# X8-M Operation Manual

V.3 2014 ©3D Robotics DCT006 

## Thank you for purchasing an X8-M! This manual contains important information about your aerial mapping platform. Please read these instructions before your first flight.

1 Plan 1 2 Fly 19 3 Process 30 Appendix 34

Online information portal: 3DR.com/X8-M 3DR support: help@3DR.com Terms and conditions: 3DR.com/terms Pix4D instructions: support.Pix4D.com1 

# 1 Plan Parts 2 Flight Battery 3 Charging 3 Safety 3 Powering the X8 4 Camera Setup 5 3DR EAI 5 Charging 5 Starting a Mission 5 Mounting 6 Ground Station Setup 7 Download Software 7 Connect to Radio 7 Mission Planning 8 Operating Parameters 8 Load Maps 9 Draw Polygon 10 Configure Survey 11 Save and Write Mission 182 

# Parts

RC controller and accessories batteries (2)

propeller wrench

spare UV filter
spare mounting nut Android adapter cable

SF propellers
SFP propellers charger and accessories micro-USB cable

battery guard bag
Pixhawk micro-SD card adapter X8 ground station radio

FPV/OSD System If you selected to receive a FPV/OSD system, those components will be included with the X8’s accessories. See page 27 for parts and instructions. registration card and Pix4D license key3 1 Connect the charger to the power adapter cable and a wall outlet. Connect the red cable to the + port and the black cable to the - port.



# +

– 2 Set the charger to LiPo and 3A.

LiPo 3A

3 Connect the white connector to the 4S port, and join the two yellow connectors together.

4S 4 Secure the battery inside the guard bag, and charge until the status indicator displays green.

Charging

Complete The X8 is powered by a rechargeable lithium polymer (LiPo) battery. Charge the battery before your first flight.



# ! Flying with a low battery is a safety risk and can render the battery permanently unusable. Always fly with a fully charged battery. Charge the battery using a designated LiPo balance charger only. Always monitor the battery while charging. Protect the battery from extreme heat, extreme cold, puncturing, and flammable surfaces. Always transport, charge, and store the battery in the guard bag. Inspect the battery for damage before and after flying. If you observe any swelling of the package or the battery ceases to function, do not use the battery; locate your local battery recycling center, and dispose of the battery. In the US and Canada, visit call2recycle.org to find a location. Do not dispose of the battery in the trash. 

# Flight Battery Charging Safety

Charger with power cable and split-wire charging cable Charger settings

Flight battery charging wiring Charging in process4 

### 2 Attach the battery to the underside of the copter using the velcro straps, and join the yellow connectors. 

# Powering the X8


# ! It is important to establish communication before powering on the X8. Always turn on the controller before connecting the battery. When powering off the X8, disconnect the battery before turning off the controller. 1 Turn on the controller. To avoid triggering the controller’s startup alarm, ensure that all switches are set back (away from you) and the throttle stick is set fully down.

RC controller Throttle stick

Switches5 

# Camera Setup The X8 includes a Canon PowerShot S100 running the 3DR EAI script.

SD card locked Load 3DR EAI 

## » Fly a mapping mission SD card unlocked Load default Canon software 

## » View images on camera 

## » Save images to ground station 

## » Update script 

# 3DR EAI (Exposure-Aperture-ISO) 3DR EAI runs on the Canon Hacker Development Kit (CHDK), a pow erful opensource tool that expands the functionality of Canon point-and-shoot cameras. 3DR EAI optimizes image exposure and integrates with the Pixhawk autopilot to enable distance-based imaging. This software is designed to load off the camera’s SD card, leaving the original Canon programming intact. The yellow switch on the side of the SD card allows you to lock or unlock the card. Lock the SD card to run 3DR EAI; unlock the SD card to save images to your ground station or to boot the camera with its original programming. For more information about 3DR EAI, see page 36.

Power off the camera before removing the SD card. 

# ! Camera running 3DR EAI Camera running Canon software 

# Charging Charge the camera battery before your first flight. Once fully charged, insert the battery into the camera.

status indicator 

# Starting a Mission To prepare the camera to fly a mapping mission, ensure that the mode dial is set to P (program) mode. Power on the camera using the silver button on the top. 3DR EAI will start automatically, and you will see the script messages on the camera display. Check to see that the last line of the script reads waiting on USB signal . The camera is now ready to map!

power button

Camera ready to map: waiting on USB signal Canon battery charger

mode dial6 mounting plate

latch When the camera is ready to start the mission, open the latch, and insert the camera into the mount. Close the latch, and rotate the mount so the camera faces down. Connect the mini-USB cable to the camera. 

