Cellulosic Content of Various Feedstocks Spreadsheet – for the 2014 docket update

Air and Radiation Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2012-0401

30-May-14

This spreadsheet shows the calculations used to adjust cellulosic 

content of different feedstocks starting with the numbers reported in 

the literature and ending with the values used by EPA. These adjustments 

are described in more detail in the memo to the docket ("Cellulosic Content of 

Various Feedstocks -2014 Update"). This is an update to the spreadsheet 

"Cellulosic Content of Various Feedstocks Spreadsheet - for the 

docket.xlsx" on Air and Radiation Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2012-0401. 
Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Inorganics 

(Ash)

Adjusted 

Cellulosic 

Content Source

Black Locust 88% 8% 3% 92% DOE Database

Eucalyptus 94% 3% 1% 97% DOE Database

Eucalyptus 83% n.d. 0% 83% Wang et al. (2011)

Hybrid Poplar 89% 4% 1% 96% DOE Database

American Sycamore 87% 4% 1% 96% DOE Database

Eastern Cottonwood 88% 3% 1% 97% DOE Database

Yellow Poplar 89% 3% 2% 97% DOE Database

Red Oak 84% n.d. 0% 84% Wang et al. (2011)

Monterey Pine 91% 3% 0% 97% DOE Database

Radiata Pine 88% n.d. 1% 89% Wang et al. (2011)

Spruce 90% n.d. 2% 91% Wang et al. (2011)

Branches 86% n.d. 3% 89% Eleazer et al. (1997)

Branches 70% n.d. 18% 86% Komilis and Ham (2003)

87% 4% 3% 92%

Leaves 70% n.d. 10% 77% Eleazer et al. (1997)

Leaves 47% n.d. 37% 74% Komilis and Ham (2003)

Leaves Average 58% n.d. 23% 75%

Wood, Tree Branches & Leaves

Wood & Branches Average

Reported Composition
Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Inorganics 

(Ash)

Adjusted 

Cellulosic 

Content Source

Crop Residue

Corn Stover 80% 10% 12% 89% DOE Database

71% 19% 6% 79% Templeton et al. (2009)

72% 20% 5% 78% Templeton et al. (2010)

83% 11% 6% 88% Lee et al. (2007)

86% n.d. 7% 92% Lopez et al. (2005)

78% n.d. 6% 83% Yalchi and Hajieghrari (2011)

 Corn Stover Average 78% 15% 7% 85%

Wheat Straw 74% 17% 10% 81% DOE Database

83% 7% 9% 92% NREL data

82% 12% 6% 87% Lee et al. (2007)

85% n.d. 7% 91% Stanton and LeValley (2010)

75% n.d. 5% 79% Lopez et al. (2005)

72% n.d. 2% 73% Adapa et al. (2007)

78% n.d. 13% 90% Yalchi and Hajieghrari (2011)

Wheat Straw Average 79% 12% 8% 85%

Barley Straw 91%* -2%* 11% 102%* Lee et al. (2007)

82% n.d. 7% 88% Stanton and LeValley (2010)

72% n.d. 6% 76% Lopez et al. (2005)

71% n.d. 2% 72% Adapa et al. (2007)

Barley Straw Average 75% n.d. 7% 79%

Rye Straw 65%* 29%* 6% 69%* Lee et al. (2007)

71% n.d. 6% 76% Stanton et al. (2010)

84% n.d. 4% 88% Lopez et al. (2005)

75% 19% 6% 80% Sun and Cheng (2005)

Rye Straw Average 77% 19% 6% 81%

Soybean Straw 65%* 29%* 6% 69%* Lee et al. (2007)

70% n.d. 6% 74% Stanton and LeValley (2010)

81% n.d. 3% 83% Maheri-Sis et al. (2011)

73% n.d. 9% 80% Yalchi and Hajieghrari (2011)

Soybean Straw Average 75% n.d. 6% 79%

Oat Straw 70% n.d. 8% 76% Stanton and LeValley (2010)

80% n.d. 5% 84% Lopez et al. (2005)

74% n.d. 2% 75% Adapa et al. (2007)

Oat Straw Average 75% n.d. 5% 78%

Rice Straw 74% n.d. 15% 86% Guo et al. (2009)

76% n.d. 11% 85% Agbagla et al. (2001)

69% n.d. 11% 77% Jin and Chen (2007)

Rice Straw Average 73% n.d. 12% 83%

Corn Kernel Fiber 87% 13% 1% 87% Yoshida et al. (2012)

Kernel Fiber Average 87% 13% 1% 87%

Sugarcane Bagasse 90% n.d. 8% 98% Guo et al. (2009)

92% 6% 4% 94% Templeton et al. (2010)

 Bagasse Average 91% 6% 6% 96%

Crop Residue Average 79% 13% 6% 84%

Reported Composition
*Acid detergent lignin was adjusted to an estimated value for total lignin by multiplying by 1.3 for soybeans (a legume) or by 3 for rye and 

a legume) or by 3 for rye and barley (types of grass) using the factors established in Lee et al. (2007).
Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Inorganics 

(Ash)

Adjusted 

Cellulosic 

Content Source

Grasses

Switchgrass

79% 17% 5% 82% DOE Database

75% 15% 6% 83% NREL data

71% 13% 7% 85% Dien et al. (2006)

85% 9% 6% 90% Lee et al. (2007)

70% 12% 7% 86% Vogel et al. (2011)

71% 13% 9% 84% Vogel et al. (2013)

75% 13% 7% 85%

Miscanthus

85% n.d. 4% 89% Guo et al. (2009)

86% 12% 2% 88% Lee et al. (2007)

77% n.d. 1% 78% Villaverde et al. (2010)

79% 14% n.d. 85% Fedenko et al. (2013)

82% 13% 2% 85%

Energy cane

unspecified cultivar 75% 20% 5% 79% BP Biofuels

L 79-1002 73% 23% n.d. 76% Fedenko et al. (2013)

L 79-1002 (26%)^ (10%)^ n.d. 73% Bischoff et al. (2008)

L 79-1002 (27%)^ (9%)^ n.d. 75% Hale (2010)

Ho 02-113 (26%)^ (10%)^ n.d. 71% Hale (2010)

Ho 00-961 (16%)^ (18%)^ n.d. 47% Tew et al. (2007a)

HoCP 91-552 (15%)^ (17%)^ n.d. 48% Tew et al. (2007b)

Energy Cane Average

73% 23% n.d. 75%

74% 21% 5% 67%

Napier grass

83% 13% 4% 86% BP data

74% n.d. 6% 79% Ansah et al. (2010)

59% n.d. 14% 68% Grant et al. (1975)

76% 19% n.d. 80% Fedenko et al. (2013)

73% 13% 8% 78%

Arundo donax

84% n.d. 4% 87% Scordia et al. (2011)

78% n.d. 6% 83% Scordia et al. (2012)

73% 21% n.d. 78% Fedenko et al. (2013)

78% 21% 5% 83%

Other grasses

Reed Canarygrass 58% 21% 11% 73% Dien et al. (2006)

Reed Canarygrass 66%* 26%* 8% 72%* Lee et al. (2007)

Big Bluestem 83% 11% 6% 88% Lee et al. (2007)

Tall Fescue 64% 25% 11% 72% Lee et al. (2007)

Reported Composition

Switchgrass Average

Miscanthus Average

(L 79-1002)

Napier grass Average

Arundo Donax Average

Energy Cane Average (all)
Indiangrass 86%* 6%* 8% 93%* Lee et al. (2007)

Little Bluestem (66%)† (27%)† 7% (71%)† Lee et al. (2007)

Prairie Cordgrass 92%* 2%* 6% 98%* Lee et al. (2007)

82%* 12%* 6% 87%* Lee et al. (2007)

Smooth Bromegrass 86%* 6%* 8% 93%* Lee et al. (2007)

Timothy 73%* 21%* 6% 78%* Lee et al. (2007)

68% 19% 8% 78%

*Acid detergent lignin (ADL) was adjusted to an estimated value for total lignin by multiplying by 3. Total lignin for grasses is generally 2-4 

†Lignin was not measured for this sample, so these values are much lower than the true value. This sample was not used in calculating the 

^Fiber and Brix were reported as a percentage of whole cane, including water. This sample was not used in calculating the "cellulosic cont

Intermediate Wheatgrass

Other Grasses Average

ignin for grasses is generally 2-4 times ADL, so we used an average value for this estimate. These values were not used in calculating the average.

e was not used in calculating the average for grasses.

n calculating the "cellulosic content" or "other organics" average

used in calculating the average.
Corn Stover - Data from Templeton et al. (2009)

Reference: Assessing corn stover composition and sources of variability via NIRS, David W. Templeton, Amie D. Sluiter, Tammy K. Hayward, Bonnie R. Hames, Steven R. Thomas, Cellulose 2009 16:621-639

Samples: collected from 47 sites in 8 corn belt states after the 2001, 2002, and 2003 harvests

508 commercial hybrid corn stover samples

Analytical Method: Near-infrared spectroscopy/partial least squares multivariate modeling, calibrated with standard NREL Laboratory Analytical Prodedures (LAPs)

Use in Memo to demonstrate variability and EPA approach

Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin

Reported: Used: Reported: Used: Reported: Used:

Glucan

Total 

Cellulose Xylan Galactan Arabinan Mannan Acetyl

Total Hemicellulose LigninTotal 

Lignin

Average 31.9 31.9 18.9 1.5 2.8 0.3 2.2 25.7 13.3 13.3

Std. Dev. 2.0 2.0 1.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 1.4 1.1 1.1

Range 26.5-37.6 14.8-22.7 0.8-1.9 1.6-3.6 0.0-0.7 0.9-2.9 11.2-17.8

Extractives Other Percent Recovery

Reported: Used: Reported: Used: Used: Reported: Used:

Ethanol 

solubles Sucrose

Waterextractible 

(other)

Total 

extractives 

(organic) Protein Protein

Extract-ible 

inorganics 

(soil)

Structural 

inorganics 

(ash)

Total 

inorganics

Compone

nt Closure % Recovery

Average 3.3 3.6 8.6 15.5 3.7 3.7 2.5 3.9 6.4 96.4 96.4

Std. Dev. 0.4 2.1 2.3 3.1 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.6

Range 1.7-4.1 -1.0-10.0 1.4-15.7 1.1-5.4 0.0-4.8 0.8-6.6

Cellulosic Content

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Inorganics 

(Ash)

Adjusted 

Cellulosic 

Content

Average 70.9 19.2 6.4 78.6

Std. Dev. 2.7 3.2 1.0 3.3

Average Std. Dev. Range

Propogation of errors was used to calculate standard deviation for hemicellulose, extractives, total inorganics, and adjusted cellulosics Cellulose

Reported: Glucan 31.9 2.0 26.5-37.6

Used: Total Cellulose 31.9 2.0

Hemicellulose

Reported: Xylan 18.9 1.3 14.8-22.7

Galactan 1.5 0.2 0.8-1.9

Arabinan 2.8 0.3 1.6-3.6

Mannan 0.3 0.1 0.0-0.7

Acetyl 2.2 0.3 0.9-2.9

Used: Total Hemicellulose 25.7 1.4

Lignin

Reported: Lignin 13.3 1.1 11.2-17.8

Used: Total Lignin 13.3 1.1

Extractives

Reported: Ethanol solubles 3.3 0.4 1.7-4.1

Sucrose 3.6 2.1 -1.0-10.0

Water-extractible (other) 8.6 2.3 1.4-15.7

Used: Total extractives (organic) 15.5 3.1

Protein

Reported: Protein 3.7 0.8 1.1-5.4

Used: Protein 3.7 0.8

Inorganics/Ash

Extractible inorganics (soil) 2.5 0.5 0.0-4.8

Structural inorganics (ash) 3.9 0.9 0.8-6.6

Used: Total inorganics 6.4 1.0

Percent Recovery

Reported: Component closure 96.4 1.6

Used: % Recovery 96.4 1.6

Cellulosic Content

Cellulosic Content 70.9 2.7

Other Organics 19.2 3.2

Inorganics (Ash) 6.4 1.0

Adjusted Cellulosic Content 78.6 3.3
Barley straw, canola straw, oat straw, and wheat straw - Data from Adapa et al. (200

Reference: Adapa, P., L. Tabil, and G. Schoenau (2009) Compaction characteristics of barley, canola, oat and whe

