[ PUBLISH ]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 16

- 11722

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 2:14

- cv - 00422

- SPC

- MRM

JAMAAL ALI BILAL, f.k.a. John L. Burton, a.k.a. Superman, Plaintiff

- Appellant,

versus GEO CARE, LLC, FNU GARZA, FCCC Custody Officer, individually and in his official capacity as Transport Officer, FNU JARVIS, FCCC Custody Officer, individually and in his official capacity as Transport Official, THE GEO GROUP, INC., CORRECT CARE SOLUTIONS, LLC, et al., Defendants

– Appellees, DAVID W ILKINS , Secretary, Department of Children & Families, Defendant.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 1 of 312 ________________________ Appeal from the United States District Cou rt for the Middle District of Florida

________________________ (November 9, 2020) Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM, and TALLMAN, * Circuit Judges. ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judge: The civilly committed may not be punished merely because they are civilly committed. And under the Fourteenth Amendment, they enjoy a substantive

- due

process right to liberty interests in, among other things, safety and freedom from bodily restraint . So t hough the State may appropriately take measures to protect the public from civilly committed individuals found to be dangerous, it must do so in a way that is consistent with professional judgment about what is necessary. Plaintiff

- Appellant Jamaal Ali Bi lal is civilly committed and housed in the Florida Civil Commitment Center (“FCCC”) , in part because he has been found to represent a danger to the public. Bilal alleged that, during a trip to a court hearing located about 600 miles from the FCCC, Defendants

- Appellees, who include the Secretary of Florida’s Department of Children and Families (“DCF”) and several individuals associated with the FCCC (which is under the purview of the Secretary of DCF) and with GEO Care, Inc. (which, by contract, runs the FCCC), restrained,

* The Honorable Richard C. Tallman, Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 2 of 313 transported, and temporarily housed him in a manner that was inconsistent with professional judgment and therefore violated his Fourteenth Amendm ent rights. The district court disagreed and dismissed the case for failure to state a claim. After careful consideration and with the benefit of oral argument, we now affirm in part and reverse in part.
I.
A. Background Facts Bilal is civilly committe d at the FCCC under Florida’s Involuntary Civil Co mmitment of Sexually Violent Predators Act, Fla. Stat. § 394.910 , et seq ., commonly known as the Jimmy Ryce Act. He was sent to the FCCC in 2001 after he stipulated that he qualified as a “sexually violent predator,” meaning he was previously convicted of a sexually violent offense, and at the time of commitment, he had a “mental abnormality or personality disorder” that makes him “likely to engage in acts of sexual violence if not confined in a secure faci lity for long

- term control, care, and treatment.” Fla. Stat. § 394.912(10). Under Florida law, anyone determined to be a “sexually violent predator” is committed to the custody of the DCF and housed in a secure facility until the individual’s condition h as improved to the point that it is safe to release him into the community. Fla. Stat. § 394.917(2); see also Pesci v. Budz , 730 F.3d 1291, 1299 (11 th Cir. 2013). Those committed

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 3 of 314 under the statute are entitled to periodic judicial review to make that det ermination. Fla. Stat. § 394.91 8 (1).
A state

- court judge in Escambia County ordered a hearing at the Escambia County Courthouse in Pensacola, Florida, to determine whether Bilal was eligible for release from civil confinement. Garza and Jarvis, 1 t wo armed guards from the FCCC, transported Bilal roughly 600 miles by van to Escambia County. Th e state
court then conducted the relevant hearing on September 10, 2013 . Following the hearing, Bilal was housed in the Santa Rosa County Jail until October 1 0, 2013, when the judge den ied Bilal’s release from civil confinement

. At that time, Garza and Jarvis drove Bilal the approximately 600 miles back to the FCCC.
B. Procedural History Bilal filed a pro se complaint in state court, invoking 42 U.S.C. § 198 3 and
Fl orida Stat ute § 768.28, and asserting that Defendants

- Appellees GEO Care, Inc., (“GEO”) , David Wilkins, Garza , and Jarvis (collectively referred to as the “Defendants”), violated his civil rights , based on things that he alleges happened during the trip to and from Escambia County

. At the time of the events alleged in the complaint, Wilkins served as the Secretary of Florida’s DCF; by contract with

1 The complaint indicates only the last names of the transport guards , so we refer to them by their last names, Garza and Jarvis

.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 4 of 315 DCF, GEO operated and managed the FCCC; and as we have noted, FCCC guards Garza and Jarvis transported Bilal. Defendants removed the action to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida, which ultimately dismissed it

. But along the way, Bilal filed a Third Amended Complaint, which added new defendants and is the opera tive pleading in this case. Among other things, the Third Amended Complaint began referring to GEO as GEO Care, LLC. GEO nonetheless continued throughout the litigation to respond. 2 Because GEO has responded throughout this litigation to filings addres sed to GEO Care, Inc., and GEO Care, LLC, we use “GEO” in this opinion to refer to both designations. The Third Amended Complaint also ceased to mention Wilkins, substituting then

