UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

________________ _________________ TERRENCE M. WYLES, Plaintiff - Appellant,

v. THOMAS D. BRADY, a/k/a Tom Brady, Defendant - Appellee, and ALLEN ZACHARY SUSSMAN; LOEB & LOEB LLP; ALUMINAID INTERNATIONAL, A.G.; WEST HILLS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, INC., f/k/a/ Aluminaid, Inc.; ALUMINAID PTE LTD., a/k/a Advanced First Aid Research PTE LTD; CARL J. FREER; JAMES JOHN HUNT; ADAM FREER, a/k/aAdam Agerstam; JULIA FREERAGERSTAM, a/k/a Julia Freer, a/k/a Julia Agerstam; DAVID ANDREW WARNOCK; ALEX ARENDT; JOE MARTEN, Defendants. No. 19-1142 (D.C. No. 1:17-CV-01868-RBJ) (D. Colo.)

________________ _________________ ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

* After examining the briefs and appella te record, this pa nel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not ma terially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctr ines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### July 22, 2020 Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court2 ________________ _________________ Before BRISCOE , EBEL , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.

________________ _________________ Terrence Wyles appeals the district cour t’s (1) dismissal of his claims against Thomas Brady due to the abse nce of personal jurisdiction, (2) jurisdictional discovery order, and (3) award of attorney fees to Brad y. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
I This appeal stems from Wyles’ suit agai nst his former employer, Aluminaid, Inc.; a related company, Aluminaid International, A.G.; the law firm that represented them; and associated individuals. Wyle s alleges that after he was hired, he discovered that Carl Freer—Aluminaid, Inc.’s chie f executive officer—and others were misappropriating and embezzling corporate funds. He unsuccessfully tried to bri ng this alleged misconduct to the company’s attention and was subsequently fired. Following these events, Aluminaid, In c.—which originally did business in Colorado—relocated to California and chan ged its name to West Hills Research & Development, Inc. (“West Hills”). 1 It then sued Wyles in Ca lifornia state court, alleging fraud and misappropriation of trad e secrets. Wyles, in turn , sued Aluminaid, Freer, and

estoppel. It may be cite d, however, for its persuasi ve value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

1 We refer to Aluminaid, Inc.; Aluminai d International, A. G.; and West Hills collectively as “Aluminaid.”3 others in Colorado state court and Colorado fe deral court, asserting essentially the same claims against the same group of defendants in both courts. The federal district court dismissed Wyles’ claims on grounds of im proper claim splitting, but we vacated the dismissal order and remanded for further proceedings. See Wyles v. Sussman, 661 F. App’x 548 (2016) (unpublished). On remand, the parties sti pulated to the dismissal of the case without prejudice. Wyles brought the present case after West Hills’ California state-court lawsuit was dismissed. Alleging claims of malicious prosecution, outrageou s conduct, and joint liability, he sued the same group of defendant s as in the previous lawsuits, with the addition of Joseph Mart en and Thomas Brady. Wyles also filed an identical suit in federal court in California. This appeal concerns only defendant Brady. Wyles alleges that Brady, a retired firefighter from Los Angeles, was a member of Aluminaid’s “Advisory Board” from 2012 until at least 2015. Acco rding to Wyles, Aluminaid in cluded Brady’s photo in its business plan and identified hi m as its “Executive Vice Pres ident Gov’t Affairs.” Brady disputes that he held this position but ad mits he advised and consulted Aluminaid regarding emergency burn relief services. Additionally, Wyles alleges that Brady called him regarding Wyles’ misappr opriation and embezzlement accus ations and used this call to support false attestations in an affidavit filed in West Hills’ California case. Contending that these facts were insuffi cient to establish personal jurisdiction, Brady moved to dismiss Wyles’ claims against him. Upon Wyles’ motion, the district court permitted limited jurisdictional discovery. Because Wyles’ subsequent discovery4 requests exceeded the order’s lim its, however, the court held an evidentiary hearing and ordered defendants to provide specified written discovery. 2 After discovery was completed, the cour t concluded that Brady, who lives in California, did not have mini mum contacts with the state of Colorado. It therefore granted Brady’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, and Brady moved for an award of attorney fees under Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-17-201. The court granted that motion as well. Wyles appealed.
II We begin by addressing the district cour t’s order dismissing Wyles’ claims against Brady for lack of personal jurisdiction. We review the court’s legal determinations underlying such a dismissal de novo and its fa ctual determinations for clear error. See Monge v. RG Petro-Mach. (Grp.) Co. LTD, 701 F.3d 598, 613 (10th Cir. 2012). When the district court has held an ev identiary hearing on th e matter, a plaintiff requesting the exercise of personal juri sdiction over a defendant must show by a preponderance of the evidence “t hat jurisdiction is legitimate under the laws of the forum state and that the exercise of jurisdiction do es not offend the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” 3 Emps. Mut. Cas. Co. v. Bar tile Roofs, Inc., 618 F.3d 1153,