Samples: from Saskatchewan, Canada

Analytical Method: Detergent fiber analysis, using AOAC methods

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper Calculated:

Cellulose 

(ADFlignin) Cellulose

Barley straw 33.25 33.25

Canola straw 42.39 42.39

Oat straw 37.6 37.6

Wheat straw 34.2 34.2

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Barley straw 70.74 2.18 72.92

Canola straw 72.95 2.1 75.05

Oat straw 73.79 2.19 75.98

Wheat straw 71.76 2.36 74.12

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for extractives, so the value for "other organics" is 

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Barley straw 72%

Canola straw 75%

Oat straw 75%

Wheat straw 73%
om Adapa et al. (2009)

s of barley, canola, oat and wheat straw. Biosystems Engineering, 104(3):335-344

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Hemicellul

ose (NDFADF)

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Acidinsoluble 

lignin

Total 

Lignin

Inorganics 

(ash) Protein Fat

20.36 20.36 17.13 17.13 2.18 3.62 1.91

16.41 16.41 14.15 14.15 2.1 6.53 0.69

23.34 23.34 12.85 12.85 2.19 5.34 1.65

23.68 23.68 13.88 13.88 2.36 2.33 1.59

he value for "other organics" is not valid
Starch

0.11

0.34

0.12

2.58
Rice straw - Data from Agbagla-Dohnani et al. (2001)

Reference: Agbagla-Dohnani, A., P. Noziere, G. Clement, and M. Doreau (2001) In sacco degradability, chemical 

Samples: from France, collected after grain harvesting

15 varieties, grown under identical conditions

Analytical Method: detergent fiber analysis methods, based on Van Soest et al (1991) 

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper Calculated:

Cellulose

Rice straw

"Ash free NDF" (neutral detergent fiber) is the total amount of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, so this value is used for "cell

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Rice straw 75.8 11.2 87

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for extractives, so the other organic values is not a

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Rice straw 85%
sacco degradability, chemical and morphological composition of 15 varieties of European rice straw. Animal Feed Science and Technology

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Acid 

detergent 

lignin Lignin Ash NDF

Ash-free 

NDF

9.3 9.3 11.2 79.3 75.8

n, so this value is used for "cellulosic content." ADF (acid detergent fiber) is the total amount of cellulose and lignin.

e other organic values is not accurate
mal Feed Science and Technology, 94:15-27

ADF

Ash-free 

ADF

Crude 

protein

48.9 45.7 3.9
Napier grass - Data from Ansah et al. (2010)

Reference: Ansah, T., E. L. K. Osafo, and Hanne H. Hansen (2010) Herbage yield and chemical composition of four 

Samples: 4 replicate plots of each variety

Analytical Method: AOAC for protein and ash, Van Soest 1991 detergent fiber methods for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lig

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Total 

extractives

Total 

extractives

Cellulose 

(ADF-ADL) Cellulose

Hemicellul

ose (NDFADF)

Napier grass

Local variety 42.08 42.1 19.55

Variety 16786 37.58 37.6 23.95

Variety 16798 38.23 38.2 25.23

Variety 16840 36.03 36.0 24.52

NDF (neutral detergent fiber) is the total amount of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. ADF (acid detergent fiber) is the total 

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Napier grass

Local variety 72.8 6.02 78.83

Variety 16786 74.5 6.92 81.42

Variety 16798 72.4 6.82 79.18

Variety 16840 74.4 6.01 80.38

Average 73.5 6.4

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because extractives were not reported, so the value for "other organics" is not valid

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Napier grass

Local variety 77%

Variety 16786 80%

Variety 16798 78%

Variety 16840 79%

Average 79%
chemical composition of four varieties of Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) grass harvested at three different days after planting. Agricultu

ellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Aciddetergent 

Lignin Lignin

inorganics 

(ash)

Crude 

protein NDF ADF

19.6 11.18 11.2 6.02 9.68 72.82 53.27

24.0 12.97 13.0 6.92 8.54 74.5 50.55

25.2 8.9 8.9 6.82 9.29 72.37 47.13

24.5 13.82 13.8 6.01 9.31 74.3 49.85

d detergent fiber) is the total amount of cellulose and lignin.

other organics" is not valid
rent days after planting. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(5):923-929.
Energy cane - Data from Bischoff et al. (2008)

Reference: Bischoff, K. P., K. A. Gravois, T. E. Reagan, J. W. Hoy, C. A. Kimbeng, C, M. LaBorde, and G. L. Ha

Samples: grown at research stations in Louisiana, 15 stalks used for samples

Analytical Method: Brix and fiber measurements only

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated:

Brix

Total 

extractives Cellulose

L 79-1002, grown 1976-1980 10.4 10.4

L 79-1002, plant cane 10.1 10.1

L 79-1002 first ratoon 8.3 8.3

L 79-1002 second ratoon 9.2 9.2

L 79-1002 third ratoon 9.9 9.9

Only Brix and total fiber were reported. They were reported on a whole plant basis, which includes water in the plant.

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

L 79-1002, grown 1976-1980 27.9 10.4 38.3

L 79-1002, plant cane 25.0 10.1 35.1

L 79-1002 first ratoon 25.7 8.3 34

L 79-1002 second ratoon 24.5 9.2 33.7

L 79-1002 third ratoon 26.7 9.9 36.6

Average 26.0 9.6

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because ash was not reported, and values were reported on a whole plant basis (includ

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

L 79-1002, grown 1976-1980 73% 27%

L 79-1002, plant cane 71% 29%

L 79-1002 first ratoon 76% 24%

L 79-1002 second ratoon 73% 27%

L 79-1002 third ratoon 73% 27%

Average 73% 27%
beng, C, M. LaBorde, and G. L. Hawkins (2008) Registration of 'L 79-1002' Sugarcane. Journal of Plant Registrations, 2(3):211-217.

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin Fiber

27.9

25

25.7

24.5

26.7

cludes water in the plant.

ted on a whole plant basis (including water in the cane)
strations, 2(3):211-217.
Energycane & Napiergrass - Data from BP

Reference: Data from Company Research Trials

Samples: Multiple trial plots taken over a range of geographies and multiple years

Analytical Method: Methods not specified

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Total 

extractives Cellulose

Energycane

Napiergrass

Detailed compositional data for energy cane and napiergrass was not provided

Total (% Composition)

Reported

"Fiber"

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Energycane 75.2 19.6 5.2 100

Napiergrass 83.4 13.1 3.5 100

Samples were not adjusted for % recovery because numbers had already been adjusted to 100% yield

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Energycane 79% 21%

Napiergrass 86% 14%
Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellulo

se
Switchgrass and reed canarygrass - Data from Dien et al. (2006)

Reference: Chemical Composition and Response to Dilute-acid Pretreatment and Enzymatic Saccharification of A

Samples: two canary grass, three switchgrass samples

samples collected at different stages of maturity

Analytical Method: ethanol, water extractions, sulfuric acid-hydrolysis

Percent Composition

Extractables

Reported in Paper:

Ether 

extract

organic 

acids Glc Fru Suc Raf Sta

Reed canarygrass - vegitative 2.2 2.4 0.4 0.5 6.9 0.3 0

Reed canarygrass - Ripe seed 1.3 1 0.2 1.2 3 0 0.1

Reed canarygrass - AVERAGE

Switchgrass - pre-boot 1 0.9 0.6 0.6 2.7 0.1 0

Switchgrass - Anthesis 1 0.9 1.4 1 5.1 0.1 0

Switchgrass - post-frost 1.6 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.3 0 0

Switchgrass - AVERAGE

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Reed canarygrass - vegitative51.1 25 12.8 88.9

Reed canarygrass - Ripe seed64.6 16.7 9.5 90.8

Reed canarygrass - AVERAGE57.9 20.9 11.2 89.9

Switchgrass - pre-boot 65.7 12.9 8.9 87.5

Switchgrass - Anthesis 69.4 16.6 5.7 91.7

Switchgrass - post-frost 78.9 8.3 5.7 92.9

Switchgrass - AVERAGE 71.3 12.6 6.8 90.7

Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Reed canarygrass - vegitative57.5 28.1 14.4

Reed canarygrass - Ripe seed71.1 18.4 10.5

Reed canarygrass - AVERAGE64.3 23.3 12.4

Switchgrass - pre-boot 75.1 14.7 10.2

Switchgrass - Anthesis 75.7 18.1 6.2

Switchgrass - post-frost 84.9 8.9 6.1

Switchgrass - AVERAGE 78.6 13.9 7.5

Adjusted for Inorganics
Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Reed canarygrass - vegitative67% 33%

Reed canarygrass - Ripe seed79% 21%

Reed canarygrass - AVERAGE73% 27%

Switchgrass - pre-boot 84% 16%

Switchgrass - Anthesis 81% 19%

Switchgrass - post-frost 90% 10%

Switchgrass - AVERAGE 85% 15%
Enzymatic Saccharification of Alfalfa, Reed Canarygrass, and Switchgrass, Bruce S. Dien, Hans-Joachim G. Jung, Kenneth P. Vogel, Michael 

Cellulose Hemicellulose

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Total 

extractabl

es Glucose Cellulose Xylose Arabinose Galactose Mannose

12.7 20.9 20.9 11.7 3 1.6 0.6

6.8 26.5 26.5 16.3 2.8 1.3 0.6

5.9 27.3 27.3 17.9 3.1 1.3 0.5

9.5 28.3 28.3 19.5 2.7 1 0.4

4.6 32.2 32.2 22.3 3 1.2 0.5

ung, Kenneth P. Vogel, Michael D. Casler, JoAnn F.S. Lamb, Loren Iten, Robert B. Mitchell, Gautum Sarath, Biomass and Bioenergy, 30 (20

Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Rhamnose Fucose

uronic 

acids

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Klason 

Lignin Protein

Storage 

(starch)

0.1 0.1 2.2 19.3 10.9 8.8 3.5

0.1 0.1 2.1 23.3 14.8 4.5 5.4

0

0.2 0.1 2 25.1 13.3 6.5 0.5

0.1 0.1 1.9 25.7 15.4 3.2 3.9

0.2 0.1 2.1 29.4 17.3 3 0.7

0

th, Biomass and Bioenergy, 30 (2006) 880-891

inorganics 

(ash)

12.8

9.5

8.9

5.7

5.7
Corn Stover - Data from DOE Database

Reference: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/biomass/progs/search1.cgi

Samples: Corn stover Database cites: Adam, P.; Ashley, P.; Chum, H.; Deutch, S.; Fennell, J.; Johnson, 

from Colorado State University, stored in square bales

Wheat straw Database cites: Agblevor, F. A.; Chum, H. L.; Johnson, D. K. (1993). "Compositio

NIST Research Material 8494

Analytical Method: ASTM/NREL methodology

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported Reported in paper Calculated:

Extractives Total 

Extractives

Glucan

Cellulose

Corn Stover 7.74 7.74 34.61 34.61

4.75 4.75 35.82 35.82

11.89 11.89 30.61 30.61

5.16 5.16 35.76 35.76

3.32 3.32 36.51 36.51

4.42 4.42 35.67 35.67

3.89 3.89 37.12 37.12

5.02 5.02 34.02 34.02

4.57 4.57 34.32 34.32

4.29 4.29 35.22 35.22

4.78 4.78 38.12 38.12

5.61 5.61 37.69 37.69

Wheat Straw 12.95 12.95 32.64 32.64

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Corn stover 77.63 11.99 10.24 99.86

80.81 8.4375 9.82 99.0675

71.45 15.89 11.04 98.38

79.24 9.16 11.48 99.88

82.97 7.945 11.42 102.335
79.84 8.2325 11.11 99.1825

81.16 8.4525 12.54 102.1525

79.54 9.395 13.34 102.275

80.53 9.1325 13.46 103.1225

80.61 8.6025 13.51 102.7225

84.2 8.9675 11.53 104.6975

84.55 9.6725 10.06 104.2825

Average 80.21 9.66 11.63

Wheat straw 74.36 16.8875 10.22 101.4675

Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Corn Stover 77.74 12.01 10.25

81.57 8.52 9.91

72.63 16.15 11.22

79.34 9.17 11.49

81.08 7.76 11.16

80.50 8.30 11.20

79.45 8.27 12.28

77.77 9.19 13.04

78.09 8.86 13.05

78.47 8.37 13.15

80.42 8.57 11.01

81.08 9.28 9.65

Wheat straw 73.28 16.64 10.07

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Corn Stover 87% 13%

91% 9%

82% 18%

90% 10%

91% 9%

91% 9%

91% 9%

89% 11%

90% 10%

90% 10%

90% 10%

90% 10%
Average 89% 11%

Wheat straw 81% 19%
utch, S.; Fennell, J.; Johnson, D. K.; Wiselogel, A. (1994). "Study of Compositional Changes in Biomass Feedstocks Upon Storage (Results).