- DCF Secretary Mike Carroll in his place. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d).
We rev iew the relevant allegations in the Third Amended Complaint. But before doing so, we note that we are reviewing the district court’s order granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil

2 The alternate name appears to be a misnomer rather than the identification of an incorrect party. Based on the parties’ actions

— particularly GEO ’s responsiveness to filings addressing GEO Care, Inc., on the one hand, and GEO Care, LLC, on the other

— no uncertainty exists about the identity of the defendant and we can discern no prejudice to GEO. See Morrel v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. , 188 F.3d 218, 224 (4th Cir. 1999) ( misnomer was immaterial since the defendant was not misled in any w ay by it)

. Nor has GEO asserted any defense or filed any motion raising this issue, so any objection appears to have been waived. And u nder these circumstances, where Bilal seem s to have made a mistake as to the name, GEO “should not be permitted to take advantage of a mere misnomer that injured no one.” Grandey v. Pac

. Indem. Co. , 217 F.2d 27, 29 (5th Cir. 1954).

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 5 of 316 Procedure 12(b)( 6)

. So we set forth the allegations in the complaint as though they are true, viewing them in the light most favorable to Bilal. Am. Dental Ass’n v. Cigna Corp. , 605 F.3d 1283, 1288 (11th Cir. 2010). Of course, if Bilal’s action proceeds , he will have to prove his allegations. Now, the allegations: d uring the trip to and from Escambia County, Garza and Jarvis used leg irons, waist chains, and black

- box 3 restraints on Bilal. They also deprived Bilal of food, except for a bottle of water and two slices of cheese on two stale pieces of bread, and they refused to allow him any bathroom breaks during the lengthy trip. Because Bilal needed to defecate, he had to do so into his clothing and then sit in his feces for about 300 miles of the trip. Plus, the van seats were cramped , and that, in combination with the shackling, aggravated his pre

- existing knee injuries . Adding to Bilal’s misery, the guards traveled at excessive speeds as Garza “leisurely review [ed] child porn on his cellphone .” Based on these allegations, Bilal set forth several counts in his pro se complaint. Because of Bilal’s pro se status, the breakdown of the specific counts is not neat and tidy. But we construe Bilal’s complaint to hav e made the following claims.

3 A black box is a rectangular device that fits over a pair of handcuffs . It is designed t o limit hand movements and prevent access to the handcuff’s key holes.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 6 of 317 As relevant on appeal, in Counts I, IV, and VI 4 , Bilal alleged that Garza, Jarvis, GEO, and the Secretary of DCF violated his Fourteenth Amendment due

process rights on the 1,200

- mile roundtrip journey between the FCCC and t he Escambia County courthouse. He complained that transporting him in a van (as opposed to an airplane) for more than 1,200 miles roundtrip, while he was in leg irons, waist chains, and a black

- boxed set of handcuffs; feeding him only a single cheese sand wich, which he asserts gave him botulism; putting him in a cramped van in shackles while he had injuries to his knees, which then required him to need to undergo surgeries; forcing him to endure no bathroom stops during the entire journey, which caused him to defecate on himself midway through the trip to Escambia County “and caused suppression and wounded his bowel movements that caused constipation”; and traveling at speeds in excess of 90 miles per hour constituted unjustified punishment and imposed unne cessary and unconstitutional restraints, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. In Count II, asserted against all Defendants, Bilal challenged his stay in the Santa Rosa County Jail while the court was deciding whether to release him. Bilal alleged the stay, like the journey to and from Escambia County, violated the Fourteenth Amendment. He complained that while at the jail, he missed out on

4 The Third Amended Complaint contains two counts numbered “VI.” We refer to the first one. USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 7 of 318 mental

- health treatment, which caused him not to be able to advance in his mental

health treatment back at the F CCC; Garza and Jarvis , annoyed with Bilal’s complaints, influenced the jail guards to act abusively towards Bilal, which caused Bilal to become suicidal and to have to spend two weeks in a suicide cell in the jail; and he was placed in confinement at the j ail and did not have access to television, phone calls, the law library, visitation, fresh

- air exercise, canteen privileges, or religious groups

. 5 Bilal sought declaratory and injunctive relief and compensatory and punitive damages

. After Bilal filed the Third Amended Complaint, the district court issued an order directing Bilal, by July 1, 2015, to complete service

- of

- process forms for the
ten additional defendants (including Carroll and GEO Care, LLC) and to return ten additional copies of the Third Amended Complaint to the court for ser vic e. The Order warned that “[f]ailure to return the completed forms within this allotted time period without further explanation will result in dismissal of this action without further notice.”

5 Bilal also made some other claims that are not at issue on appeal, since he did not brief them. We therefore do not address them. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2004) (“ [A] legal claim or argument that has not b een briefed before the [appellate] court is deemed abandoned and its merits will not be addressed

. ”)).

