### USEFUL WEB SITES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY www. energy.gov Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy www.eere. energy.gov FreedomCar and Vehicle Technologies www.eere. energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies www.eere. energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells Biomass www.eere. energy.gov/biomass Alternative Fuels Data Center www.eere. energy.gov/afdc Clean Cities www.eere. energy.gov/cleancities Transportation Fact of the Week www.eere.energy.gov/vehicl esandfuels/facts Fuel Economy www.fuelec onomy.gov Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicle Program www.nrel.gov/vehicles andfuels/hev/ Power Technologies Energy Data Book www.nrel.gov/ analysis/power_databook Buildings Energy Data Book www.btscor edatabook.net Hydrogen Data Book hydrogen.pnl.gov/c ocoon/morf/hydrogen/article/103 Energy Information Administration www.eia. doe.gov OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY www.ornl.gov Center for Transportation Analysis cta.ornl.gov Transportation Energy Data Book cta.ornl.gov/data Biomass Energy Data Book cta.ornl.gov/bedb ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY www.anl.gov GREET Model www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET FEDERAL GOVERNMENT - FEDSTATS www.fedstats.gov USA.GOV - GOVERNMENT MADE EASY www.usa.gov U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS www.bls.gov U.S. CENSUS BUREAU www.census.gov Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE www.commerce.gov Bureau of Economic Analysis www. bea.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION www.dot.gov Bureau of Transportation Statistics www.bts.gov Commodity Flow Survey Program www.bts.gov/ publications/commodity_flow_survey National Transportation Library ntl.bts.gov Omnibus Monthly Survey www.bts.gov/programs/omnibus_surveys TranStats www.transtats.bts.gov Federal Aviation Administration www.faa.gov Federal Highway Administration www.fhwa.dot.gov Office of Highway Policy Information www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation Nationwide Household Travel Survey nhts.ornl.gov Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration www.fmcsa.dot.gov Federal Railroad Administration www.fra.dot.gov Federal Transit Administration www.fta.dot.gov Maritime Administration www.marad.dot.gov National Highway Traffic Safety Administration www.nhtsa.dot.gov Research and Innovative Technology Administration www.rita.dot.gov The Volpe Center www.volpe.dot.gov U.S. Coast Guard www.uscg.mil U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY www. epa.gov Office of Air and Radiation www. epa.gov/oar Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards www. epa.gov/oar/oaqps Office of Transportation and Air Quality www. epa.gov/otaq 

### More Useful Web Sites on inside back cover

### ORNL-6984 (Edition 28 of ORNL-5198)

Center for Transportation Analysis Energy and Transportation Science Division



# TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 28

Stacy C. Davis Susan W. Diegel Oak Ridge National Laboratory Robert G. Boundy Roltek, Inc.

2009

Prepared for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy

Prepared by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6073 Managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 28 can be found on line at: cta.ornl.gov/dataDOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge:
Web site: http://www.osti. gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following
source:
National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD: 703-487-4639 Fax: 703-605-6900 E-mail: info@ntis.fedworld.gov Web site: http://www.ntis. gov/s upport/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following
source:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone: 865-576-8401 Fax: 865-576-5728 E-mail: reports@adonis.osti.gov Web site: http://www.osti. gov/contact.html

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

### Spreadsheets of the tables in the Transportation Energy Data Book can be found on the web at: 

# cta.ornl.gov/data Users of the Transportation Energy Data Book are encouraged to comment on errors, omissions, emphases, and organizati on of this report to one of the persons listed below. Requests for additional complementary copies of this report, additional data, or information on an existing table should be referred to Ms. Stacy Davis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Stacy C. Davis Oak Ridge National Laboratory National Transportati on Research Center 2360 Cherahala Boulevard Knoxville, Tennessee 37932 Telephone:(865) 946-1256 FAX: (865) 946-1314 E-mail: DAVISSC@ornl.gov Web Site Location: cta.ornl.gov/data Philip D. Patterson Vehicle Technologies Program Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Department of Energy, EE-2G Forrestal Building, Room 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20585 Telephone:(202) 586-9121 FAX:(202) 586-1637 E-mail: PHILIP.PATTERSON@ee.doe.gov

Web Site Location: www.eere.energy.gov Jacob W. Ward Vehicle Technologies Program Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Department of Energy, EE-2G Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20585 Telephone:(202) 586-7606 FAX:(202) 586-1600 E-mail: JACOB.WARD@ee.doe.gov Web Site Location: www.eere.energy.gov

# Find useful data and information in other U.S. Department of Energy, Offi ce of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Data Books. Biomass Energy Data Book: cta.ornl.gov/bedb Buildings Energy Data Book: www.btscoredatabook.net Hydrogen Data Book: hydrogen.pnl.gov/cocoon/m orf/hydrogen/article/103 Power Technologies Energy Data Book: www.nrel.gov/analys is/power_databook

### v

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
CHAPTER 1 PETROLEUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–1
Table 1.1 World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2 Figure 1.1 World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2
Table 1.2 World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3
Table 1.3 World Petr oleum Production, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4 Table 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5 Figure 1.2 World Oil Reserves , Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6 Table 1.5 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6 Figure 1.3 World Natural Gas Rese rves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7
Table 1.6 World Natural Gas Reserv es, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7 Table 1.7 U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8 Figure 1.4 Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9 Table 1.8 Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10 Figure 1.5 Refinery Gross Out put by World Region, 1997 and 2007

..................... 1–11 Table 1.9 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007

.......... 1–12 Table 1.10 Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008

.................................................. 1–13
Table 1.11 United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008

.......... 1–14
Table 1.12 Petroleum Producti on and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008

............................................ 1–15 Figure 1.6 United States Petr oleum Production and Consump tion, All Sectors, 1973–2030 . . 1–16vi 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Figure 1.7 United States Petroleum Production Trans portation and Consumption, 1970–2030

.................................................. 1–17 Table 1.13 Consumption of Petr oleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008

................... 1–18 Table 1.14 Highway Transportation Pe troleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

......... 1–19 Table 1.15 Nonhighway Transportation Pe troleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

...... 1–20 Table 1.16 Transportation Pe troleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007

........................ 1–21
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–1 Figure 2.1 World Consumpti on of Primary Energy, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2 Table 2.1 U. S. Consumption of To tal Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3
Table 2.2 Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4 Table 2.3 Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5 Table 2.4 Ethanol Consumption, 1995–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6 Table 2.5 Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7 Table 2.6 Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8 Table 2.7 Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9 Table 2.8 Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

........ 2–10 Table 2.9 Off-highway Transportation- related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001

......... 2–11 Table 2.10 Fuel Consumption from La wn and Garden Equipment, 2007

.................. 2–12 Table 2.11 Highway Usage of Ga soline and Special Fuels, 1973–2007

................... 2–13 Table 2.12 Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007

.................................. 2–14 Table 2.13 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

................. 2–15 Table 2.14 Energy Intensities of N onhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

.............. 2–16 Figure 2.2 Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007 ........................ 2

– 17 Figure 2.3 Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007

............................. 2–18 Figure 2.4 Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007 .......................... 2

– 18vii 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table 2.15 Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

................................................ 2–19 Table 2.16 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2007

........................... 2–20
CHAPTER 3 ALL HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–1 Table 3.1 Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2 Table 3.2 Truck and Bus Registrati ons for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3
Table 3.3 U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5 Figure 3.1 Vehicles per T housand People: U.S. (Over Ti me) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6 Table 3.4 Vehicles per Thousand Pe ople in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 .............. 3

– 8 Table 3.5 Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, 1990–2007 ................ 3

– 8 Table 3.6 Shares of High way Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . 3–9 Table 3.7 Cars in Operation and Ve hicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

................. 3–10 Table 3.8 Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ............... 3

– 11 Table 3.9 Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 ......................... 3

– 12 Figure 3.2 Median Age and Registra tions of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007

................ 3–13 Table 3.10 Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .................. 3

– 14
CHAPTER 4 LIGHT VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1 Table 4.1 Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2 Table 4.2 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3 Table 4.3 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4
Table 4.4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Cl ass 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . 4–4 Table 4.5 New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5
Table 4.6 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6viii 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table 4.7 Period Sales, Market Shares, a nd Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Table 4.8 Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8
Table 4.9 Period Sales, Market Shares, a nd Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Table 4.10 Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

........... 4–10 Figure 4.1 Light Vehicle Mar ket Shares, Model Years 1975–2008

...................... 4–11 Table 4.11 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................ 4–12 Table 4.12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................ 4–13 Table 4.13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................ 4–14 Table 4.14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................ 4–15 Table 4.15 Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007

.................................................... 4–16 Table 4.16 New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–200 7....................... 4–17 Table 4.17 Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993–2007

.............................. 4–18 Table 4.18 Reformed and Unreformed Ligh t Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008–2011

...................................... 4–19 Table 4.19 Footprints fo r Selected Vehicles

........................................ 4–20 Table 4.20 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................ 4–21 Table 4.21 Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................ 4–22 Table 4.22 Corporate Aver age Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007

......... 4–23
Table 4.23 The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars

...................................... 4–24 Table 4.24 Tax Receipts from th e Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007

..................... 4–25 Table 4.25 Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results

............................ 4–26ix 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Figure 4.2 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies

...................... 4–27 Table 4.26 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies

...................... 4–28 Table 4.27 Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study

................. 4–29 Table 4.28 Steady Speed Fuel Economy fo r Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study

............ 4–30 Table 4.29 Driving Cycle Attributes

.............................................. 4–31 Figure 4.3 City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32 Figure 4.4 Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32 Figure 4.5 Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

– 33 Figure 4.6 Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

– 33 Figure 4.7 High Speed (U S06) Driving Cycle

....................................... 4–34 Figure 4.8 New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35 Figure 4.9 Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35 Table 4.30 Projected Fuel Economies from U.S ., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles

.... 4–36 Table 4.31 Comparison of U.S., Europ ean, and Japanese Driving Cycles

................. 4–37 Table 4.32 Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007

............... 4–38
CHAPTER 5 HEAVY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–1 Table 5.1 Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2 Table 5.2 Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3
Table 5.3 New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4 Table 5.4 Truck Statistics by Gr oss Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6
Table 5.5 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . 5–6 Table 5.6 Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7 Table 5.7 Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8 Table 5.8 Percentage of Trucks by FleetSize and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . 5–9 Table 5.9 Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

............. 5–10x 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Figure 5.1 Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by VehicleMiles Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11 Figure 5.2 Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002

............... 5–12
Table 5.10 Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy

.......................... 5–14 Table 5.11 Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 15 Figure 5.3 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Tota l Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 16 Figure 5.4 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fu el Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 17 Table 5.12 Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys

............................... 5–19 Table 5.13 Growth of Freight Miles in th e United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys

............................... 5–20 Table 5.14 Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007

............ 5–21
CHAPTER 6 ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1
Table 6.1 Estimates of Alternativ e Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3
Table 6.2 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Av ailable by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . 6–4 Table 6.3 Hybrid Electric Ve hicles Available by Ma nufacturer, Model Year 2008 .......... 6

– 5
Table 6.4 Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6 Figure 6.1 Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7 Table 6.5 Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9
CHAPTER 7 FLEET VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–1 Figure 7.1 Fleet Vehicles in Service as of June 1, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2 Table 7.1 New Light Fleet Ve hicle Registrations by Ve hicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . 7–3 Table 7.2 Average Length of Time Busine ss Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Table 7.3 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . 7–4xi 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Figure 7.2 Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5 Table 7.4 Federal Government Vehicles, 2002–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6 Table 7.5 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acqui sitions by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7 Table 7.6 Fuel Consumed by Fede ral Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
CHAPTER 8 HOUSEHOLD VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–1 Table 8.1 Population a nd Vehicle Profile, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2 Table 8.2 Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3 Table 8.3 Average Annual Expenditure s of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4
Table 8.4 Household Vehi cle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6 Table 8.5 Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–7 Table 8.6 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . 8–8 Table 8.7 Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–9 Table 8.8 Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

............................... 8–10 Figure 8.1 Average Vehicle Occupan cy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

.................................................. 8–11 Figure 8.2 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

.................................................. 8–12 Table 8.9 Average Annual Miles per H ousehold Vehicle by Vehicle Age

................ 8–13 Table 8.10 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

.................................................. 8–14 Figure 8.3 Share of Vehicle Trip s by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

........................ 8–15 Figure 8.4 Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8– 15 Table 8.11 Share of Vehicles by Annual M iles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS

..... 8–16
Table 8.12 Household Ve hicle Trips, 2001 NHTS

................................... 8–17 Figure 8.5 Average Daily Miles Dr iven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS ....................... 8

– 17xii 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table 8.13 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2001 NHTS

........................................ 8–18 Table 8.14 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

..................................... 8–18 Figure 8.6 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS ..... 8

– 19 Figure 8.7 Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehi cle in a Household, 2001 NHTS .... 8

– 19 Table 8.15 Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census

............... 8–20
Table 8.16 U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven

................. 8–21 Table 8.17 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21 Table 8.18 Housing Unit Characteristics, 2005

...................................... 8–22 Table 8.19 Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census

........................ 8–23 Table 8.20 Bicycle Sales, 1981-2007

............................................. 8–24 Figure 8.8 Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

.......................... 8–25 Table 8.21 Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS

........................... 8–27
CHAPTER 9 NONHIGHWAY MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–1 Table 9.1 Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2 Table 9.2 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3 Table 9.3 Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4 Table 9.4 Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5 Table 9.5 Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6 Table 9.6 Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7 Table 9.7 Class I Railroad Freight System s in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–8 Table 9.8 Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9 Table 9.9 Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2007

..................................... 9–10xiii 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table 9.10 Summary Statistics for the Na tional Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007

.......................................... 9–11 Table 9.11 Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007

............... 9–12 Table 9.12 Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007

.................. 9–13
CHAPTER 10 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ECONOMY
.......................... 10–1 Figure 10.1 Transportation Services Index, January 1990–February 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10– 2
Table 10.1 Gasoline Prices fo r Selected Countries, 1990–2007

......................... 10–3
Table 10.2 Diesel Fuel Prices for Sel ected Countries, 1998–2007

....................... 10–4 Figure 10.2 Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2007

...................... 10–5 Figure 10.3 Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2007

........................ 10–6
Table 10.3 Prices for a Barrel of Cr ude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008

.......... 10–7
Table 10.4 Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008

................................. 10–8
Table 10.5 Refiner Sales Prices fo r Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008

................ 10–9
Table 10.6 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008

........... 10–10
Table 10.7 State Tax Exem ptions for Gasohol, 2007

................................ 10–11
Table 10.8 Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007

.............................. 10–11
Table 10.9 Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009

........................ 10–12 Table 10.10 Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009

................... 10–13 Table 10.11 Average Pri ce of a New Car, 1906–2007

................................ 10–14 Table 10.12 Average Price of a Ne w Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007

.............. 10–15 Table 10.13 Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008

................................ 10–16 Table 10.14 Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008

.......................... 10–17 Table 10.15 Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2008

.......................... 10–18
Table 10.16 Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2008

.................................... 10–18 Table 10.17 Transportation-rela ted Employment, 1998 and 2008

....................... 10–19xiv 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table 10.18 U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008

..................................... 10–20
CHAPTER 11 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–1

Table 11.1 World Carbon Dioxi de Emissions, 1990 and 2005

.......................... 11–2
Table 11.2 Numerical Estimates of Gl obal Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide

........................................... 11–3
Table 11.3 U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007

.................................................. 11–4
Table 11.4 Total U.S. Greenhouse Em issions by End-Use Sector, 2007

.................. 11–5
Table 11.5 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007

..................................... 11–6
Table 11.6 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007

............................................ 11–7 Table 11.7 Transportation Greenhouse Ga s Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007

........... 11–8 Figure 11.1 GREET Model

...................................................... 11–9 Figure 11.2 GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels

................................... 11–10 Table 11.8 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footpr int of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

........................... 11–12 Table 11.9 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon F ootprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................ 11–13 Table 11.10 Average Annual Carbon Footprin t by Vehicle Cla ssification, 1975 and 2008

.... 11–14
Table 11.11 Carbon Dioxi de Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel

......................... 11–15
CHAPTER 12 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–1
Table 12.1 Total National Emissions of th e Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007

....................................................... 12–2
Table 12.2 Total National Emi ssions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007

.................. 12–3

Table 12.3 Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

........... 12–4

Table 12.4 Total National Emissi ons of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007

.................... 12–5 Table 12.5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

............ 12–6xv 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table 12.6 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007

.................................................. 12–7 Table 12.7 Emissions of Volatile Organi c Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.................................................. 12–8
Table 12.8 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007

.................................................. 12–9
Table 12.9 Emissions of Pa rticulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

................................................. 12–10
Table 12.10 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007

................................................. 12–11
Table 12.11 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005

................................................. 12–12
Table 12.12 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Sta ndards for Cars and Light Trucks

.................. 12–13 Table 12.13 Light Vehicle Exhaust Emissi on Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14 Table 12.14 California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15
APPENDIX A. SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–1
APPENDIX B. CONVERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–1
APPENDIX C. MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–1
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G–1
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I–1xvi

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009xvii

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## FOREWORD

Welcome to this 28th edition of the Transpor tation Energy Data Book . Over two-thirds of these editions have been produced by Stacy Davis. DOE is grateful for her dedication and the skill she has brought to this effort. We would like to bring to your attention some of the data that is new in this edition:

F i g u r e 2

. 2 : L i g h t R a i l T r a n s i t E n e r g y I n t e n s i t y

. T h e s e d a t a s h o w t h e l a r g e v a r i a t i o n i n l i g h t r a i l e n e r g y i n t e n s i t y a c r o s s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s i n t h e U

. S

. T a b l e 3

. 1 0 : C a r a n d L i g h t T r u c k S u rv i v a b i l i t y R a t e s a n d L i fe t i m e M i l e s

. A n e w s o u r c e fo r t h e s e d a t a i s n o w b e i n g u s e d

. T h e l i g h t t r u c k l i fe t i m e m i l e s i s 1 7 4 , 9 5 4 , w h i c h i s 2 7 , 8 1 7 m o r e m i l e s t h a n fo r c a r s

. T a b l e 5

. 1 0 : E f fe c t o f T e r r a i n o n C l a s s 8 T r u c k F u e l E c o n o m y

. T h e s e d a t a s h o w t h e a f fe c t o f s l o p e a n d o f s i n g l e w i d e t i r e s o n f u e l e c o n o m y

. T a b l e 8

. 1 1 : S h a r e o f V e h i c l e s b y A n n u a l M i l e s o f T r a v e l a n d V e h i c l e A g e

. T h e s e d a t a s h o w t h e a n n u a l t r a v e l fo r v e h i c l e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f a g e

. F o r e x a m p l e , o n l y 3 % o f n e w v e h i c l e s t r a v e l l e s s t h a n 1 , 0 0 0 m i l e s p e r y e a r , w h e r e a s , 7 % o f 1 0

- y e a r o l d v e h i c l e s a n d 4 7 % o f
v e h i c l e s o v e r 2 0 y e a r s o l d t r a v e l l e s s t h a n 1 , 0 0 0 m i l e s p e r y e a r

. T a b l e 1 0

. 1 1 : Av e r a g e P r i c e o f a N e w C a r , 1 9 0 6

- 2 0 0 7

. A n u m b e r o f s o u r c e s w e r e u s e d t o d e v e l o p t h e s e e s t i m a t e s o f n e w c a r p r i c e s b a c k t o 1 9 0 6

. T h e s e d a t a s h o w t h a t i n 2 0 0 7 c o n s t a n t d o l l a r s , a n e w c a r i n 1 9 0 6 h a d a c o s t t h a t w a s $ 1 3 , 1 0 6 g r e a t e r t h a n t h e c o s t o f a n e w c a r i n 2 0 0 7

. T h e r e a l c o s t o f a 2 0 0 7 n e w c a r w a s $ 4 5 3 l e s s t h a n a n e w c a r i n 1 9 8 6

. T a b l e 1 1

. 7 : T r a n s p o rt a t i o n G r e e n h o u s e G a s E m i s s i o n s b y M o d e , 1 9 9 0 a n d 2 0 0 7

. H e a v y t r u c k s h a d t h e b i g g e s t p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e s i n C O 2 b e t w e e n 1 9 9 0 a n d 2 0 0 7

. T a b l e 1 1

. 1 1 : C a r b o n D i o x i d e E m i s s i o n s f r o m a G a l l o n o f F u e l

. 

### We hope you find value in this data book. We welcome suggestions on how to improve it.xviii

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009xix

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the many individuals who assisted in the preparation of this document. First, we would like to thank Phil Patterson, Jacob Ward, and the Energy Efficiency and Renewabl e Energy staff for their conti nued support of the Transportation Energy Data Book project. We would also like to thank Jamie Payne for the cover design and Patricia Hu for her guidance and mentoring. Fi nally, this book would not have been possible without the dedication of Debbie Bain, who ma sterfully prepared the manuscript.xx

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009xxi

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## ABSTRACT

The Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 28is a statistical compendium prepared and published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewa ble Energy, Vehicle Technologies Program and the Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies Program. Designed for use as a desk-top reference, the Data Book represen ts an assembly and display of statistics and information that characterize transportation activity, and presents data on other factors that influence transportation energy use. The purpose of this document is to present relevant statistical data in the form of tables and graphs. The latest edition of the Data Book is available to a larger audience via the Internet (cta.ornl.gov/data). This edition of the Data Book has 12 chapters which focus on various aspects of the transportation industry. Chapter 1 focuses on pe troleum; Chapter 2 – energy; Chapter 3 – highway vehicles; Chapter 4 – light vehicles; Chapter 5 – heavy vehicles; Chapter 6 – alternative fuel vehicles; Chapter 7 – fleet vehicles; Chapter 8 – household vehicles; Chapter 9 – nonhighway modes; Chapter 10 – transportation and the ec onomy; Chapter 11 – greenhouse gas emissions; and Chapter 12 – criteria pollutant emissions. The sources used represent the latest available data. There are also three appendices which include detailed source information for so me tables, measures of conversion, and the definition of Ce nsus divisions and regions. A glo ssary of terms and a title index are also included for th e reader’s convenience.xxii

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009xxiii

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## INTRODUCTION

In January 1976, the Transportation Energy Conservation (TEC) Di vision of the Energy Research and Development Adminis tration contracted with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to prepare a Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book to be used by TEC staff in their evaluation of current and proposedconservation strategies. The major purposes of the Data Book were to draw together, under one cover, transportation data from di verse sources, to resolve data conflicts and inconsistencies, and to produce a comprehensive document. The first edition of the TEC Data Book was published in October 1976. With the passage of the Department of Energy (DOE) Organization Act, the work being c onducted by the former Transportation Energy Conservation Division fell under the purview of the DOE's Office of Transportation Programs. Policymakers and analysts need to be well-inform ed about activity in the transportation sector. The organization and scope of the data book reflect the need for diffe rent kinds of information. For this reason, Edition 28 updates much of the same typeof data that is found in previous editions. In any attempt to compile a comprehensive set of statistics on transportation activity, numerous instances of inadequacies and in accuracies in the basic data are encountered. Where such problems occur, estimates are developed by ORNL. To minimize the misuse of these statistics, an appendix (Appendix A) is included to document the estimation procedures. The attempt is to provide sufficient information for the conscientious user to evaluate the estimates and to form their own opinions as to their utility. Clearly, the accuracy of the estimates cannot exceed the accuracy of the primary data, an accuracy which in most instan ces is unknown. In cases where data accuracy is known or substantial errors are strongly suspected inthe data, the reader is alerted. In all cases it should be recognized that the estimates are not precise. The majority of the statistics contained in the data book are taken directly from published sources, although these data may be reformatted for presentation by ORNL. Consequently, neither ORNL nor DOE endorses the validity of these data. Currently, the Vehicle Technolog ies Program and the Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies Program in the Office of Energy E fficiency and Renewable Energy, support the Data Book production.xxiv

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—20091–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# + = Crude oil Natural gas plant liquids 

### Petroleum 

# Chapter 1 Petroleum
Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter

Source
Table 1.3 World Petroleum Producti on, 2008 (million barrels per day) 81.73 U.S. Production (million barrels per day) 6.74 U.S. Share 8.2% Table 1.4 World Petroleum Consump tion, 2007 (million barrels per day) 85.90 U.S. Consumption (million barrels per day) 19.44 U.S. Share 24.1%

Figure 1.5 Average refinery yield, 2007 OECD Europe North America Gasoline 20.3% 41.0%
Diesel oil 37.2% 25.0% Residual fuel 15.6% 6.0%
Kerosene 6.6% 8.0% Other 20.3% 20.0% Table 1.12 U.S. transportation petr oleum use as a percent of U.S. petroleum production, 2008 198.0% Table 1.12 Net imports as a percentage of U.S. petroleum consumption, 2008 56.9% Table 1.13 Transportation share of U.S. petroleum consumption, 2007 68.3% Table 1.16 Highway share of transpor tation petroleum consumption, 2007 83.9% Table 1.16 Light vehicle share of tran sportation petroleum consumption, 2007 64.9%



### In this document, petroleum is defined as crude oil (includi ng lease condensate) and natural gas plant liquids.1–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 1.1 World Fossil Fuel Potential (gigatonnes of carbon)
Consumption (1860–1998) Reserves Resources Additional
occurrences Oil Conventional 97 120 121 0 Unconventional 6 102 305 914 Natural Gas Conventional 36 83 170 0 Unconventional 1 144 364 14,176 Coal 155 533 4,618 a 

### Source: Rogner, H.H., World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, Part II, Chapter 5, 2000, p. 149.

Figure 1.1. World Fossil Fuel Potential

Source: See Table 1.1.

a Data are not available. Although the world has consumed about 40% of estimated conventional oil resources, the total fossil fuel potential is huge. Methane hydrates–a potential source of natural gas–ar e included in the “additional occurrences” of unconventional natural gas, and constitute the largest resource.1–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 1.2 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-2008 a 

### (million barrels per day)

Year United States U.S. share Total OPEC b OPEC share OPEC + c OPEC + c share Total
nonOPEC Persian Gulf nations d Persian Gulf d share World 1960 7.04 33.5% 8.70 41.4% 12.25 58.3% 12.29 5.27 25.1% 20.99 1965 7.80 25.7% 14.35 47.3% 19.83 65.4% 15.98 8.37 27.6% 30.33 1970 9.64 21.0% 23.30 50.8% 31.12 67.8% 22.59 13.39 29.2% 45.89 1975 8.38 15.9% 26.10 51.3% 37.86 71.4% 25.73 18.93 35.8% 52.83 1980 8.60 14.4% 26.96 45.3% 41.38 69.5% 32.60 17.96 30.2% 59.56 1985 8.97 16.6% 16.93 31.4% 32.54 60.3% 37.27 9.63 17.8% 53.97 1986 8.68 15.4% 18.28 32.5% 34.05 60.6% 37.95 11.70 20.8% 56.23 1987 8.35 14.7% 18.52 32.7% 34.72 61.3% 38.15 12.10 21.4% 56.67 1988 8.14 13.9% 20.32 34.6% 36.66 62.4% 38.42 13.46 22.9% 58.74 1989 7.61 12.7% 22.07 36.9% 38.50 64.3% 37.79 14.84 24.8% 59.86 1990 7.36 12.2% 23.96 39.6% 39.81 65.8% 36.64 15.28 25.3% 60.49 1991 7.42 12.3% 23.27 38.6% 38.53 64.0% 36.94 14.74 24.5% 60.21 1992 7.17 11.9% 24.40 40.5% 37.67 62.6% 35.81 15.97 26.5% 60.21 1993 6.85 11.4% 25.12 41.7% 37.65 62.5% 35.12 16.71 27.7% 60.24 1994 6.66 10.9% 25.51 41.8% 37.67 61.8% 35.48 16.96 27.8% 60.99 1995 6.56 10.5% 27.04 43.3% 39.27 63.0% 36.34 17.21 27.6% 62.39 1996 6.46 10.1% 27.57 43.2% 40.25 63.1% 36.19 17.37 27.2% 63.75 1997 6.45 9.8% 28.81 43.8% 41.80 63.6% 36.93 18.10 27.5% 65.74 1998 6.25 9.3% 29.89 44.6% 42.73 63.8% 37.08 19.34 28.9% 66.97 1999 5.88 8.9% 28.70 43.5% 41.61 63.1% 37.23 18.67 28.3% 65.92 2000 5.82 8.5% 30.41 44.4% 44.09 64.4% 38.09 19.89 29.0% 68.50 2001 5.80 8.5% 29.50 43.3% 43.69 64.1% 38.60 19.10 28.0% 68.10 2002 5.75 8.6% 27.64 41.2% 42.26 62.9% 39.92 17.79 26.5% 67.16 2003 5.68 8.2% 29.14 42.0% 44.50 64.1% 40.30 19.06 27.5% 69.43 2004 5.42 7.5% 31.50 43.5% 47.39 65.4% 40.99 20.79 28.7% 72.49 2005 5.18 7.0% 32.94 44.7% 48.78 66.2% 40.80 21.60 29.3% 73.74 2006 5.10 6.9% 32.61 44.4% 48.34 65.8% 40.85 21.23 28.9% 73.46 2007 5.06 6.9% 31.17 44.1% 47.67 65.3% 40.83 20.67 28.3% 73.01 2008 4.96 6.7% 33.44 45.3% 48.54 65.8% 40.36 21.87 29.6% 73.79 Average annual percentage change 1960–2008 -0.7% 2.8% 2.9% 2.5% 3.0% 2.7% 1980–2008 -1.9% 0.8% 0.6% 0.8% 0.7% 0.8% 1998–2008 -2.3% 1.1% 1.3% 0.9% 1.2% 1.0%


### Source: U.S. Department of Energy, En ergy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009, Washington, DC, 2009, Table 11.1a and 11.1b. (Additional resources : www.ei a.doe.gov)

a Includes lease condensate. Excludes natural gas plant liquids. bSee Glossary for membership.

c OPEC+ includes all OPEC nations plus Russia, Mexico, Norway and Oman. dSee Glossary for Persian Gulf Nations



### . In 2008, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) accounted for more than 45% of world oil production. Responding to low oil prices in early 2000, Mexico, Norway, Russia, and Om an joined OPEC in cutting production. This group of oil countries, referred to here as OPEC+, account for more than 65% of world oil production.1–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 1.3 World Petroleum Production, 1973-2008 a (million barrels per day)

Year United States U.S. share Total OPEC b OPEC share Total nonOPEC NonOPEC share Persian Gulf nations c Persian Gulf c share World 1973 10.95 18.7% 31.33 53.6% 27. 14 46.4% 20.86 35.7% 58.47 1974 10.44 17.8% 31.04 53.1% 27. 47 46.9% 21.51 36.8% 58.51 1975 10.01 18.0% 27.47 49.4% 28. 48 51.2% 19.18 34.5% 55.62 1976 9.74 16.2% 31.06 51.6% 29. 14 48.4% 21.81 36.2% 60.21 1977 9.86 15.7% 31.75 50.6% 30. 94 49.4% 22.06 35.2% 62.69 1978 10.27 16.2% 30.37 48.0% 32. 87 52.0% 21.02 33.2% 63.24 1979 10.14 15.4% 31.58 47.9% 34. 37 52.1% 21.52 32.6% 65.96 1980 10.17 16.1% 27.69 43.9% 35. 70 56.6% 18.50 29.3% 63.03 1981 10.18 17.1% 23.65 39.6% 36. 03 60.4% 15.84 26.5% 59.68 1982 10.20 17.9% 19.96 35.0% 37. 13 65.0% 12.77 22.4% 57.09 1983 10.25 18.0% 18.69 32.9% 38. 21 67.1% 11.63 20.4% 56.90 1984 10.51 18.0% 18.78 32.2% 39. 60 68.8% 11.39 19.5% 58.38 1985 10.58 18.3% 17.59 30.4% 40. 85 70.5% 10.28 17.7% 57.91 1986 10.23 16.9% 19.82 32.8% 41. 14 68.2% 12.40 20.5% 60.36 1987 9.94 16.3% 20.06 32.9% 41. 44 68.0% 12.82 21.0% 60.92 1988 9.77 15.5% 22.16 35.1% 41. 83 66.2% 14.27 22.6% 63.18 1989 9.16 14.2% 24.00 37.3% 41. 11 63.9% 15.69 24.4% 64.30 1990 8.91 13.7% 25.24 38.7% 40. 73 62.5% 16.21 24.9% 65.13 1991 9.08 14.0% 25.38 39.0% 40. 46 62.2% 15.67 24.1% 65.01 1992 8.87 13.7% 26.61 41.0% 39. 29 60.5% 16.97 26.1% 64.96 1993 8.58 13.2% 27.41 42.0% 38. 74 59.4% 17.76 27.2% 65.23 1994 8.39 12.6% 28.13 42.3% 39. 22 58.9% 18.29 27.5% 66.57 1995 8.32 12.2% 28.81 42.3% 40. 22 59.1% 18.57 27.3% 68.04 1996 8.30 11.9% 29.34 42.2% 41. 25 59.3% 18.72 26.9% 69.53 1997 8.27 11.5% 30.67 42.8% 42. 03 58.7% 19.52 27.2% 71.66 1998 8.01 11.0% 31.82 43.6% 42. 32 58.0% 20.83 28.5% 73.03 1999 7.73 10.7% 30.69 42.5% 41. 47 57.5% 20.16 27.9% 72.16 2000 7.79 10.4% 32.51 43.4% 42. 45 56.6% 21.54 28.7% 74.96 2001 7.67 10.2% 31.81 42.5% 43. 06 57.5% 20.82 27.8% 74.87 2002 7.63 10.3% 30.05 40.6% 43. 99 59.4% 19.59 26.5% 74.04 2003 7.40 9.7% 31.69 41.4% 44.90 58.6% 21.04 27.5% 76.59 2004 7.23 9.0% 34.21 42.8% 45.68 57.2% 22.89 28.6% 79.89 2005 6.90 8.5% 35.88 44.1% 45.51 55.9% 23.78 29.2% 81.39 2006 6.84 8.4% 35.63 43.9% 45.62 56.1% 23.52 28.9% 81.26 2007 6.85 8.5% 35.27 43.6% 45.69 56.4% 22.99 28.4% 80.96 2008 6.74 8.2% 36.59 44.8% 45. 14 55.2% 24.21 29.6% 81.73 Average annual percentage change 1973–2008 -1.4% 0.4% 1.5% 0.4% 1.0% 1998–2008 -1.7% 1.4% 0.6% 1.5% 1.1%
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly , March 2009, Tables 1.1c, 1.1d and 1.3. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Includes natural gas plant liquids, crude oil and lease conden sate. Does not account for all inputs or refinery processing gain. bOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership.

c See Glossary for Persian Gulf Nations. This table shows petroleum production, which includes both crude oil and natural gas plant liquids. The United States was responsible for 8.2% of the world’s petroleum production in 2008, but only 6.7% of the world’s crude oil production (Table 1.2).1–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2008 (million barrels per day)

Year United States U.S. share Total OECD a Total non-OECD World 1960 9.80 45.9% 15.78 5.56 21.34 1965 11.51 37.0% 22.81 8.33 31.14 1970 14.70 31.4% 34.69 12.12 46.81 1975 16.32 29.0% 39.14 17.06 56.20 1976 17.46 29.3% 41.72 17.95 59.67 1977 18.43 29.8% 42.78 19.05 61.83 1978 18.85 29.4% 43.98 20.18 64.16 1979 18.51 28.4% 44.39 20.84 65.22 1980 17.06 27.0% 41.76 21.35 63.11 1981 16.06 26.4% 39.49 21.45 60.94 1982 15.30 25.7% 37.77 21.78 59.54 1983 15.23 25.9% 36.91 21.87 58.78 1984 15.73 26.3% 37.69 22.12 59.82 1985 15.73 26.2% 37.48 22.60 60.09 1986 16.28 26.3% 38.60 23.21 61.81 1987 16.67 26.4% 39.34 23.75 63.10 1988 17.28 26.6% 40.65 24.31 64.97 1989 17.33 26.2% 41.33 24.75 66.08 1990 16.99 25.5% 41.61 25.07 66.68 1991 16.71 24.8% 42.00 25.28 67.28 1992 17.03 25.2% 42.95 24.52 67.46 1993 17.24 25.5% 43.30 24.30 67.60 1994 17.72 25.7% 44.44 24.43 68.86 1995 17.73 25.3% 44.90 25.17 70.07 1996 18.31 25.6% 45.98 25.65 71.63 1997 18.62 25.4% 46.72 26.65 73.37 1998 18.92 25.6% 46.89 27.12 74.00 1999 19.52 25.8% 47.81 27.86 75.66 2000 19.70 25.7% 47.93 28.79 76.71 2001 19.65 25.4% 47.99 29.46 77.44 2002 19.76 25.3% 47.94 30.15 78.09 2003 20.03 25.1% 48.65 31.01 79.66 2004 20.73 25.2% 49.34 33.07 82.41 2005 20.80 24.8% 49.82 34.18 84.01 2006 20.69 24.3% 49.56 35.42 84.98 2007 20.68 24.1% 49.13 36.77 85.90 2008 19.44 b 47.33 b b Average annual percentage change c 1960–2008 1.4% 2.3% 4.1% 3.0% 1970–2008 0.7% 0.8% 3.0% 1.7% 1998–2008 0.3% 0.1% 3.4% 1.7% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly , February 2009. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

aOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. b Not available.

cAverage annual percentage for latest available year. The United States has accounted for approximately one-quarter of the world’s petroleum consumption for the last two decades.1–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007

Table 1.5 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007

Crude oil
reserves (billion barrels) Reserve share Petroleum production

(million barrels per day) Production share Petroleum consumption (million barrels per day) Consumption share
United States 21.0 2% 6.8 8% 20.7 24% OPEC 908.9 69% 35.3 41% 7.9 9% Rest of world 386.8 29% 38.8 48% 57.0 67%

Sources: Reserves – Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2006 , December 2008, Table 8.1. Production – Energy Inform ation Administration, International Pe troleum Monthly , February 2009, Tables 1.1c, 1.1d, and 1.3. Consumption (2006 data) – Ener gy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2006, December 2008, Table 1.2, and International Pe troleum Monthly , February 2009, Table 4.6. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: Total consumption is higher than total production due to refinery gains including alcohol and liquid products produced from coal and other sources. OPEC countries include Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Indonesia, Gabon, and Ecuador. OPEC consumption data are for 2006.1–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Figure 1.3. World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006

Table 1.6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 (trillion cubic feet)
Natural gas

reserves Reserve share Natural gas production Production share Natural gas consumption Consumption share
United States 204.4 3% 18.5 18% 21.7 21% OPEC 3,153.4 52% 18.0 17% 12.4 12% Rest of world 2,766.2 45% 67.5 65% 70.4 67%

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2006 , August 2008, Tables 1.3, 2.4 and 8.1. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: Reserves as of January 1, 2007. Production data are dry gas production.1–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The share of petroleum imported to the United States can be calculated using total imports or net imports. Net imports, which is the preferred data, rose to 50% of U.S. petroleum consumption for the first time in 1998, while total imports reached 50% for the first time in 1993. OPEC share of net imports has been below 50% since 1993.

Table 1.7 U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 (million barrels per day)

Year Net OPEC a imports Net OPEC share Net Persian Gulf nationb

imports Net Persian

Gulf share Net imports Net imports as a share of U.S. consumption Total imports 1960 1.31 81.3% c c 1.61 c 1.82 1965 1.48 64.7% c c 2.28 c 2.47 1970 1.34 42.5% c c 3.16 c 3.42 1975 3.60 61.6% 1.17 19.2% 5.85 35.8% 6.06 1980 4.30 62.2% 1.52 22.0% 6.36 37.3% 6.91 1981 3.32 55.4% 1.22 20.3% 5.40 33.6% 6.00 1982 2.15 42.0% 0.70 13.7% 4.30 28.1% 5.11 1983 1.86 36.9% 0.44 8.7% 4.31 28.2% 5.05 1984 2.05 37.7% 0.51 9.4% 4.72 29.9% 5.44 1985 1.83 36.1% 0.31 6.1% 4.29 27.3% 5.07 1986 2.84 45.6% 0.91 14.6% 5.44 33.4% 6.22 1987 3.06 45.8% 1.08 16.2% 5.91 35.4% 6.68 1988 3.52 47.6% 1.54 20.8% 6.59 38.0% 7.40 1989 4.14 51.4% 1.86 23.1% 7.20 41.3% 8.06 1990 4.30 53.6% 1.97 24.6% 7.16 42.2% 8.02 1991 4.09 53.7% 1.84 24.1% 6.63 38.9% 7.63 1992 4.09 51.9% 1.78 22.6% 6.94 40.9% 7.89 1993 4.27 49.6% 1.78 20.6% 7.62 44.9% 8.62 1994 4.25 47.2% 1.73 19.2% 8.05 45.7% 9.00 1995 4.00 45.2% 1.57 17.8% 7.89 44.5% 8.84 1996 4.21 44.4% 1.60 16.9% 8.50 46.4% 9.48 1997 4.57 45.0% 1.76 17.3% 9.16 49.2% 10.16 1998 4.91 45.8% 2.14 19.9% 9.76 51.6% 10.71 1999 4.95 45.6% 2.46 22.7% 9.91 50.8% 10.85 2000 5.20 45.4% 2.49 21.7% 10.42 52.9% 11.46 2001 5.53 46.6% 2.76 23.3% 10.90 55.5% 11.87 2002 4.61 39.9% 2.27 19.7% 10.55 53.4% 11.53 2003 5.16 42.1% 2.50 20.4% 11.24 56.1% 12.26 2004 5.70 43.4% 2.49 19.0% 12.10 58.4% 13.15 2005 5.59 40.7% 2.33 17.0% 12.55 60.3% 13.71 2006 5.52 40.2% 2.21 16.1% 12.39 59.9% 13.71 2007 5.98 44.4% 2.16 16.1% 12.04 58.2% 13.47 2008 5.97 46.3% 2.37 18.4% 11.00 56.9% 12.87 Average annual percentage change 1960–2008 3.2% c 4.1% 4.2% 1970–2008 4.0% c 3.3% 3.5% 1997–2008 2.0% 1.0% 1.2% 1.9% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, DC, March 2009, Table 3.3a.

a Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. bSee Glossary for Persian Gulf Nations.

c Data are not available.1–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Figure 1.4. Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008

Source: Greene, D.L. and N. I. Tishchishyna, Costs of Oil Dependence: A 2000 Update , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL/TM-2000/152, Oak Ridge, TN, 2000, and data updates, 2009. (Additional resources: wwwcta.ornl.gov/publications)



### The Costs of Oil Dependence

Authors Greene and Tishchishyna indicate that the oil market upheavals caused by the OPEC cartel over the last 30 years have cost the United States in the vicinity of $7 trillion (present value 1998 dollars) in total economic costs, which is about as large as the sum total of payment on the national debt over the same period. Oil dependence is the product of (1) a noncompetitive world oil market strongly influenced by the OPEC cartel, (2) high levels of U.S. oil imports, (3) oil’s critical role in the U.S. economy, and (4) the absence of economical and readily available substitutes for oil. Transportation is key to the problem because transportation vehicles account for a majority of U.S. oil consumption and nearly all of the high-value light products that drive the market. Major oil price shocks have disrupted world energy markets five times in the past 30 years (1973-74, 1979-80, 1990- 91, 1999-2000, 2008). Most of the oil price shocks were followed by an economic recession in the United States.1–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 1.8 Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East

Source Original estimates (billion dollars) Year of original estimate General Accounting Office [1] $33 1990 Congressional Research Service [2] $6.4 1990 Greene and Leiby [3] $14.3 1990 Kaufmann and Steinbruner [4] $64.5 1990 Ravenal [5] $50 1992 Delucchi and Murphy a [6] $20–40 1996 National Defense Council Foundation [7] $49.1 2003 Delucchi and Murphy a [8] $47–98 2004
[1] U.S. General Accounting Offices, Southwest Asia: Cost of Protecting U.S. Interests , GAO/NSIAD-91-250, Washington, DC, A ugust 1991. [2] Congressional Research Service, The External Costs of Oil Used in Transportation , prepared for the U.S. Alternative Fuels Council, Washington, DC, June 1992. [3] Greene, D.L., and P. Leiby, The Social Costs to the U.S. of Monopolization of the World Oil Market , 1972-1991, ORNL-6744, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, March 1993. [4] Kaufmann, W.W., and J.D. Steinbruner, Decisions for Defense: Prospects for a New Order , The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1991. [5] Ravenal, E.C., Designing Defense for a New World Order: The Military Budget in 1992 and Beyond , Cato Institute, Washington, DC, 1991. [6] Delucchi, M.A., and J. Murphy, U.S. Military Expenditures to Protect the Use of Persian-Gulf Oil for Motor Vehicles , UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (15), University of California, Davis, California, April 1996. [7] Copulas, Milton R., America’s Achilles Heel – The Hidden Costs of Imported Oil , National Defense Council Foundation, Washington, DC, October 2003. [8] Delucchi, M.A. and J. Murphy, “U.S. Military Expenditures to Protect the Use of Persian-Gulf Oil for Motor Vehicles,” Energy Policy , April 2008.

a Annual cost to defend all U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf. Estimates of military expenditures fo r defending oil supplies in the Middle East range from $6 to $60 billion per year. This wide range in estimates reflects the difficu lty in assigning a precise figure to the military cost of defending the U.S. interests in the Middle East. The two main reasons for the difficulty are 1) the Department of Defense does not divide the budget into regional defense sectors and 2) it is d ifficult to determine how much of the cost is attributable to defending Persian Gulf oil.1–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Figure 1.5. Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002. Vehicle Inventory and User Survey , Microdata File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/ and www.tiusview.html)

a Includes jet kerosene and other kerosene. bIncludes motor gasoline, jet gasoline, and aviation gasoline.

c Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. Other parts of the world refine crude oil to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline than does North America. The OECD Pacific countries produce the lowest share of gasoline.1–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 1.9 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleu m Products, 1987–2007 (thousand barrels)

Year Crude oil Natural gas liquids Oxygenates Other hydrocarbons

& liquids Total input to refineries Fuel ethanol MTBE a Other oxygenates b 1987 4,691,783 280,889 cc d 132,720 5,105,392 1988 4,848,175 304,566 cc d 105,645 5,258,386 1989 4,891,381 182,109 cc d 223,797 5,297,287 1990 4,894,379 170,589 cc d 260,108 5,325,076 1991 4,855,016 172,306 cc d 280,265 5,307,587 1992 4,908,603 171,701 cc d 272,676 5,352,980 1993 4,968,641 179,213 3,351 49, 393 1,866 280,074 5,482,538 1994 5,061,111 169,868 3,620 52, 937 1,918 193,808 5,483,262 1995 5,100,317 172,026 9,055 79, 396 4,122 190,411 5,555,327 1996 5,195,265 164,552 11,156 79, 407 3,570 214,282 5,668,232 1997 5,351,466 151,769 11,803 86, 240 4,246 201,268 5,806,792 1998 5,434,383 146,921 11,722 89, 362 4,038 206,135 5,892,561 1999 5,403,450 135,756 13,735 94, 784 4,147 225,779 5,877,651 2000 5,514,395 138,921 15,268 90, 288 4,005 201,135 5,964,012 2001 5,521,637 156,479 16,929 87, 116 4,544 192,632 5,979,337 2002 5,455,530 155,429 26,320 90, 291 2,338 224,567 5,955,475 2003 5,585,875 152,763 55,626 67, 592 1,937 163,459 6,027,252 2004 5,663,861 154,356 74,095 47,600 940 194,203 6,135,055 2005 5,555,332 161,037 84,088 39,751 612 295,064 6,135,884 2006 5,563,354 182,924 117,198 11,580 57 322,989 6,198,102 2007 5,532,097 184,383 136,603 1,610 0 349,807 6,204,500 Average annual percentage change 1987–2007 0.8% -2.1% dd d 5.0% 1.0% 1997–2007 0.3% 2.0% 27.7% -32.8% -100.0% 5.7% 0.7%
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual 200 7, Vol. 1, July 2008, Table 15, and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). bIncludes methanol and other oxygenates.

c Reported in “Other” category in this year. dData are not available. Oxygenate refinery input increased sign ificantly in 1995, most certainly due to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 which mandated the sale of reformulated gasoline in certain areas beginning in January 1995. The use of MTBE has declined in recent years due to some states banning the additive. The othe r hydrocarbons and liqui ds category includes unfinished oils, motor gasoline blending components and aviation gasoline blending components. In 2005 the gasoline blending com ponents rose significantly.1–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### When crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed in to products that are, on average, less dense than the input, a processing volume gain occurs. Due to this gai n, the product yield from a barrel of crude oil is more than 100%. The processing volume gai n has been growing over the years.

Table 1.10 Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008 (percentage)

Year Motor gasoline Distillate fuel oil Jet fuel Liquified petroleum gas Other a Total b 1978 44.1 21.4 6.6 2.3 29.6 104.0 1979 43.0 21.5 6.9 2.3 30.3 104.0 1980 44.5 19.7 7.4 2.4 30.0 104.0 1981 44.8 20.5 7.6 2.4 28.7 104.0 1982 46.4 21.5 8.1 2.2 26.2 104.4 1983 47.6 20.5 8.5 2.7 24.8 104.1 1984 46.7 21.5 9.1 2.9 24.2 104.4 1985 45.6 21.6 9.6 3.1 24.6 104.5 1986 45.7 21.2 9.8 3.2 24.8 104.7 1987 46.4 20.5 10.0 3.4 24.5 104.8 1988 46.0 20.8 10.0 3.6 24.4 104.8 1989 45.7 20.8 10.1 4.0 24.2 104.8 1990 45.6 20.9 10.7 3.6 24.1 104.9 1991 45.7 21.3 10.3 3.8 24.1 105.2 1992 46.0 21.2 9.9 4.3 24.0 105.4 1993 46.1 21.9 10.0 4.1 23.3 105.4 1994 45.5 22.3 10.1 4.2 23.2 105.3 1995 46.4 21.8 9.7 4.5 22.9 105.3 1996 45.7 22.7 10.4 4.5 22.4 105.7 1997 45.7 22.5 10.3 4.6 22.5 105.6 1998 46.2 22.3 10.4 4.4 22.5 105.8 1999 46.5 22.3 10.2 4.5 22.3 105.8 2000 46.2 23.1 10.3 4.5 22.0 106.1 2001 46.2 23.8 9.8 4.3 21.7 105.8 2002 47.3 23.2 9.8 4.3 21.5 106.1 2003 46.9 23.7 9.5 4.2 22.1 106.4 2004 46.8 23.9 9.7 4.0 22.2 106.6 2005 46.2 25.0 9.8 3.6 21.6 106.2 2006 45.8 25.4 9.3 3.9 21.7 106.1 2007 45.5 26.1 9.1 4.1 21.5 106.3 2008 44.2 27.8 9.6 4.1 20.8 106.5 Source: Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual 2007 , Vol.1, July 2008, Table 21 and a nnual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Includes aviation gasoline (0.1%), kerosene (0.2%), residential fuel oil (4.0%), naphtha and other oils for petrochemical feedstock use (1.0%), special naphthas (0.3%), lubricants (1.1%), waxes (0.1%), petroleum coke (5.3%) asphalt and road oil (2.7%), still gas (4.3%), and miscellaneous products (0.5%). bProducts sum greater than 100% due to processing gain. The processing gain for years 1978 to 1980 is assumed to be 4 percent.1–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Most of the petroleum imported by the United States is in the form of crude oil. The United States does export small amounts of petroleum, mainly refined petroleum products which go to Canada and Mexico.

Table 1.11 United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008 (million barrels per day)
Domestic Production Imports Exports

Crude

oil Natural gas plant liquids Total a Crude oil Petroleum products Total Crude oil Petroleum products Total 1950 5.41 0.50 5.91 0.49 0. 22 0.85 0.10 0.21 0.31 1955 6.81 0.77 7.58 0.78 0. 46 1.23 0.03 0.34 0.37 1960 7.05 0.93 7.98 1.02 0. 80 1.82 0.01 0.19 0.20 1965 7.80 1.21 9.01 1.24 1. 23 2.47 0.00 0.18 0.19 1970 9.64 1.66 11.30 1.32 2. 10 3.42 0.01 0.25 0.26 1975 8.38 1.63 10.01 4.11 1. 95 6.06 0.01 0.20 0.21 1980 8.60 1.57 10.17 5.26 1. 65 6.91 0.29 0.26 0.54 1981 8.57 1.61 10.18 4.40 1. 60 6.00 0.23 0.37 0.60 1982 8.65 1.55 10.20 3.49 1. 63 5.11 0.24 0.58 0.82 1983 8.69 1.56 10.25 3.33 1. 72 5.05 0.16 0.58 0.74 1984 8.90 1.63 10.53 3.43 2. 01 5.44 0.18 0.54 0.72 1985 8.97 1.61 10.58 3.20 1. 87 5.07 0.20 0.58 0.78 1986 8.68 1.55 10.23 4.18 2. 05 6.22 0.15 0.63 0.79 1987 8.35 1.60 9.95 4.67 2. 00 6.68 0.15 0.61 0.76 1988 8.16 1.63 9.97 5.11 2. 30 7.40 0.16 0.66 0.82 1989 7.61 1.55 9.16 5.84 2. 22 8.06 0.14 0.72 0.86 1990 7.36 1.56 8.91 5.89 2. 12 8.02 0.11 0.75 0.86 1991 7.42 1.66 9.08 5.78 1. 84 7.63 0.12 0.89 1.00 1992 7.18 1.70 8.88 6.08 1. 81 7.89 0.09 0.86 0.95 1993 6.85 1.74 8.59 6.79 1. 83 8.62 0.10 0.90 1.00 1994 6.66 1.73 8.39 7.06 1. 93 9.00 0.10 0.84 0.94 1995 6.56 1.76 8.32 7.23 1. 61 8.84 0.10 0.86 0.95 1996 6.47 1.83 8.30 7.51 1. 97 9.48 0.11 0.87 0.98 1997 6.45 1.82 8.27 8.23 1. 94 10.16 0.11 0.90 1.00 1998 6.25 1.76 8.01 8.71 2. 00 10.71 0.11 0.84 0.95 1999 5.88 1.85 7.73 8.73 2. 12 10.85 0.12 0.82 0.94 2000 5.82 1.91 7.73 9.07 2. 39 11.46 0.05 0.99 1.04 2001 5.80 1.87 7.67 9.33 2. 54 11.87 0.02 0.95 0.97 2002 5.75 1.88 7.63 9.14 2. 39 11.53 0.01 0.98 0.98 2003 5.68 1.72 7.40 9.67 2. 60 12.26 0.01 1.01 1.03 2004 5.42 1.81 7.23 10.09 3. 06 13.15 0.03 1.02 1.05 2005 5.18 1.72 6.90 10.13 3. 59 13.71 0.03 1.13 1.17 2006 5.10 1.74 6.84 10.12 3. 59 13.71 0.03 1.29 1.32 2007 5.06 1.78 6.85 10.03 3. 42 13.47 0.03 1.41 1.43 2008 4.96 1.78 6.74 9.76 3. 12 12.87 0.03 1.80 1.83 Average annual percentage change 1950–2008 -0.1% 2.2% 0.2% 5.3% 4.7% 4.8% -2.1% 3.8% 3.1% 1970–2008 -1.7% 0.2% -1.4% 5.4% 1.0% 3.5% 2.9% 5.3% 5.3% 1998–2008 -2.3% -0.1% -1.7% 1.1% 4.5% 1.9% -12.2% 7.9% 6.8%
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2007 , June 2008, Table 5.3 and Monthly Energy Review , March 2009, Tables 3.1 and 3.3b.

aTotal domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids and small amounts of other liquids.1–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The U.S. share of the world’s petroleum consumption is approximately one- quarter. The United States relies heavily on imported petroleum. Imports accounted for over 56% of U.S. petroleum consumption in 2008.

Table 1.12 Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008

Domestic petroleum production a Net petroleum

imports Transportation petroleum consumption U.S. petroleum consumption World petroleum consumption Net imports as a share of U.S. U.S. petroleum consumption as a share of world Transportation petroleum use as a share of

domestic (million barrels per day) consumption consumption production 1950 5.91 0.55 3.36 6.46 b 8.4% b 56.8% 1955 7.58 0.88 4.46 8.46 b 10.4% b 58.8% 1960 7.99 1.62 5.15 9.82 21.34 16.5% 46.0% 64.5% 1965 9.01 2.28 6.04 11.51 31.14 19.8% 37.0% 67.0% 1970 11.30 3.16 7.78 14.70 46.81 21.5% 31.4% 68.9% 1975 10.01 5.85 8.95 16.32 56.20 35.8% 29.0% 89.4% 1980 10.17 6.36 9.57 17.06 63.11 37.3% 27.0% 94.1% 1981 10.18 5.40 9.49 16.06 60.94 33.6% 26.3% 93.2% 1982 10.20 4.30 9.31 15.30 59.54 28.1% 25.7% 91.2% 1983 10.25 4.31 9.41 15.23 58.78 28.3% 25.9% 91.8% 1984 10.51 4.72 9.71 15.73 59.82 30.0% 26.3% 92.4% 1985 10.58 4.29 9.84 15.73 60.08 27.3% 26.2% 93.0% 1986 10.23 5.44 10.19 16.28 61.81 33.4% 26.3% 99.6% 1987 9.94 5.91 10.50 16.67 63.10 35.5% 26.4% 105.7% 1988 9.76 6.59 10.88 17.28 64.97 38.1% 26.6% 111.4% 1989 9.16 7.20 10.94 17.33 66.08 41.6% 26.2% 119.4% 1990 8.91 7.16 10.89 16.99 66.63 42.2% 25.5% 122.2% 1991 9.08 6.63 10.76 16.71 67.22 39.6% 24.9% 118.5% 1992 8.87 6.94 10.91 17.03 67.39 40.8% 25.3% 123.0% 1993 8.58 7.62 11.12 17.24 67.51 44.2% 25.5% 129.7% 1994 8.39 8.05 11.13 17.72 68.78 45.5% 25.8% 132.6% 1995 8.32 7.89 11.61 17.73 68.99 44.5% 25.3% 139.5% 1996 8.30 8.50 11.91 18.31 71.54 46.4% 25.6% 143.5% 1997 8.27 9.16 12.05 18.62 73.30 49.2% 25.4% 145.7% 1998 8.01 9.76 12.36 18.92 73.94 51.6% 25.6% 154.3% 1999 7.73 9.91 12.70 19.52 75.60 50.8% 25.8% 164.3% 2000 7.73 10.42 12.98 19.70 76.71 52.9% 25.7% 167.9% 2001 7.67 10.90 12.86 19.65 77.44 55.5% 25.4% 167.7% 2002 7.63 10.55 13.12 19.76 78.09 53.4% 25.3% 172.0% 2003 7.40 11.24 13.20 20.03 79.66 56.1% 25.1% 178.4% 2004 7.23 12.10 13.61 20.73 82.41 58.4% 25.2% 188.2% 2005 6.90 12.55 13.79 20.80 84.01 60.3% 24.8% 200.0% 2006 6.84 12.39 13.95 20.69 84.98 59.9% 24.3% 203.9% 2007 6.85 12.04 13.97 20.68 85.90 58.2% 24.1% 204.1% 2008 6.74 11.04 13.34 19.42 b 56.9% b 198.0% Average annual percentage change 1950–2008 0.2% 5.3% 2.4% 1.9% b 1970–2008 -1.4% 3.3% 1.4% 0.7% 1.7% c 1998–2008 -1.7% 1.2% 0.8% 0.3% 1.7% c
Sources: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review , March 2009, Tables 2.5, 3.1, and A3. (Pre-1973 data from the Annual Energy Review ). World petroleum consumption - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 200 6, December 2008, Table 1.1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

aTotal domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids and small amounts of other liquids. b Data are not available.

cAverage annual percentage change is to the latest year possible.1–16

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 In 1973 the United States produced two-thirds of the petroleum consumed. By 2007, only 40% of U.S. consumption is produced domestically. Forecasts show, however, that with ethanol, liquids from coal, and liquids from biofuels added to domestic petroleum consumption, the United States will produce close to 60% in 2030.

