United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 93-3715.

CHRYSLER CREDIT CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant,

v.

WHITNEY NATIONAL BANK, Defendant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee.

May 5, 1995.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

Before GARWOOD, JOLLY and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

STEWART, Circuit Judge:

Whitney National Bank appeals the judgment of the district court finding that it had directly

converted and had conspired to convert car sale proceeds belonging to Chrysler Credit Corporation.

On cross-appeal, Chrysler Credit Corporation appealsthe denialofits motion for attorneys'fees. For

the following reasons, the judgment against Whitney National Bank is affirmed and the judgment

denying Chrysler Credit Corporation's motion for attorneys' fees is affirmed.

FACTS

This appeal involves a dispute between Chrysler Credit Corporation ("Chrysler Credit") and

WhitneyNationalBank ("Whitney"), the two primary creditorsfor Toyota ofJefferson, Inc. ("TOJ"),

an automobile franchise owned and operat ed by Ethel and Louis Normand (the "Normands") in

Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. TOJ had its general operating account at Whitney. In addition, Whitney

made personal loansto the Normands. Chrysler Credit provided floor plan financing for new vehicles

sold by TOJ. As the floor plan lender for TOJ, Chrysler Credit loaned the funds TOJ needed to buy

cars from its distributor.

Under the floor plan agreement, Chrysler Credit secured these loans with a chattel mortgage

over all the cars bought by TOJ. The chattel mortgage provided as follows:

If the Mortgagor so sells any one or more such chattels, the proceeds of each such sale, and

the evidence thereof in whatever form the same may be, shall be the property of the

Mortgagee and shall be held in trust by the Mortgagor for the use and benefit of the

Mortgagee and the Mortgagor agrees as such trustee to deliver such proceeds and such
evidence of sale immediately upon his or its receipt thereof to the Mortgagee, to be applied

by it toward the reduction of the indebtedness secured by this Mortgage.

This chattelmortgage wasrecorded on March 16, 1989. According to the floor plan agreement, TOJ

would deposit its carsale proceedsinto its general operating account at Whitney. It would then write

a check drawn on the account to Chrysler Credit for the sold cars.

During the eighteen-month period of the floor plan agreement (February 28, 1989 through

September 28, 1990), TOJ was constantly overdrawn; at one point, it owed over $1.6 million to

Whitney. Whitney established the practice of covering TOJ's checks to Chrysler Credit when there

were insufficient fundsin the TOJ account. At times, TOJ would not pay Chrysler Credit immediately

for the cars astheywere sold. Instead, TOJ deposited the proceeds from the car sales into its account

with Whitney. Whitney, in turn, set off the accounts in satisfaction of the outstanding loans and

overdrafts that Whitney had paid. Finally, on September 27 and 28, 1990, Whitney dishonored two

checks that TOJ had written to Chrysler Credit. TOJ filed for bankruptcy the next day. An audit of

TOJ's books revealed that it had failed to pay Chrysler Credit for 176 cars worth approximately

$2,279,342.

After TOJfiled for bankruptcy, it was discovered that TOJ had been consistently violating the

floor plan agreement. TOJ had made out-of-trust sales, i.e., sales of cars where the proceeds were

not immediately remitted to the floor plan lender, Chrysler Credit.

Although Chrysler Credit performed random audits whereby it would actually go to the

dealership and count the number of carsleft on the lot and compare it to the amount of money it had

received, personnel at TOJ eventually found a pattern to the audits and were able to conceal some

of the out-of-trust sales when confronted with the discrepancies. TOJ would then write a check to

Chrysler Credit for the car sales it could not conceal. These checks were overdrafts honored by

Whitney.

TRIAL COURT PROCEEDINGS

On May 6, 1991, Chrysler Credit filed a complaint in the Eastern District of Louisiana

asserting multiple causes of action against Whitney. By the time of trial, the claims had been

narrowed to conspiracy to defraud, conversion, and conspiracy to commit conversion. A jury trial
 

1Despite Whitney's argument to the contrary at appellate oral argument, Whitney was held to

have knowledge of Chrysler Credit's security interest and never contested Chrysler Credit's

motion. In its written opposition, Whitney only contested the validity of the security interest and

stated that one of Whitney's attorneys believed that Whitney's security interest primed Chrysler

Credit's security interest.