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 8 of 319 Bilal sought a thirt y - day extension of time to file a notice of lawsuit and request for waiver of service of summons , summons , and United States Marshal Service F orm 285. Upon considering Bilal’s motion, the district court noted that the original D efendants ( who had previously received service of process ) had not yet filed a response to the Third Amended C omplaint . So it directed those Defendants (GEO, Wilkins, Garza, and Jarvis) to file a response to the Third Amended Complaint. The court also found good cause to g rant Bilal’s motion for extension of time , and it gave him an additional thirty days from June 18, 2015, to comply with the previous order. It warned that “[f]ailure to do so may result in the dismissal of the unserved defendants without further notice.” In accordance with the district court’s order, t he original Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss the Third Amended Complaint on August 7, 2015

. Among other things, Defendants argued that, for the most part, the complaint failed to state a claim . Nevertheless, Defendants conceded that Garza and Jarvis’s alleged failure to allow a bathroom break “may be enough to state a claim” but asserted that it was not clear what type of claim Bilal intended to pursue. At the conclusion of their Motion to Di smiss, Defendants sought dismissal of all claims “except for claims against Defendant GARZA and JARVIS in the first Count VI relating to [the ir ] alleged [] refus [al] to allow [Bilal] a bathroom break during his trip to his hearing.”

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 9 of 3110 Bilal opposed Defendan ts’ motion, but after Bilal’s extended period to serve the remaining Defendants expired , the district court granted the motion . Noting that more than 120 days had passed since Bilal had filed the Third Amended Complaint, the district court also concluded th at seven of the ten ostensibly as

- yet unserved
D efendants , which it said included GEO, should be dismissed under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m), and closed the case . As for the three other supposedly unserved D efendants (Craig Beloff, Manuel Fernandez, and Secretary Carroll) , the d istrict court acknowledged that Bilal had submitted service forms for them . But because the district c ourt determined that the complaint failed to state any constitutional claims, it did not di rect service on these individuals

. Based on its dismissal order, the district court entered j udgment in favor of D efendants and against Bilal. Soon after , Bilal filed an affidavit regarding service. In the affidavit, Bilal explained that he p ut approxi mately sixteen U.S. Marshal forms in the mailbox , addressed to FCCC’s general counsel Brian Masonry , within the 120

- day deadline for service. He claimed he was indigent and could not afford the cost of serving the sixteen defendants in this case. On the same date, Bilal filed a m otion to v acate the j udgment and a m otion to v acate the o pinion granting the motion to dismiss. He later filed an amended motion to vacate and then a motion to reopen the case.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 10 of 3111 Noting Bilal’s pro se status , the district court lib erally construed the filing s as motions for reconsideration under Rule 60, Fed. R. Civ. P. Ultimately though, the district court found no reason to grant relief. And as to service, the district court noted t hat Bilal had failed to comply with the court’s orders. Bilal appealed. We appointed counsel to represent him in these appellate proceedings

. 6
II. Bilal challenges the district court’s dismissal of his Fourteenth Amendment claims relating to his transport and to his detention. He also objects to the district
court’s sua sponte dismissal of the case for lack of service of process. We address Bilal’s Four teenth Amendment claims in Section A and his service

- related claim in Section B. A. We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of a case for failure to state a claim

. Speaker v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum

. Servs

. Ctrs. for Disease Control
& Prevention , 623 F.3d 1371 , 1379 (11th Cir. 2010); Hill v. White , 321 F.3d 1334, 1335 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam)

. As we have mentioned, on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, we “ accept the factual allegations in the complaint as true and cons true them

6 We thank Attorney Valarie Linnen for accepting the appointment and capably discharging her duties. USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 11 of 3112 in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. ” Echols v. Lawton , 913 F.3d 1313, 1319 (11th Cir.), cert. denied , 139 S. Ct. 2678 (2019). In determining whether a complaint survives a Rule 12(b)(6) challenge, we ask whether the complaint contains “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is plausible on its fac e “ when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). In conducting our review, we liberally construe pro se pleadings and hold them to “ less stringent standard s” than we apply to for mal pleadings that lawyers draft. Erickson v. Pardus , 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) ( quoting Estelle v. Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)); see also Bingham v. Thomas , 654 F.3d 1171, 1175 (11th Cir. 2011) (per curiam). Nevertheless, we cannot act as de facto counsel or rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading to sustain an action. GJR Invs., Inc. v. C n ty. of Escambia , 132 F.3d 1359, 1369 (11th Cir. 1998), overruled on other grounds by Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 556 U.S. 662 (2009). 1 . The Due Process Clause of the Fou rteenth Amendment pro mis es that no State shall “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. This Clause applies to civilly committed detainee s

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 12 of 3113 like Bilal, who bring § 1983 actions. Dolihite v. Maughon , 74 F.3d 1027, 1041 (11th Cir. 1996) (citing Youngberg v. Romeo , 457 U.S. 307 (1982)). Under the Fourteenth Amendment, t hose who are civilly committed enjoy a substantive

- due

- process right
to liberty interests in, among other things, safety a nd freedom from bodily restraint

. Id. Nevertheless, a civilly committed individual ’ s right to freedom from bodily restraint is not absolute