Figure 1.6. United States Petroleum Pro duction and Consumption – All Sectors, 1973–2030

Source: See Tables 1.12 and 2.6. Projections are from the Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2009 , March 2009.
Notes: The U.S. Production has two lines after 2005. The solid line is conventional sources of petroleum. The dashed line adds in other inputs -- ethanol, liquids from coal, and liquids from biomass. Historical petroleum production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, refinery gains, and other inputs, which include liquids from gas, liquids from coal, and alcohols, ethers, petroleum product stock withdraw als, domestic sources of blending components, other hydrocarbons, and natural gas converted to liquid fuel. The sharp increase in values between 2006 and 2007 is caused by the data change from historical to projected values.1–17

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Figure 1.7. United States Petroleum Produc tion Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030

Source: See Tables 1.12 and 2.6. Projections are from the Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2009 , March 2009.
Notes: The U.S. Production has two lines after 2005. The solid line is conventional sources of petroleum. The dashed line adds in other inputs -- ethanol, liquids from coal, and liquids from biomass. Historical petroleum production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, refinery gains, and other inputs, which include liquids from gas, liquids from coal, and alcohols, ethers, petroleum product stock withdrawals, domestic sources of blending components, other hydrocarbons, and natural gas converted to liquid fuel. The sharp increase in values between 2006 and 2007 is caused by the data change from historical to projected values. In 1989 the transportation sector petroleum consumption surpassed U.S. petroleum production for the first time, creating a gap that must be met with imports of petroleum. By the year 2030, transportation petroleum consumption is expected to grow to more than 16 milli on barrels per day; at that time, the gap between U.S. production and transportation cons umption will be about 6 million barrels pe r day. The highway mode is expected to account for the largest growth in petroleum use, with light truck and heavy truck petroleum usage growing the fastest.1–18

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Transportation accounts for more than two-thirds of the U.S. petroleum use. Total petroleum consumption has been more than 20 million barrels per day since 2004.

Table 1.13 Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 (million barrels per day)
Year Transportation Percentage Residential Commercial Industrial Electric utilities Total 1973 9.05 52.3% 1.49 0.75 4.48 1.54 17.31 1974 8.84 53.1% 1.36 0.68 4.30 1.48 16.65 1975 8.95 54.8% 1.32 0.63 4.04 1.39 16.32 1976 9.40 53.7% 1.43 0.70 4.46 1.52 17.51 1977 9.76 53.0% 1.42 0.72 4.82 1.71 18.43 1978 10.16 53.9% 1.38 0.69 4.87 1.75 18.85 1979 10.01 54.0% 1.09 0.63 5.34 1.44 18.51 1980 9.57 56.0% 0.91 0.61 4.86 1.15 17.10 1981 9.49 59.1% 0.81 0.52 4.27 0.96 16.06 1982 9.31 60.9% 0.76 0.48 4.06 0.69 15.30 1983 9.41 61.8% 0.74 0.55 3.85 0.68 15.23 1984 9.62 61.0% 0.78 0.61 4.21 0.56 15.77 1985 9.84 62.6% 0.84 0.50 4.07 0.48 15.72 1986 10.19 62.6% 0.82 0.54 4.09 0.64 16.28 1987 10.50 63.0% 0.87 0.53 4.21 0.55 16.67 1988 10.88 62.7% 0.90 0.52 4.36 0.69 17.34 1989 10.94 62.8% 0.90 0.49 4.33 0.75 17.41 1990 10.89 64.7% 0.77 0.47 4.15 0.57 16.84 1991 10.76 63.2% 0.77 0.44 4.53 0.53 17.03 1992 10.91 64.2% 0.78 0.42 4.45 0.44 17.00 1993 11.12 63.8% 0.80 0.38 4.64 0.50 17.44 1994 11.13 64.2% 0.78 0.39 4.57 0.47 17.33 1995 11.61 64.9% 0.77 0.36 4.83 0.33 17.90 1996 11.91 64.6% 0.84 0.37 4.96 0.36 18.44 1997 12.05 65.2% 0.81 0.35 4.86 0.41 18.47 1998 12.36 65.5% 0.74 0.33 4.84 0.58 18.86 1999 12.70 65.3% 0.85 0.34 5.03 0.53 19.46 2000 12.98 65.9% 0.90 0.38 4.92 0.51 19.69 2001 12.86 65.7% 0.88 0.38 4.89 0.56 19.57 2002 13.12 66.7% 0.85 0.35 4.93 0.43 19.67 2003 13.20 66.3% 0.89 0.39 4.90 0.53 19.91 2004 13.61 65.9% 0.88 0.38 5.23 0.54 20.64 2005 13.79 66.8% 0.83 0.36 5.10 0.55 20.63 2006 13.95 68.2% 0.71 0.32 5.19 0.29 20.45 2007 14.00 68.7% 0.73 0.31 5.05 0.29 20.38 2008 13.28 69.8% 0.69 0.29 4.57 0.21 19.04 Average annual percentage change 1973–2008 1.1% -2.2% -2.7% 0.1% -5.5% 0.3% 1998–2008 0.7% -0.7% -1.3% -0.6% -9.7% 0.1%

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April 2009, Tables 2.2–2.6. Converted to million barrels per day using Table A3. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)1–19

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The highway sector used nearly 14 million barrels of petr oleum per day in 2007, mostly in light vehicles. Light trucks include pick-ups, minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and vans. See Table 2.7 for highway energy use in trillion Btu.

Table 1.14 Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 a (thousand barrels per day)

Year Cars Light trucks Light vehicles subtotal Motorcycles Buses Heavy trucks Highway subtotal Total transportation b 1970 4,424 803 5,227 4 62 738 6,031 7,335 1975 4,836 1,245 6,081 7 58 952 7,099 8,474 1976 5,107 1,359 6,466 8 63 1,005 7,542 8,971 1977 5,157 1,460 6,617 8 65 1,114 7,805 9,316 1978 5,261 1,576 6,837 9 66 1,247 8,160 9,795 1979 4,996 1,595 6,591 11 68 1,299 7,969 9,727 1980 4,565 1,552 6,117 13 68 1,302 7,500 9,120 1981 4,508 1,546 6,054 14 69 1,329 7,466 9,177 1982 4,509 1,481 5,989 13 71 1,330 7,403 8,946 1983 4,587 1,562 6,149 11 72 1,354 7,586 9,079 1984 4,609 1,670 6,280 11 69 1,398 7,758 9,366 1985 4,665 1,785 6,450 12 72 1,396 7,930 9,538 1986 4,773 1,897 6,670 12 76 1,426 8,184 9,898 1987 4,782 1,996 6,778 12 77 1,469 8,336 10,113 1988 4,784 2,130 6,914 13 80 1,495 8,503 10,345 1989 4,821 2,170 6,992 14 79 1,534 8,618 10,507 1990 4,538 2,323 6,861 12 78 1,597 8,549 10,441 1991 4,196 2,493 6,688 12 83 1,630 8,413 10,259 1992 4,268 2,670 6,938 12 87 1,660 8,698 10,596 1993 4,374 2,795 7,169 13 86 1,711 8,979 10,821 1994 4,428 2,878 7,305 13 86 1,806 9,211 11,090 1995 4,440 2,975 7,415 13 87 1,881 9,396 11,347 1996 4,515 3,089 7,604 13 88 1,931 9,636 11,602 1997 4,559 3,222 7,781 13 91 1,949 9,834 11,777 1998 4,677 3,292 7,969 13 93 2,012 10,086 12,061 1999 4,780 3,448 8,228 14 96 2,212 10,550 12,639 2000 4,766 3,453 8,219 14 98 2,298 10,630 12,792 2001 4,798 3,491 8,290 13 93 2,295 10,690 12,672 2002 4,923 3,602 8,525 12 91 2,401 11,029 12,938 2003 4,866 3,963 8,829 12 90 2,334 11,265 13,108 2004 4,919 4,137 9,055 13 92 2,162 11,323 13,344 2005 5,050 3,840 8,890 12 93 2,426 11,422 13,537 2006 4,893 3,959 8,852 14 94 2,476 11,436 13,605 2007 4,850 4,032 8,883 16 92 2,515 11,505 13,710 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 0.2% 4.5% 1.4% 3.8% 1.1% 3.4% 1.8% 1.7% 1997–2007 0.6% 2.3% 1.3% 2.1% 0.1% 2.6% 1.6% 1.5% Source: See Appendix A for Highway Energy Use.

aEach gallon of petroleum product was assumed to equal one gallon of crude oil. The oil used to produce electricity is also estimated. See Appendix A, p. 18 for details. bTotal transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include all possible uses of fuel for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).1–20

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Although about 20% of transportation energy use is for nonhighway modes, only 16% of transportation petroleum use is for nonhighway. This is because some nonhighway modes, such as pipelines and transit rail, use electricity. An estimate for the petroleum us ed to make electricity is included in the data. See Table 2.8 for nonhighway transporta tion energy use in trillion Btu.

Table 1.15 Nonhighway Transportation Petroleum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 a (thousand barrels per day)
Year Air Water Pipeline Rail Nonhighway subtotal Total transportation b 1970 625 383 43 253 1,304 7,335 1975 651 425 50 249 1,375 8,474 1976 624 494 51 260 1,429 8,971 1977 655 536 54 265 1,511 9,316 1978 691 626 53 264 1,635 9,795 1979 723 721 44 270 1,758 9,727 1980 697 627 35 262 1,620 9,120 1981 706 724 29 253 1,711 9,177 1982 701 606 21 214 1,543 8,946 1983 699 562 19 212 1,492 9,079 1984 781 579 16 232 1,608 9,366 1985 814 566 13 216 1,608 9,538 1986 884 603 17 210 1,714 9,898 1987 920 628 15 213 1,776 10,113 1988 958 646 18 220 1,842 10,345 1989 960 690 18 221 1,888 10,507 1990 1,006 657 14 216 1,892 10,441 1991 940 692 12 202 1,846 10,259 1992 954 726 10 208 1,898 10,596 1993 961 654 11 215 1,842 10,821 1994 1,002 636 11 230 1,879 11,090 1995 1,036 669 7 239 1,951 11,347 1996 1,068 645 8 245 1,966 11,602 1997 1,114 575 9 246 1,943 11,777 1998 1,148 567 12 248 1,974 12,061 1999 1,196 626 11 257 2,090 12,639 2000 1,234 663 10 256 2,163 12,792 2001 1,167 547 11 257 1,982 12,672 2002 1,071 573 8 257 1,910 12,938 2003 1,073 497 10 263 1,843 13,108 2004 1,136 597 10 278 2,021 13,344 2005 1,199 626 10 281 2,116 13,537 2006 1,216 662 5 286 2,169 13,605 2007 1,215 709 5 276 2,205 13,710 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 1.8% 1.7% -5.6% 0.2% 1.4% 1.7% 1997–2007 0.9% 2.1% -5.7% 1.2% 1.3% 1.5% Source: See Appendix A for Nonhighway Energy Use.

aEach gallon of petroleum product was assumed to equal one gallon of crude oil. The oil used to produce electricity is also estimated. See Appendix A, p. 18 for details. bTotal transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include all possible uses of fuel for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).1–21

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Highway vehicles were responsible for over 80% of all transportation petroleum use in 2007. See Table 2.6 for transportation energy use in trillion Btu.

Table 1.16 Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007 a
Thousand barrels per day Percentage of total 2006 2007 2006 2007 HIGHWAY 11,436.3 11,505.5 84.1% 83.9% Light vehicles 8,866.0 8,898.4 65.2% 64.9% Cars 4,893.0 4,850.3 36.0% 35.4% Light trucks b 3,958.6 4,032.4 29.1% 29.4% Motorcycles 14.4 15.8 0.1% 0.1% Buses 94.2 92.4 0.7% 0.7% Transit 47.0 43.8 0.3% 0.3% Intercity 13.6 14.0 0.1% 0.1% School 33.6 34.6 0.2% 0.3% Medium/heavy trucks 2,476.1 2,514.7 18.2% 18.3% NONHIGHWAY 2,168.7 2,204.8 15.9% 16.1% Air 1,215.5 1,214.9 8.9% 8.9% General aviation 126.0 120.0 0.9% 0.9% Domestic air carriers 893.3 892.5 6.6% 6.5% International air 196.3 202.4 1.4% 1.5% Water 662.3 708.7 4.9% 5.2% Freight 535.4 581.9 3.9% 4.2% Recreational 126.9 126.8 0.9% 0.9% Pipeline 5.3 5.3 0.0% 0.0% Rail 285.6 275.9 2.1% 2.0% Freight (Class I) 274.9 266.6 2.0% 1.9% Passenger 10.7 9.3 0.1% 0.1% Transit 1.0 0.0 0.0% 0.0% Commuter 5.5 5.3 0.0% 0.0% Intercity 4.2 4.0 0.0% 0.0%
HWY & NONHWY TOTAL c 13,605.0 13,710.2 100.0% 100.0%

Source: See Appendix A for Energy Use Sources.

a Each gallon of petroleum product was assumed to equal one gallon of crude oil. The oil used to produce electricity is also estimated. See Appendix A, p. 18 for details. b Two-axle, four-tire trucks.

c Civilian consumption only. Totals may not include all possible uses of fuels for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).2–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Chapter 2 Energy
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source Table 2.1 Transportation share of U.S. energy consumption, 2008 28.2% Table 2.2 Petroleum share of trans portation energy consumption, 2008 94.3% Table 2.3 Alternative fuel and oxygenate consumption, 2006 (thousand gasoline equivalent gallons) (share) Ethanol in gasohol 3,729,168 77.0% MTBE 435,000 9.0% Liquified petroleum gas 173,130 3.6% Compressed natural gas 172,011 3.6% E85 44,041 0.9% Liquified natural gas 23,474 0.5% Electricity 5,104 0.1% Table 2.6 Transportation energy use by mode, 2007 (trillion Btu) (share) Cars 9,218 32.9% Light trucks 7,676 27.4% Medium/heavy trucks 5,274 18.8% Buses 194 0.7% Total Highway 22,393 80.0%

Air 2,510 9.0% Water 1,559 5.6% Pipeline 884 3.2% Rail 658 2.3%2–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Petroleum accounted for nearly 40% of the world’s energy use in 2006. Though petroleum is the dominant energy source for both OECD countries and non-OECD countries, the non-OECD countries rely on coal, natural gas, and hydro-electric power more than OECD countries do.



### Figure 2.1. World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006

Source : U.S. Department of Energy, En ergy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2006 , Washington, DC, 2008, Table 1.8. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)2–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The Energy Information Administration revised the historical energy data series to include renewable energy in each sector. Also, the residential and commercial sector data are now separated. Total energy use was 99.6 quads in 2008 with transportation using 28.2%.

Table 2.1 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 (quadrillion Btu)

Year Transportation Percentage transportation of total Industrial Commercial Residential Total 1973 18.6 24.6% 32.7 9.5 14.9 75.7 1974 18.1 24.5% 31.8 9.4 14.7 74.0 1975 18.2 25.3% 29.4 9.5 14.8 72.0 1976 19.1 25.1% 31.4 10.0 15.4 76.0 1977 19.8 25.4% 32.3 10.2 15.7 78.0 1978 20.6 25.8% 32.7 10.5 16.2 80.0 1979 20.5 25.3% 34.0 10.6 15.8 80.9 1980 19.7 25.2% 32.1 10.6 15.8 78.1 1981 19.5 25.6% 30.8 10.6 15.4 76.3 1982 19.1 26.1% 27.7 10.9 15.6 73.3 1983 19.2 26.2% 27.5 11.0 15.5 73.1 1984 19.9 25.9% 29.6 11.5 15.8 76.7 1985 20.1 26.3% 28.9 11.4 16.1 76.5 1986 20.9 27.2% 28.4 11.6 15.9 76.8 1987 21.5 27.2% 29.5 12.0 16.2 79.2 1988 21.4 25.8% 30.8 12.6 17.1 82.8 1989 22.6 26.6% 31.4 13.2 17.8 85.0 1990 22.4 26.5% 31.9 13.3 17.0 84.7 1991 22.2 26.2% 31.5 13.5 17.1 84.6 1992 22.5 26.2% 32.7 13.4 17.4 86.0 1993 22.9 26.1% 36.7 13.8 18.3 87.6 1994 23.5 26.3% 33.6 14.1 18.1 89.3 1995 23.8 26.2% 34.0 14.7 18.6 91.2 1996 24.4 25.9% 35.0 15.2 19.6 94.2 1997 24.8 26.1% 35.3 15.7 19.0 94.8 1998 25.3 26.8% 34.9 16.0 19.0 95.2 1999 26.0 26.8% 34.9 16.4 19.6 96.8 2000 26.6 26.8% 34.8 17.2 20.5 99.0 2001 26.3 27.3% 32.8 17.1 20.1 96.3 2002 26.8 27.4% 32.8 17.4 20.9 97.9 2003 27.0 27.5% 32.7 17.4 21.2 98.2 2004 27.9 27.8% 33.6 17.6 21.2 100.4 2005 28.4 28.2% 32.5 17.9 21.7 100.5 2006 28.8 28.8% 32.5 17.7 20.8 99.9 2007 29.1 28.6% 32.5 18.3 21.6 101.6 2008 28.0 28.2% 31.1 18.7 21.7 99.6 Average annual percentage change 1973–2008 1.2% -0.1% 2.0% 1.1% 0.8% 1998–2008 1.0% -1.1% 1.6% 1.3% 0.5%
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009, Washington, DC, Table 2.1. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Electrical energy losses have b een distributed among the sectors.2–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The Energy Information Administration revised the historical energy data series to include renewable energy in each sector. In transportation, the alcohol fuels blended into gasoline to make gasohol (10% ethanol or less) are now counted under “renewables” and have been taken out of petroleum. The petroleum category, however, still contains other blending agents, such as MTBE, that are not actually petroleum, but are not broken out into a separate category.

Table 2.2 Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2008 (percentage)

Energy
source Transportation Residential Commercial Industrial Electric utilities
1973 2008 1973 2008 1973 2008 1973 2008 1973 2008 Petroleuma 95.8 94.3 18.9 5.7 16.5 3.5 27.9 26.8 17.8 1.1 Natural gas b 4.0 2.4 33.3 23.0 27.9 17.2 31.8 26.2 19.0 16.9 Coal 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.7 0.4 12.4 5.8 43.8 51.4 Renewable 0.0 3.0 2.4 2.6 0.1 0.6 3.7 6.7 14.5 9.2 Nuclear 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 21.0 Electricity c 0.2 0.3 44.7 68.7 53.9 78.4 24.2 34.5 0.2 0.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review , March 2009, Washington, DC, Tables 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a In transportation, the petroleum category contai ns some blending agents which are not petroleum. bIncludes supplemental gaseous fuels. Transportation s ector includes pipeline fuel and natural gas vehicle use.

c Includes electrical system energy losses.2–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Oxygenates are blended with gasoline to be used in conventional vehicles. The am ount of oxygenate use dwarfs the alternative fuel use. Gasoline-equivalent gallons are used in this table to allow comparisons of different fuel types. The biodiesel data are not available for 2007.

Table 2.3 Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 (thousand gasoline–equivalent gallons)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Alternative fuel Liquified petroleum gas 224,697 211,883 188,171 173,130 152,360 Compressed natural gas 133,222 158,903 166,878 172,011 178,585 Liquified natural gas 13,503 20,888 22,409 23,474 24,594
E85 a 26,376 31,581 38,074 44,041 54,091 Electricity b 5,141 5,269 5,219 5,104 5,037 Hydrogen 2 8 25 41 66 Biodiesel 18,220 28,244 91,649 260,606 c

Other 0 0 2 2 2 Subtotal 421,161 456,766 512,427 678,409 c Oxygenates
MTBE d 2,368,400 1,877,300 1,654,500 435,000 618,000 Ethanol in gasohol 1,919,572 2,414,167 2,756,663 3,729,168 4,694,304 Total 4,709,133 4,748,243 4,923,590 4,842,577 c

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 2007 , Washington, DC, April 2009, Web site www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/atftables/afvtransfuel_II.html, C1. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Consumption includes gasoline portion of the mixture. b Vehicle consumption only; does not include power plant inputs.

c Data are not available. dMethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether. This category includes a very small amount of other ethers, primarily Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME) and Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE).2–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Ethanol is used as an oxygenate, blended with gasoline to be used as gasohol in conventi onal vehicles. The amount of ethanol used in gasohol dwarfs the amount used in E85. Production of E95 ended in 2000.

Table 2.4 Ethanol Consumption, 1995–2007 (thousand gallons)

Ethanol blends 

### E85 E95 Ethanol in gasohol Total 1995 166 970 934,615 935,751 2000 10,530 12 1,114,313 1,124,855 2001 12,756 0 1,173,323 1,186,079 2002 15,513 0 1,450,721 1,466,234 2003 26,376 0 1,919,572 1,945,948 2004 31,581 0 2,414,167 2,445,748 2005 38,074 0 2,756,663 2,794,737 2006 44,041 0 3,729,168 3,773,209 2007 54,091 0 4,694,304 4,748,395 2007 Percentage 1.1% 0.0% 98.9% 0.0%

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 2007 , Washington, DC, April 2009, Web site: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/atftables/afvtransfuel_II.html, Table C1. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

Note: Gallons of E85, E95 and Ethanol in gasohol, do not include the gasoline portion of the blended fuel.2–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 As data about alternative fuel use become available, an attempt is made to incorporate them into this table. Sometimes assumptions must be made in order to use the data. Please see Appendix A for a description of the methodology used to develop these data. See Table 1.16 for transpor tation petroleum use in thousand barrels per day.

Table 2.5 Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 a (trillion Btu)

Gasoline Diesel fuel Liquified petroleum gas Jet fuel Residual fuel oil Natural gas Electricity Total HIGHWAY 17,022.5 5,288.9 62.4 18.4 0.6 22,392.7 Light vehicles 16,485.5 394.5 44.9 16,924.9 Cars 9,166.6 51.6 9,218.2 Light trucks b 7,288.5 343.0 44.9 7,676.4 Motorcycles 30.3 30.3 Buses 6.9 167.7 18.4 0.6 193.7 Transit 0.3 71.8 18.4 0.6 91.2 Intercity 29.7 29.7 School 6.6 66.2 72.8 Medium/heavy trucks 530.1 4,726.6 17.5 5,274.2 NONHIGHWAY 241.7 930.9 0.0 2,470.5 1,012.1 642.2 312.1 5,609.5 Air 38.9 0.0 0.0 2,470.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,509.5 General aviation 38.9 204.7 243.6 Domestic air carriers 1,847.0 1,847.0 International air carriers c 418.8 418.8 Water 202.7 344.2 1,012.1 1,559.1 Freight 299.6 1,012.1 1,311.7 Recreational 202.7 44.6 247.3 Pipeline 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 642.2 241.3 883.5 Rail 0.0 586.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.8 657.5 Freight (Class I) 566.9 566.9 Passenger 19.8 70.8 90.5 Transit 0.0 46.6 46.6 Commuter 11.2 18.2 29.4 Intercity 8.6 6.0 14.5 TOTAL HWY & NONHWY 17,264.1 6,219.7 62.4 2,470.5 1,012.1 660.6 312.7 28,002.2

Source: See Appendix A for Energy Use Sources.

a Civilian consumption only. Totals may not include all possible us es of fuels for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles). b Two-axle, four-tire trucks.

c One half of fuel used by domestic carriers in international operation.2–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Highway vehicles were responsible for 80% of all transportation energy use in 2007. See Table 1.16 for transportation energy use in thousand barrels per day.

Table 2.6 Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 a

Trillion Btu Percentage of total based on Btus 2006 2007 2006 2007 HIGHWAY 22,283.5 22,392.7 80.3% 80.0% Light vehicles 16,892.6 16,924.9 60.9% 60.4% Cars 9,315.7 9,218.2 33.6% 32.9% Light trucks b 7,549.3 7,676.4 27.2% 27.4% Motorcycles 27.6 30.3 0.1% 0.1% Buses 197.0 193.7 0.7% 0.7% Transit 98.0 91.2 0.4% 0.3% Intercity 28.9 29.7 0.1% 0.1% School 70.8 72.8 0.3% 0.3% Medium/heavy trucks 5,193.4 5,274.2 18.7% 18.8% NONHIGHWAY 5,474.8 5,609.5 19.7% 20.0% Air 2,511.3 2,509.5 9.0% 9.0% General aviation 256.3 243.6 0.9% 0.9% Domestic air carriers 1,848.7 1,847.0 6.7% 6.6% International air 406.2 418.8 1.5% 1.5% Water 1,451.8 1,559.1 5.2% 5.6% Freight 1,204.3 1,311.7 4.3% 4.7% Recreational 247.5 247.3 0.9% 0.9% Pipeline 841.8 883.5 3.0% 3.2% Rail 670.0 657.5 2.4% 2.3% Freight (Class I) 584.5 566.9 2.1% 2.0% Passenger 85.4 90.5 0.3% 0.3% Transit 44.9 46.6 0.2% 0.2% Commuter 26.3 29.4 0.1% 0.1% Intercity 14.3 14.5 0.1% 0.1% HWY & NONHWY TOTAL 27,758.4 28,002.2 100.0% 100.0%

Source: See Appendix A for Energy Use Sources.

a Civilian consumption only. Totals may not include all possible uses of fuels for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles). b Two-axle, four-tire trucks.2–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The highway sector is by far the largest part of transportation energy use. Light truck energy use has increased at the greatest rate, due to their increased use as personal passenger vehicles. Light trucks include pick-ups, minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and vans. See Table 1. 14 for highway petroleum use in thousand barrels per day.

Table 2.7 Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 (trillion Btu)

Year Cars Light trucks Light vehicles subtotal Motorcycles Buses Heavy trucks Highway subtotal Total transportation a 1970 8,479 1,539 10,018 7 129 1,553 11,707 15,399 1975 9,298 2,384 11,682 14 124 2,003 13,823 17,427 1980 8,800 2,975 11,775 26 143 2,686 14,630 18,944 1981 8,693 2,963 11,656 27 145 2,724 14,552 18,744 1982 8,673 2,837 11,510 25 151 2,707 14,393 18,241 1983 8,802 2,989 11,791 22 152 2,770 14,735 18,371 1984 8,837 3,197 12,034 22 146 2,873 15,075 19,966 1985 8,932 3,413 12,345 23 153 2,883 15,405 19,208 1986 9,138 3,629 12,767 23 160 2,958 15,908 20,280 1987 9,157 3,819 12,976 24 164 3,061 16,225 20,775 1988 9,158 4,077 13,235 25 169 3,118 16,547 21,330 1989 9,232 4,156 13,388 26 169 3,199 16,782 21,688 1990 8,688 4,451 13,139 24 167 3,334 16,664 21,616 1991 8,029 4,774 12,803 23 177 3,402 16,405 21,208 1992 8,169 5,117 13,286 24 184 3,468 16,962 21,869 1993 8,368 5,356 13,724 25 183 3,577 17,509 22,324 1994 8,470 5,515 13,985 26 183 3,778 17,972 22,928 1995 8,489 5,695 14,184 25 184 3,937 18,330 23,467 1996 8,634 5,917 14,551 24 186 4,045 18,806 23,975 1997 8,710 6,168 14,878 25 192 4,086 19,181 24,329 1998 8,936 6,303 15,239 26 196 4,218 19,679 24,758 1999 9,134 6,602 15,736 26 202 4,638 20,602 25,948 2000 9,100 6,607 15,707 26 208 4,819 20,760 26,269 2001 9,161 6,678 15,839 24 196 4,813 20,872 25,960 2002 9,391 6,682 16,273 24 191 5,035 21,523 26,520 2003 9,255 7,551 16,806 24 189 4,895 21,914 26,673 2004 9,331 7,861 17,192 25 193 4,535 21,945 27,066 2005 9,579 7,296 16,875 24 195 5,088 22,182 27,526 2006 9,316 7,549 16,865 28 198 5,193 22,284 27,759 2007 9,218 7,676 16,895 30 194 5,274 22,393 28,002 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 0.2% 4.4% 1.4% 4.0% 1.1% 3.4% 1.8% 1.6% 1997–2007 0.6% 2.2% 1.3% 1.8% 0.1% 2.6% 1.6% 1.4% Source: See Appendix A for Highway Energy Use.

Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.

a Total transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include all possible uses of fuel for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles). These data have been revised due to a new data series for recreational boats.2–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 About 20% of transportation energy use is for nonhighway modes. Air travel accounts for nearly half of nonhighway energy use. See Table 1.15 for nonhighw ay petroleum use in thousand barrels per day.

Table 2.8 Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 (trillion Btu)

Year Air Water Pipeline Rail Nonhighway subtotal Total transportation a 1970 1,307 840 990 555 3,692 15,399 1975 1,274 931 840 559 3,604 17,427 1980 1,434 1,396 896 588 4,314 18,944 1981 1,453 1,273 904 561 4,192 18,744 1982 1,445 1,067 855 481 3,848 18,241 1983 1,440 1,978 740 478 3,636 18,371 1984 1,609 1,968 782 532 3,891 19,966 1985 1,677 1,874 755 498 3,804 19,208 1986 1,823 1,327 735 487 4,372 20,280 1987 1,899 1,382 772 498 4,550 20,775 1988 1,978 1,421 874 511 4,783 21,330 1989 1,981 1,520 890 515 4,906 21,688 1990 2,077 1,445 923 506 4,952 21,616 1991 1,939 1,526 860 478 4,803 21,208 1992 1,970 1,602 846 490 4,907 21,869 1993 1,986 1,440 885 505 4,815 22,324 1994 2,070 1,396 951 539 4,956 22,928 1995 2,141 1,470 967 559 5,137 23,467 1996 2,206 1,412 979 572 5,169 23,975 1997 2,300 1,252 1,022 574 5,148 24,329 1998 2,371 1,233 897 578 5,079 24,758 1999 2,471 1,369 908 599 5,346 25,948 2000 2,549 1,455 904 601 5,509 26,269 2001 2,411 1,188 886 603 5,088 25,960 2002 2,213 1,249 931 605 4,997 26,520 2003 2,217 1,075 850 617 4,759 26,673 2004 2,348 1,300 822 650 5,121 27,066 2005 2,477 1,369 842 657 5,344 27,526 2006 2,511 1,452 842 670 5,475 27,759 2007 2,509 1,559 883 657 5,609 28,002 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 1.8% 1.7% -0.3% 0.5% 1.1% 1.6% 1997–2007 0.9% 2.2% -1.5% 1.4% 0.9% 1.4%
Source: See Appendix A for Nonhighway Energy Use.

Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.

a Total transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include all possible uses of fuel for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).2–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 A recent study on off-highway fuel consumption uses the Environmen tal Protection Agency’s NONROAD2002 model and the Census Bureau’s 1997 Vehicle In ventory and Use Survey to estimate fuel use.

Table 2.9 Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 (million gallons)

1997 2001
Sector Gasoline Diesel Other Total Gasoline Diesel Other Total Agriculture 319 2,994 5 3,318 338 3,352 4 3,694 Industrial and commercial 1,761 1,579 1,854 5,193 1,733 1,794 2,108 5,636 Construction 289 4,766 18 5,073 274 5,347 19 5,639 Personal and recreational 3,425 37 7 3,469 3,524 42 7 3,573
Other 2 48 2 52 2 61 2 65 Total 5,797 9,424 1,885 17,106 5,870 10,596 2,141 18,607

Examples of off-highway transportation-related vehicles and equipment Agriculture Tractors, mowers, combines, balers, and other farm equipment which has utility in its movement. Industrial and commercial Forklifts, commercial mowers, forestry equipment, shredders, terminal tractors Construction Pavers, rollers, drill rigs, graders, backhoes, excavators, cranes, mining equipment Personal and recreational Lawn mowers, tillers, tractors, motorcycles, snowmobiles, golf carts Other Airport ground equipment

Source: Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Off-Highway Transportation-Related Fuel Use, ORNL/TM-2002/92, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, April 2004. (Additional resources: wwwcta.ornl.gov/Publications/Publications_2004.html)2–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Mowing equipment consumes nearly half of all th e fuel used by lawn and garden equipment. The gasoline used in lawn and garden equi pment is 1.8% of total gasoline use.

Table 2.10 Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007 (million gallons)

Equipment Classification Gasoline Diesel LPG Total fuel consumption Mowing Equipment Front mowers Commercial 19.30 98.67 0.00 117.97 Lawn & garden tractors Commercial 217.97 20.37 0.00 238.34 Lawn & garden tractors Residential 524.19 0.00 0.00 524.19 Lawn mowers Commercial 146.73 0.00 0.00 146.73 Lawn mowers Residential 198.36 0.00 0.00 198.36 Rear engine riding mowers Commercial 16.03 0.00 0.00 16.03 Rear engine riding mowers Residential 38.91 0.00 0.00 38.91 Total 1,161.49 119.04 0.00 1,280.53 Soil and Turf Equipment Commercial turf equipment a Commercial 700.24 15.83 0.00 716.07 Rotary tillers < 6 HP Commercial 82.28 0.00 0.00 82.28 Rotary tillers < 6 HP Residential 18.21 0.00 0.00 18.21 Total 800.73 15.83 0.00 816.56 Wood Cutting Equipment Chain saws < 6 HP Commercial 70.99 0.00 0.00 70.99 Chain saws < 6 HP Residential 18.04 0.00 0.00 18.04 Chippers/stump grinders Commercial 37.71 134.27 19.09 191.07 Shredders < 6 HP Commercial 8.79 0.00 0.00 8.79 Total 135.54 134.27 19.09 288.89 Blowers and Vacuums Leafblowers/vacuums Commercial 197.33 0.01 0.00 197.34 Leafblowers/vacuums Residential 18.23 0.00 0.00 18.23 Snowblowers Commercial 31.26 1.75 0.00 33.01 Snowblowers Residential 16.55 0.00 0.00 16.55 Total 263.37 1.76 0.00 265.13 Trimming Equipment Trimmers/edgers/brush cutter Commercial 60.10 0.00 0.00 60.10 Trimmers/edgers/brush cutter Residential 26.13 0.00 0.00 26.13 Other lawn & garden equipmentb Commercial 22.73 0.37 0.00 23.10 Other lawn & garden equipmentb Residential 19.05 0.00 0.00 19.05 Total 128.00 0.37 0.00 128.37 Total All Equipment 2,489.12 271.28 19.09 2,779.49

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NONROAD2005 Model, www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm.

a Includes equipment such as aerators, dethatchers, sod cutters, hydro-seeders, turf utility vehicles, golf course greens mowers, and sand trap groomers. bIncludes equipment not otherwise classified such as augers, sickle-bar mowers, and wood splitters.2–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) cautions that data from 1993 on may not be directly comparable to earlier years. Some states have improved reporting procedures in recent years, and the estimation procedures were revised in 1994. The definition of gasohol was expanded in 1993 to include blendsthat are less than 10%. Now, the FHWA does not publish separate estimates of gasohol or ethanol used in gas ohol. See Table 2.3 for details on oxygenate usage.

Table 2.11 Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2007 (billion gallons)

Year Gasoline Gasohol Ethanol used in gasohol a Total gasoline and gasohol Diesel b Percent diesel Total highway fuel use 1973 cc c 100.6 9.8 8.9% 110.5 1975 cc c 99.4 9.6 8.8% 109.0 1980 100.7 0.5 0.0 101.2 13.8 12.0% 115.0 1981 98.9 0.7 0.1 99.6 14.9 13.0% 114.5 1982 96.2 2.3 0.2 98.5 14.9 13.1% 113.4 1983 95.9 4.3 0.4 100.1 16.0 13.8% 116.1 1984 96.0 5.4 0.5 101.4 17.3 14.6% 118.7 1985 95.6 8.0 0.8 103.6 17.8 14.6% 121.3 1986 98.6 8.1 0.8 106.8 18.4 14.7% 125.2 1987 101.8 6.9 0.8 108.7 19.0 14.9% 127.7 1988 101.7 8.1 0.8 109.8 20.1 15.5% 129.9 1989 103.7 6.9 0.7 110.6 21.2 16.1% 131.9 1990 102.6 7.5 0.8 110.2 21.4 16.3% 131.6 1991 99.3 8.6 0.9 107.9 20.7 16.1% 128.6 1992 102.1 8.8 0.9 111.0 22.0 16.5% 132.9 1993 103.4 10.3 1.0 113.7 23.5 17.1% 137.2 1994 104.0 11.0 1.0 115.0 25.1 17.9% 140.1 1995 104.0 13.1 1.2 117.1 26.2 18.3% 143.3 1996 107.4 12.1 1.1 119.5 27.2 18.5% 146.7 1997 106.2 14.7 1.3 120.9 29.4 19.6% 150.3 1998 110.7 14.0 1.3 124.7 30.2 19.5% 154.9 1999 114.6 14.2 1.3 128.7 31.9 19.9% 160.7 2000 112.6 16.3 1.5 128.9 33.4 20.6% 162.3 2001 112.3 17.4 1.5 129.7 33.4 20.5% 163.1 2002 112.0 21.0 2.1 133.0 34.8 20.7% 167.8 2003 101.5 32.5 2.7 134.1 35.5 20.9% 169.6 2004 92.4 44.0 3.7 136.5 37.4 21.5% 173.9 2005 d d d135.2 39.1 22.4% 174.3 2006 d d d134.8 40.1 22.9% 174.9 2007 d d d135.4 40.7 23.1% 176.1 Average annual percentage change 1973–2007 dd d 0.9% 4.3% 1.4% 1997–2007 dd d 1.1% 3.3% 1.6%

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007 , Washington, DC, 2008, Table MF-21 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

a Estimated for 1980–92 and 2002 as 10% of gasohol consumption. b Consists primarily of diesel fuel, with small quantities of liquified petroleum gas.

c Data for gasoline and gasohol cannot be separated in this year. dGasohol data is no longer published by the Federal Highway Administration.2–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Great care should be taken when compari ng modal energy intensity dat a among modes. Because of the inherent differences among the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes ava ilable, and many additional fa ctors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable nati onal energy intensities among modes. These va lues are averages, and there is a great deal of variability even within a mode.

Table 2.12 Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007

Number of

vehicles (thousands) Vehiclemiles (millions) Passengermiles (millions) Load factor (persons/ vehicle) Energy intensities Energy use (trillion

Btu) (Btu pervehiclemile) (Btu perpassengermile) Cars 135,932.9 1,670,994 2,623,461 1.57 5,517 3,514 9,218.2 Personal trucks 89,286.4 928,755 1,597,459 1.72 6,788 3,946 6,304.0 Motorcycles 7,183.5 13,612 16,334 1.2 2,224 1,853 30.3 Demand response a 64.9 1,471 1,502 1.0 16,771 16,429 24.7 Buses b b b bb b 193.7 Transit 65.8 2,314 21,132 9.1 39,408 4,315 91.2 Intercity c b b b bb b 29.7 School c 677.2 b b bb b 72.8 Air b b b bb b 2,090.7 Certificated route e b 6,122 595,327 97.2 301,684 3,103 1,847.0 General aviation 231.6 b b bb b 243.6 Recreational boats 13,078.0 b b bb b 247.3 Rail 19.7 1,333 35,007 26.3 67,900 2,586 90.5 Intercity (Amtrak) 0.3 267 5,784 21.7 54,585 2,516 14.5 Transit (light & heavy) 13.0 741 18,070 24.4 62,833 2,577 46.6 Commuter 6.4 326 11,153 34.2 90,328 2,638 29.4


### Source: See Appendix A for Passenger Travel and Energy Use.

a 

### Includes passenger cars, vans, and small buses operating in response to calls from passengers to the transit operator who dispatches the vehicles. b

### Data are not available.

c

### Energy use is estimated. d 

### Only domestic service and domestic energy use are shown on this table. (Previous editions included half of international energy.) These energy intensities may be inflat ed because all energy use is attributed to passengers–cargo energy use is not taken into account.2–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy inte nsity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences among the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes. These values are averages, and there is a great deal of variability even within a mode.


### Table 2.13 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

Year Cars Light trucka (Btu per vehicle-mile) Transit Buses b (Btu per vehicle-mile) (Btu per passenger-mile) (Btu per vehicle-mile) (Btu per passenger-mile) 1970 9,250 4,868 12,479 31,796 2,472 1975 8,993 4,733 11,879 33,748 2,814 1976 9,113 4,796 11,523 34,598 2,896 1977 8,950 4,710 11,160 35,120 2,889 1978 8,839 4,693 10,807 36,603 2,883 1979 8,647 4,632 10,467 36,597 2,795 1980 7,916 4,279 10,224 36,553 2,813 1981 7,670 4,184 9,997 37,745 3,027 1982 7,465 4,109 9,268 38,766 3,237 1983 7,365 4,092 9,124 37,962 3,177 1984 7,202 4,066 8,931 38,705 3,307 1985 7,164 4,110 8,730 38,876 3,423 1986 7,194 4,197 8,560 37,889 3,545 1987 6,959 4,128 8,359 36,247 3,594 1988 6,683 4,033 8,119 36,673 3,706 1989 6,589 4,046 7,746 36,754 3,732 1990 6,169 3,856 7,746 37,374 3,794 1991 5,912 3,695 7,351 37,732 3,877 1992 5,956 3,723 7,239 40,243 4,310 1993 6,087 3,804 7,182 39,043 4,262 1994 6,024 3,765 7,212 37,246 4,261 1995 5,902 3,689 7,208 37,209 4,302 1996 5,874 3,683 7,247 37,404 4,334 1997 5,797 3,646 7,251 38,778 4,425 1998 5,767 3,638 7,260 41,157 4,384 1999 5,821 3,684 7,327 40,414 4,327 2000 5,687 3,611 7,158 41,491 4,509 2001 5,626 3,583 7,080 38,295 4,120 2002 5,662 3,607 7,124 37,246 4,100 2003 5,535 3,525 7,673 36,731 4,171 2004 5,489 3,496 7,653 37,452 4,318 2005 5,607 3,571 7,009 36,990 4,200 2006 5,511 3,510 6,974 39,049 4,259 2007 5,517 3,514 6,908 39,408 4,315 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 -1.4% -0.9% -1.6% 0.4% 1.4% 1997–2007 -0.5% -0.4% -0.5% 0.2% -0.6%

Source: See Appendix A for Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities.

a All two-axle, four-tire trucks. b Series not continuous between 1983 and 1984 because of a change in data source by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA).

c Data are not available.2–16

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly co mparable national energy intensities among modes.



### Table 2.14 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

Year Air Rail

Certificated air carriers a (Btu per passenger-mile) Intercity Amtrak(Btu per passengermile) Rail transit(Btu per passengermile) Commuter rail (Btu per passenger-mile 1970 10,115 b 2,157 b 1975 7,625 3,548 2,625 b 1976 7,282 3,278 2,633 b 1977 6,990 3,443 2,364 b 1978 6,144 3,554 2,144 b 1979 5,607 3,351 2,290 b 1980 5,561 3,065 2,312 b 1981 5,774 2,883 2,592 b 1982 5,412 3,052 2,699 b 1983 5,133 2,875 2,820 b 1984 5,298 2,923 3,037 2,804 1985 5,053 2,703 2,809 2,826 1986 5,011 2,481 3,042 2,926 1987 4,827 2,450 3,039 2,801 1988 4,861 2,379 3,072 2,872 1989 4,844 2,614 2,909 2,864 1990 4,875 2,505 3,024 2,822 1991 4,662 2,417 3,254 2,770 1992 4,516 2,534 3,155 2,629 1993 4,490 2,565 3,373 2,976 1994 4,397 2,282 3,338 2,682 1995 4,349 2,501 3,340 2,632 1996 4,172 2,690 3,017 2,582 1997 4,166 2,811 2,856 2,724 1998 4,146 2,788 2,823 2,646 1999 4,061 2,943 2,785 2,714 2000 3,952 3,235 2,797 2,551 2001 3,968 3,257 2,803 2,515 2002 3,703 3,212 2,872 2,514 2003 3,587 2,800 2,837 2,545 2004 3,339 2,760 2,750 2,569 2005 3,264 2,709 2,783 2,743 2006 3,250 2,650 2,707 2,527 2007 3,153 2,516 2,577 2,638 Average annual percentage change c 1970–2007 -3.1% -1.1% 0.5% -0.3% 1997–2007 -2.7% -1.1% -1.0% -0.3% Source: See Appendix A for Nonhighway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities.

a These data differ from the data on Table 2.12 because they do not include any international services. These energy intensities may be inflated because all energy use is attributed to passengers–cargo energy use is not taken into account. b Data are not available.

c Average Annual Percent calculated to latest year possible.2–17

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The energy intensity of light rail systems, measured in btu per passenger-mile varies greatly. The average of all light rail systems in 2007 is 7,605 btu/passenger-mile.



### Figure 2.2. Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transit Database , April 2009. (Additional resources: http://204.68.195.57/ntdprogram/data.htm)2–18

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Figure 2.3. Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transit Database , April 2009. (Additional resources: http://204.68.195.57/ntdprogram/data.htm) 

### Figure 2.4. Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transit Database , April 2009. (Additional resources: http://204.68.195.57/ntdprogram/data.htm)2–19

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly co mparable national energy intensities among modes.



### Table 2.15 Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

Waterborne commerce Class I railroads
2006 2007 a 

### 2006 2007 Number of vehicles (thousands) 41 a 

### 24 b 

### 24 b 

### Ton-miles (billions) 562 a 

### 1,772 1,771 Tons shipped (millions) 1,024 a 

### 1,957 1,940 Average length of haul (miles) 549 a 

### 906 913 Energy intensity (Btu/ton-mile) 571 a 

### 330 320 Energy use (trillion Btu) 321 a 

### 585 567

Source: See Appendix A for Freight Movement and Energy Use.

a 

### Not available. b 

### Number of locomotives.2–20

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly co mparable national energy intensities among modes.

Table 2.16 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2007

Year Heavy single-unit and combination trucks (Btu per vehicle-mile) Class I freight railroad Domestic waterborne
commerce (Btu per ton-mile)(Btu per freight carmile) (Btu per tonmile) 1970 24,960 17,669 691 545 1971 24,485 18,171 717 506 1972 24,668 18,291 714 522 1973 24,777 18,468 677 576 1974 24,784 18,852 681 483 1975 24,631 18,739 687 549 1976 24,566 18,938 680 468 1977 24,669 19,226 669 458 1978 24,655 18,928 641 383 1979 24,745 19,188 618 436 1980 24,757 18,742 597 358 1981 25,058 18,629 572 360 1982 24,296 18,404 553 310 1983 23,852 17,864 525 286 1984 23,585 17,795 510 346 1985 23,343 17,500 497 446 1986 23,352 17,265 486 463 1987 22,922 16,790 456 414 1988 22,596 16,758 443 361 1989 22,411 16,894 437 403 1990 22,795 16,619 420 387 1991 22,749 15,835 391 386 1992 22,608 16,043 393 398 1993 22,373 16,056 389 389 1994 22,193 16,340 388 369 1995 22,096 15,992 372 374 1996 22,109 15,747 368 412 1997 21,340 15,784 370 415 1998 21,516 15,372 365 435 1999 22,884 15,363 363 457 2000 23,448 14,917 352 473 2001 23,023 15,108 346 460 2002 23,461 15,003 345 470 2003 22,461 15,016 344 418 2004 20,540 15,274 341 510 2005 22,866 15,152 337 513 2006 23,340 14,990 330 571 2007 23,238 14,846 320 a Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 -0.2% -0.5% -2.1% a 1997–2007 0.9% -0.6% -1.4% a

Source: See Appendix A for Freight Mode Energy Intensities.

a Data are not available.3–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Chapter 3 All Highway Vehicles and Characteristics

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source Table 3.1 U.S. share of world car registrations, 2007 21.0% Table 3.2 U.S. share of world truck & bus registrations, 2007 42.6% Table 3.3 Number of U.S. cars, 2007 (thousands) 135,222 Table 3.3 Number of U.S. trucks, 2007 (thousands) 113,479 Table 3.6 Vehicle miles tr aveled, 2007 (million miles) 3,029,821 Cars 55.2% Two-axle, four-tire trucks 36.7% Combination trucks 4.8% Other single-unit trucks 2.7% Motorcycles 0.4%
Buses 0.2% Table 3.9 Median age of vehicles, 2007 Cars (years) 9.4 All trucks (years) 7.6 Light trucks (years) 7.53–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The 1997 data in this series were never published. Use caution comparing hi storical data bec ause of disconnects in data series, such as China in 1998. Also, the United States is unique in how many light trucks (SUVs, minivans, pickups) are used for personal travel. Those light trucks are not included on this table. The U.S. share of world cars has been declining since 1998.

Table 3.1 Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 (thousands)

Year China India Japan France United Kingdom Germany a Canadab United States c U.S. percentage of world c World total 1950 d d 43 d 2,307 d 1,913 40,339 76.0% 53,051 1955 d d 153 d 360 d 2,961 52,145 71.4% 73,036 1960 d d 457 4,950 5,650 4,856 4, 104 61,671 62.7% 98,305 1965 d d 2,181 8,320 9,131 9,719 5,279 75,258 53.8% 139,776 1970 d d 8,779 11,860 11,802 14,376 6,602 89,244 46.1% 193,479 1975 d d 17,236 15,180 14,061 18,161 8,870 106,706 41.0% 260,201 1980 351 d 23,660 18,440 15,438 23,236 10,256 121,601 38.0% 320,390 1985 795 1,607 27,845 20,800 18,953 26,099 11,118 127,885 34.5% 370,504 1990 1,622 2,694 34,924 23,010 22,528 30,695 12,622 133,700 30.7% 435,050 1991 1,852 2,954 37,076 23,550 22,744 31,309 12,578 128,300 29.1% 441,377 1992 2,262 3,205 38,963 24,020 23,008 37,579 12,781 126,581 28.0% 452,311 1993 2,860 3,361 40,772 24,385 23,402 39,202 12,927 127,327 28.3% 450,473 1994 3,497 3,569 42,678 24,900 23,832 39,918 13,122 127,883 27.0% 473,487 1995 4,179 3,837 44,680 25,100 24,307 40,499 13,183 128,387 26.9% 477,010 1996 4,700 4,246 46,868 25,500 24,864 41,045 13,300 129,728 26.7% 485,954 1997 Data are not available. 1998 2,940 4,820 49,896 26,800 22,115 41,674 13,887 131,839 27.5% 478,625 1999 3,400 5,200 51,164 27,480 27,539 42,423 16,538 126,869 26.7% 496,059 2000 3,750 5,150 52,437 28,060 27,185 43,772 16,832 127,721 23.3% 547,147 2001 4,325 5,750 53,300 28,700 27,790 44,383 17,055 128,714 22.9% 561,652 2002 4,950 6,945 54,540 29,160 28,484 44,657 17,544 129,907 22.5% 575,847 2003 6,789 6,669 55,213 29,560 29,008 44,023 17,755 130,800 22.1% 589,272 2004 7,900 7,300 55,994 29,900 29,378 45,376 17,290 132,823 22.0% 603,274 2005 8,900 7,654 57,091 30,100 30,652 46,090 18,124 132,909 21.5% 617,914 2006 11,000 8,100 57,521 30,250 30,995 41,020 18,739 135,047 21.4% 630,043 2007 13,758 8,595 57,624 30,550 31,225 41,184 19,199 135,222 21.0% 645,286 Average annual percentage change 1950–2007 d d 13.5% d 4.7% d 4.1% 2.1% 4.5% 1970–2007 d d 5.2% 2.6% 2.7% 2.9% 2.9% 1.1% 3.3% 1997–2007 10.3% 6.6% 1.9% 1.7% 2.1% 0.0% 3.4% 0.4% 2.6%

Source : Ward’s Communications, Ward’s World Motor Vehicle Data , 2008 Edition , Southfield, MI, 2008, pp. 239–242 and annual. (Additional resources: www.wardsauto.com)

aData for 1991 and prior include West Germany only. Kraftwagen are included with cars. b Data from 1991 and later are not comparable to prior data and data from 1999 and later are not comparable to prior data.

cData from 1985 and later are not comparable to prior data. d Data are not available.3–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The 1997 data in this series were never published. Use caution comparing hi storical data bec ause of disconnects in data series, such as China in 1998. The United States totals include SUVs, minivans, and light trucks, many of which are used for personal travel.

Table 3.2 Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 (thousands)

Year China India Japan France United Kingdom Germany a Canadab United States c U.S. percentage of world c World total 1950 d d 183 d 1,060 d 643 8,823 50.9% 17,349 1955 d d 318 d 1,244 d 952 10,544 46.1% 22,860 1960 d d 896 1,540 1,534 786 1,056 12,186 42.6% 28,583 1965 d d 4,119 1,770 1,748 1,021 1, 232 15,100 39.6% 38,118 1970 d d 8,803 1,850 1,769 1,228 1, 481 19,175 36.2% 52,899 1975 811 d 10,854 2,210 1,934 1,337 2, 158 26,243 38.8% 67,698 1980 1,480 d 14,197 2,550 1,920 1,617 2, 955 34,195 37.7% 90,592 1985 2,402 1,045 18,313 3,310 3,278 1,723 3,149 43,804 37.4% 117,038 1990 4,496 1,536 22,773 4,748 3,774 1,989 3,931 55,097 37.2% 148,073 1995 6,221 2,221 22,173 5,195 3,635 3,062 3,485 73,143 43.1% 169,749 1996 6,750 2,506 21,933 5,255 3,621 3,122 3,515 76,637 41.3% 185,404 1997 Data are not available. 1998 8,313 2,610 20,919 5,500 3, 169 4,357 3,694 79,062 44.0% 179,498 1999 9,400 3,000 20,559 5,609 3,392 3,370 722 f 86,640 46.9% 188,367 2000 9,650 2,390 20,211 5,753 3,361 3,534 739 f 85,579 42.1% 203,273 2001 10,212 2,663 19,985 5,897 3,412 3,592 729 f 87,969 42.5% 207,033 2002 10,500 3,535 17,714 5,984 3,487 3,568 724 f 91,120 43.2% 210,776 2003 17,222 4,025 17,312 6,068 3,569 3,541 740 f 95,262 42.5% 223,729 2004 19,800 4,190 17,012 6,139 3, 696 3,540 745 98,576 42.2% 233,537 2005 21,750 4,415 16,734 6,198 3, 943 3,133 786 104,788 42.6% 245,798 2006 24,000 4,850 16,731 6,230 4, 041 2,766 841 109,596 42.8% 256,222 2007 26,336 5,327 16,505 6,297 4, 164 2,837 872 113,477 42.6% 266,236 Average annual percentage change 1950–2007 d d 8.2% d 2.4% d 0.5% 4.6% 4.9% 1970–2007 d d 1.7% 3.4% 2.3% 2.3% -1.4% 4.9% 4.5% 1997–2007 13.2% 7.1% -2.6% 1.7% 1.3% -0.9% -11.9% 3.6% 3.3%

Source: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s World Motor Vehicle Data, 2008 Edition , Southfield, MI, 2008, pp. 239–242 and annual. (Additional resources: www.wardsauto.com)

a Data for 1991 and prior include West Germany only. Kraftwagen are included with cars. Data from 1999 and later are not comparable to prior data. bData from 1991 and later are not comparable to prior data.

c Data from1985 and later are not comparable to prior data. dData are not available.

eData not comparable to prior data due to reclassification of autos and trucks. f Canada reclassified autos and trucks in 1999.3–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

## VEHICLES IN USE

Both the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) a nd The Polk Company report figures on the car and truck population each year. The two estimates, however, differ by as much as 11.2% (1981). The differences can be attributed to several factors:

! The FHWA data include all vehicles which have beenregistered at any time throughout the calendar year. Therefore, the data include vehicles which were retired during the year and may double count vehicles which have been registered in different states or th e same states to different owners. The Polk Company data include only those vehicl es which are registered on July 1 of the given year.

! The classification of mini-vans, station wagons on truck chasses, and utility vehicles as cars or trucks causes important differences in the two estimates. The Polk Company data included passenger vans in the car count until 1980; since 1980 all vans have been counted as trucks. Recently, the Federal Highway Administration adjusted their defi nition of cars and trucks. Startin g in 1993, some minivans and sport utility vehicles that were previously included with cars were included with trucks. This change produced a dramatic change in the individual percentage diffe rences of cars and trucks. The difference in total vehicles has been less than 5% each year since 1990 a nd does not appear to be significantly affected by the FHWA reclassifications.

! The FHWA data include all non-military Federal vehicles, while The Polk Company data include only those Federal vehicles which are registered within a st ate. Federal vehicles are not required to have State registrations, and, according to the General Servi ces Administration, most Federal Vehicles are not registered.

According to The Polk Company statistics, the number of cars in use in the United States declined from 1991 to 1992. This is the first decline in vehicle stock since the figures were first reported in 1924. However, the data should be viewed with caution. A redesign of Polk's approach in 1992 allowed a national check for duplicate registrations, which was not possible in earlier years. Polk estimates that, due to processing limitations, its vehicle population counts may have been in flated by as much as 11⁄2 percent. Assuming that percentage is correct, the number of cars in use would have declined from 1991 to 1992 under the previous Polk method. The growing popularity of light trucks bein g used as passenger vehicles could also have had an impact on these figures.3–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 In the early 1980's, researchers had to make a conscience c hoice of which data series to use, since they differed by as much as 16%. In 2007 the two sources differed by less than 1%.