At trial, when the district court made its ruling, Whitney did not object. The court

specifically asked Chrysler Credit's lawyer, David Culpepper, if he had an objection to the

stipulation:

THE COURT: Do you have any objection? I want to do the right thing.

MR. CULPEPPER: I mean, I—

THE COURT: You don't have an objection, do you?

MR. CULPEPPER: I think that it's important that the jury understands that—well,

was conducted May 17-25, 1992.

Before trial, the district court made severalsignificant rulings. It held that Chrysler Credit had

created a valid security interest in the proceeds ofthe car salesthat was effective on March 16, 1989.

Chrysler Credit Corp. v. Whitney National Bank, 798 F.Supp. 1234, 1237 (E.D.La.1992). It also

held that Whitneyhad a valid contractual pledge ofthe bank account effective onDecember 28, 1989.

Id. at 1238. It then held that, despite the greater chronological priority of its security interest,

Chrysler Credit could only trace the proceeds in the commingled account if it could prove that

Whitney, in setting off the proceeds against the overdraft loans, had acted outside of the ordinary

course of business. See id. at 1247.

In a motion to reconsider, Whitney argued that pursuant to La.Rev.Stat. § 6:316, it also held

a valid statutory pledge that was effective on March 1, 1989, the first day that TOJ overdrew its

account. Whitney argued that its subsequent extensions of credit were retroactively ranked to this

date and thus it had chronological priority over any security interest held by Chrysler Credit. The

court rejected this contention, holding that in order for extensions of credit to receive retroactive

ranking, they must be provided for in a contract. Chrysler Credit Corp. v. Whitney National Bank,

824 F.Supp. 587, 593 (E.D.La.1993).

During the middle oftrial, the district court made another important ruling. The district court

found that Whitney had knowledge of Chrysler Credit's interest in the car sale proceeds.1 Included
you can do that. I—what I want is to be able to ask Mr. Andignac whether

he ever read their mortgage or not—

THE COURT: Sure.

In the absence of a contemporaneous objection, the appeal of an alleged error is waived. 

See Peveto v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 807 F.2d 486, 490 (5th Cir.1987).

In its initial brief, Whitney did not contest the validity of the court's ruling, thus it

is waived on appeal even if it had been preserved at trial. Yohey v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222,

225 (5th Cir.1993); see also, Knighten v. C.I.R., 702 F.2d 59, 60 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,

464 U.S. 897, 104 S.Ct. 249, 78 L.Ed.2d 237 (1983) (forbidding parties from raising

issues for the first time in the reply brief). Moreover, Whitney did not submit any jury

instructions indicating that it did not have knowledge of the security agreement; thus this

error is waived on appeal. Transoil (Jersey) Ltd. v. Belcher Oil Co., 950 F.2d 1115, 1120

(5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 90, 121 L.Ed.2d 53 (1992); Abel v.

Miller, 824 F.2d 1522, 1535 (7th Cir.1987). 

with the pretrial stipulations read to the jury was the following:

Whitney had actual knowledge of Chrysler Credit's security interest in the proceeds

deposited into the TOJ bank account at Whitney.

Chrysler Credit's security interest in the proceeds in TOJ's bank account had priority

over any right of set-off possessed by Whitney.

At the conclusion of all the evidence, the district court then instructed the jury to that effect.