. See Romeo , 457 U.S. at 319

– 20. We apply a balancing test to determine whether a State’s restraints on a civilly committed person violate that individual’s substantive

- due

- process rights. In particular, we balance the person’ s liberty interests against the reasons the State sets forth f or restricting th e individual’s liberty

. Id. at 320

– 21. When we do so, we keep in mind that those who have been involuntarily civilly committed are due a higher standard of care than th os e who have been criminally committed , since the conditions of confinement for the criminally committed are “designed to punish,” but those of the civilly committed
are not

. Dolihite , 74 F.3d at 1041 (quoting Romeo , 457 U.S. at 322) (quotation marks omitted)

. Once the State articulates a legitimate re ason for restraining the civil committee’s liberty, “the Constitution only requires that the courts make certain that professional judgment in fact was exercised” in the times and way the institution restrains the person’s liberty. Romeo , 457 U.S. at 321 (internal quotation marks

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 13 of 3114 omitted). In this respect, d ecisions made by professionals employed by civil

commitment centers are presumptively valid ; liability attaches only when the decision represents “ such a s ubstantial departure from accepted professional judgment, practice, or standards ” that it shows that the employee did not , in fact, make the decision based on s ound professional judgment. Id. at 323. Here, Florida’s interest in restraining Bilal is a security one: “protecting the public” from those determined to be sexually violent predators. Pesci , 730 F.3d at 1299 (quoting Westerheide v. State , 831 So. 2d 93, 112 (Fla. 2002) ) (internal quotation marks omitted). That is certainly a legitimate interest. See id. So below, we consider each of the practices Bilal experienced in the name of this interest during his roundtrip to Escambia County and his stay in the Santa Rosa County Jail and evaluate whether any of them is inconsistent with professional judgment. 2.

a. The Transport Claims First, we address Bilal’s claims concerning his van transport to and from Escambia County. We begin with his complaints about the use of leg irons, waist chains, and black

- box restraints during the van transport, the cramped van quarters, the stale sandwich, and the excessive driving speeds during the van transport. None of these things, alone or in combination, state s a Fourteenth Amendment violation in this case. But we conclude that Bilal’s challenge that Defendants permitted no

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 14 of 3115 bathroom stops during the journey and forced him to sit in his own excrement for roughly 300 miles does state a claim under the Fourteenth Amendment. We explain each resolution below.
i. Bilal’s allegations about the shackles, transport by van instead of airplane, the stale sandwich, and the driving speeds fail to state a Fourteenth Amendment claim As we have noted, Florida restrained Bila l during transport to p rotect the public. 7 The State’s psychologist, Dr. Gregory Prichard, Ph.D., has described Bilal

as a “borderline psychopath” and “ one of the most dangerous individuals” in the FCCC

. Against this assessment of Bilal’s threat to the public, we cannot say that Defendants’ decision to use leg irons, waist chains, and black

- box restraints during the journey to ensure that Bilal did not escape was inconsistent with professional judgment. See Beaulieu v. Ludeman , 690 F.3d 1017, 1032

– 33 (8th Cir. 2012) (finding policy of placing civilly committed sexually violent individuals in full restraints during transportation to and from facility was justified by s afety concerns and did not violate patients ’ substantive

- due

- process right s). Bilal’ s complaints about the cramped seating in the van and the alleged effect on his knees of the seating and the restraints do not affect the decision. Bilal asserts that he would have preferred to fly rather than drive to Escambia County. But Bilal

7 Bilal does not contend he was restrained while housed in the FCCC, where he would not have access to the public. So that is not at issue.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 15 of 3116 does not allege that a different way of restraining him during the travel would have been substantially better for his knees or that Defendants’ use of the chosen restraints

s omehow fell outside the realm of professional choices. He also has not explained why driving represents a significant departure from professional judgment in selecting a method to deliver him securely to and from Escambia County. And that is especially so since Bila l’s proposed alternative

— flying

— can itself require cramped seating. To the extent that Bilal complains that the State commits a Fourteenth Amendment violation merely by requiring road travel instead of authorizing air travel, he also fails to state a cla im. W hile we have recognized a Fourteenth Amendment claim arising from the placement and confinement of a detainee in an unventilated and un

- air

- conditioned transport van for an extended period , see Patel
v. Lanier C n ty. , 969 F.3d 1173 (11th Cir. 2020) , Bilal did not allege that to be the case here

. Millions of people in this country make lengthy road trips every day for business, vacation, and personal reasons. And they do so by car, van, bus, and truck. There is nothing inherently punishing ab out a State’s decision to transport its prisoners by van rather than plane. Though we are troubled by Bilal’s claim that Garza and Jarvis drove at speeds up to 90 miles per hour, taking Bilal’s complaint as a whole , we cannot say that this allegation st ates a Fo urteenth Amendment violation. Other than any inherent threat

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 16 of 3117 to safety that traveling at speeds up to 90 miles per hour may represent, Bilal did not assert that Defendants’ driving was itself reckless . And Bilal was delivered safely to Escambia County and back again to the FCCC. As for the stale sandwich and single bottle of water provided during the trip, we likewise do not conclude that those choices were so extreme and unreasonable as to amount to a violation of Bilal’s constitutional rights. The Fourteenth Amendment require s only that the State provide Bilal with “reasonably adequate food