Table 3.3 U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 (thousands)

Year Cars Trucks Total

FHWA The Polk Company Percentage difference FHWA The Polk Company Percentage difference FHWA The Polk Company Percentage difference 1970 89,243 80,448 10.9% 18,797 17, 688 6.3% 108,040 98,136 10.1% 1975 106,706 95,241 12.0% 25,781 24, 813 3.9% 132,487 120,054 10.4% 1980 121,601 104,564 16.3% 33,667 35, 268 -4.5% 155,267 139,832 11.0% 1981 123,098 105,839 16.3% 34,644 36, 069 -4.0% 157,743 141,908 11.2% 1982 123,702 106,867 15.8% 35,382 36, 987 -4.3% 159,084 143,854 10.6% 1983 126,444 108,961 16.0% 36,723 38, 143 -3.7% 163,166 147,104 10.9% 1984 128,158 112,019 14.4% 37,507 40, 143 -6.6% 165,665 152,162 8.9% 1985 127,885 114,662 11.5% 43,210 42, 387 1.9% 171,095 157,049 8.9% 1986 130,004 117,268 10.9% 45,103 44, 826 0.6% 175,106 162,094 8.0% 1987 131,482 119,849 9.7% 46,826 47, 344 -1.1% 178,308 167,193 6.6% 1988 133,836 121,519 10.1% 49,941 50, 221 -0.6% 183,777 171,740 7.0% 1989 134,559 122,758 9.6% 52,172 53, 202 -1.9% 186,731 175,960 6.1% 1990 133,700 123,276 8.5% 54,470 56, 023 -2.8% 188,171 179,299 4.9% 1991 128,300 123,268 4.1% 59,206 58, 179 1.8% 187,505 181,447 3.3% 1992 126,581 120,347 5.2% 63,136 61, 172 3.2% 189,717 181,519 4.5% 1993 127,327 121,055 5.2% 66,082 65, 260 1.3% 193,409 186,315 3.8% 1994 127,883 121,997 4.8% 69,491 66, 717 4.2% 197,375 188,714 4.6% 1995 128,387 123,242 4.2% 72,458 70, 199 3.2% 200,845 193,441 3.8% 1996 129,728 124,613 4.1% 75,940 73, 681 3.1% 205,669 198,294 3.7% 1997 129,749 124,673 4.1% 77,307 76, 398 1.2% 207,056 201,071 3.0% 1998 131,839 125,966 4.7% 79,062 79, 077 0.0% 210,901 205,043 2.9% 1999 132,432 126,869 4.4% 83,148 82, 640 0.6% 215,580 209,509 2.9% 2000 133,621 127,721 4.6% 87,108 85, 579 1.8% 220,729 213,300 3.5% 2001 137,633 128,714 6.9% 92,045 87,969 4.6% 229,678 216,683 6.0% 2002 135,921 129,907 4.6% 92,939 91, 120 2.0% 228,860 221,027 3.5% 2003 135,670 131,072 3.5% 94,944 94, 810 0.1% 230,614 225,882 2.1% 2004 136,431 132,469 3.0% 100,016 99, 698 0.3% 236,447 232,167 1.8% 2005 136,568 132,909 2.8% 103,819 105,475 -1.6% 240,387 238,384 0.8% 2006 135,400 135,047 0.3% 107,944 109,596 -1.5% 243,344 244,643 -0.5% 2007 135,933 135,222 0.5% 110,498 113,479 -2.6% 246,431 248,701 -0.9%

Source: FHWA - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007 , Washington, DC, 2009, Table VM-1 and a nnual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov) Polk - The Polk Company, Detroit, Michigan. FURTHER REPRO DUCTION PROHIBITED . (Additional resources: www.polk.com)3–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### The graphs below show the number of motor vehicle s per thousand people for various countries. The data for the United States are displayed in the line which goes from 1900 to 2007. The points labeled on that line show data for the other countries/regi ons around the world and how their vehicles per thousand people compare to the United States at two diffe rent points in time, 1996 and 2007. For instance, the graph shows that in 1996, Western Europe’s vehic les per thousand people was about where the United States was in 1967, but by 2007 it is about where the United States was in 1972. The lower part of the graph (1900-1940) is shown enlarged on the facing page.

Figure 3.1. Vehicles per Thousand Peop le: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007)

Figure 3.1. Continued3–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Source: See Tables 3.4 and 3.5.3–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 3.4 Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 Vehicles per 1000 people Country/Region 1996 2007 Africa 23.4 24.0 Asia, Far East 57.1 63.4 Asia, Middle East 67.8 101.4 Brazil 96.7 132.0 Canada 560.0 609.4 Central & South America 110.3 128.3 China 9.3 30.3 Europe, East 167.0 270.8 Europe, West 495.6 587.5 India 7.2 12.3 Indonesia 22.1 32.8 Pacific 459.8 541.1


### Table 3.5 Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, 1990-2007

Year U.S. vehicles per 1000 people Year U.S. vehicles per 1000 people Year U.S. vehicles per 1000 people Year U.S. vehicles per 1000 people Year U.S. vehicles per 1000 people 1900 0.11 1922 111.53 1944 220.23 1966 486.89 1988 771.27 1901 0.19 1923 134.90 1945 221.80 1967 497.50 1989 775.35 1902 0.29 1924 154.35 1946 243.11 1968 513.12 1990 771.82 1903 0.41 1925 173.26 1947 262.56 1969 529.97 1991 758.66 1904 0.67 1926 189.10 1948 280.20 1970 542.51 1992 756.84 1905 0.94 1927 195.77 1949 299.56 1971 560.19 1993 760.95 1906 1.27 1928 204.87 1950 322.86 1972 583.89 1994 766.04 1907 1.65 1929 219.31 1951 335.18 1973 613.59 1995 770.18 1908 2.24 1930 217.34 1952 338.06 1974 630.80 1996 780.37 1909 3.45 1931 210.37 1953 350.96 1975 638.56 1997 775.27 1910 5.07 1932 195.38 1954 358.87 1976 658.04 1998 780.46 1911 6.81 1933 192.38 1955 377.80 1977 667.57 1999 789.35 1912 9.90 1934 199.90 1956 385.71 1978 688.65 2000 800.34 1913 12.94 1935 208.61 1957 390.30 1979 698.90 2001 825.97 1914 17.79 1936 222.62 1958 390.53 1980 709.14 2002 816.08 1915 24.77 1937 233.33 1959 401.25 1981 713.66 2003 816.45 1916 35.48 1938 229.65 1960 408.80 1982 712.34 2004 829.94 1917 49.57 1939 236.93 1961 413.53 1983 722.70 2005 837.06 1918 59.69 1940 245.63 1962 424.31 1984 726.59 2006 840.51 1919 72.50 1941 261.57 1963 436.99 1985 742.80 2007 844.41 1920 86.78 1942 244.73 1964 449.81 1986 751.71 1921 96.68 1943 225.89 1965 465.03 1987 756.97
Sources: Population – (2007) U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, International Programs Center, April 16, 2009. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idprint.html) Vehicles – (2005) U.S.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, Washington, DC, 2008. All others: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s Motor Vehicle Data 2008, pp. 239–242. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www.wardsauto.com)3–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The trend of using two-axle, four-tire trucks, such as pi ckups, vans, and sport- utility vehicles, for personal travel is evident in these data; two-axle, four-tire trucks account for 25% more travel in 2007 than in 1970, and cars account for 27% less travel in that time period.

Table 3.6 Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007

Year Cars Motorcycles Two-axle, four-tire

trucks Other single-unit

trucks Combination trucks Buses Total vehicle-miles

traveled (million miles) 1970 82.6% 0.3% 11.1% 2. 4% 3.2% 0.4% 1,109,724 1975 77.9% 0.4% 15.1% 2. 6% 3.5% 0.5% 1,327,664 1980 72.8% 0.7% 19.0% 2. 6% 4.5% 0.4% 1,527,295 1981 72.9% 0.7% 19.1% 2. 5% 4.4% 0.4% 1,555,308 1982 72.8% 0.6% 19.2% 2. 5% 4.4% 0.4% 1,595,010 1983 72.3% 0.5% 19.8% 2. 6% 4.5% 0.3% 1,652,788 1984 71.3% 0.5% 20.8% 2. 6% 4.5% 0.3% 1,720,269 1985 70.2% 0.5% 22.0% 2. 6% 4.4% 0.3% 1,774,826 1986 69.2% 0.5% 23.1% 2. 5% 4.4% 0.3% 1,834,872 1987 68.5% 0.5% 23.8% 2. 5% 4.5% 0.3% 1,921,204 1988 67.6% 0.5% 24.8% 2. 4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,025,962 1989 66.8% 0.5% 25.6% 2. 4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,096,487 1990 65.7% 0.4% 26.8% 2. 4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,144,362 1991 62.5% 0.4% 29.9% 2. 4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,172,050 1992 61.0% 0.4% 31.5% 2. 4% 4.4% 0.3% 2,247,151 1993 59.9% 0.4% 32.5% 2. 5% 4.5% 0.3% 2,296,378 1994 59.6% 0.4% 32.4% 2. 6% 4.6% 0.3% 2,357,588 1995 59.4% 0.4% 32.6% 2. 6% 4.8% 0.3% 2,422,696 1996 59.1% 0.4% 32.8% 2. 6% 4.8% 0.3% 2,485,848 1997 58.7% 0.4% 33.2% 2. 6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,561,695 1998 58.9% 0.4% 33.0% 2. 6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,631,522 1999 58.3% 0.4% 33.5% 2. 6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,691,056 2000 58.3% 0.4% 33.6% 2. 6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,746,925 2001 58.2% 0.3% 33.8% 2. 6% 4.9% 0.3% 2,797,287 2002 58.1% 0.3% 33.8% 2. 7% 4.9% 0.2% 2,855,508 2003 57.8% 0.3% 34.0% 2. 7% 4.8% 0.2% 2,890,450 2004 57.3% 0.3% 34.6% 2. 6% 4.8% 0.2% 2,964,788 2005 57.1% 0.3% 34.8% 2. 6% 4.8% 0.2% 2,989,430 2006 56.1% 0.4% 35.9% 2. 7% 4.7% 0.2% 3,014,369 2007 55.2% 0.4% 36.7% 2. 7% 4.8% 0.2% 3,029,821 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 2.8% 1997–2007 1.7%
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007 , Washington, DC, 2009, Table VM-1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)3–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Due to data restrictions, the 2001 data are the latest than can be published.

Table 3.7 Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

1970 2001 2001 Estimated vehicle travel Average annual miles per vehicle Age (years) Vehicles (thousands) Percentage Cumulative percentage Vehicles (thousands) Percentage Cumulative percentage Percentage Cumulative percentage Under 1 a 6,288 7.8% 7.8% 6,183 4. 8% 4.8% 6.9% 6.9% 15,000

1 9,299 11.6% 19.4% 8,882 6. 9% 11.7% 9.4% 16.3% 14,300 2 8,816 11.0% 30.3% 8,093 6. 3% 18.0% 8.2% 24.6% 13,700 3 7,878 9.8% 40.1% 7,555 5. 9% 23.9% 7.2% 31.8% 12,900 4 8,538 10.6% 50.8% 7,860 6. 1% 30.0% 7.2% 39.1% 12,400 5 8,506 10.6% 61.3% 7,337 5. 7% 35.7% 6.5% 45.6% 12,000 6 7,116 8.8% 70.2% 8,555 6. 6% 42.3% 7.4% 53.1% 11,700 7 6,268 7.8% 78.0% 7,471 5. 8% 48.1% 6.3% 59.4% 11,400 8 5,058 6.3% 84.3% 7,420 5. 8% 53.9% 6.1% 65.5% 11,100 9 3,267 4.1% 88.3% 6,807 5. 3% 59.2% 5.4% 71.0% 10,700 10 2,776 3.5% 91.8% 6,810 5. 3% 64.5% 5.0% 76.0% 9,900 11 1,692 2.1% 93.9% 6,692 5. 2% 69.7% 4.5% 80.5% 9,000 12 799 1.0% 94.9% 6,742 5. 2% 74.9% 4.7% 85.2% 9,400 13 996 1.2% 96.1% 6,189 4.8% 79.7% 3.8% 88.9% 8,200 14 794 1.0% 97.1% 5,345 4. 2% 83.9% 2.9% 91.8% 7,200 15 and older 2,336 2.9% 100.0% 20,773 16.1% 100.0% 8.2% 100.0% 5,300 Subtotal 80,427 100.0% 128,714 100.0% Age not given 22 0

Total 80,449 128,714 Average age Median age 5.6 4.9 9.0 8.1

Source: The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCT ION PROHIBITED. Vehicle travel - Average annual miles per auto by age were multiplied by the number of vehicles in operation by age to estimate the vehicle travel. Average annual miles per auto by age - generated by ORNL from the National Household Travel Survey Web site: nhts.ornl.gov. (Additional resources: www.polk.com, nhts.ornl.gov)

a Includes cars from model year 2002 and 2001 which were sold prior to July 1, 2002, and similarly, model years 1971 and 1970 so ld prior to July 1, 1970.3–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Due to data restrictions, the 2001 data are the latest than can be published.

Table 3.8 Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

1970 2001 2001 Estimated vehicle travel Average annual miles per vehicle Age (years) Vehicles (thousands) Percentage Cumulative percentage Vehicles (thousands) Percentage Cumulative percentage Percentage Cumulative percentage Under 1 a 1,262 7.1% 7.1% 6,213 7. 1% 7.1% 8.5% 8.5% 17,500 1 1,881 10.6% 17.8% 7,958 9. 0% 16.1% 12.0% 20.6% 19,200 2 1,536 8.7% 26.5% 7,522 8. 6% 24.7% 11.7% 32.3% 19,800 3 1,428 8.1% 34.6% 6,398 7. 3% 31.9% 9.0% 41.3% 17,900 4 1,483 8.4% 43.0% 6,109 6. 9% 38.9% 8.4% 49.7% 17,500 5 1,339 7.6% 50.5% 5,122 5. 8% 44.7% 6.8% 56.6% 17,000 6 1,154 6.5% 57.1% 5,574 6. 3% 51.0% 6.8% 63.4% 15,600 7 975 5.5% 62.6% 5,042 5. 7% 56.8% 6.1% 69.5% 15,400 8 826 4.7% 67.3% 4,148 4. 7% 61.5% 4.9% 74.4% 15,100 9 621 3.5% 70.8% 3,395 3. 9% 65.3% 3.5% 77.9% 13,200 10 658 3.7% 74.5% 3,221 3. 7% 69.0% 2.3% 80.3% 9,200 11 583 3.3% 77.8% 3,039 3. 5% 72.5% 2.2% 82.5% 9,200 12 383 2.2% 80.0% 3,345 3. 8% 76.3% 2.4% 84.9% 9,200 13 417 2.4% 82.3% 3,112 3. 5% 79.8% 2.3% 89.1% 9,200 14 414 2.3% 84.7% 2,544 2. 9% 82.7% 1.8% 89.0% 9,200 15 and older 2,710 15.3% 100.0% 15,227 17.3% 100.0% 11.0% 100.0% 9,200 Subtotal 17,670 100.0% 87,969 100.0% 100.0% Age not given 15 0 Total 17,685 87,969 Average age Median age 7.3 5.9 7.9 6.8

Source: The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCT ION PROHIBITED. Vehicle travel—The average annual vehicle-miles per truck by age were multiplied by the number of trucks in operation by age to estimate the vehicle travel. Average annual miles per truck by age were generated by ORNL from the 1997 Truck Inventory and Use Survey public use tape provided by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 2000. (Additional resources: www.polk.com, www.census.gov)

a Includes trucks from model year 2002 and 2001 which were sold prior to July 1, 2002, and similarly, model years 1971 and 1970 sold prior to July 1, 1970.3–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Until the late 1990's the median age of trucks was nearly always higher than that of cars. Since then, the median car age has been higher. The increasing popularity of light trucks as personal passenger vehicles may have had an influence on the median age of trucks.

Table 3.9 Median aAge of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 (years)

Calendar

year Cars All trucks Light trucks 1970 4.9 5.9 b 1971 5.1 6.1 b 1972 5.1 6.0 b 1973 5.1 5.8 b 1974 5.2 5.6 b 1975 5.4 5.8 b 1976 5.5 5.8 b 1977 5.6 5.7 b 1978 5.7 5.8 b 1979 5.9 5.9 b 1980 6.0 6.3 b 1981 6.0 6.5 b 1982 6.2 6.8 b 1983 6.5 7.2 b 1984 6.7 7.4 b 1985 6.9 7.6 b 1986 7.0 7.7 b 1987 6.9 7.8 b 1988 6.8 7.1 b 1989 6.5 6.7 b 1990 6.5 6.5 b 1991 6.7 6.8 b 1992 7.0 7.2 b 1993 7.3 7.5 b 1994 7.5 7.5 b 1995 7.7 7.6 b 1996 7.9 7.7 7.5 1997 8.1 7.8 7.3 1998 8.3 7.6 7.1 1999 8.3 7.2 6.9 2000 8.3 6.9 6.7 2001 8.3 6.8 6.1 2002 8.4 6.8 6.6 2003 8.6 6.7 6.5 2004 8.9 6.6 6.4 2005 9.0 6.8 6.6 2006 9.2 6.9 6.8 2007 9.2 7.3 7.1 2008 9.4 7.6 7.5

Source: The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additional resources: www.polk.com)

a Median is a value in an ordered set of values below and above which there are an equal number of values. bData are not available.3–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### The median age of trucks (classes 1-8) has historic ally been higher than the median age of cars. In 1995, however, this trend reversed, with median car age higher than median truck age for the first time. The recent boom in the sales of minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and pick-ups, which are classified as trucks, is influencing the median age of trucks. So many new light trucks are being added into the truck populati on, that the median age of trucks declined from 1997 to 2004, but the trend reversed in 2005.

Figure 3.2. Median Age and Registra tions of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007

Source:

See Tables 3.3 and 3.7.3–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 A typical car will travel more than 150,000 miles in a lifetim e, while a typical light truck will travel 179,954 miles.

Table 3.10 Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles

Vehicle age

(Years) Car survivability rate Light truck survivability rate 1 0.9900 0.9741 2 0.9831 0.9603 3 0.9731 0.9420 4 0.9593 0.9190 5 0.9413 0.8913 6 0.9188 0.8590 7 0.8918 0.8226 8 0.8604 0.7827 9 0.8252 0.7401 10 0.7866 0.6956 11 0.7170 0.6501 12 0.6125 0.6040 13 0.5094 0.5517 14 0.4142 0.5009 15 0.3308 0.4522 16 0.2604 0.4062 17 0.2028 0.3633 18 0.1565 0.3236 19 0.1200 0.2873 20 0.0916 0.2542 21 0.0696 0.2244 22 0.0527 0.1975 23 0.0399 0.1735 24 0.0301 0.1522 25 0.0227 0.1332 26 0.1165 27 0.1017 28 0.0887 29 0.0773 30 0.0673 31 0.0586 32 0.0509 33 0.0443 34 0.0385 35 0.0334 36 0.0290 Lifetime miles 152,137 179,954
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Vehicle Survivability and Travel Mileage Schedules , January 2006.
Note: Registration data from 1977 to 2002 were used in developing these estimates. In this analysis, vehicle age was cut off when the estimated survival rate reached approximatel y a two percent threshold; for cars, this was 25 years, and for trucks it was 36 years.4–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Chapter 4 Light Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source Table 4.1 Cars, 2007 Registrations (thousands) 135,933 Vehicle miles (million miles) 1,670,994 Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 22.5 Table 4.2 Two-axle, four-tire trucks, 2007 Registrations (thousands) 101,470 Vehicle miles (million miles) 1,111,277 Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 18.0 Table 4.6 Light truck share of total light vehicle sales 1970 calendar year 14.8% 2007 calendar year 52.6% Table 4.7 Car sales, 2008 sales period (thousands) 8,537 Small 3,731 Midsize 3,084 Large 1,720 Table 4.9 Light truck sales, 2008 model year (thousands) 7,871 Midsize pickup 255 Large pickup 1,860 Midsize van 862 Large van 30 Small SUV 143 Midsize SUV 2,701 Large SUV 2,020 Tables 4.20 Corporate average fuel economy (mpg) and 4.21 Car standard, MY 2009 27.5 Car fuel economy, MY 2009 32.6 Light truck standard, MY 2009 (unreformed) 23.1 Light truck fuel economy, MY 2009 24.2 Table 4.22 Average fuel economy loss from 55 to 70 mph 17.1%4–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The data in this table from 1985–on DO NOT include minivans, pickups, or sport utility vehicles.

Table 4.1 Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2007

Year Registrations a (thousands) Vehicle travel (million miles) Fuel use (million gallons) Fuel economyb (miles per gallon) 1970 89,244 916,700 67,820 13.5 1971 92,718 966,330 71,346 13.5 1972 97,082 1,021,365 75,937 13.5 1973 101,985 1,045,981 78,233 13.4 1974 104,856 1,007,251 74,229 13.6 1975 106,706 1,033,950 74,140 13.9 1976 110,189 1,078,215 78,297 13.8 1977 112,288 1,109,243 79,060 14.0 1978 116,573 1,146,508 80,652 14.2 1979 118,429 1,113,640 76,588 14.5 1980 121,601 1,111,596 69,981 15.9 1981 123,098 1,133,332 69,112 16.4 1982 123,702 1,161,713 69,116 16.8 1983 126,444 1,195,054 70,322 17.0 1984 128,158 1,227,043 70,663 17.4 1985 c 127,885 1,246,798 71,518 17.4 1986 130,004 1,270,167 73,174 17.4 1987 131,482 1,315,982 73,308 18.0 1988 133,836 1,370,271 73,345 18.7 1989 134,559 1,401,221 73,913 19.0 1990 133,700 1,408,266 69,568 20.2 1991 128,300 1,358,185 64,318 21.1 1992 126,581 1,371,569 65,436 21.0 1993 127,327 1,374,709 67,047 20.5 1994 127,883 1,406,089 67,874 20.7 1995 128,387 1,438,294 68,072 21.1 1996 129,728 1,469,854 69,221 21.2 1997 129,749 1,502,556 69,892 21.5 1998 131,839 1,549,577 71,695 21.6 1999 132,432 1,569,100 73,283 21.4 2000 133,621 1,600,287 73,065 21.9 2001 137,633 1,628,332 73,559 22.1 2002 135,921 1,658,474 75,471 22.0 2003 135,670 1,672,079 74,590 22.2 2004 136,431 1,699,890 75,402 22.5 2005 136,568 1,708,421 77,418 22.1 2006 135,400 1,690,534 75,009 22.5 2007 135,933 1,670,994 74,355 22.5 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 1.1% 1.6% 0.2% 1.4% 1997–2007 0.5% 1.1% 0.6% 0.5% Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007 , Washington, DC, 2009, Table VM-1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

aThis number differs from R.L. Polk’s estimates of “number of cars in use.” See Table 3.3. b Fuel economy for car population.

cBeginning in this year the data were revised to excl ude minivans, pickups and sport utility vehicles which may have been previously included.4–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 4.2 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007

Year Registrations (thousands) Vehicle travel (million miles) Fuel use (million gallons) Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 1970 14,211 123,286 12,313 10.0 1971 15,181 137,870 13,484 10.2 1972 16,428 156,622 15,150 10.3 1973 18,083 176,833 16,828 10.5 1974 19,335 182,757 16,657 11.0 1975 20,418 200,700 19,081 10.5 1976 22,301 225,834 20,828 10.8 1977 23,624 250,591 22,383 11.2 1978 25,476 279,414 24,162 11.6 1979 27,022 291,905 24,445 11.9 1980 27,876 290,935 23,796 12.2 1981 28,928 296,343 23,697 12.5 1982 29,792 306,141 22,702 13.5 1983 31,214 327,643 23,945 13.7 1984 32,106 358,006 25,604 14.0 1985 a 37,214 390,961 27,363 14.3 1986 39,382 423,915 29,074 14.6 1987 41,107 456,870 30,598 14.9 1988 43,805 502,207 32,653 15.4 1989 45,945 536,475 33,271 16.1 1990 48,275 574,571 35,611 16.1 1991 53,033 649,394 38,217 17.0 1992 57,091 706,863 40,929 17.3 1993 59,994 745,750 42,851 17.4 1994 62,904 764,634 44,112 17.3 1995 65,738 790,029 45,605 17.3 1996 69,134 816,540 47,354 17.2 1997 70,224 850,739 49,389 17.2 1998 71,330 868,275 50,462 17.2 1999 75,356 901,022 52,859 17.0 2000 79,085 923,059 52,939 17.4 2001 84,188 943,207 53,522 17.6 2002 85,011 966,034 55,220 17.5 2003 87,187 984,094 60,758 16.2 2004 91,845 1,027,164 63,417 16.2 2005 95,337 1,041,051 58,869 17.7 2006 99,125 1,082,490 60,685 17.8 2007 101,470 1,111,277 61,816 18.0 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 5.5% 6.1% 4.5% 1.6% 1997–2007 3.7% 2.7% 2.3% 0.5% Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007 , Washington, DC, 2009, Table VM-1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

aBeginning in this year the data were revised to include all vans (including mini-vans), pickups and sport utility vehicles. The Federal Highway Administration released revised historical data back to 1985 which better reflected two-axle, four-tire trucks. The definition of this category includes vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles. In 2007 there were more than 100 million two-axle, four-tire trucks registered in the United States.4–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 4.3 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Cl ass 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks

CY 1999

truck sales (millions) MY 2000 truck population (millions) Percent diesel trucks in population Average age (years) Estimated annual miles a (billions) Estimated fuel use (billion a gallons) Estimated fuel economy

(miles per

gallon) Class 1 5.7 49.7 0.3% 7.3 672.7 37.4 18.0 Class 2a 1.8 19.2 2.5% 7.4 251.9 18.0 14.0 Class 2b 0.5 5.8 24.0% 8.6 76.7 5.5 13.9


### Source: Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Investigation of Class 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to 10,000 lbs GVWR) , ORNL/TM-2002/49, March 2002, Table 16.
Note: CY - calendar year. MY - model year.

Table 4.4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 Sales estimates (thousands)

Calendar Year Class 1 (6,000 lbs and under) Class 2a (6,001- 8,500 lbs) Class 2b (8,5001- 10,000 lbs) Total 1989 3,313 918 379 4,610 1990 3,451 829 268 4,548 1991 3,246 670 206 4,122 1992 3,608 827 194 4,629 1993 4,119 975 257 5,351 1994 4,527 1,241 265 6,033 1995 4,422 1,304 327 6,053 1996 4,829 1,356 334 6,519 1997 5,085 1,315 397 6,797 1998 5,263 1,694 342 7,299 1999 5,707 1,845 521 8,073 Percent change 1989–1999 72.3% 101.0% 37.5% 75.1%
Source: Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Investigation of Class 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to 10,000 lbs GVWR) , ORNL/TM-2002/49, March 2002, Table 1.
Note: These data were calculated using Methodology 4 from the report.

a Estimates derived using 2000 population data and 1997 usage data. See source for details. Because data on Class 2b trucks are scarce, the U.S. DOE funded a study to investigate available sources of data. In the final report, four methodologies are described to estimate the sales of Class 2b trucks. Until another study is funded, the 1999 data are the latest available.4–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Cars sales have been under 8 million since 2002. In 1980, the Big 3 (Chrysler, Ford and General Motors) held 73.8% of the market; by 2007, that had dropped to 38.0%.

Table 4.5 New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007

Calendar

year Domestic a Importb Total Percentage imports Percentage Big 3 Sales c Percentage diesel (thousands) 1970 7,119 1,280 8,399 15.2% d d 1975 7,053 1,571 8,624 18.2% d 0.31% 1980 6,580 2,369 8,949 26.5% 73.8% 4.31% 1981 6,181 2,308 8,489 27.2% 71.1% 6.10% 1982 5,757 2,200 7,956 27.7% 71.1% 4.44% 1983 6,795 2,353 9,148 25.7% 71.9% 2.09% 1984 7,952 2,372 10,324 23.0% 74.2% 1.45% 1985 8,205 2,775 10,979 25.3% 72.9% 0.82% 1986 8,215 3,189 11,404 28.0% 70.9% 0.37% 1987 7,085 3,107 10,192 30.5% 67.6% 0.16% 1988 7,543 3,004 10,547 28.5% 69.3% 0.02% 1989 7,098 2,680 9,779 27.4% 67.9% 0.13% 1990 6,919 2,384 9,303 25.6% 65.7% 0.08% 1991 6,162 2,028 8,189 24.8% 64.2% 0.10% 1992 6,286 1,927 8,213 23.5% 65.8% 0.06% 1993 6,742 1,776 8,518 20.8% 67.3% 0.03% 1994 7,255 1,735 8,991 19.3% 65.9% 0.04% 1995 7,129 1,506 8,635 17.4% 65.3% 0.04% 1996 7,255 1,271 8,526 14.9% 64.1% 0.10% 1997 6,917 1,355 8,272 16.4% 62.2% 0.09% 1998 6,762 1,380 8,142 16.9% 59.7% 0.13% 1999 6,979 1,719 8,698 19.8% 58.3% 0.16% 2000 6,831 2,016 8,847 22.8% 55.0% 0.26% 2001 6,325 2,098 8,423 24.9% 51.4% 0.18% 2002 5,878 2,226 8,103 27.5% 48.4% 0.39% 2003 5,527 2,083 7,610 27.4% 47.1% 0.51% 2004 5,396 2,149 7,545 28.5% 44.9% 0.40% 2005 5,533 2,187 7,720 28.3% 43.1% 0.63% 2006 5,476 2,345 7,821 30.0% 41.5% 0.82% 2007 5,253 2,365 7,618 31.0% 38.0% 0.11% Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 -0.8% 1.7% -0.3% 1997–2007 -2.7% 5.7% -0.8% Source: Domestic and import data - 1970–97: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 1998 , Detroit, MI, 1998, p. 15, and annual. 1997 data from Economic Indicators, 4th Quarter 1997

. 1998–2007: Ward’s Communication, Ward’s Automotive Yearbook , Detroit, MI, 2008, p. 248. Diesel data - Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook , Detroit, MI, 2008, p. 34. Transplant data - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares Data System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2004. (Additional resources: www.aama.com, www.wardsauto.com)

aNorth American built. b Does not include import tourist deliveries.

cBig 3 includes Chrysler, Ford and General Motors. Beginning in 1998, Ford includes Jaguar and Volvo. GM Includes Saab. d Data are not available.4–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Light trucks, which include pick-ups, minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and other trucks less than 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight (GVW), accounted for more than half of light vehicle sales since 2001.

Table 4.6 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United St ates, 1970–2007
Percentages

Calendar year Light truck sales a (thousands) Importb Big 3 Sales c Diesel d Light trucks of lightduty vehicle sales e Light trucks of total truck sales 1970 1,463 4.5% f 14.8% 80.4% 1975 2,281 10.0% f 20.9% 87.9% 1980 2,440 19.7% 3.6% 21.4% 88.9% 1981 2,189 20.3% 3.1% 20.4% 89.8% 1982 2,470 16.5% 8.5% 23.6% 92.8% 1983 2,984 15.6% 6.7% 24.5% 93.6% 1984 3,863 15.7% 78.8% 4.8% 27.1% 93.0% 1985 4,458 17.2% 78.2% 3.8% 28.8% 93.6% 1986 4,594 20.1% 76.9% 3.7% 28.6% 94.3% 1987 4,610 17.9% 78.3% 2.3% 31.0% 93.9% 1988 4,800 12.6% 81.6% 2.3% 31.1% 93.2% 1989 4,610 10.9% 81.9% 2.9% 31.8% 93.3% 1990 4,548 13.2% 80.9% 3.1% 32.8% 93.9% 1991 4,123 12.8% 79.4% 3.2% 33.5% 94.5% 1992 4,629 8.6% 83.1% 3.3% 36.0% 94.4% 1993 5,351 6.8% 83.4% 3.7% 38.6% 94.2% 1994 6,033 6.5% 82.9% 3.9% 40.2% 94.0% 1995 6,053 6.5% 83.4% 4.1% 41.2% 93.4% 1996 6,519 6.6% 83.8% 3.7% 43.3% 94.1% 1997 6,797 8.4% 81.9% 4.8% 46.6% 94.1% 1998 7,299 8.9% 80.5% 1.7% 47.3% 93.3% 1999 8,073 9.5% 78.0% 5.9% 48.1% 92.6% 2000 8,387 9.9% 76.1% 4.8% 48.7% 93.9% 2001 8,700 11.3% 75.3% 5.3% 50.8% 96.1% 2002 8,713 12.2% 74.7% 4.9% 51.8% 96.4% 2003 8,938 13.5% 72.4% 4.3% 54.0% 95.5% 2004 9,361 13.1% 70.1% 5.5% 55.4% 95.5% 2005 9,281 13.2% 68.2% 3.7% 54.7% 94.9% 2006 8,684 15.6% 64.1% 3.7% 52.6% 94.1% 2007 8,471 16.4% 65.0% 3.9% 52.6% 95.8% Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 4.9% 1997–2007 2.2% Sources: Four-wheel drive and diesel - 1970–88: Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook , Detroit, MI, 1989, p. 168, and annual. 1989–on: Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook , Factory Installation Reports, Detroit, MI, 2008, and annual. Transplants - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light-Duty Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2004. All other - 1970–97: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 1998 , Detroit, MI, 1998, pp. 8, 15, 24, and annual. 1998–on: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s Automotive Yearbook , Detroit, MI, 2008. (Additional resources: www.aama.com, www.wardsauto.com)

aIncludes all trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight and less sold in the United States. b Excluding transplants.

cBig 3 includes Chrysler, Ford and General Motors. Beginning in 1998, Ford includes Land Rover and Volvo light trucks and GM includes Saab. Trucks include light, medium and heavy trucks. d Based on model year factory installations.

e Light-duty vehicles include cars and light trucks. f Indicates less than 1 percent.4–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The sales-weighted fuel economy of cars increased dramatically from 1975 (15.4 mpg) to 1990 (26.2 mpg), but has risen only about 2.5 mpg since then.

Table 4.7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 a (thousands)
Model Year 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 CARS Small Total sales, units 4,088 4,825 5,519 4,999 5,190 4,266 3,185 3,175 Market share, % 49.6% 51.1% 51.1% 56.7% 55.2% 46.7% 39.7% 37.2% Fuel economy, mpg 18.3 26.1 29.8 29.8 30.7 30.3 31.1 31.6 Midsize Total sales, units 1,631 2,987 2,777 2,342 2,515 2,894 2,886 2,911 Market share, % 19.8% 31.6% 25.7% 26.6% 26.8% 31.7% 36.0% 34.1% Fuel economy, mpg 13.6 21.6 24.9 26.2 26.1 27.0 29.8 31.5 Large Total sales, units 1,555 963 1,512 1,092 1,306 1,665 1,234 1,646 Market share, % 18.9% 10.2% 14.0% 12.4% 13.9% 18.2% 15.4% 19.3% Fuel economy, mpg 13.1 19.1 22.3 23.7 24.5 25.6 26.4 26.8 WAGONS Small Total sales, units 477 310 496 160 198 68 365 556 Market share, % 5.8% 3.3% 4.6% 1.8% 2.1% 0.7% 4.5% 6.5% Fuel economy, mpg 22.4 28.6 32.5 29.6 33.3 29.2 32.5 32.1 Midsize Total sales, units 289 257 341 184 176 234 238 173 Market share, % 3.5% 2.7% 3.2% 2.1% 1.9% 2.6% 3.0% 2.0% Fuel economy, mpg 13.2 21.1 25.2 25.3 26.6 27.3 26.0 26.8 Large Total sales, units 197 102 145 31 10 0 118 74 Market share, % 2.4% 1.1% 1.3% 0.4% 0.1% 0.0% 1.5% 0.9% Fuel economy, mpg 11.9 19.1 20.9 22.7 22.8 b 22.2 22.0 TOTAL Total sales, units 8,237 9,443 10,791 8,810 9,396 9,128 8,027 8,537 Market share, % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Fuel economy, mpg 15.8 23.5 27.0 27.8 28.3 28.2 29.5 30.3

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008 , September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

a The fuel economy data on this table are EPA laboratory test values. b No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.4–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The term “wagon” conjures up images of the station wagons from the 1960's. However, most of the cars that are now classified as wagons have little in common with those stati on wagons. The wagons below make up the category “wagon” on Tables 4.7 through 4.14.

Table 4.8 Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 Small Wagon Audi A3 Audi A3 Quattro Audi A4 Avant Quattro Audi S4 Avant BMW 328I Sport BMW 328XI Sport Chrysler PT Cruiser General Motors HHR FWD General Motors HHR Panel FWD General Motors Vibe GM Daewoo Forenza Honda Fit Saab 9-3 Sportcombi Subaru Impreza WGN-Outback SPT AWD Suzuki SX4 Suzuki SX4 AWD Toyota Corolla Matrix Toyota Scion XB Volkswagen Jetta Sportwagen Volvo V50 AWD Volvo V50 FWD Midsize Wagon Audi A6 Avant Quattro BMW 535XI Sport Daimler AG E350 4MATIC Daimler AG E63 AMG Chrysler Magnum Chrysler Magnum AWD Kia Rondo Mazda Mazda 5 Saab 9-5 Sportcombi Subaru Outback AWD Volkswagen Passat Volkswagen Passat 4MOTIO Volvo V70 FWD Volvo XC 70 AWD Large Wagon Chrysler Pacifica AWD Chrysler Pacifica FWD Daimler AG R320 CDI 4MATIC Daimler AG R350 Daimler AG R350 4MATIC
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008 , September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)4–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Sales of light trucks in 2008 are almost four times that of 1975. Similar to the car trend, the sales-weighted fuel economy of light trucks increased during the late ‘70's and ‘80's, but has remained fairly constant since then.

Table 4.9 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies aof New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 (thousands) Model Year 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 PICKUPS Small Total sales, units 160 452 497 289 298 101 8 b Market share, % 8.1% 24.3% 13.5% 7.6% 5.2% 1.4% 0.1% b Fuel economy, mpg 22.5 24.3 26.7 24.8 24.4 26.3 25.8 b

Midsize Total sales, units 56 98 616 600 700 766 216 255 Market share, % 2.8% 5.3% 16.8% 15.8% 12.2% 10.3% 2.7% 3.2% Fuel economy, mpg 21.1 25.9 25.7 24.7 24.7 22.8 23.6% 24.0 Large Total sales, units 1,126 887 964 945 1,273 1,746 2,076 1,860 Market share, % 56.7% 47.6% 26.3% 24.8% 22.1% 23.4% 26.4% 23.6% Fuel economy, mpg 13.1 17.2 17.7 18.0 18.0 19.3 19.4 19.8 VANS Small Total sales, units 2 16 93 30 6 bbb Market share, % 0.1% 0.9% 2.5% 0.8% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Fuel economy, mpg 20.6 19.0 25.5 23.9 26.5 bbb

Midsize Total sales, units 302 130 600 1,124 1,552 1,522 1,425 862 Market share, % 15.2% 7.0% 16.4% 29.5% 27.0% 20.4% 18.1% 11.0% Fuel economy, mpg 13.3 16.9 19.8 21.8 22.2 23.5 24.2 24.7 Large Total sales, units 153 96 162 107 104 170 55 30 Market share, % 7.7% 5.2% 4.4% 2.8% 1.8% 2.3% 0.7% 0.4% Fuel economy, mpg 12.6 16.0 16.1 16.5 17.1 18.0 19.4 20.0 SUVS Small Total sales, units 53 60 115 189 189 400 215 143 Market share, % 2.7% 3.2% 3.1% 5.0% 3.3% 5.4% 2.7% 1.8% Fuel economy, mpg 16.1 18.8 22.1 23.4 24.2 22.5 24.3 22.9

Midsize Total sales, units 123 100 563 447 1,397 1,863 2,079 2,701 Market share, % 6.2% 5.4% 15.3% 11.7% 24.3% 25.0% 26.4% 34.3% Fuel economy, mpg 12.1 14.3 19.7 19.1 19.6 21.0 23.0 25.2 Large Total sales, units 11 23 57 72 230 879 1,790 2,020 Market share, % 0.6% 1.2% 1.6% 1.9% 4.0% 11.8% 22.8% 25.7% Fuel economy, mpg 12.2 14.3 16.9 16.7 16.6 17.6 19.9 21.2 TOTAL Total sales, units 1,987 1,863 3,669 3,805 5,749 7,447 7,866 7,871 Market share, % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Fuel economy, mpg 13.7 18.6 20.6 20.7 20.5 20.8 21.4 22.5 Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008 , September 2008 (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less.

a The fuel economy data on this table are EPA laboratory test values. bNo vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.4–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Back in 1975 only 19% of new light vehicle sales were light trucks. Because of the boom in sales of minivans, sport utility vehicles, and pick-up trucks, today almost half of light vehicle sales are light trucks.

Table 4.10 Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

Model Year 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 Small car 40.0% 42.7% 38.2% 39.6% 34.3% 25.7% 20.0% 19.4% Midsize car 16.0% 26.4% 19.2% 18.6% 16.6% 17.5% 18.2% 17.7% Large car 15.2% 8.5% 10.5% 8.7% 8.6% 10.0% 7.8% 10.0% Small wagon 4.7% 2.7% 3.4% 1.3% 1.3% 0.4% 2.3% 3.4% Midsize wagon 2.8% 2.3% 2.4% 1.5% 1.2% 1.4% 1.5% 1.1% Large wagon 1.9% 0.9% 1.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.7% 0.5% Small pickup 1.6% 4.0% 3. 4% 2.3% 2.0% 0.6% 0.1% 0.0% Midsize pickup 0.5% 0.9% 4. 3% 4.8% 4.6% 4.6% 1.4% 1.6% Large pickup 11.0% 7.8% 6. 7% 7.5% 8.4% 10.5% 13.1% 11.3% Small van 0.0% 0.1% 0.6% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Midsize van 3.0% 1.1% 4.1% 8.9% 10.2% 9.2% 9.0% 5.3% Large van 1.5% 0.8% 1.1% 0.9% 0.7% 1.0% 0.3% 0.2% Small SUV 0.5% 0.5% 0.8% 1.5% 1.3% 2.4% 1.4% 0.9% Midsize SUV 1.2% 1.0% 3.9% 3.5% 9.2% 11.2% 13.1% 16.5% Large SUV 0.1% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 1.5% 5.3% 11.3% 12.3% Total light vehicles sold (thousands) 10,224 11,306 14,460 12,615 15,145 16,575 15,893 16,408 Cars 80.6% 83.5% 74.6% 69. 8% 62.0% 55.1% 50.5% 52.0% Light trucks 19.4% 16.5% 25.4% 30.2% 38.0% 44.9% 49.5% 48.0%

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008 , September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less.4–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Light trucks have been gaining mar ket share since the early 1980s, mainly due to increases in the market share of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and pickup trucks.

Figure 4.1. Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008

Source: See Table 4.94–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The midsize and large cars and wagons sales-weighted engine sizes have declined drastically since 1975.

Table 4.11 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 ( liters a ) Cars Wagons Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large 1975 3.67 5.78 6.70 2.10 5.92 6.72 1976 3.70 5.62 6.72 2.23 5.16 6.82 1977 3.67 5.44 6.00 2.20 4.87 5.98 1978 2.90 4.79 5.85 2.20 4.23 5.80 1979 2.72 4.46 5.56 2.02 4.08 5.46 1980 2.25 3.74 5.15 1.85 3.74 5.29 1981 2.11 3.61 4.98 1.77 3.16 5.11 1982 2.15 3.46 4.79 1.79 3.36 5.01 1983 2.25 3.47 4.79 1.72 3.28 5.03 1984 2.29 3.44 4.82 1.75 2.82 5.00 1985 2.26 3.36 4.57 1.74 2.79 5.00 1986 2.25 3.18 4.26 1.85 2.65 4.98 1987 2.20 3.08 4.24 1.90 2.84 4.98 1988 2.18 3.00 4.29 1.85 2.80 4.98 1989 2.15 2.97 4.28 1.84 2.88 4.98 1990 2.15 3.06 4.23 1.97 2.97 4.98 1991 2.15 3.13 4.33 1.97 2.97 4.98 1992 2.20 3.13 4.29 2.00 3.08 5.54 1993 2.18 3.15 4.20 1.93 3.08 5.57 1994 2.25 3.10 4.06 1.98 2.95 5.74 1995 2.25 3.10 4.06 1.93 2.74 5.74 1996 2.23 2.97 4.10 2.00 2.64 5.74 1997 2.18 3.02 3.97 2.03 2.62 b 1998 2.25 2.90 3.93 2.03 2.54 b 1999 2.31 2.87 3.85 2.05 2.57 b 2000 2.28 2.85 3.62 2.08 2.51 b 2001 2.29 2.87 3.62 2.38 2.54 b 2002 2.31 2.90 3.57 2.38 2.49 b 2003 2.36 2.85 3.67 2.08 2.47 b 2004 2.39 2.85 3.69 2.06 2.59 3.52 2005 2.36 2.75 3.69 2.00 3.00 3.56 2006 2.47 2.77 3.75 2.08 2.98 3.59 2007 2.41 2.77 3.72 2.08 2.97 4.05 2008 2.43 2.72 3.62 2.11 2.88 3.82 Average annual percentage change 1975–2008 -1.2% -2.3% -1.8% 0.0% -2.2% -1.7% 1998–2008 0.8% -0.6% -0.8% 0.4% 1.3% -3.3% c
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008 , September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

a 1 liter = 61.02 cubic inches. bNo vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.

c 1996–2008.4–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The engine size of large sport utility vehicles (SUV s) declined an average of 1.7% per year from 1998 to 2008, while the size of a small SUV engine increased by almost 3%.

Table 4.12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 (liters a )
Pickups Vans SUVs Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large 1975 1.93 1.79 5.62 1.93 5. 08 5.47 4.47 5.72 5.97 1976 1.95 1.79 5.64 1.97 5. 20 5.49 4.47 5.80 6.11 1977 1.97 2.03 5.69 1.97 5. 34 5.62 4.49 5.72 6.08 1978 1.95 2.03 5.56 1.97 5. 36 5.49 4.51 5.87 6.11 1979 1.97 2.15 5.41 1.97 5. 24 5.51 4.28 5.64 6.15 1980 2.00 2.18 5.00 1.97 4. 72 5.16 3.72 5.31 5.57 1981 2.13 2.15 4.80 1.97 4. 57 5.08 3.67 5.20 5.54 1982 2.25 2.49 4.90 1.82 4. 65 5.15 3.39 5.24 5.64 1983 2.33 2.39 4.95 1.93 4. 82 5.15 3.44 4.10 5.82 1984 2.33 2.43 4.93 1.97 4. 06 5.15 3.05 3.70 5.75 1985 2.34 2.52 5.00 1.98 3. 82 5.11 2.74 3.47 5.74 1986 2.38 2.41 4.88 2.15 3. 67 5.01 2.74 3.34 5.74 1987 2.41 2.61 5.06 2.20 3. 70 5.06 2.64 3.54 5.74 1988 2.43 2.70 5.21 2.20 3. 65 5.06 2.57 3.83 5.75 1989 2.51 2.90 5.21 2.13 3. 57 5.06 2.80 4.16 5.75 1990 2.51 2.87 5.24 2.29 3. 59 5.15 2.65 3.98 5.75 1991 2.49 3.11 5.16 2.03 3. 51 5.11 2.38 3.87 5.38 1992 2.49 3.20 5.11 2.11 3. 57 5.16 2.39 3.82 5.42 1993 2.41 3.24 4.97 1.98 3. 46 5.16 2.46 3.97 5.65 1994 2.47 3.23 5.18 2.21 3. 59 5.21 2.28 3.90 5.62 1995 2.57 3.11 5.18 2.20 3. 70 5.15 2.26 3.88 5.69 1996 2.61 3.06 5.16 2.33 3. 46 5.33 1.75 4.08 5.64 1997 2.39 3.20 4.97 b 3.44 4.92 2.98 3.85 5.38 1998 2.62 3.13 5.05 b 3.43 4.87 2.65 3.87 5.13 1999 2.84 3.28 5.13 b 3.49 4.87 2.57 3.74 5.29 2000 2.43 3.15 4.74 b 3.41 4.85 2.80 3.75 5.11 2001 2.41 3.39 4.79 b 3.38 4.97 2.51 3.51 4.64 2002 2.90 3.70 4.82 b 3.44 4.80 2.56 3.34 4.54 2003 2.92 3.21 4.82 b 3.47 4.74 2.64 3.36 4.72 2004 3.02 3.59 4.93 b 3.51 4.79 2.97 3.51 4.74 2005 2.46 3.15 4.82 b 3.49 4.72 2.92 3.34 4.46 2006 2.46 3.23 4.75 b 3.47 4.64 3.28 3.34 4.24 2007 b 3.33 4.88 b 3.56 4.65 3.43 3.20 4.42 2008 b 3.24 4.98 b 3.56 4.85 3.49 3.15 4.31 Average annual percentage change 1975-2008 c 1.8% -0.4% c -1.1% -0.4% -0.7% -1.8% -1.0% 1998-2008 c 0.3% -0.1% c 0.4% -0.0% 2.8% -2.0% -1.7%
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008 , September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less.

a 1 liter = 61.02 cubic inches. bNo vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.

c Data are not available.4–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 4.13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 (pounds)
Cars Wagons Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large 1975 3,440 4,630 5,142 2,833 4,791 5,453 1976 3,474 4,558 5,156 2,902 4,555 5,444 1977 3,486 4,473 4,482 2,801 4,410 4,713 1978 3,029 3,820 4,394 2,805 3,836 4,664 1979 2,936 3,710 4,210 2,711 3,758 4,466 1980 2,717 3,362 4,130 2,591 3,534 4,423 1981 2,648 3,346 4,108 2,531 3,285 4,394 1982 2,684 3,321 4,034 2,580 3,384 4,396 1983 2,734 3,316 4,041 2,565 3,348 4,379 1984 2,776 3,318 4,022 2,620 3,298 4,371 1985 2,771 3,318 3,841 2,579 3,356 4,354 1986 2,791 3,241 3,719 2,647 3,355 4,381 1987 2,803 3,247 3,696 2,795 3,434 4,348 1988 2,818 3,293 3,730 2,757 3,378 4,349 1989 2,841 3,314 3,721 2,766 3,436 4,334 1990 2,897 3,450 3,799 3,026 3,498 4,337 1991 2,885 3,412 3,893 3,005 3,506 4,402 1992 2,921 3,515 3,872 3,076 3,503 4,500 1993 2,903 3,515 3,831 2,882 3,498 4,500 1994 2,965 3,529 3,858 2,908 3,532 4,500 1995 2,988 3,546 3,830 2,859 3,482 4,500 1996 2,977 3,527 3,894 2,952 3,661 4,500 1997 2,977 3,551 3,821 2,901 3,666 a 1998 3,013 3,534 3,784 2,874 3,668 a 1999 3,085 3,540 3,854 2,923 3,691 a 2000 3,079 3,550 3,782 3,107 3,572 a 2001 3,101 3,566 3,774 3,470 3,775 a 2002 3,125 3,549 3,767 3,504 3,731 a 2003 3,179 3,567 3,841 3,262 3,745 a 2004 3,192 3,577 3,858 3,235 3,860 4,769 2005 3,163 3,544 3,993 3,160 3,839 4,791 2006 3,255 3,568 4,014 3,255 3,826 4,806 2007 3,227 3,586 4,022 3,267 3,834 4,800 2008 3,267 3,588 3,980 3,294 3,845 4,851 Average annual percentage change 1975-2008 -0.2% -0.8% -0.8% 0.5% -0.7% -0.4% 1998-2008 0.8% 0.2% 0.5% 1.4% 0.5% 0.6% b

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008 , September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

a Data are not available. b1996–2008.4–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The interior space of new small and midsize cars in 2008 was about the same as in the early 1990's; large cars, however, had smaller interior space.

Table 4.14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008 (cubic feet) Cars Wagons Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large 1977 95.4 112.9 128.1 108.0 143.6 163.1 1978 90.9 113.0 128.5 108.0 140.0 162.4 1979 89.2 113.1 130.0 105.1 139.7 162.5 1980 90.0 113.2 130.9 108.2 139.7 161.5 1981 91.6 113.9 131.0 110.6 136.2 161.4 1982 92.2 113.9 131.0 112.2 136.1 161.3 1983 95.1 113.8 131.3 108.2 136.2 161.6 1984 95.2 113.7 130.9 116.5 135.9 161.7 1985 95.8 113.6 129.3 117.7 134.8 161.7 1986 96.7 113.8 127.4 118.4 137.8 161.4 1987 96.9 113.7 127.0 120.0 140.2 161.8 1988 98.5 113.4 128.1 118.7 139.4 161.7 1989 98.3 113.6 127.4 118.6 139.9 161.8 1990 97.6 113.7 126.7 122.2 141.6 161.6 1991 97.6 113.5 129.0 123.3 142.3 169.1 1992 97.9 113.9 129.6 123.7 142.6 170.3 1993 98.3 113.9 128.9 123.0 137.7 169.3 1994 98.7 113.5 128.3 122.9 137.4 169.2 1995 99.6 114.3 127.9 122.1 135.9 169.3 1996 99.9 114.1 128.1 118.0 136.9 170.2 1997 99.2 114.5 127.4 119.5 136.5 a 1998 98.8 114.0 127.4 116.9 135.3 a 1999 98.9 114.0 127.0 117.9 136.4 a 2000 99.4 113.6 124.9 119.7 134.0 a 2001 99.2 113.7 124.8 119.6 133.6 a 2002 98.9 114.8 124.0 118.2 133.6 a 2003 98.6 114.6 124.8 115.2 133.5 a 2004 99.0 114.0 124.7 117.5 133.5 165.0 2005 99.1 114.5 125.0 115.9 133.3 165.0 2006 98.8 114.0 124.7 118.4 135.6 164.4 2007 99.0 113.8 123.7 111.9 135.3 159.3 2008 97.0 113.8 123.4 114.6 133.2 159.4 Average annual percentage change 1977-2008 0.1% 0.0% -0.1% 0.2% -0.2% -0.1% 1998-2008 -0.2% 0.0% -0.3% -0.2% -0.2% -0.5% b Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008 , September 2008. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)

a No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year. b 1996-2008.4–16

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The average light vehicle in 2007 contained more than 2,000 pounds of steel, most of it conventional steel. High and medium strength steel, how ever, made up more than 10% of the vehicle . The use of aluminum grew from 1995 to 2007, while the use of iron castings declined.

Table 4.15 Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Light Vehicle, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007

Material 1995 2000 2007 Pounds Percentage Pounds Percentage Pounds Percentage Regular steel 1,630.0 44.1% 1,655.0 42.4% 1,644.0 40.3% High and medium strength steel 324.0 8.8% 408.0 10.5% 518.0 12.7% Stainless steel 51.0 1.4% 62.0 1.6% 75.0 1.8% Other steels 46.0 1.2% 26.0 0.7% 34.0 0.8% Iron castings 466.0 12.6% 432.0 11.1% 322.0 7.9% Aluminum 231.0 6.3% 268.0 6.9% 313.0 7.7% Magnesium castings 4.0 0.1% 8.0 0.2% 10.0 0.2% Copper and brass 50.0 1.4% 52.0 1.3% 53.0 1.3% Lead 33.0 0.9% 36.0 0.9% 42.0 1.0% Zinc castings 19.0 0.5% 13.0 0.3% 9.0 0.2% Powder metal parts 29.0 0.8% 36.0 0.9% 43.0 1.1% Other metals 4.0 0.1% 4.0 0.1% 5.0 0.1% Plastics and plastic composites 240.0 6.5% 286.0 7.3% 331.0 8.1% Rubber 149.0 4.0% 166.0 4.3% 189.0 4.6% Coatings 23.0 0.6% 25.0 0.6% 29.0 0.7% Textiles 42.0 1.1% 44.0 1.1% 46.0 1.1% Fluids and lubricants 192.0 5.2% 207.0 5.3% 215.0 5.3% Glass 97.0 2.6% 103.0 2.6% 106.0 2.6% Other materials 64.0 1.7% 71.0 1.8% 92.0 2.3%

Total 3,694.0 100.0% 3,902.0 100.0% 4,076.0 100.0%

Source: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, 2008 , (and updates, 2009), Detroit, MI, 2008, p.63.4–17

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The number of franchised dealerships which sell new light-duty vehicles (cars and light trucks) has declined over 30% since 1970, though new vehicle sales have increased. The average number of vehicles sold per dealer in 2007 was 749 vehicles per dealer – more than double the 1970 number.

Table 4.16 New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2007
Calendar year Number of franchised new light vehicle dealerships a New light vehicle sales (thousands) Light vehicle sales per dealer 1970 30,800 9,862 320 1971 30,300 12,006 396 1972 30,100 13,189 438 1973 30,100 14,184 471 1974 30,000 11,191 373 1975 29,600 10,905 368 1976 29,300 13,066 446 1977 29,100 14,613 502 1978 29,000 15,122 521 1979 28,500 13,984 491 1980 27,900 11,389 408 1981 26,350 10,678 405 1982 25,700 10,426 406 1983 24,725 12,132 491 1984 24,725 14,187 574 1985 24,725 15,437 624 1986 24,825 15,998 644 1987 25,150 14,802 589 1988 25,025 15,347 613 1989 25,000 14,389 576 1990 24,825 13,851 558 1991 24,200 12,312 509 1992 23,500 12,842 546 1993 22,950 13,869 604 1994 22,850 15,024 658 1995 22,800 14,688 644 1996 22,750 15,046 661 1997 22,700 15,069 664 1998 22,600 15,441 683 1999 22,400 16,771 748 2000 22,250 17,234 774 2001 22,150 17,123 773 2002 21,800 16,816 771 2003 21,725 16,548 762 2004 21,650 16,867 779 2005 21,640 16,948 783 2006 21,495 16,505 768 2007 21,200 16,089 749 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 -1.0% 1.3% 2.3% 1997–2007 -0.7% 0.7% 1.2%

Source: Number of dealers - National Automobile Dealers Association, Automotive Executive Magazine , 2009. (Additional resources: http://www.nada.org/Publications/NADADATA/) Light-duty vehicle sales - See tables 4.5 and 4.6.

aAs of the beginning of the year.4–18

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The number of conventional refueling stations is declining while the number of vehicles fueling at those stations continues to rise. In 2007, there were 0.66 fueling stations per thousand vehicles or 1.51 thousand vehicles per station.



### Table 4.17 Conventional Refue ling Stations, 1993-2007

Year Number of retail outlets Vehicles in operation (thousands) Stations per thousand vehicles Thousand vehicles per station Conventional fuels 1993 207,416 186,315 1.11 0.90 1994 202,878 188,714 1.08 0.93 1995 195,455 193,441 1.01 0.99 1996 190,246 198,294 0.96 1.04 1997 187,892 201,071 0.93 1.07 1998 182,596 205,043 0.89 1.12 1999 180,567 209,509 0.86 1.16 2000 175,941 213,300 0.82 1.21 2001 172,169 216,683 0.79 1.26 2002 170,018 221,027 0.77 1.30 2003 167,571 225,882 0.74 1.35 2004 167,346 232,167 0.72 1.39 2005 168,987 238,384 0.71 1.41 2006 167,476 244,643 0.69 1.46 2007 164,292 248,701 0.66 1.51

Sources: Conventional refueling stations: National Petroleum News Survey, 2007. Conventional vehicles: The Polk Company, Detroit, MI, FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.