on, D. K. (1993). "Compositional Analysis of NIST Biomass Standards from the IEA Whole Feedstock Round Robin." Energy from Biomass a

Hemicellulose Lignin

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Uronic 

acids Arabinan Xylan Mannan Galactan

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Total 

Lignin

3.12 2.54 18.32 0.4 0.95 25.33 17.69

4.17 2.69 18.97 0.47 0.92 27.22 17.77

3.53 1.89 15.99 0.51 0.73 22.65 18.19

3.14 2.55 18.94 0.52 0.94 26.09 17.39

4.39 2.42 18.97 0.47 0.96 27.21 19.25

4.53 2.52 18.58 0.42 0.99 27.04 17.13

1.72 2.46 20.31 0.48 0.92 25.89 18.15

2.84 2.11 19.52 0.54 0.83 25.84 19.68

3.03 1.91 18.88 0.43 0.71 24.96 21.25

2.94 2.18 19.91 0.55 0.85 26.43 18.96

2.41 2.03 20.25 0.41 0.74 25.84 20.24

2.99 2.42 21.61 0.38 0.87 28.27 18.59

2.24 2.35 19.22 0.31 0.75 24.87 16.85


dstocks Upon Storage (Results)." Storage and Drying of Woody Biomass: Proceedings of the International Energy Agency/Bioenergy Agree

d Robin." Energy from Biomass and Wastes XVI: Proceedings of the Institute of Gas Technology Conference, 2-6 March 1992, Orlando, Flo

Other

Reported in paper:

Protein Ash

4.25 10.24

3.6875 9.82

4 11.04

4 11.48

4.625 11.42

3.8125 11.11

4.5625 12.54

4.375 13.34

4.5625 13.46

4.3125 13.51

4.1875 11.53

4.0625 10.06

3.9375 10.22


al Energy Agency/Bioenergy Agreement Task IX Activity 5 Workshop, 19 May 1993, New Brunswick, Canada. Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish U

nce, 2-6 March 1992, Orlando, Florida. Chicago, IL: Institute of Gas Technology; pp. 395-421.


ada. Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Products, Report No. 241; pp. 28-52.


ort No. 241; pp. 28-52.
Switchgrass - Data from DOE Database

Reference: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/biomass/progs/search1.cgi

Samples: #1 Adam, P.; Ashley, P.; Chum, H.; Deutch, S.; Fennell, J.; Johnson, D. K.; Wiselogel, A. (199

#2 Compositional Variability in Herbaceous Energy Crops (http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legos

Analytical Method: ASTM/NREL methodology

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported Reported in paper Calculated:

Extractives Total 

Extractives

Glucan

Cellulose

Switchgrass 16.99 16.99 30.97 30.97

15.56 15.56 31.85 31.85

15.2 15.2 33.22 33.22

12.97 12.97 34.94 34.94

15.25 15.25 33.03 33.03

10.45 10.45 34.63 34.63

10.82 10.82 33.59 33.59

11.08 11.08 35.34 35.34

9.53 9.53 32.3 32.3

7.88 7.88 32.93 32.93

10.37 10.37 31.41 31.41

6.79 6.79 33.48 33.48

7.86 7.86 33.01 33.01

4.91 4.91 32.92 32.92

14.18 14.18 34.88 34.88

13.97 13.97 35.42 35.42

11.46 11.46 35.39 35.39

14.96 14.96 33.52 33.52

12.2 12.2 34.44 34.44

15.48 15.48 33.59 33.59

13.51 13.51 34.34 34.34

21.19 21.19 28.85 28.85

22.61 22.61 28.02 28.02

24.14 24.14 30.74 30.74

24.21 24.21 26.78 26.78

18.27 18.27 30.27 30.27

16.49 16.49 30.91 30.91

20.57 20.57 27.84 27.84

11.35 11.35 31.6 31.6

14.25 14.25 33.81 33.81

13.31 13.31 36.66 36.66

15.24 15.24 35.69 35.69

16.25 16.25 37.49 37.49
15.56 15.56 33.47 33.47

11.73 11.73 36.9 36.9

13.2 13.2 37 37

11.87 11.87 35.78 35.78

11.71 11.71 36.61 36.61

15.64 15.64 37.14 37.14

16.35 16.35 31.17 31.17

12.5 12.5 32.52 32.52

12.33 12.33 32.77 32.77

10.79 10.79 32.06 32.06

13.8 13.8 33.08 33.08

13.49 13.49 32.81 32.81

8.45 8.45 33.35 33.35

13.31 13.31 32.58 32.58

8.23 8.23 34 34

12.18 12.18 34.02 34.02

6.38 6.38 34.44 34.44

11.09 11.09 34.21 34.21

13.64 13.64 32.89 32.89

12.81 12.81 33.04 33.04

8.96 8.96 33.69 33.69

13.33 13.33 31.27 31.27

7.39 7.39 33.49 33.49

7.33 7.33 33.18 33.18

Total (% Composition) Samples shown in gray font were not analyzed for protein

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Switchgrass 74.08 20.1775 5.76 100.0175

76.89 15.56 6.22 98.67

78.35 15.2 5.63 99.18

82.41 12.97 4.54 99.92

78.22 15.25 5.21 98.68

82.32 10.45 5.33 98.1

81.67 15.2575 5.84 102.7675

83.12 14.5175 5.25 102.8875

79.6 14.9 5.5 100.0

78.62 13.7175 6.07 98.4075

80.51 11.38 5.92 97.81

77.33 14.495 5.93 97.755

81.08 10.9775 5.75 97.8075

79.4 12.6 5.9 97.9

80.52 10.9225 6.16 97.6025

83.22 8.66 6.44 98.32
79.53 16.93 4.76 101.22

81.1 17.5325 5.6 104.2325

82.23 15.335 5.78 103.345

78.69 18.71 5.98 103.38

79.76 16.075 5.91 101.745

78.11 18.855 5.93 102.895

77.89 16.9475 5.74 100.5775

69.41 27.5025 5.47 102.3825

67.09 31.6725 5.69 104.4525

68.75 29.9525 5.17 103.8725

66.9 32.2725 5.67 104.8425

73.71 26.2075 5.69 105.6075

74.26 23.74 5.73 103.73

71.84 29.07 5.44 106.35

81.42 16.1 5.08 102.6

80.61 18.6875 4.46 103.7575

82.51 15.185 3.13 100.825

80.52 18.3025 3.57 102.3925

80.53 18.4375 2.58 101.5475

77.1 20.3 5.2 102.7

80.52 18.81 3.15 102.48

82.84 14.48 3.16 100.48

84.19 15.45 2.77 102.41

85.07 13.8075 2.54 101.4175

85.39 13.5225 2.57 101.4825

83.6 15.2 2.8 101.7

82.91 17.4525 2.27 102.6325

74.13 23.225 6.33 103.685

77.86 18.3125 6.87 103.0425

79.14 18.455 7.52 105.115

76.44 16.79 7.3 100.53

75.87 20.55 6.42 102.84

76.81 19.49 6.25 102.55

77.86 16.3875 7.38 101.6275

76.14 19.935 6.46 102.535

78.97 15.48 7.08 101.53

77.98 18.6175 7.02 103.6175

79.87 12.88 6.71 99.46

79.52 15.6525 6.4 101.5725

78.19 18.9525 5.56 102.7025

78.92 17.4975 5.64 102.0575

80.87 13.835 6.03 100.735

76.65 19.33 5.49 101.47

81.03 12.4525 7.03 100.5125

80.19 12.33 7.55 100.07

Average 78.7 17.4 5.4 101.6
Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Switchgrass 74.07 20.17 5.76

77.93 15.77 6.30

79.00 15.33 5.68

82.48 12.98 4.54

79.27 15.45 5.28

83.91 10.65 5.43

79.47 14.85 5.68

80.79 14.11 5.10

79.89 13.94 6.17

82.31 11.63 6.05

79.11 14.83 6.07

82.90 11.22 5.88

82.50 11.19 6.31

84.64 8.81 6.55

78.57 16.73 4.70

77.81 16.82 5.37

79.57 14.84 5.59

76.12 18.10 5.78

78.39 15.80 5.81

75.91 18.32 5.76

77.44 16.85 5.71

67.79 26.86 5.34

64.23 30.32 5.45

66.19 28.84 4.98

63.81 30.78 5.41

69.80 24.82 5.39

71.59 22.89 5.52

67.55 27.33 5.12

79.36 15.69 4.95

77.69 18.01 4.30

81.83 15.06 3.10

78.64 17.87 3.49

79.30 18.16 2.54

78.57 18.35 3.07

82.44 14.41 3.14

82.21 15.09 2.70

83.88 13.61 2.50

84.14 13.32 2.53

80.78 17.00 2.21

71.50 22.40 6.11

75.56 17.77 6.67

75.29 17.56 7.15
76.04 16.70 7.26

73.77 19.98 6.24

74.90 19.01 6.09

76.61 16.13 7.26

74.26 19.44 6.30

77.78 15.25 6.97

75.26 17.97 6.77

80.30 12.95 6.75

78.29 15.41 6.30

76.13 18.45 5.41

77.33 17.14 5.53

80.28 13.73 5.99

75.54 19.05 5.41

80.62 12.39 6.99

80.13 12.32 7.54

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Switchgrass 79% 21%

83% 17%

84% 16%

86% 14%

84% 16%

89% 11%

84% 16%

85% 15%

84% 16%

85% 15%

88% 12%

84% 16%

88% 12%

86% 14%

88% 12%

91% 9%

82% 18%

82% 18%

84% 16%

81% 19%

83% 17%

81% 19%

82% 18%

72% 28%
68% 32%

70% 30%

67% 33%

74% 26%

76% 24%

71% 29%

83% 17%

81% 19%

84% 16%

81% 19%

81% 19%

79% 21%

81% 19%

85% 15%

84% 16%

86% 14%

86% 14%

85% 15%

83% 17%

76% 24%

81% 19%

81% 19%

82% 18%

79% 21%

80% 20%

83% 17%

79% 21%

84% 16%

81% 19%

86% 14%

84% 16%

80% 20%

82% 18%

85% 15%

80% 20%

87% 13%

87% 13%

Average 82% 18%
son, D. K.; Wiselogel, A. (1994). "Study of Compositional Changes in Biomass Feedstocks Upon Storage (Results)." Storage and Drying of W

p://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/8098_pt1.pdf)