. ” Hamm v. DeKalb Cnty

. , 774 F.2d 1567, 1575 (11th Cir. 1985) (food that should be served hot and is sometimes served cold, “ while unpleasant, does not amount to a constitutional deprivation” ). And although Bilal asserts in his complaint that he should have been fed a hot meal during transport, m any people have cold lunches every day

. Bilal also did not suggest that he was denied breakfast or dinner at his departure and destination locations, in addition to the cheese sandwich en
route. Nor did he allege he was dangerously and inappropriately deprived of sufficient nutrition over the course of his trave l days. Even assuming the sandwich caused him food poisoning, 8 Bilal does not contend that Defendants knew or should have known that the sandwich would make

8 We construe Bilal’s allegation that the cheese sandwich caused him botulism to mean that the cheese sandwich resulted in some type of food poison ing. Botulism, which attacks nerves, causes difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and death in the absence of immediate, proper medical treatment. https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/general.html (last visited Nov. 9 , 2020). It is treated with an antitoxin that does not correct the damage the Botulinum toxin inflicts but rather prevents the toxin from further harming the victim’s nerves. https://www. cdc. gov/ botulism / USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 17 of 3118 him sick. Cf. Roberts v. Williams , 456 F.2d 819, 827 (5th Cir. 1972) 9 (“ We might say careless pr eparation of a single meal, producing food poisoning in prisoners, was not cruel, but it might be so if the jailors negligently allowed the jail ’ s only drinking water supply to become permanently infected with typhoid bacteria.”). Under these circumstances, feeding Bilal only a cheese sandwich and a bottle of water during the road trip did not violate his Fourteenth Amendment rights.
ii. Bilal’s allegations that Defendants would not allow him to use the bathroom and required him to sit in his own excrement for 300 miles state a Fourteenth Amendment claim But Bilal’s allegations that Garza and Jarvis refused to allow him to use the bathroo m during a 600

- mile road trip, which caused Bilal to have to defecate in his clothing and sit in his excrement for about 300 miles, do state a claim under the Fourteenth Amendment

. O ur decision in Brooks v. Warden , 800 F.3d 1295 (11th Cir. 2015) , require s this result. Brooks, a prison inmate, alleged that he was forced to defecate in his

testing

- treatment.html (last visited Nov. 9 , 2020). As a result, even when death can be prevented, botulism victims can require months of hospitalization while they recover from the nerve damage. See id. Although w e do not make credibility determinations in reviewing a motion to dismiss, we note the absence in Bilal’s complaint of any allegations at all concerning the devastating effects that would result from botulism. Considering Bilal’s pro se status, we therefo re liberally construe his complaint to allege that the cheese sandwich caused him, more generally, some kind of food poisoning. In any case, whether Bilal suffered botulism or some other type of food poisoning does not bear on the analysis. 9 In Bonner v. City of Prichard , 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we accepted as binding precedent all published Fifth Circuit opinions issued before October 1, 1981.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 18 of 3119 prison jumpsuit and sit in his own feces for two days during his three

- day hospital stay because the guard did not want to temporarily lower Brooks’s waist chains to allow him to use the toilet. Id. at 1299, 1303. Brooks also assert ed the guard would not allow the nurses to clean him or offer him an adult diaper. Id. at 1303. We determine d that these “serious allegations” stated an Eighth Amendment condit ions

of

- confinement claim. Id . We recognized that the C onstitution protect s prisoners from being exposed to objectively “unreasonable risk[s] of serious damage to [their] future health” and that the conditions of confinement must meet “the evolving stand ards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.” Id. (citations and internal quotation mark s omitted).
As we explained , “conditions that deprive inmates of the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities are violative of the contemporary standard of decency that the Eighth Amendment demands ”

— in particular, the right “not to be confined

. . . in conditions lacking basic sanitation.” Id. at 1303

– 04 ( citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We also recognized that a common thread ran through prison

- condition cases

— the deprivation of “ basic elements of hygiene.” Id. at 1304 ( quotation omitted). Upon surveying our sister Circuits ’ rulings in this area ,
we not ed that each had recognized that the “ deprivation of basic sanitary conditions ”

can state a constitutional violation. Id. (collecting cases , including those dealing with exposure to human waste ).

