded; and the

response rates. 
30

Table A1.—Number of institutions in the 1996 Fall Enrollment survey and survey response

rates by survey form and sector of institution

Survey form and sector

 of institution Mailed

Final

universe

Number

Responded

Response

rate

All postsecondary 7,024 6,840 6,495 95.0

 EF1 form 2,385 2,383 2,275 95.5

 EF2 form 1,523 1,484 1,423 95.9

 Consolidated form 3,116 2,973 2,797 94.1

4-year 2,427 2,435 2,323 95.4

 Public 630 631 624 98.9

 Nonprofit 1,656 1,654 1,562 94.4

 For-profit 141 150 137 91.3

2-year 2,248 2,481 2,391 96.4

 Public 1,242 1,244 1,223 98.3

 Nonprofit 425 403 381 94.5

 For-profit 581 834 787 94.4

Less-than-2-year 2,349 1,924 1,781 92.6

 Public 225 201 197 98.0

 Nonprofit 99 88 86 97.7

 For-profit 2,025 1,635 1,498 91.6

 Table notes:

1. By definition, 4-year institutions offer a bachelor's degree or postbaccalaureate award of some kind; 2-year institutions offer at least one program

of at least 2 years' duration; and less-than-2-year schools offer only programs of less-than-2-years duration. Other postsecondary institutions are

those accredited at the occupational/vocational level (not at the college level as higher education institutions).

2. The sector of an institution at the time of mailout may differ from its sector in the final universe because a school's sector may change due to a

shift in the highest level of offering, or due to improper classification by sector the prior year. Because of this sector change some 4-year

institutions may return an EF2 form and some 2-year institutions may return an EF1 form. 

3. Response rates were calculated as the ratio of the number of completed survey forms divided by the number of schools in the final universe. Any

institution was considered a respondent if it supplied total enrollment by sex.
31

In establishing the PEPS file, the Education Department discontinued its tradition of

distinguishing between institutions that are accredited at the college level from other postsecondary

institutions. Therefore, it is not possible for NCES to maintain an updated subset of accredited

institutions at the college level, also known as higher education institutions.

On the 1996 and subsequent IPEDS files, institutions are identified as (1) degree-granting -

those that offer either an associate's, bachelor's, master's, doctor’s, or first-professional degree; and

(2) non-degree-granting (certificate only) - those institutions that offer only certificates at any level. 

Institutions offering only postbaccalaureate, postmasters, or first-professionals certificates and

institutions offering certificates of less-than-4-years are included in this group. 

Table A2 provides the number of institutions and survey response rates by eligibility status

and degree-granting status by control and level of institution. The eligibility status of an institution

was updated in March of 1997 and 305 institutions that were sent a fall enrollment survey lost

eligibility status. On the final file, there are 6,535 eligible institutions. Of these 4,034 are degreegranting. It is this group of institutions that IPEDS will consider as higher education institutions in

subsequent data collection activities.

Table A3 provides the total enrollment of institutions by eligibility and degree-granting

status, by their 1995 higher education classification for all institutions in the 50 states, District of

Columbia, and the outlying areas. In 1996 there were 14,550,056 students enrolled in eligible

degree-granting institutions, which is about a 0.5 percent increase over the 14,481,915 students

enrolled in higher education institutions. Enrollment in higher education institutions includes

14,393,518 students enrolled in eligible degree-granting institutions; 25,065 students in eligible nondegree granting institutions; 22,448 students in non-eligible degree-granting institutions; and 40,884

students enrolled in institutions that are not eligible and are non-degree granting.
32

Table A2.—Number and survey response rates of postsecondary institutions, by Title IV eligibility, and by degree-granting

status and sector of institution: 50 states, District of Columbia and the outlying areas, Fall 1996