Hemicellulose Lignin

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Uronic 

acids Arabinan Xylan Mannan Galactan

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Total 

Lignin

1.17 2.75 20.42 0.29 0.92 25.55 17.56

2.12 2.69 21.67 0.22 0.94 27.64 17.4

1.03 2.81 22.13 0.21 0.99 27.17 17.96

1.13 2.85 23.7 0.25 1.01 28.94 18.53

1.05 2.87 22.37 0.23 1.04 27.56 17.63

1.05 2.87 23.22 0.3 1.11 28.55 19.14

1.12 2.91 23.08 0.37 1.15 28.63 19.45

0.99 2.81 23.85 0.27 1.09 29.01 18.77

1.33 2.72 20.88 0.35 1.01 26.29 20.03

1.15 2.75 21.49 0.37 1.04 26.8 20.78

1.18 2.64 21.02 0.35 0.97 26.16 19.76

1.18 2.65 21.49 0.46 1.04 26.82 20.78

1.19 2.74 21.63 0.39 1.06 27.01 20.5

1.17 2.74 22.22 0.55 1.13 27.81 22.49

1.33 2.76 21.83 0.28 0.84 27.04 17.61

2.02 2.67 22.66 0.33 0.88 28.56 17.12

2.15 2.73 22.44 0.39 0.96 28.67 18.17

2.13 2.76 21.74 0.29 0.93 27.85 17.32

2.01 2.73 22.1 0.25 0.87 27.96 17.36

1.88 2.8 22.02 0.19 0.89 27.78 16.74

2.7 22.38 0.27 0.85 26.2 17.35

2.3 3.4 18.72 0.24 1.29 25.95 14.61

2.1 3.24 17.56 0.4 1.22 24.52 14.55

2.37 3.32 17.59 0.28 1.3 24.86 13.15

2.45 3.28 17.89 0.37 1.3 25.29 14.83

2.53 3.54 19.4 0.28 1.36 27.11 16.33

1.64 3.41 19.35 0.36 1.41 26.17 17.18

1.83 3.33 19.05 0.38 2.19 26.78 17.22

1.95 3.66 21.65 0.5 2.08 29.84 19.98

2.43 3.34 20.09 0.46 2.12 28.44 18.36

2.04 2.59 23.98 0.22 0.72 29.55 16.3

2.43 2.65 21.95 0.33 0.82 28.18 16.65

1.93 2.26 21.92 0.19 0.67 26.97 16.07
2.08 2.5 23.49 0.31 0.73 29.11 17.94

1.56 2.5 23.42 0.22 0.61 28.31 17.63

2.32 2.3 23.35 0.31 0.66 28.94 18.25

1.66 2.35 24.92 0.29 1.21 30.43 18.86

1.51 2.44 24.87 0.26 0.85 29.93 18.85

1.76 2.17 21.84 0.36 1.19 27.32 18.45

3.02 21.87 0.25 1.04 26.18 16.78

3.18 23.22 0.2 1.04 27.64 17.7

3.32 23.95 0.361 28.63 17.74

3.07 21.79 0.35 1.03 26.24 18.14

3.01 20.93 0.27 1.04 25.25 17.54

2.99 21.15 0.3 1.16 25.6 18.4

2.95 21.05 0.39 0.98 25.37 19.14

3.05 21.85 0.21 0.95 26.06 17.5

3.11 21.25 0.39 1.01 25.76 19.21

3.09 21.75 0.4 1.05 26.29 17.67

2.93 21.17 0.39 0.98 25.47 19.96

3.03 22.91 0.29 1.09 27.32 17.99

3.02 22.65 0.31 1.05 27.03 18.27

3.19 23.27 0.22 1.05 27.73 18.15

3.09 23.75 0.25 0.94 28.03 19.15

3.09 22.54 0.1 1.08 26.81 18.57

3.23 22.96 0.42 1.02 27.63 19.91

3.24 22.33 0.49 1.13 27.19 19.82




esults)." Storage and Drying of Woody Biomass: Proceedings of the International Energy Agency/Bioenergy Agreement Task IX Activity 5 W

Other

Reported in paper:

Protein Ash

Data source

3.1875 5.76 #1

6.22 #1

5.63 #1

4.54 #1

5.21 #1

5.33 #1

4.4375 5.84 #1

3.4375 5.25 #1

4.1875 6.07 #1

3.5 5.92 #1

4.125 5.93 #1

4.1875 5.75 #1

3.0625 6.16 #1

3.75 6.44 #1

2.75 4.76 #1

3.5625 5.6 #1

3.875 5.78 #1

3.75 5.98 #1

3.875 5.91 #1

3.375 5.93 #1

3.4375 5.74 #1

6.3125 5.47 #2

9.0625 5.69 #2

5.8125 5.17 #2

8.0625 5.67 #2

7.9375 5.69 #2

7.25 5.73 #2

8.5 5.44 #2

4.75 5.08 #2

4.4375 4.46 #2

1.875 3.13 #2

3.0625 3.57 #2

2.1875 2.58 #2
3.25 3.15 #2

2.75 3.16 #2

2.25 2.77 #2

1.9375 2.54 #2

1.8125 2.57 #2

1.8125 2.27 #2

6.875 6.33 #2

5.8125 6.87 #2

6.125 7.52 #2 6 7.3 #2

6.75 6.42 #2 6 6.25 #2

7.9375 7.38 #2

6.625 6.46 #2

7.25 7.08 #2

6.4375 7.02 #2

6.5 6.71 #2

4.5625 6.4 #2

5.3125 5.56 #2

4.6875 5.64 #2

4.875 6.03 #2 6 5.49 #2

5.0625 7.03 #2 5 7.55 #2




rgy Agreement Task IX Activity 5 Workshop, 19 May 1993, New Brunswick, Canada. Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural S





wedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Products, Report No. 241; pp. 28-52.
Hardwood & Softwood - Data from DOE Database

Reference: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/biomass/progs/search1.cgi

Samples: #1 Adam, P.; Ashley, P.; Chum, H.; Deutch, S.; Fennell, J.; Johnson, D. K.; Wiselogel, A. (199

#2 Variability in the Composition of Short Rotation Woody Feedstocks (http://www.nrel.go

#3 Agblevor, F. A.; Chum, H. L.; Johnson, D. K. (1993). "Compositional Analysis of NIST Biom

#4 NREL TRB #1548p104

Analytical Method: ASTM/NREL methodology

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported Reported in paper Calculated:

Extractives Total 

Extractives

Glucan

Cellulose

Black Locust 3.87 3.87 40.38 40.38

Black Locust 4.21 4.21 40 40

Black Locust 4.59 4.59 42.62 42.62

Black Locust 4.81 4.81 41.45 41.45

Black Locust 6.13 6.13 39.26 39.26

Black Locust 5.32 5.32 39.79 39.79

Black Locust 3.78 3.78 42.09 42.09

Black Locust 7.33 7.33 36.4 36.4

Eucalyptus 4.15 4.15 48.07 48.07

Eucalyptus 0.62 0.62 50.27 50.27

Eucalyptus 0.8 0.8 49.05 49.05

Eucalyptus 2.11 2.11 46.64 46.64

Hybrid Poplar 6.89 6.89 39.23 39.23

Hybrid Poplar 6.54 6.54 41.05 41.05

Hybrid Poplar 6.8 6.8 40.52 40.52

Hybrid Poplar 2.31 2.31 42.86 42.86

Hybrid Poplar 3.44 3.44 41.47 41.47

Hybrid Poplar 4.81 4.81 41.18 41.18

Hybrid Poplar 2.51 2.51 41.13 41.13

Hybrid Poplar 3.29 3.29 42.39 42.39

Hybrid Poplar 3.35 3.35 40.25 40.25

Hybrid Poplar 2.09 2.09 43.72 43.72

Hybrid Poplar 3.14 3.14 42.18 42.18

Hybrid Poplar 4.47 4.47 45.08 45.08

Hybrid Poplar 4.08 4.08 43.67 43.67

Hybrid Poplar 1.62 1.62 43.14 43.14

Hybrid Poplar 2.94 2.94 42.85 42.85

Hybrid Poplar 3.22 3.22 44.65 44.65

Hybrid Poplar 3.07 3.07 43.65 43.65
Hybrid Poplar 3.74 3.74 47.32 47.32

Hybrid Poplar 2.62 2.62 45.52 45.52

Hybrid Poplar 2.34 2.34 45.67 45.67

Hybrid Poplar 2.07 2.07 40.8 40.8

American Sycamore 5.49 5.49 38.6 38.6

American Sycamore 2.98 2.98 39.25 39.25

American Sycamore 3.17 3.17 37.24 37.24

American Sycamore 1.73 1.73 41.6 41.6

American Sycamore 1.62 1.62 41.75 41.75

Eastern Cottonwood 

(Populus Deltoides) 2.4 2.4 42.2 42.2

yellow Poplar 2.81 2.81 42.06 42.06

Monterey Pine (Pinus 

Radiata) 2.7 2.7 41.7 41.7

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Black Locust 90.4 7.245 2.08 99.725

Black Locust 91.62 4.21 1.64 97.47

Black Locust 88.15 7.465 1.61 97.225

Black Locust 89.83 4.81 1.53 96.17

Black Locust 85 10.5675 1.77 97.3375

Black Locust 88.67 8.2575 1.05 97.9775

Black Locust 91.01 6.9675 1.19 99.1675

Black Locust 78.48 12.83 9.68 100.99

Average black locust 87.9 7.8 2.6 98.3

Eucalyptus 91.74 4.4625 1.22 97.4225

Eucalyptus 96.69 0.995 0.62 98.305

Eucalyptus 95.49 0.8 0.59 96.88

Eucalyptus 93.37 5.235 1.09 99.695

Average Eucalyptus 94.3 2.9 0.9 98.1

Hybrid Poplar 85.37 10.14 2.03 97.54

Hybrid Poplar 83.72 8.04 1.57 93.33

Hybrid Poplar 82.56 6.8 1.31 90.67

Hybrid Poplar 92.87 3.4975 2.43 98.7975

Hybrid Poplar 88.25 4.815 2.03 95.095

Hybrid Poplar 87.36 5.9975 1.92 95.2775

Hybrid Poplar 91.88 4.0725 1.94 97.8925

Hybrid Poplar 92.46 4.4775 1.31 98.2475

Hybrid Poplar 85.97 3.35 0.56 89.88

Hybrid Poplar 89.05 2.09 0.8 91.94

Hybrid Poplar 86.81 3.14 0.81 90.76

Hybrid Poplar 86.94 4.47 0.56 91.97
Hybrid Poplar 87.72 4.08 0.94 92.74

Hybrid Poplar 89.02 1.62 0.63 91.27

Hybrid Poplar 88.22 2.94 0.72 91.88

Hybrid Poplar 91.15 3.22 0.85 95.22

Hybrid Poplar 89.96 3.07 0.77 93.8

Hybrid Poplar 89.05 3.74 0.52 93.31

Hybrid Poplar 89.85 2.62 0.69 93.16

Hybrid Poplar 90.21 2.34 0.68 93.23

Hybrid Poplar 91.78 2.07 0.43 94.28

Average hybrid poplar 88.6 4.1 1.1 93.8

American Sycamore 85.41 7.0525 1.24 93.7025

American Sycamore 89.11 4.6675 1.23 95.0075

American Sycamore 84.1 3.17 1.56 88.83

American Sycamore 88.85 3.0425 0.67 92.5625

American Sycamore 85.53 1.62 1.05 88.2

Average Sycamore 86.6 3.9 1.2 91.7

Eastern Cottonwood (Populus Deltoides) 88 2.9 1 91.9

yellow Poplar 89.42 2.81 1.88 94.11

Monterey Pine (Pinus Radiata)90.6 2.8875 0.3 93.7875

Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Black Locust 90.65 7.26 2.09

Black Locust 94.00 4.32 1.68

Black Locust 90.67 7.68 1.66

Black Locust 93.41 5.00 1.59

Black Locust 87.33 10.86 1.82

Black Locust 90.50 8.43 1.07

Black Locust 91.77 7.03 1.20

Black Locust 77.71 12.70 9.59

Eucalyptus 94.17 4.58 1.25

Eucalyptus 98.36 1.01 0.63

Eucalyptus 98.57 0.83 0.61

Eucalyptus 93.66 5.25 1.09

Hybrid Poplar 87.52 10.40 2.08

Hybrid Poplar 89.70 8.61 1.68

Hybrid Poplar 91.06 7.50 1.44

Hybrid Poplar 94.00 3.54 2.46

Hybrid Poplar 92.80 5.06 2.13

Hybrid Poplar 91.69 6.29 2.02

Hybrid Poplar 93.86 4.16 1.98

Hybrid Poplar 94.11 4.56 1.33

Hybrid Poplar 95.65 3.73 0.62

Hybrid Poplar 96.86 2.27 0.87
Hybrid Poplar 95.65 3.46 0.89

Hybrid Poplar 94.53 4.86 0.61

Hybrid Poplar 94.59 4.40 1.01

Hybrid Poplar 97.53 1.77 0.69

Hybrid Poplar 96.02 3.20 0.78

Hybrid Poplar 95.73 3.38 0.89

Hybrid Poplar 95.91 3.27 0.82

Hybrid Poplar 95.43 4.01 0.56

Hybrid Poplar 96.45 2.81 0.74

Hybrid Poplar 96.76 2.51 0.73

Hybrid Poplar 97.35 2.20 0.46

American Sycamore 91.15 7.53 1.32

American Sycamore 93.79 4.91 1.29

American Sycamore 94.68 3.57 1.76

American Sycamore 95.99 3.29 0.72

American Sycamore 96.97 1.84 1.19

Eastern Cottonwood (Populus Deltoides) 95.76 3.16 1.09

yellow Poplar 95.02 2.99 2.00

Monterey Pine (Pinus Radiata) 96.60 3.08 0.32

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Black Locust 93% 7%

Black Locust 96% 4%

Black Locust 92% 8%

Black Locust 95% 5%

Black Locust 89% 11%

Black Locust 91% 9%

Black Locust 93% 7%

Black Locust 86% 14%

Average Black Locust 92% 8%

Eucalyptus 95% 5%

Eucalyptus 99% 1%

Eucalyptus 99% 1%

Eucalyptus 95% 5%

Average Eucalyptus 97% 3%

Hybrid Poplar 89% 11%

Hybrid Poplar 91% 9%

Hybrid Poplar 92% 8%

Hybrid Poplar 96% 4%

Hybrid Poplar 95% 5%

Hybrid Poplar 94% 6%

Hybrid Poplar 96% 4%

Hybrid Poplar 95% 5%
Hybrid Poplar 96% 4%

Hybrid Poplar 98% 2%

Hybrid Poplar 97% 3%

Hybrid Poplar 95% 5%

Hybrid Poplar 96% 4%

Hybrid Poplar 98% 2%

Hybrid Poplar 97% 3%

Hybrid Poplar 97% 3%

Hybrid Poplar 97% 3%

Hybrid Poplar 96% 4%

Hybrid Poplar 97% 3%

Hybrid Poplar 97% 3%

Hybrid Poplar 98% 2%

Average hybrid poplar 96% 4%

American Sycamore 92% 8%

American Sycamore 95% 5%

American Sycamore 96% 4%

American Sycamore 97% 3%

American Sycamore 98% 2%

Average Sycamore 96% 4%

Eastern Cottonwood (Populus Deltoides) 97% 3%

yellow Poplar 97% 3%

Monterey Pine (Pinus Radiata)97% 3%
son, D. K.; Wiselogel, A. (1994). "Study of Compositional Changes in Biomass Feedstocks Upon Storage (Results)." Storage and Drying of W