# Mounting The camera mount includes a cap to protect the UV filter during travel. Before you fly, remove the cap, and check that the filter contains no dirt particles or scratches that could affect image quality. If you notice any damage to the filter that could affect image quality, screw off the filter and replace with the extra filter provided with the X8.

Connect mini-USB cable here.
Camera (side) UV filter
Camera enclosure with cap Camera enclosure with cap removed

mini-USB cable7 Mission Planner

Your license key for Pix4Dmapper can be found on the registration card inside the documents package. Visit mapper.pix4d.com/license-redeem to create an account and redeem your license key; then visit pix4d.com/download to download Pix4Dmapper Discovery. Pix4D will automatically upgrade from the Discovery edition to the LT 3DR Edition (or Pro Edition if you selected to upgrade) when you log in to the program with your Pix4D account information. Mission Planner is a full-featured ground station application for planning missions and monitoring the X8 in flight. Download Mission Planner from 3DR.com/download_software
. If you already have Mission Planner installed, make sure you’re running the most recent version: Select the Help tab and Check for Updates
.

Mission Planner: Help tab 

# Ground Station Setup

Pix4Dmapper LT 3DR Edition To connect the X8 to Mission Planner, connect the ground station radio to the laptop, and power the X8. 1 Connect the ground station radio to your laptop using the micro-USB cable. Open Mission Planner.

3 Select Flight Data to view live data from the X8. 2 Select 57600 and AUTO , then select CONNECT
. (When connecting directly to Pixhawk’s micro-USB port, set the rate to 115200.) 

# Connect to Radio Download Software Mission Planner allows you to turn a Windows laptop into a full-featured ground station for configuring and monitoring autonomous missions. You will need to take this laptop into the field when you fly the mission. As part of the mission procedure, you will use the Pix4D Rapid Check to verify the quality of the image set before leaving the field.

Ground station laptop with radio connected Mission Planner Connect tool (top-right corner))

Mission Planner Flight Dat a tab: connected to aircraft8 

## Operating Parameters

Camera Canon S100 Camera Orientation Landscape (top facing forward) Operating Altitude 50-120 m Default Altitude 60 m Low-Wind Conditions 0-6 m/s High-Wind Conditions 7-10 m/s Maximum Wind Conditions 10 m/s Operating Speed 1-17 m/s Default Speed 5 m/s Estimated Maximum Flight Time 14 min Estimated Ground Resolution 2 cm/pixel Estimated Maximum Survey Area .1 km 2 

### Minimum Photo Interval 2 seconds The X8 is a complete solution for creating high-resolution visual-spectrum aerial maps.

Pixhawk autopilot system Pix4Dmapper LT 3DR Edition Canon S100

3DR EAI



### To create a map, the X8 flies an autonomous mission over the survey site, using the integration between the Pixhawk autopilot and custom-programmed camera to capture images at a consistent distance interval. Pix4Dmapper then stitches these images together into a georeferenced, orthorectified mosaic. The accuracy of the map depends on the configuration of the mission. Planning a mission that captures high-quality images requires balancing the X8’s operating parameters with the environmental factors at the survey site. 

# Mission Planning Operating Parameters9 1 Open Mission Planner, select Flight Plan , and zoom to your flying location. 2 Right-click on the map, select Map Tool and Prefetch , and accept the default prompts. Mission Planner will download the maps for the selected location to your computer.

3 Mission Planner will attempt to load the map data from the current level of zoom down to the closest level of zoom available. However, it can take hours to pre-fetch every level of zoom, and it is unlikely that the closer levels will be useful in planning the mission. To shortcut this process, check the slider on the right side of the map. The levels of zoom are represented by this slider from 0 (bottom) to 25 (top). Press the ESC key to skip levels of zoom at a greater detail than you need for mission planning. 

# Load Maps Mission Planner allows you to plan the mission away from the mapping location; however, it is important to assess the environmental conditions on site at the time of the mission and adjust the flight plan if necessary. Alternatively, you can plan the entire mission at the mapping location. To create or alter the mission, Mission Planner requires an Internet connection to access the maps. If you’re unable to access the Internet on site, follow the instructions below to pre-fetch the maps within Mission Planner while you have Internet access.

Mission PlannerFlight Plan tab: zoom to mapping location Mission Planner Flight Plan tab: Select Prefetch10 2 Right click on the map. Select Draw Polygon and Add Polygon Point . Click and drag to add points around the area you want to map. 3 Right click on the polygon. Select Auto WP and Survey (Grid ) to open the Survey Tool.

