Energy Conservation Standards for 

Commercial Refrigeration Equipment 

ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

Building Technologies Program 

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 

U.S. Department of Energy 

August 23, 2007 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
ANOPR Analyses Flow Diagram

Framework 

Document ANOPR NOPR Final Rule 

Energy Use

ization 

Technology

Analysis 

Analysis 

Determine Price 

PaybackPeriod Analysis 

Shipments Analysis 

Character

Market and Assessment 

Screening 

Engineering 

Markups toEquipment

Life-Cycle Cost and 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Purpose 

 Market & Technology Assessment 

• To characterize the commercial refrigeration equipment market t

available equipment efficiencies and shipments by equipment cla

 Screening Analysis 

• To identify design options that increase efficiency and to apply sc

criteria established by DOE to determine which design options to which to screen out 

 Engineering Analysis 

• To characterize manufacturer cost-efficiency relationships for hig

equipment 

• To evaluate design options that improve efficiency relative to the 

units 

• Sensitivity analyses 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

ANOPR Issues for Public Comment

 Equipment Class Prioritization and Extending Analyses (Is Air-Curtain Angle (Issue #2) Door Angle (Issue #3) Equipment Classes for Equipment with Door (Issue #4)  Equipment Class Organization (Issue #5)

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Equipment Categories 

 Remote Condensing Commercial Refrigerators, Commercial Free

Commercial Refrigerator-Freezers 

 Self-Contained Commercial Refrigerators, Commercial Freezers, a

Commercial Refrigerator-Freezers Without Doors 

 Commercial Ice-Cream Freezers 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Market Shares and Unit Shipments 

 Four manufacturers account for approximately 85% of the dom

market share of all types of commercial refrigeration equipmen

 Approximately 170,000 units covered by this rulemaking were 

2005 (2006 ARI and 2005 Appliance Magazine data). 

 Remote condensing equipment accounts for about 80% of the 

market, while self-contained equipment accounts for the remai

Other 

15% 

Kysor/Warren

6%

Hussmann 

48% 

Hill Phoenix 

15% 

Tyler Ref rigeration 

16% 

Source: Appliance Magazine, 28th Annual Portrait of the U.S. Appliance Industry, September 2005. 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Equipment Class Designations

Equipment Family Designation 

Vertical Open VOP 

Semivertical Open SVO 

Horizontal Open HZO 

Vertical Closed 

Transparent VCT 

Vertical Closed Solid VCS 

Horizontal Closed 

Transparent HCT 

Horizontal Closed Solid HCS 

Service Over Counter SOC 

Condensing Unit Designation 

Configuration 

Remote condensing RC 

Self-contained SC 

Rating 

Temperatu

38°F 

0°F 

-15°F 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Equipment Class Organization

Equipment 

Category 

Condensing Unit 

Configuration Equipment Family 

Rating 

Temperature 

(°F) 

38 

Vertical Open 0 

38 

Semivertical Open 0 

Remote 38 

Condensing Commercial 

Refrigerators, 

Commercial 

Freezers, and 

Commercial 

Remote 

Horizontal Open 0 

Vertical Closed 

Transparent 

38 

0 

Horizontal Closed 

Transparent 

38 

0 

Refrigerator 

Freezers Vertical Closed Solid 38 

0 

Horizontal Closed Solid 38 

0 

Service Over Counter 38 

0 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Equipment Class Organization (Cont.)

Equipment 

Category 

Condensing 

Unit 

Configuration 

Equipment Family 

Rating 

Temperature 

(°F) 

Self-Contained 

Commercial Refrigerators, 

Commercial Freezers, and 

Vertical Open 38 

0 

38 

Commercial RefrigeratorFreezers 

Without Doors 

Self-Contained Semivertical Open 0 

Horizontal Open 

38 

0 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Equipment Class Organization (Cont.)