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 19 of 3120 We concluded that Brooks’s allegations were, in some ways, worse than those in the case s we had reviewed , since he was forced to lie in “ direct and extended contact with his own feces ” without the ability to clean himself. Id. at 1305. (c omparing Hope v. Pelzer , 536 U.S. 730, 735 (2002)). Although the Brooks defendant claimed that Brooks h ad not alleged any harm except mere discomfort,

we conclude d that “ he sufficiently alleged a substantial risk of serious harm ” because “the health risks of prolonged exposure to human excrement are obvious.” Id. Finally, we determined t hat Brooks suffici ently a verr ed that the guard was deliberately indifferent to Brooks’s needs because Brooks had repeatedly asked to remove his jumpsuit and use the toilet. Id. Brooks s tands for the proposition that an unreasonable refusal to allow a prisoner to use the restroom, which results in his being forced to sit in his own feces for an extended period , constitutes an Eighth Amendment violation. True, Bilal is not a criminal prisoner; he is a civilly committed individual. But Fourteenth Amendm ent substantive

- due

- process rights are at least equivalent to the comparable Eighth Amendment rights of those incarcerated

. Dolihite , 74 F.3d at 1041. So

“ relevant case law in the Eighth Amendment context also serves to set forth the contours of the due process rights of the civilly committed.” Id. And w e have specifically recognized that actions that would violate a prisoner’s Eighth Amendment conditions

- of

- confinement rights would also violate the due

- process USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 20 of 3121 rights of the involuntarily civilly commit ted , since conditions that transgress the Eighth Amendment standard undoubtedly violate the higher standard owed to civil committees under the Fourteenth Amendment. See id. Here, B ilal adequately allege d that Jarvis and Garza did not allow him bathroom breaks and “refused” to stop at any restroom. Because of the guards’ “refus[al],” Bilal was forced to relieve himself in his clothing

. And since Bilal contended that this happened midway through the 600

- mile one

- way trip, durin g which he was waist

- chained with black

- boxed handcuffs, we must infer that Bilal was forced to sit in his own feces for a roughly 300

- mile drive. To be sure, the length of time is not as prolonged and drastic as the two days
in Brooks , but it state s a c laim , nonetheless . Indeed, in Brooks we commented on the extreme nature of the allegations as compared to other situations courts encountered

. See Brooks , 800 F.3d at 1305 (noting that in Hope , 536 U.S. at 735, seven hours was sufficient to state a claim ). And here, as we’ve noted, Bilal is a civilly committed person, not a criminal prisoner. Civilly committed individuals are

“ entitled to more considerate treatment and conditions of confinement than criminals whose conditions of confinement are designed to punish .” Romeo , 457 U.S. at 322. It seems doubtful that a legitimate reason exists to refuse a civilly committed prisoner an opportunity to relieve himself during a 600

- mile road trip. But if one does, Defendants will have an opportunity to present it as the case proceeds

. In any

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 21 of 3122 case, b arring exigent circumstances, restroom breaks should come more frequently than every 600 miles on a road trip

. In short, we conclude that refusing a single bathroom stop during a 600

- mile road trip and req uiring a civilly committed person to sit in fecal matter for several hours fits squarely within the definition of “deprivation of basic sanitary conditions

. ” For that reason, those actions are not consistent with a civilly committed person’s interest in r easonably safe conditions, and they violate the Fourteenth Amendment. So Bilal’s claim in this regard should not have been dismissed, and we reverse that dismissal.
b . The Jail
- Ho using Claim Bilal argues that the district court also erred in dismissing his claim concerning his month

- long stay in the Santa Rosa County Jail in connection with his

one - day hearing. We agree. As we have noted, those who are civilly committed may not be punished at all merely because of their status as civil committees. See Romeo , 457 U.S. at 316. Bilal asserts that his housing at the jail amounted to punishment. As with the restraints Defendants employed when they transported Bilal, the State’s interests in deter mining housing for Bilal include security and the safety of the public. We have recognized these as valid interests. See Lynch v. Baxley , 744 F.2d 1452, 1458 (11th Cir. 1984). Moreover, t he State’s interest in security and the

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 22 of 3123 safety of the public is pa rticularly strong in this case because among an already dangerous group

— those determined to be sexually violent predators “likely to engage in acts of violence if not confined in a secure facility”

— Bilal has been d iagnosed as “one of the most dangerous .” Fla. Stat. § 394.912(10)

. The district court concluded that Bilal lacked a liberty interest in not being housed temporarily in a jail. To reach this conclusion, it relied on Meachum v. Fano , 427 U.S. 215 (1976). That was error because Meachum involved a criminal prisoner,
not a c ivil committee. See id. at 216. And as we have explained, duly convicted criminal prisoners do not share the same liberty interests as those who have been civilly committed. In Meachum , the Supreme Court concluded that a criminal conviction “sufficientl y extinguishe[s] [a prisoner’s] liberty interest [so as] to empower the State to confine him in any of its prisons.” Id. at 224.
But in Lynch , we acknowledged that those awaiting involuntary civil

commitment proceedings have a liberty interest in not bein g housed unnecessarily in jails. Lynch , 744 F.2d at 1458. So while the State has a compelling and legitimate interest in public safety, it cannot satisfy that interest “by means that broadly stifle fundamental personal liberties when the end can be more narrowly achieved. ” Id. at 1459 (quoting Shelton v. Tucker , 364 U.S. 479, 488 (1960)) (internal quotation marks omitted). In particular, we explained, even if the mentally ill represent a danger to themselves or others, they may not be housed in jails if less restrictive,