Units The Survey Tool uses metric units. If your Mission Planner is set to imperial units, please change the settings to use metric to plan the mission. Support for imperial units in Mission Planner is coming soon; check 3DR.com/X8-M for updates. 

# Draw Polygon To begin planning the mapping mission, select the area you want to map using the Polygon tool. Y ou’ll be able to adjust the size and shape of the polygon later in the mission configuration process.

1 Select Flight Plan , and zoom to your mapping location.

Mission PlannerFlight Plan tab: zoom to mapping location
Mission PlannerFlight Plan tab: draw polygon Mission PlannerFlight Plan tab: open Survey tool 

# !11 

# Configure Survey: Set Default Parameters

Set Camera Canon S100-S120

Set Camera Orientation Check the option for Camera top facing forward
.

Set Default Speed 5 m/s
Apply Survey Speed Check the option for Use speed for this mission
. If unchecked, the mission will use the X8’s default speed of 5 m/s regardless of the speed selected in the Survey Tool.

Mission PlannerSurvey tool The Survey tool allows you to configure a mapping mission according to the X8’s operating parameters and the current environmental conditions at the mapping location. First, set the default values for the X8.12 

### Set Angle Wind Direction In environments with winds of less than 6 m/s, set the angle so that the X8 flies into the wind. In winds from 7-10 m/s, configure the flight path to travel perpendicular to the wind so the X8 flies cross-wind. No. of Strips Adjust the angle so that the X8 makes as few turns as possible to complete its course. The No. of Strips parameter shows how many passes the X8 will make as you adjust the angle. Review Wind Conditions On-Site Always assess the wind conditions at your survey site at the time of the mission and adjust the mission accordingly. 

# Configure Survey: Set Angle

wind

Angle in high winds (7-10 m/s) Angle in low winds (1-6 m/s)



# ! Use caution when flying in winds over 10m/s. Mapping results may degrade as a result of inability to make headway or maintain appropriate groundspeed. 

### wind wind

Mission Planner Tip: Adjust Polygon Click and drag the red polygon points to adjust the size and shape of the polygon from the Survey Tool. Mission PlannerSurvey tool Next configure the angle of the flight path for the current wind conditions.13 

### Set Altitude Recommended altitude: 60 m Operating altitude: 50-100 m Increasing altitude decreases flight time, allowing you to cover more area per minute. Decreasing altitude improves ground resolution. Set the altitude to get the best ground resolution while keeping the flight time under 14 min and the altitude under 120 m.
Keep altitude below 120 m, and ensure that the altitude is appropriate for your flying area and local regulations.



# !

Check Flight Time Flight Time estimates the duration of the mission. The total estimated flight time must be under 14 min for a fully charged X8 battery. To decrease flight time, increase altitude or speed. High winds, humidity, high altitude, and extreme heat can affect power consumption and reduce flight time. Consider the environmental factors at your site when configuring flight time. In this example, we increased speed to 8 m/s to keep flight time below 14 min while allowing for moderate wind conditions. When increasing speed, keep in mind that the increased power required to travel faster will impact flight time. Check Ground Resolution Ground Resolution is the centimeters per pixel that you will have in the map and corresponds to the amount of detail that you will see. To improve ground resolution by decreasing the number of centimeters per pixel, decrease altitude. 

# Configure Survey: Set Altitude The survey altitude determines the duration of the mission and the ground resolution of the final map. Adjust altitude to balance flight time and power consumption with the current environmental conditions.

Mission PlannerSurvey tool14 

### Check Photo Interval Photo Every must be longer than 2 seconds for the S100 camera.
Altitude Increasing altitude increases photo interval. Keep altitude below 120 m, and ensure that the altitude is appropriate for your flying area and local regulations.



# !

Speed Decreasing speed increases photo interval.
Ensure that the Use speed for this mission option is checked. 

# ! Configure Survey: Check Photo Interval

Mission PlannerSurvey tool With the basic parameters in place, verify that the photo interval calculated from the altitude and speed complies with the operating parameters for the camera.15 

### Takeoff and Land WP’s For automatic takeoff and landing (recommended) Check the Add Takeoff and Land WP’s option. Check the Use RTL option. After initiating the mission, the X8 will automatically take off, climb to the survey altitude, and begin the mission. At the end of the mission, the X8 will automatically return to the launch point and land. For manual takeoff and automatic landing Uncheck the Add Takeoff and Land WP’s option. Check the Use RTL option. Take off manually, and initiate the mission in flight. To end the mission, the X8 will land automatically at the launch point. 