All institutions Eligible Not eligible

Degree-granting status and

sector of institution

Final

universe

Number

Responded

Response

rate

Final

universe

Number

responded

Response

rate

Final

Universe

Number

responded

Response

rate

 All institutions 6,840 6,495 95.0 6,535 6,291 96.3 305 204 66.9

4-year, public 631 624 98.9 629 622 98.9 2 2 100.0

4-year, nonprofit 1,654 1,562 94.4 1,563 1,494 95.6 91 68 74.7

4-year, for-profit 150 137 91.3 145 132 91.0 5 5 100.0

2-year, public 1,244 1,223 98.3 1,234 1,214 98.4 10 9 90.0

2-year, nonprofit 403 381 94.5 367 350 95.4 36 31 86.1

2-year, for-profit 834 787 94.4 804 765 95.1 30 22 73.3

Less-than-2-year, public 201 197 98.0 200 196 98.0 1 1 100.0

Less-than-2-year, nonprofit 88 86 97.7 87 86 98.9 1 0 0.0

Less-than-2-year, for-profit 1,635 1,498 91.6 1,506 1,432 95.1 129 66 51.2

 Degree-granting 4,155 3,981 95.8 4,034 3,889 96.4 121 92 76.0

4-year, public 628 621 98.9 627 620 98.9 1 1 100.0

4-year, nonprofit 1,613 1,526 94.6 1,532 1,466 95.7 81 60 74.1

4-year, for-profit 146 133 91.1 141 128 90.8 5 5 100.0

2-year, public 1,098 1,081 98.5 1,092 1,075 98.4 6 6 100.0

2-year, nonprofit 199 187 94.0 185 176 95.1 14 11 78.6

2-year, for-profit 471 433 91.9 457 424 92.8 14 9 64.3

 Non-Degree-granting 2,685 2,514 93.6 2,501 2,402 96.0 184 112 60.9

4-year, public 3 3 100.0 2 2 100.0 1 1 100.0

4-year, nonprofit 41 36 87.8 31 28 90.3 10 8 80.0

4-year, for-profit 4 4 100.0 4 4 100.0 0 0 0.0

2-year, public 146 142 97.3 142 139 97.9 4 3 75.0

2-year, nonprofit 204 194 95.1 182 174 95.6 22 20 90.9

2-year, for-profit 363 354 97.5 347 341 98.3 16 13 81.3

Less-than-2-year, public 201 197 98.0 200 196 98.0 1 1 100.0

Less-than-2-year, nonprofit 88 86 97.7 87 86 98.9 1 0 0.0

Less-than-2-year, for-profit 1,635 1,498 91.6 1,506 1,432 95.1 129 66 51.2
33

Table A3.—Enrollment in postsecondary institutions, by Title IV eligibility and higher education status, and by degreegranting status and sector of institution: 50 states, District of Columbia and the outlying areas, Fall 1996 1/

Eligible Not eligible

Degree-granting status and

sector of institution

All

institutions Total

Higher

education

Other

postsecondary Total

Higher

education

Other

postsecondary

 All institutions 15,107,632 15,006,080 14,418,583 587,497 101,552 63,332 38,220

4-year, public 5,874,883 5,873,619 5,873,221 398 1,264 1,252 12

4-year, nonprofit 2,976,722 2,958,522 2,949,943 8,579 18,200 11,565 6,635

4-year, for-profit 138,279 134,458 125,909 8,549 3,821 1,363 2,458

2-year, public 5,443,211 5,433,911 5,294,282 139,629 9,300 778 8,522

2-year, nonprofit 95,432 91,998 68,895 23,103 3,434 801 2,633

2-year, for-profit 235,289 224,520 103,864 120,656 10,769 7,189 3,580

Less-than-2-year, public 84,350 84,328 499 83,829 22 0 22

Less-than-2-year, nonprofit 20,123 20,119 242 19,877 4 0 4

Less-than-2-year, for-profit 239,343 184,605 1,728 182,877 54,738 40,384 14,354

 Degree-granting 14,594,330 14,550,056 14,393,518 156,538 44,274 22,448 21,826

4-year, public 5,874,857 5,873,605 5,873,221 384 1,252 1,252 0

4-year, nonprofit 2,974,647 2,956,996 2,949,398 7,598 17,651 11,121 6,530

4-year, for-profit 137,831 134,010 125,909 8,101 3,821 1,363 2,458

2-year, public 5,335,231 5,325,977 5,273,519 52,458 9,254 778 8,476

2-year, nonprofit 80,224 77,241 67,723 9,518 2,983 745 2,238

2-year, for-profit 191,540 182,227 103,748 78,479 9,313 7,189 2,124

 Non-Degree-granting 513,302 456,024 25,065 430,959 57,278 40,884 16,394

4-year, public 26 14 0 14 12 0 12

4-year, nonprofit 2,075 1,526 545 981 549 444 105

4-year, for-profit 448 448 0 448 0 0 0

2-year, public 107,980 107,934 20,763 87,171 46 0 46

2-year, nonprofit 15,208 14,757 1,172 13,585 451 56 395

2-year, for-profit 43,749 42,293 116 42,177 1,456 0 1,456

Less-than-2-year, public 84,350 84,328 499 83,829 22 0 22

Less-than-2-year, nonprofit 20,123 20,119 242 19,877 4 0 4

Less-than-2-year, for-profit 239,343 184,605 1,728 182,877 54,738 40,384 14,354

1/ Higher education status was derived from the 1995-96 Institutional Characteristics File.
34

Survey Conduct and Editing

The Fall Enrollment survey carries a due date of November 15. Survey forms were

collected via paper or transmitted to NCES via the Internet. Some institutions did submit data

on diskette. Data for nonresponding CN institutions were collected by the Postsecondary

Education Telephone System (PETS). All data, whether received on paper forms, diskettes,

electronically via the Internet, or through the PETS system, went through the same editing

process.) Extensive follow-up for survey nonresponse was conducted from November 1996

through April 1997. Initially, reminder letters were mailed, encouraging nonresponding

institutions to complete and return their forms; and subsequently, PETS was used to collect only

critical data by telephone from an institutional representative. 

