RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 15, 2023; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2022-CA-0382-MR

CHRISTOPHER MCCULLUM APPELLANT 

v. 

APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT

HONORABLE AUDRA J. ECKERLE, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 15-CR-000968

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE 

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; EASTON AND KAREM, JUDGES.

KAREM, JUDGE: Christopher McCullum, pro se, appeals from the Jefferson 

Circuit Court’s order denying his motions for relief under Kentucky Rule of 

Criminal Procedure (“RCr”) 11.42 and for an evidentiary hearing. Finding no 

error, we affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The events of this case stem from McCullum’s convictions, following 

a jury trial in Jefferson Circuit Court, on one count of murder, one count of wanton 
-2-

endangerment in the first degree, and one count of tampering with physical 

evidence for the shooting death of Mukhtar Ahmad. The facts underlying 

McCullum’s convictions were outlined by the Kentucky Supreme Court in his 

direct appeal as follows: 

On February 25, 2015, Dr. Bruno Aczevedo was 

driving south on Interstate 71 in Louisville when he saw 

a gun sticking out of a white construction van. He 

observed the driver shoot several rounds into the side of a 

black SUV directly in front of Dr. Aczevedo’s vehicle, 

killing the driver of the SUV, Mukhtar Ahmad. Another 

driver who had also witnessed the incident recorded the 

van’s license plate number before calling 911. Police 

quickly learned that the van belonged to an electrical 

business, and it had been lent to McCullum for 

subcontractor work that day. Eventually, authorities 

stopped the van and took McCullum into custody. 

At trial, McCullum testified that, at the time of the 

shooting, he was an alcoholic, addicted to 

methamphetamine and was suffering from psychosis. He 

admitted that he had shot and killed the victim; the only 

contested issue at trial was McCullum’s mental state at 

the time of the shooting. McCullum testified he opened 

fire because he thought the victim was pointing a gun at 

him. Both McCullum and the Commonwealth presented 

expert witness testimony as to McCullum’s mental 

health. After hearing all the evidence, the jury 

deliberated and found McCullum guilty of all charges 

and recommended a cumulative sentence of sixty years’

imprisonment. The trial court imposed the recommended 

sentence. This appeal followed.
-3-

McCullum v. Commonwealth, No. 2017-SC-000607-MR, 2019 WL 1167964, at *1 

(Ky. Feb. 14, 2019).1 The Kentucky Supreme Court affirmed McCullum’s 

conviction on direct appeal. Id. at *4.

Thereafter, McCullum, pro se, filed an RCr 11.42 motion for relief 

alleging ineffective assistance of trial counsel and requesting a full evidentiary 

hearing. Additionally, he filed a motion requesting that the court appoint counsel 

to aid McCullum and supplement his pro se motion. The circuit court did so, and 

on December 14, 2021, his counsel filed a supplement to McCullum’s pro se RCr 

11.42 motion. The Commonwealth filed a response to the RCr 11.42 motions on 

January 31, 2022.

The circuit court issued an order denying McCullum’s RCr 11.42 

request for relief and motion for an evidentiary hearing motion on February 28, 

2022. This appeal followed.

We will discuss any additional facts as necessary below.

ANALYSIS

On appeal, McCullum argues that he is entitled to relief under RCr 

11.42 due to his trial counsel’s ineffectiveness in (1) failing to retain a second 

expert witness, (2) allegedly coercing McCullum to perjure himself on the stand 

and testify that he remembered events surrounding the shooting when he did not, 

1 We cite this opinion pursuant to Kentucky Rule of Appellate Procedure (“RAP”) 41.
-4-

and (3) failing to present sufficient mitigating evidence during the trial’s penalty 

phase. McCullum also alleges that the circuit court erred when it failed to hold a 

hearing regarding his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. 

a. Strickland Factors and Our Standard of Review

In a motion brought under RCr 11.42, “[t]he movant has the burden of 

establishing convincingly that he or she was deprived of some substantial right 

which would justify the extraordinary relief provided by [a] post-conviction 

proceeding.” Simmons v. Commonwealth, 191 S.W.3d 557, 561 (Ky. 2006), 

overruled on other grounds by Leonard v. Commonwealth, 279 S.W.3d 151, 159 

(Ky. 2009) (citations omitted). “RCr 11.42 motions are limited to the issues that 

were not and could not be raised on direct appeal.” Id. at 568 (citation omitted).