edstocks (http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/8098_pt1.pdf)

ositional Analysis of NIST Biomass Standards from the IEA Whole Feedstock Round Robin." Energy from Biomass and Wastes XVI: Proceed

Hemicellulose Lignin

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Uronic 

acids Arabinan Xylan Mannan Galactan

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Total 

Lignin

3.89 0.74 14 2.07 0.77 21.47 28.55

5.04 0.85 14.7 2.09 0.84 23.52 28.1

3.26 0.82 15.02 1.62 0.94 21.66 23.87

5.12 0.79 15.59 1.61 0.87 23.98 24.4

3.92 0.95 13.2 1.5 0.99 20.56 25.18

4.03 0.94 14.75 1.55 0.99 22.26 26.62

4.04 0.81 15.14 1.45 1.01 22.45 26.47

2.86 3 18.03 0.58 1.01 25.48 16.6

4.07 0.3 10.42 1.23 0.74 16.76 26.91

4.21 0.4 11.85 1.09 1.07 18.62 27.8

4.17 0.45 12.21 0.9 0.88 18.61 27.83

4.45 0.39 11.76 0.92 1.05 18.57 28.16

4.31 0.89 13.07 1.81 0.88 20.96 25.18

1.36 0.75 13.37 2.02 0.89 18.39 24.28

1.1 14.18 1.85 0.92 18.05 23.99

3.11 1.19 16.95 1.42 0.7 23.37 26.64

4.26 0.94 13 1.73 0.98 20.91 25.87

4.6 0.77 12.83 2.18 0.84 21.22 24.96

4.69 0.67 14.52 1.99 0.83 22.7 28.05

4.67 0.69 15.17 2.2 0.91 23.64 26.43

0.59 17.61 3.07 0.71 21.98 23.74

0.59 17.37 2.91 0.59 21.46 23.87

0.58 17.31 2.72 0.68 21.29 23.34

0.66 15.98 3.03 0.65 20.32 21.54

0.54 16.55 2.77 0.65 20.51 23.54

0.63 17.65 2.87 0.75 21.9 23.98

0.52 17.4 2.63 0.81 21.36 24.01

0.59 18.55 2.63 0.82 22.59 23.91

0.54 18.71 3.25 0.74 23.24 23.07
0.56 16.55 2.81 0.72 20.64 21.09

0.41 16.97 2.71 0.66 20.75 23.58

0.48 17.26 2.75 0.68 21.17 23.37

4.6 0.46 15.7 2.38 0.67 23.81 27.17

4.93 0.5 14.38 1.8 1.1 22.71 24.1

4.11 0.49 15.47 1.671 22.74 27.12

0.51 16.33 1.79 0.93 19.56 27.3

4.49 0.5 14.31 1.97 0.8 22.07 25.18

0.47 15.33 2.06 0.88 18.74 25.04

3.6 0.6 13.42 0.6 20.2 25.6

5.09 0.45 15.09 2.35 1.03 24.01 23.35

2.5 1.5 5.9 10.7 2.4 23 25.9



esults)." Storage and Drying of Woody Biomass: Proceedings of the International Energy Agency/Bioenergy Agreement Task IX Activity 5 W

omass and Wastes XVI: Proceedings of the Institute of Gas Technology Conference, 2-6 March 1992, Orlando, Florida. Chicago, IL: Institut

Other

Reported in paper:

Protein Ash

Data source

3.375 2.08 #1

1.64 #1

2.875 1.61 #1

1.53 #1

4.4375 1.77 #1

2.9375 1.05 #1

3.1875 1.19 #1

5.5 9.68 #1

0.3125 1.22 #1

0.375 0.62 #1

0.59 #1

3.125 1.09 #1

3.25 2.03 #1

1.5 1.57 #1

1.31 #1

1.1875 2.43 #1

1.375 2.03 #1

1.1875 1.92 #1

1.5625 1.94 #1

1.1875 1.31 #1

0.56 #2

0.8 #2

0.81 #2

0.56 #2

0.94 #2

0.63 #2

0.72 #2

0.85 #2

0.77 #2
0.52 #2

0.69 #2

0.68 #2

0.43 #2

1.5625 1.24 #1

1.6875 1.23 #1

1.56 #1

1.3125 0.67 #1

1.05 #1

0.51 #3

1.88 #4

0.1875 0.3 #3



rgy Agreement Task IX Activity 5 Workshop, 19 May 1993, New Brunswick, Canada. Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural S

ando, Florida. Chicago, IL: Institute of Gas Technology; pp. 395-421.




wedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Products, Report No. 241; pp. 28-52.
Branches & leaves - Data from Eleazer et al. (1997)

Reference: Eleazer, William E., William S. Odle, III, Yu-Sheng Wang, and Morton A. Barlaz (1997) Biodegradability 

Samples: Branches less than 5cm in diameter, leaves and branches were collected from a compost facility and 

Shredded

Analytical Method: unknown (references another published paper)

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated Reported in paper Calculated:

Ethanol/ 

toluene ethanol hot water

Total 

extractabl

es Cellulose Cellulose

Branches 0 35.4 35.4

Leaves 0 15.3 15.3

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Branches 86.4 3.4 89.8

Leaves 69.6 9.8 79.4

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for protein, so the value for "other organics" is not 

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Branches 89%

Leaves 77%
arlaz (1997) Biodegradability of municipal solid waste components in laboratory-scale landfills. Environmental Science & Technology, 31, 

 from a compost facility and stored at 4 decress C for 16 days prior to use

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper: Calculated

Hemicellulo

se

Total 

hemicellulo

se Lignin

Total 

Lignin

Volatile 

solids

inorganics 

(ash)

18.4 18.4 32.6 32.6 96.6 3.4

10.5 10.5 43.8 43.8 90.2 9.8

ue for "other organics" is not valid
ntal Science & Technology, 31, 911-917.
Giant reed, sugarcane, sweetcane, energy cane, elephantgrass, and miscanthus - Dat

Reference: Fedenko, Jeffrey R., John E. Erickson, Kenneth R. Woodard, Lynn E. Sollenberger, Joao M. B. Vendrami

Samples: replicated field experiment in three locations in Florida, four replicate plots per species at each site

harvested in fall around late November, 4 stalks of whole plant were collected for composition measu

Analytical Method: NREL Methods

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated:

Total 

extractives

Nonextractives 

(fiber)

Total 

extractives

Glucose 

(fiber 

basis) Cellulose

Giant reed (Arundo donax 21.5 78.5 21.5 39 30.6

Sugarcane (Saccharum 45.7 54.3 45.7 40.2 21.8

Sweetcane (Saccharum arundinaceum 19.6 80.4 19.6 41.8 33.6

Energycane (Saccharum 24.1 75.9 24.1 42.5 32.3

Elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum 20.5 79.5 20.5 42.3 33.6

Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus 16.6 83.4 16.6 39.5 32.9

First Ratoon

Giant reed 20.2 79.8 20.2 39.4 31.4

Sugarcane 42.8 57.2 42.8 40.3 23.1

Sweetcane 16.5 83.5 16.5 42.6 35.6

Energycane 22.7 77.3 22.7 43.2 33.4

Elephantgrass 17.1 82.9 17.1 44.8 37.1

Miscanthus 11.7 88.3 11.7 42.7 37.7

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were reported on a fiber basis. The "Total extractives" values were used to adjust these to 

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Giant reed 72.8 21.5 94.2852

Sugarcane 50.8 45.7 96.53566

Sweetcane 76.7 19.6 96.32572

Energycane 72.9 24.1 96.97159

Elephantgrass 74.2 20.5 94.6735

Miscanthus 76.0 16.6 92.55238

First Ratoon

Giant reed 73.1 20.2 93.26488

Sugarcane 52.9 42.8 95.74432

Sweetcane 78.9 16.5 95.44925

Energycane 73.2 22.7 95.87218

Elephantgrass 78.7 17.1 95.82184

Miscanthus 82.7 11.7 94.42827
Averages

Giant reed 72.9 20.9 93.77504

Sugarcane 51.9 44.3 96.13999

Sweetcane 77.8 18.1 95.88749

Energycane 73.0 23.4 96.42189

Elephantgrass 76.4 18.8 95.24767

Miscanthus 79.3 14.2 93.49033

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because ash was not reported

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Giant reed 77% 23%

Sugarcane 53% 47%

Sweetcane 80% 20%

Energycane 75% 25%

Elephantgrass 78% 22%

Miscanthus 82% 18%

First Ratoon

Giant reed 78% 22%

Sugarcane 55% 45%

Sweetcane 83% 17%

Energycane 76% 24%

Elephantgrass 82% 18%

Miscanthus 88% 12%

Average values

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Giant reed 78% 22%

Sugarcane 54% 46%

Sweetcane 81% 19%

Energycane 76% 24%

Elephantgrass 80% 20%

Miscanthus 85% 15%
nd miscanthus - Data from Fedenko et al. (2013)

berger, Joao M. B. Vendramini, Robert A. Gilbert, Zane R. Helsel, and Gary F. Peter (2013) Biomass Production and Composition of Perenn

ts per species at each site

cted for composition measurements

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated Reported in paper:

Xylose 

(fiber 

basis)

Arabinose 

(fiber 

basis)

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Lignin 

(fiber 

basis) Lignin

inorganics 

(ash)

24.6 1.02 20.1 28.1 22.1

25.5 1.12 14.5 26.8 14.6

25.1 1.23 21.2 27.3 21.9

25.1 1.11 19.9 27.3 20.7

23.1 1 19.2 26.9 21.4

23.4 1.27 20.6 26.9 22.4

24 0.76 19.8 27.4 21.9

25.1 1.06 15.0 26.1 14.9

23.8 0.95 20.7 27.2 22.7

24.2 0.86 19.4 26.4 20.4

22.9 0.76 19.6 26.5 22.0

23.3 0.99 21.4 26.7 23.6

were used to adjust these to a whole plant (dry matter) basis.

ction and Composition of Perennial Grasses Grown for Bioenergy in a Subtropical Climate Across Florida, USA. Bioenergy Research, 6:1082

 USA. Bioenergy Research, 6:1082-1093.
Napier grass - Data from Grant et al. (1975)

Reference: Grant, R. J., P. J. Van Soest, R. E. McDowell, and C. B. Perez, Jr. (1974) Intake, Digestibility and Metabol

Samples: napier grass was measured at 45 and 60 days of regrowth

Analytical Method: AOAC, detergent fiber analysis

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Total 

extractives

Total 

extractives Cellulose Cellulose

Hemicellul

ose

Napier grass

Wet season, 45 days growth 31.1 31.1 19.1

Wet season, 60 days growth 32.2 32.2 19

Dry season, 60 days growth 31.9 31.9 20.8

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Napier grass

Wet season, 45 days growth56.5 15.3 71.8

Wet season, 60 days growth60.0 13.8 73.8

Dry season, 60 days growth59.7 13.3 73

Average 58.7 14.1

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because extractives were not reported, so the value for "other organics" is not valid

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Napier grass

Wet season, 45 days growth67%

Wet season, 60 days growth70%

Dry season, 60 days growth69%

Average 68%
ke, Digestibility and Metabolic Loss of Napier Grass by Cattle and Buffaloes When Fed Wilted, Chopped and Whole. Journal of Animal Scie

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin Lignin

inorganics 

(ash)

Crude 

protein

19.1 6.3 6.3 15.3 7.5

19.0 8.8 8.8 13.8 6.7

20.8 7 7.0 13.3 6

ther organics" is not valid
nd Whole. Journal of Animal Science, 39(2):423-434.
Rice Straw, Miscanthus & Bagasse - Data from Guo et al. (2009)

Reference: Characterization of enzymatic saccharification for acid-pretreated lignocellulosic materials with diffe

Samples: Collected from field near Longtan Taiwan

single sample?