Notes: The County Business Patterns (CBP) data published by the Bureau of the Census tells the number of establishments by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). NAICS is an industry classification system that groups establishments into industries based on the activities in which they are primarily engaged. NAICS 447 represents gasoline stations. However, the CBP gasoline station data differ from the National Petroleum News Survey data by as much as 30% (117,189 stations in 2005); the CBP may not include ever y gasoline retail outlet due to the classification of the primary activity of the business. Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations are listed in Chapter 6.4–19

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 4.18 Reformed and Unreformed Ligh t Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008-2011

Model Year CAFE Standard (miles per gallon) Estimated Fuel Savings (billions of gallons)
Unreformed Reformed Unreformed Reformed Light trucks 2008 22.5 22.7 0.6 0.7
2009 23.1 23.4 1.8 1.9 2010 23.5 23.7 2.0 2.2 2011 None 24.1 Not applicable Not available
Cars 2011 None 30.2 Not applicable Not available

Source: Federal Register, vol. 71, No. 66, April 6, 2006. Federal Register, Vol. 74, No. 59, March 30, 2009. In 2006 the National Highway Traffic Safety Admini stration (NHTSA) established new requirements for the light truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. In the new rule, there are Unreformed CAFE standards for model years (MY) 2008 through 2010 using the same CAFE calculations as in the past, and there are Reformed CAFE standards for those years as well, using a new methodology for the calculation of CAFE. For MY 2008 through 2010, the manufacturers can choose either standard. See Table 4.19 for details on the Reformed CAFE calculation

. Another change with the Reformed CAFE standards is that larger passenger vans and sport utility vehicles (8,500-10,000 lbs gross vehicle weight) are included, whereas they are not included in the Unreformed CAFE calculations. For MY 2011, new standards for cars and light trucks were established on March 30, 2009, using a methodology similar to the Reformed light truck standards . NHTSA is currently researching future standards.4–20

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 4.19 Footprints for Selected Vehicles a



### Light Trucks Footprint (Square

Feet) Ford F-150 Super Cab 75.8
GM Silverado Extended Cab 65.3

Lincoln Navigator 55.4 Honda Odyssey 54.7 Hummer H3 50.7 GM Equinox 48.2 Saturn Vue 45.2 Ford Escape 43.5

Source: Federal Register, Vol. 71, No. 66, April 6, 2006.

a 

### Footprint calculated using model year 2005 track width and wheelbase. According to the model year (MY) 2008–2010 Reformed light truck CAFE standards, each manufacturer’s required CAFE will be based on target levels set according to the vehicle size. The target levels are assigned based on a vehicle’s “footprint” and each footprint has a different target. The vehicle footprint is calculated as: footprint = track width × wheelbase, where track width = lateral distance between the centerlines of the base tires at ground, and wheelbase = longitudinal distance between the front and rear wheel centerlines. The CAFE standards for MY 2011, which apply to both cars and light trucks, also use the vehicle footprint to determine target fuel economy.4–21

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards were established by the U.S. Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (PL94-163). These standards must be met at the manufacturer level. Som e manufacturers fall short of meeting the standards while ot hers exceed them. Legislation passed in December 2007 will change the CAFE standards beginning in the 2011 model year. The new standards have a target of combined fleet fuel economy of 35 mpg by 2020, for all cars and light trucks.

Table 4.20 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 a (miles per gallon)

Model yearb Cars CAFE estimates CAFE standards CAFE estimates c Cars and light trucks combined Domestic Import Combined 1978 18.0 18.7 27.3 19.9 19.9 1979 19.0 19.3 26.1 20.3 20.1 1980 20.0 22.6 29.6 24.3 23.1 1981 22.0 24.2 31.5 25.9 24.6 1982 24.0 25.0 31.1 26.6 25.1 1983 26.0 24.4 32.4 26.4 24.8 1984 27.0 25.5 32.0 26.9 25.0 1985 27.5 26.3 31.5 27.6 25.4 1986 26.0 26.9 31.6 28.2 25.9 1987 26.0 27.0 31.2 28.5 26.2 1988 26.0 27.4 31.5 28.8 26.0 1989 26.5 27.2 30.8 28.4 25.6 1990 27.5 26.9 29.9 28.0 25.4 1991 27.5 27.3 30.1 28.4 25.6 1992 27.5 27.0 29.2 27.9 25.1 1993 27.5 27.8 29.6 28.4 25.2 1994 27.5 27.5 29.6 28.3 24.7 1995 27.5 27.7 30.3 28.6 24.9 1996 27.5 28.1 29.6 28.5 24.9 1997 27.5 27.8 30.1 28.7 24.6 1998 27.5 28.6 29.2 28.8 24.7 1999 27.5 28.0 29.0 28.3 24.5 2000 27.5 28.7 28.3 28.5 24.8 2001 27.5 28.7 29.0 28.8 24.5 2002 27.5 29.1 28.8 29.0 24.7 2003 27.5 29.1 29.9 29.5 25.1 2004 27.5 29.9 28.7 29.5 24.6 2005 27.5 30.5 29.9 30.3 25.4 2006 27.5 30.3 29.7 30.1 25.8 2007 27.5 30.6 32.2 31.2 26.6 2008 27.5 31.0 31.5 31.2 27.0 2009 27.5 32.6 32.6 32.6 28.2 Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA, "Summary of Fuel Economy Performance," Washington, DC, March 2009. (Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)

a Only vehicles with at least 75 percent domestic content can be counted in the average domestic fuel economy for a manufacturer. b Model year as determined by the manufacturer on a vehicle by vehicle basis.

c All CAFE calculations are sales-weighted.4–22

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for light trucks are lower than the car standards. Light trucks include pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicles and vans. New legislation passed in D ecember 2007 will c hange the C AFE standards beginning in the 2011 model year. The new standards have a target of combined fleet fuel economy of 35 mpg by 2020, for all cars and light trucks.

Table 4.21 Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009 a (miles per gallon)

Model year c Light trucks b CAFE estimates CAFE standards CAFE estimates d Cars and light trucks combined Domestic Import Combined 1978 e ff f 19.9 1979 e 17.7 20.8 18.2 20.1 1980 e 16.8 24.3 18.5 23.1 1981 e 18.3 27.4 20.1 24.6 1982 17.5 19.2 27.0 20.5 25.1 1983 19.0 19.6 27.1 20.7 24.8 1984 20.0 19.3 26.7 20.6 25.0 1985 19.5 19.6 26.5 20.7 25.4 1986 20.0 20.0 25.9 21.5 25.9 1987 20.5 20.5 25.2 21.7 26.2 1988 20.5 20.6 24.6 21.3 26.0 1989 20.5 20.4 23.5 21.0 25.6 1990 20.0 20.3 23.0 20.8 25.4 1991 20.2 20.9 23.0 21.3 25.6 1992 20.2 20.5 22.7 20.8 25.1 1993 20.4 20.7 22.8 21.0 25.2 1994 20.5 20.5 22.1 20.8 24.7 1995 20.6 20.3 21.5 20.5 24.9 1996 20.7 20.5 22.2 20.8 24.9 1997 20.7 20.1 22.1 20.6 24.6 1998 20.7 20.5 23.0 21.0 24.7 1999 20.7 20.4 22.5 20.9 24.5 2000 20.7 21.1 19.7 21.3 24.8 2001 20.7 20.6 21.8 20.9 24.5 2002 20.7 20.6 21.9 21.4 24.7 2003 20.7 21.8 22.4 21.8 25.1 2004 20.7 20.7 22.3 21.5 24.6 2005 21.0 f f 22.1 25.4 2006 21.6 f f 22.5 25.8 2007 22.2 f f 23.1 26.6 2008 22.5 g f f 23.6 27.0 2009 23.1 g f f 24.2 28.2
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA, "Summary of Fuel Economy Performance," Washington, DC, March 2009. (Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)

aOnly vehicles with at least 75% domestic content can be counted in the average domestic fuel economy for a manufacturer. bRepresents two- and four-wheel drive trucks combined. Gross vehicl e weight of 0-6,000 pounds for model year 1978-1979 and 0-8,500 pounds for subsequent years.

c Model year as determined by the manufacturer on a vehicle by vehicle basis. d All CAFE calculations are sales-weighted.

eStandards were set for two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive light trucks, but no combined standard was set in this year. f Data are not available.
gUnreformed standards. See Table 4.18 for reformed standards.4–23

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Manufacturers of cars and light trucks whose vehicles do not meet the CAFE standards are fined. Data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Ad ministration show CAFE fine coll ection dropped under $25 million in 2002 and 2003; this was due to several factors, including th e CAFE credit system, manufacturer mergers, and fines not being paid in the same year they were assessed.



### Table 4.22 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983-2007 a 

### (thousands) Model

year Current dollars 2007 constant dollars b 

### 1983 58 121 1984 5,958 11,890 1985 15,565 29,992 1986 29,872 56,511 1987 31,261 57,056 1988 44,519 78,028 1989 47,381 79,225 1990 48,309 76,636 1991 42,363 64,490 1992 38,287 56,581 1993 28,688 41,164 1994 31,499 44,068 1995 40,787 55,491 1996 19,302 25,507 1997 36,212 46,780 1998 21,740 27,654 1999 27,516 34,245 2000 51,067 61,488 2001 35,507 41,570 2002 20,042 23,098 2003 15,225 17,157 2004 33,637 36,921 2005 27,487 29,181 2006 43,183 44,413 2007 37,386 37,386

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance, Washington, DC, January 2009. (Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)

a These are fines which are actually collected. Fines which are assessed in certain year may not have been collected in that year. b Adjusted using the Consumer Price Inflation Index.4–24

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Consumers must pay the Gas Guzzler Tax when purchasing a car that has an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fuel economy rating (combined city and highway) less than that stipulated in the table below. The Gas Guzzler Tax doubled in 1991 after remaining constant from 1986 to 1990. The tax has not changed since 1991. This tax does not apply to light trucks such as pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicle s, and vans.

Table 4.23 The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars (dollars per vehicle)

Vehicle fuel

economy

(mpg) 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986–90 1991 – on Over 22.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.0–22.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 1,000 21.5–22.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 1,000 21.0–21.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 650 1,300 20.5–21.0 0 0 0 0 0 500 650 1,300 20.0–20.5 0 0 0 0 0 500 850 1,700 19.5–20.0 0 0 0 0 0 600 850 1,700 19.0–19.5 0 0 0 0 450 600 1,050 2,100 18.5–19.0 0 0 0 350 450 800 1,050 2,100 18.0–18.5 0 0 200 350 600 800 1,300 2,600 17.5–18.0 0 0 200 500 600 1,000 1,300 2,600 17.0–17.5 0 0 350 500 750 1,000 1,500 3,000 16.5–17.0 0 200 350 650 750 1,200 1,500 3,000 16.0–16.5 0 200 450 650 950 1,200 1,850 3,700 15.5–16.0 0 350 450 800 950 1,500 1,850 3,700 15.0–15.5 0 350 600 800 1,150 1,500 2,250 4,500 14.5–15.0 200 450 600 1,000 1,150 1,800 2,250 4,500 14.0–14.5 200 450 750 1,000 1,450 1,800 2,700 5,400 13.5–14.0 300 550 750 1,250 1,450 2,200 2,700 5,400 13.0–13.5 300 550 950 1,250 1,750 2,200 3,200 6,400 12.5–13.0 550 650 950 1,550 1,750 2,650 3,200 6,400 Under 12.5 550 650 1,200 1,550 2,150 2,650 3,850 7,700

Source: Internal Revenue Service, Form 6197, (Rev. 1-91), "Gas Guzzler Tax." (Additional resources: www.irs.ustreas.gov)4–25

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Consumers continue to dem and gas guzzling cars. The IRS collected over $178 million in 2007 from those buying cars with combined city/highway fuel economy less than 22.5 miles per gallon. This tax does not apply to light trucks such as pickups, minivans , sport utility veh icles, and vans.



### Table 4.24 Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007 (thousands)

Model

year Current dollars 2007 constant dollars a 

### 1980 740 1,862 1981 780 1,779 1982 1,720 3,696 1983 4,020 8,369 1984 8,820 17,601 1985 39,790 76,673 1986 147,660 279,341 1987 145,900 266,293 1988 116,780 204,676 1989 109,640 183,329 1990 103,200 163,715 1991 118,400 180,243 1992 144,200 213,104 1993 111,600 160,132 1994 64,100 89,679 1995 73,500 99,997 1996 52,600 69,510 1997 48,200 62,267 1998 47,700 60,676 1999 68,300 85,002 2000 70,800 85,248 2001 78,200 91,553 2002 79,700 91,857 2003 126,700 142,772 2004 140,800 154,545 2005 163,800 173,898 2006 200,200 205,900 2007 178,700 178,702
Source: Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures , 2008, Detroit, MI, 2008, p. 87. Original data source: Internal Revenue Service.

a Adjusted using the Consumer Price Inflation Index.4–26

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) provides vehicle simulations for a variety of research purposes. It is used by the Department of Energy to evaluate the fuel efficiency potential of advanced powertrain configurations for different drivi ng conditions. Recently, PSAT was us ed to develop data on the relationship between speed and fuel economy.

Table 4.25 Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results

Gasoline Conventional Diesel Conventional Hybrid Vehicles
Speed (mph) Midsize Car Small SUV Large SUV Midsize Car Small SUV Large SUV 2000 Insight a 2004 Prius 2007 Camry a 2008 Tahoe a 45 39.1 32.5 29.5 56.4 47.7 43.6 101.3 72.0 52.2 32.2 55 41.7 34.3 30.0 57.0 46.0 39.9 94.3 66.0 46.8 27.1 65 36.9 29.1 23.0 47.9 37.6 32.5 80.0 57.0 40.9 23.7 75 31.9 24.5 19.8 40.2 30.8 26.9 60.6 42.0 35.0 21.1 Fuel Economy Loss 55 - 65 mph 11.5% 15.2% 23.5% 16.0% 18.3% 18.5% 15.2% 13.6% 12.6% 12.4% 65 - 75 mph 13.6% 15.8% 13.8% 16.2% 18.1% 17.2% 24.3% 26.3% 14.5% 11.1% 55 - 75 mph 23.5% 28.6% 34.0% 29.6% 33.1% 32.6% 35.8% 36.4% 25.3% 22.1%
Source: Argonne National Laboratory, Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit, www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/PSAT/. (Additional resources: www.transportation.anl.gov)

a From Argonne National Laboratory Advanced Powertrain Research Facility (Vehicle Test Data).4–27

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Figure 4.2. Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies

Source: See Table 4.25.4–28

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The two earlier studies by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) indicate maximum fuel efficiency was achieved at speeds of 35 to 40 mph. The recent FHWA study indicates greater fuel efficiency at higher speeds. Note that the 1973 study did not include light trucks.

Table 4.26 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies (miles per gallon)
Speed (miles per hour) 1973 a (13 vehicles) 1984b (15 vehicles) 1997 c (9 vehicles) 15 d 21.1 24.4 20 d 25.5 27.9 25 d 30.0 30.5 30 21.1 31.8 31.7 35 21.1 33.6 31.2 40 21.1 33.6 31.0 45 20.3 33.5 31.6 50 19.5 31.9 32.4 55 18.5 30.3 32.4 60 17.5 27.6 31.4 65 16.2 24.9 29.2 70 14.9 22.5 26.8 75 d 20.0 24.8 Fuel economy loss 55–65 mph 12.4% 17.8% 9.7% 65–70 mph 8.0% 9.6% 8.2% 55–70 mph 19.5% 25.7% 17.1%

Sources: 1973- U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Planning, The Effect of Speed on Automobile Gasoline Consumption Rates , Washington, DC, October 1973. 1984 - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Fuel Consumption and Emission Values for Traffic Models , Washington, DC, May 1985. 1997 - West, B.H., R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, and D.E. Smith, Development and Verification of Light-Duty Modal Emissions and Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models , FHWA Report (in press), Washington, DC, April 1997, and additional project data, April 1998. (Additional resources: www.fhwa-tsis.com)

a Model years 1970 and earlier cars. b Model years 1981–84 cars and light trucks.

c Model years 1988–97 cars and light trucks. dData are not available.4–29

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 4.27 Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study

Vehicle Curb weight Engine Fuel delivery system a Transmission EPA fuel economy City Highway 1988 Chevrolet Corsica 2,665 2.8 liter V6 PFI M5 19 29 1994 Olds Cutlass Supreme 3,290 3.4 liter V6 PFI L4 17 26 1994 Oldsmobile 88 3,433 3.8 literV6 PFI L4 19 29 1994 Mercury Villager 4,020 3.0 liter V6 PFI L4 17 23 1995 Geo Prizm 2,359 1.6 liter I-4 PFI L3 26 30 1994 Jeep Grand Cherokee 3,820 4.0 liter I-6 PFI L4 15 20 1994 Chevrolet Pickup 4,020 5.7 liter V8 TBI L4 14 18 1993 Subaru Legacy 2,800 2.2 liter H4 PFI L4 22 29 1997 Toyota Celica 2,395 1.8 liter I4 PFI L4 27 34

Source: West, B.H., R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, and D.E. Smith, Development and Verification of Light-Duty Modal Emissions and Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models , Washington, DC, April 1997 and additional project data, April 1998.

a PFI = port fuel injection. TBI = throttle- body fuel injection.4–30

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Of the tested vehicles, the 1994 Oldsmobile Olds 88 had the greatest fuel economy loss from 55 mph to 75 mpg. The 1997 Toyota Celica tested fuel economy was slightly better at 65 mph than at 55 mph.

Table 4.28 Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study (miles per gallon)

Speed (mph) 1988 Chevrolet Corsica 1993 Subaru Legacy 1994 Oldsmobile

Olds 88 1994 Oldsmobile

Cutlass 1994 Chevrolet

Pickup 1994 Jeep Grand Cherokee 1994 Mercury Villager 1995 Geo Prizm 1997 Toyota Celica 5 10.0 14.5 10.5 5.1 7.9 8.2 12.3 18.1 19.1 10 16.8 24.7 14.9 7.9 16.0 11.2 19.0 23.1 34.1 15 17.7 31.9 22.2 11.4 16.3 17.5 22.4 38.9 41.7 20 21.7 34.4 26.3 12.5 19.9 24.7 25.8 39.4 46.0 25 23.9 37.4 28.3 15.6 22.7 21.8 30.8 41.7 52.6 30 28.7 39.7 29.0 19.0 26.3 21.6 30.3 40.0 50.8 35 28.6 38.0 30.9 21.2 24.3 25.0 26.1 39.1 47.6 40 29.2 37.0 33.2 23.0 26.7 25.5 29.0 38.9 36.2 45 28.8 33.7 32.4 23.0 27.3 25.4 27.8 42.3 44.1 50 31.2 33.7 34.2 27.3 26.3 24.8 30.1 39.1 44.8 55 29.1 37.7 34.6 29.1 25.1 24.0 31.7 37.7 42.5 60 28.2 35.9 32.5 28.2 22.6 23.2 27.3 36.7 48.4 65 28.7 33.4 30.0 25.0 21.8 21.3 25.3 34.1 43.5 70 26.1 31.0 26.7 22.9 20.1 20.0 23.9 31.7 39.2 75 23.7 28.8 24.0 21.6 18.1 19.1 22.4 28.3 36.8 Fuel economy loss 55–65 mph 1.4% 11.4% 13.3% 14.1% 13.1% 11.3% 20.2% 9.5% -2.4% 65–75 mph 17.4% 13.8% 20.0% 13.6% 17.0% 10.3% 11.5% 17.0% 15.4% 55–75 mph 18.6% 23.6% 30.6% 25.8% 27.9% 20.4% 29.3% 24.9% 13.4%

Source: B.H. West, R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, D.E. Smith, Development and Verification of Light-Duty Modal Emissions and Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models , Washington, DC, April 1997, and additional project data, April 1998. (Additional resources: www.fhwa-tsis.com)

Note: For specifications of the tested vehicles, please see Table 4.26.4–31

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 4.29 Driving Cycle Attributes

Test Schedule City Highway High Speed AC Cold Temp

Trip type Low speeds in stop-and-go urban traffic Free-flow traffic at highway speeds Higher speeds; harder acceleration & braking AC use under hot ambient conditions City test w/colder outside temperature Top speed 56 mph 60 mph 80 mph 54.8 mph 56 mph Average speed 20 mph 48 mph 48 mph 22 mph 20 mph Max. acceleration 3.3 mph/sec 3.2 mph/sec 8.46 mph/sec 5.1 mph/sec 3.3 mph/sec Simulated distance 11 mi. 10 mi. 8 mi. 3.6 mi. 11 mi. Time 31 min. 12.5 min. 10 min. 9.9 min. 31 min. Stops 23 None 4 5 23 Idling time 18% of time None 7% of time 19% of time 18% of time Engine startup a Cold Warm Warm Warm Cold Lab temperature 68-86° F 68-86° F 68-86° F 95° F 20° F Vehicle air conditioning Off Off Off On Off

Source: U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy Web site, www.fueleconomy.gov.

a A vehicle’s engine doesn’t reach maximum fuel efficiency until it is warm. 

### This table shows the new methodology that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) used to determine fuel economy ratings for new vehicles beginning in model year 2008. In addition to the Urban Driving Cycle and the Highway Driving cycle, the EPA will also use three additional tests to adjust fuel economy ratings to account for higher speeds, air conditioner use, and colder temperatures. Though the EPA uses a complex combination of these five cycles to determine the fuel economy that will be posted on a new vehicle window sticker, the manufacturer’s Corporate Average Fuel Economy is still calculated using only the city and highway driving cycles. To know more about new vehicle fuel economy ratings, visit www.fueleconomy.gov.4–32

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 These driving cycles simulate the performance of an engine while driving in the city and on the highway. Once the city cycle is completed, the engine is stopped, then started again for the 8.5 minute hot start cycle. Three additional cycles also influence new vehicle fuel economy ratings beginning with the 2008 model year.

Figure 4.3. City Driving Cycle

Figure 4.4. Highway Driving Cycle

Source: Code of Federal Regulations , 40CFR, "Subpart B - Fuel Economy Regula tions for 1978 and Later Model Year Automobiles - Test Procedures," July 1, 1988 edition, p. 676.4–33

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Figure 4.5. Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle

Source: U.S. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy Web site, www.fueleconomy.gov.

Figure 4.6. Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle

Source: U.S. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy Web site, www.fueleconomy.gov. Beginning with the 2008 model year, these cycles influence the new vehicle fuel economy ratings.4–34

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Beginning with the 2008 model year, this cycle influences the new vehicle fuel economy ratings. The US06 driving cycle was originally developed as a supplement to the Federal Test Procedure. It is a short-duration cycle (600 seconds) wh ich represents hard-acceleration driving.

Figure 4.7. High-Speed (US06) Driving Cycle

Source: U.S. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy Web site, www.fueleconomy.gov.4–35

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The Environmental Protection Agency also uses other driving cycles to test new vehicles (although these do not affect the fuel economy ratings). The New York Test Cycle was developed in the 1970's in order to simulate driving in downtown congested areas. The Representative Number Five Test Cycle was developed in the 1990's to better represent actual on-road driving by combining modern city and freeway driving.

Figure 4.8. New York City Driving Cycle

Figure 4.9. Representative Number Five Driving Cycle

Source: Data obtained from Michael Wang, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 1997.4–36

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory have estim ated the fuel economy of a midsize car using driving cycles from different countries. These resu lts illustrate the differen ce in fuel economy which can be obtained from the same veh icle using different test cycles.

Table 4.30 Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles

Driving Cycle Projected fuel economy for a 1995 composite midsize vehicle a 

### Japanese 10/15 mode test cycle 17.5 mpg New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) 22.0 mpg U.S. EPA city cycle (LA4) 19.8 mpg U.S. EPA highway cycle 32.1 mpg U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy cycle 23.9 mpg

Source: Santini, D., A. Vyas, J. Anderson, and F. An, Estimating Trade-Offs along the Path to the PNGV 3X Goal , presented at the Transportation Research Board 80 th 

### Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2001.

Note: China and India both use the European Driv ing Cycle, though Indi a uses a modified version called the Modified Indian Driving Cycle which accounts for lower maximum speeds that better represent driving conditions in India.

a The 1995 composite midsize vehicle is an average of a Chevrolet Lumina, Chrysler Concord, and Ford Taurus. The fuel economies were projected using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) model.4–37

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### When comparing data between countries, one must rea lize that different countries have different testing cycles to determine fuel economy and emissions. This table compares various statistics on the European, Japanese, and U.S. testing cycles [for fuel economy measurements, the United States uses the formula, 1/fuel economy = (0.55/c ity fuel economy) + (0.45/highway fuel economy)]. Most vehicles will achieve higher fuel economy on the U.S. test cycle than on the European or Japanese cycles.

Table 4.31 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles

Time (seconds) Percent of time stopped
or decelerating Distance (miles) Average speed (mph) Maximum speed (mph) Maximum acceleration

(mph/s) Japanese 10/15 mode test cycle 631 52.3 2.6 14.8 43.5 1.78
New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) 1,181 24.9 6.84 20.9 74.6 2.4
U.S. EPA city cycle (LA4) a 1,372 43.2 7.5 19.5 56.7 3.3
U.S. EPA highway cycle 765 9.3 17.8 48.2 59.9 3.3 U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy cycle 2,137 27.9 10.3 29.9 59.9 3.3

Source: Santini, D., A. Vyas, J. Anderson, and F. An, Estimating Trade-Offs along the Path to the PNGV 3X Goal , presented at the Transportation Research Board 80 thAnnual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2001.

Note: China and India both use the European Driving Cycle, though India uses a modified version called The Modified Indian Driving Cycle which accounts for lower maximum speeds that better represent driving conditions in India.

a The actual Federal Procedure (FTP), which is also the test for emissions certification, repeats the first 505 seconds of the Federal Urban Driving Simulation cycle, hot started, after a 10 minute hot soak. Starting with Model Year 2001, the emissions test-but not the fuel economy test-incorporates a supplemental cycle that simulates aggressive urban driving, coupled with an added air conditioning load.4–38

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Demand response (also called paratransit or dial-a-ride) are widely used by transit agencies. In 2007, the data changed substantially due to improved estimation methodologies. Unfortunately, those data are no longer comparable to the rest of the historical series.

Table 4.3 2 Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007 a

Year Number of active vehicles Vehicle-miles (millions) Passenger-miles (millions) Energy use (trillion Btu) 1994 31,090 490 781 9.8 1995 31,773 538 856 9.6 1996 33,472 588 958 10.2 1997 35,657 627 1,075 10.2 1998 33,481 721 1,103 10.9 1999 36,651 784 1,258 11.2 2000 37,957 826 1,274 11.4 2001 40,049 861 1,345 11.9 2002 40,691 879 1,336 12.3 2003 42,578 953 1,471 13.5 2004 42,993 975 1,448 14.1 2005 48,530 1,078 1,663 15.5 2006 51,744 1,129 1,790 16.4 2007 a 64,865 1,471 1,502 24.7

Source: American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Part 2: Historical Tables , Washington, DC, April 2009. (Additional resources: www.apta.com)

Note: See Glossary for detailed definitions of demand response.

a Data are not continuous between 2006 and 2007 due to changes in estimation methodology. See source document for details.5–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Chapter 5 Heavy Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source Table 5.1 Heavy single-unit trucks, 2007 Registration (thousands) 6,807 Vehicle miles (millions) 81,954 Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 8.2 Table 5.2 Combination trucks, 2007 Registration (thousands) 2,221 Vehicle miles (millions) 145,008 Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 5.1 Tables 5.12 Freight Shipments, 2007 Commodity Flow Survey and 5.13 Value (billion dollars) 11,832 Tons (millions) 13,017 Ton-miles (billions) 3,491 Table 5.14 Transit buses in operation, 2007 65,8085–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Heavy single-unit trucks include all single-unit tru cks which have more than two axles or more than four tires. Most of these trucks would be used for business or for individuals with heavy hauling or towing needs.

Table 5.1 Summary Statistics for He avy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007

Year Registrations (thousands) Vehicle travel (million miles) Fuel use (million gallons) Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 1970 3,681 27,081 3,968 6.8 1975 4,232 34,606 5,420 6.4 1980 4,374 39,813 6,923 5.8 1981 4,455 39,568 6,867 5.8 1982 4,325 40,658 6,803 6.0 1983 4,204 42,546 6,965 6.1 1984 4,061 44,419 7,240 6.1 1985 4,593 45,441 7,399 6.1 1986 4,313 45,637 7,386 6.2 1987 4,188 48,022 7,523 6.4 1988 4,470 49,434 7,701 6.4 1989 4,519 50,870 7,779 6.5 1990 4,487 51,901 8,357 6.2 1991 4,481 52,898 8,172 6.5 1992 4,370 53,874 8,237 6.5 1993 4,408 56,772 8,488 6.7 1994 4,906 61,284 9,032 6.8 1995 5,024 62,705 9,216 6.8 1996 5,266 64,072 9,409 6.8 1997 5,293 66,893 9,576 7.0 1998 5,414 67,894 9,741 7.0 1999 5,763 70,304 9,372 7.5 2000 5,926 70,500 9,563 7.4 2001 5,704 72,448 9,667 7.5 2002 5,651 75,866 10,321 7.4 2003 5,849 77,757 8,881 8.8 2004 6,161 78,441 8,959 8.8 2005 6,395 78,496 9,501 8.3 2006 6,649 80,344 9,852 8.2 2007 6,807 81,954 10,035 8.2 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 1.7% 3.0% 2.5% 0.5% 1997–2007 2.5% 2.1% 0.5% 1.6% Source: U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administrati on, Highway Statistics 2007 , Washington, DC, 2008, Table VM1 and annual. (Add itional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Note: Highway Statistics 1999 data were not used.5–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Combination trucks include all trucks designed to be used in combination with one or more trailers. The average vehicle travel of these trucks (on a per truck basis) far surpasses the travel of other trucks due to long-haul freight movement.

Table 5.2 Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007

Year Registrations (thousands) Vehicle travel a 

### (million miles) Fuel use (million gallons) Fuel economy (miles per gallon) 1970 905 35,134 7,348 4.8 1975 1,131 46,724 9,177 5.1 1980 1,417 68,678 13,037 5.3 1981 1,261 69,134 13,509 5.1 1982 1,265 70,765 13,583 5.2 1983 1,304 73,586 13,796 5.3 1984 1,340 77,377 14,188 5.5 1985 1,403 78,063 14,005 5.6 1986 1,408 81,038 14,475 5.6 1987 1,530 85,495 14,990 5.7 1988 1,667 88,551 15,224 5.8 1989 1,707 91,879 15,733 5.8 1990 1,709 94,341 16,133 5.8 1991 1,691 96,645 16,809 5.7 1992 1,675 99,510 17,216 5.8 1993 1,680 103,116 17,748 5.8 1994 1,681 108,932 18,653 5.8 1995 1,696 115,451 19,777 5.8 1996 1,747 118,899 20,192 5.9 1997 1,790 124,584 20,302 6.1 1998 1,831 128,159 21,100 6.1 1999 2,029 132,384 24,537 5.4 2000 2,097 135,020 25,666 5.3 2001 2,154 136,584 25,512 5.4 2002 2,277 138,737 26,480 5.2 2003 1,908 140,160 23,815 5.9 2004 2,010 142,370 24,191 5.9 2005 2,087 144,028 27,689 5.2 2006 2,170 142,169 28,107 5.1 2007 2,221 145,008 28,515 5.1 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 2.5% 3.9% 3.7% 0.2% 1997–2007 2.2% 1.5% 3.5% -1.8% Source: U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, Washington, DC, 2008, Table VM1 and annual. (Add itional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Note: Highway Statistics 1999data were not used.

a The Federal Highway Administration changed the combination truck travel methodology in 1993.5–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Truck sales in 2007 declined in nearly every class. Trucks under 10,000 lbs. continue to dominate truck sales.

Table 5.3 New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 a (thousands)

Calendar

year Class 1 6,000 lbs. or less Class 2 6,001– 10,000

lbs. Class 3 10,001– 14,000

lbs. Class 4 14,001–

16,000

lbs. Class 5 16,001–

19,500

lbs. Class 6 19,501– 26,000

lbs. Class 7 26,001– 33,000

lbs. Class 8 33,001 lbs.

and over Total Domestic sales (import data are not available) 1970 b 1,049 408 6 12 58 133 36 89 1,791 1975 1,101 952 23 1 9 159 23 83 2,351 1980 985 975 4 c 2 90 58 117 2,231 1981 896 850 1 c 2 72 51 100 1,972 1982 1,102 961 1 c 1 44 62 76 2,248 1983 1,314 1,207 c c 1 47 59 82 2,710 1984 2,031 1,224 6 c 5 55 78 138 3,538 1985 2,408 1,280 11 c 5 48 97 134 3,983 Domestic and import sales 1986 3,380 1,214 12 c 6 45 101 113 4,870 1987 3,435 1,175 14 2 8 44 103 131 4,912 1988 3,467 1,333 14 21 8 54 103 148 5,149 1989 3,313 1,297 19 27 7 39 93 145 4,942 1990 3,451 1,097 21 27 5 38 85 121 4,846 1991 3,246 876 21 24 3 22 73 99 4,365 1992 3,608 1,021 26 26 4 28 73 119 4,903 1993 4,119 1,232 27 33 4 27 81 158 5,681 1994 4,527 1,506 35 44 4 20 98 186 6,421 1995 4,422 1,631 40 53 4 23 107 201 6,481 1996 4,829 1,690 52 59 7 19 104 170 6,930 1997 5,085 1,712 53 57 9 18 114 179 7,226 1998 5,263 2,036 102 43 25 32 115 209 7,826 1999 5,707 2,366 122 49 30 48 130 262 8,716 2000 5,965 2,421 117 47 29 51 123 212 8,965 2001 6,073 2,525 102 52 24 42 92 140 9,050 2002 6,068 2,565 80 38 24 45 69 146 9,035 2003 6,267 2,671 91 40 29 51 67 142 9,357 2004 6,458 2,796 107 47 36 70 75 203 9,793 2005 6,586 2,528 167 49 46 60 89 253 9,777 2006 6,136 2,438 150 50 49 70 91 284 9,268 2007 5,682 2,623 166 51 45 54 70 151 8,842 Average annual percentage change 1970–1985 5.7% 7.9% 4.1% - -15.1% -6.6% 6.8% 2.8% 5.5% 1986–2007 2.5% 3.7% 13.3% - 10.1% 0.9% -1.7% 1.4% 2.9% 1997–2007 1.1% 4.4% 12.1% -1.1% 17.5% 11.6% -4.8% -1.7% 2.0%

Source: Ward’s Communication’s, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2008 , Southfield, MI, 2009, p. 26, and annual. (Additional resources: www.wardsauto.com)

aSales include domestic-sponsored imports. b Data for 1970 is based on new truck registrations.

cData are not available.5–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

## Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey

The Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS), whic h was formerly the Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS), provides data on the physical and operational characteristics of the Nation's truck population. It is based on a probability sample of private and commercial trucks registered (or licensed) in each state. In 1997, the survey was changed to the Vehicle Invent ory and Use Survey due to future possibilities of including additional vehicle types. The 2002 VIUS , however, only includes trucks. Copies of the 2002 VIUS report or CD may be obtained by contacting the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Transportation Characteristics Surveys Branch (301) 457-2797. Internet site: www. census .gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html

Since 1987, the survey has included minivans, vans, station wagons on truck chassis, and sport utility vehicles in addition to the bigger trucks. The 1977 and 1982 surveys did not include those vehicle types. The estimated number of trucks that were within th e scope of the 2002 VIUS and registered in the United States as of July 1, 2002, was 85.2 million. These trucks were estimated to have been driven a total of 1,115 billion miles during 2002, an increase of 6.8% from 1997. The average annual miles traveled per truck was estimated at 13,100 miles.

In the 2002 VIUS, there are several ways to classify a truck by weight. The survey respondent was asked the average weight of the vehicle or vehicle-trailer co mbination when carrying a typical payload; the empty weight (truck minus cargo) of the vehicle as it was us ually operated; and the maximum gross weight at which the vehicle or vehicle-trailer combination was operate d. The Census Bureau also collected information on the Gross Vehicle Weight Class of the vehicles (dec oded from the vehicle identification number) and the registered weight of the vehicles from the State registration files. Some of these weights are only provided in categories, while others are exact weights. Since all these weights could be quite different for a single truck, the tabulations by weight can be quite confus ing. In the tables presented here, the Gross Vehicle Weight Class was used.



### The Census Bureau has discontinued th e Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey; it was not conducted in 2007. The 2002 data remain the latest available.5–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 5.4 Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002

Manufacturer's gross vehicle weight class Number of trucks Percentage of trucks Average annual miles

per truck Harmonic mean fuel economy Percentage of fuel use 1) 6,000 lbs and less 51,941,389 61.0% 11,882 17.6 42.7% 2) 6,001 – 10,000 lbs 28, 041,234 32.9% 12,684 14.3 30.5% Light truck subtotal 79,982,623 93.9% 12,163 16.2 73.2% 3) 10,001 – 14,000 lbs 691,342 0.8% 14,094 10.5 1.1% 4) 14,001 – 16,000 lbs 290,980 0.3% 15,441 8.5 0.5% 5) 16,001 – 19,500 lbs 166,472 0.2% 11,645 7.9 0.3% 6) 19,501 – 26,000 lbs 1,709,574 2.0% 12,671 7.0 3.2% Medium truck subtotal 2,858,368 3.4% 13,237 8.0 5.2% 7) 26,001 – 33,000 lbs 179,790 0.2% 30,708 6.4 0.9% 8) 33,001 lbs and up 2,153,996 2.5% 45,739 5.7 20.7% Heavy truck subtotal 2,333,786 2.7% 44,581 5.8 21.6% Total 85,174,776 100.0% 13,088 13.5 100.0%

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey , Microdata File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www.tiusview.html)

Table 5.5 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 (miles per gallon)

Manufacturer's gross vehicle weight class 1992 TIUS 1997 VIUS 2002 VIUS 1) 6,000 lbs and less 17.2 17.1 17.6 2) 6,001–10,000 lbs 13.0 13.6 14.3 Light truck subtotal 15.7 15.8 16.2 3) 10,000–14,000 lbs 8.8 9.4 10.5 4) 14,001–16,000 lbs 8.8 9.3 8.5 5) 16,001–19,500 lbs 7.4 8.7 7.9 6) 19,501–26,000 lbs 6.9 7.3 7.0 Medium truck subtotal 7.3 8.6 8.0 7) 26,001–33,000 lbs 6.5 6.4 6.4 8) 33,001 lbs and over 5.5 5.7 5.7 Large truck subtotal 5.6 6.1 5.8

Sources: Estimates are based on data provided on the following public use files: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Transportation, Washington, DC, 1992 Truck Inventory and Use Survey , 1995; 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey , 2000, and 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey , 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
Note: Based on average fuel economy as reported by respondent.5–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 As expected, most light trucks travel within 50 miles of their home base and refuel at public stations. About sixtypercent of heavy trucks travel over 50 miles from their home base and 36% of them refuel at central companyowned refueling stations.

Table 5.6 Truck Statistics by Size, 2002
Manufacturer's gross vehicle weight class
Light (< 10,000 lbs) Medium (10,001– 26,000 lbs) Heavy (> 26,000 lbs) Total Range of operation Under 50 miles 69.2% 61.5% 40.7% 68.2% 51–100 miles 8.5% 11.7% 13.5% 8.7% 101–200 miles 2.4% 3.2% 6.7% 2.5% 201–500 miles 1.1% 1.8% 7.6% 1.3% 501 miles or more 1.4% 2.2% 10.4% 1.7% Off-road 1.1% 3.5% 3.2% 1.2% Vehicle not in use 2.2% 4.4% 3.2% 2.3% Not reported 14.1% 11.7% 14.7% 14.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Primary refueling facility Gas station 96.9% 62.4% 28.4% 93.9% Truck stop 0.7% 7.7% 31.9% 1.8% Own facility 2.0% 27.3% 36.2% 3.7% Other nonpublic facility 0.3% 2.6% 3.5% 0.5% Other 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% All 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey , Microdata. File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)5–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 More medium truck owners listed construction as the truck’s major use than any other major use category. Construction was the second highest major use for light trucks and heavy trucks.

Table 5.7 Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002

Rank Light (< 10,000 lbs average weight) Medium (10,001 – 26,000 lbs

average weight) Heavy (> 26,000 lbs average weight) 1 Personal Construction For hire 81.5% 18.4% 30.1% 2 Construction Agriculture Construction 4.6% 16.2% 15.9% 3 Other services a For hire Agriculture 2.5% 9.6% 12.2% 4 Not in use Retail Retail 2.2% 7.1% 5.4% 5 Agriculture Not in use Not in use 1.9% 6.4% 5.1% 6 Retail Leasing Waste management 1.5% 6.2% 5.0% 7 Unknown Wholesale Manufacturing 1.3% 5.5% 4.9% 8 Leasing Waste management Wholesale 0.7% 5.4% 4.8% 9 Manufacturing Utilities Leasing 0.7% 5.0% 4.6% 10 Utilities Personal Unknown 0.6% 4.8% 3.2% 11 Waste management Unknown Personal 0.6% 4.4% 2.5% 12 Wholesale Manufacturing Mining 0.6% 3.3% 2.4% 13 Information services Other services a Other services a 0.4% 3.2% 1.3% 14 For hire Food services Utilities 0.4% 1.6% 1.1% 15 Food services Information services Food services 0.3% 1.3% 1.1% 16 Arts Mining Arts 0.2% 1.1% 0.3% 17 Mining Arts Information services 0.1% 0.5% 0.1%

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey , Micro data File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)

a Business and personal services.5–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Nearly half of trucks in fleets of 11-20 and 21-50 veh icles use company-owned facilities. Most trucks in smaller fleets use public gas stations for fueling.

Table 5.8 Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Si ze and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002
Primary refueling facility Truck fleet size Gas station Truck stop Own facility Other’s facility Total 1–5 73.8% 6.1% 18.2% 1.9% 100.0% 6–10 55.3% 5.7% 35.5% 3.4% 100.0% 11–20 41.1% 5.1% 48.9% 4.9% 100.0% 21–50 42.9% 3.7% 49.8% 3.6% 100.0% 51 or more 48.3% 6.3% 44.4% 1.0% 100.0% Fleets of 6 or more vehicles 47.6% 5.2% 43.9% 3.4% 100.0% No fleet 96.4% 1.6% 1.7% 0.3% 100.0%
Source: U.S. Department of Commer ce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey , Microdata File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd /www/tiusview.html)5–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Most trucks are fueled at gas stations but for-hire or warehousing trucks are more often fueled at truck stops. Mining trucks and vehicle leasing or rent al trucks fuel at the companies’ ow n facility more than 30% of the time.

Table 5.9 Share of Trucks by Major Use a nd Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

Major use Gas station Truck stop Own facility Others facility Other All Personal 98.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% 100.0% Other services 96.0% 1.4% 1.6% 0.9% 0.1% 100.0% All 93.9% 1.8% 3.7% 0.5% 0.0% 100.0% Information services 92. 3% 0.4% 7.2% 0.1% 0.0% 100.0% Retail trade 86.6% 3.5% 8.6% 1.2% 0.0% 100.0% Construction 84.7% 3.3% 9.8% 2.2% 0.0% 100.0% Accommodation or food servi ces 82.4% 7.5% 8.8% 1.3% 0.0% 100.0% Manufacturing 81.5% 5.1% 11.9% 1.5% 0.0% 100.0% Arts, entertainment, recreation services 81.1% 4.3% 14.2% 0.3% 0.0% 100.0% Waste mgmt, landscaping, admin/support services 78.2% 3.0% 17.1% 1.6% 0.0% 100.0% Wholesale trade 76.2% 6.6% 12.0% 5.1% 0.0% 100.0% Utilities 72.6% 1.8% 24. 3% 1.3% 0.0% 100.0% Agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting 62.7% 6.7% 29.4% 1.0% 0.1% 100.0% Vehicle leasing or rental 60.2% 1.3% 31.8% 6.8% 0.0% 100.0% Mining 48.7% 8.5% 34. 3% 8.5% 0.0% 100.0% For-hire or warehousing 33.3% 38.7% 25.8% 2.3% 0.0% 100.0% Overall 93.9% 1.8% 3.7% 0.5% 0.0% 100.0%
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey , Microdata File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)5–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The figure below shows the distribution of annual travel the two types of Class 7 and 8 vehicles–combination units (separate tractor and trailer) and single units (tractor and trailer on a single chassis). This information is for vehicles two years old or less and comes from the 2002 VIUS. Combination trucks, dominated by box-type trailers, display the greatest amount of annual travel of all heavy vehicle types, as is evidenced both by the range of annual use which is up to 250,000 miles per year, and the peaking that occurs in the 100,000 to 140,000-mile segments. Most of the single-unit trucks in the survey travel 40,000 miles per year or less.



### Figure 5.1. Distribution of Trucks over 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle-Miles Traveled

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bu reau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle In ventory and Use Survey, Microdata File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/ svsd/www/tiusview.html)
Note: Heavy trucks (class 7 & 8) are greater than26,000 pounds gross vehicle weight based on the manufacturer’s rating.5–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The latest Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey asked truck owners if the truck had certain features as permanent equipment on the truck. Some of the features asked about were onboard computers, idle-reduction devices, navigational systems, and Internet access. Of the 2.3 million heavy trucks (class 7 & 8 ) in the United States, nearly 10% were equipped with onboard computers that had communication c apabil ities and another 5% had onboard computers without communication ca pabi lities. Six percent of heavy trucks were equipped with idlereducing technology. Na vigational systems and Internet access were available in le ss than one percent of heavy trucks.



### Figure 5.2. Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electro nic Features, 2002

Source: U.S. Department of Commer ce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and User Survey , Microdata File on CD, 2005.
Note: Heavy trucks (class 7 & 8) are greater th an 26,000 pounds gross vehicle weight based on the manufacturer’s rating.5–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Fuel Economy Study for Class 8 Trucks

As part of a long-term study s ponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Of fice of Vehicle Technologies (OVT), the Oak Ridge National Laborat ory (ORNL) in conjuncti on with several industry partners has collected data and information related to heavy-truck operation in real-world highway environments. The primary objective of the project wa s to collect real-world performance and spatial data for long-haul operations of Class 8 tractor-trailers fr om a fleet engaged in normal freight operations. Six model year 2005 Class 8 trucks from the selected fleet , which operates within a large area of the country extending from the east coast to Mountain Time Zone and from Canada to the US-Mexican border, were instrumented and 60 channels of data were collected fo r over a year at a rate of 5 Hz (or 5 readings per second). Those channels included information such as instantaneous fuel rate, engine speed, gear ratio, vehicle speed, and other information read from the vehicle’s databus; weather information (wind speed, precipitation, air temperature, etc.) gathered from an on- board weather station; spatial information (latitude, longitude, altitude) acquired from a GPS (Global Positi oning System) device; and instantaneous tractor and trailer weight obtained from devices mounted on the six participating tractors and ten trailers. Three of the six instrumented tractors and five of the ten instrumented trailers were mounted with New Generation Single Wide-Based Tires and the others with regular dual tires. Over the duration of this phase of the project (just over a year) the six tractors traveled nearly 700,000 miles. To find out more about this project, contactOscar Franzese, franzeseo@ornl.gov, 865-946-1304. The final report on this project is available on-line at: cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publica tions/Reports/ORNL_TM_2008-122.pdf.5–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 5.10 Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy

Average Fuel Efficiency (mpg)

Type of Terrain Share of Data Records All Trucks Tractors with Dual Tires Tractors with Single (wide) Tires Difference between Dual

and Single Tires (percent) Severe upslope (>4%) 0.7% 2.90 2.86 2.94 2.91% Mild upslope (1% to 4%) 13.2% 4.35 4.25 4.44 4.35% Flat terrain (1% to 1%) 72.4% 7.33 7.08 7.58 7.13% Mild downslope (-4% to -1%) 12.6% 15.11 14.64 15.57 6.36% Severe downslope (<-4%) 1.1% 23.50 21.82 25.30 15.97%

Source: Capps, Gary, Oscar Franzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lascurain, and Pedro Otaduy. Class-8 Heavy Truck Duty Cycle Project Final Report , ORNL/TM-2008/122, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, December 2008. 

### The type of terrain a truck is traveling on can cause significant differences in fu el efficiency. This study (see page 5–13 for project description) shows fuel economy on severe upslopes is less than half that on flat terrain. On severe downslopes, the fuel economy was three times higher than on flat terrain.5–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 5.11 Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trail er Tire Combination

Speed (mph) Dual Tire Tractor - Dual Tire Trailer Dual Tire Tractor - Single (Wide) Tire Trailer Single (Wide) Tire Tractor - Dual Tire Trailer Single (Wide) Tire Tractor - Single (Wide) Tire Trailer Distance Traveled (miles) Fuel Cons. (gal) Fuel Econ. (MPG) Distance Traveled (miles) Fuel Cons. (gal) Fuel Econ. (MPG) Distance Traveled (miles) Fuel Cons. (gal) Fuel Econ. (MPG) Distance Traveled (miles) Fuel Cons. (gal) Fuel Econ. (MPG) Idling N/A 1,858.5 N/A N/A 967.9 N/A N/A 1,676.4 N/A N/A 706.0 N/A 0+ to 5 281 101.8 2.76 148 50.4 2.93 368 124.2 2.97 156 52.8 2.96 5+ to 10 674 198.8 3.39 368 103.2 3.56 808 245.4 3.30 331 98.8 3.35 10+ to 15 723 192.0 3.77 396 98.3 4.03 848 216.5 3.92 343 87.0 3.95 15+ to 20 744 199.1 3.73 404 100.9 4.00 882 221.6 3.98 361 90.5 3.98 20+ to 25 938 228.4 4.11 489 113.6 4.31 1,111 244.2 4.55 462 101.1 4.57 25+ to 30 1,178 266.9 4.41 609 131.5 4.63 1,420 286.9 4.95 580 117.6 4.93 30+ to 35 1,481 336.8 4.40 753 154.2 4.88 1,774 341.1 5.20 708 141.1 5.02 35+ to 40 1,917 403.5 4.75 1,000 193. 6 5.17 2,284 433.6 5.27 941 184.3 5.10 40+ to 45 2,955 584.1 5.06 1,543 285.9 5 .40 3,380 603.6 5.60 1,350 254.4 5.31 45+ to 50 4,935 907.9 5.43 2,573 447.7 5 .75 5,410 872.8 6.20 2,177 360.4 6.04 50+ to 55 9,397 1,629.8 5.77 4,962 811.5 6 .11 10,046 1,622.7 6.19 3,877 625.5 6.20 55+ to 60 20,656 3,297.2 6.26 11,707 1,721.9 6 .80 22,373 3,257.8 6.87 8,710 1,246.9 6.99 60+ to 65 38,964 5,879.6 6.63 21,472 2,980.8 7 .20 34,517 4,840.0 7.13 14,944 2,049.4 7.29 65+ to 70 58,304 8,313.2 7.01 27,931 3,652.2 7 .65 65,063 9,256.4 7.03 27,144 3,880.1 7.00 70+ to 75 56,378 7,483.2 7.53 21,751 2,745.5 7 .92 66,882 8,435.6 7.93 32,887 4,056.1 8.11 75+ to 85 7,849 808.2 9.71 3,610 403.2 8 .95 11,513 911.1 12.64 6,817 512.2 13.31

Total a 207,374 30,831 6.73 99,714 13,994 7.13 228,680 31,913 7.17 101,790 13,858 7.35 Percent increase in fuel economy from dual tire

trac/trail 0.00% 5.93% 6.53% 9.20%

Source: Capps, Gary, Oscar Franzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lascurain, and Pedro Otaduy. Class-8 Heavy Truck Duty Cycle Project Final Report , ORNL/TM-2008/122, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, D ecember 2008.
Note: These data were not adjusted to account for the effects of terrain. The increase in fuel economy for speeds above 70 mph is likely due to the vehicle achieving high speeds while traveling down slope. Therefore, this increase in fuel economy is not ex pected to be characteristic of all travel at these higher speeds.

aTotal Fuel Consumed does not include fuel consumed while idling. Table 5.10 presents a distribution of distance traveled, fuel consumed, and fuel economy by speed and by type of tires for the vehicles participating in the project (see page 5-13 for project description). The speed bins are divided into 5-mile intervals, going from 0+ mph (i.e., speed > 0.00 mph) to 85 mph, while the four main columns of Table 5.10 are organized by the type of tires that were mounted on the tractor and trailers. The first row of the table contains information about fuel consumed while the vehicle was idling (i.e., the vehicle was static with the engine on) with the following rows presenting information about the distance traveled, fuel consumed, and fuel economy for each one of the speed intervals. The next-to-the-last row shows the totals for both traveled distances and fuel consumed as well as the overall fuel economy for each tire-combination category. The latter are then used to compute the percentage difference in terms of fuel economy from dual tire tractors and trailers, which is the most common tire setup for large trucks at the present time.5–16

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Figure 5.3. Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed a nd Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed

Source: Capps, Gary, Oscar Franzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lascurain, and Pedro Otaduy. Class-8 Heavy Truck Duty Cycle Project Final Report , ORNL/TM-2008/122, Oak Ridge Nationa l Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, December 2008.
Note: D = Dual tire. S = Single (wide) tire. These data were not adjusted to account for the effect s of terrain. The increase in fuel economy for speeds above 70 mph is likely due to the vehicle achieving hi gh speeds while traveling down slope. Therefore, this increase in fuel economy is not expected to be ch aracteristic of all travel at these higher speeds. The fuel economy information presented in Table 5.10 is on the upper limits of today’s large-truck fleets and is mostly a result of driver training and the extensive vehicle maintenance (including constant tire pressure) to which the fleet company participating in this pr oject adheres. Nevertheless, the results of this extensive test indicate that there are substantial gains in terms of fuel economy for large trucks when single (wide) tires are used in combination with dual tires or alone (best case). Figure 5.3 shows the information from Table 5.10 in a graphical form (bars) and also displays for each speed bin the percentage of the total distance that is traveled at that speed (line). It is possible to observe that above 80% of the distance traveled by long-haul Class 8 trucks is done at speeds above 55 mph. Therefore, any gains in fuel economies at these speeds derived from a given tire combination would have a very large impact on the overall fuel economy of these type of trucks. Figure 5.3 shows that, except for the D-S combi nation within the 65+ to 70 mph, the co mbinations with all single (wide) tires perform better and, therefore, obtain the largest overall fuel economy.

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.000+ to 55+ to 1010+ to 1515+ to 2020+ to 2525+ to 3030+ to 3535+ to 4040+ to 4545+ to 5050+ to 5555+ to 6060+ to 6565+ to 7070+ to 75

Speed Range [mph]Fuel Economy [MPG]

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%Pecentage of Total Dist. Traveled [%] Tractor D - Trailer D Tractor D - Trailer S Tractor S - Trailer D Tractor S - Trailer S %Distance Traveled5–17

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Figure 5.4. Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination

Source: Capps, Gary, Oscar Franzese, Bill Knee, M.B. Lascurain, and Pedro Otaduy. Class-8 Heavy Truck Duty Cycle Project Final Report , ORNL/TM-2008/122, Oak Ridge Nationa l Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, December 2008.
Note: D = Dual tire. S = Single (wide) tire. These data were not adjusted to account for the effect s of terrain. The increase in fuel economy for speeds above 70 mph is likely due to the vehicle achieving hi gh speeds while traveling down slope. Therefore, this increase in fuel economy is not expected to be ch aracteristic of all travel at these higher speeds. This graph presents for each one of the four tire-combination categories the percent of total fuel that is consumed when traveling at different speeds (bars) as well as the average percent of fuel consumed for each speed bin (line). As opposed to Table 5.10, the total fuel consumed on this graph includes the fuel consumed while idling.

0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00%Idling0+ to 55+ to 1010+ to 1515+ to 2020+ to 2525+ to 3030+ to 3535+ to 4040+ to 4545+ to 5050+ to 5555+ to 6060+ to 6565+ to 7070+ to 75

Speed Range [mph]Percent of Total Fuel Consumed [%]

0. 0 % 5 . 0 % 1 0

. 0% 15 . 0 0 % 2 0

. 0% 25 . 0 0 % 3 0

. 0% Tractor D - Trailer D Tractor D - Trailer S Tractor S - Trailer D Tractor S - Trailer S Average across All Trucks5–18

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

## Commodity Flow Survey

The Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) is designed to provide data on the flow of goods and materials by mode of transport. The 1993, 1 997, 2002, and 2007 CFS are a continuation of statistics collected in the Commodity Transportation Survey from 1963 through 1977, and include major improvements in methodology, sample size, and scope. The 2007 CFS co vers business establishments with paid employees that are located in the United States and are classi fied using the North Ameri can Industry Classification System (NAICS) in mining, manufactur ing, wholesale trade, and select retail trade industries, namely, electronic shopping and mail-order houses. Establis hments classified in services, transportation, construction, and most retail industries are excluded from the survey. Farms, fisheries, foreign establishments, and most government-owned establishments are also excluded. a



### The 1993, 1997, 2002, and 2007 CFS differ from previous surveys in their greatly expanded coverage of intermodalism (i.e., shipments which travel by at least tw o different modes, such as rail and truck). Earlier surveys reported only the principal mode. Route di stance for each mode for each shipment was imputed using methodologies developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Distance, in turn, was used to compute ton-mileage by mode of transport.

Preliminary data from the 2007 CFS were released in December 2008. The data can be viewed at: www.bts .gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey

.

a Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2007 Economic Census, 2007 Commodity Flow Survey , December 2008.5–19

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Industries covered by the 2007 Commodity Flow Survey (C FS) shipped over 13 billion tons of goods worth over $11 trillion. Compared to the 1997 CFS, the value of sh ipments is up 1.3% per year and tons shipped are up 1.6% per year. By value, intermodal shipments increased 4.7% per year from 1997 to 2007.