The jury returned special verdicts finding that Whitney had committed conversion, and that

Whitney had conspired to commit conversion and fraud. It also found that Whitney had acted outside

of the ordinary course of business. The district court entered judgment on the direct conversion and

conspiracy to commit conversion claims, but found that there was not enough evidence to find that

Whitney had conspired to defraud Chrysler Credit because Whitney did not have a duty to inform

Chrysler Credit about the out-of-trust sales. Chrysler Credit filed a motion for attorneys' fees which

was denied. Whitney appeals the judgment of the district court; Chrysler Credit appeals the denial

of attorneys' fees.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Issues oflaw are reviewed de novo. Park v. C.I.R., 25 F.3d 1289, 1291 (5th Cir.1994), cert.

denied sub nom., Jones v. C.I.R., --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 673, 130 L.Ed.2d 606 (1994). A jury's

findings of facts will not be overturned unless the facts and inferences point so strongly and

overwhelmingly in favor of one party that the court believes that reasonable jurors could not arrive
 

2Before the 1987 amendments, La.Civ.Code art. 2324 read as follows:

He who causes another person to do an unlawful act, or assists or

encourages in the commission of it, is answerable in solido with that person, for

damage caused by the act.

Although the 1987 amendments changed the language of La.Civ.Code art. 2324(A), the

pre-amendment conspiracies still provide guidance as to the applicable law in regards to

conspiracies. National Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Spillars, 552 So.2d 627, 634

(La.Ct.App.1989), writ denied, 556 So.2d 61 (La.1990) (stating that the 1987 amendment

to art. 2324 "rephrased it in terms of conspiracy, conformably to prior jurisprudence"). 

at a contrary verdict. Vero Group v. ISS-International Service System, 971 F.2d 1178, 1181 (5th

Cir.1992).

DISCUSSION

I. CHALLENGES TO THE VERDICT

Whitney contendsthat the district court erred in finding that there wassufficient evidence for

a jury to find that it had conspired with TOJ to commit conversion or that it had committed direct

conversion. Because it is stipulated that TOJ converted the car sale proceeds, we need not consider

whether Whitney is also liable for conversion. Instead, we must uphold the jury verdict, in toto, if

we find that the evidence is sufficient to support its determination that Whitney conspired with TOJ

to convert the proceeds.

 Under La.Civ.Code art. 2324:2

He who conspires with another person to commit an intentional or willful act is

answerable, in solido with that person for the damage caused by such act.

The unlawful act is tortious conduct. Cust v. Item Co., 200 La. 515, 8 So.2d 361 (1942), ovr'd in

part, 9 to 5 Fashions Inc. v. Spurney, 538 So.2d 228 (La.1989). The action is for damages caused

by acts committed pursuant to a formed conspiracy, and all of the conspirators will be regarded as

having assisted or encouraged the performance of those acts. National Union Fire Ins. Co. v.

Spillars, 552 So.2d 627, 634 (La.Ct.App.1989), writ denied, 556 So.2d 61 (La.1990). The plaintiff

must therefore prove an unlawful act and assistance or encouragement that amountsto a conspiracy.

Id. This assistance or encouragement must be of such quality and character that a jury would be

permitted to infer from it an underlying agreement and act that is the essence of the conspiracy. See
Silver v. Nelson, 610 F.Supp. 505, 517 (E.D.La.1985).

In this case, the unlawful act is conversion. Conversion is defined as an act in derogation of

the plaintiff's possessory rights or any wrongful exercise or assumption of authority over another's

goods, depriving him of the possession, permanently, or for an indefinite time. Chrysler Credit

Corporation v. Perry Chrysler Plymouth, 783 F.2d 480, 484 (5th Cir.1986). It was stipulated that

TOJ and Louis Normand converted the proceeds of TOJ's new car sales. The jury returned a verdict

that, by a preponderance of the evidence, Whitney conspired with TOJ to convert the proceeds of

TOJ's new car sales. If the evidence is sufficient to support a jury inference of an underlying

agreement and that Whitney assisted or encouraged TOJto commit conversion, then we must uphold

the verdict against Whitney.

The district court's civil conspiracyjuryinstructions provided a blueprint for the jury's analysis

of the voluminous evidence adduced at trial. The district court instructed the jury that:

Chrysler Credit must prove that Whitney's acts were committed pursuant to a mutual

agreement between Whitney and Toyota of Jefferson or Louis Normand to act together to

the detriment of Chrysler Credit.

