FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

FEB 18, 2011

JOHN LEY

CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 

No. 10-10941

 

D. C. Docket No. 5:09-cr-00030-RS-AK-8

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

AMY COOPER,

Defendant-Appellant.

______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

______________________

(February 18, 2011)

Before BLACK and HULL, Circuit Judges, and HOWARD, District Judge. *

PER CURIAM:

Honorable Marcia Morales Howard, United States District Judge for the Middle District of *

Florida, sitting by designation.
Appellant Amy Cooper appeals her conviction for using a telephone to

facilitate the commission of the felony of distribution of cocaine, in violation of 21

U.S.C. § 843(b). Cooper argues she was a “principal” in the purchase of the

cocaine and she cannot be found to have facilitated the distribution in light of

Abuelhawa v. United States, – U.S. –, 129 S. Ct. 2102 (2009). Because the facts

support Cooper using a telephone to facilitate the distribution of cocaine, the jury

verdict is affirmed. 

I. BACKGROUND

Amy Cooper lived with her boyfriend, Dr. Michael Reed. Twelve to

eighteen months before she was arrested, Cooper introduced Reed to a drug dealer,

Hector Melara. Cooper was already a cocaine customer of Melara, and Reed soon

became a customer as well. Melara testified at trial that he began to sell Reed

cocaine both when Reed was with Cooper and when Reed was alone in his office. 

In early May 2009, Reed contacted Melara and negotiated for the purchase of one

kilogram of cocaine for $30,000. Reed planned to pay for the kilogram out of his

own bank account because he was trying to “keep [Cooper] out of it” and he

intended to tell Cooper he was only buying 7 1⁄2 or 10 grams of cocaine. Melara

testified that it was his impression Reed was lying to Cooper and continued to lie

to Cooper until the day the deal was to occur.

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Melara’s supplier delivered the cocaine to Melara the same day Melara was

supposed to deliver the cocaine to Reed, but the supplier arrived later than

expected. Melara called Reed and said he was running late. Reed told Melara he

had to go to work, but Melara could still come to Reed’s house and Cooper would

“do the deal” for him. Reed explained that Cooper was unaware of the quantity of

cocaine Melara was bringing to the house, and that he was going to tell Cooper he

was “just going to pass it on to someone else,” referring to the cocaine.

On his way to deliver the cocaine to Reed’s residence, Cooper called Melara

and told him she had visitors and Melara should give her ten minutes before he

came over. Melara said that was fine, as he was currently driving by a business he

knew to be more than ten minutes away from Reed’s residence. This was the first

conversation Melara had with Cooper regarding the deal. Fifteen minutes later,

Cooper called Melara again and told him the guests were gone and to come over.

Melara arrived at Reed’s residence and Cooper greeted him at the door. 

Cooper escorted Melara through the garage to a stairwell leading to the master

bedroom closet. She told Melara to look in the closet at the right-hand desk

drawer where he would find the money. Melara found the money, counted

$30,000, and Cooper double counted it to ensure the accuracy of the payment. 

Melara then handed the cocaine to Cooper, who felt and smelled it. After the

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exchange, Melara left the house, followed shortly thereafter by Cooper who was

accompanied by another female thought to be the maid. Cooper returned to the

house approximately 30 minutes later and was confronted by law enforcement. 

Cooper was charged and found guilty of using a telephone to facilitate the

commission of a felony, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), that being the distribution of

cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b). The district court denied Cooper’s

motion for a judgment of acquittal at the close of the Government’s evidence. It

also denied her post-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal pursuant to Fed. R.

Crim. P. 29(c). Cooper now appeals her conviction. 

II. DISCUSSION

This Court reviews “the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the government.” United States v. Garcia,

405 F.3d 1260, 1269 (11th Cir. 2005). “All reasonable inferences and credibility

choices must be made in favor of the government and the jury’s verdict.” Id. 

Cooper makes two main arguments. First, Cooper argues she was a

“principal” in the transaction because she was standing in the place of Reed as the

buyer. Thus, she concludes, she cannot be found to have facilitated the

distribution of cocaine in light of the Supreme Court’s holding in Abuelhawa, –

U.S. –, 129 S. Ct. 2102, 2107 (holding that a buyer using a telephone to make a

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misdemeanor drug purchase does not “facilitate” felony drug distribution because

the term “facilitate” is limited to someone other than a principal or necessary

actor). 

Cooper was not a “principal” as a stand-in buyer in this transaction. The

evidence showed it was Reed, not Cooper, who was the purchaser: (1) Reed

initiated the purchase by calling Melara and asking to purchase a kilogram of

cocaine; (2) Reed and Melara had multiple conversations to “negotiate” the sale;

and (3) Reed supplied the money to purchase the cocaine. In contrast, Cooper was

only enlisted at the last minute to help complete the final stages of the transaction. 

It was in this capacity that she placed calls to Melara. In fact, Cooper only learned

the deal involved one kilogram of cocaine the day of the transaction because Reed

had previously lied and told Cooper he was only getting 7 1⁄2 or 10 grams of

cocaine. Undoubtably, Cooper aided Reed through her actions; however, her

actions also aided Melara. Cooper cannot be characterized as the purchaser of the

cocaine when her role in the transaction was to aid both Reed and Melara. In this

regard, Abuelhawa is not applicable. 

Second, Cooper argues the Government failed to present sufficient evidence

that her phone calls facilitated Melara’s actions. She contends her phone calls did

nothing to help Melara as he was already on his way over to Reed’s house. 

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Viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government, this

argument is unpersuasive. Melara testified Cooper’s calls assisted him because it

was “very important” for him to know no one else was at the house, and “very

important” to know that the house would be clear if he waited the time specified

by Cooper. Cooper’s calls allowed Melara to judge his timing to ensure he and

Cooper would be alone when Melara delivered the cocaine. Melara claims he

would have been concerned if other people were at the house because others could

inform law enforcement about the deal. Therefore, the Government presented

sufficient evidence to support a finding that Cooper used a telephone to facilitate

Melara’s distribution of the cocaine. 

III. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Cooper was not a “principal” in the transaction and the

evidence sufficiently supported the jury’s verdict that she used a telephone to

facilitate the distribution of cocaine. 

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AFFIRMED.

 In light of this opinion, Cooper’s motion for release pending appeal is now moot. 1

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