#### The People of the State of New York v. George R. Spencer, Defendant.

(County Court, Oneida County,

May, 1899.)

Crimes — Indictment for grand larceny must allege the value of money stolen — Words are to be construed in their usual acceptation.

An indictment for grand larceny in the second degree which charges the defendant with stealing “ one hundred and fifty dollars of the kind of money or the denomination of which is to this grand jury unknown ”, is sufficient under section 282 of the Code of Criminal Procedure providing that “ The words used <in an indictment must be construed in their usual acceptation, in common language ”, The allegation must be deemed equivalent to saying that the defendant stole one hundred and fifty dollars in money of lawful value and that the grand jury do not know whether the money was in bills, gold or silver, or what was the size of the bills or coin.

Demurrer to indictment for grand larceny in second degree.

Davies, Johnson *&*Coville (Charles R. Coville, of counsel), for defendant. .

Timothy Curtin, district attorney, for people.

Durmore, J.

The defendant demurred to the indictment on the ground that the facts stated in the indictment dp not con*492stitute a crime. The principal, objection made to the 'sufficiency of the indictment is that' the indictment omitted to allege the value of the money claimed to have been taken. The indictment alleges that defendant entered into an agreement to make and sell cheese for the Mullen Cheese Factory, an association composed of Patrick Houston and fourteen others (naming them), and. that as soon as as he received pay for the cheese he was to turn it over to the treasurer of said .association. That during the month of December, 1898, he sold cheese belonging to said association' of the value of $247.80, for which amount he received a check from the person to whom the cheese was sold.; that after receiving said check he placed the same to his own credit arid received the amount due thereon, to-wit: the sum of $247.80. That some time during said- month .of December, the particular date being to the grand jury unknown, he had in his possession and control within the county of Oneida the said sum as the agent, servant and salesman of said association composed of said named persons, and having in his possession, wrongfully and -feloniously did then and there embezzle and appropriate to his -own -use, and did stéal and carry away the sum of $150 of the kind of -money or the. denomination of which is to this grand jury unknown and cannot be stated, with the intent on the part of said George E- Spencer, then and there wrongfully and feloniously to deprive and defraud, etc.

Counsel for defendant relies upon Bork v. People, 16 Hun, 476. In that case the court said: “In embezzlement, as. in larceny, the value of the property determines the grade of the offense and the degree of punishment and it is' essential that the thing embezzled should b'e of some value. If it -is necessary to prove value it is necessary to allege it. ' The allegation that the property wa*s*money,-to-wit, $1,100,’ is not an averment of value nor one from which it can be said judicially that the thing embezzled had value, or if it had valúe, what was its amount ? Had it been averred-that the money embezzled was lawful money of the gold coinage, or the silver coinage, or the legal tender notes of the government of the Hnited States, the court could have taken judicial notice of its value. But- as it was competent, as. we have .seen, for the prosecution to prove under the indictment that it was ihoney in either or all of those forms,-or dollars of foreign coinage, or in bank notes, dr in the shape of a mere credit, which the- treasurer had treated as. cash, it was necessary to -allege that it had Value, and what value,- as ah ingredient of the offense.”

*493There is no question but that were the statutes and practice the same now as they were when that decision was rendered, this court would be bound to' follow that decision and sustain, this demurrer. But the question arises whether, since that decision was rendered, legislation has so changed the ‘statutes, practice and rules of interpretation as to render it inapplicable.

Section 273 of the Code óf Criminal Procedure provides that all the forms of pleading in criminal actions heretofore existing are abolished; and .hereafter, the forms of pleading, and the rules by which the sufficiency of pleadings is to be determined are those prescribed by that Code.

Section 275 of that Code provides that an indictment must contain:

“ 1. The title of the action, etc.

*u*2- A plain and concise statement of the act constituting the crime, without unnecessary repetition.”

Section 282 provides as follows: “ The words used in ah indictment must be construed in their usual acceptation in common language, except words and phrases defined by law, which are to be construed, according to their legal meaning.”

This indictment charges the defendant with stealing *“*one hundred and fifty dollars of the kind óf money or the denomination of which is to this grand jury unknown.” That is equivalent to saying that defendant stole $150 in money, but the grand jury does not know whether it.was in bills, gold or silver,, or what was the size of the bills or coin. These words “ in them usual acceptation in common language ” would be construed to mean $150 of lawful money of the value of $150. The court can take judicial notice of the fact that there is nothing now in circulation as money which has not that value. “ In common language ” the word *“*money,” *“*in its usual acceptation,” means money of full and lawful value.

Furthermore section 285 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that no indictment is insufficient, nor can the trial, judgment or other proceedings thereon be affected, by reason of an imperfection in matter of form, which does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant, upon the merits. These, statutes have been construed by the courts with a view to bringing cases to a speedy trial upon their merits rather than to exercising and developing the skill of the legal fraternity in the technicalities of pleading. It is to the credit of our present *494system of criminal procedure that the nice distinctions existing at common law, which enabled a defendant to escape upon a technicality, have been swept away. If it can be understood from the indictment that the act constituting the crime is plainly and concisely set forth and with such a degree of certainty as to enable the court to pronounce judgment upon a conviction according to' the right of the case, the indictment is sufficient. An indictment which is sufficient to inform the defendant of the nature of the accusation against him; to enable him, to prepare his defense; to leave the court in no doubt as to the act for which it should inflict punishment, in event of conviction; to admit of the record as a bar to a second prosecution for the same offense, meets the requirements of the Code. It was the purpose of the Code of Crimina,! Procedure to abolish involved efforts at precision leading to objections of the most trivial and technical character, and while the reformation wins its way but slowly, it is the duty of all courts to encourage it. People v. Hatter, 22 N. Y. Supp. 688; People v. Martin, 2 N. Y. Crim. 51; People v. Bellows, 2 id. 12; People v. Farrell, 28 N. Y. St. Rep. 43.

Having in view the spirit and purpose of the Code of Civil Procedure, in interpreting and construing this indictment, I believe that I am not only justified but required to hold that it meets the requirements of the statute and must be sustained. The demurrer is, therefore, disallowed. An order may be prepared to conform to the requirements of section 330 of the Code of Civil Procedure.

Ordered accordingly.