# Configure Survey: Set Takeoff and Landing

Mission PlannerSurvey tool Now select a takeoff and landing pattern, either manual or automatic.16 

### Check Advanced Options to view the Survey Tool’s advanced configuration options.

Adjust Overlap and Sidelap Overlap and sidelap are set to 50% and 60%, respectively, by default. See page 35 for an in-depth discussion of these parameters. Adjust StartFrom During the mission, you will maintain contact with the X8 through the RC controller and ground station signals. If these signals are lost during flight, the X8 will respond with the assigned failsafe behaviors. See page 29. If your mission is likely to experience a loss of signal, it is best practice to start from the corner of the mission farthest from the launch point. 

# Configure Survey: Advanced Options

Camera Config The options under the Camera Config tab allow you to configure a camera other than the S100 and won’t be used for operating the X8. Survey Tool: Grid Options (Advanced) 

### Select Grid Options Mission Planner: Survey Tool17 

### Before accepting the survey, check that the mission complies with the X8’s operating parameters. Once you accept the survey, you will not be able to edit it directly by re-opening the Survey Tool. If you need to adjust the survey, clear the mission (right click, select Clear Mission), and repeat the survey configuration process.

Camera Canon S100-S120 Altitude 50-100 m Camera top facing forward checked Flying speed 1-17 m/s Use speed for this mission checked (optional if speed set to default speed of 5 m/s) Photo Every greater than 2 s Flight time under 14 min depending on environmental conditions



# ! Do not accept the mission if any of the parameters exceed the X8’s operating limits. Operating Parameters 

# Configure Survey: Accept Survey

Accept Select Accept to save the mission. If Mission Planner prompts you for a home altitude, enter the altitude that you specified in the Survey Tool.18 

### Select Write WPs to save the mission to the X8. Select Save WP File to save the mission file to your computer. To repeat this mapping mission, load the saved WP file from your computer. On the Flight Plan screen, save the waypoint file to your computer and write the mission to the X8. 

# Save and Write Mission19 

# 2 Fly Safety 20 Aircraft Operation 21 Components 21 Assembly 22 Controls 23 Modes 24 Preflight Checks 25 LED Indicators and Tones 25 GPS Lock 25 Arming and Disarming 26 FPV System Operation 27 Flying Mapping Missions 28 Takeoff Checklist 28 Initiating 28 Monitoring 28 Failsafes 2920 

### To ensure safe and successful flying, familiarize yourself with the safety information on this page. Always fly in accordance with your location regulations and these best operating practices.

visual line of sight 400 ft (120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km) 

### Always fly at least 100 feet (30 m) away from people, vehicles, and buildings. Make the safety of people and property your first priority! Always fly below 400 ft (120 m) and within your visual line of sight. Don’t let the X8 get too far away from you; make sure you can always see its orientation. Don’t fly in low light, heavy wind, rain, or other conditions that might impede visibility. Always fly at least 5 miles (8 km) away from airports and other areas where pilots operate manned aircraft. visual line of sight 400 ft (120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km) visual line of sight 400 ft (120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km) 

### Before you fly, determine the boundaries of your safe flying area. If the X8 moves outside the designated area or exhibits instability in flight, switch to altitude hold mode and land the copter manually. The X8 will not avoid obstacles on its own, including during missions. As the operator, it’s your job to recognize and avoid obstructions while flying. Always be ready to regain manual control of the copter in the event of an unsafe situation. Spinning propellers can cause serious injury. The safety button indicates the status of the motors to help you prevent hazardous contact with the X8’s high-speed propellers.
• When the X8 is powered on, the safety button will blink red, indicating that the motors are inactive and the propellers are safe to handle. • When you’re ready to fly, press and hold the safety button until it shows solid red. This indicates that the motors are active and the propellers can spin if armed. To make the propellers safe to handle again, press and hold the safety button until it blinks red. 

# ! You can find more safety tips throughout these instructions where you see this yellow box. visual line of sight 400 ft (120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km) visual line of sight 400 ft (120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km) 

# Location Propeller 

# Safety21 

# Aircraft Operation Components

safety button camera integration cable

status LED Pixhawk autopilot
front arms rear arms

camera mount22 

### Propellers Remove the nuts and washers from the motors. Add SFP propellers and SF propellers as marked below with the writing on the propellers facing towards the sky. This will be a tight fit; apply pressure and twist the propeller onto the shaft. Place the washer over the propeller, and secure the nut tightly on top using the propeller wrench. Arms Remove the bolt and nut outside each arm. Rotate the arm into position, insert the bolt through the plates and the arm, and secure the arm in place with the nut. The X8 arrives in travel configuration. Complete these steps to prepare the copter for flight.

travel position remove secure with bolt

flight position slide each arm into position

Ensure writing on all propellers faces the sky. 