Specifically, a successful petition for relief under RCr 11.42 for 

ineffective assistance of counsel must survive the twin prongs of “performance” 

and “prejudice” provided in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.

Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); accord Gall v. Commonwealth, 702 

S.W.2d 37, 39-40 (Ky. 1985). In describing these two factors, the Kentucky 

Supreme Court has stated that:

[a] “deficient performance” contains errors so serious 

that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel”

guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. 

Second, the appellant must show that counsel’s deficient 

performance prejudiced his defense at trial. This requires 

showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to 
-5-

deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is 

reliable. An appellant must satisfy both elements of the 

Strickland test in order to merit relief.

Commonwealth v. McGorman, 489 S.W.3d 731, 736 (Ky. 2016) (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted). 

Regarding the first prong, “[t]he proper measure of attorney 

performance remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. Moreover, McCullum’s trial 

counsel has “a strong presumption” in his or her favor that the conduct fell “within 

the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Haight v. Commonwealth, 

41 S.W.3d 436, 442 (Ky. 2001), overruled on other grounds by Leonard, 279 

S.W.3d at 158-59. 

As to the second prong, to establish actual prejudice, the appellant 

must show a “reasonable probability” of a different outcome for the proceeding. 

Bowling v. Commonwealth, 981 S.W.2d 545, 551 (Ky. 1998) (citation omitted). 

“A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the 

outcome.” Teague v. Commonwealth, 428 S.W.3d 630, 633 (Ky. App. 2014) 

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068). Appellate review of 

counsel’s performance under Strickland is de novo. McGorman, 489 S.W.3d at 

736.
-6-

Where the trial court does not hold an evidentiary hearing on an RCr 

11.42 motion, appellate review is limited to “whether the motion on its face states 

grounds that are not conclusively refuted by the record and which, if true, would 

invalidate the conviction.” Lewis v. Commonwealth, 411 S.W.2d 321, 322 (Ky. 

1967) (citations omitted). An evidentiary hearing is only required “if there is a 

material issue of fact that cannot be conclusively resolved, i.e., conclusively 

proved or disproved, by an examination of the record.” Fraser v. Commonwealth, 

59 S.W.3d 448, 452 (Ky. 2001) (citations omitted).

b. Discussion

I. Trial Counsel’s Failure to Retain a Second Expert 

McCullum first contends that the circuit court failed to conduct an 

evidentiary hearing regarding whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to 

retain a “mental health authority” to aid in the defense’s preparation and crossexamination of witnesses. McCullum believes that if his counsel had done so, the 

jury would have determined that McCullum was too impaired by 

methamphetamine-induced psychosis to form the mens rea needed to commit 

murder.

As the trial court noted, McCullum did have one psychiatric witness 

testify on his behalf as an expert witness. However, McCullum argues that this 

expert failed to satisfy the requirements in Binion v. Commonwealth, 891 S.W.2d 
-7-

383, 386 (Ky. 1995). Specifically, McCullum contends that his trial counsel 

should have retained an additional expert to explain the effects of 

methamphetamine-fueled blackouts to aid him in his defense at trial. 

As previously discussed, however, our review of the circuit court’s 

denial of a motion for an evidentiary hearing is “whether the motion on its face 

states grounds that are not conclusively refuted by the record and which, if true, 

would invalidate the conviction.” Lewis, 411 S.W.2d at 322. We agree that this 

standard was not met in this case, and the circuit court correctly denied the motion 

for an evidentiary hearing. 

In his brief, McCullum’s only rationale for a second expert witness is 

that the second expert’s testimony would have differed from his trial expert’s

testimony by including information about methamphetamine-fueled blackouts. We 

note that while the trial expert did not testify specifically about blackouts that can 

result from the use of methamphetamine, the trial expert did testify about druginduced psychosis. For example, the trial expert testified about McCullum’s use of 

methamphetamine, Xanax, and alcohol in the months leading up to the shooting 

and on the day of the crime. Indeed, a review of the expert’s testimony reveals that 

he specifically stated, “So . . . the combination of substances that he is using 

[Xanax, alcohol, and methamphetamine], the quantity of substances that he is 

using, lead to a psychotic delusional paranoid . . . state.” Thus, the trial expert 
-8-

provided the jury with information regarding methamphetamine’s potential role in 

inducing a psychotic break from reality. 

