|CHAPTER��5�-��TRAVEL�AND�TRANSPORTATION�EXPENSE�REIMBURSEMENT�CLAIMS
    PART�C:��COMPUTATION�OF�MISCELLANEOUS�REIMBURSEMENTS
        C5100��COMPUTING�REIMBURSEMENT�FOR�USE�OF�MODE�OR�ROUTE�OTHER�THAN�AUTHORIZED
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| | C5100� COMPUTING REIMBURSEMENT FOR USE OF MODE OR ROUTE OTHER THAN AUTHORIZED | 
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| | A.� General. | 
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| | The conditions and limitations in this Part govern reimbursement in connection with official travel that is subject to limitation of expense by the authorized transportation mode and usually traveled route (18 Comp. Gen. 447 (1938); 21 i.d. 116 (1941)).� If there is doubt as to the applicable transportation mode for constructive cost purposes, an appropriate transportation officer must be requested to make a determination of the transportation mode that would have been furnished. Travelers are required to support a reimbursement claim by indicating the transportation mode used and the dates, and places of departure and arrival related to travel status.� Except as provided in connection with an employee's election to travel by POC for personal convenience, when a traveler performs travel by a route or transportation mode other than that authorized in a travel order, reimbursement is subject to the conditions and restrictions in this Part. Reimbursement is considered only in connection with claims after the completion of allowable authorized travel.� Employees are required to arrange transportation which is indirect or interrupted as authorized in par. C2207. | 
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| | B.� Government Transportation and Government-Procured Transportation Available. | 
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| | When use of Government air transportation is required in accordance with par. C2001-D3 through 6, but an employee or dependent elects to travel at personal expense, reimbursement for the transportation cost shall not exceed the amount which the sponsoring Service would have been required to pay for the available Government air transportation unless Government air is unavailable because: | 
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| | 1.the order-issuing official determines that use of Government air transportation for the travel involves a total delay (including delay in initiation of travel from a PDS or TDY point, en route travel, and additional time at the TDY station before the traveler can proceed with assigned duties) of more than 48 hours; | 
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| | 2.points served by Government air transportation aren't readily accessible to the origin point or the destination point of the travel and the use of these transportation facilities involves circuitous travel or undue inconvenience; or | 
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| | 3.travel via aircraft is inadvisable medically. | 
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| | If appropriate Government transportation and Government-procured transportation are both available, but an employee or dependent elects to travel at personal expense, the lowest priced mode is the maximum measure of entitlement for reimbursement.� If only Government-procured transportation is available, reimbursement for the transportation cost is limited to the cost of the Government-procured transportation.� Employees are required to arrange transportation which is indirect or interrupted as authorized in par. C2207. | 
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| | C.� Government Transportation and Government-Procured Transportation Not Available. | 
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| | When Government transportation and Government-procured transportation aren't available, or Government air transportation isn't available under the conditions in subpar. B, reimbursement for the transportation used shall not exceed the least costly available scheduled commercial air service over the direct route between the origin and destination.� If travel by aircraft is inadvisable medically, reimbursement is limited to the least costly first-class passenger accommodations on a commercial ship. | 
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| | D.� Use of Vessel of Foreign Registry.� | 
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| | Reimbursement on a constructive or other basis shall not be allowed for that portion of travel for which a traveler uses a vessel of foreign registry when a vessel of United States registry is available in connection with either usual or circuitous route travel. When a vessel of United States registry is available over a direct route, reimbursement or credit for travel over a route that involves the use of a vessel of foreign registry is limited to travel expenses incurred for land travel, air travel, and travel by vessel of United States registry, not to exceed the cost of travel by the direct route (see par. C2205-C).� Per diem isn't payable for unauthorized travel on a vessel of foreign registry (13 Comp. Gen. 319 (1934); 30 i.d. 407 (1951); 31 i.d. 351 (1952); 36 i.d. 53 (1956); 39 i.d. 642 (1960)). | 
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| | E. Use of Non-certificated Air Carriers. | 
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| | Reimbursement shall not be allowed for the cost of foreign air transportation on non-certificated air carriers unless use of such transportation is justified�� as prescribed in par. C2206. When an employee improperly uses non-certificated air carriers for travel, the following mileage proration formula shall be used to determine the employee's liability and allowable reimbursement for the transportation costs involved. | 
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| | Sum of certificated carrier�������������� Fare payable by segment mileage, authorized����� X� Government 
Sum of all segment mileage, 
authorized 
������������������������������������ MINUS | 
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| | Sum of certificated carrier� segment mileage, traveled�������� X�� Through fare paid 
Sum of all segment mileage, 
traveled | 
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| | The employee is liable only if the difference is greater than a zero, and in no case is liable for an amount in excess of the segment fare payable for the segment improperly traveled (56 Comp. Gen. 209 (1977); 57 i.d. 76 (1977)). | 
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| | F.� Computation.� | 