# ! Assembly

Top motor: SF
Bottom motor: SFP

Bottom motor: SF Top motor: SFP Top motor: SF
Bottom motor: SFP

Bottom motor: SF

Top motor: SFP23 throttle up Increase speed and altitude.

throttle down Decrease speed and altitude.

throttle fully down Land. yaw left

yaw right Rotate counterclockwise.

Rotate clockwise. Fly the X8 manually using the RC controller.

yaw throttle

Throttle: Move the left stick forwar d and backward to control altitude and acceleration. Yaw : Move the left stick horizontally to r otate and control orientation. Navigate by orienting the X8 with the blue arms facing forward. Pitch : Move the right stick vertically to fly forwar d and backward. Roll : Move the right stick horizontally to fly to the left and to the right. 

# Controls

roll pitch

roll and pitch center Automatically level. roll left

roll right Fly to the left.

Fly to the right.

pitch up

pitch down Fly forward.

Fly backward.24 

### Auto - fly a mission Fly an autonomous mission. This is the mode that the X8 will use to create the map. Altitude hold - assisted manual control Altitude hold mode provides manual control of roll, pitch, and yaw, while allowing the autopilot to maintain the current altitude automatically. Set the left stick to center, and the copter will automatically maintain the current altitude. Raise the throttle stick above center to increase altitude (and to take off), and lower the throttle stick below center to decrease altitude. Adjust altitude and orientation with the left stick, and navigate with the right stick. Loiter - hover With automatic autopilot control of altitude, position, and orientation, loiter is the easiest way to fly. Just release the sticks and the copter will hover in place. Return to launch (RTL) - recall and land Activate RTL during the mission to end your flight automatically. RTL commands the X8 to achieve a minimum altitude of 15 meters, return to the launch point, hover for five seconds, and land. Use the right stick to adjust the position of the X8 during landing. After landing, the X8 will automatically disarm after a few seconds. Stabilize - full manual control Stabilize allows full manual control of altitude, position, and orientation without autopilot assistance. GEAR/MIX selects the set of modes.

FLAP/GYRO selects the specific mode, either 0, 1, or 2. To select a flight mode: First, set the GEAR/MIX switch to select a set of modes. Then use the FLAP/GYRO switch to 0, 1, or 2 to select a specific mode. With GEAR/MIX set to GEAR , set FLAP/GYRO to: 0 for Stabilize 1 for Loiter 2 for A uto With GEAR/MIX set to MIX , set FLAP/GYRO to: 0 for Stabilize 1 for Altitude hold 2 for RTL 

# Modes

RC controller (top)25 

# Pre-flight Checks Visual Check Before flying, examine the X8 to verify the following:
» All propellers are tightly attached in the correct order with the writing on each pr opeller facing the sky.
» All propellers can spin without obstruction.
» The antenna is oriented vertically. Test Flight Before flying the mission, fly a brief test flight to verify that the X8:
» Responds to controls correctly in stabilize mode.
» Holds position in loiter mode.
» Correctly executes a return-to-launch command.



# LED Indicators

Low battery, automatic landing Loss of RC signal, automatic landing

System error, see troubleshooting guide Loss of GPS signal, automatic landing Initializing, please wait Acquiring GPS, please wait
Armed



# Tones Visit 3DR.com/X8-M to listen to Pixhawk’s status tones. 

# GPS Lock Auto, RTL, and loiter modes requires GPS lock. When powered, the autopilot will automatically search for GPS lock. If you plan to use auto, RTL, or loiter modes during your flight, ensure that the autopilot acquires GPS lock before takeoff, indicated by a blinking green status LED. Autopilot ready, GPS locked26 Arming and disarming are important steps that must be completed before takeoff and after landing. There are two steps to arming the X8: the safety button and the throttle stick. 

# ! The arming and disarming procedures ensure that you can safety start and stop motors without risk of injury. The X8’s motors will spin when armed! Make sure the propellers are clear of any obstructions, including your hands, before arming. Do not handle the propellers or pick up the copter while the safety button is active (solid red).

Arming 1 When you’re ready to fly, place the copter at a clear launch point, with the blue arms facing away from you. 2 Press and hold the safety button until it displays solid red. This indicates that the X8 is now active. Stand back! Motors inactive, safe to handle Motors active, deactivate before handling

3 To arm the motors, hold the left stick down/right until the motors spin. Disarming 1 To disarm the motors, hold the left stick down/left until the motors stop.