The district court also instructed the jury that the evidence must establish that "Whitney did not

merely inadvertently assist tortious activity by Toyota," but instead that "Whitney was aware of its

role and knew that it wasfurthering a tortious scheme." The district court told the jury that although

"it cannot be said that the honoring of Toyota of Jefferson's checks was, by itself, a representation

to Chrysler Credit that Toyota of Jefferson had sufficient assets to cover the checks, the honoring

of insufficient funds checks, if performed to enable Toyota ... to convert Chrysler Credit's collateral,

constitutes an act in furtherance of the conspiracy." (Emphasis added.)

At trial, Brent Smith, an office manager at TOJ, testified that Whitney would setoff the car

sale proceedsto satisfy the overdraft loans. Smith testified that over the eighteen months of the floor

plan he spoke with David Andignac, the Whitney vice president in charge of TOJ's account, almost

every day, sometimes four to five times a day, and that they discussed how the overdraft loans were

to be paid. He also testified that he was constantly giving Andignac and his assistant, Jean Hill,

information about accounts receivables and other anticipated income.
 

3A deal, as explained at trial, is a cluster of paperwork needed to sell a car. These deals

indicated the number of cars sold and the expected receivables. 

Smith testified that the need for deposits became so desperate at one point that employees at

TOJ would deposit receipts after hours:

Q What do you mean you "went down to the bank at 4:30, five o'clock."

A We brought our deposit after the bank was closed between like four and five o'clock.

Q How did you do that?

A Well, that's what they instructed us to do. That way, we'd get credit that day instead of waiting

till the next day to get credit.

Q Who instructed you to do that?

A David Andignac.

Smith stated that the Normands owed approximately $7 million worth of loans to Whitney

on their personal real estate loans and that Andignac stated that TOJ was the "work horse" of all the

loans. At some point in early 1990, Smith said that Andignac told him that the bank would not honor

any more overdrafts, but Whitney continued paying them as they occurred until September 1990.

Smith also testified that he told Andignac that TOJ was making out-of-trust sales:

A He—what happened was, say, example, if the receivable and the missing deal3report totaled

$700,000 and we were overdrawn $900,000, it showed that we couldn't cover the overdraft

in the bank.

Q Based on the receivables of the company?

A Right.

Q Did Mr. Andignac ever notice that?

A Yes, one time.

Q And what did he say?

A He called me to ask me why and like I told him, I said, "Well we're out of trust."

Q What did Mr. Andignac say when you said that?

A Like very abruptly, "Good-bye," and, hung up.

Smith stated on several occasions that he told Jean Hill that TOJ was making out-of-trust

sales.
 

4Dooley, at the time of trial, was an accountant with Price Waterhouse in New York. He had

extensive experience in floor plan financing including "accounting for floor plan loans and tracing

the proceeds from floor plan inventory, sales and analysis of floor plan transactions." He had

served as a court appointed investigator into floor plan fraud and as an auditor for various floor

plan financiers. Dooley was accepted by the district court as an expert in floor plan financing and

lending practices. 

 

5See the three pages following page 5 of the appellee's brief. These charts were prepared by

Dooley and provide a useful outline of the floor plan agreement. 

Smith testified that employees at TOJ, including himself, altered financialrecords and recalled

cars from customers to be put back on the lot with removed license plate tags to fool Chrysler

Credit's auditors. He testified further, however, that Whitney knew nothing of these attempts by TOJ

to deceive Chrysler Credit's auditors.

A letter that Smith sent to Whitney on July 24, 1990, two months before the dealership filed

for bankruptcy, was also introduced at trial. This letter states in pertinent part:

We all here are working to collect the money as fast as we can. We are giving 150%

to keep this business open so we can reduce the debt to the Whitney Bank. If you would

bounce a check then it would be all over with Chrysler Credit and we worked so hard to keep

us going through bad times in this city. [Emphasis ours.]