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 23 of 3124 secure options, such as a mental hospital or other health facility, are available. Id. at 1461, 1463. In reaching this conclusion, we noted that temporary confinemen t in a jail is “particularly harmful to those who are mentally ill.” Id. at 1458. And we emphasiz ed that jail is typically not the “least restrictive means ” for protecting society from the mentally ill who are dangerous. Id

. Lynch dealt with the mentall y ill who were being held before they were civilly committed. But it applies with equal force to those who have already been civilly committed. We explained in Lynch that “emergency detainees cannot be subjected to conditions of confinement substantially worse than they would face upon commitment.” Id. at 1461. In other words, we acknowledged the baseline for conditions of confining the mentally ill

— either pre

- or post

- commitment

— as those conditions that are not “substantially worse than they would face upon commitment.” Id. And we have already noted that conditions of confinement for the mentally ill may not inflict punishment simply because a person has been civilly committed. See Romeo , 457 U.S. at 316. In contrast, jails may be designed to
approp riately punish the convicted individuals they hold. So the mentally ill may not be housed there, even for security reasons, unless no less restrictive, secure option is available.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 24 of 3125 We reject Defendants’ suggestion that those who have been civilly committ ed under Florida’s Jimmy Ryce Act somehow do not enjoy the same protections from punishment as those who have otherwise been civilly committed. As we explained
in Pesci , although the civilly committed under the Jimmy Ryce Act have previously been convicte d of crimes, they have served their time; they are not prisoners, and the FCCC is not a prison. 730 F.3d at 1292, 1297. So the State may not justify a restraint on a civil committee’s constitutional rights “for reasons related to punitive conditions of c onfinement.” Id. at 1298. Here, Bilal alleged that when he was housed in the Santa Rosa County Jail, he was subjected to punishing conditions. He asserted that , among other things, he “was placed into the jail’s confinement unit” and “did not have access to[] TV, phone calls, law library, visitation, fresh air exercise, canteen privileges, or access to religious and/or group.” He also contended that he did not receive any mental

- he alth treatment, and the jail guards were abusive and engaged in “show of force tactics that caused . . . Bilal to become suicidal and spend more than two weeks in a suicide cell at the jail. ” Under Lynch , the State bore the burden of achieving public sec urity in housing Bilal by the least restrictive means

— meaning it could not house Bilal at the jail unless no mental

- health facility was both secure and within a reasonable distance of the Escambia County courthouse. Because Bilal was housed in a jail inst ead , he has

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 25 of 3126 sufficiently stated a Fourteenth Amendment claim for purposes of surviving a motion to dismiss. During further proceedings, if the State can demonstrate that housing Bilal for a month at the Santa Rosa County Jail represented the “least restri ctive means” for ensuring the safety and security of the public , s ee Lynch , 744 F.2d at 1459 , it would be entitled to a judgment in its favor on Bilal’s Fourteenth Amendment claim. 10 But under Lynch , the onus remains on the State to so demonstrate.
In su m, we conclude that Bilal has sufficiently alleged a Fourteenth Amendment claim concerning his confinement in the Santa Rosa County Jail for one month to attend a one

- day hearing

. For that reason, we reverse the dismissal of Count II of the Third Amended Complaint and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion

. B. Finally, Bilal argues that the district court erred in dismissing ten parties sua sponte because they had not been served with process. We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s dismissal for lack of service under Rule 4(m), Fed. R.

10 Defendants assert that they are not proper defendants for Bilal’s jail

- hous ing claim. The y raise this argument for the first time on appeal

. Their argument also relies entirely on documents that Defendants did not file in the district court or otherwise bring to the court’s attention , even though the documents were available to Defendants before the district court ruled on Defendants’ motion to dismiss

. We have “repeatedly held that an issue not raised in the district court and raised for the first time in an appeal will not be considered by this court.” Access Now, Inc. v. Sw . Airlines Co. , 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (citation and quotation marks omitted). We follow that policy here.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 26 of 3127 Civ. P., without prejudice. Lepone

- Dempsey v. Carroll Cnty. Comm’rs , 476 F.3d 1277, 1280 (11th Cir. 2007). We begin with the district court’s dismissal of GEO and the DCF Secretary for lack of process. In fact, the record reflects that GEO was served with process, as it acknowledged in its Notice of Removal to federal court. And attached to that Notice were return

- of

- service forms for both GEO and then

- DCF Secret ary Wilkins. One of the district court’s orders also acknowledged that the original Defendants (GEO, Wilkins, Garza, and Jarvis) had “previously received service of process” and directed them to file a response to the Third Amended Complaint. Defendants complied, filing their Motion to Dismiss. It appears the district court may have confused GEO with one of the new defendants, “The GEO Group, Inc.,” which was not served. This apparent confusion led to the dismissal of the wrong party

— GEO. And in dismi ssing DCF Secretary Carroll, the district court may have overlooked the fact that his predecessor, Wilkins, was served and responded to the Third Amended Complaint as the then