Analytical Method: modified NREL analytical method

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper Calculated:

Glucose Cellulose

Rice Straw 34.6 34.6

Miscanthus 37.4 37.4

Bagasse 40.7 40.7

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Rice Straw 73.8 0 14.5 88.3

Miscanthus 85 0 4.3 89.3

Bagasse 89.9 0 8.2 98.1

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for protein, so the value for "other organics" is not 

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Rice Straw 86%

Miscanthus 89%

Bagasse 98%
ocellulosic materials with diffeent lignin composition, Gia-Luen Guo, Deng-Chieh Hsu, Wen-Hua Chen, Wei-Hsi Chen, Wen-Song Hwang, En

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Xylose Arabinose Acetyl

Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin

inorganics 

(ash)

21.3 3.8 1.1 26.2 13 14.5

23.5 3.5 2 29 18.6 4.3

23.6 4.1 2.7 30.4 18.8 8.2

lue for "other organics" is not valid
-Hsi Chen, Wen-Song Hwang, Enzyme and Microbial Technology 45 (2009) 80-87
Energy cane - Data from Hale et al. (2010)

Reference: Hale, A. L. (2010) Notice of release of a high fiber sugarcane variety Ho 02-113. Sugar Bulletin, 88(10):2

Samples: grown in randomized block designs with 4 replications; 10 whole stalks per plot were removed to mea

Analytical Method: Brix and fiber measurements only

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Brix

Total 

extractives Cellulose

L 79-1002

Grown in Welsh 8.9 8.9

Grown in Schriever 9.6 9.6

Grown in Lacassine 8.3 8.3

Ho 02-113

Grown in Welsh 9.3 9.3

Grown in Schriever 10.7 10.7

Grown in Lacassine 10.7 10.7

Only Brix and total fiber were reported. They were reported on a whole plant basis, which includes water in the plant.

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

L 79-1002

Grown in Welsh 27.5 8.9 36.4

Grown in Schriever 26.8 9.6 36.4

Grown in Lacassine 26.4 8.3 34.7

Average 26.9 8.9 35.8

Ho 02-113

Grown in Welsh 26.7 9.3 36

Grown in Schriever 25.5 10.7 36.2

Grown in Lacassine 24.2 10.7 34.9

Average 25.5 10.2 35.7

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because ash was not reported, and values were reported on a whole plant basis (includ

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

L 79-1002

Grown in Welsh 76% 24%

Grown in Schriever 74% 26%

Grown in Lacassine 76% 24%
Average L 79-1002 75% 25%

Ho 02-113

Grown in Welsh 74% 26%

Grown in Schriever 70% 30%

Grown in Lacassine 69% 31%

Average Ho 02-113 71% 29%
-113. Sugar Bulletin, 88(10):28-29.

r plot were removed to measure composition

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin Fiber

27.5

26.8

26.4

26.7

25.5

24.2

es water in the plant.

on a whole plant basis (including water in the cane)
Rice straw - Data from Jin and Chen (2007)

Reference: Jin, S. and H. Chen (2007) Near-infrared analysis of the chemical composition of rice straw. Industria

Samples: from China, harvested at maturity, milled

43 species of rice straw; 258 ground samples (80% used for model calibration, 20% for validation)

Analytical Method: NIRS, calibrated using detergent fiber analysis methods based on Van Soest et al (1991) 

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper Calculated:

Cellulose Cellulose

Rice straw 33.1 33.1

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Rice straw 68.7 10.7 79.4

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for extractives or protein, so the value for "other o

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Rice straw 77%
tion of rice straw. Industrial Crops and Products, 26:207-211

tion, 20% for validation)

est et al (1991) 

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Hemicellul

ose

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Klason 

lignin Lignin Total ash

Acid 

insoluble 

ash

25.4 25.4 10.2 10.2 10.7 8

in, so the value for "other organics" is not valid
Branches & leaves - Data from Komilis et al. (2003)

Reference: Komilis, Dmitris, and Robert K. Ham (2003) The effect of lignin and sugars to the aerobic decomposit

Samples: no sample info

Analytical Method: Not reported in the paper.

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated Reported in paper Calculated:

fats/lipids

hot water 

soluble 

matter

Total 

extractable

s Cellulose Cellulose

Leaves 2.59 1.68 4.27 9.48 9.48

Branches 1.04 3.2 4.24 14.71 14.71

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Leaves 46.6 36.7 83.3

Branches 70.47 18.3 88.77

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for protein, so the value for "other organics" is not 

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Leaves 74%

Branches 86%
rs to the aerobic decomposition of solid wastes. Waste Management, 23, 419-423.

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper: Calculated

Hemicellul

ose

Total 

hemicellulo

se Lignin

Total 

Lignin

Volatile 

solids

inorganics 

(ash)

3.24 3.24 33.88 33.88 63.3 36.7

12.87 12.87 42.89 42.89 81.7 18.3

ue for "other organics" is not valid
Many Feedstocks, summarized in Lee et al. (2007)

Reference: Composition of Herbaceous Biomass Feedstocks. DoKyoung Lee, Vance N. Owens, Arvid Boe, and Peter Jeranyama (2007). Report sponsored by Sun Grant Initiative.

Samples: Compilation of data from dozens of studies

Analytical Method: carbohydrates: individual sugar analysis or fiber analysis; lignin: ASTM methods

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Reported in paper Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Cellulose

Total 

hemicellu

lose Lignin

Aciddetergent 

lignin

Adjusted 

grass 

lignin 

(low)

Adjusted 

grass 

lignin 

(high) lignin* Protein

inorganics 

(ash)

Crop residues

corn stover 38 26 19 19 5 6

soybean 33 14 14 18 5 6

wheat straw 38 29 15 15 4 6

rye straw 31 25 3 9 3 6

barley straw 42 28 7 21 7 11

Grasses

switchgrass 37 29 19 19 3 6

big bluestem 37 28 18 18 6 6

indiangrass 39 29 6 12 24 18 3 8

little bluestem 35 31 7

prairie cordgrass 41 33 6 12 24 18 3 6

miscanthus 43 24 19 19 3 2

intermediate wheatgrass 35 29 6 12 24 18 3 6

reed canarygrass 24 36 2 4 8 6 10 8

smooth bromegrass 32 36 6 12 24 18 14 8

timothy 28 30 5 10 20 15 7 6

tall fescue 25 25 14 14 13 11

Note: samples in gray reported ADL lignin, and we adjusted these values as described. 

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Crop residues

corn stover 83 11 6

soybean 65 29 6

wheat straw 82 12 6

rye straw 65 29 6

barley straw 91 -2 11

Grasses

switchgrass 85 9 6

big bluestem 83 11 6

indiangrass 86 6 8

little bluestem 66 27 7

prairie cordgrass 92 2 6

miscanthus 86 12 2

intermediate wheatgrass 82 12 6

reed canarygrass 66 26 8

smooth bromegrass 86 6 8

timothy 73 21 6

tall fescue 64 25 11

Samples were not adjusted for % recovery because this wasn’t reported.

Adjusted for Inorganics 

Cellulosic 

Content

grasses 

(low lignin)

grasses 

(high 

lignin)

Crop residues

corn stover 88%

soybean 69%

wheat straw 87%

rye straw 69%

barley straw 102%

Grasses

switchgrass 90%

big bluestem 88%

indiangrass 93%

little bluestem 71%

prairie cordgrass 98%

miscanthus 88%

intermediate wheatgrass 87%

reed canarygrass 72%

smooth bromegrass 93%

timothy 78%

tall fescue 72%

*When acid-detergent lignin was reported, we followed the approach described in Lee et 

al. to adjust this number to be comparable to total lignin:

--For grasses, we multiplied the ADL number by 3 (total lignin is 2-4 times higher than ADL 

lignin for grasses)

--For everything else, we multiplied the ADL by 1.3 (total lignin is 30% higher than ADL for 
Oat straw, barley straw, rye straw, wheat straw and maize stover - Data from Lopez e

Reference: Lopez, S., D.R. Davies, F.J. Giraldez, M.S. Dhanoa, J. Dijkstra, and J. France (2005) Assessment of nutr

Samples: from Leon (northwestern Spain); samples collected from barns or fields after combine harvesting

Analytical Method: detergent fiber analysis methods, based on Van Soest et al (1991) 

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper Calculated:

Cellulose

Avena sativa (oat straw)

Hordeum vulgare (barley straw)

Secale cereale (rye straw)

Triticum aestivum (wheat straw)

Zea mays (maize stover)

NDF (neutral detergent fiber) is the total amount of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. ADF (acid detergent fiber) is the total 

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Oat straw 79.5 5 84.5

Barley straw 71.6 6.2 77.8

Rye straw 84.4 3.8 88.2

Wheat straw 75 5.4 80.4

Maize stover 86.2 6.7 92.9

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because ash was calculated by assuming 100% recovery

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Oat straw 84%

Barley straw 76%

Rye straw 88%

Wheat straw 79%

Maize stover 92%
r - Data from Lopez et al. (2005)

ce (2005) Assessment of nutritive value of cereal and legume straws based on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Journal of th

 after combine harvesting

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Reported in paper: Calculated Reported Reported

Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin

Organic 

matter

inorganics 

(ash)

Crude 

protein NDF

5.8 95 5 2.6 79.5

6.8 93.8 6.2 3.3 71.6

5.5 96.2 3.8 2.5 84.4

5.3 94.6 5.4 2.7 75

4.6 93.3 6.7 3.6 86.2

d detergent fiber) is the total amount of cellulose and lignin.
d in vitro digestibility. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85:1550-1557

Reported

ADF

50.5

42.3

54.4

44.5

45.8
Soybean straw - Data from Maheri-Sis et al. (2011)

Reference: Maheri-Sis, Naser, Bayaz Abdollahi-Ziveh, Ramin Salamatdoustnobar, Alireza Ahmadzadeh,

Samples: from 4 soybean threshing farms in Iran; samples were pooled

Analytical Method: Detergent fiber analysis, using Van Soest et al (1991) 

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose

Reported in paper: Clculated Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Ether 

extract

Total 

extractive

s Cellulose

Soybean straw 2.85 2.85 0

NDF (neutral detergent fiber) is the total amount of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. ADF (acid detergent fiber) is the total 

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Soybean straw 80.8 3.1 83.9

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because ash was calculated by assuming 100% recovery

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Soybean straw 83%
ireza Ahmadzadeh,Abolfazl Aghajanzadeh-Golshani and Mehdi Mohebbizadeh (2011) Determining nutrive value of soybean straw for ru

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper: Calculated:Reported

Total 

hemicellul

ose

acid 

detergent 

lignin

Total 

Lignin

Organic 

matter

Inorganics 

(ash)

Crude 

protein NDF

0 13 13 96.9 3.1 5.1 80.8

cid detergent fiber) is the total amount of cellulose and lignin.
ve value of soybean straw for ruminants using nylon bags technique. Pakistan Journal of Nutrion, 10(9):838-841.