Whitney's Chairman and CEO, William L. Marks, testified that he thought that the letter was talking

about out-of-trust sales.

DanielV. Dooley, an accounting expert4hired byChrysler Credit to trace the funds, explained

how floor plan lending wassupposed to work under TOJ's andChrysler Credit'sfloor plan agreement.

Using schematic charts,5he showed how TOJ was supposed to pay Chrysler Credit with proceeds

of car sales deposited at Whitney. He stated that, in actuality, TOJ paid Chrysler Credit from an

empty account and that Whitney honored the checks written on this empty account. Whitney would

then setoff any proceeds. In effect, TOJ was paying Chrysler Credit with overdraft loans. He then

explained why this arrangement was so dangerous:

[W]hat happensifWhitney at any point stopsfunding the overdrafts. If the overdrafts are not

honored at any point in time, the proceeds stop here (indicating). They come to rest in the

Whitney National Bank account and they never get any farther along in the process. They

don't get up to Chrysler Credit.

He also testified that the danger that he had envisioned had come to pass:

The situation in 1990, in August and coming to a conclusion in September, was that
 

6At the time of trial, Sinclair had thirty years of experience working as a commercial banker

during which he gained experience making and supervising floor plan loans. He had a graduate

degree in banking, had served as president of banks in Tennessee, and was an officer and director

of a bank in Florida. He had lectured extensively on commercial lending topics, had published

several articles on banking, and had qualified previously as a banking expert. 

 

7The information that Sinclair referred to included the reports of loan a committee that had

reviewed the extension of credit to TOJ, the lack of any receivable logs and notes that Brent

Smith had sent to Whitney, and the absence of loan documentation besides a loan ledger. 

Whitney eventually stopped funding the overdrafts and when they did, this is like a pipeline.

The last carssold in the pipeline, which we calculated to be 176, the proceeds never came out

the other end of the pipeline to Chrysler Credit. They sort of came to rest—they didn't sort

of, they came to rest in the Whitney National Bank's account or the Toyota of Jefferson

account at the Whitney and t hey had the effect of relieving or repaying Whitney National

Bank's overdraft exposure.

Dooley also testified that Whitney setoff $1,558,916.73 of the car sale proceeds. He stated

that Whitney earned $1.7 million in interest and fees from the overdrafts and loans to TOJ and the

Normands. Dooley also testified that Whitney transformed some of the overdrafts with TOJ into

secured lo ans with the Normands, which had the beneficial effect of reducing Whitney's total

exposure if TOJ defaulted.

Dooley also stated that some of the collateral securing the Normands' loans was real estate

and that this real estate was overvalued. He opined that Whitney would have faced a substantial loss

if they had foreclosed on the Normands. He also opined that:

By not foreclosing on the Normand interests, by not stopping the overdraft lending situation,

by keeping the Normand-Toyota of Jefferson entities alive, at least one event that was

positive to the Whitney was that an additional, per [the Whitney accountant] estimates, $1.8

million of collateral was pledged to the Whitney National Bank, helping alleviate, possibly

eliminate, what [theWhitneyaccountant] at least projected as possible lossfromthe Normand

loans....

Al Sinclair, Chrysler Credit's banking expert,6testified that based on his review of the

depositions of bank officers and t he written report, Whitney's relationship with TOJ and the

Normands was beyond the boundaries of normal and ordinary banking practices. He cited, as

examples, the large amount and frequency of the overdrafts. He referred to them as the "mother of

all overdrafts." He also cited the lack of relevant banking records as evidence of out-of-the-ordinary

business practices.7

Sinclair also testified that, based on the amount of the overdrafts and the financialstatements
 

8Dr. Staats was, at the time of trial, a professor at the Graduate School of Banking of the

South. He was also on the faculty of the Institute for Bank Administration. He held an

undergraduate degree in accounting, a masters of business administration, and a doctorate. He

had also served on the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. He had also helped organize a bank

and had written several books on banking. 

submitted by TOJ, any experienced banker such as Andignac would "have recognized that it was a

sales out oftrust situation and that a banker with that knowledge would have realized he was assisting

in the perpetration of a sales out-of-trust situation."