2 Brady filed an affidavit in this case regarding his contacts with Wyles and the state of Colorado. After the district court noted f actual discrepancies between Brady’s affidavit and evidence adduced at th e hearing, Brady filed a notice of filing of an amended affidavit.

3 Wyles mistakenly identifie s the requisite showing as a prima facie showing. A plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing when the defendant’s motion to5 1159 (10th Cir. 2010) (quota tion omitted). Because Colorado’s “long-arm” statute confers jurisdiction to the extent it is permitted by constitutiona l due process, see Archangel Diamond Corp. v. Lukoil, 123 P. 3d 1187, 1193 (Colo. 2005), we proceed directly to the constitutional inquiry. “The Supreme Court has held that, to ex ercise jurisdiction in harmony with due process, defendants must have ‘minimum contac ts’ with the forum stat e, such that having to defend a lawsuit there would not ‘offend trad itional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’” Dudnikov v. Chal k & Vermilion Fine Arts, Inc ., 514 F.3d 1063, 1070 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. State of Wash. Off. of Unemployment Comp. & Placement, 326 U.S. 310, 316 ( 1945)). “Depending on their re lationship to the plaintiff’s cause of action, an out-of-state defendant’s c ontacts with the forum state may give rise to either general (all-purpose) jurisdiction or specific (case-linked) jurisdiction.” Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Cont’l Motors, Inc., 877 F.3d 895, 903 (10th Cir. 2017). Because Wyles has not argued that the court has gene ral jurisdiction over Br ady, we address only whether the court has specific jurisdiction. “[T]he minimum contacts test for specifi c jurisdiction encompasses two distinct requirements: first, that th e out-of-state defendant must ha ve purposefully directed its activities at residents of the forum state, and se cond, that the plaintiff’s injuries must arise