- DCF Secretary. Under Rule 25(d), Fed. R. Civ. P., when a public officer who is a party in an official capacity ceases holding office while the action is pending, “automatically,” the succeeding officer is substituted as a party. See id. This is so, regardless of whether the court actually orders the substitution. Id.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 27 of 3128 Defendants do not dispute these facts. Rather, they argue that the district court correctly dismissed the action against GEO and the DCF Secretary only because, in their view, the entire action failed to state any constitutional claims. But as we have already expla ined, that argument is without merit. So we conclude that the district court erred in sua sponte dismissing GEO and Carroll from the action, to the extent that they are implicated in the bathroom

- related claim (the first Count VI) or the jail

housing claim (Count II) . Bilal alleged the first Count VI against Garza, Jarvis, and “all other FCCC transport officials.” Because we must construe Bilal’s pro se pleadings liberally, Erickson , 551 U.S. at 94 , we understand this to include, besides Garza and Jarvis, any FCCC official or contractor (GEO) responsible directly or indirectly for transport, including the DCF Secretary, who is charged with the administration of the FCCC. See Fla. Stat. § § 3 9 4.9151 , 394.917(2) , 394.930

. As for Co unt II, that refers to “Defendants named above” and more specifically to the DCF Secretary. Next, we consider the district court’s dismissal for lack of service of Beloff, who was the director of security at the FCCC during the events Bilal alleged, and Fernandez, who was the senior vice president of GEO. 11 The record reflects that

11 Bilal also submitted a service form for Carroll. As we have explained, though, no additional service was necessary, since he was au tomatically substituted for Wilkins when Carroll became the Secretary of DCF. Since that time, Chad Poppell has taken over as Florida’s Secretary of DCF. So under Rule 25(d), he is now automatically substituted for Carroll.

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 28 of 3129 Bilal submitted the required service forms to the Marshals Service so that these Defendants would be served. Nevertheless, the district court dismissed th es e de fendants and declined to direct service on them because it concluded that the Third Amended Complaint did not state a claim for a constitutional violation. Since we do not agree with that determination and Beloff and Fernandez could be officials involved in FCCC transport , for purposes of the first Count VI, and are “Defendants named above,” as designated in Count II , service should have been completed on them. Bilal was entitled to rely upon the Clerk of the Court and Marshals Service to serve these defe ndants for which he provided proper service forms. See Fowler v. Jones , 899 F.2d 1088, 1095 (11 th Cir. 1990). Finally, we turn to the remaining Defendants the district court dismissed for lack of service. At the time the district court dismissed Defendan ts it believed were unserved, Rule 4(m) required the district court to dismiss an action without prejudice against a defendant who had not been served within 120 days after the plaintiff filed the complaint, unless the plaintiff “show[ed] good cause for th e failure.” 12 Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m) (2007). “Good cause” requires the existence of “some outside factor,

12 Effective December 1, 2015, the service period changed from 120 days to 90 days. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m) (2015).

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 29 of 3130 such as reliance on faulty advice, rather than inadvertence or negligence.” Lepone

Dempsey , 476 F.3d at 1281 (citation, quotation marks, and alterati on omitted). Yet we have noted that even when a plaintiff cannot demonstrate good cause, the district court “must still consider whether any other circumstances warrant an extension of time based on the facts of the case.” Id. at 1282. For example, we have explained that where the statute of limitations would preclude refiling, or where the defendant evades service or hides a problem with attempted service, the Advisory Committee Note to Rule 4(m) suggests that an extension might be appropriate. Id. at 1282 (citing F ed. R. Civ. P. 4(m) a dvisory c ommittee ’s n ote to 1993 a mendments).
So a district court may exercise its discretion to dismiss the case without prejudice or to direct service to be accomplished within a set time only after it evaluates any factors that may bear on this determination. Id. And a district court’s dismissal of a case under Rule 4(m) after finding that the plaintiff did not demonstrate good cause but before considering whether the facts of the case justify a permissive extension of the service period is “premature.” Id. Here, the district court noted that more than 120 days had passed since Bilal filed his Third Amended Complaint, and it gave Bilal two extensions to serve the unserved D efendants . Bilal still did not do so , and the district court dismissed the unserved Defendants . Nevertheless, the district cou rt did not consider whether Bilal demonstrated good cause for a further extension, since it essentially concluded that

USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 30 of 3131 its determination that the complaint failed to state a claim mooted the issue. And even if we could read the district court’s order as i mplicitly finding no good cause to further extend the service period, the district court’s order does not indicate that the district court evaluated whether any other circumstances of the case justified a further extension. So we must vacate the dismissal of the Third Amended Complaint against these remaining Defendants and remand to allow the district court to consider whether good cause or other circumstances warrant a further extension of the service period.
I II . For the reasons we have explained, we r everse the district court’s dismissal of Bilal’s Fourteenth Amendment Due Process claim s arising from his bathroom

related allegations and his jail

- housing claim , as well as the order dismissing Defendants for lack of service. We affirm the district court ’s dismissal order in all other respects and remand for further proceedings consistent with this decision. AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART. USCA11 Case: 16-11722 Date Filed: 11/09/2020 Page: 31 of 31