Equipment

Category 

Condensing

Unit 

Configuration 

Equipment Family 

Rating

Temperature (°F) 

Vertical Open 

Semivertical Open 

Horizontal Open 

Vertical Closed Transparent 

Remote Horizontal Closed 

Transparent 

Vertical Closed Solid 

Horizontal Closed Solid 

Commercial IceCream Freezers Service Over Counter -15 

Self-Contained 

Vertical Open 

Semivertical Open 

Horizontal Open 

Vertical Closed Transparent 

Horizontal Closed 

Transparent 

Vertical Closed Solid 

Horizontal Closed Solid 

Service Over Counter 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Equipment Class Organization 

(Issue #5) 

DOE invites comments on the selected equipment class orga

(see slides 8-10). 

• Eight equipment families • Two condensing unit configurations • Three rating temperatures 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Equipment Class Prioritization 

 DOE analyzed the 14 equipment classes with at least 100 annual s

 Added the VOP.RC.L class at the recommendation of manufactur

VOP.RC.M VCT.RC.L VOP.RC.L VOP.SC.M 

38,743 38,483 0 6,512 

SVO.RC.M HZO.RC.L SOC.RC.M SVO.SC.M 

29,552 14,278 9,312 9,750 

HZO.RC.M VCT.RC.M HZO.SC.L HZO.SC.M 

4,541 2,767 1,738 838 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Extension of Standards 

(Issue #1) 

 This approach is intended to streamline the analysis by focusing 

shipment volume equipment classes 

 Uses one of two approaches: 

OPTION 1: Translation of cost- OPTION 2: Translation 

equation, avoiding add

Incremental Manufacturer

Production Cost [$] Low

] 

-Temp 

Equipment Class 

Ice-Cream Temp 

Equipment Class 

CDEC [kWh/day Low

Equip

Ice-Cream Temp Equipment Class 

efficiency curves, followed by full downstream analysis (LCC, NIA) downstream analysis 

CDEC/TDA TDA [ft 2] 

[kWh/day ft 2 ] 

DOE invites comments on the extension of standards from low temperature equipment classes to similar low shipment volumtemperature equipment classes. 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Air-Curtain Angle 

(Issue #2) 

 Air curtains divide the refrigerated compartment from the 

space on equipment without doors 

 The energy consumption of equipment without doors is a

by the air-curtain angle 

 Equipment without doors can therefore be broadly catego

the air-curtain angle 

 DOE is considering defining air-curtain angle as 

• “the angle between a vertical line and the line formed by the point

center of the discharge air grille and the center of the return air grviewed in cross-section.” 

DOE invites comments on the proposed definition of air-curt

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Door Angle 

(Issue #3) 

 Equipment with doors can be broadly categorized by the a

the door and whether the door is solid or transparent 

 DOE is considering defining door angle as 

• “the angle between a vertical line and the line formed by the plane 

door, when viewed in cross-section .” 

DOE invites comments on the proposed definition of door 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Market and Technolo

Equipment Classes for Equipment with Doo

(Issue #4) 

 DOE is proposing to define two equipment families each fo

equipment with solid and transparent doors 

•

0

° to 45° (vertical) 

• 45

° to 90° (horizontal)

*ranges given with respect to the vertical

DOE invites comments on the proposed ranges of door anvertical and horizontal equipment families. 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Scr

Screening Analysis Method 

 Design options screened using the following criteria: 

• Technological feasibility • Practicability to manufacture, install and service • Adverse impacts on product utility or product availability • Adverse impacts on health or safety 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Scr

Technologies Selected for Further Considerat

Technologies that can improve Calculated Daily Energy Con

• higher-efficiency lighting • higher-efficiency lighting ballasts • remote lighting ballast location • higher-efficiency evaporator fan motors • evaporator fan motor controllers • higher-efficiency evaporator fan blades 

• increased evaporator surface area • low-pressure differential evaporators • improved or thicker insulation • defrost mechanism • defrost cycle control • higher-efficiency compressors (self-contained equipment only) 

• increased condenser surface area (self-contained equipment only) 

• higher-efficiency condenser fan motors (self-contained equipment only) • higher-efficiency condenser fan blades (self-contained equipment only) 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Purpose of the Engineering Analysis 