2 Press and hold the safety button until it blinks red. The motors are now inactive, and the X8 is safe to handle. 

# Arming and Disarming

Before arming, check the status LED. Before you fly, wait for the autopilot to acquire GPS lock. The LED will flash blue while the X8 acquires GPS; this can take a few minutes. Once you see the flashing green LED, the autopilot has acquired GPS lock.

Autopilot ready, GPS locked Autopilot ready, no GPS Initializing , please wait.
Pre-arm check failure, see page 39.27 

# FPV System Operation If you selected to receive an optional FPV/OSD system, the components are pre-installed into the X8 to transmit on-board video.

AV receiver Antenna

Batteries (1 plus 1 spare) Receiver cables Parts 2 Wire and power receiver Attach an antenna to the receiver. Connect the AV output cable to either receiver AV OUT port. Connect the RC power cable to the receiver DC IN port, and attach a battery to the red connector.

1 Charge battery Charge both batteries before your first flight. Set the charger to LiPo and 1A. Connect the white battery connector to the 3S port, and connect the XT60-JST charger adapter to the red battery connector and yellow charger connector.

3S port Transmitter Camera

Remove lens cap! 3 Remove lens cap The video transmitter is powered by the main flight battery and will automatically turn on when the X8 is powered. To turn off the transmitter, disconnect the red JST connector. Remove the lens cap from the camera before takeoff.

LiPo 1A 4 Viewing video When using a 3DR Black Pearl Monitor to view your video, set the mode to DIV (M button changes modes), the channel to 8 (+ and - buttons), and the band to E (press the power button to access the menu). For more information about configuring the FPV/OSD system, visit 3DR.com/X8-M
.28 

# Flying Mapping Missions Takeoff Checklist Before flying the mission, check the following:

» Camera is on with mission script ready and is secured into the mount with the mini-USB cable connected and the cap removed.

» X8 is powered and connected to the ground station with all pre-flight checks passed.

» The survey mission has been adjusted to account for present envir onmental conditions and saved to the X8. 

# Initiating For automatic takeoff, arm the X8 in stabilize mode. Switch to auto mode, and raise the throttle to initiate the mission. For manual takeoff, initiate the mission in flight by switching to auto mode.



# Monitoring

Mission Planner Flight Data: Attitude

1 Heading direction 2 Bank angle 3 Altitude* (black) and rate of climb (blue bar) 4 Ground speed Status

4 Distance to current waypoint > current waypoint number 5 GPS status* 6 Battery status* 1 Ground station signal* 2 GPS time 3 Currently enabled mode 1 2

3

4 1 2

3 4 5 6 Monitor the X8 closely during the mission using your line of sight and the Mission Planner Flight Data screen. Actions

1 Change waypoints or restart a mission 2 Change modes 3 Change altitude Flight Map

1 Current heading 2 Direct path to current waypoint 3 GPS-reported direction of travel 4 Actual flight path 5 Latitude, longitude 6 Altitude 1 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 Full battery: 16.8 V Low battery failsafe: 14 V End your flight at 14.1 V!



# ! *Failsafe behavior enabled29 visual line of sight 400 ft (120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km) 400 ft (120 m) 

# Failsafes

visual line of sight 400 ft (120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km) 400 ft (120 m) visual line of sight 400 ft (120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km) 400 ft (120 m) Low Battery Failsafe Environmental conditions can affect power consumption. Use the Mission Planner Flight Data display to monitor the voltage of the battery during flight. If the battery reaches 14 V, the X8 will land automatically at the current position, indicated by a blinking yellow status LED and a quick repeating tone. The X8 is programmed with a set of failsafe behaviors to prevent a crash in the event of a loss of one of the data or communication channels required for autonomous flight. Although certain failsafes have assigned LED indicators and tones, it is unlikely that you will be able to see these at a distance. Monitor the Flight Data screen for failsafe indications. If a failsafe is triggered, the assigned behavior will activate. To override the failsafe behavior (RTL in most cases), use the controller to regain manual control. Regaining Manual Control To regain manual control during the mission, switch to altitude hold mode using the controller. If you’re a confident operator, switch to stabilize mode for full manual control. If you observe instability in the X8’s flight behavior or it the aircraft moves outside your designated safe flying area, switch to RTL. Turning off the controller will automatically trigger an RTL and can be used in an emergency situation as a hard recall command. Ground Station Signal Failsfe Physical obstructions and interference from nearby wireless signals can affect the X8’s connection with the ground station. Use the Mission Planner Flight Data display to monitor the ground station connection strength during flight. If the X8 loses contact with the ground station for over five seconds, it will automatically return to the launch point and land.