dismiss “is decided on the basi s of affidavits and other written materials.” Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Oaklawn Apartments, 959 F.2d 170, 174 (10t h Cir. 1992). But if, as in this case, “the di strict court holds a pretrial evidentiary hearing to resolve factual disputes relating to jurisdictional questions, the plainti ff has the burden to prove facts supporting jurisdiction by a preponderance of th e evidence.” Id.6 out of [the] defendant’s forum-related activiti es.” Shrader v. Biddinger, 633 F.3d 1235, 1239 (10th Cir. 2011) (quota tion omitted). Once a plaintiff has established minimum contacts, a defendant may respon d by showing that the exerci se of jurisdiction would be unreasonable. See Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U. S. 462, 477 (1985) (listing reasonableness factors). Wyles argues that personal jurisdiction may be exercised over Brady because (1) Brady was employed by Aluminaid, and (2) Brady “took action desi gned to cause harm in Colorado” when he called Wyles. To the extent Wyles argues that Brady’s employment relationship with Aluminaid render s Brady subject to personal jurisdiction in Colorado, we disagree. The district court f ound that Brady’s relati onship with Aluminaid began after Aluminaid relocated to California. We conclude that this factual finding is not clearly erroneous. See Manning v. Unite d States, 146 F.3d 808, 812 (10th Cir. 1998) (“A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is without factual support in the record or if the appellate court, after reviewing all the ev idence, is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” (quotation omitted)). At best, Wyles has pointed to conflicting evidence in the record of a potentia l overlap of a few months between the beginning of Brady’s associa tion with Aluminaid and its relocation to California. For example, Wyles argued befo re the district court that Brady “knew [Aluminaid] was a company that had its roots in Colorado” when he became an officer. However, he also repeatedly acknowledged that Brady’s involvement w ith Aluminaid began after it relocated to Ca lifornia, noting that Brady “w as on the board of a company that had been a Colorado company” and that by the time Brady “became an officer of the7 company, [it] had begun to move to Califor nia.” This evidence, to the extent it is conflicting, does not demonstrat e that the district court’s finding was “without factual support in the record or . . . a definite . . . mistake.” Id. Wyles also argues that the court has pe rsonal jurisdiction over Brady because by telephoning Wyles, Brady took action designed to cause harm in Colorado. Specifically, Wyles argues that Brady knew he was a Co lorado resident and that the harm Brady would cause “would be suffered by [him] in Colorado.” In support, Wyles primarily relies on Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984 ), an intentional-tort case in which the Supreme Court held that personal jurisdiction was properly exercised in California in a libel suit brought by a California resident ag ainst a Florida reporter based on the effects of the alleged tortious conduct in California. See id. at 788-89. The Court reasoned that personal jurisdiction was proper because “[t] he allegedly libelous story concerned the California activities of a California resident . . . whose television career was centered in California,” “[t]he article was drawn from Calif ornia sources, and the brunt of the harm, in terms both of respondent’s emotional distress and the injury to her professional reputation, was suffered in California.” Id. In other words, the defendant’s actions were purposefully directed at California, the forum state. See Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 288 n.7 (2014). Wyles’ reliance on Calder is unavailing. “P urposeful direction” in the intentionaltort context “has three elemen ts: (1) an intentional action; (2) expressly aimed at the forum state; and (3) with knowledge that th e brunt of the injury would be felt in the forum state.” Dental Dynamics, LLC v. Jo lly Dental Grp., LLC, 946 F.3d 1223, 12318 (10th Cir. 2020) (emphasis added). As the Supreme Court cautioned in Walden, a “plaintiff cannot be the only link between the defe ndant and the forum.” 571 U.S. at 285. “[A] defendant’s interaction with a plai ntiff—even when allegedly tortious—is insufficient to establish pers onal jurisdiction” without ad ditional contacts between the defendant and the forum state. De ntal Dynamics, 946 F.3d at 1231. Such additional contacts are lacking in this case. Wyle s has not demonstrated that the only act arguably intended to cause harm in Colorado—Brady’s call—was directed at the forum state (as opposed to merely at the plaintiff in th e forum state) or caused any harm to him in Colorado. Walden, 571 U. S. at 283-84 (“The inquiry whether a forum State may assert specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant focuses on the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation. For a State to exercise jurisdiction consistent with due process, the defendant’s suit-related conduct must create a substantial connection with the forum State. ” (quotation omitted)). In this case, “there is no indication that [Colora do] had anything but a fortuit ous role” in the commission of the alleged tort. Far W. Cap., Inc. v. Towne, 46 F.3d 1071, 1080 (10th Cir. 1995). Moreover, “the mere foreseeability of ca using injury in another state is not a sufficient benchmark for exercising personal jurisdiction.” Trierw eiler v. Croxton & Trench Holding Corp., 90 F.3d 1523, 1534 (10th Cir. 1996) (quotation omitted). It is not enough that Brady knew Wyles would be in Co lorado when he called him. “Rather, the foreseeability that is critical to due process analysis is th at the defendant’s conduct and connection with the forum State are such that he should re asonably anticipate being haled into court there.” Id. (quotation and alterati on omitted). We conclude that Brady took no9 action that would reasonably l ead him to believe he woul d be haled into court in Colorado. By placing a single phone call to Wyles, Brady did not purposefully avail himself “of the privilege of conducting activitie s within the forum st ate” in which Wyles happened to be. Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U. S. 235, 253 (1958) (quotation omitted); see also Treierweiler, 90 F.3d at 1534 (concluding that defendant’s call to plaintiff’s attorney in the forum state did not support the exercise of personal jurisdiction); Dental Dynamics, 946 F.3d at 1231 (exchange of text messages insufficient to confer personal jurisdiction); Rambo v. Am. S. Ins. Co., 839 F.2d 1415, 1418-19 (10th Cir. 1988) (“[O]rdinarily use of the mails, telephone, or other internationa l communications simply do not qualify as purposeful activity.” (quotation omitted)). Thus, we conclude that Wyles has not demonstrated the existence of minimum contacts between Brady and the state of Colo rado. We therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal of Wyles’ claims agains t Brady for lack of personal jurisdiction. 4

III Wyles argues that the district court e rred in limiting discovery. We review the denial or limiting of discovery related to ju risdiction for an abuse of discretion. See Budde v. Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., 511 F.2d 1033, 1035 (10th Cir. 1975). We “will not interfere with the trial court’s exercise of its discretion to control its docket and dispatch