Table 5.12 Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys (Detail may not add to total because of rounding)

Value of goods shipped Tons

Mode of Transportation 2007 ( b illions) 2002 (billion 2007 dollars) 1997 (billion 2007 dollars) Average annual percent change (1997-2007) 2007 (millions) 2002 (millions) 1997 (millions) Average annual percent change All modes 11,831.5 9,678.0 8,970.5 2 .8% 13,016.6 11,667.9 11,089.7 1.6% Single modes 9,554.9 8,124.6 7,388. 8 2.6% 12,087.8 11,086.7 10,436.5 1.5% Truck a For-hire truck Private truck 8,363.7 4,764.4 3,599.2 7,186.0 4,330.2 2,818.3 6,435.3 3,748.0 2,630.8 2.7% 2.4% 3.2% 8,957.7 4,029.0 4,928.7 7,842.8 3,657.3 4,149.7 7,700.7 3,402.6 4,137.3 1.5% 1.7% 1.8% Rail 387.6 359.5 412.9 -0.6% 1, 928.5 1,873.9 1,549.8 2.2% Water Shallow draft Great Lakes Deep draft 106.9 95.4

0.7 10.8 102.9 66.3

0.9 35.7 97.9 69.6

1.9 26.4 0.9% 3.2% -9.5% -8.6% 423.3 381.6

13.3 28.5 681.2 458.6

38.0 184.6 563.4 414.8

38.4 110.2 -2.8% -0.8% -10.1% -12.6% Air (includes truck and air) 209. 6 305.4 296.0 -3.4% 3.5 3.8 4.5 -2.5% Pipeline b 487.1 172.0 146.6 12.8% 774.7 685.0 618.2 2.3% Multiple modes 1,938.9 1,243.8 1 ,221.9 4.7% 626.5 216.7 216.7 11.2% Parcel, U.S. Postal Service or courier Truck and rail Truck and water Rail and water Other multiple modes 1,597.9 197.7 31.1 7.7 104.4 1,138.5 80.6 16.6 3.8 4.4 1,105.7 97.8 10.6 2.3 5.6 3.8% 7.3% 11.4% 12.8% 34.0% 36.0 213.4

74.4 45.0 257.7 25.5 43.0 23.3 105.1

19.8 23.7 54.2 33.2 79.3 26.2 4.3% 14.7% 8.4% -5.5% 25.7% Other and unknown modes 337.7 309.6 359.9 -0.6% 302. 3 364.6 436.5 -3.6%

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2007 Commodity Flow Survey , Table 1. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov/cfs)
Note: Data for 2007 are preliminary.

a"Truck" as a single mode includes shipments which went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of private truck and for-hire truck. b CFS data for pipeline exclude most shipments of crude oil.5–20

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Industries covered by the 2007 Commodity Flow Survey (C FS) accounted for about 3. 5 trillion ton-miles on the nation’s highways, railways, waterways, pipelines, and aviation system. Ton-miles increased an average of 2.7% per year from 1997 to 2007.

Table 5.13 Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys (Detail may not add to total because of rounding)
Ton-miles Average miles per shipment

Mode of Transportation 2007 (billions) 2002 (billions) 1997 (billions) Average annual percent change (1997–2007) 2007 2002 1997 Average annual percent change All modes 3,490.8 3,137.9 2,661.4 2.7% 580 546 472 2.1% Single modes 2,953.1 2,867. 9 2,383.5 2.2% 213 240 184 1.5% Truck a For-hire truck Private truck 1,390.1 1,011.0

379.1 1,255.9 959.6 291.1 1,023.5 741.1 268.6 3.1% 3.2% 3.5% 187 527

82 173 523

64 144 485

53 2.6% 0.8% 4.5% Rail 1,294.9 1,261.6 1,022.5 2.4% 691 807 769 -1.1% Water Shallow draft Great Lakes Deep draft 176.0 163.6

4.8

c 282.7 211.5

13.8 57.4 261.7 189.3

13.4 59.0 -3.9% -1.4% -9.8%

c 330 284

c 390 568 450 339 664 482 177 204 1,024 -3.7% 4.8%

c -9.2% Air (includes truck and air) 4. 0 5.8 6.2 -4.3% 1,299 1,919 1,380 -0.6% Pipeline b c c c c c c cc Multiple modes 489.8 225.7 204.5 9.1% 915 895 813 1.2% Parcel, U.S. Postal Service or courier Truck and rail Truck and water Rail and water Other multiple modes 29.5 188.5 48.9 30.4 192.4 19.0 45.5 32.4 115.0

13.8 18.0 55.6 34.8 77.6 18.6 5.1% 13.0% 3.5% -8.9% 26.3% 914 1,053 1,347 2,608 2,190 894 1,413 1,950

957

c 813 1,347 1,265 1,092

c 1.2% -2.4% 0.6% -9.1%

c Other and unknown modes 48.0 44.2 73.4 -4.2% 149 130 122 2.0%

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2007 Commodity Flow Survey , Table 1. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov/cfs)

a"Truck" as a single mode includes shipments which went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of private truck and for-hire truck. b CFS data for pipeline exclude most shipments of crude oil.

cDenotes data do not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or other reasons. Some unpublished estimates can be derived from other data published in this table. However, figures obtained in this manner are subject to thes e same limitations.5–21

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### In 2007, the data changed substantially due to im proved estimation methodologies. Unfortunately, those data are no longer comparable to th e rest of the historical series.

Table 5.14 Summary Statistics on Transi t Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007

Year Number of active buses Vehicle-miles (millions) Passengermiles (millions) Btu/ passenger-mile Energy use (trillion Btu) 1994 68,766 2,176 19,019 4,261 81.0 1995 67,802 2,198 19,005 4,302 81.8 1996 72,353 2,234 19,280 4,334 83.6 1997 73,425 2,259 19,793 4,425 87.6 1998 77,788 2,188 20,542 4,384 90.1 1999 74,885 2,290 21,391 4,327 92.6 2000 75,665 2,329 21,433 4,509 96.6 2001 76,675 2,389 22,209 4,120 91.5 2002 76,806 2,425 22,029 4,100 90.3 2003 78,000 2,435 21,438 4,171 89.4 2004 81,630 2,484 21,550 4,318 93.0 2005 82,642 2,498 21,998 4,200 92.4 2006 83,689 2,507 22,985 4,259 97.9 2007 a 

### 65,808 2,314 21,132 4,315 91.2

Source: American Public Tran sportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, April 2009, Table 17. (Additional resources : www.ap ta.com)

a 

### Data are not continuous between 2006 and 2007 due to changes in estimation methodology. See source document for details.6–1

aIncludes only those E85 vehicles believed to be used as alternative fuel vehicles (primarily fleetoperated vehicles).

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Fuel type abbreviations are used throughout this chapter. B20 = 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel CNG = compressed natural gas E85 = 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline E95 = 95% ethanol, 5% gasoline H

2 

### = hydrogen LNG = liquified natural gas LPG = liquified petroleum gas M85 = 85% methanol, 15% gasoline M100 = 100% methanol 

# Chapter 6 Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology Vehicles and Characteristics

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source Table 6.1 Alternative fuel vehicles in use, 2007 695,766 LPG 158,254 CNG 114,391 E85 a 

### 364,384 Electric 55,730 M85 0 LNG 2,781 Table 6.4 Number of alternative fuel refuel sites, 2009 6,002 LPG 2,113 CNG 776 Biodiesel 691 Electric 466 Hydrogen 586–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

## Alternative Fuels
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 defines alternative fuels and allows the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to add to the list of alternative fuels if the fuel is substantially nonpetroleum, yields substantial energy security benefits, and offers substantial environmental benefits. DOE currently recognizes the following as alternative fuels: • methanol, ethanol, and other alcohols, • blends of 85% or more of alcohol with gasoline, • natural gas and liquid fuels domestically produced from natural gas, • liquefied petroleum gas (propane), • coal-derived liquid fuels • hydrogen and electricity • biodiesel, • P-series. 

## Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center DOE established the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) in 1991 to support its work aimed at fulfilling the Alternative Motor Fuels Act directives. Since then, the AFDC has exp anded its focus to include all advanced transportation fuels, vehicles, and technologies. It has been renamed the Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center to reflect this broader scope. The AFDC is operated and managed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado. The purposes of the AFDC are: • to gather and analyze information on the fuel consumption, emissions, operation, and durability of alternative fuel vehicles, and • to provide unbiased, accurate information on alternative fuel s and alternativ e fuel vehicles to government agencies, private i ndustry, research institutions, and other interested organizations.

Much of the AFDC data can be obtained through their Web site: www. eere.energy. gov/afdc

. Several tables and graphs in this chapter contain statistics which were generated by the AFDC. Below are some links to specific areas of the AFDC Web site.

Alternative & Advanced Fuels - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/index.html Alternative Fueling Station Locator - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_locator.html
Alternative & Advanced Vehicles - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/index.html
Fleet Information - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fleets/index.html
State & Federal Incentives & Laws - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/incentives_laws.html Data Analysis & Trends - www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/data/index.html6–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 6.1 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use a , 1992–2007

Year LPG CNG LNG M85 M100 E85 b E95 Electricity Hydrogen c Total 1995 172,806 50,218 603 18,319 386 1,527 136 2,860 0 246,855 1996 175,585 60,144 663 20,265 172 4,536 361 3,280 0 265,006 1997 175,679 68,571 813 21,040 172 9,130 347 4,453 0 280,205 1998 177,183 78,782 1,172 19,648 200 12,788 14 5,243 0 295,030 1999 178,610 91,267 1,681 18,964 198 24,604 14 6,964 0 322,302 2000 181,994 100,750 2,090 10,426 0 87,570 4 11,830 0 394,664 2001 185,053 111,851 2,576 7,827 0 100,303 0 17,847 0 425,457 2002 187,680 120,839 2,708 5,873 0 120,951 0 33,047 0 471,098 2003 190,369 114,406 2,640 0 0 179,090 0 47,485 9 533,999 2004 182,864 118,532 2,717 0 0 211,800 0 49,536 43 565,492 2005 173,795 117,699 2,748 0 0 246,363 0 51,398 119 592,122 2006 164,846 116,131 2,798 0 0 297,099 0 53,526 159 634,562 2007 158,254 114,391 2,781 0 0 364,384 0 55,730 223 695,766 Average annual percentage change
1995-2007 -0.7% 7.1% 13.6% -100% -100% 57.8% -100% 28.1% 9.0%
Source: U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels , 2007, Washington, DC, April 2009, Table VI. 1992-2006, Annual Energy Review , Table 10.4. Estimated Number of Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use and Replacement Fuel Consumption. (Add itional resources: www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/renew.html and www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/data/vehicles.html)

a Vehicles in Use represent accumulated acquisitions, less re tirements, as of the end of each calendar year. They do not include concept and demonstration vehicles. b Includes only those E85 vehicles believed to be used as alternative-fuels vehicles (AFVs), primarily fleet-operated vehicles; excludes other vehicles with E85-fueling capability. In 1997, some vehicle manufacturers began including E85-fueling capability in certain model lines of vehicles . For 2007, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that the number of E85 vehicles that are capable of operating on E85, motor gasoline, or both, is about 7.1 million. Many of these AFVs are sold and used as traditional gasoline-powered vehicles.

c Excludes HEVs. 

### There are nearly 700,000 alternative fuel vehicles in the United States, not including flex-fuel E85 vehicles which operate mainly on gasoline. The E85 vehicles in this table are those believed to be regularly fueled with E85.6–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 6.2 Alternative Fuel Vehicl es Available by Manuf acturer, Model Year 2008 

### Model Fuel Type Emission class Daimler Chrysler: 1-800-999-FLEET; www.fleet.chrysler.com Chrysler Sebring E85 flex fuel Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 8A Chrysler Aspen E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 8A Dodge Avenger E85 flexfuel Sedan ULEV Dodge Durango E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 8A Dodge Caravan E85 flex fuel Minivan ULEV, Tier-2 Bin 8A Dodge Grand Caravan E85 flex fuel Minivan ULEV, Tier-2 Bin 8A Chrysler Town & Country E85 flex fuel Minivan Tier-2 Bin 8A Dodge Dakota E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 8A Dodge Ram 1500 E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 8A Jeep Grand Cherokee E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 10A Jeep Commander E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 10A Ford: 1-800-34-FLEET; www.fleet.ford.com ; www.fordvehicles.com Crown Victoria E85 flex fuel Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Lincoln Town Car E85 flex fuel Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Mercury Grand Marquis E85 flex fuel Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Ford F-150 E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV, Tier-2 Bin 8A General Motors: 1-888-GM-AFT-4U; www.gmaltfuel.com Chevrolet Impala E85 flex fuel Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Chevrolet Tahoe E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Chevrolet Police Tahoe E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 GMC Yukon E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Chevrolet Suburban E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 GMC Yukon XL E85 flex fuel SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Chevy Silverado E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 GMC Sierra E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Chevy Avalanche E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Chevy Express E85 flex fuel Van LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 GMC Savana E85 flex fuel Van LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Chevrolet Uplander E85 flex fuel Minivan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Honda: 1-888-CCHonda; www.honda.com Civic GX CNG dedicated Sedan ILEV, AT-PZEV, Tier 2 Bin 2 FCX Hydrogen fuel cell Sedan ZEV, Tier-2, Bin 1 Mercedes-Benz USA: 800-FOR-MERCEDES; www.mbusa.com C300 Sport Sedan E85 flex fuel Sedan ULEV Nissan: 1-800-NISSAN-1; www.nissanusa.com Armada E85 flex fuel SUV LEV Titan E85 flex fuel Pickup LEV

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, National Alternative Fuels Data Center, Web site, www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/my20 08_afv_ atv. pdf, February 2009. (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs_vehicles_search. php)
Note: LEV=low emission vehicle. ILEV=inherently low emission vehicle. ULEV=ultra low emission vehicle. ZEV=zero emission vehicle. TLEV=transitional low emission vehicle. SULEV=super ultra low emission vehicle. See Chapter 12 for details on emissions.6–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 6.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 Model Battery Type a Type Emission class Ford: 1-800-34-FLEET; www.fleet.ford.com ; www.fordvehicles.com Ford Escape Hybrid NiMH SUV SULEV II, AT-PZEV Mercury Mariner Hybrid NiMH SUV SULEV II, AT-PZEV General Motors: 1-800-25Electric, 313-556-7723 or 1-888-GM-AFT-4U (CNG) Chevrolet Malibu NiMH Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Saturn Aura NiMH Sedan LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Chevrolet Tahoe NiMH SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 GMC Yukon NiMH SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Saturn VUE Green Line NiMH (Mild hybrid) SUV LEV II, Tier-2 Bin 5 Honda: 1-888-CCHonda; www.honda.com Civic Hybrid NiMH Sedan SULEV, AT-PZEV Lexus: 800-255-3987; www.lexus.com GS 450h NiMH Sedan SULEV RX 400h NiMH SUV SULEV LS 600h NiMH Sedan SULEV Mazda: 1-800-222-5500; www.mazdausa.com Tribute NiMH SUV SULEV II, AT-PZEV Nissan: 1-800-NISSAN-1; www.nissanusa.com Altima NiMH Sedan AT-PZEV Toyota: 1-800-GO-Toyota; www.toyota.com Prius NiMH Sedan SULEV, AT-PZEV, Tier-2 Bin 3 Camry NiMH Sedan AT-PZEV Highlander NiMH SUV SULEV, Tier-2 Bin 3

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, National Alternative Fuels Data Center, Web site, www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/my2008_afv_atv.pdf, February 2009 (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs_vehicles_search. php)
Note: LEV = low emission vehicle; ILEV = inherently low emission vehicle; ULEV = ultra low emission vehicle; ZEV = zero emission vehicle; TLEV = transitional low emission vehicle; SULEV = super ultra low emission vehicle; AT-PZEV = avanced technology - partial zero emissions vehicle. See Chapter 12 for details on emissions.

aNiMH = Nickel-Metal Hydride; PbA = Lead-Acid; Mild hybrid = A vehicle that shuts down the engine when coasting, breaking or stopped while continuing to power accessories. There is however, no electric drivetrain like that f ound on a full hybrid vehicle.6–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 This list includes public and private refuel sites; therefore, not all of these sites are available to the public.

Table 6.4 Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2009

State CNG sites E85 site LPG sites Electric sites Biodiesel sites Hydrogen sites LNG sites Total Alabama 3 10 40 0 12 0 0 65 Alaska 1 0 10 0 1 0 0 12 Arizona 39 25 51 15 12 1 5 138 Arkansas 3 7 37 0 3 0 0 50 California 188 19 202 404 48 28 27 916 Colorado 18 72 44 0 23 0 0 157 Connecticut 9 4 13 3 1 2 0 32 Delaware 1 1 2 0 4 0 0 8 Dist. of Columbia 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 6 Florida 15 23 47 3 14 2 0 104 Georgia 19 32 37 0 30 0 0 118 Hawaii 0 0 3 3 6 1 0 13 Idaho 7 5 25 0 8 0 1 46 Illinois 23 187 52 5 5 1 0 273 Indiana 14 119 31 0 7 0 0 171 Iowa 0 108 24 0 5 0 0 137 Kansas 2 32 44 0 5 0 0 83 Kentucky 0 13 13 0 1 0 0 27 Louisiana 5 5 9 0 1 0 0 20 Maine 1 0 8 0 5 0 0 14 Maryland 13 13 13 0 10 0 0 49 Massachusetts 11 2 21 12 5 1 0 52 Michigan 13 73 69 0 19 7 0 181 Minnesota 1 358 31 0 1 0 0 391 Mississippi 2 4 33 0 7 0 0 46 Missouri 6 95 63 0 5 1 0 170 Montana 3 1 29 0 6 0 0 39 Nebraska 1 48 18 0 3 0 0 70 Nevada 11 18 28 0 13 2 0 72 New Hampshire 3 0 11 8 12 0 0 34 New Jersey 11 0 10 0 2 0 0 23 New Mexico 11 9 49 0 7 0 0 76 New York 91 30 30 1 5 4 0 161 North Carolina 12 17 44 0 69 0 0 142 North Dakota 2 31 13 0 2 1 0 49 Ohio 8 68 66 0 24 1 0 167 Oklahoma 49 8 64 0 7 0 0 128 Oregon 12 8 29 14 36 0 0 99 Pennsylvania 25 24 63 0 8 2 0 122 Rhode Island 5 0 4 2 2 0 0 13 South Carolina 4 84 20 0 75 1 0 184 South Dakota 0 80 16 0 2 0 0 98 Tennessee 3 30 41 0 34 0 0 108 Texas 17 39 485 1 54 0 4 600 Utah 60 6 23 0 6 0 0 95 Vermont 1 0 5 2 2 1 0 11 Virginia 11 7 19 1 24 1 0 63 Washington 14 15 52 2 42 0 0 125 West Virginia 1 3 5 0 1 0 0 10 Wisconsin 18 118 41 0 1 0 0 178 Wyoming 8 7 26 0 15 0 0 56 Totals by Fuel: 776 1,861 2,113 466 691 58 37 6,002

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center Web site, www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/infrastructure/station counts.html, January 2009.6–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Clean Cities is a locally-based government/industry partnership, coordinated by the U.S. Departmentof Energy to expand the use of alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel. By combining the decisionmaking with voluntary action by partners, the "grass-roots" approach of Clean Cities departs from traditional "top-down" Federal programs.

Figure 6.1. Clean Cities Coalitions

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuel Data Center, February 2008. (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities)6–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Vehicle Technologies Program

www. eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels

The Vehicle Technologies Program is administered by the Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. The mission of this program is to develop more energy efficient and environmen tally friendly highway transportation technologies that enable America to use less petroleum. The long-term aim is to develop "leap frog" technologies that will provide Americans with greater freedom of mobility and energy security, with lower costs and lower impacts on the environment. For additional inform ation about the Vehicl e Technologies Program, visit the Web site listed above.


# Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center
hydrogen.pnl.gov/

The Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center was deve loped to provide reliabl e data and information for hydrogen-related analytical activities. The Center’s Web site includes:

• Hydrogen Data Book - contains a wide rang e of factual information on hydrogen and fuel cells. hydrogen.pnl.gov/co coon/morf/hydrogen/article/103 • Related Sites - provides links other sites withdata relevant to hy drogen and fuel cell analysis. • Guidelines and Assumptions for DOE Hy drogen Program Analysis - contains guidelines for conducting analysis ( under development) and assumptions. • Calculator Tools - provides tools to perfo rm conversions of hydrogen and other calculations relevant to hydrogen and fuel cells. • Analysis Tools - provides links to models and other tools relevant to hydrogen and fuel cells, such as H2A, GREET, PSAT, VISION, MOVES, and other transportation and energy models.6–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 6.5 Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels
Property Gasoline No. 2 diesel Methanol Ethanol Chemical formula C 4 to C 12 C 8 to C 25 CH 3 OH C 2 H 5 OH Physical state Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Molecular weight 100–105 ~ 200 32.04 46.07 Composition (weight %) Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen 85–88 12–15

0 87 13 0 37.5 12.6 49.9 52.2 13.1 34.7 Main fuel source(s) Crude oil Crude oil Natural gas, coal, or woody biomass Corn, grains, or agricultural waste Specific gravity (60 < F/ 60 < F) 0.72–0.78 0.85 0.796 0.794 Density (lb/gal @ 60 < F) 6.0–6.5 7.079 6.63 6.61 Boiling temperature (F < ) 80–437 356–644 149 172 Freezing point (F < ) -40 -40–30 -143.5 -173.2 Autoiginition temperature (F < ) 495 ~ 600 867 793 Reid vapor pressure (psi) 8–15 <0.2 4.6 2.3

Property Propane CNG Hydrogen Chemical formula C 3 H 8 CH 4 H 2 Physical state Compressed gas Compressed gas Compressed gas or liquid Molecular weight 44.1 16.04 2.02 Composition (weight %) Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen 82 18 n/a 75 25 n/a 0 100

0
Main fuel source Underground reserves Underground reserves Natural gas, methanol, and other energy
sources Specific gravity (60 < F/ 60 < F) 0.508 0.424 0.07 Density (lb/gal @ 60 < F) 4.22 1.07 n/a Boiling temperature (F < ) -44 -263.2 to -126.4 -423 Freezing point (F < ) -305.8 -296 -435 Autoiginition temperature (F < ) 842 900–1,170 932 Reid vapor pressure (psi) 208 2,400 n/a

Source: Alternative Fuels Data Center, “Properties of Fuel,” www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/fueltable.pdf and “Fuel Comparison,” www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/properties.html, February 2009.
Note: n/a = not applicable.7–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Chapter 7 Fleet Vehicles and Characteristics

Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter

Source Figure 7.1 Fleet cars, 2007 4,186,000 Figure 7.1 Fleet trucks # 19,500 lbs. GVW, 2007 4,546,000 Table 7.3 Average annual miles per business fleet vehicle Pick up trucks 25,704 SUVs 25,164 Intermediate cars 24,840 Figure 7.2 Average annual miles per Federal Government fleet vehicle, 2007 Sedans & station wagons 13,087 SUVs 8,531 Buses 9,499 Heavy trucks 8,747 Medium trucks 7,184 Light trucks 5,682 Ambulances 7,848 Table 7.4 Federal government vehicles, FY 2008 645,491 Light trucks (<8,500 lbs. GVW) 278,105 Cars and other passenger vehicles 236,607 Medium trucks (8,500–26,000 lbs. GVW) 88,509 Heavy trucks (>26,000 lbs. GVW) 32,752 Buses and ambulances 9,5187–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Vehicles in fleets of 15 or more are counted as fleet vehicles, as well as vehicles in fleets where five or more vehicles are purchased annually. Historical data on fleets are not available due to de finitional changes of what constitutes a fleet.

Figure 7.1. Fleet Vehicles in Service as of June 1, 2008

Source: Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Research Department, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2008 , Redondo Beach, CA, 2009. (Additional resources: www.fleet-central.com)

a Taxi category includes vans. b Rental category includes vans an d sports utility vehicles under cars , not trucks.

c Fleets of 15 or more in operation or 5 or more fleet vehicles purchased annually.7–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Rental companies made the largest li ght fleet vehicle registrations in 2007 buying nearly 2.0 million vehicles, most of them cars (57.2%). Over 30% of the commercial fleet vehicles registrations were pickups.

Table 7.1 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007

Commercial Rental Government Total Cars 26.2% 57.2% 39.5% 47.1% Pickups 30.1% 3.5% 24.5% 12.6% Vans 18.3% 10.6% 14.4% 13.0% Sport utility vehicles 15.2% 26.8% 12.4% 22.3% Medium trucks 10.2% 2.0% 19.2% 4.9% Total 855,781 2,010,693 294,754 3,161,228

Source: Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2008 , pp. 28, 29, 31 and Web site. (Additional resources: www.fleet-central.com)7–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### The average length of service for an intermediate size fleet car is 29 months. Of the light vehicle types, full-size vans have the longest average months in service.

Table 7.2 Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2007

Vehicle type Average months in service Compact cars 32 Intermediate cars 29 Pickup trucks 40 Minivans 31 Sport utility vehicles 29 Full-size vans 46

Source: Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2008 , pp. 34-35. (Additional resources: www.fleet-central.com)
Note: Based on data collected from four leading Fleet Management companies.

Table 7.3 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 Business fleet vehicles Average annual miles of travel Compact cars 24,360 Intermediate cars 24,840 Pickup trucks 25,704 Minivans 27,468 SUVs 25,164 Full-size vans 29,244
Source: Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2008, pp. 34-35. (Additional resources: www.fleet-central.com)7–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Figure 7.2. Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008

Source: U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2008 Federal Fleet Report , Washington, DC, January 2009, Table 4-2. (Additional resources: www.gsa.gov) 

### These data, which apply to domestic Federal fleet vehicles, indicate that sedans and station w agons have the highest average annual miles per vehicle , followed closely by buses and heavy trucks.7–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 7.4 Federal Government Vehicles, 2002-2008
Vehicle Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Passenger Vehicles Subcompact 4,638 5,139 4,485 2,401 2,181 1,968 3,058 Compact 57,002 58,364 55,150 58,284 56,220 48,495 41,482 Midsize 40,779 37,695 35,012 36,656 39,762 48,622 55,157 Large 11,265 11,171 16,235 15,966 11,783 11,907 10,679 Limousines 130 115 227 191 318 217 238 Light passenger vans 61,518 60,030 42,213 42,109 41,911 43,203 43,131 Medium passenger vans 1,701 16,023 13,282 13,252 15,657 15,231 15,696 Light SUVs 48,343 42,316 54,992 50,445 52,393 53,837 56,329 Medium SUVs 0 7,593 7,594 6,096 7,192 7,733 10,837 Total Passenger Vehicles 225,376 238,446 229,190 225,400 227,417 231,213 236,607

Trucks and Other Vehicles Light 4x2 220,205 232,526 236,123 243,477 241,847 243,720 243,143 Light 4x4 27,108 28,654 32,121 35,417 37,019 40,115 34,962 Medium 86,949 77,569 80,474 83,747 81,721 84,414 88,509 Heavy 31,426 33,089 33,308 35,230 33,383 32,492 32,752 Ambulances 1,710 1,611 1,405 1,580 1,601 1,982 1,474 Buses 7,313 7,493 7,530 7,837 7,752 8,297 8,044 Total Trucks and Other Vehicles 374,711 380,942 390,961 407,288 403,323 411,020 408,884 GRAND TOTAL ALL VEHICLES 600,087 619,388 620,151 632,688 630,740 642,233 645,491



### Source: U.S. General Services Administration, Federal Supply Service, FY 2008 Federal Fleet Report , Washington, DC, 2009, Charts 2-5 and 2-6. (A dditional resources: http ://www.gsa.gov) The Federal Government vehicle inventory incl udes more light trucks than passenger vehicles.7–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 7.5 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 2002–2008 Acquisitions by Year Fuel Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Gasoline 44,850 42,844 43,378 41,469 37,758 32,547 30,907 Diesel 8,107 5,831 5,822 6,050 6,809 5,813 5,897 CNG 1,267 1,223 809 188 243 129 123 E-85 8,054 19,626 13,991 16,892 18,168 26,581 27,792 Electric 7 31 88 13 0 7 6 LNG 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 LPG 59 49 26 1 0 4 3 M-85 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hydrogen 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Grand Total 62,372 69,604 64,114 64,613 62,978 65,081 64,729
Source: U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2008 Federal Fleet Report , Washington, DC, 2009 , Chart 5-4. (Additional resources: www.gsa.gov)

Table 7.6 Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 (thousand gasoline equivalent gallons)

FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 Gasoline 281,791 281,205 296,017 284,460 300,261 288,923 293,848 292,046 Diesel 70,761 68,487 69,109 59,199 53,363 47,489 57,700 55,617 CNG 2,335 1,708 575 1,159 1,245 807 889 731 Electricity 35 56 19 3 6 5 5 4 Biodiesel 1,315 2,252 3,753 6,470 8,052 8,334 9,483 6,976 Methanol/M-85 5 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 LPG 102 108 104 126 231 105 322 399 Ethanol/E-85 5,900 4,673 1,592 1,784 3,060 3,206 3,853 6,293 LNG 52 27 23 91 102 90 95 59 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 362,296 358,520 371,195 353, 292 366,320 348,959 366,195 362,125

Source: U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2008 Federal Fleet Report , Washington, DC, 2009, Chart 5-1. (Additional resources: www.gsa.gov)8–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Chapter 8 Household Vehicles and Characteristics

Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter

Source Table 8.2 Vehicles per capita, 2007 0.825 Table 8.3 Average household transportation expense, 2007 17.6% Table 8.4 Share of households owning 3 or more vehicles 1960 2.5% 1970 5.5% 1980 17.5% 1990 17.3% 2000 18.3% Table 8.5 Vehicles per licensed driver, 2001 1.06 Figure 8.1 Average occupancy rates by vehicle type, 2001 Pickup Truck 1.46 Car 1.58 Sports Utility 1.74 Van 2.20 Table 8.9 Average annual miles pe r household vehicle, 2001 11,100 Table 8.15 Share of workers who car pooled, 2000 11.2% Table 8.21 Long-distance trips in the United States, 2001 Person-trips 2,554 million Person-miles 1,138 billion8–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The number of vehicles in the United States is growing faster than the population. The growth in vehicle-miles has slowed in recent years. See Table 8.2 for vehicles per capita and vehicle-miles per capita.

Table 8.1 Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2007

Year Resident population a (thousands) Total households (thousands) Number of vehicles in operation (thousands) Total vehicle-miles

(millions) Number of licensed drivers (thousands) Number of civilian employed persons (thousands) 1950 151,326 43,554 43,256 458,246 62,194 58,918 1955 165,069 47,874 55,804 605,646 74,686 62,170 1960 179,979 52,799 66,582 718,762 87,253 65,778 1965 193,526 57,251 82,067 887,812 98,502 71,088 1970 203,984 63,401 98,136 1,109,724 111,543 78,678 1975 215,465 71,120 120,054 1,327,664 129,791 85,846 1980 227,225 80,776 139,832 1,527,295 145,295 99,303 1985 237,924 86,789 157,048 1,774,826 156,868 107,150 1986 240,133 88,458 162,094 1,834,872 159,487 109,597 1987 242,289 89,479 167,193 1,921,204 161,975 112,440 1988 244,499 91,061 171,741 2,025,962 162,853 114,968 1989 246,819 92,830 175,960 2,096,487 165,555 117,342 1990 249,623 93,347 179,299 2,144,362 167,015 118,793 1991 252,981 94,312 181,438 2,172,050 168,995 117,718 1992 256,514 95,689 181,519 2,247,151 173,125 118,492 1993 259,919 96,391 186,315 2,296,378 173,149 120,259 1994 263,126 97,107 188,714 2,357,588 175,403 123,060 1995 266,278 98,990 193,441 2,422,696 176,628 124,900 1996 269,394 99,627 198,294 2,485,848 179,539 126,708 1997 272,647 101,018 201,071 2,561,695 182,709 129,558 1998 275,854 102,528 205,043 2,631,522 184,980 131,463 1999 279,040 103,874 209,509 2,691,056 187,170 133,488 2000 282,194 104,705 213,300 2,746,925 190,625 136,891 2001 285,112 108,209 216,683 2,797,287 191,276 136,933 2002 287,888 109,297 221,027 2,855,508 194,296 136,485 2003 290,448 111,278 225,882 2,890,450 196,166 137,736 2004 293,192 112,000 231,398 2,964,788 198,889 139,252 2005 295,896 113,343 237,697 2,989,430 200,549 141,730 2006 298,755 114,384 244,022 3,014,371 202,810 144,427 2007 301,621 116,011 248,701 3,029,822 205,742 146,047 Average annual percentage change 1950–2007 1.2% 1.7% 3.1% 3.4% 2.1% 1.6% 1997–2007 1.0% 1.4% 2.1% 1.7% 1.2% 1.2%
Sources: Resident population and civilian employed persons - U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States–2009, Washington, DC, 2009, tables 2, 58, 567, and annual. (Additional resources: www.census.gov) Vehicles in operation - The Polk Company. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED . (Additional resources: www.polk.com) Licensed drivers and vehicle-miles - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007 , Tables DL-1C and VM-1, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

aEstimates as of July 1. Includes Armed Forces in the United States.8–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Vehicle-miles per capita reached 10, 000 miles in 2004. There were 1.70 vehicles for every employed civilian in the United States in 2007.

Table 8.2 Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2007 a

Year Vehicles per capita Vehicle-miles per capita Vehicles per civilian employed persons 1950 0.286 3,029 0.73 1955 0.338 3,656 0.90 1960 0.370 3,994 1.01 1965 0.424 4,587 1.15 1970 0.481 5,440 1.25 1975 0.560 6,191 1.40 1980 0.615 6,722 1.41 1985 0.660 7,460 1.47 1986 0.675 7,641 1.48 1987 0.690 7,929 1.49 1988 0.702 8,286 1.49 1989 0.713 8,494 1.50 1990 0.718 8,590 1.51 1991 0.717 8,586 1.54 1992 0.708 8,760 1.53 1993 0.717 8,835 1.55 1994 0.717 8,960 1.53 1995 0.726 9,098 1.55 1996 0.736 9,228 1.56 1997 0.737 9,396 1.55 1998 0.743 9,540 1.56 1999 0.751 9,644 1.57 2000 0.756 9,734 1.56 2001 0.760 9,811 1.58 2002 0.768 9,919 1.62 2003 0.778 9,952 1.64 2004 0.789 10,112 1.66 2005 0.803 10,103 1.68 2006 0.817 10,090 1.69 2007 0.825 10,045 1.70 Average annual percentage change 1950–2007 1.9% 2.1% 1.5% 1997–2007 1.1% 0.7% 0.9% Sources: Resident population and civilian employed persons - U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States–2009 , Washington, DC, 2009, tables 2, 567, and a nnual. (Additional resources: www.census.gov) Vehicles in operation - The Polk Company. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED . (Additional resources: www.polk.com) Vehicle-miles - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007 , Table VM-1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

a Includes all vehicles (light and heavy).8–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Transportation (17.6%) is second only to housing (34.1%) as the largest expenditure for the average household. In 2007, approximately 27.2% of transportation expenditures were for purchasing gasoline and motor oil. There is an average of 1.9 vehicles per household.

Table 8.3 Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 a Income before taxes All households Less than $5,000 $5,000– $9,999 $10,000– $14,999 $15,000– $19,999 Total expenditures $49,638 $19,697 $16,623 $20,611 $24,106 Percentage of total expenditures b Food c 12.4% 15.2% 15.0% 15.4% 13.4% Housing 34.1% 38.1% 43.4% 40.4% 39.5% Apparel and services 3.8% 5.3% 3.8% 3.8% 3.0% Transportation 17.6% 15.5% 13.9% 15.7% 17.8% Vehicle purchases (net outlay) 6.5% 3.8% 3.7% 5.4% 7.0% Gasoline and motor oi l 4.8% 4.7% 5.3% 4.8% 5.5% Other vehicle expenditures 5.2% 6.1% 4.2% 4.8% 4.3% Public transportation 1.1% 0.8% 1.7% 0.7% 1.1% Health care 5.7% 5.3% 5.9% 7.8% 8.5% Entertainment 5.4% 5.4% 4.2% 4.3% 4.6% Personal Insurance & pensions 10.8% 2.1% 2.0% 2.5% 3.5% Others d 9.3% 12.2% 11.0% 9.3% 9.1% Households e(thousands) 120,171 4,184 5,406 7,552 7,562 Percentage of households 100% 3.5% 4.5% 6.3% 6.3% Average number of vehicles in HH 1.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Web site: www.bls.gov/cex/ 2007/standard/income.pdf, October 2008. (Additional resources: www.bls.gov)

a Public assistance monies are included in re ported income. Data for those reporting income. bPercentages may not sum to totals due to rounding.

c Includes alcoholic beverages. dIncludes personal care, reading, education, t obacco and smoking supplies, cash contributions, and miscellaneous items.

eThe term household refers to a “consumer unit,” which is defined differently than households on Table 8.1.8–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 8.3 (Continued) Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 a

Income before taxes $20,000- $29,999 $30,000- $39,999 $40,000- $49,999 $50,000- $69,999 $70,000 and over Total expenditures $29,704 $34,739 $41,083 $50,428 $84,072 Percentage of total expenditures b Food c 13.7% 13.4% 13.8% 12.6% 11.3% Housing 37.0% 35.7% 34.1% 33.7% 32.6% Apparel and services 3.4% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% 3.9% Transportation 18.3% 18.7% 17.9% 19.5% 17.1% Vehicle purchases (net outlay) 6.4% 6.4% 5.2% 7.6% 6.7% Gasoline and motor oi l 5.7% 5.8% 5.7% 5.5% 4.1% Other vehicle expenditures 5.5% 5.7% 6.1% 5.5% 5.0% Public transportation 0.7% 0.9% 0.8% 1.8% 1.3% Health care 8.4% 7.2% 6.8% 6.1% 4.7% Entertainment 4.6% 5.1% 4.9% 5.3% 5.9% Personal Insurance & pensions 5.9% 7.1% 8.4% 10.2% 13.8% Others d 7.9% 8.3% 9.3% 8.0% 9.8% Households e(thousands) 14,720 13,211 11,824 18,390 37,322 Percentage of households 12.2% 11.1% 9.8% 15.3% 31.1% Average number of vehicles in HH 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.7

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Web site: www.bls.gov/cex/ 2007/standard/income.pdf, October 2008. (Additional resources: www.bls.gov)

a Public assistance monies are included in re ported income. Data for those reporting income. bPercentages may not sum to totals due to rounding.

c Includes alcoholic beverages. dIncludes personal care, reading, education, t obacco and smoking supplies, cash contributions, and miscellaneous items.

eThe term household refers to a “consumer unit,” which is defined differently than households on Table 8.1.8–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Household vehicle ownership shows a dramatic increase from 1960 to 1990. In 1 960, nearly 79% of households owned less than two vehicles; by 1990, it declined to 45%. Census data prior to 1990 indicated that the majority of households owned one vehicle; in 1990 that changed to two vehicles.



### Table 8.4 Household Vehicle Ow nership, 1960–2000 Census (percentage)

No vehicles One vehicle Two vehicles Three or
more vehicles Total vehicles a 

### 1960 21.53% 56.94% 19.00% 2.53% 54,766,718 1970 17.47% 47.71% 29.32% 5.51% 79,002,052 1980 12.92% 35.53% 34.02% 17.52% 129,747,911 1990 11.53% 33.74% 37.35% 17.33% 152,380,479 2000 9.35% 33.79% 38.55% 18.31% 179,417,526

Source: U. S. Department of Transportation, Volp e National Transportation Systems Center, Journey-toWork Trends in the United States and its Major Metropolitan Area, 1960–1990 , Cambridge, MA, 1994, p. 2-2. 2000 data - U.S. Bureau of the Census, American FactFinder, factfinder.census.gov, Table QT04, August 2001. (Additional resources : www.census.gov)

a Estimates using Census Bureau data; these data on the total number of vehicles do not match the figures on Table 8.1. The figures on Table 8.1, from R.L. Polk and Company, are the preferred data.8–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

## 2001 National Household Travel Survey Daily Trip Data The Department of Transportation (DOT) co lleted data on daily trips in 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990 and 1995 via the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). Data on longer trips were collected in 1977 and 1995 via the American Travel Survey (ATS). For 2001, the DOT combined the collection of long trip and daily trip data into one survey – th e 2001 National Travel Househol d Travel Survey (NHTS). The NHTS is the nation’s inventory of daily a nd long-distance travel. The survey includes demographic characteristics of house holds, people, vehicles, and detaile d information on daily and longerdistance travel for all purposes by all modes. NHTS survey data are collected from a sample of U.S. households and expanded to provide national estimates of trips and miles by travel mode, trip purpose, and a host of household attributes. The NHTS was designed to continue the NPTS and ATS series, but as with all data surveys, caution should be used when comparing statistics from one surveyto another due to changes in terminology, survey procedures, and target population. The 2001 survey collect ed data on trips of children under 5 years of age, while the previous NPTS did not. Im proved methodologies first used in the collection of trip information in the 1995 NPTS make it difficult to compare these data with past NPTS survey data. Thus, the 1990 NPTS trip data have been adjusted to make it comparable with the later surveys.

Table 8.5 Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

1969 1977 1983 1990 1995 2001 Percent change 1969–2001 Persons per household 3.16 2.83 2.69 2.56 2.63 2.58 -18% Vehicles per household 1.16 1.59 1.68 1.77 1.78 1.89 63% Workers per household 1.21 1.23 1.21 1.27 1.33 1.35 12% Licensed drivers per household 1.65 1.69 1.72 1.75 1.78 1.77 7% Vehicles per worker 0.96 1.29 1.39 1.40 1.34 1.39 45% Vehicles per licensed driver 0.70 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.00 1.06 52% Average vehicle trip length (miles) 8.89 8.34 7.90 8.98 9.06 9.87 11%

Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey: Summary of Travel Trends , FHWA-PL-92-027, Washington, DC, March 1992, Table 2. Data for 1995 and 2001 were generated from the Internet sites www-cta.ornl.gov/npts, and nhts.ornl.gov

. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Note: Average vehicle trip length for 1990 and 1995 is calculated using only those records with trip mileage information present. The 1969 survey does not include pickups and other light trucks as household vehicles. The Nationwide Household Travel Survey was conducted in 2008 but the dat a have not been released. The 2001 survey data are the latest available at the current time.8–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Due to methodology improvements in coll ecting trip information, the 2001 and 1995 data should be compared only to the 1990 adj usted data. The original 1990 data are comparable to all previous surveys; however, comparisons should always be made with caution because of differing survey methodologies

.

Table 8.6 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS Journey-to-work a All trips Average annual vehicle-miles per household 1969 4,183 12,423 1977 3,815 12,036 1983 3,538 11,739 1990 original 4,853 15,100 1990 adjusted 4,853 18,161 1995 6,492 20,895 2001 5,724 21,171 Average annual vehicle trips per household 1969 445 1,396 1977 423 1,442 1983 414 1,486 1990 original 448 1,702 1990 adjusted 448 2,077 1995 553 2,321 2001 479 2,171 Average vehicle trip length (miles) 1969 9.4 8.9 1977 9.0 8.4 1983 8.5 7.9 1990 original 11.0 9.0 1990 adjusted 11.0 8.9 1995 11.8 9.1 2001 12.2 9.9
Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey: Summary of Travel Trends , FHWA-PL-92-027, Washington, DC, March 1992, Table 7. Data for 1995 were generated from the Internet site wwwcta.ornl.gov/npts . 1990 adjusted data - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, August 1998. 2001 NHTS data were generated from the Internet site nhts.ornl.gov

. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www-cta.ornl.gov/npts)

a It is believed that the methodology changes in the 1995 NPTS did not affect journey-to-work trips; therefore, no adjustment is necessary.8–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 In 2001 vehicle-miles traveled (vmt) for a three-person household is over 28,000 miles. The number of drivers in a household makes a big difference in vmt, as does the presence of children in the household. Households with children have 74% more vmt than households without children.

Table 8.7 Average Number of Vehicles a nd Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

Average number of vehicles per household Average vehicle-miles traveled per household
Number of Licenced Drivers 1990 2001 1990 2001
1 1.5 1.2 15,200 9,700 2 2.1 2.2 22,900 25,800 3 2.9 3.0 29,400 37,900 4 or more 3.8 3.8 40,500 47,200 Household size 1 person 1.2 1.0 11,400 7,500 2 persons 1.9 2.0 19,300 21,200 3 persons 2.2 2.3 23,700 28,400 4 persons 2.4 2.4 25,300 28,600 5 persons 2.4 2.4 24,900 33,200 6 or more persons 2.7 2.5 29,200 33,800 Household urban status Urban 1.9 1.8 19,000 19,300 Rural 2.1 2.3 22,200 28,400 Household composition With children 2.2 2.2 24,100 28,300 Without children 1.8 1.7 17,600 16,700 All households 1.8 1.9 18,300 21,200

Source: Generated from the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey Public Use Files, Washington, DC, 2000 and the National Household Travel Survey Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov. (Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov/npts)8–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 8.8 Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

Trip Purpose Share of trips Share of vehicle-miles traveled Trip length (miles) Trip duration (minutes) To/from work 22.1% 27.0% 12.1 22.3 Work-related business 4.1% 8.4% 20.3 30.9 Shopping 21.1% 14.5% 6.7 14.4 Other family/personal business 24.7% 18.7% 7.5 15.2 School/church 4.9% 3.7% 7.5 15.8 Medical/dental 2.2% 2.2% 9.9 20.7 Vacation 0.4% 1.8% 47.4 59.6 Visit friends/relatives 6.3% 9.4% 14.9 24.4 Other social/recreational 13.7% 13.2% 9.6 18.2 Other 0.5% 1.0% 18.1 31.4 All 99.9% 100.0% 9.9 18.7

Source: Generated from the National Household Travel Survey Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov.8–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 While car occupancy declined slightly from 1995 to 2001, all other vehicle types showed increased occupancy. Vans and sport u tility vehicles have higher veh icle occupancies than cars.



### Figure 8.1. Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

Sources: U.S. Department of Transpor tation, Federal Highway Admini stration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, Washington, DC, 1997, a nd 2001 National Household Travel Survey, Washington, DC, 2004. (Additional resources : www.fhwa.dot.gov, www- cta.ornl.gov/npts, nhts.ornl.gov)8–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Figure 8.2. Average Vehicle O ccupancy by Trip Purpose 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

Sources: U.S. Department of Transportati on, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey: Summa ry of Travel Trends , FHWA-PL-92027, Washington, DC, March 1992, Figure 6. Data from 2001 NHTS were generated fro m the Internet site nhts.ornl.gov, June 2003. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, nhts.ornl.gov) The average vehicle occupancy, calculated as person-miles per vehicle-mile, is highest for social and recreational purposes. The highest vehicle occupancy levels for all purpos es were in 1977. The increase in number of vehicles per household and the decrease in average household size could have contributed to the decline since then.8–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### The 1990 household survey reports the highest average annual miles per vehicle. These data show that younger vehicles are typically driven more miles than older vehicles.

Table 8.9 Average Annual Miles Per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age
Vehicle age (years) 1983 self-reported 1990 self-reported 1995 self-reported 2001 self-reported Under 1 8,200 19,600 15,900 15,500 1 15,200 16,800 16,800 14,300 2 16,800 16,600 15,500 

### 14,000 3 14,500 14,700 14,400 13,100 4 13,000 13,600 14,100 12,500 5 12,100 12,900 13,500 12,000 6 11,300 13,200 13,200 11,800 7 10,000 12,400 12,800 11,600 8 9,800 12,600 12,200 10,900 9 9,000 11,500 12,200 10,800 10 and older 7,300 9,200 8,900 7,400 All household vehicles 10,400 12,500 12,200 11,100

Sources: Nationwide Personal Transportation Study—1983: D. Klinger and J. Richard Kuzmyak, COMSIS Corporation, Personal Travel in the United States, Volume 1: 1983–84 Nationwide Personal Travel Study , prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, August 1986, Table 4-22, p.4-21. 1990: Generated from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study Public Use Tape, March 1992. 1995: Generated from the Internet site: www-cta.ornl.gov/npts. 2001: Generated from the Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: Data include all household vehicles, and have been rounded to the nearest hundred.8–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Historically, the data from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) are based on estimates reported by survey res pondents. For the 1995 NPTS and the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), odometer data were also collected. The 1995 data indicate that respondents overestimate the number of m iles they drive in a year, but the 2001 data do not show that same trend.

Table 8.10 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
Vehicle age (years) 1995 self-reported 1995 odometer 2001 self-reported 2001 odometer Under 1 15,900 15,600 15,500 14,500 1 16,800 14,500 14,300 14,200 2 15,500 14,800 14,000 13,700 3 14,400 13,800 13,100 14,100 4 14,100 12,900 12,500 13,400 5 13,500 12,700 12,000 12,900 6 13,200 12,400 11,800 12,400 7 12,800 11,600 11,600 12,100 8 12,200 11,300 10,900 11,300 9 12,200 11,200 10,800 10,500 10 and older 8,900 9,000 7,400 8,100 All household vehicles 12,200 11,800 11,100 11,800

Source: Generated from the Internet site: www-cta.ornl.gov/npts and 2001 NHTS public use file.
Note: Survey methodology on odometer read ing data differs from 1995 to 2001 data.8–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Figure 8.3. Share of Vehicle Trip s by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

Source: National Household Travel Su rvey, https://nhts.ornl.gov

Figure 8.4. Share of Vehicle Trips to Work by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

Source: National Household Travel Su rvey, https://nhts.ornl.gov8–16

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 8.11 Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS
Vehicle age (years) Annual vehicle miles of travel 1 and under 2 3 4 5 6 7 < 1,000 miles 2% 3% 3% 3% 4% 6% 5% 1 - 2,000 miles 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2 - 4,000 miles 7% 7% 9% 10% 11% 12% 12% 4 - 6,000 miles 7% 7% 8% 8% 9% 10% 11% 6 - 8,000 miles 9% 10% 10% 12% 11% 10% 12% 8 - 10,000 miles 10% 11% 13% 12% 14% 14% 13% 10 - 12,000 miles 12% 13% 12% 12% 12% 10% 11% 12 - 15,000 miles 13% 16% 16% 14% 13% 12% 13% 15 - 20,000 miles 16% 15% 14% 13% 12% 12% 10% 20 - 30,000 miles 14% 11% 10% 8% 7% 7% 7% >30,000 miles 8% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% All 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Vehicle age (years) 8 9 10 11-15 16-20 Over 20 < 1,000 miles 6% 6% 7% 12% 22% 47% 1 - 2,000 miles 3% 5% 6% 7% 10% 10% 2 - 4,000 miles 14% 15% 16% 20% 22% 18% 4 - 6,000 miles 11% 12% 11% 13% 12% 8% 6 - 8,000 miles 13% 11% 13% 12% 9% 4% 8 - 10,000 miles 13% 12% 12% 10% 8% 5% 10 - 12,000 miles 8% 9% 8% 6% 4% 2% 12 - 15,000 miles 13% 12% 11% 8% 5% 3% 15 - 20,000 miles 10% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 20 - 30,000 miles 6% 5% 4% 4% 3% 2% >30,000 miles 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% All 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Source: Generated from the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, National Household Travel Survey Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov. (Additional resources: nhts.ornl.gov) 

### Twenty-two percent of new vehicles (1 year old and under) travel over 20,000 miles per year. Nearly half of vehicles over 20 years old travel less than 1,000 miles in a year.8–17

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 8.12 Household Vehicl e Trips, 2001 NHTS

Number of daily vehicle trips Average vehicle trip length (miles) Daily vehicle miles of

travel 1990 3.3 8.9 28.5 1995 3.6 9.1 32.1 2001 3.4 9.9 32.7

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Summary of Travel Trends, 2001 Household Travel Survey , December 2004, p. 12.

Figure 8.5. Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS

Source: National Household Travel Survey, nhts.ornl.gov8–18

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 8.13 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicles in the Household, 2001 NHTS
Number of household vehicles Miles 1 25.6 2 27.5 3 24.2 4 23.0 5 21.1 More than 5 18.4 All 25.2
Source: 2001 National Household Travel Survey, nhts.ornl.gov
Table 8.14 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

Vehicle number Average daily miles Average annual miles Average age (years) One-vehicle household 1 25.6 9,339 8.2 Two-vehicle household 1 30.0 10,966 5.5 2 24.9 9,090 10.0 Three-vehicle household 1 30.1 10,983 5.1 2 25.2 9,202 9.2 3 17.4 6,359 13.6 Four-vehicle household 1 31.3 11,407 5.0 2 26.5 9,668 8.4 3 20.0 7,282 12.7 4 14.5 5,278 15.6 Five-vehicle household 1 33.4 12,181 4.9 2 26.8 9,793 8.2 3 20.3 7,423 11.6 4 14.4 5,237 15.6 5 10.6 3,863 16.6 Six-vehicle household 1 38.2 13,946 5.2 2 26.7 9,737 9.3 3 19.1 6,955 13.3 4 14.8 5,396 15.2 5 11.7 4,286 17.6 6 10.1 3,685 18.5
Source: 2001 National Household Travel Survey, nhts.ornl.gov8–19

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Figure 8.6. Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

Source: 2001 National Household Travel Survey, nhts.ornl.gov Figure 8.7. Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

Source: 2001 National Household Travel Survey, nhts.ornl.gov8–20

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 According to the U.S. Census data, the percentage of workers who car pooled has dropped from 19.7% in 1980 to 11.2% in 2000. The percent of workers using public transit declined from 6.4% to 5.3% in the ten-year period between 1980 and 1990, but stayed relatively the same from 1990 to 2000 (5.2%). The average travel time increased by 2.6 minutes from 1980 to 2000.



### Table 8.15 Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census

1980 Census 1990 Census 2000 Census
Means of transportation Number of workers (thousands) Share Number of workers (thousands) Share Number of workers (thousands) Share Private vehicle 81,258 84.1% 99,593 86.5% 111,554 87.5% Drove alone 62,193 64.4% 84,215 73.2% 97,247 76.3% Car pooled 19,065 19.7% 15,378 13.4% 14,307 11.2%
Public transportation 6,175 6.4% 6,070 5.3% 6,575 5.2% Bus or trolley bus a 3,925 4.1% 3,445 3.0% 3,572 2.8% Streetcar or trolley car a b b 78 0.1% 88 0.1% Subway or elevated 1,529 1.6% 1,755 1.5% 1,981 1.6% Railroad 554 0.6% 574 0.5% 696 0.5% Ferryboat b b 37 0.0% 43 0.0% Taxicab 167 0.2% 179 0.2% 194 0.2% Motorcycle 419 0.4% 237 0.2% 158 0.1% Bicycle 468 0.5% 467 0.4% 563 0.4% Walked only 5,413 5.6% 4,489 3.9% 3,413 2.7% Other means 703 0.7% 809 0.7% 1,099 0.9% Worked at home 2,180 2.3% 3,406 3.0% 4,075 3.2% Total workers 96,617 100.0% 115,070 100.0% 127,437 100.0% Average travel time (minutes) 21.7 22.4 24.3



### Sources: 1980-1990 data - Provided by the Journey-to-Work a nd Migration Statistics Br anch, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census 2000 data - U.S. Bureau of the Ce nsus, American Fact Fi nder, factfinder.census.gov, Tables QT-03 and P047, August 2001. (Additional resources : www.census.gov)

a This category was "Bus or streetcar" in 1980. b 

### Data are not available.8–21

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 8.16 U.S. Travel Statistics as a F unction of Daily Distance Driven Daily distance (miles) 0-20 20-40 >40 All Trip share (%) 60.0 21.4 18.6 100.0 Share of time spent 40.8 23.5 35.7 100.0 Share of total 28.1 23.3 48.6 100.0 Miles per hour 21.1 31.3 42.3 31.1 Miles per trip 4.2 9.4 23.4 9.0

Source: Santini, Danilo J. and Anant D. Vyas, “How to Use Life Cycle Analysis Comparisons of PHEVs to Competing Powertrains.” Original Data: 2001 National Household Travel Survey.

Table 8.17 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

Share of vehicles in density type Hours per vehicle per day Average vehicle speed (miles/hour) Miles per vehicle

per day All classes detached single 79.0% 1.24 31.4 39.0 All classes other 21.0% 1.28 29.3 37.3 <1,000/sq. mile detached single 84.2% 1.27 34.3 43.5 <1,000/sq. mile all other 15.8% 1.30 33.1 42.8 1,000-4,000/sq. mile detached single 80.2% 1.21 29.3 35.5 1,000-4,000/sq. mile all other 19.8% 1.24 29.7 36.8 4,000-10,000/sq. mile detached single 72.9% 1.19 27.1 32.3 4,000-10,000/sq. mile all other 27.1% 1.25 26.6 33.2 10,000-25,000/sq. mile detached single 46.5% 1.31 23.3 30.6 10,000-25,000/sq. mile all other 53.5% 1.32 23.7 31.3 >25,000/sq. mile detached single 20.5% 1.41 20.1 28.5 >25,000/sq. mile all other 79.5% 1.40 20.8 29.1


### Source: Vyas, Anant, Danilo Santini, Michael Duoba, and Mark Alexander, “Plug-In Hybr id Electric Vehicles: How Does One Determine Their Potential for Reducin g U.S. Oil Dependence?” Original Data: 2001 National Household Survey.8–22

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 8.18 Housing Unit Characteristics, 2005

Share of occupied housing units % with garage or carport Type of Housing Unit New construction (< = 4 years) 5.5% 79.3% Manufactured/mobile homes 6.4% 30.3% With physical problems a 

### 5.7% 37.9% All other 82.4% 65.8% Geographic Location (Census Region) Northeast 18.7% 49.0% Midwest 22.9% 72.0% South 36.5% 54.8% West 21.9% 77.6% Type of Location MSA - Central City 29.2% 53.7% MSA - Suburbs 48.5% 69.1% Outside MSA 22.3% 60.4%

Source: Vyas, Anant, Danilo Santini, Michael Duoba and Mark Alexander, “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: How Does One Determine Their Potential for Reducing U.S. Oil Dependence?” Original Data: 2005 American Housing Survey.

a 

### Physical problems include problems with plumbing, heating, electric, upkeep, and/or hallways. For detailed de finitions of “moderate” and “severe” physical problems, see American Housing Survey for the United States , 1993, page A-13.8–23

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### More than half of workers had 15-29 minute co mmutes in 1990, but that dropped to 35% by 2000. The share of workers commuting less than 15 minutes increased the most in the ten-year period (14 percentage points), but the share of workers commuting 30 minutes or more also saw small increases.

Table 8.19 Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census

Commute time 1990 2000 Less than 15 minutes 15.9% 30.1% 15–29 minutes 51.6% 36.3% 30–39 minutes 14.7% 15.7% 40–59 minutes 9.0% 10.7% 60 minutes or more 5.9% 7.3% Average travel time (minutes) 22.4 24.3

Sources: 1990 - U. S. Department of Transportation, Volpe Nati onal Transportation Systems Center, Journey-to-Work Trends in the United States and its Major Metropolitan Area, 1960–1990 , FHWA-PL-94-012, Cambridge, MA, 1994, p. 2-6. 2000 - U.S. Bureau of the Census, Ameri can Fact Finder, factfinder.census.gov, Tables QT-03 and P048, August 2001. (Additional resources: www.census.gov)8–24

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Sales of bicycles with wheel sizes of 20 inches and over have grown at an average annual rate of 1.4% from 1981 to 2007. The largest growth in bicycle sales, however, we re bicycles with wheel sizes under 20 inches which grew at an average annual rate of 2.5%.