RC Controller Signal Failsafe Physical obstructions and interference from nearby wireless signals can affect the X8’s connec

tion with the RC controller. If the X8 loses contact with the RC controller, it will return to the launch point automatically and land, indicated by a blinking yellow status LED. GPS Failsafe Enclosed areas, physical obstructions, and lack of available satellites can affect GPS strength. Use the Mission Planner Flight Data display to monitor the GPS during flight. If the X8 loses GPS lock for over five seconds, it will land automatically at the current position. 

### visual line of sight 400 ft (120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km) Altitude Failsafe The X8 has a 120 m altitude geofence enabled by default. If the geofence is breached, the X8 will automatically RTL. visual line of sight 400 ft (120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km) 400 ft (120 m)30 

# 3 Process On-Site Quality Check 31 Spot Check 31 Download Images 31 Download Log File 32 Pix4D Rapid Check 33 Full Processing 3331 

# On-Site Quality Check Before leaving the survey site, check the images using Pix4D to ensure sufficient quality for mapping by downloading the images from the SD card, downloading the log file from the X8, and completing Rapid Check Initial Processing in Pix4D. If you observe poor image quality or the quality report returns errors, see the Image Quality Troubleshooting section on page 38 and repeat the mission.

SD card file structure: Download images 

# Spot Check (Optional) The quickest way to see the images after a flight is to unlock the SD card and restart the camera. The camera will load the default Canon programming and you can select the playback button to review the images. 

# Download Images Unlock the SD card and load into your ground station. Select the DCIM folder and locate the folder for your flight. Copy the files into a project folder on the ground station and delete them from the SD card.

playback button32 

### Pix4D uses the GPS data from the X8’s log file to georeference the images. To download the X8’s dataflash log, power the X8 and connect to Mission Planner. The download process will be faster if you connect the micro-USB cable directly to Pixhawk’s micro-USB port instead of connecting using the ground station radio. (When connecting directly to the X8, set the rate to 115200.) On the Flight Plan screen, select the DataFlash Logs tab under the heads-up display, and select Download DataFlash Log over Mavlink
.

The Log window shows the X8’s recent flights. Select the flight for your mission, and select Download These Logs . This will save the log file to your computer in the location displayed under the list of flights. To retrieve the log file, access your computer’s file structure under Program Files/ Mission Planner/logs/OCTOROTOR , and select the .log file for the date of your flight. Mission Planner: Flight Data heads-up display

Mission Planner: Download Logs Program Files: Retrieve log file 

# Download Log File33 

### 1 Open Pix4D Mapper, and create a new project. 2 Select Aerial Nadir as the project type.

After creating the project, select the Local Processing screen (Process menu). Check the option for Initial Processing and Rapid Check. Uncheck all other local processing options, and select Start. 

# Pix4Dmapper Rapid Check: Create Project 3 After adding the images, select From File to add the geolocation data from the X8’s log file. In the pop-up window, select 3D Robotics Flight Log as the file format, and upload the dataflash log file downloaded from Mission Planner.



# Pix4Dmapper Rapid Check: Initial Processing

Pix4D will generate a Quality Report that will indicate if the images are of sufficient quality to create a map.

To complete full processing for the map, visit support.pix4d.com for instructions. 

# Full Processing34 

# Appendix Aerial Imaging Concepts 35 3DR EAI 36 Image Quality Troubleshooting 38 Operational Troubleshooting 3935 

# Aerial Imaging Concepts Understanding key concepts in aerial images can help you understand the mission planning process and create better maps. Distance-Based Imaging By default, the camera captures only the images required to create the map. The Pixhawk monitors the distance traveled by the aircraft and sends a command to the camera to capture an image at the distance interval specified by the camera trigger distance parameter ( CAM_TRIGG_DIST ). This parameter is set by the Mission Planner Survey tool during survey configuration by calculating the minimum distance between images based on the parameters specified for the survey (altitude, overlap, sidelap). This distance-based imaging allows for more precise data collection, resulting in less images and data storage cost. Once configured, the Survey tool creates an event at the start of the mission script (after takeoff) to set the camera trigger distance to the specified interval and an event at the end of the mission (before landing) to reset the camera trigger distance to 0. Time-Based Imaging The camera is also equipped to capture images at a consistent time interval instead of using distance. This function can be useful if you want to capture images over an area without planning a mission. This time-based imaging results in more images per area, and therefore more processing time and storage cost. See the Trigger Type options on page xx to enable time-based imaging. Overlap and Sidelap To capture images for the map, the aircraft flies a lawnmower-like pattern in strips across the survey site. The front-to-back overlap between sequential images is called overlap; the side overlaps of adjacent pictures in different strips is called sidelap. The overlap and sidelap parameters in the Survey tool (see Advanced Options page xx) determine the distance between images and the number of images to be captured based on the projected ground area that each image will cover, called a footprint. Increasing overlap and sidelap improves the accuracy of the map while increasing flight time and processing time.