4 Because we hold that Wyles has not demonstrated minimum contacts, we need not address the reasonableness of ex ercising jurisdiction. See Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 477.10 its business except upon the clea rest showing that the procedur es have resulted in actual and substantial prejudice” to the plainti ff. Id. (quotation a nd alteration omitted). The court initially permitted Wyles (1) to submit five requests for production and five interrogatories to Brady and to anothe r defendant and (2) to obtain depositions from Brady and another defendant. Wyles disregar ded these limits, filing broad requests that sought information above and be yond the jurisdictional question. 5 After the court learned of Wyles’ requests, it limited discovery to written confirmation of the positions that Brady held at Aluminaid. We cannot say that the court abused its discretion in further limiting discovery. “[A] refusal to grant jurisdictional discovery constitutes an abuse of discretion if the denial results in prejudice to a litigant and that prejudice is present where pertinent facts bearing on the question of jurisdiction are controverted or where a more satisfactory showing of the facts is necessary.” Breakt hrough Mgmt. Grp., Inc. v. Chukchansi Gold Casino & Resort, 629 F.3d 1173, 1189 (1 0th Cir. 2010) (quotation and alterations omitted). Wyles has failed to convince us that he was prejudiced by the court’s orders. Without citation to the record , Wyles argues that he has shown facts challenging Brady’s characterization of his relati onship with Aluminaid and of the phone call Brady made to Wyles. But Wyles makes no argument rega rding the additional facts his requested discovery would have revealed. Accordingly, we hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in further limiting discovery.

5 We note that Wyles makes no argument on appeal challenging the district court’s characterization of his discovery requests as overbroad and irrelevant.11 IV We turn to the court’s awar d of attorney fees to Brad y. We review the factual findings underlying an attorney fee awar d for abuse of discretion and the legal conclusions supporting the award de novo. Jones v. Denver Post Corp., 203 F.3d 748, 756 (10th Cir. 2000). Colorado’s attorney fee statute, § 13-17 -201, is substantiv e law of the forum state that this court applies when our jurisdiction is based on diversity. Id. at 757. It provides: In all actions brought as a result of a death or an injury to person or property occasioned by the tort of any other person, where any such action is dismissed on motion of the defendant prior to trial under rule 12(b) of the Colorado rules of civil pr ocedure, such defendant shall have judgment for his reasonable attorney fees in defending the action. § 13-17 201. Although the statute only exp licitly refers to Colo rado Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b), we have interpreted it as appl ying to dismissals under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b). See Jone s, 205 F.3d at 757 n.6. Attorney-fee awards under the statute are mandatory. Crandall v. City of Denver, 238 P.3d 659, 660 (C olo. 2010). Under § 13-17-201, a court must award reasonable attorney fees to a defendant prevailing in a to rt action on a Rule 12(b) motion. See Jones, 205 F.3d at 757. Accordin gly, Brady was entitled to the reasonable attorney fees he incurred defending against Wyles’ action. Wyles argues that § 13-17-20 1 does not apply in this case because Brady amended his affidavit following the ev identiary hearing. But th e Colorado Supreme Court has explicitly held that awards under § 13-17- 201 are mandatory, see Crandall, 238 P.3d at12 665, and we are unconvinced that it would read any exception into the statute, let alone Wyles’ suggested exception. 6 Wyles’ only cited case to support his proffered exception, Bank v. Bowles, 95 F.3d 1156 (9th Cir. 1996) (table) (unpublished), held that under the terms of the contract at issue, a party who fa iled to adhere to the contract was not entitled to attorney fees incurred by its own breach. Id. at *2. We fail to see how this case is relevant, particularly where, as here, the fee award is mandated by statute. For these reasons, we conclude that the dist rict court did not ab use its discretion in awarding attorney fees to Brady. V AFFIRMED

.

Entered for the Court

Carlos F. Lucero Circuit Judge

6 In Employers Insurance of Wausau v. RREEF USA Fund-II (Colorado), Inc., 805 P.2d 1186 (Colo. App. 1991), the Co lorado Court of Appeals recognized a single exception to the mandatory nature of § 13- 17-201: cases in which the plaintiff voluntarily consented to dism issal by conceding the defenda nt’s Rule 12(b) motion. Id. at 1188. The court held that the Co lorado legislature did not intend § 13-17-201 to apply to a situation in which a plaintif f concedes the motion “i n such a manner that defendant is not required to expend additional effort s beyond the filing of its motion.” Id. The Colorado Supreme Court has declined to rule on the validity of that exception. See Crandall, 238 P.3d at 665. But even if we were to accept the exception, it would not apply in this case. Not only did Wyles not dismiss his claims against Brady, but Brady was forced to file a reply in district court and incur the expenses of this appeal.