### Table 8.20 Bicycle Sales, 1981–2007 (millions)

Wheel sizes under 20 inches Wheel sizes of 20 inches and over All wheel sizes 1981 a 

### 8.9 a 

### 1982 a 

### 6.8 a 

### 1983 a 

### 9.0 a 

### 1984 a 

### 10.1 a 

### 1985 a 

### 11.4 a 

### 1986 a 

### 12.3 a 

### 1987 a 

### 12.6 a 

### 1988 a 

### 9.9 a 

### 1989 a 

### 10.7 a 

### 1990 a 

### 10.8 a 

### 1991 a 

### 11.6 a 

### 1992 3.7 11.6 15.3 1993 3.8 13.0 16.8 1994 4.2 12.5 16.7 1995 4.1 12.0 16.1 1996 4.5 10.9 15.4 1997 4.2 11.0 15.2 1998 4.7 11.1 15.8 1999 5.9 11.6 17.5 2000 9.0 11.9 20.9 2001 5.4 11.3 16.7 2002 5.9 13.6 19.5 2003 5.6 12.9 18.5 2004 5.3 13.0 18.3 2005 5.8 14.0 19.8 2006 5.5 12.7 18.2 2007 5.4 12.8 18.2 Average annual percentage change 1981–2007 a 

### 1.4% a 

### 1997–2007 2.5% 1.5% 1.8%
Source: 1981–1996: Bicycle Manufacturer s Association. 1997–on: Na tional Bicycle Dealers Association. (Additiona l resources: www.nbda.com)

a 

### Data are not available.8–25

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### In 2001, 4.8% of walk trips and 7.5% of bike trips were to/from work. More than half of all bike trips were for social/recreational purposes. Fourt een-percent of walk trips were shopping trips.

Figure 8.8. Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

Source: U.S. Department of Transportati on, Federal Highway Administration, National Household Travel Survey Web site: nhts.ornl.gov.8–26

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### In 2008 only data on daily trips were collected in the NHTS. The 2001 data are still the latest available on long-distance trips.



## Long Distance Trips – 2001 Nati onal Household Travel Survey

The 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHT S) collected data on long-distance trips as well as everyday travel. The everyday travel data is a continuation of the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), while the long-distan ce travel data is a continuation of the American Travel Survey (ATS) which was collected in 1977 and 1985. The survey collected trip-related data such as mode of transportation, dur ation, distance and purpose of trip. It also gathered demographic, geographic, and economic data for analysis purposes.

A long-distance trip is defined as a trip of 50 miles or more, one-way. Long-trip data from the 2001 NHTS were released in the summer of 2004. For additional information about the 2001 NHTS data, contact the Bureau of Transportation Sta tistics at 202-366-3282 or visit the following Inernet site: www.bts.gov/programs/national_household_travel_survey.8–27

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 8.21 Long-Distance Trip a

### Characteristics, 2001 NHTS
Person trips Person miles Trip characteristic (thousands) (percent) (thousands) (percent) Total 2,554,068 100.0 1,138,322,697 100.0 Principal means of transportation: Personal use vehicles Airplane Commercial airplane Bus b Intercity bus Charter, tour, or school bus Train 2,310,376 165,039 158,880

52,962

3,456 45,952 20,672 90.5 6.5 6.2 2.1 0.1 1.8 0.8 735,882,255 367,888,741 361,717,015

23,747,433

1,765,696 21,019,942

9,266,373 64.7 32.3 31.8

2.1 0.2 1.9 0.8 Round trip distance: 100 to 300 miles 300 to 499 miles 500 to 999 miles 1,000 to 1,999 miles 2,000 miles or more Mean (miles) Median (miles) 1,688,358 373,550 261,802 125,665 104,694 446 206 66.1 14.6 10.3

4.9 4.1

c
c 284,586,370 143,571,597 180,669,482 178,629,838 350,865,409
c

c 25.0 12.6 15.9 15.7 30.8
c

c Calendar quarter: 1 stquarter 2 ndquarter 3 rdquarter 4 th quarter 566,502 653,310 734,878 599,378 22.2 25.6 28.8 23.5 246,556,190 298,154,812 341,021,290 252,590,405 21.7 26.2 30.0 22.2 Main purpose of trip: Commuting Other business Personal/leisure Personal business Other 329,395 405,866 1,406,411

322,645

88,230 12.9 15.9 55.1 12.6

3.5 65,877,968 242,353,212 667,471,358 130,020,982

32,031,679 5.8 21.3 58.7 11.4

2.8 Nights away from home: None 1 to 3 nights 4 to 7 nights 8 or more nights 1,454,847 808,281 214,464

76,475 57.0 31.7

8.4 3.0 304,469,524 414,219,147 269,265,597 150,368,429 26.8 36.4 23.7 13.2 Destination: Within Census division Across Census division, within Census Across Census region 2,077,810 196,890 279,367 81.4 7.7 10.9 549,651,116 134,930,113 453,741,468 48.3 11.9 39.9


### Source: U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics a nd the U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 2001 National Household Transportation Survey.

a 

### A long-distance trip is defined as a trip of 50 miles or more, one-way. b 

### Includes other types of buses.

c

### Not applicable.9–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Chapter 9 Nonhighway Modes
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source Passenger-miles (millions) Table 9.2 Domestic and international air carrier, 2007 842,002 Table 9.10 Amtrak, 2007 5,784 Table 9.11 Commuter rail, 2007 11,153 Table 9.12 Transit rail, 2007 18,070 Freight ton-miles (millions) Table 9.5 Domestic waterborne commerce, 2006 562,000 Table 9.8 Class I railroad, 2007 1,770,545 Passenger energy use (trillion Btus) Table 9.2 Domestic and international air carrier, 2007 2,684.6 Table 9.3 General aviation, 2007 242.5 Table 9.6 Recreational boats, 2007 247.3 Table 9.10 Amtrak, 2007 14.5 Table 9.11 Commuter rail, 2007 29.4 Table 9.12 Transit rail, 2007 46.6 Freight energy use (trillion Btus) Table 9.5 Domestic waterborne commerce, 2006 288.1 Table 9.8 Class I railroad, 2007 566.99–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Nonhighway transportation modes accounted for 20%of total transportation energy use in 2007.

Table 9.1 Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 Share of transportation energy use Year Air Water Pipeline Rail Nonhighway total Transportation total (trillion Btu) 1970 8.5% 5.5% 6.4% 3.6% 24.0% 15,399 1971 8.1% 4.9% 6.3% 3.5% 22.8% 16,019 1972 7.7% 4.7% 6.1% 3.4% 21.9% 17,040 1973 7.7% 5.0% 5.6% 3.4% 21.7% 17,878 1974 7.3% 5.1% 5.4% 3.6% 21.5% 17,178 1975 7.3% 5.3% 4.8% 3.2% 20.7% 17,427 1976 7.2% 5.9% 4.3% 3.1% 20.6% 18,495 1977 7.1% 6.2% 4.1% 3.1% 20.4% 19,130 1978 7.1% 6.9% 3.9% 2.9% 20.8% 20,101 1979 7.6% 5.9% 4.4% 3.1% 20.9% 19,654 1980 7.6% 7.4% 4.7% 3.1% 22.8% 18,944 1981 7.8% 6.8% 4.8% 3.0% 22.4% 18,744 1982 7.9% 5.8% 4.7% 2.6% 22.1% 18,241 1983 7.8% 5.3% 4.0% 2.6% 19.8% 18,371 1984 8.5% 5.1% 4.1% 2.8% 20.5% 19,966 1985 8.7% 4.6% 3.9% 2.6% 19.8% 19,208 1986 9.0% 6.5% 3.6% 2.4% 21.6% 20,280 1987 9.1% 6.7% 3.7% 2.4% 21.9% 20,775 1988 9.3% 6.7% 4.1% 2.4% 22.4% 21,330 1989 9.1% 7.0% 4.1% 2.4% 22.6% 21,688 1990 9.6% 6.7% 4.3% 2.3% 22.9% 21,616 1991 9.1% 7.2% 4.1% 2.3% 22.6% 21,208 1992 9.0% 7.3% 3.9% 2.2% 22.4% 21,869 1993 8.9% 6.4% 4.0% 2.3% 21.6% 22,324 1994 9.0% 6.1% 4.1% 2.3% 21.6% 22,928 1995 9.1% 6.3% 4.1% 2.4% 21.9% 23,467 1996 9.2% 5.9% 4.1% 2.4% 21.6% 23,975 1997 9.5% 5.1% 4.2% 2.4% 21.2% 24,329 1998 9.6% 5.0% 3.6% 2.3% 20.5% 24,758 1999 9.5% 5.3% 3.5% 2.3% 20.6% 25,948 2000 9.7% 5.5% 3.4% 2.3% 21.0% 26,269 2001 9.3% 4.6% 3.4% 2.3% 19.6% 25,960 2002 8.3% 4.7% 3.5% 2.3% 18.8% 26,520 2003 8.3% 4.0% 3.2% 2.3% 17.8% 26,673 2004 8.7% 4.8% 3.0% 2.4% 18.9% 27,066 2005 9.0% 5.0% 3.1% 2.4% 19.4% 27,526 2006 9.0% 5.2% 3.0% 2.4% 19.7% 27,759 2007 9.0% 5.6% 3.2% 2.3% 20.0% 28,002
Source: See Appendix A for Nonhighway Energy Use.9–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 These data include ALL international and domestic certificated route air carrier statistics; therefore, the data are different than those in Chapter 2. Revenue aircraft-miles, passenger-miles, and seat-miles continued to rise in 2007. Passenger load factor rose to 79.4% in 2007 –the highest in the series.

Table 9.2 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 a

Year Revenue aircraft-miles

(millions) Revenue passenger-miles (millions) Available seat-miles (millions) Available seats per aircraftb Passenger load factor (percentage) c Revenue freight ton-miles (millions) Energy use (trillion Btu) d 1970 2,542 148,137 264,904 104 55.9% 3,755 1,363.4 1975 2,241 173,324 315,823 141 54.9% 5,062 1,283.4 1980 2,924 267,722 448,479 153 59.7% 7,885 1,386.0 1985 3,462 351,073 565,677 163 62.1% 9,048 1,701.4 1986 3,873 378,923 623,075 161 60.8% 10,987 1,847.1 1987 4,182 417,808 670,825 160 62.3% 13,137 1,945.9 1988 4,354 437,649 696,337 160 62.9% 14,632 2,049.4 1989 4,442 447,480 703,888 158 63.6% 16,347 2,087.4 1990 4,724 472,236 753,211 159 62.7% 16,403 2,213.0 1991 4,661 463,296 738,030 158 62.8% 16,149 2,085.2 1992 4,899 493,715 772,869 158 63.9% 17,306 2,144.2 1993 5,118 505,996 793,959 155 63.7% 19,083 2,169.7 1994 5,360 537,518 809,259 151 66.4% 21,773 2,266.2 1995 5,627 558,794 832,081 148 67.2% 23,375 2,338.6 1996 5,855 596,164 859,721 147 69.3% 24,892 2,409.1 1997 6,025 620,029 880,715 146 70.4% 27,610 2,514.2 1998 6,220 634,933 899,029 145 70.6% 28,015 2,573.4 1999 6,558 668,626 942,311 144 71.0% 25,147 2,653.1 2000 6,946 708,926 981,080 141 72.3% 30,221 2,743.1 2001 6,814 664,849 950,519 139 69.9% 27,882 2,599.4 2002 6,834 655,215 913,898 134 71.7% 30,507 2,408.3 2003 7,367 674,160 922,440 125 73.1% 32,446 2,402.3 2004 7,479 752,341 1,000,193 134 75.2% 37,958 2,504.8 2005 7,716 795,117 1,029,316 133 77.2% 39,286 2,606.8 2006 8,220 810,086 1,027,526 125 78.8% 38,251 2,666.1 2007 8,417 842,002 1,060,082 126 79.4% 38,463 2,684.6 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 3.3% 4.8% 3.8% 0.5% 6.5% 1.8% 1997–2007 3.4% 3.1% 1.9% -1.5% 3.4% 0.7%

Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 1981-2007 . (Additional resources: www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information/air_carrier_traffic_statistics) 1970–76 Energy Use - Department of Transportation, Civil Aeronautics Board, Fuel Cost and Consumption , Washington, DC, 1981, and annual. 1977–2003 Energy Use - Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, "Fuel Cost and Consumption Table," Washington, DC. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov, www.faa.gov)

aData are for all U.S. air carriers reporting on Form 41. b Available seats per aircraft is calculated as the ratio of available seat-miles to revenue aircraft-miles.

cPassenger load factor is calculated as the ratio of revenue passenger-miles to available seat-miles for scheduled and nonsched uled services. d Energy use includes fuel purchased abroad for international flights.9–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 General aviation includes: (1) aircraft operating under general operating and flight rules; (2) not-for-hire airplanes with a seating capacity of 20 or more or a maximum payload capacity of 6,000 lbs. or more; (3) rotocraft external load operations; (4) on-demand and commuter operations not covered under Federal Aviation Regulations Part 121; and (5) agricultural aircraft operations.

Table 9.3 Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007

Calendar year Total number of aircraft Aircraft hours flown (thousands) Energy use (trillion btu) 1970 131,700 a 26,030 b 94.4 1975 168,475 30,298 121.5 1976 177,964 31,950 130.3 1977 184,294 33,679 149.7 1978 199,178 36,844 159.4 1979 210,339 40,432 167.2 1980 211,045 41,016 169.0 1981 213,226 40,704 162.4 1982 209,779 36,457 170.5 1983 213,293 35,249 143.9 1984 220,943 36,119 148.9 1985 196,500 31,456 144.0 1986 205,300 31,782 148.0 1987 202,700 30,883 139.1 1988 196,200 31,114 148.6 1989 205,000 32,332 134.0 1990 198,000 32,096 131.9 1991 196,874 29,862 120.4 1992 185,650 26,747 104.7 1993 177,120 24,455 97.5 1994 172,935 24,092 95.3 1995 188,089 26,612 106.6 1996 191,129 26,909 111.1 1997 192,414 27,713 121.1 1998 204,710 28,100 147.4 1999 219,464 31,756 172.1 2000 217,533 30,975 175.2 2001 211,446 29,133 165.1 2002 211,244 27,040 141.5 2003 209,708 27,329 141.4 2004 219,426 28,126 175.9 2005 224,352 26,982 242.4 2006 221,943 27,705 256.3 2007 231,607 27,852 242.5 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 1.5% 0.2% 2.6% 1997–2007 1.9% 0.1% 7.2%
Sources : U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey: Calendar Year 2007, Tables 1.2, 1.5, 5.1, and annual. (Additional resources: www.faa.gov/data_statistics/aviation_data_statistics/general_aviation/CY 2007/)

a Active fixed-wing general aviation aircraft only. bIncludes rotocraft.

c Data are not available.9–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 In the early seventies, domestic waterborne commerce accounted for over 60% of total tonnage, but by 1994 foreign tonnage grew to more than half of all waterborne tonnage. Total foreign and domestic tons shipped was over 2.5 billion tons in 2007.

Table 9.4 Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Wat erborne Commerce, 1970–2007 (million tons shipped)

Year Foreign and domestic total Foreign total a Domestic total b Percent domestic of total 1970 1,532 581 951 62.1% 1975 1,695 749 946 55.8% 1976 1,835 856 979 53.4% 1977 1,908 935 973 51.0% 1978 2,021 946 1,075 53.2% 1979 2,073 993 1,080 52.1% 1980 1,999 921 1,077 53.9% 1981 1,942 887 1,054 54.3% 1982 1,777 820 957 53.9% 1983 1,708 751 957 56.0% 1984 1,836 803 1,033 56.3% 1985 1,788 774 1,014 56.7% 1986 1,874 837 1,037 55.3% 1987 1,967 891 1,076 54.7% 1988 2,088 976 1,112 53.3% 1989 2,140 1,038 1,103 51.5% 1990 2,164 1,042 1,122 51.8% 1991 2,092 1,014 1,079 51.6% 1992 2,132 1,037 1,095 51.4% 1993 2,128 1,060 1,068 50.2% 1994 2,215 1,116 1,099 49.6% 1995 2,240 1,147 1,093 48.8% 1996 2,284 1,183 1,101 48.2% 1997 2,333 1,221 1,113 47.7% 1998 2,340 1,245 1,094 46.8% 1999 2,323 1,261 1,062 45.7% 2000 2,425 1,355 1,070 44.1% 2001 2,393 1,351 1,042 43.5% 2002 2,340 1,319 1,021 43.6% 2003 2,394 1,378 1,016 42.4% 2004 2,552 1,505 1,047 41.0% 2005 2,528 1,499 1,029 40.7% 2006 2,589 1,565 1,024 39.6% 2007 2,565 1,543 1,022 39.8% Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 1.4% 2.7% 0.2% 1997–2007 1.0% 2.4% -0.8% Source: U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce National Totals and Selected Inland Waterways for Multiple Years , New Orleans, Louisiana, 2008, page 1. (Additional resources: www.ndc.iwr.us ace.army.mil)

a All movements between the United States and foreign countries and between Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and foreign countries are classified as foreign trade. b All movements between U.S. ports, continental and noncontiguous, and on the inland rivers, canals, and connecting channels of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, excluding the Panama Canal. Beginning in 1996, fish was excluded for internal and intra port domestic traffic.9–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 9.5 Summary Statistics for Dome stic Waterbor ne Commerce, 1970–2006

Year Number of vessels a Ton-miles (billions) Tons shipped b (millions) Average length of haul (miles) Energy intensity (Btu/ton-mile) Energy use (trillion Btu) 1970 25,832 596 949 628.2 545 324.8 1975 31,666 566 944 599.9 549 311.0 1976 33,204 592 976 606.3 468 277.3 1977 35,333 599 969 618.0 458 274.3 1978 35,723 827 1,072 771.6 383 316.6 1979 36,264 829 1,076 770.0 436 361.8 1980 38,792 922 1,074 856.4 358 329.8 1981 42,079 929 1,051 884.0 360 334.5 1982 42,079 886 954 929.0 310 274.9 1983 41,784 920 953 964.6 286 262.7 1984 41,784 888 1,029 862.5 346 307.3 1985 41,672 893 1,011 883.5 446 398.6 1986 40,308 873 1,033 845.3 463 404.0 1987 40,000 895 1,072 835.0 414 370.7 1988 39,192 890 1,106 804.3 335 298.0 1989 39,209 816 1,097 743.2 410 334.9 1990 39,233 834 1,118 745.7 370 308.9 1991 39,233 848 1,074 789.9 371 314.4 1992 39,210 857 1,090 785.7 395 338.7 1993 39,064 790 1,063 742.7 404 318.9 1994 39,064 815 1,093 745.5 390 318.1 1995 39,641 808 1,086 743.6 422 341.0 1996 41,104 765 1,093 699.4 456 348.6 1997 41,419 707 1,106 639.5 486 343.3 1998 42,032 673 1,087 619.0 510 343.6 1999 41,766 656 1,056 621.1 515 338.0 2000 41,354 646 1,064 606.8 510 329.3 2001 41,588 622 1,037 599.7 451 280.2 2002 41,002 612 1,016 602.5 474 290.1 2003 39,983 606 1,010 600.3 481 291.2 2004 40,290 621 1,042 596.4 480 298.0 2005 41,028 591 1,024 577.4 495 292.6 2006 41,109 562 1,024 548.7 513 288.1 Average annual percentage change 1970–2006 1.3% 1.0% 0.2% -0.4% -0.2% -0.3% 1996–2006 0.0% -3.0% -0.6% -2.4% 1.2% -1.9%
Sources: Number of vessels -1970–92, 1995–2006 - U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States, 2006, New Orleans, LA, 2007, and a nnual. 1993–94 - U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, The U.S. Waterway System-Facts , Navigation Data Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 1996. Ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul - U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2006 Part 5: National Summaries, New Orleans, LA, 2007, Table 1-4, pp. 1-6, 1-7, and a nnual. Energy use - See Appendix A for Water Energy Use. (Additional resources: www.iwr.us ace.army.mil/ndc)

a Grand total for self-propelled and non-self-propelled. bThese figures are not consistent with the figures on Table 9.3 because intra-territory tons are not included in this table. Intra-territory traffic is traffic between ports in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.9–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Before Edition 24, the recreational boat energy use was based on data from a 1980's off-highway study. The data displayed in this table come from the Environmental Protection Agency’s NONROAD2005 model.

Table 9.6 Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007
Number of boats (thousands) Diesel fuel Gasoline Total energy use Year (trillion Btu) 1970 10,080 5.5 155.6 161.1 1971 10,130 6.5 156.5 163.1 1972 10,180 7.6 157.5 165.0 1973 10,230 8.6 158.4 167.0 1974 10,280 9.7 159.3 169.0 1975 10,330 10.7 160.2 171.0 1976 10,380 11.8 161.2 172.9 1977 10,430 12.8 162.1 174.9 1978 10,450 13.9 163.0 176.9 1979 10,530 14.9 164.0 178.9 1980 10,580 16.0 164.9 180.8 1981 10,630 17.0 165.8 182.8 1982 10,680 18.0 166.7 184.8 1983 10,730 19.1 167.7 186.7 1984 10,780 20.1 168.6 188.7 1985 10,830 21.2 169.5 190.7 1986 10,880 22.2 170.4 192.7 1987 10,930 23.3 171.4 194.6 1988 11,022 24.3 173.8 198.1 1989 11,115 25.4 176.2 201.6 1990 11,207 26.4 178.6 205.0 1991 11,320 27.5 181.8 209.2 1992 11,433 28.5 184.9 213.4 1993 11,545 29.5 188.0 217.5 1994 11,763 30.6 194.8 225.4 1995 11,981 31.6 201.6 233.2 1996 12,198 32.7 208.3 241.0 1997 12,237 33.7 208.8 242.5 1998 12,275 34.8 208.9 243.7 1999 12,313 35.8 208.7 244.5 2000 12,352 36.8 208.1 244.9 2001 12,456 37.9 208.4 246.3 2002 12,561 39.0 208.1 247.2 2003 12,665 40.2 207.5 247.6 2004 12,770 41.3 206.4 247.7 2005 12,874 42.4 205.2 247.6 2006 12,976 43.5 204.0 247.5 2007 13,078 44.6 202.7 247.3 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 0.7% 5.8% 0.7% 1.2% 1997–2007 0.7% 2.8% -0.3% 0.2%
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NONROAD2005 model, downloadable file from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm.9–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The Interstate Commerce Commission designates Class I railroads on the basis of annual gross revenues. In 2007, seven railroads were given this designation. The number of railroads designated as Class I has changed considerably in the last 30 years; in 1976 there were 52 railroads given Class I designation.

Table 9.7 Class I Railroad Freight Syst ems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2007

Railroad Revenue ton-miles (billions) Percent Burlington Northern and Sante Fe Railway Company 655 37.0% Union Pacific Railroad Company 562 31.8% CSX Transportation 247 14.0% Norfolk Southern Railway 196 11.1% Canadian National, Grand Trunk Corporation 55 3.1% Kansas City Southern Railway Company 30 1.7% Soo Line Railroad Company 25 1.4%
Total 1,770 100.0%

Source: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts , 2008 Edition , Washington, DC, October 2008, p. 66. (Additional resources: www.aar.org)9–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Revenue ton-miles for Class I freight railroads was over 1.7 trillion in 2007. Though there are many regional and local freight railroads, the Class I freight railroads accounted for 93% of the railroad industry’s freight revenue in 2007 and 67% of the industry’s mileage operated. The energy intensity of Class I railroads hit an all-time low of 320 btu/ton-mile in 2007.

Table 9.8 Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007

Year Number of locomotives

in service a Number of freight cars (thousands) b Trainmiles (millions) Car-miles (millions) Tons originated c (millions) Average length of

haul (miles) Revenue ton-miles (millions) Energy intensity(Btu/tonmile) Energy use (trillion

Btu) 1970 27,077 d 1,424 427 29,890 1,485 515 764,809 691 528.1 1975 27,846 1,359 403 27,656 1,395 541 754,252 687 518.3 1980 28,094 1,168 428 29,277 1,492 616 918,958 597 548.7 1981 27,421 1,111 408 27,968 1,453 626 910,169 572 521.0 1982 26,795 1,039 345 23,952 1,269 629 797,759 553 440.8 1983 25,448 1,007 346 24,358 1,293 641 828,275 525 435.1 1984 24,117 948 369 26,409 1,429 645 921,542 510 469.9 1985 22,548 867 347 24,920 1,320 665 876,984 497 436.1 1986 20,790 799 347 24,414 1,306 664 867,722 486 421.5 1987 19,647 749 361 25,627 1,372 688 943,747 456 430.3 1988 19,364 725 379 26,339 1,430 697 996,182 443 441.4 1989 19,015 682 383 26,196 1,403 723 1,013,841 437 442.6 1990 18,835 659 380 26,159 1,425 726 1,033,969 420 434.7 1991 18,344 633 375 25,628 1,383 751 1,038,875 391 405.8 1992 18,004 605 390 26,128 1,399 763 1,066,781 393 419.2 1993 18,161 587 405 26,883 1,397 794 1,109,309 389 431.6 1994 18,505 591 441 28,485 1,470 817 1,200,701 388 465.4 1995 18,812 583 458 30,383 1,550 843 1,305,688 372 485.9 1996 19,269 571 469 31,715 1,611 842 1,355,975 368 499.4 1997 19,684 568 475 31,660 1,585 851 1,348,926 370 499.7 1998 20,261 576 475 32,657 1,649 835 1,376,802 365 502.0 1999 20,256 579 490 33,851 1,717 835 1,433,461 363 520.0 2000 20,028 560 504 34,590 1,738 843 1,465,960 352 516.0 2001 19,745 500 500 34,243 1,742 859 1,495,472 346 517.3 2002 20,506 478 500 34,680 1,767 853 1,507,011 345 520.3 2003 20,774 467 516 35,555 1,799 862 1,551,438 344 533.9 2004 22,015 474 535 37,071 1,844 902 1,662,598 341 566.2 2005 22,779 475 548 37,712 1,899 894 1,696,425 337 571.4 2006 23,732 475 563 38,995 1,957 906 1,771,897 330 584.5 2007 24,143 460 543 38,186 1,940 913 1,770,545 320 566.9 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 -0.3% -3.0% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 1.6% 2.3% -2.1% 0.2% 1997–2007 2.1% -2.1% 1.3% 1.9% 2.0% 0.7% 2.8% -1.4% 1.3%

Source: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts , 2007 Ed ition , Washington, DC, October 2008, pp. 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 49, 52, 61. (Additional resources: www.aar.org)

aDoes not include self-powered units. b Does not include private or shipper-owned cars. Begi nning in 2001, Canadian-owned U.S. railroads are excluded.

cTons originated is a more accurate representation of to tal tonnage than re venue tons. Revenue tons often produces double-counting of loads switched between rail companies. dData represent total locomotives used in freight and passenger service. Separate estimates are not available.9–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 According to the 2002 Commodity Flow Survey, 5% of all freight ton-miles are rail intermodal shipments (truck/rail or rail/water). See Table 5.12 for details. The number of trailers and containers moved by railroads has increased mo re than seven-fol d from 1965 to 2007. Containerization has increased in recent years, evidenced by the 310% increase in the number of containers from 1988 to 2007

.

Table 9.9 Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2007 Year Trailers & containers Trailers Containers 1965 1,664,929 a a 1970 2,363,200 a a 1975 2,238,117 a a 1980 3,059,402 a a 1985 4,590,952 a a 1986 4,997,229 a a 1987 5,503,819 a a 1988 5,779,547 3,481,020 2,298,527 1989 5,987,355 3,496,262 2,491,093 1990 6,206,782 3,451,953 2,754,829 1991 6,246,134 3,201,560 3,044,574 1992 6,627,841 3,264,597 3,363,244 1993 7,156,628 3,464,126 3,692,502 1994 8,128,228 3,752,502 4,375,726 1995 b 7,936,172 3,492,463 4,443,709 1996 b 8,143,258 3,302,128 4,841,130 1997 b 8,698,308 3,453,907 5,244,401 1998 b 8,772,663 3,353,032 5,419,631 1999 c 8,907,626 3,207,407 5,700,219 2000 c 9,176,890 2,888,630 6,288,260 2001 8,935,444 2,603,423 6,332,021 2002 9,312,360 2,531,338 6,781,022 2003 9,955,605 2,625,837 7,329,768 2004 10,993,662 2,928,123 8,065,539 2005 11,693,512 2,979,906 8,713,606 2006 12,282,221 2,882,699 9,399,522 2007 12,026,660 2,600,651 9,426,009 Average annual percentage change 1965–2007 4.8% a a 1997–2007 3.3% -2.8% 6.0%

Source: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts , 2007 Edition , Washington, DC, October 2008, p. 26. (Additional resources: www.aar.org )

a Data are not available. bThe Grand Trunk Western Railroad and the Soo Line Railroad Company data are excluded.

c The Illinois Central, Grand Trunk Western Railroad and the Soo Line Railroad Company data are excluded.9–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, known as Amtrak, began operation in 1971. Amtrak revenue passengermiles have grown at an average annual rate of 3% from 1971 to 2007.

Table 9.10 Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007

Year Number of locomotives

in service Number of passenger cars Train-miles (thousands) Car-miles (thousands) Revenuepassengermiles (millions) Average trip length

(miles) Energy intensity (Btu per revenue passenger-mile) Energy use (trillion

Btu) 1971 a 1,165 16,537 140,147 1,993 188 a a 1975 355 1,913 30,166 253,898 3,753 224 3,548 13.3 1980 448 2,128 29,487 235,235 4,503 217 3,065 13.8 1981 398 1,830 30,380 222,753 4,397 226 2,883 12.7 1982 396 1,929 28,833 217,385 3,993 220 3,052 12.2 1983 388 1,880 28,805 223,509 4,227 223 2,875 12.2 1984 387 1,844 29,133 234,557 4,427 227 2,923 12.9 1985 382 1,818 30,038 250,642 4,785 238 2,703 12.9 1986 369 1,793 28,604 249,665 5,011 249 2,481 12.4 1987 381 1,850 29,515 261,054 5,361 259 2,450 13.1 1988 391 1,845 30,221 277,774 5,686 265 2,379 13.5 1989 312 1,742 31,000 285,255 5,859 274 2,614 15.3 1990 318 1,863 33,000 300,996 6,057 273 2,505 15.2 1991 316 1,786 34,000 312,484 6,273 285 2,417 15.2 1992 336 1,796 34,000 307,282 6,091 286 2,534 15.4 1993 360 1,853 34,936 302,739 6,199 280 2,565 15.9 1994 411 1,874 34,940 305,600 5,869 276 2,282 13.4 b 1995 422 1,907 31,579 282,579 5,401 266 2,501 13.5 1996 348 1,501 30,542 277,750 5,066 257 2,690 13.6 1997 292 1,572 32,000 287,760 5,166 255 2,811 14.5 1998 362 1,347 32,926 315,823 5,325 251 2,788 14.8 1999 385 1,285 34,080 349,337 5,289 245 2,943 15.6 2000 385 1,891 35,404 371,215 5,574 243 3,235 18.0 2001 401 2,084 36,512 377,705 5,571 238 3,257 18.1 2002 372 2,896 37,624 378,542 5,314 228 3,212 17.1 2003 442 1,623 37,459 331,864 5,680 231 2,800 15.9 2004 276 1,211 37,159 308,437 5,511 219 2,760 15.2 2005 258 1,186 36,199 264,796 5,381 215 2,709 14.6 2006 319 1,191 36,083 263,908 5,410 220 2,650 14.3 2007 270 1,164 36,484 266,545 5,784 218 2,516 14.5 Average annual percentage change 1971–2007 a 0.0% 2.2% 1.8% 3.0% 0.4% a a 1997–2007 -0.8% -3.0% 1.3% -0.8% 1.1% -1.6% -1.1% 0.5%

Sources: 1971–83- Association of American Railroads, Economics and Finance Department, Statistics of Class I Railroads , Washington, DC, and annual. 1984–88- Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts , 1988 Edition, Washington, DC, D ecember 1989, p. 61, and annual. 1989–93- Personal communication with the Corporate Accounting Office of Amtrak, Washington, D.C. 1994–2007 - Number of locomotives in service, number of passenger cars, train-miles, car-miles, revenue passenger-miles, and av erage trip length - Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts , 2008 Edition , Washington, DC, 2008, p. 77. Energy use - Personal communication with the Amtrak, Washington, DC. (Additional resources: www.amtrak.com, www.aar.org )

aData are not available. b Energy use for 1994 on is not directly comparable to earlier years. Some commuter rail energy use may have been inadvertently included in earlier years.9–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Commuter rail, which is also known as regional rail or suburban rail, is long-haul rail passenger service operating between metropolitan and suburban areas, whether within or across state lines. Commuter rail lines usually have reduced fares for multiple rides and commutation tickets for regular, recurring riders.

Table 9.11 Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007

Year Number of passenger vehicles Vehiclemiles (millions) Passenger trips (millions) Passengermiles (millions) Average trip length

(miles) Energy intensity

(Btu/passengermile) Energy use (trillion Btu) 1984 4,075 167.9 267 6,207 23.2 2,804 17.4 1985 4,035 182.7 275 6,534 23.8 2,826 18.5 1986 4,440 188.6 306 6,723 22.0 2,926 19.7 1987 4,686 188.9 311 6,818 21.9 2,801 19.1 1988 4,649 202.2 325 6,964 21.4 2,872 19.7 1989 4,472 209.6 330 7,211 21.9 2,864 20.7 1990 4,982 212.7 328 7,082 21.6 2,822 20.0 1991 5,126 214.9 318 7,344 23.1 2,770 20.3 1992 5,164 218.8 314 7,320 23.3 2,629 19.2 1993 4,982 223.9 322 6,940 21.6 2,976 20.7 1994 5,126 230.8 339 7,996 23.6 2,682 21.4 1995 5,164 237.7 344 8,244 24.0 2,632 21.7 1996 5,240 241.9 352 8,351 23.7 2,582 21.6 1997 5,426 250.7 357 8,038 22.5 2,724 21.9 1998 5,536 259.5 381 8,704 22.8 2,646 23.0 1999 5,550 265.9 396 8,766 22.1 2,714 23.8 2000 5,498 270.9 413 9,402 22.8 2,551 24.0 2001 5,572 277.3 419 9,548 22.8 2,515 24.0 2002 5,724 283.7 414 9,504 22.9 2,514 23.9 2003 5,959 286.0 410 9,559 23.3 2,545 24.3 2004 6,228 294.7 414 9,719 23.5 2,569 25.0 2005 6,392 303.4 423 9,473 22.4 2,743 26.0 2006 6,403 314.7 441 10,361 23.5 2,527 26.2 2007 6,391 325.7 459 11,153 24.3 2,638 29.4 Average annual percentage change 1984–2007 2.0% 2.9% 2.4% 2.6% 0.2% 1997–2007 1.7% 2.7% 2.5% 3.3% 0.8%
Source: American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, April 2009, Table 47. (Additional resources: www.apta.com)9–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 This table on transit rail operations includes data on light rail and heavy rail systems. Light rail vehicles are usually sing le vehicles driven electrically with power drawn from overhead wires. Heavy rail is characterized by high speed and rapid acceleration of rail cars operating on a separate right-of-way.

Table 9.12 Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007 a

Year Number of passenger vehicles Vehiclemiles (millions) Passenger trips (millions) b Passenger-miles (millions) c Average trip length (miles) d Energy intensity (Btu/ passenger-mile) e Energy use (trillion Btu) 1970 10,548 440.8 2,116 12,273 f 2,157 26.5 1975 10,617 446.9 1,797 10,423 f 2,625 27.4 1980 10,654 402.2 2,241 10,939 4.9 2,312 25.3 1981 10,824 436.6 2,217 10,590 4.8 2,592 27.5 1982 10,831 445.2 2,201 10,428 4.7 2,699 28.1 1983 10,904 423.5 2,304 10,741 4.7 2,820 30.3 1984 10,848 452.7 2,388 10,531 4.4 3,037 32.0 1985 11,109 467.8 2,422 10,777 4.4 2,809 30.3 1986 11,083 492.8 2,467 11,018 4.5 3,042 33.5 1987 10,934 508.6 2,535 11,603 4.6 3,039 35.3 1988 11,370 538.3 2,462 11,836 4.8 3,072 36.2 1989 11,261 553.4 2,704 12,539 4.6 2,909 36.5 1990 11,332 560.9 2,521 12,046 4.8 3,024 36.4 1991 11,426 554.8 2,356 11,190 4.7 3,254 36.4 1992 11,303 554.0 2,395 11,438 4.8 3,155 36.1 1993 11,286 549.8 2,234 10,936 4.9 3,373 36.9 1994 11,192 565.8 2,453 11,501 4.7 3,338 38.4 1995 11,156 571.8 2,284 11,419 5.0 3,340 38.1 1996 11,341 580.7 2,418 12,487 5.2 3,017 37.7 1997 11,471 598.9 2,692 13,091 4.9 2,856 37.4 1998 11,521 609.5 2,669 13,412 5.0 2,823 37.9 1999 11,603 626.4 2,813 14,108 5.0 2,785 39.3 2000 12,168 648.0 2,952 15,200 5.1 2,797 42.5 2001 12,084 662.4 3,064 15,615 5.1 2,803 43.8 2002 12,479 681.9 3,025 15,095 5.0 2,872 43.3 2003 12,236 694.2 3,005 15,082 5.0 2,837 42.8 2004 12,480 709.7 3,098 15,930 5.1 2,750 43.8 2005 12,755 715.4 3,189 16,118 5.1 2,783 44.9 2006 12,853 726.4 3,334 16,587 5.0 2,707 44.9 2007 13,032 741.2 3,879 18,070 4.7 2,577 46.6 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 0.6% 1.4% 1.7% 1.1% -0.2% g0.5% 1.5% 1997–2007 1.3% 2.2% 3.7% 3.3% -0.4% -1.0% 2.2%

Sources: American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, April 2009, Tables 48 and 49. (Additional resources: www.apta.com) Energy use - See Appendix A for Rail Transit Energy Use.

a Heavy rail and light rail. Series not continuous between 1983 and 1984 b ecause of a change in data source by the American Public Transit Association (APTA). Beginning in 1984, data provided by APTA are taken from mandatory reports filed with the Urban Mas s Transit Administration (UMTA). Data for prior years were provided on a voluntary basis by APTA members and expanded statistica lly. b 1970–79 data represents total passenger rides; after 1979, data represents unlinked passenger trips

. c Estimated for years 1970–76 based on an average trip length of 5.8 miles. d Calculated as the ratio of passenger-miles to passenger trips.

e Large system-to-system variations exist within this category. f Data are not available. g Average annual percentage change is calculated for years 1980–2007.10–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Chapter 10 Transportation and the Economy
Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter

Source Figure 10.2 Share of gasoline cost attributed to taxes, 2007 Canada 31% France 63% Germany 64% Japan 42% United Kingdom 66% United States 14% Table 10.12 Average price of a new car, 2007 (current dollars) 23,482 Domestic 20,595 Import 29,862 Table 10.13 Car operating costs, 2008 Variable costs (constant 2008 dollars per 10,000 miles) 

### 1,696 Fixed costs (constant 2008 dollars per 10,000 miles) 

### 5,399 Table 10.17 Transportation sector share of total employment 1998 8.4% 2008 7.5%10–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The Transportation Services Index (TSI) was created by the U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). It is an index that measures the movement of freight and passengers. The Freight TSI consists of: • for-hire trucking (parcel services are not included); • freight railroad services (including rail-based intermodal shipments such as containers on flat cars); • inland waterway traffic; • pipeline movements (including principally petroleum and petroleum products and natural gas); and • air freight. The index does not include international or coastal steamship movements, private trucking, courier services, or the United States Postal Services. The index does not include intercity bus, sight seeing services, taxi service, private automobile usage, or bicycling and other nonmotorized means of transportation.

Figure 10.1. Transportation Services Index, January 1990–February 2009

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transpor tation Statistics, Transportation Services Index Web site, www.bts.gov/xml/tsi/src. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov.)10–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### The average price for a gallon of gasoline in Ch ina was 74 cents cheaper than in the United States in 2007. Those in France, the United Kingdom , and Germany paid, on a verage, more than six dollars per gallon.

Table 10.1 Gasoline Prices afor Selected Countries, 1990–2007

Current dollars per gallon Average annual percent change 1990 1995 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 1990–2007 China c 1.03 c 1.48 1.70 2.11 2.29 c Japan 3.16 4.43 3.65 3.93 4.28 4.47 4.49 2.1% France b 3.63 4.26 3.80 4.99 5.46 5.88 6.60 3.6% United Kingdom b 2.82 3.21 4.58 5.56 5.97 6.36 7.13 5.6% Germany 2.65 3.96 3.45 5.24 5.66 6.03 6.88 5.8% Canada 1.87 1.53 1.86 2. 37 2.89 3.26 3.59 3.9% United States d 1.35 1.34 1.69 1.88 2.49 2.81 3.03 4.9%

Constant 2007 dollars e per gallon Average annual percent change 1990 1995 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 1990–2007 China c 1.40 c 1.62 1.80 2.17 2.29 c Japan 5.01 6.03 4.39 4.31 4.54 4.60 4.49 -0.6% France b 5.76 5.80 4.58 5.48 5.80 6.05 6.60 0.8% United Kingdom b 4.47 4.37 5.51 6.10 6.34 6.54 7.13 2.8% Germany 4.20 5.39 4.15 5.75 6.01 6.20 6.88 2.9% Canada 2.97 2.08 2.24 2. 60 3.07 3.35 3.59 1.1% United States d 2.14 1.82 2.03 2.27 2.64 2.89 3.03 2.1%

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2007 , Washington, DC, June 2008. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: Comparisons between prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity b ecause of fluctuations in exchange rates; differences in product quality, marketing practices, and market structures; and the extent to which the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a given period.

aPrices represent the retail prices (including taxes) for regular unleaded gasoline, except for France and the United Kingdom which are premium unleaded gasoline. b Premium gasoline.

cData are not available. d These estimates are international comparisons only and do not necessarily correspond to gasoline price estimates in other sections of the book.

e Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Of these selected countries, the United Kingdom had the highest diesel fuel price average in 2007, while China had the lowest.



### Table 10.2 Diesel Fuel Prices a

### for Selected Countries, 1998–2007

Current dollars per gallon Average annual percentage change 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1998–2007 China b b 1.20 1.32 1.47 1.69 2.10 2.42 b Japan 2.25 2.85 2.50 2.76 3.09 3.45 3.68 3.82 6.1% France 2.71 2.95 2.75 3.39 4.16 4.81 5.13 5.64 8.5% United Kingdom 4.10 4.66 4.29 4.82 5.68 6.26 6.64 7.33 6.7% Germany 2.45 2.79 3.00 3.79 4.41 5.01 5.30 6.06 10.6% United States c 1.04 1.50 1.32 1.51 1. 81 2.42 2.70 2.88 12.0%

Constant 2007 dollars d per gallon Average annual percentage change 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1998–2007 China b b 1.38 1.49 1.62 1.79 2.16 2.42 b Japan 2.87 3.44 2.88 3.11 3.39 3.66 3.78 3.82 3.2% France 3.44 3.55 3.17 3.82 4.57 5.11 5.27 5.64 5.6% United Kingdom 5.22 5.61 4.94 5.43 6.23 6.64 6.82 7.33 3.8% Germany 3.12 3.36 3.46 4.27 4.84 5.32 5.45 6.06 7.7% United States c 1.33 1.80 1.52 1.70 1. 99 2.58 2.78 2.88 9.0%

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International and United States Petroleum (Oil) Price and Crude Oil Import Cost Tables , Washington, DC, August 2008. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: Comparisons between prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity b ecause of fluctuations in exchange rates; differences in product quality, marketing practices, and market structures; and the extent to which the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a given period.

aPrices represent the retail prices (including taxes) for automotive diesel fuel for non-commercial (household) use. bData are not available.

c These estimates are for international comparisons only and do not necessarily correspond to gasoline price estimates in other sections of the book. d Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### In 2007 more than sixty percent of the cost of gasoline in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom went for taxes. Of the listed countries, the United States has the lowest percentage of taxes.

Figure 10.2. Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2007

Source: Table 10.1 and International Energy Agency, Energy Prices & Taxes, Fourth Quarter, 2007, Paris, France, 2008. (Additional resources: www.iea.org.)10–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Diesel fuel is taxed heavily in the Europe an countries shown here. The U.S. diesel fuel tax share is the lowest of the listed countries.

Figure 10.3. Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2007

Source: Table 10.2 and International Energy Agency, Energy Prices & Taxes, Fourth Quarter, 2007, Paris, France, 2008. (Additional resources: www.iea.org.)10–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Though the cost of crude oil certainly influences the price of gasoline, it is not the only factor which determines the price at the pump. Processing cost, transportation cost, and taxes also play a major part of the cost of a gallon of gasoline. The average price of a barrel of crude oil (in constant 2008 dollars) more than doubled from 2000 to 2008, while the average price of a gallon of gasoline increased 70% in this same time period.



### Table 10.3 Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008 Crude oil a 

### (dollars per barrel) Gasoline b 

### (cents per gallon) Ratio of gasoline to

crude oil Year Current Constant 2008 c 

### Current Constant 2008 c 

### 1978 12.5 41.4 65.2 215.3 219.8 1979 17.7 52.6 88.2 261.6 209.1 1980 28.1 73.3 122.1 319.0 182.7 1981 35.2 83.5 135.3 320.5 161.3 1982 31.9 71.1 128.1 285.8 168.8 1983 29.0 62.7 122.5 264.8 177.5 1984 28.6 59.3 119.8 248.3 175.7 1985 26.8 53.5 119.6 239.3 187.8 1986 14.6 28.6 93.1 182.9 268.7 1987 17.9 33.3 95.7 181.4 224.5 1988 14.7 26.7 96.3 175.3 275.7 1989 18.0 31.2 106.0 184.0 247.7 1990 22.2 36.6 121.7 200.5 230.0 1991 19.1 30.1 119.6 189.1 263.5 1992 18.4 28.3 119.0 182.6 271.2 1993 16.4 24.5 117.3 174.8 300.2 1994 15.6 22.6 117.4 170.6 316.3 1995 17.2 24.3 120.5 170.2 293.7 1996 20.7 28.4 128.8 176.7 261.2 1997 19.0 25.5 129.1 173.2 284.8 1998 12.5 16.5 111.5 147.3 374.0 1999 17.5 22.6 122.1 157.8 292.9 2000 28.3 35.3 156.3 195.4 232.3 2001 23.0 27.9 153.1 186.1 280.2 2002 24.1 28.8 144.1 172.5 251.1 2003 28.5 33.4 163.8 191.7 241.1 2004 37.0 42.1 192.3 219.2 218.4 2005 50.2 55.4 233.8 257.7 195.5 2006 60.2 64.3 263.5 281.4 183.7 2007 68.0 70.6 284.9 229.8 176.1 2008 94.7 94.7 331.7 331.7 147.1 Average annual percentage change 1978–2008 7.0% 2.8% 5.6% 1.5% 1998–2008 22.4% 19.1% 11.5% 8.5% Sources: Crude oil - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009 , Washington, DC, Table 9.1. Gasoline - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2009 , Washington, DC, Table 9.4. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Refiner acquisition cost of composite (domestic and imported) crude oil. b Average for all types. These prices were collected from a sample of service stations in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers. Urban consumers make up about 80% of the total U.S. population.

c Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Diesel fuel price has generally b een lower than gasoline; however, from 2005 through 2008 the price of diesel fuel was higher than that of gasoline.

Table 10.4 Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008 (cents per gallon, including tax) Diesel fuel a Average for all gasoline types b
Year Current Constant 2008 c Current Constant 2008 c 1978 d d 65 215 1979 d d 88 262 1980 101 264 122 319 1981 118 279 135 320 1982 116 259 128 286 1983 120 259 123 265 1984 122 253 120 248 1985 122 244 120 239 1986 94 185 93 183 1987 96 182 96 181 1988 95 173 96 175 1989 102 177 106 184 1990 107 176 122 200 1991 91 144 120 189 1992 106 163 119 183 1993 98 146 117 175 1994 111 162 117 171 1995 111 157 121 170 1996 124 169 129 177 1997 120 161 129 173 1998 104 138 112 147 1999 112 145 122 158 2000 149 186 156 195 2001 140 170 153 186 2002 132 158 144 172 2003 151 177 164 192 2004 181 206 192 219 2005 240 265 234 258 2006 271 289 264 281 2007 289 300 285 296 2008 380 380 332 332 Average annual percentage change 1978–2008 4.8% e 1.3% e 5.6% 1.5% 1998–2008 13.8% 10.7% 11.5% 8.5% Sources: Gasoline - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review , February 2009, Washington, DC, Table 9.4. Diesel - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004 , Washington, DC, June 2004, Table 7.2. 2005–2008 data from EIA Petroleum Navigator Web site. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a1980-1993: Collected from a survey of prices on January 1 of the current year. 1994-on: Annual average. b These prices were collected from a sample of service stations in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers. Urban consumers make up about 80 percent of the total U.S. population.

cAdjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index. d Data are not available.

e Average annual percentage change is from the earliest year possible to 2007.10–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The fuel prices shown here are refiner sales prices of transportation fuels to end us ers, excluding tax. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk consumers. Bulk sales to utility, industrial, and commercial accounts previously included in the wholesale category are now counted as sales to end users.

Table 10.5 Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008 (cents per gallon, excluding tax)

Propane a No. 2 diesel fuel
Year Current Constant 2008 b Current Constant 2008 b 1978 33.5 110.6 37.7 124.5 1979 35.7 105.9 58.5 173.5 1980 48.2 125.9 81.8 213.7 1981 56.5 133.8 99.5 235.7 1982 59.2 132.1 94.2 210.2 1983 70.9 153.3 82.6 178.6 1984 73.7 152.7 82.3 170.5 1985 71.7 143.5 78.9 157.9 1986 74.5 146.4 47.8 93.9 1987 70.1 132.9 55.1 104.4 1988 71.4 129.9 50.0 91.0 1989 61.5 106.8 58.5 101.6 1990 74.5 122.7 72.5 119.4 1991 73.0 115.4 64.8 102.4 1992 64.3 98.7 61.9 95.0 1993 67.3 100.3 60.2 89.7 1994 53.0 77.0 55.4 80.5 1995 49.2 69.5 56.0 79.1 1996 60.5 83.0 68.1 93.4 1997 55.2 74.0 64.2 86.1 1998 40.5 53.5 49.4 65.3 1999 45.8 59.2 58.4 75.5 2000 60.3 75.4 93.5 116.9 2001 50.6 61.5 84.2 102.4 2002 41.9 50.1 76.2 91.2 2003 57.7 67.5 94.4 110.5 2004 83.9 95.6 124.3 141.7 2005 108.9 120.1 178.6 196.9 2006 135.8 145.0 209.6 223.8 2007 148.8 154.2 227.3 235.4 2008 184.2 184.2 315.1 315.1 Average annual percentage change 1978–2008 5.8% 1.7% 7.3% 3.1% 1998–2008 16.4% 13.2% 20.4% 17.0%
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review , March 2009, Washington, DC, Table 9.7. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Consumer grade. b Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The average price of finished aviation gasoline jumped $1.08 from 2005 to 2008; jet fuel rose by $1.32 in that same time period.

Table 10.6 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008 (cents per gallon, excluding tax)

Finished aviation gasoline Kerosene-type jet fuel
Year Current Constant 2008 a Current Constant 2008 a 1978 51.6 170.4 38.7 127.8 1979 68.9 204.3 54.7 162.2 1980 108.4 283.2 86.6 226.3 1981 130.3 308.6 102.4 242.5 1982 131.2 292.7 96.3 214.9 1983 125.5 271.3 87.8 189.8 1984 123.4 255.7 84.2 174.5 1985 120.1 240.3 79.6 159.3 1986 101.1 198.6 52.9 103.9 1987 90.7 171.9 54.3 102.9 1988 89.1 162.2 51.3 93.4 1989 99.5 178.8 59.2 102.8 1990 112.0 184.5 76.6 126.2 1991 104.7 165.5 65.2 103.1 1992 102.7 157.6 61.0 93.6 1993 99.0 147.5 58.0 86.4 1994 95.7 139.0 53.4 77.6 1995 100.5 142.0 54.0 76.3 1996 111.6 153.1 65.1 89.3 1997 112.8 151.3 61.3 82.2 1998 97.5 128.8 45.2 59.7 1999 105.9 136.9 54.3 70.2 2000 130.6 163.3 89.9 112.4 2001 132.3 160.8 77.5 94.2 2002 128.8 154.1 72.1 86.3 2003 149.3 174.7 87.2 102.0 2004 181.9 207.3 120.7 137.6 2005 223.1 246.0 173.5 191.3 2006 268.2 286.4 199.8 213.4 2007 284.9 295.8 216.5 224.8 2008 331.1 331.1 305.3 305.3 Average annual percentage change 1978–2008 6.1% 1.9% 6.1% 2.0% 1998–2008 9.7% 6.9% 13.5% 10.6%
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review , March 2009, Washington, DC, Table 9.7. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 At the end of 2007, only four states offere d tax exemptions to en courage the use of gas ohol for transportation purposes. This list is quite short co mpared to the 30 states which offe red gasohol tax exemptions twenty years ago. Still, the Federal Government encourages gasohol use via a difference in the Federal tax rates of gasoline and gasohol.

Table 10.7 State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007 Exemption State (Cents/gallon of gasohol) Idaho 2.5 Indiana 2.0 Maine 3.8 South Dakota 2.0
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007 , December 2008, Washington, DC, Table MF-121T. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

Table 10.8 Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007 Fuel Cents per gallon Gasoline a 18.40 Diesel 24.40 Gasohol b 18.40 Other special fuels b 18.30 Neat alcohol (85% Alcohol) 9.25 CNG 48.54/mcf c LNG 11.90 LPG 13.60

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007 , December 2008, Washington, DC, Table FE-21B. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

a All gasohol blends are taxed at the same rate. b Includes benzol, benzene, naphtha, and other liquid used a motor fuel.

c Thousand cubic feet.10–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### These states have laws and incentives fo r alternative fuels production and/or use.

Table 10.9 Federal and State Alternat ive Fuel Incentives, 2009

State Alternative fuel - all Biodiesel Ethanol Natural gas Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Electric vehicles (EV

and NEV) Hydrogen fuel cells Blends Federal US 15 35 30 28 28 20 27 16 Alabama 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 Alaska 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 0 Arizona 5 6 6 9 10 10 7 0 Arkansas 2 4 3 4 4 2 2 2 California 9 14 11 29 18 32 26 1 Colorado 4 9 9 10 8 6 8 2 Connecticut 4 5 5 6 4 5 5 1 Delaware 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 Dist. of Columbia 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 0 Florida 2 11 13 2 2 4 7 5 Georgia 3 7 6 7 3 6 4 1 Hawaii 5 8 11 5 6 6 6 2 Idaho 0 5 4 2 2 1 1 4 Illinois 2 15 14 6 5 6 4 7 Indiana 3 12 17 6 4 4 4 18 Iowa 4 13 17 6 5 8 5 7 Kansas 2 7 10 4 4 2 1 1 Kentucky 3 7 7 6 4 2 1 4 Louisiana 0 3 7 6 4 4 2 3 Maine 3 6 8 5 5 5 4 3 Maryland 1 4 4 1 1 3 1 0 Massachusetts 3 7 7 5 3 3 3 2 Michigan 5 11 11 6 6 6 6 7 Minnesota 3 8 10 4 4 6 4 4 Mississippi 1 2 2 5 3 1 1 0 Missouri 3 7 6 5 4 4 4 5 Montana 2 8 8 4 4 3 2 2 Nebraska 0 3 4 3 3 2 2 1 Nevada 3 3 3 5 5 5 4 1 New Hampshire 2 5 2 2 2 3 2 1 New Jersey 2 3 3 6 5 6 3 0 New Mexico 5 11 9 6 5 6 8 6 New York 6 11 13 16 10 12 12 4 North Carolina 6 15 14 8 8 7 7 8 North Dakota 0 9 8 2 2 0 3 5 Ohio 3 7 6 3 3 2 3 2 Oklahoma 4 8 10 7 7 7 4 1 Oregon 5 12 11 7 6 9 7 4 Pennsylvania 4 8 7 5 4 4 4 0 Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhode Island 2 3 2 4 3 5 3 1 South Carolina 1 10 9 3 4 3 5 5 South Dakota 0 8 9 1 2 0 0 10 Tennessee 5 14 10 8 7 6 5 6 Texas 4 8 8 11 10 7 7 1 Utah 2 2 2 11 7 8 5 1 Vermont 3 5 4 4 3 4 3 2 Virginia 3 9 6 9 7 7 7 1 Washington 4 17 13 9 8 11 6 8 West Virginia 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 0 Wisconsin 6 13 10 7 7 6 6 4 Wyoming 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 Totals 165 409 403 322 271 281 251 170

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center. Data downloaded April 2009. (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/tech_matrx. php)10–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 10.10 Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009

State Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) Emissions Based Fuel Efficiency Idle Reduction Federal US 8 21 16 8 Alabama 0 0 0 0 Alaska 0 1 1 0 Arizona 1 2 0 1 Arkansas 1 0 0 2 California 22 30 4 5 Colorado 4 3 0 2 Connecticut 2 5 1 1 Delaware 0 0 0 1 Dist. of Columbia 1 1 0 1 Florida 1 3 2 1 Georgia 2 2 1 0 Hawaii 2 0 1 1 Idaho 1 0 1 0 Illinois 3 4 1 1 Indiana 2 0 1 0 Iowa 0 0 1 0 Kansas 0 0 0 1 Kentucky 1 0 1 0 Louisiana 2 1 1 0 Maine 0 1 2 1 Maryland 2 2 0 1 Massachusetts 2 2 0 1 Michigan 5 0 1 0 Minnesota 3 1 2 3 Mississippi 1 0 1 0 Missouri 0 1 0 2 Montana 0 0 1 0 Nebraska 0 0 0 1 Nevada 2 2 0 1 New Hampshire 1 1 1 3 New Jersey 4 4 1 2 New Mexico 3 1 2 1 New York 4 2 2 5 North Carolina 4 3 0 4 North Dakota 0 0 0 0 Ohio 0 2 0 2 Oklahoma 1 0 0 0 Oregon 5 5 2 4 Pennsylvania 3 2 1 6 Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0 Rhode Island 1 4 2 1 South Carolina 2 0 0 2 South Dakota 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 4 1 3 0 Texas 1 1 1 4 Utah 1 0 0 3 Vermont 2 4 3 2 Virginia 1 2 2 2 Washington 6 6 2 2 West Virginia 0 0 1 0 Wisconsin 2 1 0 2 Wyoming 0 0 0 0 Totals 113 121 62 80
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center. Data downloaded April 2009. (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/tech_matrx. php)10–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The average price of a new car in 2007 ($23,482) was very close to the average price in 1915 ($25,786) when adjusted for inflation. Average new car prices were at their lowest in 1940 ($11,499). Since 1914 the highest average price was in the year 1998 ($25,904).