In the Survey tool, Distance between Images shows the specified camera trigger distance that will be assigned to the mission. You can also see the projected image footprint size and the total number of images to be captured. Default overlap: 50% Default sidelap: 60%36 

# 3DR EAI 3DR EAI is based on KAP UAV Exposure Control Script v3.1: a great open-source project for kite and UAV aerial photography. Start and Stop Script Ensure the camera is set to P (program) mode before powering the camera. Upon startup, 3DR EAI starts automatically and listens for commands from the autopilot, indicated by waiting for USB signal
. To stop (and re-start) the script, press the shutter button. The script will display INTERRUPTED when stopped.

CHDK Menu The CHDK menu contains all the standard options provided with CHDK. To access the CHDK menu, stop the script and select the MENU button. Script Menu The script menu allows you to change the parameters associated with the script itself, including changing the trigger mode and adjusting exposure. To open the script menu, stop the script and select the FUNC. SET button. These parameters are configured for the S100 and do not require adjustment as part of standard operation.

Trigger Type This parameter allows you to control how the camera captures images. Trigger type defaults to USB for distance-based imaging during mapping missions. For time-based imaging, select Interval and specify the length in the Shot Interval parameter. Trigger Type default: USB (mapping) Variable intervalometer: Interval (default to 2 seconds, specified by Shot Interval )

Memory Reset If the battery is left out of the camera for too long, the camera will reset its memory. To re-configure the camera in this case, visit 3DR.com/X8-M for instructions. Online Resources and Information Visit 3DR.com/X8-M for links to updates, more information about KAP UAV, and full CHDK instructions. Script start: waiting on USB signal

Script stopped: INTERRUPTED FINISHED Script menu

CHDK menu Script menu: Trigger Type37 

# Image Quality Troubleshooting If you observe poor image quality during the spot check or if you receive error messages during processing, use the settings below to troubleshoot the image quality. Blurry Images To correct motion blur, adjust the shutter speed using the Target Tv parameter in the script menu. Target Tv (shutter speed) default: 1/1250 To correct moderate motion blur: Set to 1/1600. To correct severe motion blur: Set to 1/2000.

Overexposure If the images are overexposed but do not show any motion blur, it can be due to flying in extremely bright conditions. To correct this, set the Allow use of ND filter parameter to YES in the script menu. Allow use of ND filter default: No To correct overexposure: Set to Y es.

Processing Errors If you receive errors from Pix4Dmapper regarding the images, dataset, or matching points, increase the overlap and sidelap during survey configuration to improve the quality of the image set. Overlap default: 50% Sidelap default: 60% To improve processing: Set overlap to 60% and sidelap to 70%. Example image: motion blur

Example image: overexposure Script menu: ND Filter Script menu: Target Tv

Mission Planner Survey tool Advanced Grid Options: Overlap and Sidelap38 

# Operational Troubleshooting No Images Captured 1 If the camera did not capture any images during the mission, first perform a physical inspection on the X8. Is the mini-USB cable connected to the camera’ s USB port?

Ar e the AUX OUT 6 pins connected on Pixhawk? AUX OUT 6: black (-), r ed (+), white (s)
Is the camera battery charged? Unlock the SD car d to view the Canon’s battery level indicator.

LED Error Indicator If the status LED displays blinking yellow, the X8 is failing one the pre-arm safety checks. To determine the specific failure, check the heads-up display on the Mission Planner Flight Data screen. There will be an error message specifying the failed check. Radio Calibration Failure: Perform Radio Calibration in Mission Planner or RC contr oller re-binding Accelerometer Calibration Failure: Perform Acceler ometer Calibration in Mission Planner Compass Calibration Failure: Perform Compass Calibration in Mission Planner GPS Failure: W ait for improved GPS signal or move to a more open area 2 Take a distance-triggered test image on the ground by manually setting the camera trigger distance parameter to 1 m. Power the aircraft and connect to Mission Planner. Select Config/Tuning and Full Parameter List . Change the CAM_TRIGG_DIST parameter to 1, and select Write Params . Now carry the X8 for a few meters to see if the autopilot triggers the camera.

Camera with SD card unlocked, running Canon software Pixhawk (side) Camera (side)

Mission Planner Full Parameter List: Set CAM_TRIGG_DIST to 1.