 Characterize the relationship between manufacturer cost and effic

energy consumption) 

Downstream Ana

• Life-Cycle Cost an

Payback Period 

• National Impacts 

Relationship 

Incremental

Manufacturing Cost 

Cost – Efficiency 

Energy Consumption 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Engineering Analysis Method 

 Equipment classes analyzed 

• DOE prioritized the analysis by focusing on the classes with the hi

shipment volumes 

• Equipment classes with at least 100 shipments per year were ana

 Efficiency-level approach 

• Industry-supplied cost-efficiency curves (see slides 25-28) • Used for the 4 highest shipment-volume equipment classes analyz

 Design-option approach 

• DOE analytically derived cost-efficiency curves • Used to supplement and validate the industry data • Used for the other 11 equipment classes analyzed by DOE 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Efficiency-Level Approach 

 4 cost-efficiency curves supplied to DOE by ARI  Curves represent aggregated industry cost-efficiency relat

discrete efficiency levels 

VOP.RC.M VCTHZO.RC.L SVO

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Develop 

Baseline 

Recalculate 

Implement

Design Options 

Markup 

Production 

Cost 

Model 

Model 

Performance 

Design-Option Approach 

 Define baseline specifications for each equipm Model manufacturer production cost (MPC) an

daily energy consumption (CDEC) of baseline 

 Implement design options one-by-one in order 

payback to longest payback 

 Add the incremental cost of each design optio

baseline and recalculate CDEC with design op

 Markup the MPC to manufacturer selling price 

manufacturer markup 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Energy Consumption Model

Daily Energy 

Consumption (CDEC) 

[kWh/day] 

Compressor 

Energy 

Consumption 

[kWh/day] 

Component 

Energy 

Consumption 

[kWh/day] 

Compressor 

Model (ARI 1200 

or ARI 540) 

Fan Motor Lighting Defrost Anti-Sw eat 

Energy Energy Energy Energy 

Consumption Consumption Consumption Consumption 

[kWh/day] [kWh/day] [kWh/day] [kWh/day] 

l 

[ ] 

ic 

[

[

Anti

[

[

i

[

i

[

Tota

Ref rigeration 

Load Btu/h

Component 

Load 

[Btu/h] 

NonElectrLoad 

Btu/h] 

Fan Motor 

Heat Load 

[Btu/h] 

Lighting 

Heat Load 

Btu/h] 

Def rost 

Heater 

Load 

[Btu/h] 

-Sw eat 

Heater 

Load 

Btu/h] 

Radiation 

Load Btu/h] 

Conduct on 

Load Btu/h] 

Inf iltrat on 

Load Btu/h] 

Legend: 

ElectEner

Consum

[kWh/d

Heat L

[Btu

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Cost Model

Full 

Production 

Manufacturer 

Markups Manufac

+ = Cost (Non-Production Costs) Selling P

 Direct material Direct labor Factory overhead Depreciation

 Sales & marketing  Research & development 

 Interest  Profit 

Qualifying Industry Data 

 Industry-supplied cost-efficiency curves were provided in the form 

versus list price, normalized by total display area (TDA) 

 Industry list price data was marked down to manufacturer selling 

a list price discount to allow direct comparison with DOE’s analyt

derived curves 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Results

VCT.RC.L

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Results

VCT.RC.L

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Results

VOP.RC.M

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Results

VOP.RC.M

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Results

SVO.RC.M

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Results

SVO.RC.M

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Results

HZO.RC.L

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Results

HZO.RC.L

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Sensitivity to Material Prices

 Comparison of 5-year average prices to 5-year high prices 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Sensitivity to Alternative Refrigerants 

 Most of the CRE industry has transitioned to HFC-based 

refrigerants to comply with EPA regulations 

• Remote condensing equipment – R404a, R507 • Self-contained equipment – R134a, R404a 

 ARI-1200 compressor efficiency table is based on R404a re

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4
Engin

Other Issues 

DOE invites comments and recommendations from stakeholany other aspects related to the Engineering Analysis. 

 EE-2006-STD-0126 COMMENT 13.4