ADF

63.2

Wheat Straw & Switchgrass - Data from NREL

Reference: Email message from Mary Biddy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Bioenergy Center, o

Samples: 13 samples of wheat straw, 58 of switchgrass

Analytical Method: NREL Methods

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated:

Extractives

soluble 

solids

Total 

organics Cellulose Cellulose

Wheat Straw 6.53 0 6.53 36.29 36.29

Switchgrass 11.35 3.76 11.35 31.42 31.42

Soluble solids were added by NREL for mass balance. EPA eliminated them from the ana

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Wheat Straw 83.34 7.25 9.41 100

Switchgrass 74.93 15.34 5.96 96.23

Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Wheat Straw 83.3 7.3 9.4

Switchgrass 77.9 15.9 6.2

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Wheat Straw 92% 8%

Switchgrass 83% 17%
, National Bioenergy Center, on January 4, 2013

Hemicellulose Lignin

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Xylan Galactan Arabinan Mannan Acetate

Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin

20.89 0.88 2.49 0 2.37 26.63 20.42

18.73 1.24 2.49 0.19 1.81 24.46 19.05

eliminated them from the analysis and adjusted for % recovery at the end.
Other

Reported in paper:

Protein

inorganics 

(ash)

0.72 9.41

3.99 5.96
Giant reed (Arundo Donax) - Data from Scordia et al. (2011)

Reference: Scordia, Danilo, Salvatore L. Sosentino, Jae-Won Lee, and Thomas W. Jeffries (2011) Dilute oxalic acid 

Samples: one sample from wild giant reed

Analytical Method: sulfuric acid hydrolysis

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated:

Total 

extractives Glucan Cellulose

Giant reed 35.7 35.7

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Giant reed 83.5 3.7 87.2

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for protein or extractives, so the value for "other o

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Giant reed 87%
. Jeffries (2011) Dilute oxalic acid pretreatment for biorefining giant reed (Arundo donax L.). Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 3018-3024.

Hemicellulose Lignin

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Xylan Galactan Arabinan Mannan

Acetyl 

groups

Total 

hemicellulo

se

Klason 

Lignin

18.6 0.6 1.6 0.2 4.5 25.5 22.3

tractives, so the value for "other organics" is not valid
nd Bioenergy, 35, 3018-3024.

Other

Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Protein Ash

3.7
Giant reed (Arundo donax) - Data from Scordia et al. (2012)

Reference: Scordia, Danilo, Salvatore L. Cosentino, Jae-Won Lee, Thomas W. Jeffries (2012) Bioconversion of giant 

Samples: clone of Capo d'Orlando, harvested after one year

Analytical Method: sulfuric acid hydrolysis

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Total 

extractives

Total 

extractives Glucan Cellulose Xylan

Arundo donax 34.6 34.6 20.41

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Arundo donax 78.1 5.9 84.0

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because extractives and protein were not reported, so the value for "other organics" is 

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Arundo donax 83%
012) Bioconversion of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) hemicellulose hydrolysate to ethanol by Scheffersomyces stipitis CBS6054. Biomass a

Hemicellulose Lignin

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated

Arabinan Galactan Mannan Rhamnan

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Klason 

lignin Lignin

1.81 0.66 0.12 0.06 23.1 20.44 20.4

value for "other organics" is not valid
myces stipitis CBS6054. Biomass and Bioenergy, 39:296-305.

Other

Reported in paper:

inorganics 

(ash)

5.9
Barley straw, oat straw, rye straw, soybean straw and wheat straw - Data from Stant

Reference: Stanton, T.L. and S. LeValley (2010) Feed composition for cattle and sheep. Colorado State University 

Samples: unspecified

Analytical Method: unspecified

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper Calculated:

Cellulose

Barley straw

Oat straw

Rye straw

Soybean straw

Wheat straw

NDF (neutral detergent fiber) is the total amount of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. ADF (acid detergent fiber) is the total 

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Barley straw 82 7 89

Oat straw 70 8 78

Rye straw 71 6 77

Soybean straw 70 6 76

Wheat straw 85 7 92

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for extractives, so the value for "other organics" is 

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Barley straw 88%

Oat straw 76%

Rye straw 76%

Soybean straw 74%

Wheat straw 91%
w - Data from Stanton and LeValley (2010)

ep. Colorado State University Extension, Fact Sheet 1.615

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellul

ose

inorganics 

(ash) NDF ADF

Crude 

protein

7 82 57 4

8 70 46 4

6 71 55 4

6 70 54 5

7 85 56 4

d detergent fiber) is the total amount of cellulose and lignin.

 value for "other organics" is not valid

Rye straw and bermudagrass - Data from Sun and Cheng (2005)

Reference: Sun, Y. and J.J. Cheng (2005) Dilute acid pretreatment of rye straw and bermudagrass for ethanol pro

Samples: from Barham Farm, Zebulon, NC. Rye harvested in May, Bermudagrass harvested in August

Analytical Method: Two-stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper Calculated:

Glucan Cellulose

Rye straw 33.12 33.12

Bermudagrass 32.36 32.36

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Rye straw 75.16 18.69 6.15 100

Bermudagrass 77.48 18.34 4.17 99.99

Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Rye straw 75.2 18.7 6.2

Bermudagrass 77.5 18.3 4.2

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Rye straw 80% 20%

Bermudagrass 81% 19%
 bermudagrass for ethanol production. Bioresource Technology, 96:1599-1606

 harvested in August

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Arabinan Galactan Xylan

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Acidinsoluble 

lignin

Total 

Lignin

Inorganics 

(ash)

2.47 0.31 19.46 22.24 19.8 19.8 6.15

4.33 1.09 19.37 24.79 20.33 20.33 4.17
Reported in paper:

Other

18.69

18.34
Corn Stover - Data from Templeton et al. (2009)

Reference: Assessing corn stover composition and sources of variability via NIRS, David W. Templeton, Amie D. Slu

Samples: collected from 47 sites in 8 corn belt states after the 2001, 2002, and 2003 harvests

508 commercial hybrid corn stover samples

Analytical Method: Near-infrared spectroscopy/partial least squares multivariate modeling, calibrated with standard NREL 

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper

in Ethanol sucrose inorganics

water-ext 

(other)

Total 

organics Glucan

Average 3.3 3.6 2.5 8.6 15.5 31.9

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

70.9 19.2 6.4 96.5

Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

73.5 19.9 6.6

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

79% 21%
vid W. Templeton, Amie D. Sluiter, Tammy K. Hayward, Bonnie R. Hames, Steven R. Thomas, Cellulose 2009 16:621-639

calibrated with standard NREL Laboratory Analytical Prodedures (LAPs)

Hemicellulose Lignin

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Cellulose Xylan Galactan Arabinan Mannan Acetyl

Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin

31.9 18.9 1.5 2.8 0.3 2.2 25.7 13.3
009 16:621-639

Other

Reported in paper: Calculated:

Protein

Structural 

inorganics 

(ash)

Total 

inorganics

3.7 3.9 6.4
Corn Stover & Bagasse - Data from Templeton et al. (2010)

Reference: Compositional Analysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks. 2. Method Uncertanties, David W. Templeton, Ch

Samples: Corn stover: Pioneer hybrid 33B51 harvested in fall of 2003 from northeastern CO, Bagasse: NIST RM 8

Corn stover: 1 sample, 154 replicate analyses in 13 batches, by 7 analysts in 2 labs; Bagasse: 1 analysis 

Analytical Method: NREL methods

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper

sucrose 

(extractive)

water 

extractive 

(other)

ethanol 

extractive Total 

extractives

protein + 

ash 

(extractive) Glucan

Corn Stover (average) 7.2 8 2.6 22.5 4.7 34

Bagasse 0.7 2.7 1.9 5.7 0.4 39

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Corn Stover (average) 71.9 20 4.7 96.6

Bagasse 91.5 5.8 3.9 101.2

Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Corn Stover (average) 74.4 20.7 4.9

Bagasse 90.4 5.7 3.9

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Corn Stover (average) 78% 22%

Bagasse 94% 6%
nties, David W. Templeton, Christopher J. Scarlata, Justin B. Sluiter, and Edward J. Wolfrum, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 9054-9062

astern CO, Bagasse: NIST RM 8491

 in 2 labs; Bagasse: 1 analysis per batch, 14 total

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paperReported in paper:

Cellulose

Arabinan Xylan Galactan Acetyl Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin Protein

34 2.5 19.2 1 2.9 25.6 12.3 2.2

39 1.8 21.8 0.8 3.3 27.7 24.8 0.5
hem. 2010, 58, 9054-9062

Reported in paper:

Ash

4.7

3.9
Energy cane - Data from Tew et al. (2007)

Reference: Tew, T. L., E. O. Dufrene Jr., D. D. Garrison, W. H. White, M. P. Grisham, Y.-B. Pan, E. P. Richard Jr., B. L

Samples: mean of 2 locations

Analytical Method: Brix and fiber measurements only

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Brix

Total 

extractives Cellulose

Ho 00-961 plant cane 17.7 17.7

Ho 00-961 first stubble 16.8 16.8

Ho 00-961 second stubble 17.6 17.6

Ho 00-961 third stubble 18.9 18.9

Ho 00-961 mean 17.7 17.7

Only Brix and total fiber were reported. They were reported on a whole plant basis, which includes water in the plant.

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Ho 00-961 plant cane 14.7 17.7 32.4

Ho 00-961 first stubble 16.2 16.8 33

Ho 00-961 second stubble 15.8 17.6 33.4

Ho 00-961 third stubble 16.7 18.9 35.6

Ho 00-961 mean 15.9 17.7 33.6

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because ash was not reported, and values were reported on a whole plant basis (includ

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Ho 00-961 plant cane 45% 55%

Ho 00-961 first stubble 49% 51%

Ho 00-961 second stubble 47% 53%

Ho 00-961 third stubble 47% 53%

Ho 00-961 mean 47% 53%
-B. Pan, E. P. Richard Jr., B. L. Legendre, J. D. Miller (2007) Notice of release of a high fiber sugarcane variety Ho 00-961. Sugar Bulletin, 85

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin Fiber

14.7

16.2

15.8

16.7

15.9

es water in the plant.

on a whole plant basis (including water in the cane)
ety Ho 00-961. Sugar Bulletin, 85(10):23-24
Energy cane - Data from Tew et al. (2007)

Reference: Tew, T. L., E. O. Dufrene Jr., D. D. Garrison, W. H. White, M. P. Grisham, Y.-B. Pan, E. P. Richard Jr., B. L

Samples: mean of 2 locations

Analytical Method: Brix and fiber measurements only

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Brix

Total 

extractives Cellulose

HoCP 91-552 plant cane 17.6 17.6

HoCP 91-552 first stubble 15.3 15.3

HoCP 91-552 second stubble 17.6 17.6

HoCP 91-552 mean 16.8 16.8

Only Brix and total fiber were reported. They were reported on a whole plant basis, which includes water in the plant.

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

HoCP 91-552 plant cane 15.5 17.6 33.1

HoCP 91-552 first stubble 13.7 15.3 29

HoCP 91-552 second stubble16.5 17.6 34.1

HoCP 91-552 mean 15.2 16.8 32

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because ash was not reported, and values were reported on a whole plant basis (includ

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

HoCP 91-552 plant cane 47% 53%

HoCP 91-552 first stubble 47% 53%

HoCP 91-552 second stubble48% 52%

HoCP 91-552 mean 48% 53%
.-B. Pan, E. P. Richard Jr., B. L. Legendre, J. D. Miller (2007) Notice of release of a high fiber sugarcane variety HoCP 91-552. Sugar Bulletin

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin Fiber

15.5

13.7

16.5

15.2

es water in the plant.

on a whole plant basis (including water in the cane)
ety HoCP 91-552. Sugar Bulletin, 85(10):25-26
Miscanthus - Data from Villaverde et al. (2010)

Reference: Villaverde, Juan Jose, Pablo Ligero and Alberto de Vega (2010) Miscanthus x giganteus as a source of 

Samples: collected late winter, after senescence

Analytical Method: unknown (not described in paper)

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated Reported in paper Calculated:

Ethanol/ 

toluene ethanol hot water

Total 

extractabl

es Glucose Cellulose

Miscanthus 2.2 0.1 1.6 3.9 38 38

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Miscanthus 77.2 0.8 78

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for protein, so the value for "other organics" is not 

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Miscanthus 78%
us x giganteus as a source of biobased products through Organosolv fractionation: A mini review. The Open Agricultural Journal, 4, 102-1

Hemicellulose

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated:

Xylose Mannose Galactose Arabinose Rhamnose

Uronic 

acids

Total 

hemicellul

ose

14.9 0 0.3 1.1 0 1.2 17.5

ue for "other organics" is not valid
n Agricultural Journal, 4, 102-110

Lignin Other

Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper:

Acid 

insoluble

Acidsoluble 

lignin

Total 

Lignin

inorganics 

(ash)

20.8 0.9 21.7 0.8
Switchgrass - Data from Vogel et al. (2011)

Reference: Vogel, Kenneth P., Bruce S. Dien, Hans G. Jung, Michael D. Casler, Steven D. Masterson, and Robert B. 