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| | Except as prohibited in subpars. C and D, reimbursement for travel by a mode or route other than that authorized is limited to the cost on a constructive basis that would have been incurred by the Government for the authorized route and transportation mode, or the cost actually paid by the traveler, whichever is the lesser.� Employees are required to arrange transportation which is indirect or interrupted as authorized in par. C2207.� A claim for reimbursement must be substantiated by copies of tickets or receipts for tickets purchased (or by the employee's certification as to the cost involved when copies of the tickets or receipts for tickets are impracticable to obtain or have been inadvertently lost or destroyed).� The authorized mode means the transportation mode that would have been furnished in accordance with this Volume.� Constructive reimbursement for taxicab fares, plus tip or other appropriate local transportation facility expense, shall not exceed the amount that would have been incurred by the authorized transportation mode.� The per diem allowance is limited to the amount that would have been payable for travel by the authorized transportation mode.� The constructive cost for transportation and the normal scheduled travel time for the carrier must be obtained from the appropriate transportation officer or other authentic tariff source. | 
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| | G. Dependent Travel Limited to Cost of Government-Offered Air Transportation. | 
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| | The reimbursement of dependent travel is subject to the limitation on the travel order, if any, under the authority in par. C2001-D2. | 
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| | CHAPTER� 6 - TRAVEL UNDER SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES | 
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| | PART A:� INVITATION TO TRAVEL | 
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| | (NOTE: Invitational travel orders may be used for authorizing travel and transportation at Government expense for contractors or contractor employees only under the circumstances in par. C6000, item 10.� Government contractors and contractor employees aren't Government employees and aren't eligible under any circumstances for city pair air� fares or any travel related items restricted to Government employees.) | 
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| | C6000� WHEN AND TO WHOM APPLICABLE | 
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| | Invitational travel is the term applied to authorize travel of individuals, | 
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| | a. not employed by the Government, or� | 
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| | b.employed (under 5 U.S.C. 5703) intermittently by the Government as consultants or experts and paid on a daily when-actually-employed basis, and� | 
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| | c.for individuals serving without pay or at $1 a year when they are acting in a capacity that is directly related to, or in connection with, official DOD activities. | 
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| | Travel allowances authorized for these individuals are the same as those ordinarily authorized for employees on TDY, except as provided by par. C4562-C for interview travel and by item 15 of this paragraph for spouse invitational travel.� See item 10, par. C6001, item 2 and par. C6004 regarding travel by Government contractors. Invitational travel may be authorized in cases such as when: | 
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| | 1.� it is considered in the interest of a department to invite a college or university official or a representative of industry to visit an activity to observe the work performed or the operation of the activity; | 
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| | 2.� an individual is requested to lecture, instruct, or give a demonstration at an activity in connection with a Department of Defense operation or program; | 
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| | 3.� an individual, singly or as part of a group, confers on an official DOD matter with DOD officials and thereby performs a direct service to the DOD, such as providing advice or guidance; (Invitational Travel Orders aren't authorized for individuals merely to attend a meeting or conference, even if hosted by the DOD component concerned on a matter related to the component's official business (see 55 Comp. Gen. 750 (1976)); | 
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| | 4.� attendance of an individual at an incentive award ceremony is related to an award presentation (32 Comp. Gen. 134 (1952));� (Travel and transportation at Government expense to an award presentation for a dependent or relative of an award recipient is prohibited except as authorized under par.C6002-F.); | 
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| | 5.� an individual is an attendant for a handicapped employee or member of the Uniformed Services who is to be given an Office of Personnel Management award, a major department or agency award, or a non-Federally sponsored honor award and who would be unable to attend the award ceremony if no attendant accompanied him/her (55 Comp. Gen. 800)(1976); | 
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| | 6.� attendance of an individual is for the purpose of serving as a sponsor or in a similar official ceremony which is directly related to DOD interests; | 
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| | 7.� an individual has been selected as a member of the Executive Reserve under governing regulations relating to Executive Reserve training; | 
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| | 8.� an individual is authorized preemployment interview travel under par.C6200; | 
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| | 9.� travel is by individuals serving without compensation on Boards of Visitors as provided for in governing regulations of the separate departments consistent with statutory authority; | 
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| | 10.� a Government contractor or contractor employee travels under a contract that doesn't provide funding or reimbursement for travel and transportation costs� (NOTE 1:� The intent of this item is to accommodate those very few rare instances when a contractor's personnel must travel but the contract didn't anticipate any requirement for travel and doesn't provide funding or reimbursement for travel and transportation costs.� It's not the intent of this item to induce or suggest that contracts should be negotiated without providing for travel and transportation costs when travel by the contractor's employees is reasonably foreseen.)� (NOTE 2: Government contractors and contractor employees aren't Government employees and aren't eligible under any circumstances for city pair air fares or any travel related items restricted to Government employees.); | 
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| | 11.� a witness is called to testify in administrative proceedings directed against a civilian employee or member of the Uniformed Services in adverse action type cases, whether on behalf of the Government or on behalf of the civilian employee or member of the Uniformed Services concerned, provided that the presiding hearing officer determines that the employee or member reasonably can show that the testimony of the witness is substantial, material, and necessary for a proper disposition of the case and that an affidavit from the desired witness won't adequately accomplish the same objective; | 