Moreover, as the trial court discussed, McCullum gave detailed 

testimony concerning the events before, during, and after the shooting. 

Consequently, any expert testimony that McCullum was in the throes of a 

methamphetamine-induced blackout could have damaged McCullum’s trial 

testimony and credibility. Therefore, the trial court was correct in determining that 

a hearing on this issue was unnecessary, and we affirm.

II. McCullum’s Testimony 

McCullum’s second claim concerns his testimony at trial. McCullum 

alleges that his trial counsel coerced him into lying on the stand and forced him to 

testify that he remembered events surrounding the shooting. Instead, McCullum 

claimed that he had no recollection of the events.

However, even taking his allegation as accurate and assuming it 

constituted deficient performance, McCullum cannot prove prejudice. Before he 

gave his testimony, McCullum took an oath to testify truthfully. See Kentucky 

Rule of Evidence (“KRE”) 603. Thereafter, any false statement he made was his 

responsibility, as “[t]he oath acted as a break in the causal connection between the 

alleged bad advice . . . [of] trial counsel and . . . [the alleged] . . . false testimony.” 

Todd v. Commonwealth, No. 2015-CA-000681-MR, 2017 WL 128601, at *3 (Ky. 
-9-

App. Jan. 13, 2017).2 Accordingly, McCullum “was put on notice that he had a 

duty to testify truthfully [which] precludes him from raising a claim of ineffective 

assistance of counsel based on counsel’s alleged advice to commit perjury.” Id. 

The trial court correctly denied a hearing on this issue, and we affirm.

III. Mitigating Evidence During the Trial’s Penalty Phase

Lastly, McCullum claims that his trial counsel was ineffective in 

failing to present adequate mitigating evidence regarding McCullum’s background 

and mental illness during the trial’s penalty phase. However, the record reflects

that trial counsel was not deficient in his performance, and McCullum did not 

suffer any prejudice, as he presented all the information discussed in his RCr 11.42 

motion to the jury during the guilt phase of his trial. 

The Strickland court ruled that when alleging ineffective assistance of 

counsel, “the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the 

circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” 

466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 

Michel v. State of Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101, 765 S. Ct. 158, 100 L. Ed. 83

(1955)). 

Here, trial counsel’s decision not to offer further testimony could have 

been a legitimate trial strategy decision. At the penalty phase, McCullum 

2 We cite this opinion pursuant to RAP 41.
-10-

apologized to the victim’s family for his actions. Following his apology with such 

testimony could have emphasized McCullum’s history of poor decisions and drug 

abuse. Trial counsel may have decided not to highlight these choices for the jury 

by reviewing them again during the penalty phase.

Nor did McCullum suffer any prejudice from counsel’s actions. 

During the guilt phase of the trial, McCullum testified to most of the mitigating 

evidence he claims the jury did not hear, including his difficult childhood, 

extensive history of substance abuse, and mental illness. The Kentucky Supreme 

Court has held that a jury may consider evidence from the guilt phase of a trial 

during the penalty phase. Harper v. Commonwealth, 978 S.W.2d 311, 317 (Ky. 

1998). 

McCullum further alleges that defense counsel should have called an 

expert witness to testify during the penalty phase about “why Appellant’s mental 

health issues, drug abuse and other stressors led to a state of mind wherein he was 

given to psychosis.” As previously discussed, McCullum’s expert gave the jury 

such information during the trial’s guilt phase. 

For example, the expert described to the jury specific stressors in 

McCullum’s life and how such stressors, along with sleep deprivation, could have 

produced paranoia and delusions. The expert further discussed McCullum’s longterm drug abuse, how his drug use had increased over the past two years, and 
-11-

specifically stated that McCullum was in a “psychotic delusional paranoid . . . 

state” on the date of the shooting. Therefore, because counsel’s performance was 

not deficient and no prejudice to McCullum existed, we affirm the trial court’s

ruling on this issue is affirmed.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Jefferson Circuit Court’s 

denial of McCullum’s RCr 11.42 motion and request for an evidentiary hearing.

ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:

Christopher McCullum, pro se

West Liberty, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Daniel Cameron

Attorney General of Kentucky

Jenny L. Sanders

Assistant Attorney General

Frankfort, Kentucky