Samples: 112 samples from a range of locations and growing conditions to develop NIRS calibration

Cultivars and experimental strains listed here were grown at University of Nebraska, Agricultural Resea

Analytical Method: Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, calibrated with two stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated:

Extracted 

fat

Total 

soluble 

carbohydr

ates

Total 

extractives Glucose Cellulose

Summer 0.99 4.16 5.15 28.19 28.19

Trailblazer 1.19 3.33 4.52 28.07 28.07

Shawnee 1.11 4.98 6.09 26.94 26.94

Kanlow 0.92 3.97 4.89 29.93 29.93

NE 2229 1.08 4.4 5.48 28.02 28.02

NE 2234 1.14 3.5 4.64 28.09 28.09

Mean 1.09 3.76 4.85 28.21 28.21

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Summer 70.78 11.505 6.56 88.845

Trailblazer 71.65 11.44 6.86 89.95

Shawnee 67.87 13.28 6.59 87.74

Kanlow 69.94 10.815 5.84 86.595

NE 2229 69.99 12.49 6.51 88.99

NE 2234 70.62 11.37 6.91 88.9

Mean 70.392 11.71 6.72 88.822

Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Summer 79.7 12.9 7.4

Trailblazer 79.7 12.7 7.6

Shawnee 77.4 15.1 7.5

Kanlow 80.8 12.5 6.7

NE 2229 78.6 14.0 7.3

NE 2234 79.4 12.8 7.8

Mean 79.3 13.2 7.6
Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Summer 86% 14%

Trailblazer 86% 14%

Shawnee 84% 16%

Kanlow 87% 13%

NE 2229 85% 15%

NE 2234 86% 14%

Mean 86% 14%
n D. Masterson, and Robert B. Mitchell (2011) Quantifying Actual and Theoretical Ethanol Yields for Switchgrass Strains Using NIRS Analys

op NIRS calibration

of Nebraska, Agricultural Research and Development Center, harvested in mid-August

ric acid hydrolysis

Hemicellulose

Reported in paper Calculated:

Xylose Galactose Arabinose Mannose Rhamnose Fucose

Uronic 

acids

Total 

hemicellul

ose

20.82 0.85 2.99 0.49 0.12 0.01 1.59 26.87

20.67 0.89 3.07 0.61 0.13 0.01 1.64 27.02

19.82 0.87 2.93 0.56 0.12 0.01 1.63 25.94

20.61 0.87 2.95 0.54 0.1 0.02 1.61 26.7

20.57 0.88 3.07 0.52 0.13 0.01 1.66 26.84

20.72 0.9 3.1 0.55 0.13 0.01 1.66 27.07

20.56 0.88 3.03 0.55 0.12 0.012 1.63 26.782

chgrass Strains Using NIRS Analyses. Bioenergy Research, 4, 96-110.

Lignin Other

Reported in paper Reported in paper: Calculated

Klason 

lignin Lignin Nitrogen

inorganics 

(ash) Starch Protein

15.72 15.72 0.9 6.56 0.73 5.625

16.56 16.56 1 6.86 0.67 6.25

14.99 14.99 1 6.59 0.94 6.25

13.31 13.31 0.9 5.84 0.3 5.625

15.13 15.13 1 6.51 0.76 6.25

15.46 15.46 1 6.91 0.48 6.25

15.4 15.4 1 6.72 0.61 6.25
Switchgrass - Data from Vogel et al. (2013)

Reference: Vogel, K. P., R. B. Mitchell, G. Sarath, H. G. Jung, B. S. Dien, and M. D. Casler (2013) Switchgrass Bio

Samples: multiple generations of switchgrass bred for increased in vitro dry matter digestibility

Analytical Method: Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated:

Extracted 

fat

Total 

soluble 

carbohydr

ates

Total 

extractives Glucose Cellulose

NE Trailblazer C-1 1.21 2.18 3.39 28.12 28.12

NE Trailblazer C0 1.2 2.5 3.7 28.43 28.43

Trailblazer 1.18 2.7 3.88 28.4 28.4

NE Trailblazer C2 1.15 2.68 3.83 28.24 28.24

NE Trailblazer C3 1.13 2.84 3.97 28.31 28.31

NE Trailblazer C4 1.15 2.82 3.97 28.83 28.83

NE Trailblazer C5 1.18 2.55 3.73 28.77 28.77

NE Trailblazer C4 MSFS 1.26 2.7 3.96 28.54 28.54

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

NE Trailblazer C-1 71.245 12.4325 9.01 92.6875

NE Trailblazer C0 71.176 12.67 8.54 92.386

Trailblazer 70.741 13.015 8.43 92.186

NE Trailblazer C2 70.484 13.175 8.81 92.469

NE Trailblazer C3 70.495 13.4825 8.8 92.7775

NE Trailblazer C4 71.7 13.345 8.25 93.295

NE Trailblazer C5 72.084 13.175 8.62 93.879

NE Trailblazer C4 MSFS 71.22 13.5075 8.69 93.4175

Average 71.143125 13.10031 8.64375 92.88719

Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

NE Trailblazer C-1 76.9 13.4 9.7

NE Trailblazer C0 77.0 13.7 9.2

Trailblazer 76.7 14.1 9.1

NE Trailblazer C2 76.2 14.2 9.5

NE Trailblazer C3 76.0 14.5 9.5

NE Trailblazer C4 76.9 14.3 8.8
NE Trailblazer C5 76.8 14.0 9.2

NE Trailblazer C4 MSFS 76.2 14.5 9.3

Average 76.6 14.1 9.3

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

NE Trailblazer C-1 85% 15%

NE Trailblazer C0 85% 15%

Trailblazer 84% 16%

NE Trailblazer C2 84% 16%

NE Trailblazer C3 84% 16%

NE Trailblazer C4 84% 16%

NE Trailblazer C5 85% 15%

NE Trailblazer C4 MSFS 84% 16%

Average 84% 16%
asler (2013) Switchgrass Biomass Composition Altered by Six Generations of Divergent Breeding for Digestibility. Crop Science, 53, 853-86

er digestibility

Hemicellulose

Reported in paper Calculated:

Xylose Galactose Arabinose Mannose Rhamnose Fucose

Uronic 

acids

Total 

hemicellul

ose

19.71 0.78 2.95 0.62 0.1 0.015 1.69 25.865

20.16 0.81 3 0.59 0.102 0.014 1.69 26.366

20.07 0.8 3.04 0.62 0.098 0.013 1.7 26.341

19.71 0.81 3.04 0.61 0.102 0.012 1.73 26.014

19.52 0.82 3.06 0.61 0.103 0.012 1.74 25.865

20.05 0.8 3.04 0.63 0.097 0.013 1.73 26.36

20.01 0.82 3.07 0.6 0.101 0.013 1.72 26.334

19.8 0.81 3.05 0.61 0.099 0.011 1.74 26.12

stibility. Crop Science, 53, 853-862.

Lignin Other

Reported in paper Reported in paper: Calculated

Klason 

lignin Lignin Nitrogen

inorganics 

(ash) Starch Protein

17.26 17.26 1.37 9.01 0.48 8.5625

16.38 16.38 1.36 8.54 0.47 8.5

16 16 1.38 8.43 0.51 8.625

16.23 16.23 1.42 8.81 0.47 8.875

16.32 16.32 1.45 8.8 0.45 9.0625

16.51 16.51 1.46 8.25 0.25 9.125

16.98 16.98 1.46 8.62 0.32 9.125

16.56 16.56 1.47 8.69 0.36 9.1875
Woods - Data from Wang et al. (2011)

Reference: Wang, Xiaming, Jennifer M. Padgett, Florentino B. De la Cruz, and Morton A. Barlaz (2011) Wood Bio

Samples: wood obtained from a lumber yard and shredded

Analytical Method: sulfuric acid hydrolysis, analysis of sugars, Klason lignin

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated Reported in paper Calculated:

Ethanol/ 

toluene ethanol hot water

Total 

extractabl

es Cellulose Cellulose

Red oak 40.5 40.5

eucalyptus 40 40

spruce 42 42

radiata pine 41.1 41.1

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Red oak 83.7 0.4 84.1

eucalyptus 83 0.1 83.1

spruce 89.7 1.5 91.2

radiata pine 88.3 0.8 89.1

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for protein, so the value for "other organics" is not 

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Red oak 84%

eucalyptus 83%

spruce 91%

radiata pine 89%
on A. Barlaz (2011) Wood Biodegradation in Laboratory-Scale Landfills. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 6864-6871.

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper:

Hemicellulo

se

Total 

hemicellulo

se

Klason 

lignin

Total 

Lignin

volatile 

solids

inorganics 

(ash)

19.6 19.6 23.6 23.6 99.6 0.4

11 11 32 32 99.9 0.1

20.3 20.3 27.4 27.4 98.5 1.5

20.1 20.1 27.1 27.1 99.2 0.8

ue for "other organics" is not valid
gy, 45, 6864-6871.
Maize straw, wheat straw, rapeseed straw, and soybean straw - Data from Yalchi et a

Reference: Yalchi, Taher, and Behzad Hajieghrari (2011) Effect of fungal treatment on chemical composition and i

Samples: collected from several fields and mixed

Analytical Method: Detergent fiber analysis, using Van Soest et al (1991) 

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Ether 

extract

Total 

extractive

s

Cellulose 

(ADF - 

lignin) Cellulose

Hemicellul

ose (NDFADF)

Maize straw 1.27 1.27 36 36 36.36

Wheat straw 1.07 1.07 43.67 43.67 25.92

Rapeseed straw 1.14 1.14 48.52 48.52 19.03

Soybean straw 0.51 0.51 47.08 47.08 14.8

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Maize straw 77.63 5.91 83.54

Wheat straw 77.96 12.99 90.95

Rapeseed straw 77.28 6.52 83.8

Soybean straw 72.99 8.72 81.71

Analysis did not adjust for % recovery because samples were not analyzed for all extractives, so the value for "other organics

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Maize straw 83%

Wheat straw 90%

Rapeseed straw 83%

Soybean straw 80%
 Data from Yalchi et al. (2011)

 on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal digestibility of some agricultural residues. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(85):19707-1

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellul

ose

Acid 

detergent 

lignin

Total 

Lignin Ash

Crude 

protein NDF ADF

36.36 5.27 5.27 5.91 5.76 77.63 41.26

25.92 8.37 8.37 12.99 4.28 77.75 51.83

19.03 9.73 9.73 6.52 5.31 77.28 58.25

14.8 11.11 11.11 8.72 4.88 72.98 58.19

o the value for "other organics" is not valid
 of Biotechnology, 10(85):19707-19713.
Corn kernel fiber - Data from Yoshida et al. (2012)

Reference: Yoshida, T., M. Sakamoto, and J. Azuma (2012) Extraction of hemicelluloses from corn pericarp by 

Samples: kernels of sweet corn. Corn pericarp manually separated.

Analytical Method: AOAC methods; Cellulose and hemicellulose measured using methods described in Lopez-Casado 

Percent Composition

Extractables Cellulose Hemicellulose

Reported in paper: Calculated: Reported in paper Calculated: Reported in paper

Total 

extractive

s Cellulose Cellulose

Hemicellul

ose

Sweet corn pericarp 13.5 13.5 73.6

Total (% Composition)

Calculated:

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Total (% 

recover)

Sweet corn pericarp 87.1 13.4 1.1 101.6

Adjusted for % recovery

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics Inorganics

Sweet corn pericarp 85.7 13.2 1.1

Adjusted for Inorganics

Cellulosic 

Content

Other 

Organics

Sweet corn pericarp 87% 13%
s from corn pericarp by the NaOH-urea solvent system. Procedia Chemistry, 4, 294-300.

cribed in Lopez-Casado et al. (2007) J. Exp. Bot. 2007; 58: 3875-3883.

Hemicellulose Lignin Other

Calculated: Reported in paper Reported in paper:

Total 

hemicellul

ose Lignin Lignin Protein

inorganics 

(ash) Lipid Starch

73.6 5 1.1 4.9 3.5