David Andignac testified that he was involved in discussions with TOJ management on how

the overdrafts were to be repaid. Andignac testified that he met several times with officials from TOJ

to "workout" a way of handling the chronic overdrafts. These meetings included discussions of how

TOJ was going to pay back the overdrafts. He testified that he did not want TOJ to go out of

businesssince it wasthe principal means ofservicing both the Norman's and TOJ's debtsto Whitney.

Andignac also testified that he never knew that TOJ was making out-of-trust sales to TOJ.

He testified that he thought that the overdrafts were caused by an administration bottleneck in which

TOJ had to pay Chrysler Credit for the cars it sold before it received payment for them. He also

testified that he wasfamiliar with floor plan financing and the term, out-of-trust sales. Andignac also

testified that the reason that the overdrafts went on so long and were so large is that he was trying

to "workout" the cash flow problems that he believed that TOJ was experiencing.

Jean Hill testified, through deposition, that Smith had told her that TOJ was making

out-of-trust sales. She also testified that she periodically called TOJ to see how much it was going

to deposit in order to cover overdrafts. She stated that she knew that the source of the deposit would

come from the operation of the car business. She testified further that she could not remember any

other customers of Andignac who had as large and as frequent overdrafts as TOJ.

Dr. William Staats, Whitney's banking expert,8testified that Whitney acted consistently with

normal and usual banking practices. He stated that Andignac did what needed to be done to provide

credit needed by a business firm and to maintain a workout situation with respect to the loans to the

Normands and TOJ. He also testified that whether a particular loan was prudent or not depended on

the circumstances and that under the circumstances that existed at the time of the overdrafts,
 

9Both of these conclusions were the result of the district court's pre-trial rulings discussed

above. See generally, Chrysler Credit Corp. v. Whitney National Bank, 798 F.Supp. 1234, 1244

(E.D.La.1992); Chrysler Credit Corp. v. Whitney National Bank, 824 F.Supp. 587, 593

(E.D.La.1993). 

Andignac's actions were prudent.

The district court instructed the jurors that as a matter of law, Chrysler Credit had a security

interest in the car sale proceeds that was superior to Whitney's right to setoff the proceeds against

the obligation owed byTOJ.9 The district court also told the jury that the security interest could form

the basis of a conversion claim.

Based on the evidence, we find that a reasonable juror could conclude that Whitney had

conspired with TOJ to commit conversion. A reasonable jury could conclude that Chrysler Credit

proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Whitney conspired with TOJ to detrimentally use

proceeds which rightfully belonged to Chrysler Credit. In essence, Whitney assisted or encouraged

TOJ to commit a tortious act of conversion. The critical element in this case was the court's

instruction to the jury that Whitney knew of Chrysler Credit's security interest in the car sale

proceeds. That knowledge, combined with Whitney's actions to setoff the car sale proceeds to the

detriment of the normal floor plan financing procedure, and Whitney's support of TOJ's varied

expenditures provided an ample basisfor a reasonable juror to infer an underlying agreement between

Whitney and TOJ to convert Chrysler Credit's funds.

The "workhorse" for all the loansto TOJ and the Normands was TOJ. Whitney and TOJ had

a close relationship in which Whitney was fairly well informed abo ut the details of TOJ's financial

affairs. It knew that TOJ financed its cars on the floor plan through Chrysler Credit and that Chrysler

Credit and TOJ had an agreement pursuant to which the proceeds from the sales of these financed

cars were held for Chrysler Credit by TOJ. Whitney and TOJ knew that if Chrysler Credit was not

paid and paid promptly, or if a check by TOJ to Chrysler Credit in payment of these proceeds ever

bounced, Chrysler Credit would cancel itsfloor plan agreement with TOJ and TOJ would not be able

to finance its automobile sales. As a result, a defunct TOJ would be forced to go out of business

leaving Whitney with no means or hope of being paid, in full or in part, the indebtedness that the
Normands and TOJ owed to it.