Table 10.11 Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007

Year 2007 Constant Dollars Year 2007 Constant Dollars Year 2007 Constant Dollars Year 2007 Constant Dollars 1906 $36,588 1934 $16,029 1959 $20,473 1984 $22,700 1908 $32,755 1935 $14,287 1960 $19,701 1985 $22,811 1910 $27,877 1936 $12,544 1961 $18,759 1986 $23,935 1912 $28,922 1937 $12,893 1962 $18,648 1987 $24,432 1913 $29,967 1938 $13,241 1963 $18,442 1988 $24,418 1914 $31,013 1939 $12,370 1964 $18,534 1989 $24,030 1915 $25,786 1940 $11,499 1965 $18,184 1990 $23,862 1916 $20,559 1941 $11,648 1966 $18,169 1991 $23,558 1917 $18,991 1942 $11,797 1967 $18,256 1992 $24,142 1918 $17,423 1943 $11,947 1968 $18,812 1993 $24,208 1919 $17,249 1944 $12,096 1969 $18,812 1994 $25,047 1920 $17,074 1945 $12,245 1970 $18,928 1995 $24,433 1921 $18,120 1946 $12,394 1971 $19,157 1996 $24,813 1922 $19,165 1947 $12,543 1972 $19,241 1997 $25,231 1923 $17,423 1948 $13,136 1973 $18,922 1998 $25,904 1924 $15,681 1949 $15,308 1974 $18,673 1999 $25,365 1925 $15,506 1950 $15,689 1975 $19,077 2000 $24,804 1926 $15,332 1951 $15,954 1976 $19,743 2001 $24,521 1927 $15,158 1952 $17,282 1977 $19,892 2002 $24,490 1928 $14,984 1953 $17,304 1978 $20,286 2003 $23,854 1929 $14,809 1954 $16,990 1979 $19,555 2004 $23,749 1930 $14,635 1955 $16,897 1980 $19,058 2005 $24,100 1931 $16,378 1956 $17,384 1981 $20,323 2006 $23,996 1932 $18,120 1957 $19,312 1982 $21,250 2007 $23,482 1933 $17,074 1958 $20,429 1983 $22,079

Sources: Compiled by Jacob Ward, Vehicle Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy, from the following sources. Raff, D.M.G. & Trajtenberg, M. (1995), "Quality-Adjusted Prices for the American Automobile Industry: 1906-1940," National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.; Gordon, R.J. (1990), The Measurement of Durable Goods Prices , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.; and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (2007), National Income and Product Accounts.
Note: Estimations were used for years 1941-1946.10–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 In current dollars, import cars, on average, were less expensive than domestic cars until 1982. Since then, import prices have tripled, while domestic prices have doubled (current dollars).

Table 10.12 Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007

Domestic a Import Total

Year Current dollars Constant 2007 dollars b Current dollars Constant 2007 dollars b Current dollars Constant 2007 dollars b 1970 3,708 19,815 2,648 14,150 3,542 18,928 1975 5,084 19,593 4,384 16,896 4,950 19,077 1980 7,609 19,146 7,482 18,827 7,574 19,058 1981 8,912 20,328 8,896 20,291 8,910 20,323 1982 9,865 21,196 9,957 21,394 9,890 21,250 1983 10,516 21,891 10,868 22,264 10,606 22,079 1984 11,079 22,109 12,336 24,617 11,375 22,700 1985 11,589 22,331 12,853 24,767 11,838 22,811 1986 12,319 23,305 13,670 25,861 12,652 23,935 1987 12,922 23,585 14,470 26,410 13,386 24,432 1988 13,418 23,517 15,221 26,677 13,932 24,418 1989 13,936 23,302 15,510 25,934 14,371 24,030 1990 14,489 22,985 16,640 26,397 15,042 23,862 1991 15,192 23,127 16,327 24,855 15,475 23,558 1992 15,644 23,119 18,593 27,477 16,336 24,142 1993 15,976 22,924 20,261 29,072 16,871 24,208 1994 16,930 23,686 21,989 30,764 17,903 25,047 1995 16,864 22,943 23,202 31,566 17,959 24,433 1996 17,468 23,084 26,205 33,629 18,777 24,813 1997 17,907 23,133 27,722 34,812 19,531 25,231 1998 18,479 23,506 29,614 33,670 20,364 25,904 1999 18,339 22,824 28,695 35,712 20,381 25,365 2000 18,577 22,368 27,447 33,048 20,600 24,804 2001 18,755 21,957 27,539 32,241 20,945 24,521 2002 18,897 21,779 27,440 31,625 21,249 24,490 2003 18,536 20,887 28,139 31,708 21,169 23,854 2004 18,909 20,755 28,409 31,182 21,637 23,749 2005 19,907 21,134 29,702 31,533 22,701 24,100 2006 20,621 21,208 29,620 30,463 23,332 23,996 2007 20,595 20,595 29,862 29,862 23,482 23,482 Average annual percentage change 1970–2007 4.7% 0.1% 6.8% 2.0% 5.2% 0.6% 1997–2007 1.4% -1.2% 0.7% -1.5% 1.9% -0.7%
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts , underlying detail estimates for Motor Vehicle Output, Washington, DC, 2008. (Additional resources: www.stat-usa.gov)

a Includes transplants. bAdjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–16

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The total cost of operating an car is the sum of the fixed cost (depreciation, insurance, finance charge, and license fee) and the variable cost (gas and oil, tires, and maintenance), which is related to the amount of travel. The gas and oil share of total cost in 2008 rose to 16.4%.



### Table 10.13 Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008

Constant 2008 dollars per 10,000 miles a Total cost per mile b(constant

2008 cents a ) Percentage gas and oil of total cost Model

year Variable cost Fixed cost Total cost 1985 1,485 4,124 5,609 56.09 19.9%

1986 1,281 4,532 5,813 58.13 15.1% 1987 1,270 4,412 5,682 56.82 14.7% 1988 1,438 5,515 6,952 69.52 13.6% 1989 1,389 5,070 6,459 64.59 14.2% 1990 1,384 5,364 6,747 67.47 13.2% 1991 1,533 5,637 7,170 71.70 14.6% 1992 1,381 5,807 7,188 71.88 12.6% 1993 1,371 5,546 6,917 69.17 12.7% 1994 1,322 5,573 6,895 68.95 11.8% 1995 1,356 5,658 7,014 70.14 11.7% 1996 1,317 5,754 7,071 70.71 10.9% 1997 1,449 5,833 7,295 72.95 12.1% 1998 1,413 5,981 7,381 73.81 11.1% 1999 1,370 6,022 7,392 73.92 9.8% 2000 1,525 5,906 7,432 74.32 11.6% 2001 1,653 5,618 7,271 72.71 13.2% 2002 1,412 5,833 7,245 72.45 9.7% 2003 1,533 5,715 7,248 72.48 11.6% 2004 1,436 6,420 7,856 78.56 9.4% 2005 1,554 5,966 7,521 75.21 12.0% 2006 1,613 5,005 6,617 66.17 15.3% 2007 1,506 4,948 6,454 64.54 14.3% 2008 1,696 5,399 7,095 70.95 16.4% Average annual percentage change 1985–2008 0.6% 1.2% 1.0% 1.0%
Source: Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2008 , Southfield, Michigan, 2008, p. 66, and a nnual. Original data from AAA “Your Driving Costs.”

a Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index. b Based on 10,000 miles per year.10–17

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 While the previous table shows costs per mile , this table presents costs per year for fixed costs a ssociated with car operation. For 2007 model year autos, the fixed cost is over $16 per day.

Table 10.14 Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008 (constant 2008 dollars) a

Model year Insurance b License, registration

& taxes Depreciation Finance charge Total Average fixed cost

per day 1975 1,533 120 3,093 e 4,746 13.01 1980 1,280 214 2,712 e 5,312 14.55 1985 930 220 2,525 1,069 4,744 13.01 1986 1,000 255 2,593 1,251 5,100 13.97 1987 1,014 243 2,832 997 5,085 13.93 1988 1,043 253 3,247 1,028 5,571 15.27 1989 1,120 250 3,504 1,021 5,895 16.15 1990 1,109 272 3,883 1,120 6,383 17.49 1991 1,119 266 3,958 420 5,764 15.79 1992 1,208 267 4,169 1,222 6,866 18.81 1993 1,109 265 4,217 998 6,589 18.06 1994 1,117 282 4,271 941 6,612 18.12 1995 1,106 287 4,341 969 6,703 18.37 1996 1,160 295 4,350 985 6,790 18.61 1997 1,136 290 4,389 1,030 6,845 18.75 1998 1,189 299 4,443 1,074 7,005 19.19 1999 1,254 292 4,440 1,070 7,056 19.33 2000 1,213 279 4,366 1,062 6,919 18.95 2001 1,205 253 4,313 1,053 6,824 18.70 2002 1,214 241 4,453 991 6,898 18.90 2003 1,289 240 4,374 871 6,774 18.56 2004 1,827 473 4,311 845 7,455 20.42 2005 1,420 429 4,276 815 6,940 19.02 2006 989 571 3,623 765 5,948 16.30 2007 1,023 559 3,522 761 5,865 16.06 2008 943 554 3,321 758 5,576 15.28 Average annual percentage change 1975–2008 -1.5% 4.7% 0.2% e 0.5% 0.5% 1998–2008 -2.3% 6.4% -2.9% -3.4% -2.3% -2.3%
Source: Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2008 , Southfield, Michigan, 2008, p. 66 and a nnual. Original data from AAA “Your Driving Costs.”

a Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index. b Fire & Theft: $50 deductible 1975 through 1977; $100 deductible 1978 through 1992; $250 deductible for 1993 – on. Collision: $100 deductible through 1977; $250 deductible 1978 through 1 992; $500 deductible for 1993 – on. Property Damage & Liability : coverage = $100,000/$300,000.

eData are not available.10–18

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 10.15 Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2008 (billion dollars)
Personal consumption expenditures Transportation personal consumption expenditures Transportation PCE as a percent of PCE Year Current Constant 2008 a Current Constant 2008 a 1970 648.5 3,598.6 81.4 435.0 12.6% 1980 1,757.1 4,591.1 238.9 601.1 13.6% 1990 3,839.9 6,325.5 471.7 748.3 12.3% 2000 6,739.4 8,426.3 853.5 1,067.1 12.7% 2001 7,055.0 8,576.9 872.3 1,060.5 12.4% 2002 7,350.7 8,797.3 882.2 1,055.8 12.0% 2003 7,703.6 9,014.2 921.7 1,078.5 12.0% 2004 8,195.9 9,341.5 976.4 1,112.9 11.9% 2005 8,694.1 9,584.6 1,051.0 1,158.6 12.1% 2006 9,207.2 9,833.0 1,089.0 1,163.0 11.8% 2007 9,710.2 10,083.0 1,138.0 1,181.7 11.7% 2008 10,056.8 10,056.8 1,135.2 1,135.2 11.3%
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, Table 2.3.5, http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn/nipaweb.
Note: Transportation PCE includes the following categories: tr ansportation, motor vehicles and parts, and gasoline and oil.
Table 10.16 Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2008 (1970 = 1.000)

Year Consumer Price Index Transportation Consumer Price Index b New vehicle Consumer Price Index Used vehicle Consumer Price Index Gross National Product Index 1970 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1980 2.124 2.216 1.667 1.997 2.702 1990 3.369 3.213 2.286 3.769 5.587 2000 4.438 4.088 2.689 4.994 9.432 2002 4.637 4.077 2.637 4.872 10.037 2004 4.869 4.349 2.582 4.272 11.257 2005 5.034 4.637 2.597 4.468 11.977 2006 5.196 4.824 2.591 4.487 12.687 2007 5.344 4.925 2.566 4.351 13.312 2008 5.549 5.215 2.527 4.293 13.779

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index Table 1A for 2008, and a nnual. (Additional resources: www.bls.gov) GNP – U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, Table 1.7.5. (Additional resources: www.bea.doc.gov)

a Adjusted by the GNP price deflator. bTransportation Consumer Price Index includes new and us ed cars, gasoline, auto insu rance rates, intracity mass transit, intracity bus fare, and airline fares.10–19

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The data below were summarized from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics Survey data using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Transportation-related employment was 7.5% of total employment in 2008.



### Table 10.17 Transportation-related Employment, 1998 and 2008 (thousands)

1998 2008 Truck transportation 1,354.4 1,391.1 Transit and ground transportation 362.7 418.1 Air transportation 562.7 492.6 Rail transportation 225.0 229.5 Water transportation 50.5 65.2 Pipeline transportation 48.1 42.0 Motor vehicle and parts - retail 1,740.9 1,844.5 Motor vehicles and parts - wholesale 353.6 338.8 Gasoline stations - retail 961.3 843.4 Automotive repair and maintenance 828.3 858.3 Automotive equipment rental and leasing 188.5 194.6 Manufacturing 2,165.5 1,666.2 Autos and light trucks 235.1 162.0 Heavy-duty trucks 48.5 28.7 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 169.7 141.9 Motor vehicle parts 818.2 544.4 Aerospace products and parts 578.6 503.9 Railroad rolling stock 34.9 28.4 Ship & boat building 153.8 156.7 All other transportation equipment 39.6 40.6 Tires 87.1 59.6 Oil and gas pipeline construction 76.2 111.7 Highway street and br idge construction 308.0 328.9 Scenic & sightseeing 25.4 38.0 Support activities for transportation 496.8 589.9 Couriers and messengers 568.2 575.9 Travel arrangement and reservation services 304.3 227.7 Total transportation- related employment 10,620.4 10,256.4 Total nonfarm employment 125,930.0 137,066.0 Transportation-related to total employment 8.4% 7.5%


### Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Web site que ry system: www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics.htm, (Additional resources: www.bls.gov)10–20

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The total number of employees involved in the manufacture of motor vehicles decreased by about 30% from 1990 to 2008 and by about 16% for those involved in the manufacturer of motor vehicle parts. In 2008, the share of production workers fell below 80% for manufacturers of both vehicles and parts.

Table 10.18 U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008

Year All Employees Production Workers Share of Production Workers to Total Employees Motor Vehicles 1990 271.4 243.4 89.68% 1991 258.4 234.8 90.87% 1992 259.9 234.0 90.03% 1993 263.7 234.8 89.04% 1994 281.5 250.9 89.13% 1995 294.7 273.7 92.87% 1996 285.3 271.2 95.06% 1997 286.8 273.6 95.40% 1998 283.6 254.8 89.84% 1999 291.3 254.3 87.30% 2000 291.4 251.0 86.14% 2001 278.7 236.4 84.82% 2002 265.4 220.8 83.20% 2003 264.6 217.1 82.05% 2004 255.9 208.0 81.28% 2005 247.6 198.6 80.21% 2006 236.5 191.8 81.10% 2007 220.0 177.3 80.59% 2008 190.7 150.3 78.81% Motor Vehicle Parts 1990 653.0 527.4 80.77% 1991 638.9 514.7 80.56% 1992 661.2 537.0 81.22% 1993 677.8 554.7 81.84% 1994 735.6 606.9 82.50% 1995 786.9 647.7 82.31% 1996 799.9 657.4 82.19% 1997 808.9 662.4 81.89% 1998 818.2 660.3 80.70% 1999 837.1 674.2 80.54% 2000 839.5 676.7 80.61% 2001 774.7 624.9 80.66% 2002 733.6 590.9 80.55% 2003 707.8 567.6 80.19% 2004 692.1 561.6 81.14% 2005 678.1 553.9 81.68% 2006 654.7 533.7 81.52% 2007 607.9 488.9 80.42% 2008 544.4 431.2 79.21%
Source: Tabulated from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov, April 2009.11–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Chapter 11 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source Table 11.1 Carbon dioxide emissi ons (million metric tonnes) 1990 2005 United States 4,989 5,982 OECD Europe 4,092 4,383 China 2,241 5,323 Russia 2,334 1,696 Japan 1,015 1,230 Non-OECD Europe 1,859 1,169 India 578 1,164 Table 11.5 Transportation share of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption 1990 31.6% 1995 31.7% 2000 32.0% 2007 33.6% Table 11.6 Motor gasoline share of tr ansportation carbon dioxide emissions 58.6% Table 11.10 Average annual carbon f ootprint (short tons of CO 2 

### ) Cars 6.2 Light trucks 8.311–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 11.1 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005

1990 2005
Million metric short tonnes Percent of emissions from oil use Million metric short tonnes Percent of emissions from oil use United States 4,989 44% 5,982 44% Canada 465 48% 628 46% Mexico 300 77% 398 66% OECD a 

### Europe 4,101 46% 4,383 48% OECD a 

### Asia 241 60% 500 48% Japan 1,009 66% 1,230 52% Australia/New Zealand 291 38% 444 32% Russia 2,376 33% 1,696 22% Non-OECD a 

### Europe 1,822 31% 1,169 25% China 2,241 15% 5,323 17% India 565 28% 1,164 26% Non-OECD a 

### Asia 807 57% 1,690 51% Middle East 700 70% 1,400 59% Africa 649 46% 966 43% Central & South America 669 75% 1,078 69% Total World 21,246 42% 28,051 39%

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, En ergy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2008 , Washington, DC, September 2008, Tables A10 and A11. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a 

### OECD is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for included countries. 

### The U. S. accounted for 23.5% of the World’s carbon dioxide emissions in 1990 and 21.3% in 2005. Nearly half (44%) of the U.S. carbon emissions are from oil use.11–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 11.2 Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Po tentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide (kilogram of gas per kilogram of carbon dioxide)
Global warming potential Lifetime direct effect for time horizons of Gas (years) 20 years 100 years 500 years Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) 

### 5-200 a 

### 111 Methane (CH 4) 

### 12 72 25 8 Nitrous Oxide (N 2 

### O) 114 289 298 153 HFCs b 

### , PFCs c 

### , and Sulfur Hexafluoride HFC-23 270 12,000 14,800 12,200 HFC-125 29 6,350 3,500 1,100 HFC-134a 14 3,830 1,430 435 HFC-152a 1 437 124 38 HFC-227ea 34 5,310 3,220 1,040 Perfluoromethane (CF 4 

### ) 50,000 5,210 7,390 11,200 Perfluoroethane (C 2 

### F 6 

### ) 10,000 8,630 12,200 18,200 Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 

### ) 3,200 16,300 22,800 32,600

Source: Solomon, S. et al.,“Technical Summary,” in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis , Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Re port of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridg e, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
Note: The typical uncertainty for global warming potentials is estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ± 35 percent.

a No single lifetime can be defined for carbon dioxide due to different rates of uptake by different removal processes. bHydrofluorocarbons

c Perfluorocarbons 

### Global Warming Potentials (GWP) were developed to allow comparison of the ability of each greenhouse gas to trap heat in the atmosphere relati ve to carbon dioxide. Extensive research has been performed and it has been discovered that the e ffects of various gases on global warming are too complex to be precisely summarized by a single number. Further understandi ng of the subject also causes frequent changes to estimates. Despite that, the scientific community has developed approximations, the latest of which are shown be low. Most analysts use the 100-year time horizon

.11–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 11.3 U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, ba sed on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007 (million metric tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent a 

### )
Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide High GWP Gases b 

### Total 1990 5,021.4 782.1 336.0 102.4 6,241.8 1991 4,973.5 778.4 345.2 93.2 6,190.4 1992 5,084.1 781.0 352.4 98.1 6,315.6 1993 5,207.4 753.3 351.8 96.5 6,409.1 1994 5,293.6 754.7 377.5 97.2 6,522.9 1995 5,348.4 752.6 359.7 114.6 6,575.2 1996 5,534.2 729.1 360.2 124.8 6,748.2 1997 5,610.9 730.0 353.1 132.1 6,826.0 1998 5,637.9 696.5 351.0 150.6 6,836.0 1999 5,708.1 690.6 348.9 149.0 6,896.6 2000 5,892.6 685.7 344.6 152.1 7,075.0 2001 5,806.9 670.1 339.3 141.4 6,957.7 2002 5,880.5 674.2 335.4 153.6 7,043.7 2003 5,938.7 676.5 334.6 149.0 7,098.8 2004 6,023.9 679.7 361.5 165.0 7,230.1 2005 6,032.3 679.4 370.8 174.5 7,256.9 2006 5,945.8 686.9 375.7 171.3 7,179.7 2007 6,021.8 699.9 383.9 176.9 7,282.4

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, En ergy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, 2007 , Washington, DC, December 2008, Table 1. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: This greenhouse gas emissions inventory in cludes two “adjustments to energy consumption” which make the data different from Ta ble 11.5. The adjustments are as follows: 1) Emissions from U.S. Territories are included. 2) International bunker fuels and military bunk er fuels are excluded from the U.S. total.

a 

### Carbon dioxide equivalents are computed by multiplying the weight of the gas being measured by its estimated Global Warming Potential (See Table 11.2). b 

### GWP = Global warming potential. Includes HF C-hydrofluorocarbons; PFC -perfluorocarbons; and SF 6 

### -sulfur hexaflouride. Carbon dioxide emissions in 2007 were 20% higher than in 1990. Ca rbon dioxide accounts for the majority of greenhouse gases.11–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 11.4 Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissi ons by End-Use Sector, 2007 (million metric tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent a 

### )

Greenhouse gas and source Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Total Carbon dioxide 1,261.3 1, 097.7 1,760.3 1,902.5 6,021.8
Methane 10.5 186.7 497.6 5.1 699.9
Nitrous oxide 4.5 9.8 313.5 56.2 383.9 Hydrofluorocarbons 0.0 50.2 22.0 72.7 144.9
Perfluorocarbons 0.0 0.0 10.1 0.0 10.1 Other hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons/perfluoropolyether 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 6.1

Sulfur hexafluoride 4.6 4.4 6.8 0.0 15.8 Total greenhouse gas emissions 1,280.8 1,354.7 2,610.4 2,036.4 7,282.4



### Source: U.S. Department of Energy, En ergy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, 2007 , Washington, DC, December 2008, and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: This greenhouse gas emissions inventory include s two “adjustments to energy consumption” which make the data different from Table 11.5. The adjustments are as follows: (1) Emissions from U.S. Territories are included. (2) International bunker fuels and military bunker fuels are excluded from the U.S. total.

a 

### Carbon dioxide equivalents are computed by multiply ing the weight of the gas being measured by its estimated Global Warming Potential (See Table 11.2). 

### Though the transportation sector accounts for the largest share of carbon dioxide emissions, the industrial sector accounts for the larg est share of total greenhouse gas emissions.11–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 11.5 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007 a 

### (million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide)

End Use Sector Transportation Percentage CO 2 

### From All Sectors Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation 1990 961.7 787.5 1,686.9 1,582.6 31.5% 5,018.7 1991 977.2 788.5 1,644.1 1,561.3 31.4% 4,971.0 1992 978.6 790.1 1,719.2 1,582.1 31.2% 5,070.1 1993 1,039.3 815.9 1,709.5 1,610.6 31.1% 5,175.3 1994 1,032.3 830.4 1,739.6 1,651.8 31.4% 5,254.0 1995 1,039.2 848.4 1,738.6 1,682.2 31.7% 5,308.5 1996 1,098.5 879.0 1,791.9 1,725.4 31.4% 5,494.9 1997 1,089.7 923.0 1,820.3 1,744.2 31.3% 5,577.2 1998 1,097.0 943.6 1,794.9 1,779.5 31.7% 5,615.0 1999 1,120.1 955.5 1,773.4 1,828.3 32.2% 5,677.3 2000 1,181.6 1,015.2 1,786.4 1,872.6 32.0% 5,855.8 2001 1,168.3 1,020.1 1,715.8 1,850.9 32.2% 5,755.1 2002 1,196.3 1,017.9 1,715.5 1,890.9 32.5% 5,820.6 2003 1,224.6 1,027.1 1,719.1 1,897.2 32.3% 5,868.1 2004 1,220.7 1,042.3 1,744.2 1,958.9 32.8% 5,966.2 2005 1,254.9 1,060.2 1,672.3 1,988.0 33.3% 5,975.3 2006 1,197.9 1,043.0 1,652.4 2,013.4 34.1% 5,906.7 2007 1,249.5 1,087.4 1,639.7 2,014.4 33.6% 5,990.9 Average annual percentage change 1990–2007 1.6% 1.9% -0.2% 1.4% 1.0% 2000–2007 0.8% 1.0% -1.2% 1.0% 0.3%
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, 2007 , Washington, DC, December 2008, Table 6. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: Emissions from U.S. Territories are not included. International bunker fuels and military bunker fuels are included in these data.

a Includes energy from petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Electric utility emissions are distributed across consumption sectors.



### Gases which contain carbon can be measured in terms of the full molecular weight of the gas or just in terms of their carbon content. This table presents ca rbon dioxide gas. The ratio of the weight of carbon to carbon dioxide is 0.2727. The transportation sector accounts for approximately one-third of carbon emissions.11–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 11.6 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Us e in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007 (million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide)

Fuel 1990 2000 2007 Emissions Percentage Emissions Pe rcentage Emissions Percentage Petroleum Motor gasoline 961.7 60.8% 1,121.9 59.9% 1,180.5 58.6% LPG a 

### 1.3 0.1% 0.7 0.0% 1.1 0.1% Jet fuel 222.6 14.1% 253.8 13.6% 238.0 11.8% Distillate fuel 267.8 16.9% 377.8 20.2% 472.5 23.5% Residual fuel 80.1 5.1% 69.9 3.7% 73.5 3.6% Lubricants 6.5 0.4% 6.7 0.4% 5.6 0.3% Aviation gas 3.1 0.2% 2.5 0.1% 2.2 0.1% Subtotal 1,544.2 97.5% 1,833.3 97.9% 1,974.0 98.0% Other energy Natural gas 36.2 2.3% 35.6 1.9% 35.4 1.8% Electricity b 

### 3.2 0.2% 3.6 0.2% 5.0 0.2% Total c 

### 1,582.6 100.0% 1,872.6 100.0% 2,014.4 100.0%

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, En ergy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, 2007 , Washington, DC, December 2008, Table 10 and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a 

### Liquified petroleum gas. b 

### Share of total electric utility carbon dioxide emissions weighted by sa les to the transportation sector.

c

### Totals may not equal sum of com ponents due to inde pendent rounding. Most U.S. transportation sector car bon dioxide emissions come from petroleum fuels (98%). Motor gasoline has been responsible for about 60% of U .S. carbon dioxide emissions over the last twenty years
.11–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 11.7 Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007 (Million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent)

Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide

1990 Highway Total 1,187.2 4.2 40.4 Cars, light trucks, motorcycles 951.2 4.0 39.6 Medium & heavy trucks and buses 236.0 0.2 0.8 Water 46.5 0.1 0.4 Air 179.4 0.2 1.7 Rail 38.1 0.1 0.3 Pipeline 36.2 0.0 0.0 Other 0.0 0.2 0.9 Total 1,487.5 4.7 43.7 2007 Highway Total 1,568.5 1.7 26.0 Cars, light trucks, motorcycles 1,149.0 1.6 25.0 Medium & heavy trucks and buses 419.5 0.1 1.0 Water 50.8 0.1 0.4 Air 187.4 0.1 1.8 Rail 50.8 0.1 0.4 Pipeline 34.6 0.0 0.0 Other 0.0 0.3 1.5 Total 1,892.2 2.3 30.1 Percent change 1990–2007 Highway Total 32.1% -59.5% -35.6% Cars, light trucks, motorcycles 20.8% -60.0% -36.9% Medium & heavy trucks and buses 77.8% -50.0% 25.0% Water 9.2% 0.0% 0.0% Air 4.5% -50.0% 5.9% Rail 33.3% 0.0% 33.3% Pipeline -4.4% 0.0% 0.0% Other 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Total 27.2% -51.1% -31.1%
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Ag ency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhous e Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2007, Tables 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, April 2009. (Additional re sources: www. epa.gov/climatechange/emissions)
Note: Emissions from U.S. Territories, Internationa l bunker fuels, and military bunker fuels are not included.

Highway vehicles are responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector.11–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

## The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model
http://www.transportation.anl. gov/modeling_simulation/GREET/

Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficien cy and Renewable Energy (EERE), Argonne has developed a full life-cycle model called GREET (Greenhouse gases, R egulated E missions, and E nergy use in T ransportation). It allows researchers and analysts to evaluate energy and emission impacts of various vehicle and fuel combinati ons on a full fuel-cycle/vehicle-cycle basis. The first version of GREET was released in1996. Since then, Argonne has continued to update and expand the model. The most recent GREET versions are GREET 1.8c.0 vers ion for fuel-cycle analysis and GREET 2.7 version for vehicle-cycle analysis. Figure 11.1. GREET Model

For a given vehicle and fuel system, GREET separately calculates the following: • Consumption of total energy (energy in non-renewable and renewable sources), fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal togeth er), petroleum, coal and natural gas. • Emissions of CO 2 

### -equivalent greenhouse gases - primarily carbon dioxide (CO 2 

### ), methane (CH 4 

### ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 

### O). • Emissions of six criteria pollutants: volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), particulate matter with size smaller than 10 micron (PM 10 

### ), particulate matter with size smaller than 2.5 micron (PM 2.5 

### ),and sulfur oxides (SOx).11–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### GREET includes more than 100 fuel pr oduction pathways and more than 70 vehicle/fuel systems. These vehicle/fuel systems cover all major vehi cle technologies in the market and R&D arena:

• Conventional spark-ignition engines • Direct-injection, spark-ignition engines • Direct injection, compression-ignition engines • Grid-independent hybr id electric vehicles • Grid-connected (or plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles • Battery-powered electric vehicles • Fuel-cell vehicles

Figure 11.2. GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels

To address technology improvements over time, GREET simulates vehicle/fuel systems over the period from 1990 to 2020, in five-year intervals.

For additional information about the GREET model, see the GREET Web site, or contact: Michael Q. Wang Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue, ES/362 Argonne, IL 60439-4815 phone: 630-252-2819 fax: 630-252-3443 email: mqwang@anl.gov11–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Carbon Footprint
The carbon footprint measures a ve hicle’s impact on climate change in tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2 

### ) emitted annually. The following thr ee tables show the carbon footprin t for various vehicle classes. The sales-weighted average fuel economy rating fo r each vehicle class, based on 45% highway and 55% city driving, is used to determine the aver age annual carbon footprint for vehicles in the class. An estimate of 15,000 annual mile s is used for each vehicle class a nd for each year in the series. The equation to calculate carbon footprint uses results of the GREET model version 1.8.

CarbonFootprint

where:

CO 2 

### = (Tailpipe CO 2 

### = Upstream Greenhouse Gases) in grams per million Btu
LHV = Lower (or net) Heating Value in million Btu per gallon

CH 4 

### = Tailpipe CO 2 

### equivalent methane in grams per mile

N 2 

### O = Tailpipe CO 2 

### equivalent nitrous oxide in grams per mile 

# ( ) = ××

⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠

⎟ ++× CO LHV AnnualMiles CombinedMPG CH N O AnnualMiles 2 4211–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The carbon footprint for a ll classifications of ca rs declined between 1975 and 2008. Midsize cars have experienced the greatest reduction in carbon footprint with a decrease of almost 57%.

Table 11.8 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 a (Short tons of CO 2 )
Cars Wagons Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large 1975 10.2 13.6 14.2 8.3 14.1 15.6 1976 9.3 11.8 13.1 7.8 11.6 13.7 1977 9.0 11.3 11.7 7.3 11.4 12.0 1978 8.0 10.0 11.1 7.7 10.0 11.7 1979 8.0 9.7 10.7 7.3 9.7 11.5 1980 7.1 8.6 9.7 6.5 8.8 9.7 1981 6.5 8.1 9.1 6.2 8.1 9.3 1982 6.4 7.8 9.0 6.1 7.9 9.7 1983 6.3 7.8 9.2 5.8 7.6 9.5 1984 6.3 7.7 9.1 5.9 7.5 9.3 1985 6.3 7.5 8.3 5.7 7.4 8.9 1986 6.2 7.2 7.8 6.0 7.2 8.5 1987 6.2 7.2 7.8 6.1 7.3 8.4 1988 6.1 7.0 7.7 6.0 7.1 8.2 1989 6.2 7.0 7.8 5.9 7.3 8.3 1990 6.3 7.1 7.9 6.3 7.4 8.2 1991 6.2 7.2 7.9 6.1 7.2 8.1 1992 6.2 7.2 7.8 6.2 7.1 8.2 1993 6.1 7.1 7.7 5.7 7.1 8.3 1994 6.1 7.2 7.7 5.7 7.2 8.1 1995 6.1 7.1 7.6 5.6 7.0 8.2 1996 6.1 7.0 7.7 5.9 7.1 8.0 1997 6.0 7.0 7.6 5.8 7.1 b 1998 6.0 6.9 7.6 5.8 7.1 b 1999 6.2 6.9 7.5 5.9 7.1 b 2000 6.2 6.9 7.3 6.4 6.8 b 2001 6.1 6.9 7.3 6.8 7.0 b 2002 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.1 6.8 b 2003 6.1 6.6 7.2 6.2 6.9 b 2004 6.1 6.5 7.2 5.9 7.1 8.5 2005 6.0 6.3 7.1 5.8 7.2 8.4 2006 6.0 6.3 7.2 5.9 7.1 8.5 2007 5.9 6.0 7.1 5.9 7.0 8.6 2008 5.9 5.9 7.0 5.8 7.0 8.5 Average annual percentage change 1975–2008 -1.6% -2.5% -2.1% -1.1% -2.1% -1.8% 1998–2008 0.2% -1.6% -0.8% 0.0% -0.1% c
Source: Calculated using fuel economy from th e U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008 , September 2008. See page 11-10 for details.

aAnnual carbon footprint is based on 15,000 miles of annual driving. b No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.

cData are not available.11–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 The annual carbon footprint of light trucks decreased for all classes of light trucks between 1975 and 2008. In the last ten years, midsize SUVs experienced the greatest decline with about 17% while small SUVs experienced a slight gain in carbon emissions.

Table 11.9 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008 a (Short tons of CO 2 ) Pickups Vans SUVs Model Year Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large Small Midsize Large 1975 8.3 8.8 14.2 9.0 14.0 14.7 11.5 15.3 15.2 1976 7.8 8.1 13.4 9.3 13.2 13.8 11.7 14.0 14.6 1977 7.3 6.3 12.5 8.4 13.0 12.0 10.9 12.7 13.6 1978 7.3 6.4 12.6 9.3 13.4 12.4 11.0 13.4 14.1 1979 8.2 7.2 13.0 9.9 13.0 15.3 11.1 15.6 16.7 1980 7.7 7.2 10.8 9.8 11.0 11.6 9.9 13.0 13.0 1981 6.6 7.1 10.0 10.0 10.4 11.1 9.1 11.9 12.1 1982 6.8 7.0 10.0 8.6 10.4 11.5 9.1 11.3 9.8 1983 6.9 7.0 10.3 9.4 9.9 11.5 8.7 9.9 10.6 1984 7.1 7.3 10.4 7.3 9.7 11.3 8.6 9.8 11.0 1985 7.0 7.3 10.5 7.3 9.4 11.5 8.4 9.4 11.0 1986 7.2 7.1 10.2 7.3 8.9 10.6 7.9 9.4 11.1 1987 7.2 7.3 10.5 7.7 8.8 10.9 7.7 9.4 10.9 1988 7.5 7.4 10.3 7.6 8.5 11.0 7.7 9.5 11.2 1989 7.8 7.5 10.3 7.5 8.5 11.1 8.2 9.5 11.1 1990 7.5 7.5 10.3 7.8 8.5 11.3 8.0 9.7 11.1 1991 7.5 7.6 10.2 7.8 8.5 11.1 7.9 9.2 11.5 1992 7.6 7.8 10.2 6.9 8.5 11.0 8.0 9.3 11.8 1993 7.1 7.9 9.9 6.6 8.3 10.9 8.0 9.3 11.4 1994 7.5 7.8 10.1 6.9 8.5 10.9 7.7 9.4 11.3 1995 7.6 7.5 10.3 7.0 8.4 10.9 7.7 9.5 11.2 1996 7.6 7.5 10.2 7.1 8.2 10.9 6.5 9.3 10.7 1997 7.5 7.7 9.8 b 8.2 10.0 8.2 9.1 10.6 1998 7.6 7.8 10.0 b 8.0 10.2 7.8 8.9 10.7 1999 8.0 8.3 10.0 b 8.1 10.4 7.7 8.9 10.8 2000 7.1 8.2 9.6 b 7.9 10.3 8.3 8.9 10.6 2001 7.0 8.5 9.8 b 7.8 10.5 7.5 8.6 10.0 2002 8.0 8.8 9.9 b 7.9 10.4 7.5 8.5 9.7 2003 8.0 8.2 9.8 b 7.7 9.9 7.4 8.3 9.9 2004 8.2 8.5 9.8 b 7.7 9.6 7.5 8.3 9.8 2005 7.2 7.9 9.6 b 7.7 9.6 7.7 8.1 9.3 2006 7.1 7.7 9.5 b 7.5 9.6 8.7 7.9 9.1 2007 b 8.0 9.4 b 7.6 9.4 8.3 7.5 8.9 2008 b 7.8 9.4 b 7.5 9.3 8.1 7.4 8.8 Average annual percentage change 1975-2008 c -0.4% -1.2% c -1.9% -1.4% -1.1% -2.2% -1.6% 1998-2008 c 0.0% -0.6% c -0.6% -0.9% 0.4% -1.8% -1.9%
Source: Calculated using fuel economy from th e U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2008 , September 2008. See page 11-10 for details.
Note: Includes light trucks of 8,500 lbs. or less.

aAnnual carbon footprint is based on 15,000 miles of annual driving. b No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.

cData are not available.11–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 11.10 Average Annual Carbon Footprint by Vehicle Classification, 1975 and 2008 a 

### (Short tons of CO 2 

### )

Fuel Market Share Carbon Footprint Percent Change 1975 2008 1975 2008 1975 - 2008 Cars Small 40.0% 19.4% 10.2 5.9 -42.2% Midsize 16.0% 17.7% 13.6 5.9 -56.6% Large 15.2% 10.0% 14.2 7.0 -50.7% Small Wagon 4.7% 3.4% 8.3 5.8 -30.1% Midsize Wagon 2.8% 1.1% 14.1 7.0 -50.4% Large Wagon 1.9% 0.5% 15.6 8.5 -45.5% Total Cars 80.6% 52.0% 11.8 6.2 -47.6% Light Trucks Small Van 0.0% 0.0% 9.0 0.0 b Midsize Van 3.0% 5.3% 14.0 7.5 -46.4% Large Van 1.5% 0.2% 14.7 9.3 -36.7% Small SUV 0.5% 0.9% 11.5 8.1 -29.6% Midsize SUV 1.2% 16.5% 15.3 7.4 -51.6% Large SUV 0.1% 12.3% 15.2 8.8 -42.1% Small Pickup 1.6% 0.0% 8.3 0.0 b Midsize Pickup 0.5% 1.6% 8.8 7.8 -11.4% Large Pickup 11.0% 11.3% 14.2 9.4 -33.8% Total Light Trucks 19.4% 48.0% 13.5 8.3 -38.9
Source: Calculated using fuel economy from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 200 8, September 2008. See 11-10 for details.

a Annual carbon footprint is based on 15,000 miles of annual driving. b Data are not available. 

### Between 1975 and 2008, the carbon footprint for light vehicles sold in the United States dropped dramatically. Cars experienced the greatest d ecrease at 47.6% while the carbon footprint for light trucks decreased by 38.9%.11–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 11.11 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel

Grams per gallon Kilograms per gallon Pounds per gallon Gasoline 8,788 8.8 19.4 Diesel 10,084 10.1 22.2

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Emission Facts: Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions Resulting from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel,” February 2009. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/OMS) The amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by a vehicle is primarily determined by the carbon content of the fuel. Ho wever, there is a small portion of the fuel that is not oxidized into carbon dioxide when th e fuel is burned. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published information on carbon dioxide emissions from gasoline and diesel which takes the oxidation factor into account and is based on the carbon content used in EPA’s fuel economy analyses.12–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

# Chapter 12 Criteria Air Pollutants

Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter

Source Table 12.1 Transportation’s sh are of U.S. emissions, 2007 CO 68.4%
NOX 

### 57.1%
VOC 33.9%
SO 2 

### 8.9%
PM-2.5 7.2%
NH 3 

### 5.7%
PM-10 2.7%12–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 Table 12.1 Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007 (millions of short tons/percentage)

Sector CO NO x VOC PM-10 PM-2.5 SO 2 NH 3 Highway vehicles 41.61 5.56 3.60 0.17 0.11 0.09 0.31 47.2% 32.7% 19.5% 1.0% 2.1% 1.7% 5.6% Other off-highway 18.76 4.16 2.65 0.30 0.28 0.40 0.00 21.3% 24.5% 14.4% 1.7% 5.1% 7.3% 0.1% Transportation total 60.37 9.73 6.25 0.47 0.39 0.49 0.31 68.4% 57.1% 33.9% 2.7% 7.2% 8.9% 5.7% Stationary source fuel combustion 5.30 6.00 1.63 1.36 1.03 11.26 0.07 6.0% 35.2% 8.8% 7.8% 19.0% 206.5% 1.2% Industrial processes 2.24 0.92 6.88 1.17 0.48 1.03 0.19 2.5% 5.4% 37.4% 6.7% 8.8% 18.9% 3.5% Waste disposal and recycling tota l 1.59 0.11 0.38 0.29 0.27 0.03 0.03 1.8% 0.6% 2.1% 1.7% 4.9% 0.5% 0.5% Miscellaneous 18.75 0.26 3.28 14.09 3.28 0.13 3.54 21.2% 1.6% 17.8% 81.1% 60.2% 2.3% 65.0% Total of all sources 88.25 17.03 18.42 17.37 5.45 12.93 4.13 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief)
Note: CO = Carbon monoxide. NO x = Nitrogen oxides. PM-10 = Particulate matter less than 10 microns. PM-2.5 = Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns. SO 2 = Sulfur dioxide. VOC = Volatile organic compounds. NH 3 = Ammonia. 

### Transportation accounts for the majority of car bon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. Highway vehicles are responsible for the largest share of transportation emissions.12–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.2 Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007 a 

### (million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 Percent of total,

2007 Highway vehicles Other off-highway 163.23 11.37 143.83 16.69 110.26 21.45 68.06 24.18 48.22 20.80 41.61 18.76 47.1% 21.3% Transportation total 174.60 160.52 131.71 92.24 69.03 60.37 68.4% Stationary fuel combustion total 4.63 7.30 5.51 4.78 5.27 5.30 6.0% Industrial processes total 9.84 6.95 4.77 2.63 2.24 2.24 2.5% Waste disposal and recycling total 7.06 2.90 1.67 1.85 1.59 1.59 1.8% Miscellaneous total 7.91 15.02 13.30 12.96 18.49 18.75 21.2% Total of all sources 204.04 192.69 156.96 114.47 96.62 88.25 100.0%
Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Ag ency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional re sources: www. epa.gov/ttn/chief)

a The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. 

### The transportation sector accounted for more than 68% of the nation’s carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in 2007. Highway vehicles are by far the source of the greatest amount of CO. For details on the highway emissions of CO, see Table 12.3.12–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.3 Emissions of Carbon Monoxi de from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 a 

### (million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 Percent of total, 2005 Gasoline powered Light vehicles & motorcycles 119.14 98.21 67.24 46.54 36.40 24.19 50.2% Light trucks b 22.27 28.83 32.23 29.81 27.04 21.19 43.9% Heavy vehicles 21.27 15.35 8.92 5.96 3.42 1.97 4.1% Total 162.68 142.39 108.39 82.31 66.86 47.35 98.2% Diesel powered Light vehicles 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.0% Light trucks b 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.0% Heavy vehicles 0.49 1.36 1.81 1.53 1.19 0.85 1.8% Total 0.56 1.43 1.87 1.57 1.20 0.87 1.6% Total Highway vehicle total 163.23 143.83 110.26 83.88 68.06 48.22 100.0% Percent diesel 0.3% 1.0% 1.7% 1.9% 1.8% 1.8%



### Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Ag ency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional re sources: www. epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note: Data beyond 2005 are not available.

a The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. bLess than 8,500 pounds. 

### Though gasoline-powered light vehicles continue to be responsible for the majority of carbon monoxide emissions from highway vehicles, the total pollution from light vehicles in 2005 is about a third of what it was in 1970. This is despite the fact that there were many more light vehicles on the road in 2005.12–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.4 Total National Emission s of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007 a 

### (million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 Percent of total,

2007 Highway vehicles Other off-highway 12.62 2.65 11.49 3.35 9.59 3.78 8.39 4.17 6.41 4.40 5.56 4.16 32.7% 24.5% Transportation total 15.28 14.84 13.37 12.56 10.81 9.73 57.1% Stationary fuel combustion total 10.06 11.32 10.89 8.82 6.63 6.00 35.2% Industrial processes total 0.78 0.56 0.80 0.81 0.95 0.92 5.4% Waste disposal and recycling total 0.44 0.11 0.09 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.6% Miscellaneous total 0.33 0.25 0.37 0.28 0.21 0.26 1.6% Total of all sources 26.89 27.08 25.52 22.60 18.71 17.03 100.0%

Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventor y Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web site www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additiona l resources: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief)

a The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. 

### The transportation sector accounted for over half of the nation’s nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in 2007, with the majority coming from highway vehicles. For details on the highway emissions of NOx, see Table 12.5.12–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 a 

### (million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 Percent of total, 2005 Gasoline powered Light vehicles & motorcycles 8.54 6.63 4.26 3.05 2.31 1.63 25.5% Light trucks b 

### 1.54 1.58 1.50 1.46 1.44 1.56 24.4% Heavy vehicles 0.72 0.62 0.57 0.52 0.45 0.38 5.9% Total 10.81 8.83 6.33 5.03 4.20 3.57 55.9% Diesel powered Light vehicles 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.0% Light trucks b 

### 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.2% Heavy vehicles 1.76 2.59 3.19 3.82 4.18 2.81 44.0% Total 1.83 2.66 3.26 3.85 4.19 2.82 44.1% Total Highway vehicle total 12.64 11.49 9.59 8.88 8.39 6.39 100.0% Percent diesel 14.5% 23.1% 34.0% 43.4% 49.9% 44.1%

Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Nati onal Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web site www.ep a.gov/ttn/chief/trends. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note: Data beyond 2005 are not available.

a The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. bLess than 8,500 pounds. 

### Heavy diesel-powered vehicles were responsible for nearly one-half (44.1%) of highway vehicle nitrogen oxide emissions in 2005, while light gaso line vehicles were responsible for the rest.12–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.6 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007 a 

### (million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 Percent of total,

2007 Highway vehicles Off-highway 16.91 1.62 13.87 2.19 9.39 2.66 5.33 2.64 4.08 2.86 3.60 2.65 19.6% 14.4% Transportation total 18.53 16.06 12.05 7.97 6.94 6.25 33.9% Stationary fuel combustion total 0.72 1.05 1.01 1.18 1.58 1.63 8.8% Industrial processes total 12.33 12.10 9.01 7.21 7.10 6.88 37.4% Waste disposal and recycling total 1.98 0.76 0.99 0.42 0.40 0.38 2.1% Miscellaneous total 1.10 1.13 1.06 0.73 3.97 3.28 17.8% Total of all sources 34.66 31.10 24.12 17.51 19.98 18.42 100.0%

Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventor y Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web site www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additiona l resources: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief)

a The sum of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. The EPA's definition of volatile organic compounds excludes methane, ethane, and certain other nonphotochemically reactive organic compounds. 

### The transportation sector accounted for almost 34% of the nation’s volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in 2007, with the majority comi ng from highway vehicles. For details on the highway emissions of VOC, see Table 12.7.12–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.7 Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 a 

### (thousand short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 Percent of total, 2005 Gasoline powered Light vehicles & motorcycles 11,996 9,304 5,690 3,768 2,903 2,111 51.8%
Light trucks b 

### 2,776 2,864 2,617 2,225 1,929 1,629 39.9% Heavy vehicles 1,679 1,198 633 421 256 171 4.2% Total 16,451 13,366 8,940 6,414 5,088 3,911 95.9% Diesel powered Light vehicles 8 16 18 9 3 2 0.0% Light trucks b 

### 41 28 15 10 4 6 0.1% Heavy vehicles 411 459 415 315 230 159 3.9% Total 460 503 448 335 238 167 4.1% Total Highway vehicle total 16,911 13,869 9,388 6,749 5,326 4,078 100.0% Percent diesel 2.7% 3.6% 4.8% 5.0% 4.5% 4.1%

Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Po llutant Emission Trends Web site www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additiona l resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note: Data beyond 2005 are not available.

a The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. bLess than 8,500 pounds. 

### Gasoline-powered vehicles are responsible for over 95% of highway vehicle emissions of volatile organic compounds. VOC emissions from highway vehic les in 2005 were about one-quarter of the 1990 level.12–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.8 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10), 1970–2007 a 

### (million short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 Percent of total,

2007 Highway vehicles Off-highway 0.48 0.16 0.43 0.26 0.39 0.33 0.23 0.32 0.18 0.31 0.17 0.30 1.0% 1.7% Transportation total 0.64 0.69 0.72 0.55 0.50 0.47 2.7% Stationary fuel combustion total 2.87 2.45 1.20 1.47 1.43 1.36 7.8% Industrial processes total 7.67 2.75 1.04 0.71 1.19 1.17 6.7% Waste disposal and recycling total 1.00 0.27 0.27 0.36 0.29 0.29 1.7% Miscellaneous total 0.84 0.85 24.54 20.70 17.9 14.1 81.1% Total of all sources 13.02 7.01 27.77 23.75 21.29 17.37 100.0%

Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Em ission Inventory Air Pollu tant Emission Trends Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional re sources: www. epa.gov/ttn/chief)
Note: Because PM-10 is fine particle matter less than 10 microns, it also includes PM-2.5. Specific data for PM-2.5 are shown on Tables 12.10 and 12.11.

a Fine particle matter less than 10 microns. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. bData are not available. 

### The transportation sector accounted for just unde r 3% of the nation’s particulate matter (PM-10) emissions in 2007. For details on the hi ghway emissions of PM-10, see Table 12.9.12–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.9 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005 a 

### (thousand short tons)

Source category 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 Percent of total, 2005 Gasoline powered Light vehicles & motorcycles 249 141 57 53 51 46 25.1% Light trucks b 

### 74 49 31 32 32 35 19.1% Heavy vehicles 44 30 17 13 10 8 4.4% Total 367 220 104 98 93 89 48.6% Diesel powered Light vehicles 2 9 11 4 1 1 0.5% Light trucks b 

### 19 12 5 3 1 1 0.5% Heavy vehicles 92 191 268 199 135 92 50.3% Total 113 212 284 206 137 94 51.4% Total Highway vehicle total 480 432 389 304 230 183 100.0% Percent diesel 23.5% 49.1% 73.0% 67.7% 59.5% 51.4%

Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Ag ency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web site www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional re sources: www. epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note: Because PM-10 is fine particle matter less than 10 microns, it also includes PM-2.5. Specific data for PM-2.5 are shown on Tables 12.10 and 12.11. Data beyond 2005 are not available.

a The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. bLess than 8,500 pounds. 

### Since the mid-1980's, dies el-powered vehicles have been respons ible for more than half of highway vehicle emissions of particulate matter (PM-10). Heavy vehicles are clearly the main source.12–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.10 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007 (million short tons)

Source category 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 Percent of total,

2007 Highway vehicles Off-highway 0.32 0.30 0.25 0.31 0.17 0.30 0.13 0.29 0.12 0.28 0.11 0.28 2.1% 5.1% Transportation total 0.62 0.56 0.47 0.42 0.40 0.39 7.2% Stationary fuel combustion total 0.91 0.90 1.29 1.11 1.07 1.03 19.0% Industrial processes total 0.56 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.48 8.8% Waste disposal and recycling total 0.23 0.25 0.33 0.27 0.27 0.27 4.9% Miscellaneous total 5.23 4.73 4.69 3.26 3.27 3.28 60.2% Total of all sources 7.55 6.94 7.28 5.54 5.49 5.45 100.0%

Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventor y Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web site www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additiona l resources: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief) The transportation sector accounted for only 4%of the nation’s particulate matter (PM-2.5) emissions in 2007. For details on the hi ghway emissions of PM-2.5, see Table 12.11.12–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.11 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005 a 

### (thousand short tons)

Source category 1990 1995 2000 2005 Percent of total, 2005 Gasoline powered Light vehicles & motorcycles 35 30 27 23 18.0% Light trucks b 

### 21 20 18 18 14.1% Heavy vehicles 11 9 7 6 4.7% Total 67 59 52 47 36.7% Diesel powered Light vehicles 9 4 1 1 0.8% Light trucks b 

### 4 2 1 1 0.8% Heavy vehicles 243 179 119 79 61.7% Total 256 185 121 81 63.3% Total Highway vehicle total 323 245 173 128 100.0% Percent diesel 79.3% 75.5% 69.9% 63.3%

Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventor y Air Pollutant Emission Trends Web site www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additiona l resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note: Data beyond 2005 are not available.

a The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. bLess than 8,500 pounds. 

### Diesel vehicles are responsible for the majority of highway vehicle PM- 2.5 emissions. Nearly twothirds of the highway vehicles’ PM-2.5 em issions are from heavy diesel trucks.12–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Acronyms Used on Tables 12.12 and 12.13

CO Carbon monoxide GVW Gross vehicle weight HC Hydrocarbons HCHO Formaldehyde LDT Light-duty truck LEV Low-emission vehicle LVW Loaded vehicle weight MDPV Medium-duty passenger vehicle (8,500–10,000 lbs. GVWR) NMOG Non-methane organic gases NOx Nitrogen oxides PM Particulate matter SULEV Super-ultra-low-emission vehicle ULEV Ultra-low-emission vehicle 

### ZEV Zero-emission vehicle Table 12.12 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks (grams/mile)

Bin NMOG CO NOx PM HCHO 50,000 miles 10 a 

### 0.125 3.4 0.4 b 

### 0.015 9 a 

### 0.075 3.4 0.2 b 

### 0.015 8 0.100 3.4 0.14 b 

### 0.015 7 0.075 3.4 0.11 b 

### 0.015 6 0.075 3.4 0.08 b 

### 0.015 5 0.075 3.4 0.05 b 

### 0.015 120,000 miles MDPV a 

### 0.280 7.3 0.9 0.12 0.032 10 a 

### 0.156 4.2 0.6 0.08 0.018 9 a 

### 0.090 4.2 0.3 0.06 0.018 8 0.125 4.2 0.2 0.02 0.018 7 0.090 4.2 0.15 0.02 0.018 6 0.090 4.2 0.10 0.01 0.018 5 0.090 4.2 0.07 0.01 0.018 4 0.070 2.1 0.04 0.01 0.011 3 0.055 2.1 0.03 0.01 0.011 2 0.010 2.1 0.02 0.01 0.004 1 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000 Source: Federal Register , Vol. 65, No. 28, Thursday, February 10, 2000, pp. 6822–6870.

_

_______________________

a Bin expired after 2008. bNo Standard.12–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.13 Light Vehicle Exhaus t Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final (grams/mile) Vehicle fuels: Gasoline AND diesel Vehicle size: Up to 8,500 lbs. GVW unless noted otherwise unless noted otherwise

Useful life: 120,000 miles Bins, category, size NMOG CO NOx PM HCHO U.S. Bins emission 8 0.125 4.2 0.20 0.02 0.018 standards 7 0.090 4.2 0.15 0.02 0.018 6 0.090 4.2 0.10 0.01 0.018 5 0.090 4.2 0.07 0.01 0.018 4 0.070 2.1 0.04 0.01 0.011 3 0.055 2.1 0.03 0.01 0.011 2 0.010 2.1 0.02 0.01 0.004 1 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000 Average a 

### – – 0.07 – – California Category (Diesel only) LEV II LEV b 

### 0.090 4.2 0.07 0.01 0.018 emission ULEV 0.055 2.1 0.07 0.01 0.011 standards SULEV 0.010 1.0 0.02 0.01 0.004 ZEV c 

### 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000
Source: U.S.: Federal Register , Vol. 65, No. 28, Thursday, February 10, 2000, pp. 6822–6870. California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 2001 and Subsequent Model Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks and Medium-Duty Vehicles , as of December 1, 1999 (adopted August 5, 1999), incorporated by reference in section 1961(d), title 13, CCR.
Note: See acronym list on previous page.

a Includes medium-duty passenger vehicles whic h are also required to meet bin standards. bA LEV Option 1 with higher NOx levels also exists for up to 4% of LDTs above 3,750 lbs.

c Only apply to cars and LDTs 0-3750 lbs LVW.12–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28–2009 

### Table 12.14 California Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards (grams/mile)

Vehicle

Type Emission Category Vehicle Useful Life 10 Years / 100,000 Miles
THC a 

### NMHC b 

### NMOG c 

### CO NO X 

### PM HCHO Car Tier 1 – 0.31 – 4.2 0.6 – – TLEV – – 0.156 4.2 0.6 0.08 d 

### 0.018 LEV – – 0.090 4.2 0.3 0.08 d 

### 0.018 ULEV – – 0.055 2.1 0.3 0.04 d 

### 0.011 ZEV 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.000 LDT1 Tier 1 – 0.31 – 4.2 0.6 – – TLEV – – 0.156 4.2 0.6 0.08 d 

### 0.018 LEV – – 0.090 4.2 0.3 0.08 d 

### 0.018 ULEV – – 0.055 2.1 0.3 0.04 d 

### 0.011 ZEV 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.000 LDT2 Tier 1 – 0.40 – 5.5 0.97 – – TLEV – – 0.200 5.5 0.9 0.10 d 

### 0.023 LEV – – 0.130 5.5 0.5 0.10 d 

### 0.023 ULEV – – 0.070 2.8 0.5 0.05 d 

### 0.013

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA 420-B-00-001. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otag)
Note: After 2003, Tier 1 and TLEV standards were e liminated. LDT1 = light truck (6,000 lbs. or less GVWR) up through 3,750 lbs. loaded vehicle weight; LD T2 = light truck (6,000 lbs. or less GVWR) greater than 3,750 lbs. loaded vehicle weight.

a THCE for methanol vehicles. Does not apply to CNG vehicles. bTHCE for Tier 0 methanol vehicles. NMHCE for other alcohol vehicles.

c NMHC for diesel-fueled vehicles. dDiesel-fueled vehicles only.A–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## APPENDIX A

SOURCES & METHODOLOGIESA–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES

This appendix contains documentation of the estimation procedures used by ORNL. The reader can examine the methodology behind the estim ates and form an opinion as to their utility. The appendix is arranged by subject heading. Only tables which contain ORNL estimations are documented in Appendix A; all other tables have so urces listed at the bottom of the table. Since abbreviations are used throughout the appendi x, a list of abbreviations is also included.