Survey responses were edited for internal and inter-year consistency. The following

editing procedures were used:

Part A: Enrollment by race/ethnicity

(1) Addition checks were performed by adding down the columns and comparing generated

totals with reported totals. If the reported total differed from the generated total but was

within a designated range, the reported total was replaced by the generated total and the

cell was flagged with the proper impute code. If the difference exceeded the designated

range, institutions were contacted for verification/correction. Addition checks were also

performed by generating totals for men and women across columns in each line of data

submitted on the form. These generated totals by sex were compared to the reported

totals. If the reported totals differed from the generated totals, but were within a

designated range a balance field was created containing the difference by sex and placed

on the data file. Reported detail and totals were not altered. If the difference exceeded

the designated range, institutions were contacted for correction. 

(2) Comparisons were also made with the number of students reported for selected items for

the prior year. If the differences were sufficiently large to trigger an edit flag, institutions

were contacted for verification.

Part C: Enrollment of first-freshman by residence

(3) Part C data were edited in a similar manner. Addition checks were performed and

compared to reported totals in part C and to corresponding totals in Part A. Balances

were generated when part A and part C totals differed. If the balance was outside a certain

range the institutions were contacted for verification/correction. If the balance was within

a certain range the Part C total was replaced by corresponding value in Part A. The

balance was then allocated among the state of residence categories using the state of

residence distribution actually reported by the institution.
35

Data Management and Imputation

Data for part A enrollment by race-ethnicity were imputed for nonresponding institutions.

 The following imputation procedures were used:

For institutions with reported data on the prior year 1995 enrollment file: All

institutions that reported data in both 1995 and 1996 were grouped by level of

offering and control of institution. Enrollment data were then aggregated for each

group and percent changes were calculated. Then for each nonresponding

institution in 1996 the 1995 enrollment data were adjusted by the percent change

of the group to which that institution belonged.

Imputations for all items for institutions with no prior year report were based on

current year group means or ratios derived for similar institutions with reported

data in 1996. Groups were formed by combining institutions by level of offering

and control of institution.

Data for part C enrollment of first-time freshman by state of residence were imputed for

nonresponding institutions; The following imputation procedures were used:

For institutions that reported data for first-time freshman in part A, but did not

report residence data in part C in 1996, and reported residence data in 1994, the

reported first-time freshman in Part A was distributed in the same proportion as

the reported 1994 data by state of residence.

For institutions that did not respond to any part of the 1996 fall enrollment survey

but did respond to the 1995 fall enrollment survey the total first-time freshman in

part A were imputed as described above. If the institution had reported residence

and migration data in 1994 then the imputed first-time freshman in part A was

distributed in the same proportion as the reported 1994 data by state of residence.

Imputation was not done if the institution did not report residence and migration data in

1994. For these institutions the imputed or reported value of first-time freshman from

part A was set equal to line 99 of part C and a balance line (98) which is also equal to line

99 was created. This was done to make grand total in part C consistent with part A and

detail of part C consistent with the grand total of part C for both EF1 and EF2 records. 

Part C was not on the CN form.

For institutions, that responded to (column 1) all first-time freshman, but did not respond

to (column 2) first-time freshman that graduated from high school in the past 12 months, the

following partial imputation procedure was used:

For all institutions that responded to both columns 1 and 2 a ratio was computed by

dividing all first-time freshman graduation from high school in the past 12 months by all

first-time freshman at the institution. A median ratio was the calculated by sector and
36

state of institution. All for-profit institutions were combined into one sector. For each

institution that did not respond to column 2, the total first-time freshman count reported

in column 1 by state of residence was multiplied by the median ratio of the institution's

sector and state to impute first-time freshman who graduated high school in the past 12

months by state of residence. 

Table A4 compares the number of institutions with first-time freshman and the total

enrollment of all first-time freshmen for parts A and C. Some 3,090 degree-granting institutions

reported first-time freshman in part A. Of those institutions, 3,070 reported enrollment by state

of residence. Of the 20 that did not report, 15 were imputed using the methods described above

and 5 were not imputed.

Table A4.— Number of institutions and enrollment of all first-time freshmen for parts A and

C of degree-granting institutions, by survey form and response status: Fall 1996 1/

Part C Total in

Survey form and

Response status

Part A

Total Total Reported Imputed

Part A

 but not in

Part C

Number of institutions 3,526 3,155 3,070 85 371

CN form total 345 0 0 0 345

EF form total 3,181 3,155 3,070 85 26

 EF form reported 3,090 3,085 3,070 15 5

 EF form imputed 91 70 0 70 21

Total enrollment 2,311,631 2,223,764 2,187,447 36,317 87,867

CN form total 76,676 0 0 0 0

EF form total 2,234,955 2,223,764 2,187,447 36,317 11,191

 EF form reported 2,205,106 2,203,383 2,187,447 15,936 1,723

 EF form imputed 29,849 20,381 0 20,381 9,468

Table notes

1. Includes all 4-year degree-granting institutions and 2-year degree-granting institutions that were

classified as higher education institutions in academic year 1995-96.

2. The 3,526 degree-granting institutions with first-time freshmen are a subset of the IPEDS universe. 

Institutions not included in this subset are freestanding first-professional institutions (e.g. law and 

medical institutions) and institutions with upper division students only. 

3. Part C total = part C reported + part C imputed. Part A and not in part C = part A total – Part C total. 

Table A5 compares the enrollment of all first-time freshmen for parts A and C in degreegranting institutions for each state and the outlying areas. 
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