A conspiracy thus wasformed between TOJ and Whitney that allowed TOJto effectively use

the proceeds from the sales of these automobiles for purposes other than to pay Chrysler Credit. In

other words, the conspiracy to convert the car sale proceeds involved (1) TOJ, with Whitney's full

knowledge, utilizingthe carsale proceedsto pay for various expenses of TOJ and the Normands, and

(2) Whitney covering all of TOJ's insufficient fund checks to Chrysler Credit in order to avoid

cancellation of the TOJ/Contract.

II. CHALLENGES TO THE JUDGMENT

Whitney contends that the district court made several errors of law in its pre-trial rulings.

Chrysler Credit contends that Whitney did not object to the jury instructions and thus failed to

preserve for appeal a review ofthe alleged erroneousinstructions based on the district court's pretrial

rulings. However, even assuming that Whitney adequately raised objections to the jury charges and

to various pretrial rulings of the court which were reflected in the jury charges, Whitney's arguments

are still without merit. Upon careful review of the several challenges to the judgment which were

premised on the nuances of the Louisiana Civil Code, its ancillaries, and Louisiana Banking Law,

Whitney has failed to persuade us that the district court committed error. We thus summarily reject

Whitney's legal challenges to the district court judgment.

III. DAMAGES

Whitney contends that even if it committed conversion or conspired to convert, it is liable

only for the amount of the car sale proceeds it setoff, $1,558,916.73, and not for the unpaid amount

of all 176 carsfor which it was held liable, $2,279,392.51. Under La.Civ.Code art. 2324, a party who

conspires with another is liable in solido for the damages caused by the acts committed pursuant to

the conspiracy. Part of the damages caused by Whitney's conspiracy with TOJ was the diversion of

the car sale proceeds of all 176 cars, and not just those amounts setoff by Whitney. Whitney is

therefore liable in solido for the entire $2,279,392.52. We find this contention to be without merit.

IV. ATTORNEYS' FEES CLAIM

Chrysler Credit contendsthat it is entitled to attorneys' fees. Under Louisiana law, attorneys'
fees cannot be recovered unless authorized by law or contract. Rivnor Properties v. O'Donnell, 633

So.2d 735, 748 (La.App.Ct.1994). Chrysler Credit has cited no statutory basis for attorneys' fees.

It cites Hyman v. Hibernia Bank & Trust Co., 81 So. 718 (1919), as support for its contention that

coconspirators who as a part of a conspiracy breach a contract are liable for the attorneys' feesif they

are provided for in the contract.

In Hyman, the Supreme Court awarded attorneys' fees to a plaintiff who had sued two

defendantsfor conspiring to violate the plaintiff'slease. Only one of the defendants had been a party

to the lease. A close reading of this case reveals that there is no clear legal basis for the court's award

of attorneys' fees. The award of attorneys' fees was only mentioned in the last paragraph of the

majority opinion and was made without explanation. We hold that Hyman does not provide a

sufficient legal basis for the recovery of attorneys' fees.

V. MOTIONS

Whitney has filed a motion to certify a question to the Louisiana Supreme Court. We deny

this motion as unnecessary.

Chrysler Credit hasfiled a motion to strike portions of Whitney's reply brief because the brief

allegedly raised new contentions and issues. We deny this motion as moot.

CONCLUSION

Because sufficient evidence in the record exists to find that Whitney had conspired with TOJ

to convert sales proceeds belonging to Chrysler Credit, the district court judgment is AFFIRMED.

The district court judgment denyingChrysler'sCredit'smotion for attorneys'feesis AFFIRMED. The

motions filed by Whitney and Chrysler Credit are DENIED.

GARWOOD, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part:

I respectfully dissent from the holding that Whitney is liable for the total $2,279,392.51 in

out-of-trust sales by TOJ.