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| | 12.� an individual is called to testify as a witness at a pretrial investigation conducted under Article 32, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. 832; | 
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| | 13.� attendance as a complainant at an administrative hearing when the complaint related to the Federal employment of the complainant, the hearing is provided for by applicable Federal employment regulations, and it would be unreasonable to require the complainant to appear at his/her own expense (B-180469, February 28, 1974); | 
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| | 14.� when an individual is an attendant for: (a) disabled employee on official travel (56 Comp. Gen. 661 (1977)) or (b) an employee who interrupts TDY because of incapacitated illness or injury (par. C6454); and it has been determined that the employee is incapable of traveling alone; | 
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| | 15. a determination is made by the order-issuing official that a dependent may travel with the sponsor at Government expense to attend an unquestionably official function in which the dependent is actually to participate in an official capacity, or such travel is deemed in the national interest because of a diplomatic or public relations benefit to the United States. Such participation is normally limited to spouses and is representational in nature.� As such, travel is allowed on a mission noninterference basis only, and must be supported with invitational travel orders, which�� normally authorizes reimbursement of transportation costs only, not to include per diem expenses.� However, the order-issuing official may authorize/approve transportation, per diem and/or other expense allowances if it�s determined that the individual's travel is essential to accomplishing the mission and there�s a benefit for DOD only beyond fulfilling a representational role.� Code 2 civilians, 4-star general/flag officers, and certain 3-star general/flag officers serving as overseas or combined commanders (as specified in DOD 4515.13-R), may authorize/approve� transportation, per diem, and/or other expense allowances for their spouses on a case-by-case basis using the criteria in Sec. Def. memorandum dated 10 June 1994 (Subject: DOD Policy on the use of Government Aircraft and Air Travel).� This authority doesn�t constitute blanket approval authority. Order-issuing officials for all other travel under this item are: (a) The Office of the Secretary of Defense Executive Secretary for SAM and OSA support for requests from OSD, the Defense Agencies, and outside the DOD; (b) The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or designee, for requests from the Joint Staff; (c) The Commanders of Unified and Specified Commands, or their designees, for requests from members and employees within their commands. (When joint or dual-hatted personnel are traveling on behalf of their joint command, approval must be obtained through their joint command approval authority and not through their individual Service channels. This authority may be further delegated in writing, but may not be delegated below the Major Command Chief of Staff or equivalent level for travel requests from DOD senior officials.� Note: Major Commands are those normally commanded by 4-star generals/admirals.);� (d) The Secretaries of the Military Departments, or their designees, for requests from their staffs;� (e) The Service Chiefs, or their designees, for requests from members and employees within their Services (This authority may be further delegated in writing, but may not be delegated below the Major Command Chief of Staff or equivalent level for travel requests from DOD senior officials.). Invitational travel orders issued under the authority of this item, which authorize Government-funded transportation only (i.e., no per diem or expense allowances) for the dependent, includes the following statement:� "This order authorizes the dependent to accompany the sponsor to attend an official function.� It doesn't entitle the dependent to per diem or other expense allowances.� If the dependent doesn't desire to bear these expenses, he or she may choose not to travel and the order is canceled"; | 
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| | 16.� a determination is made by the Secretarial Process for personnel within that department, or by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff or designated representative for personnel assigned to the Joint Staff and unified commands that the spouse of a civilian employee or uniformed member may travel at Government expense to attend a service endorsed training course or briefing and subsequent voluntary service incident to such training or briefing (71 Comp. Gen. 6 (1991)); | 
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| | 17.� travel is by an individual who serves as an organ donor for a member of the Uniformed Services, where the subject donation is authorized under regulations of the Secretary concerned. | 
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| | C6001� RESTRICTIONS | 
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| | Invitational travel at Government expense shall not be authorized for: | 
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| | 1.� nonappropriated fund officials or employees traveling on nonappropriated fund business; | 
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| | 2.� contractor employees (except as provided in par.C6000, item 10); | 
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| | 3.� dependents and/or movement of HHGor other property of individuals for whom invitational travel orders are issued; | 
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| | 4.� (a) Federal Government employees or (b) members of the Uniformed Services, excluding retired persons (Federal employees and Uniformed members on active duty are given regular TDY orders unless authorized preemployment interview travel under par.C6200and employee/member is in a leave status during such travel (B-219046, September 29, 1986)).� An employee/uniformed member may be included on invitational travel orders issued to a patient when traveling as a non-medical attendant.� | 
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| | C6002� ALLOWANCE EXPENSE | 
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| | A.� General. | 
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| | Invitational travel orders provide for travel and transportation of an individual from place of business or home to place where services are required and returned to point of origin. | 
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| | B.� Modes of Transportation. | 
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| | Authorization of modes of transportation routing and accommodations are consistent with the provisions in Chapter 2, as appropriate to mission requirements. | 
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| | C.� Ship Sponsors. | 
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