## Contents of Appendix A

List of Abbreviations Used in Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A



### – 3 Energy Use Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–4 Highway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–4 Off-highway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–9 Nonhighway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–10 Passenger Travel and Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–20 Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–24 Nonhighway Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–26 Freight Movement and Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–27 Freight Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–28A–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009



## List of Abbreviations Used in Appendix A

AAMA American Automobile Manufacturers Association AAR Association of American Railroads APTA American Public Transportation Association Amtrak National Railroad Passenger Corporation Btu British thermal unit DOC Department of Commerce DOE Department of Energy DOT Department of Transportation EIA Energy Information Administration EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration GSA General Services Administration gvw gross vehicle weight lpg liquefied petroleum gas mpg miles per gallon NHTS National Household Travel Survey NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NPTS Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey NVPP National Vehicl e Population Profile ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory pmt passenger-miles traveled RECS Residential Energy Consumption Survey RTECS Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey TIUS Truck Inventory and Use Survey TSC Transportation Systems Center VIUS Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey vmt vehicle-miles traveledA–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Energy Use Sources 

## Highway energy use

Automobiles Fuel use in gallons from: DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 , Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Fuel use was distributed among fuel types using the percentages shown in Table A.1. The Federa l Highway Administration discontinued publication of gasohol data in 2005. Therefore, a new met hodology was developed using data from EIA, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels , 2006, Table C1.
Table A.1 Automobile Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares for Calculation of Energy Use

Year Fuel use (million gallons) Source for gasohol shares Source for gasoline/diesel shares Shares by fuel type Gasoline Gasohol Diesel 1970 67,820 1984 NVPP 99.8% 0.0% 0.2% 1975 74,140 interpolated 97.0% 0.0% 3.0% 1980 69,981 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 93.9% 0.5% 5.6% 1981 69,112 FHWA, MF-33e 1981 RTECS 93.4% 0.7% 5.9% 1982 69,116 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 93.5% 2.3% 4.2% 1983 70,322 FHWA, MF-33e 1983 RTECS 93.2% 4.3% 2.5% 1984 70,663 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 92.7% 5.3% 2.0% 1985 71,518 FHWA, MF-33e 1985 RTECS 90.8% 7.7% 1.5% 1986 73,174 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 91.0% 7.6% 1.4% 1987 73,308 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 92.4% 6.3% 1.3% 1988 73,345 FHWA, MF-33e 1988 RTECS 91.4% 7.4% 1.2% 1989 73,913 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 92.6% 6.2% 1.2% 1990 69,568 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 92.0% 6.8% 1.2% 1991 64,318 FHWA, MF-33e 1991 RTECS 90.8% 8.0% 1.2% 1992 65,436 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 90.8% 7.9% 1.2% 1993 67,047 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 89.7% 9.1% 1.3% 1994 67,874 FHWA, MF-33e 1994 RTECS 89.1% 9.6% 1.3% 1995 68,072 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 87.6% 11.2% 1.2% 1996 69,221 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 88.8% 10.1% 1.0% 1997 69,892 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 86.9% 12.2% 0.9% 1998 71,695 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 88.0% 11.2% 0.8% 1999 73,283 FHWA, MF-33e interpolated 88.3% 11.0% 0.6% 2000 73,065 FHWA, MF-33e 2000 NVPP 86.9% 12.6% 0.5% 2001 73,559 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 86.5% 13.0% 0.5% 2002 75,471 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 83.9% 15.6% 0.5% 2003 74,590 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 75.3% 24.2% 0.5% 2004 75,402 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 67.2% 32.3% 0.5% 2005 77,418 FHWA, MF-33e 2001 NVPP 66.9% 32.6% 0.5% 2006 75,009 EIA, C1 2001 NVPP 78.2% 21.3% 0.5% 2007 74,355 EIA, C1 2001 NVPP 72.8% 26.7% 0.5% Heat content used for conversion to btu: 125,000 btu/gallon 120,900 btu/gallon 138,700 btu/gallonA–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Motorcycles DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, Table VM-1, and annual editions. Table A.2 Motorcycle Fuel Use

Year Fuel use (thousand gallons) Year Fuel use (thousand gallons) 1970 59,580 1989 207,420 1971 72,140 1990 191,140 1972 86,620 1991 183,560 1973 103,880 1992 191,140 1974 108,900 1993 198,120 1975 112,580 1994 204,800 1976 120,060 1995 198,262 1977 126,980 1996 195,940 1978 143,160 1997 201,620 1979 172,740 1998 205,660 1980 204,280 1999 211,680 1981 213,800 2000 209,380 1982 198,200 2001 192,780 1983 175,200 2002 191,040 1984 175,680 2003 190,780 1985 181,720 2004 202,447 1986 187,940 2005 189,495 1987 190,120 2006 221,030 1988 200,480 2007 242,170 Heat content used for conversion to btu: 125,000 btu/gallon 

### Buses Transit:APTA, Public Transportation Fact Book, 2008, Washington, DC. Includes motorbus and trolley bus data. Table A.3 Transit Bus Fuel Use

Year LNG (million gallons) LPG (million gallons) CNG (million gallons) Gasoline (million gallons) Diesel fuel (million gallons) Electricity (million kilowatt hours) Biodiesel (million gallons) Methanol (million gallons) 1994 1.1 0.2 3.1 2.1 565.1 102.9 12.5 1995 1.7 0.3 10.0 2.3 563.8 100.0 12.0 1996 2.3 0.6 11.5 1.8 577.7 69.0 11.6 1997 3.3 1.0 20.0 2.7 597.6 78.0 8.7 1998 3.1 0.9 32.6 2.0 606.6 74.0 5.0 1999 5.3 0.8 39.9 1.4 618.0 75.0 2.7 2000 10.5 0.7 50.4 1.3 635.2 77.0 0.8 2001 11.7 1.2 60.9 1.5 587.2 74.0 0.8 2002 16.8 1.8 77.8 1.3 559.0 73.0 1.8 2003 14.2 1.8 94.9 1.1 536.0 69.0 1.9 2004 16.5 1.7 106.7 1.8 550.5 68.0 4.7 2005 18.3 2.0 117.2 1.0 533.8 67.0 8.1 2006 19.6 1.6 138.8 2.3 536.7 62.0 20.5* 0.9* 2007 18.3 a 129.1 2.5 494.1 61.0 25.8 1.3 Heat content

used for conversion

to btu: 90,800 btu/gallon 91,300 btu/gallon 129,400 btu/gallon 125,000 btu/gallon 138,700 btu/gallon 64,600 btu/gallon 10,339 btu/kWhr

* Estimates.A–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Intercity and School: Eno Transportation Foundation, Transportation in America , 2001, Nineteenth Edition, 2003, Washington, DC, pp. 20–23. School bus fu el was assumed to be 90% diesel fuel and 10% gasoline based on estimates from the National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services. Intercity bus fuel was assumed to be 100% diesel.
Table A.4 Intercity and School Bus Fuel Use

Year Intercity (million gallons) School (million gallons) 1970 305.34 299.88 1971 296.73 309.75 1972 288.12 319.62 1973 252.42 327.04 1974 216.72 334.46 1975 181.02 341.88 1976 182.28 389.76 1977 181.86 401.52 1978 180.18 406.98 1979 205.38 404.88 1980 213.78 379.68 1981 205.38 386.82 1982 227.22 398.58 1983 237.30 400.68 1984 169.26 375.06 1985 165.48 425.04 1986 148.68 462.42 1987 155.82 487.20 1988 160.44 511.14 1989 166.74 498.12 1990 159.60 472.08 1991 160.44 533.40 1992 157.08 546.00 1993 171.36 533.40 1994 195.30 546.00 1995 195.30 545.16 1996 199.92 545.16 1997 212.52 544.74 1998 220.08 550.20 1999 241.08 555.66 2000 233.10 577.08 2001 217.35* 538.08* 2002 210.22* 520.44* 2003 208.32* 515.72* 2004 208.87* 517.09* 2005 214.37* 530.70* 2006 208.32* 515.72* 2007 214.24* 530.40* Fuel type shares 100% diesel 90% diesel 10% gasoline Heat content used for

conversion to btu: 138,700 btu/gallon 138,700 btu/gallon 125,000 btu/gallon * Estimated using the rate of change of bus vehicle-miles traveled from FHWA Highway Statistics Table VM-1.A–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Trucks Light Trucks: DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 , Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. The Federal Highway Administration discontinued pub lication of gasohol data in 2005. Therefore, a new methodology was developed using data from EIA, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels , 2006, Table C1.
Table A.5 Light Truck Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares for Calculation of Energy Use

Year Fuel use (million gallons) Source for gasohol shares Source for gasoline/diesel

/lpg shares Shares by fuel type Gasoline Gasohol Diesel Lpg 1970 12,313 1977 TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% 1975 19,081 1977 TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% 1976 20,828 1977 TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% 1977 22,383 1977 TIUS 97.6% 0.0% 1.6% 0.8% 1978 24,162 Interpolated 97.1% 0.0% 2.0% 0.9% 1979 24,445 Interpolated 96.7% 0.0% 2.4% 1.0% 1980 23,796 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 95.7% 0.5% 2.7% 1.0% 1981 23,697 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 95.1% 0.7% 3.1% 1.1% 1982 22,702 FHWA, MF-33e 1982 TIUS 93.0% 2.3% 3.5% 1.2% 1983 23,945 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 91.0% 4.3% 3.5% 1.2% 1984 25,604 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 90.0% 5.3% 3.5% 1.2% 1985 27,363 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 87.6% 7.7% 3.5% 1.2% 1986 29,074 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 87.7% 7.6% 3.5% 1.2% 1987 30,598 FHWA, MF-33e 1987 TIUS 89.0% 6.3% 3.5% 1.2% 1988 32,653 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 88.2% 7.4% 3.5% 1.0% 1989 33,271 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 89.5% 6.2% 3.4% 0.8% 1990 35,611 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 89.2% 6.8% 3.4% 0.7% 1991 38,217 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 88.1% 8.0% 3.3% 0.5% 1992 40,929 FHWA, MF-33e 1992 TIUS 88.5% 7.9% 3.3% 0.3% 1993 42,851 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 87.3% 9.1% 3.3% 0.3% 1994 44,112 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 86.8% 9.6% 3.3% 0.3% 1995 45,605 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 85.1% 11.2% 3.4% 0.3% 1996 47,354 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 86.2% 10.1% 3.4% 0.3% 1997 49,388 FHWA, MF-33e 1997 VIUS 84.2% 12.2% 3.4% 0.2% 1998 50,462 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 85.0% 11.2% 3.5% 0.3% 1999 52,859 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 84.9% 11.0% 3.6% 0.4% 2000 52,939 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 83.1% 12.6% 3.8% 0.6% 2001 53,522 FHWA, MF-33e Interpolated 82.4% 13.0% 3.9% 0.7% 2002 55,220 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 79.6% 15.6% 4.0% 0.8% 2003 60,758 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 71.0% 24.2% 4.0% 0.8% 2004 63,417 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 62.9% 32.3% 4.0% 0.8% 2005 58,869 FHWA, MF-33e 2002 VIUS 62.6% 32.6% 4.0% 0.8% 2006 60,685 EIA, C1 2002 VIUS 73.9% 21.3% 4.0% 0.8% 2007 61,816 EIA, C1 2002 VIUS 68.5% 26.7% 4.0% 0.8%
Heat content used for conversion to btu: 125,000 btu/gallon 120,900 btu/gallon 138,700 btu/gallon 90,800 btu/gallonA–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Medium/Heavy Trucks: DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 , Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Total gallons for other trucks was the difference between total trucks and 2-axle, 4-tire trucks.
Table A.6 Medium/Heavy Truck Fuel Us e and Fuel Type Shares for Calculation of Energy Use

Year Fuel use (million gallons) Source for gasoline/diesel /lpg shares Shares by fuel type Gasoline Diesel Lpg 1970 11,316 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% 1971 11,812 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% 1972 12,964 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% 1973 14,320 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% 1974 14,341 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% 1975 14,598 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% 1976 15,408 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% 1977 17,082 1977 TIUS 10.4% 89.5% 0.1% 1978 19,121 Interpolated 16.2% 83.5% 0.3% 1979 19,913 Interpolated 22.1% 77.5% 0.5% 1980 19,960 Interpolated 27.9% 71.4% 0.6% 1981 20,376 Interpolated 33.8% 65.4% 0.8% 1982 20,386 1982 TIUS 39.6% 59.4% 1.0% 1983 20,761 Interpolated 35.6% 63.6% 0.8% 1984 21,428 Interpolated 31.5% 67.8% 0.7% 1985 21,405 Interpolated 27.5% 72.0% 0.5% 1986 21,861 Interpolated 23.4% 76.2% 0.4% 1987 22,513 1987 TIUS 19.4% 80.4% 0.2% 1988 22,925 Interpolated 18.8% 81.0% 0.3% 1989 23,512 Interpolated 18.1% 81.6% 0.3% 1990 24,490 Interpolated 17.5% 82.1% 0.4% 1991 24,981 Interpolated 16.8% 82.7% 0.4% 1992 25,453 1992 TIUS 16.2% 83.3% 0.5% 1993 26,236 Interpolated 15.4% 84.1% 0.5% 1994 27,685 Interpolated 14.7% 84.8% 0.5% 1995 28,828 Interpolated 13.9% 85.6% 0.5% 1996 29,601 Interpolated 13.2% 86.3% 0.5% 1997 29,878 1997 VIUS 12.4% 87.1% 0.5% 1998 30,841 Interpolated 12.1% 87.4% 0.5% 1999 33,909 Interpolated 11.8% 87.6% 0.5% 2000 35,229 Interpolated 11.6% 87.9% 0.5% 2001 35,179 Interpolated 11.3% 88.1% 0.5% 2002 36,800 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% 2003 35,775 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% 2004 33,150 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% 2005 37,190 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% 2006 37,959 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5% 2007 38,550 2002 VIUS 11.0% 88.4% 0.5%
Heat content used for conversion to btu: 125,000 btu/gallon 138,700 btu/gallon 90,800 btu/gallonA–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Off-highway energy use
The off-highway energy use estimates are for the year 2001. The estimates are a combination of data from EPA’s NONROAD2002 model and VIUS 1997. First, the NONROAD model was queried on a national basis for energy use by nonroad engines. The resulting database included sector, fuel type, number of gallons used annually, and a description of the off-highway equipment called the source category code (SCC). ORNL sorted the data by SCC and only the SCC’s which pertai ned to off-highway transportation were kept in the database. Examples of exclusions include chainsaw s and stationary generators. The EPA model does not include off-highway use of trucks; therefore, the 1997 VIUS was queried to derive the amount of fuel (by sector and fuel type) used by trucks off-road. The rate of change in off-highway transportation-related fuel use from NONROAD2002 between 1997 and 2001 was applied to the 1997 VIUS data to provide an estimate for 2001. The transportation-related fuel use from NONROAD and the VIUS estimates were added together for a total off-highway transportation-related fuel use bysector and fuel type. These totals are found on Table 2.8. Gallons were converted to btu using the gross h eat content for each fuel. (Heat content values shown on Table B.4.) Additional detail on this methodology can be found in the report Off-Highway Transportationrelated Fuel Use , ORNL/TM-2004/92, April 2004, http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/pdf/ORNL_TM-2004_92.pdf .A–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Nonhighway energy use

Air General Aviation: DOT, FAA, General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey: Annual Summary Report Calendar Year 2007, Table 5.1, and annual.
Table A.7 General Aviation Fuel Use

Year Jet fuel (million gallons) Aviation gasoline (million gallons) 1970 208.0 551.0 1971 226.0 508.0 1972 245.0 584.0 1973 304.0 411.0 1974 357.0 443.0 1975 453.0 412.0 1976 495.0 432.0 1977 536.0 456.0 1978 763.0 518.0 1979 736.0 570.0 1980 766.0 520.0 1981 759.0 489.0 1982 887.0 448.0 1983 613.0 428.0 1984 738.9 462.4 1985 691.0 421.0 1986 732.1 408.6 1987 672.7 401.8 1988 746.0 398.0 1989 688.0 342.8 1990 662.0 353.0 1991 579.0 348.0 1992 496.0 306.0 1993 454.1 268.4 1994 470.8 264.1 1995 544.0 276.0 1996 567.5 286.5 1997 639.4 289.7 1998 814.6 311.4 1999 967.2 345.4 2000 998.1 336.3 2001 938.7 319.3 2002 815.5 261.4 2003 820.0 255.5 2004 1,075.2 256.1 2005 1,507.4 323.6 2006 1,636.3 294.7 2007 1,516.3 314.8 Heat content used for conversion to btu: 135,000 btu/gallon 120,200 btu/gallonA–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Domestic and International Air Carrier: DOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, "Fuel Cost and Consumption Tables," www.bts.gov/xml/fuel/report/src/index.xml. The table below shows all international fuel use. Because the data for international incl ude fuel purchased abroad, for the tables in Chapter 2, the international total was divided in half to estimate domestic fuel use for international flights.
Table A.8 Air Carrier Fuel Use

Year Domestic (thousand gallons) All international (thousand gallons) Total (thousand gallons) 1970 10,085,000 1971 10,140,000 1972 Separate estimates for domestic and international are not available from 1970-1976. 10,302,000 1973 10,671,000 1974 10,417,260 1975 10,412,640 1976 10,400,040 1977 8,202,051 1,708,376 9,910,427 1978 8,446,117 1,741,918 10,188,035 1979 8,865,885 1,828,435 10,694,320 1980 8,519,233 1,747,306 10,266,539 1981 8,555,249 2,032,520 10,587,769 1982 8,432,465 1,967,733 10,400,198 1983 8,672,574 1,998,289 10,670,863 1984 9,625,958 2,286,407 11,912,365 1985 10,115,007 2,487,929 12,602,936 1986 11,137,331 2,544,996 13,682,327 1987 11,586,838 2,893,617 14,480,455 1988 11,917,904 3,262,824 15,180,728 1989 11,905,144 3,557,294 15,462,438 1990 12,429,305 3,963,081 16,392,386 1991 11,506,477 3,939,666 15,446,144 1992 11,762,852 4,120,132 15,882,983 1993 11,958,663 4,113,321 16,071,984 1994 12,475,549 4,310,879 16,786,428 1995 12,811,717 4,511,418 17,323,135 1996 13,187,305 4,658,093 17,845,398 1997 13,659,581 4,964,181 18,623,762 1998 13,876,971 5,185,562 19,062,533 1999 14,402,127 5,250,492 19,652,619 2000 14,844,592 5,474,685 20,319,277 2001 14,017,461 5,237,487 19,254,948 2002 12,848,329 4,990,798 17,839,127 2003 12,958,581 4,836,356 17,794,936 2004 13,622,603 4,931,546 18,554,149 2005 13,778,869 5,520,889 19,309,758 2006 13,694,437 6,017,638 19,712,075 2007 13,681,664 6,204,502 19,886,165 Heat content used for

conversion to btu: 135,000 btu/gallon 135,000 btu/gallon 135,000 btu/gallonA–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Water Freight: Total – DOE, EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 2006 , Table 23. Adjusted sales of distillate and residual fuel oil for vessel bunkering. (This may include some amounts of bunker fuels used for recreational purposes.)
Table A.9 Diesel and Residual Fuel Oil for Vessel Bunkering

Year Distillate fuel oil (thousand gallons) Residual fuel oil (thousand gallons) 1970 819,000 3,774,120 1971 880,000 3,307,000 1972 1,013,000 3,273,000 1973 1,125,000 3,859,000 1974 1,018,920 3,827,040 1975 1,097,880 4,060,140 1976 1,220,100 4,977,000 1977 1,407,420 5,416,740 1978 1,578,822 6,614,790 1979 1,630,858 8,002,672 1980 717,376 7,454,242 1981 1,723,143 7,922,512 1982 1,423,216 6,408,818 1983 1,418,890 5,724,115 1984 1,692,141 5,687,375 1985 1,894,016 5,473,614 1986 2,034,215 5,287,347 1987 2,223,258 5,259,272 1988 2,310,367 5,248,981 1989 2,356,444 5,410,263 1990 2,197,004 6,248,095 1991 2,167,640 6,786,055 1992 2,240,170 7,199,078 1993 2,043,745 6,269,882 1994 2,026,899 5,944,383 1995 1,978,105 6,431,238 1996 2,177,608 5,804,977 1997 2,107,561 4,789,861 1998 2,125,568 4,640,153 1999 2,064,590 5,598,630 2000 2,041,433 6,192,294 2001 2,099,011 4,345,284 2002 2,056,465 4,783,956 2003 1,863,150 3,801,425 2004 2,313,448 4,886,978 2005 2,115,381 5,533,552 2006 2,203,876 6,012,838 Heat content used for

conversion to btu: 138,700 btu/gallon 149,700 btu/gallon Domestic share of total fuel use 77.5% 9.3%A–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Recreational Boating: Fuel use by recreational boating comes from the EPA’s NONROAD2005 model.
Table A.10 Recreational Boating Fuel Use

Year Diesel use (gallons) Gasoline use (gallons) 1970 39,589,953 1,244,804,236 1971 47,130,906 1,252,226,262 1972 54,671,856 1,259,648,217 1973 62,212,803 1,267,070,191 1974 69,753,735 1,274,492,200 1975 77,294,680 1,281,914,303 1976 84,835,632 1,289,336,252 1977 92,376,573 1,296,758,199 1978 99,917,523 1,304,180,198 1979 107,458,470 1,311,602,248 1980 114,999,421 1,319,024,363 1981 122,540,357 1,326,446,317 1982 130,081,302 1,333,686,303 1983 137,622,248 1,341,290,185 1984 145,163,202 1,348,712,302 1985 152,704,140 1,356,134,278 1986 160,245,074 1,363,556,343 1987 167,786,030 1,370,978,262 1988 175,326,970 1,390,334,510 1989 182,867,916 1,409,690,693 1990 190,408,869 1,429,046,923 1991 197,949,808 1,454,007,592 1992 205,490,749 1,478,968,217 1993 213,031,707 1,503,928,793 1994 220,572,649 1,558,368,924 1995 228,113,596 1,612,684,936 1996 235,654,521 1,666,705,087 1997 243,195,481 1,670,031,772 1998 250,736,414 1,671,290,139 1999 258,159,525 1,669,234,443 2000 265,582,657 1,664,722,577 2001 273,547,835 1,666,868,187 2002 281,512,965 1,665,099,320 2003 289,478,093 1,659,719,994 2004 297,443,197 1,651,597,210 2005 305,408,463 1,641,941,981 2006 313,420,594 1,631,847,790 2007 321,432,801 1,621,977,436 Heat content used for

conversion to btu: 138,700 btu/gallon 125,000 btu/gallonA–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Pipeline The sum of natural gas, crude petroleum and petroleum product, and coal slurry and water.
Natural Gas: The amount of natural gas used to transport natural gas was defined as "pipeline fuel" as reported in DOE, EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2007, Table 1. Cubic feet were converted to Btu using 1,031 Btu/ft 3 

### . Electricity use was estimated using the following procedure as reported on p. 5-110 of J. N. Hooker et al., End Use Energy Consumption DataBase: Transportation Sector . The energy consumption of a natural gas pipeline was taken to be the energy content of the fuel used to drive the pumps. Some 94% of the installed pumping horsepower was supplied by natural gas. The remaining 6% of the horse power was generated more efficiently, mostly by electric motors. The energy consumed by natural gas pipeline pumps that were electrically powered was not known. In order to estimate the electricity consumed, the Btu of natural gas pipeline fuel consumed was multiplied by a factor of 0.015. From this computed value, electricity efficiency and ge neration loss must be taken into account. The electricity energy use in Btu must be conver ted to kWhr, using the conversion factor 29.305 x 10 -5 

### kWhr/Btu. Electricity generation a nd distribution effici ency was 29%. When generation and distribution ef ficiency are taken into acc ount, 1 kWhr equals 10,339 Btu. Crude petroleum and petroleum product: J. N. Hooker, Oil Pipeline Energy Consumption and Efficiency , ORNL-5697, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, 1981. (Data held constant; Latest available data.) Coal slurry and water: W. F. Banks, Systems, Science and Software, Energy Consumption in the Pipeline Industry , LaJolla, CA, October 1977. (Data held constant; Latest available data.)A–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table A.11 Pipeline Fuel Use

Year Natural gas (million cubic feet) Estimated natural gas pipeline electricity use (million kWhr) Electricity constant (trillion btu) 1970 722,166 3,272.9 212.1 1971 742,592 3,365.4 212.1 1972 766,156 3,472.2 212.1 1973 728,177 3,300.1 212.1 1974 668,792 3,031.0 212.1 1975 582,963 2,642.0 212.1 1976 548,323 2,485.0 212.1 1977 532,669 2,414.1 212.1 1978 530,451 2,404.0 212.1 1979 600,964 2,723.6 212.1 1980 634,622 2,876.1 212.1 1981 642,325 2,911.0 212.1 1982 596,411 2,703.0 212.1 1983 490,042 2,220.9 212.1 1984 528,754 2,396.3 212.1 1985 503,766 2,283.1 212.1 1986 485,041 2,198.2 212.1 1987 519,170 2,352.9 212.1 1988 613,912 2,782.3 212.1 1989 629,308 2,852.0 212.1 1990 659,816 2,990.3 212.1 1991 601,305 2,725.1 212.1 1992 587,710 2,663.5 212.1 1993 624,308 2,829.4 212.1 1994 685,362 3,106.1 212.1 1995 700,335 3,173.9 212.1 1996 711,446 3,224.3 212.1 1997 751,470 3,405.7 212.1 1998 635,477 2,880.0 212.1 1999 645,319 2,924.6 212.1 2000 642,210 2,910.5 

### 212.1 2001 624,964 2,832.3 212.1 2002 666,920 3,022.5 212.1 2003 591,492 2,680.7 212.1 2004 566,187 2,566.0 212.1 2005 584,026 2,646.8 212.1 2006 584,213 2,647.7 212.1 2007 622,893 2,823.0 212.1 Heat content used for

conversion to btu: 1,031 btu/cubic foot 10,339 Btu/kWhr



### Note: Formula for estimating electricity use for natural gas pipelines is: Natural gas use (in million cubic ft ) × 1,031 btu/cubic ft × 0.015 × 29.305 ×10 -5 

### kWhr/btuA–16

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Rail Freight: AAR, Railroad Facts , 2008 Edition, Washington, DC, 2008.
Table A.12 Class I Freight Railroad Fuel Use

Year Diesel fuel (thousand gallons) 1970 3,807,663 1971 3,822,907 1972 3,996,985 1973 4,160,730 1974 4,175,375 1975 3,736,484 1976 3,895,542 1977 3,985,069 1978 3,968,007 1979 4,072,187 1980 3,955,996 1981 3,756,439 1982 3,178,116 1983 3,137,295 1984 3,388,173 1985 3,144,190 1986 3,039,069 1987 3,102,227 1988 3,182,267 1989 3,190,815 1990 3,134,446 1991 2,925,970 1992 3,022,108 1993 3,111,981 1994 3,355,802 1995 3,503,096 1996 3,600,649 1997 3,602,793 1998 3,619,341 1999 3,749,428 2000 3,720,107 2001 3,729,985 2002 3,751,413 2003 3,849,229 2004 4,082,236 2005 4,119,879 2006 4,214,459 2007 4,087,405 Heat content used for

conversion to btu: 138,700 Btu/gallonA–17

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Passenger: Commuter - APTA, Public Transportation Fact Book , 2008, Washington, DC, 2008.
Table A.13 Commuter Rail Fuel Use

Year Diesel (thousand gallons) Electricity (million kWhr) 1984 58,320 901 1985 55,372 1,043 1986 54,608 1,170 1987 51,594 1,155 1988 53,054 1,195 1989 52,516 1,293 1990 52,681 1,226 1991 54,315 1,239 1992 54,951 1,124 1993 59,766 1,196 1994 61,900 1,244 1995 63,064 1,253 1996 61,888 1,255 1997 63,195 1,270 1998 69,200 1,299 1999 73,005 1,322 2000 70,818 1,370 2001 72,204 1,354 2002 72,847 1,334 2003 72,264 1,383 2004 71,999 1,449 2005 76,714 1,484 2006 78,600 1,478 2007 80,700 1,763 Heat content used for

conversion to btu: 138,700 Btu/gallon 10,339 Btu/kWhrA–18

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Transit – APTA, Public Transportation Fact Book , 2008, Washington, DC, 2008. Includes light rail and heavy rail.
Table A.14 Transit Rail Fuel Use

Year Electricity (million kWhr) Light rail Heavy rail Total 1970 2,561 1971 2,556 1972 2,428 1973 2,331 1974 2,630 1975 Light rail and heavy rail data are not available separately from 1970 to 1985. 2,646 1976 2,576 1977 2,303 1978 2,223 1979 2,473 1980 2,446 1981 2,655 1982 2,722 1983 2,930 1984 3,092 1985 2,928 1986 173 3,066 3,239 1987 191 3,219 3,410 1988 243 3,256 3,499 1989 242 3,286 3,528 1990 239 3,284 3,523 1991 274 3,248 3,522 1992 297 3,193 3,490 1993 281 3,287 3,568 1994 282 3,431 3,713 1995 288 3,401 3,689 1996 321 3,322 3,643 1997 361 3,253 3,614 1998 381 3,280 3,661 1999 416 3,385 3,801 2000 463 3,549 4,012 2001 487 3,646 4,133 2002 510 3,683 4,193 2003 507 3,632 4,138 2004 553 3,684 4,237 2005 571 3,769 4,430 2006 634 3,709 4,343 2007 687 3,817 4,505 Heat content used for

conversion to btu: 10,339 Btu/kWhr 10,339 Btu/kWhr 10,339 Btu/kWhrA–19

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Intercity – Personal communication withAmtrak, Washington, DC, 2009.
Table A.15 Intercity Rail Fuel Use

Year Diesel fuel (thousand gallons) Electricity ( thousand kWhr) 1994 73,516 308,948 1995 72,371 335,818 1996 71,226 362,689 1997 75,656 389,559 1998 75,999 416,429 1999 79,173 443,300 2000 94,968 470,170 2001 96,846 455,703 2002 84,432 518,306 2003 74,621 536,950 2004 68,605 550,695 2005 65,477 531,377 2006 62,463 548,856 2007 61,824 577,864 Heat content used for

conversion to btu: 138,700 Btu/gallon 10,339 Btu/kWhr



## Calculation of Million Barrels per Day Crude Oil Equivalent
One gallon of gasoline, diesel fuel, or lpg is estimat ed to be the equivalent of one gallon of crude oil. Petroleum used for electricity was cal culated using the following formula: ({[(BTU*S)/G ]/P }/365)/1000 BTU = Btus of electricity from Table 2.4 S = Share of petroleum used in making primary electricity (Calculated from Table 2.6 from the EIA, Monthly Energy Review ) G = Electricity generation a nd distribution (assumed 29%) P = Btus per barrel of petroleum product (Table A3 from the EIA, Monthly Energy Review ).A–20

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Passenger Travel and Energy Use
Automobiles
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics, 2007 , Table VM-1. Data series shown in Table 4.1. Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor. Load factor – 2001 NHTS shows automobile load f actor as 1.1 persons per vehicle. Energy intensities – Btu per vehicle-mile

– Automobile energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per passenger-mile

–Automobile energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use –See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 2.7. 

## Light trucks
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 , Table VM-1. Data by truck type were multiplied by the shares of trucks/truck travel which are for personal use (Table A.16). Passenger-miles

–Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor. Load factor – 2001 NHTS shows personal light truck loadfactor as 1.72 persons per vehicle. Energy intensities - Btu per vehicle-mile

– Personal light truck energy use divided by personal light truck vehicle-miles. Btu per passenger-mile

–Personal light truck energy use divided by personal light truck passengermiles. Energy use –See Energy Use Sources, p. A-7, A-8 (light truc ks, medium/heavy trucks). Data by truck type were multiplied by the shares of truck fuel use which are for personal use (Table A.16) which were derived by ORNL from the 2002 VIUS Micro Data File on CD.
Table A.16 Share of Trucks, Truck Travel, and Fuel Use for Personal Travel Personal trucks

85.6% 2-axle, 4-tire trucks 26.9% Other single-unit and combination trucks Personal truck travel

80.9% 2-axle, 4-tire trucks 13.1% Other single-unit and combination trucks Personal truck fuel use

78.0% 2-axle, 4-tire trucks 6.0% Other single-unit and combination trucks

Note: Since these shares come from the 2002 VIUS, they may underestimate the amount of personal trucks, truck travel, and energy use for 2007.A–21

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Motorcycles
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 Table VM-1. Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor. Load factor - 2001 NHTS shows motorcycle load f actor as 1.22 persons per vehicle. Energy intensities – Btu per vehicle-mile

– Motorcycle energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per passenger-mile

–Motorcycle energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5. Da ta series shown in Table 2.7. 

## Demand Response
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009. Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy intensities – Btu per vehicle-mile – Energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per passenger-mile – Energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009. 

## Vanpool
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009. Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy intensities – Btu per vehicle-mile – Energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per passenger-mile – Energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use – APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009.


## Buses

Transit Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles –APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009. Data series shown on Table 5.14. Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy intensities – Btu per vehicle-mile

–Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus vehicle-miles. Btu per passenger-mile

–Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus passenger-miles. Energy use - See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5. Data series shown in Table 5.14.A–22

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Intercity Energy use –See Energy Use Sources, p. A-6. Because the 2001and 2002 data are not available, the rate of change in bus VMT from FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, was used to estimate the change in energy use. School
Number of vehicles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 , Table MV-10. Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5. Because the data past 2000 are not available, the rate of change in bus VMT from FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, was used to estimate the change in energy use. 

## Air

Certificated air carriers Aircraft-miles, passenger-miles – DOT, BTS, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics , www.bts.gov/programs/airline_in formation/air_carrier_traffic_ statistics, Washington, DC. Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by aircraft-miles. Energy intensities - Btu per passenger-mile

–Certificated air carrier ener gy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use –See Energy Use Sources, p. A-11. All of domestic fuel use and half of international fuel use was considered to be domestic use. Note: These data differ from the data in Tabl e 9.2 because that table contains data on ALL domestic AND international air carrier energy use and passenger-miles.
General aviation
Number of vehicles – DOT, FAA, General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey: Calendar Year 2007 Data series shown in Table 9.3. Energy intensities – Btu per passenger-mile

–General aviation energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use –See Energy Use Sources, p. A-10. Data series shown in Table 9.3. 

## Recreational boating
Number of vehicles and energy use –U.S. EPA, NONROAD2005 model.A–23

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Rail
Intercity Number of vehicles, vehicl e-miles, passenger-miles

–AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition , Washington, DC, 2008. Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy Intensities - Btu per vehicle-mile

–Intercity rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per passenger-mile

– Intercity rail energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use - See Energy Use Sources, p. A-19. Data series shown in Table 9.10.
Transit Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles –APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009. Sum of light and heavy ra il transit. Data series shown on Table 9.12. Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy intensities – Btu per vehicle-mile

–Light and heavy transit rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per passenger-mile

–Light and heavy transit rail energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use –See Energy Use Sources, p. A-18. Data series shown in Table 9.12.
Commuter Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles –APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009. Data series shown on Table 9.11. Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles. Energy intensities – Btu per vehicle-mile

– Commuter rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles. Btu per passenger-mile

–Commuter rail energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use –See Energy Use Sources, p. A-17. Data series shown in Table 9.11.A–24

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities
Automobiles
Btu per vehicle-mile – Automobile energy use divided by automobile vehicle miles of travel. Energy use

– See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 2.7. Vehicle-miles

– DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 , Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.1. Btu per passenger-mile –Automobile energy use divided by automobile passenger-miles. Energy use

– See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 2.7. Passenger miles

– Vehicle miles multiplied by an average load factor. Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 , Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.1. Load factor – NPTS 1969, 1977, 1983/84, 1990, and 1995, and NHTS 2001.
Table A.17 Automobile Load Factor used to calculate Passenger-Miles Year Source Load Factor 1970 1969 NPTS 1.90 1971 Interpolated 1.90 1972 Interpolated 1.90 1973 Interpolated 1.90 1974 Interpolated 1.90 1975 Interpolated 1.90 1976 Interpolated 1.90 1977 1977 NPTS 1.90 1978 Interpolated 1.88 1979 Interpolated 1.87 1980 Interpolated 1.85 1981 Interpolated 1.83 1982 Interpolated 1.82 1983 1983/84 NPTS 1.80 1984 Interpolated 1.77 1985 Interpolated 1.74 1986 Interpolated 1.71 1987 Interpolated 1.69 1988 Interpolated 1.66 1989 Interpolated 1.63 1990 1990 NPTS 1.60 1991 Interpolated 1.60 1992 Interpolated 1.60 1993 Interpolated 1.60 1994 Interpolated 1.60 1995 1995 NPTS 1.60 1996 Interpolated 1.60 1997 Interpolated 1.59 1998 Interpolated 1.59 1999 Interpolated 1.58 2000 Interpolated 1.58 2001 2001 NHTS 1.57 2002 2001 NHTS 1.57 2003 2001 NHTS 1.57 2004 2001 NHTS 1.57 2005 2001 NHTS 1.57 2006 2001 NHTS 1.57 2007 2001 NHTS 1.57A–25

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Light trucks
Btu per vehicle-mile –Light truck energy use divided by lig ht truck vehicle miles of travel. Energy use

–See Energy Use Sources, p. A-7. Data series shown in Table 2.7. Vehicle-miles

– DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 , Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.2.


## Buses

Transit Btu per vehicle-mile –Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus vehicle-miles. Energy use

–See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5. Data series shown in Table 5.14. Vehicle-miles

– APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009. Data series shown on Table 5.14. Btu per passenger-mile –Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus passenger-miles. Energy use

–See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5. Data series shown in Table 5.14. Passenger-miles

–APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009. Data series shown on Table 5.14. Intercity Btu per passenger-mile –Intercity bus energy use divided by intercity bus passenger-miles. Energy use

–See Energy Use Sources, p. A-6 . Because the data past 2000 are not available, the rate of change in bus VMT from FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007, was used to estimate the change in energy use. Passenger-miles

–(Data past 2000 are not available. ) Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in America 2001 , Nineteenth editi on, Washington, DC.A–26

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Nonhighway Mode Energy Intensities
Air

Certificated air carriers Btu per passenger-mile –Certificated air carrier ener gy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use

–See Energy Use Sources, p. A-11. All of domes tic fuel use and half of international fuel use was considered to be domestic use. Passenger-miles

– DOT, BTS, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics , www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information/air_carrier_traffic_statistics, Washington, DC. Pre1994 data are from various editions of the FAA Statistical H andbook of Aviation (no longer published). Scheduled service passenger-miles of domestic air carriers and half of international air carriers were used to coincide with fuel use. Note: These data differ from the data in Tabl e 9.2 because that table contains data on ALL domestic AND international air carrier energy use and passenger-miles.
General aviation Btu per passenger-mile –General aviation energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use

–See Energy Use Sources, p. A-10. Data series shown in Table 9.3. Passenger-miles

– (Data past 2000 not available.) Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in America 2001 , Nineteenth editi on, Washington, DC.


## Rail
Intercity Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity rail energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use

– See Energy Use Sources, p. A-19. Data series shown in Table 9.10. Passenger-miles

– AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition , and previous annual editions.
Transit Btu per passenger-mile – Transit rail energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use

–See Energy Use Sources, p. A-18. Data series shown in Table 9.12. Passenger-miles

– APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009. Data series shown on Table 9.12.
Commuter Btu per passenger-mile – Commuter rail energy use divided by passenger-miles. Energy use

–See Energy Use Sources, p. A-17. Data series shown in Table 9.11. Passenger-miles

– APTA, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, DC, 2009. Data series shown on Table 9.11.A–27

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Freight Movement and Energy Use
Rail
Number of locomotives, ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul –AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition , Washington, DC, 2008. Data series shown in Table 9.8. Energy intensity –Class I rail energy use divided by freight car-miles. Energy use –See Energy Use Sources, p. A-16. Da ta series shown in Table 9.8.


## Water

Number of vehicles –U.S. Department of the Ar my, Army Corps of Engineers, “Summary of U.S. Flag Passenger and Cargo Vessels , 2006,” New Orleans, LA, 2003. Ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul

–U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the Un ited States, Calendar Year 2006 , Part 5: National Summaries, New Orleans, LA, 2006. Da ta series shown in Table 9.5. Btu per ton-mile – Domestic waterborne commerce energy use divided by ton-miles. Energy use –See Energy Use Sources, p. A-12. Data series shown in Table 9.5.A–28



## Freight Mode Energy Intensities
Truck
Btu per vehicle-mile –Heavy single-unit and combination truck energy use divided by vehicle miles Energy use

– See Energy Use Sources (medium/heavy trucks), p. A-8. Vehicle-miles

– DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2007 , Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series is the total of vehicle travel data on Tables 5.1 and 5.2.


## Rail
Btu per freight car-mile –Class I rail energy use divided by freight car-miles. Energy use

– See Energy Use Sources, p. A-16. Da ta series shown in Table 9.8. Freight car miles

–AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition , Washington, DC, 2008. Data series shown in Table 9.8. Btu per ton-mile – Class I rail energy use divided by ton-miles. Energy use

–See Energy Use Sources, p. A-16. Da ta series shown in Table 9.8. Ton-miles

–AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition , Washington, DC, 2008. Data series shown in Table 9.8.


## Water
Btu per ton-mile – Domestic waterborne commerce energy use divided by ton-miles. Energy use

–See Energy Use Sources, p. A-12. Data series shown in Table 9.5. Ton-miles

– U.S. Department of the Army , Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2006 , Part 5: National Summaries , New Orleans, LA, 2006. Data series shown in Table 9.5. Ton miles for 2006 were used since data were unavailable for 2007.B–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## APPENDIX B

CONVERSIONSB–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## CONVERSIONS

A Note About Heating Values

The heat content of a fuel is the quantity of energy released by burning a unit amount of that
fuel. However, this value is not absolute and can vary according to several factors. For example, empirical formulae for determining the heating va lue of liquid fuels depe nd on the fuels' American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. The API gravity varies depending on the percent by weight of the chemical constituents and impurities in the fuel, both of which are affected by the combination of raw materials used to produce the fuel and by the type of manufacturing process. Temperature and
climatic conditions are also factors. Because of these variations, the heating values in Table B.4 may differ from values in other publications. The figures in this report are represen tative or average values, not absolute ones. The gross (higher) heating values used here agr ee with those used by the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Heating values fall into two categories, usually referred to as “higher” (or gross) and “lower” (or net). If the products of fuel combustion are cool ed back to the initial fuel-air or fuel-oxidizer mixture temperature and the water formed during combustion is condensed, the energy released by the process is the higher (gross) heating value. If the products of combustion are cooled to the initial fuel-air temperature, but the water is considered to remain as a vapor, the energy released by the process is lower (net) heating valu e. Usually the difference betweenthe gross and net heating values for fuels used in transportation is around 5 to 8 pe rcent; however, it is important to be consistent in
their use.B–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.1 Hydrogen Heat Content

1 kilogram hydrogen = Higher heating value Lower heating value 134,200 Btu 113,400 Btu 39.3 kWhr 33.2 kWhr 141,600 kJ 119,600 kJ 33,800 kCal 28,560 kCal

Table B.2 Hydrogen Conversions
Weight Gas Liquid

Pounds

(lb) Kilograms (kg) Standard cubic feet

(SCF) Normal cubic meter (Nm 3 

### ) Gallons (gal) Liters (L)
1 lb 1.0 0.4536 192.00 5.047 1.6928 6.408 1 kg 2.205 1.0 423.3 11.126 3.733 14.128 1 SCF gas 0.005209 0.002363 1.0 0.02628 0.008820 0.0339
1 Nm 3 

### gas 0.19815 0.08988 38.04 1.0 0.3355 1.2699 1 gal liquid 0.5906 0.2679 113.41 2.981 1.0 3.785 1 L liquid 0.15604 0.07078 29.99 0.77881 0.2642 1.0

Table B.3 Pressure Conversions
Bar Atmosphere lb/in 2 

### (or psi) Bar 1.0 0.987 14.5 Atmoshpere 1.013 1.0 14.696
lb/in 2 

### (or psi) 0.0689 0.0680 1.0B–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 Table B.4 Heat Content fo r Various Fuels Conventional gasoline 125,000 Btu/gal(gross) = 115,400 Btu/gal(net) Hydrogen 134,200 Btu/kg(gross) = 113,400 Btu/kg(net)
Diesel motor fuel 138,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 128,700 Btu/gal (net)
Biodiesel 126,206 Btu/gal (gross) = 117,093 Btu/gal (net)
Methanol 64,600 Btu/gal (gross) = 56,560 Btu/gal (net)
Ethanol 84,600 Btu/gal (gross) = 75,670 Btu/gal (net)
Gasohol 120,900 Btu/gal (gross) = 112,417 Btu/gal (net)
E85 90,660 Btu/gal (gross) = 81,630 Btu/gal (net Aviation gasoline 120,200 Btu/gal (gross) = 112,000 Btu/gal (net) Propane 91,300 Btu/gal (gross) = 83,500 Btu/gal (net)
Butane 103,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 93,000 Btu/gal (net) Jet fuel (naphtha) 127,500 Btu/gal (gross) = 118,700 Btu/gal (net) Jet fuel (kerosene) 135,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 128,100 Btu/gal (net)
Lubricants 144,400 Btu/gal (gross) = 130,900 Btu/gal (net)
Waxes 131,800 Btu/gal (gross) = 120,200 Btu/gal (net) Asphalt and road oil 158,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 157,700 Btu/gal (net) Natural gas Wet 1,109 Btu/ft 3 Dry 1,027 Btu/ft 3 Compressed 20,551 Btu/pound 960 Btu/cubic foot Liquid 90,800 Btu/gal (gross) = 87,600 Btu/gal (net) Crude petroleum 138,100 Btu/gal (gross) = 131,800 Btu/gal (net)
Fuel Oils Residual 149,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 138,400 Btu/gal (net) Distillate 138,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 131,800 Btu/gal (net)
Coal Anthracite - Consumption 21.711 x 10 6 Btu/short ton Bituminous and lignite - Consumption 21.012 x 10 6 Btu/short ton Production average 21.352 x 10 6 Btu/short ton Consumption average 21.015 x 10 6 Btu/short tonB–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 Table B.5 Fuel Equivalents

1 million bbl crude oil/day = 0.365 billion bbl crude oil/year = 2.117 quadr illion Btu/year = 105.914 million short tons coal/year = 96.085 million metric tons coal/year = 2.059 trillion ft 3 natural gas/year = 2.233 exajoules/year 1 billion bbl crude oil/year = 2.740 million bbl crude oil/day = 5.800 quadr illion Btu/year = 290.174 million short tons coal/year = 263.246 million metric tons coal/year = 5.642 trillion ft 3 natural gas/year = 6.119 exajoules/year 1 quadrillion Btu/year = 0.5219 gasoline gallon equivalents = 0.472 million bbl crude oil/day = 172.414 million bbl crude oil/year = 50.030 million short tons coal/year = 45.387 million metric tons coal/year = 972.763 b illion ft 3 natural gas/year = 1.055 exajoules/year 1 billion short tons coal/year = 0. 907 billion metric tons coal/year = 9.442 million bbl crude oil/day = 3.446 billion bbl crude oil/year = 19.988 quadr illion Btu/year = 19.444 trillion ft 3 natural gas/year = 21.087 exajoules/year 1 billion metric tons coal/year = 1.102 billion short tons coal/year = 8.565 million bbl crude oi l/day = 3.126 billion bbl crude oil/year = 18.133 quadr illion btu/year = 17.639 trillion ft 3 natural gas/year = 19.130 exajoules/year
1 trillion ft 3 natural gas/year = 0.486 million bbl crude oil/day = 0.177 billion bbl crude oil/year = 1.028 quadr illion Btu/year = 51.431 million short tons coal/year = 46.658 million metric tons coal/year = 1.085 exajoules/year 1 exajoule/year = 447.741 thousand bbl crude oil/day = 163.425 million bbl crude oil/year = 0.948 quadr illion Btu/year = 47.421 million short tons coal/year = 43.021 million metric tons coal/year = 0.922 trillion ft 3 natural gas/yearB–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 Table B.6 Energy Unit Conversions

1 Btu = 778.2 ft-lb 1 kWhr = 3412 Btu a = 107.6 kg-m = 2.655 x 10 6 ft-lb = 1055 J = 3.671 x 10 5 kg-m = 39.30 x 10 -5 hp-h = 3.600 x 10 6 J = 39.85 x 10 -5 metric hp-h = 1.341 hp-h = 29.31 x 10 -5 kWhr = 1.360 metric hp-h
1 kg-m = 92.95 x 10 -4 Btu 1 Joule = 94.78 x 10 -5 Btu = 7.233 ft-lb = 0.7376 ft-lb = 9.806 J = 0.1020 kg-m = 36.53 x 10 -7 hp-h = 37.25 x 10 -8 hp-h = 37.04 x 10 -7 metric hp-h = 37.77 x 10 -8 metric hp-h = 27.24 x 10 -7 kWhr = 27.78 x 10 -8 kWhr
1 hp-h = 2544 Btu 1 metric hp-h = 2510 Btu = 1.98 x 10 6 ft-lb = 1.953 x 10 6 ft-lb = 2.738 x 10 6 kgm = 27.00 x 10 4 kg-m = 2.685 x 10 6 J = 2.648 x 10 6 J = 1.014 metric hp-h = 0.9863 hp-h = 0.7475 kWhr = 0.7355 kWhr

a This figure does not take into account the fact that electricity generation and distribution efficiency is approximately 33%. If generation and distribution e fficiency are taken into account, 1 kWhr = 10,339 Btu.

Table B.7 International En ergy Conversions

To: Terajoules Gigacalories Million tonnes of oil equivalent Million Btu Gigawatthours
From: multiply by: Terajoules 1 238.8 2.388 x 10 -5 947.8 0.2778 Gigacalories 4.1868 x 10 -3 1 10 -7 3.968 1.163 x 10 -3
Million tonnes of oil equivalent 4.1868 x 10 4 10 7 1 3.968 x 10 7 11,630

Million Btu 1.0551 x 10 -3 0.252 2.52 X 10 -8 1 2.931 x 10 -4

Gigawatthours 3.6 860 8.6 x 10 -5 3412 1B–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 Table B.8 Distance and Velo city Conversions

1 in. = 83.33 x 10 -3 ft 1 ft = 12.0 in. = 27.78 x 10 -3 yd = 0.33 yd = 15.78 x 10 -6 mile = 189.4 x 10 -3 mile = 25.40 x 10 -3 m = 0.3048 m = 0.2540 x 10 -6 km = 0.3048 x 10 -3 km

1 mile = 63360 in. 1 km = 39370 in. = 5280 ft = 3281 ft = 1760 yd = 1093.6 yd = 1609 m = 0.6214 mile = 1.609 km = 1000 m
1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/s = 0.6818 mph = 1.0972 km/h 1 m/sec = 3.281 ft/s = 2.237 mph = 3.600 km/h 1 km/h = 0.9114 ft/s = 0.2778 m/s = 0.6214 mph 1 mph = 1.467 ft/s = 0.4469 m/s = 1.609 km/h

Table B.9 Alternative Measures of Greenhouse Gases

1 pound methane, measured in carbon units (CH 4 ) = 1.333 pounds methane, measured at full molecular weight (CH 4 ) 1 pound carbon dioxide, measured in carbon units (CO 2 -C) = 3.6667 pounds carbon dioxide, measured at full molecular weight (CO 2 ) 1 pound carbon monoxide, measured in carbon units (CO-C) = 2.333 pounds carbon monoxide, measured at full molecular weight (CO) 1 pound nitrous oxide, measured in nitrogen units (N 2 O-N) = 1.571 pounds nitrous oxide, measured at full molecular weight (N 2 O)B–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 Table B.10 Volume and Flow Rate Conversions a

1 U.S. gal = 231 in. 3 1 liter = 61.02 in. 3 = 0.1337 ft 3 = 3.531 x 10 -2 ft 3 = 3.785 liters = 0.2624 U.S. gal = 0.8321 imperial gal = 0.2200 imperial gal = 0.0238 bbl = 6.29 x 10 -3 bbl = 0.003785 m 3 = 0.001 m 3 A U.S. gallon of gasoline weighs 6.2 pounds

1 imperial gal = 277.4 in. 3 1 bbl = 9702 in. 3 = 0.1606 ft 3 = 5.615 ft 3 = 4.545 liters = 158.97 liters = 1.201 U.S. gal = 42 U.S. gal = 0.0286 bbl = 34.97 imperial gal = 0.004546 m 3 = 0.15897 m 3

1 U.S. gal/hr = 3.209 ft 3 /day = 1171 ft 3 /year = 90.84 liter/day = 33157 liter/year = 19.97 imperial gal/day = 7289 imperial gal/year = 0.5712 bbl/day = 207.92 bbl/year

For Imperial gallons, multiply above values by 1.201

1 liter/hr = 0.8474 ft 3 /day = 309.3 ft 3 /year = 6.298 U.S. gal/day = 2299 U.S. gal/year = 5.28 imperial gal/day = 1927 imperial gal/year = 0.1510 bbl/day = 55.10 bbl/year

1 bbl/hr = 137.8 ft 3 /year = 49187 ft 3 year = 1008 U.S. gal/day = 3.679 x 10 5 U.S. gal/year = 839.3 imperial gal/day = 3.063 x 10 5 imperial gal/year = 3815 liter/day = 1.393 x 10 6 liter/day

a The conversions for flow rates are identical to those for volume measures, if the time units are identical.B–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 Table B.11 Power Conversions

TO

FROM Horsepower Kilowatts Metric horsepower Ft-lb per sec Kilocalories per sec Btu per sec
Horsepower 1 0.7457 1.014 550 0.1781 0.7068

Kilowatts 1.341 1 1.360 737.6 0.239 0.9478

Metric horsepower 0.9863 0.7355 1 542.5 0.1757 0.6971

Ft-lb per sec 1.36 x 10 -3 1.356 x 10 -3 1.84 x 10 -3 1 0.3238 x 10 -3 1.285 x 10 -3

Kilocalories per sec 5.615 4.184 5.692 3088 1 3.968

Btu per sec 1.415 1.055 1.434 778.2 0.2520 1B–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 Table B.12 Mass Conversions

TO FROM Pound Kilogram Short ton Long ton Metric ton
Pound 1 0.4536 5.0 x 10 -4 4.4643 x 10 -4 4.5362 x 10 -4 Kilogram 2.205 1 1.1023 x 10 -3 9.8425 x 10 -4 1.0 x 10 -3 Short ton 2,000 907.2 1 0.8929 0.9072 Long ton 2,240 1,016 1.12 1 1.016 Metric ton 2,205 1,000 1.102 0.9842 1B–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 Table B.13 Fuel Efficiency Conversions

MPG Miles/liter Kilometers/L L/100 kilometers Grams of CO 2 per mile a Pounds of CO 2 per mile a 10 2.64 4.25 23.52 877.80 1.94 15 3.96 6.38 15.68 585.20 1.29 20 5.28 8.50 11.76 438.90 0.97 25 6.60 10.63 9.41 351.12 0.78 30 7.92 12.75 7.84 292.60 0.65 35 9.25 14.88 6.72 250.80 0.55 40 10.57 17.00 5.88 219.45 0.49 45 11.89 19.13 5.23 195.07 0.43 50 13.21 21.25 4.70 175.56 0.39 55 14.53 23.38 4.28 159.60 0.35 60 15.85 25.51 3.92 146.30 0.32 65 17.17 27.63 3.62 135.05 0.30 70 18.49 29.76 3.36 125.40 0.28 75 19.81 31.88 3.14 117.04 0.26 80 21.13 34.01 2.94 109.73 0.24 85 22.45 36.13 2.77 103.27 0.23 90 23.77 38.26 2.61 97.53 0.22 95 25.09 40.38 2.48 92.40 0.20 100 26.42 42.51 2.35 87.78 0.19 105 27.74 44.64 2.24 83.60 0.18 110 29.06 46.76 2.14 79.80 0.18 115 30.38 48.89 2.05 76.33 0.17 120 31.70 51.01 1.96 73.15 0.16 125 33.02 53.14 1.88 70.22 0.16 130 34.34 55.26 1.81 67.52 0.15 135 35.66 57.39 1.74 65.02 0.14 140 36.98 59.51 1.68 62.70 0.14 145 38.30 61.64 1.62 60.54 0.13 150 39.62 63.76 1.57 58.52 0.13 Formula MPG/3.785 MPG/[3.785/1.609] 235.24/MPG 8,778/MPG 19.4/MPG

a For gasoline-fueled vehicles.B–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 Table B.14 SI Prefixes and Their Values

Value Prefix Symbol

One million million millionth 10 -18 atto a One thousand million millionth 10 -15 femto f One million millionth 10 -12 pico p One thousand millionth 10 -9 nano n One millionth 10 -6 micro μ One thousandth 10 -3 milli m One hundredth 10 -2 centi c One tenth 10 -1 deci One 10 0 Ten 10 1 deca One hundred 10 2 hecto One thousand 10 3 kilo k One million 10 6 mega M One billion a 10 9 giga G One trillion a 10 12 tera T One quadrillion a 10 15 peta P One quintillion a 10 18 exa E

a Care should be exercised in the use of this nomenclature, especially in foreign correspondence, as it is either unknown or carries a different value in other countries. A "billion," for example, signifies a value of 10 12 in most other countries.B–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.15 Metric Units and Abbreviations

Quantity Unit name Symbol Energy joule J Specific energy joule/kilogram J/kg Specific energy consumption joule/kilogram•kilometer J/(kg•km) Energy consumption joule/kilometer J/km Energy economy kilometer/kilojoule km/kJ Power kilowatt Kw Specific power watt/kilogram W/kg Power density watt/meter 3 

### W/m 3 

### Speed kilometer/hour km/h Acceleration meter/second 2 

### m/s 2 

### Range (distance) kilometer km Weight kilogram kg Torque newton•meter N•m Volume meter 3 

### m 3 

### Mass; payload kilogram kg Length; width meter m Brake specific fuel consumption kilogram/joule kg/J Fuel economy (heat engine) liters/100 km L/100 kmB–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.16 Carbon Coefficients, 2002 (Million metric tons carbon per quadrillion Btu)
Fuel Type
Coal Coal (residential) Coal (commercial) Coal (industrial coking) Coal (industrial other) Coal (electric utility) 26.04 26.04 25.63 25.74 25.98 Natural gas Natural gas (pipeline) Natural gas (flared) 14.47 14.92
Petroleum Asphalt and road oil Aviation gasoline Crude oil Distillate fuel Jet fuel Kerosene LPG Lubricants Motor gasoline Petrochemical feed. Petroleum coke Residual fuel Waxes 20.62 18.87 20.30 19.95 19.33 19.72 16.99 20.24 19.34 19.37 27.85 21.49 19.81
Note: All coefficients based on Higher Heating (Gross Calorific) Value and assume 100 percent combustion.B–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## Conversion of Constant Dollar Values

Many types of information in this data book are expressed in dollars. Generally, constant
dollars are used–that is, dollars of a fixed value for a specific year, such as 1990 dollars. Converting current dollars to constant dollars, or converting cons tant dollars for one year to constant dollars for another year, requires conversion factors (Table B.17 and B.18). Tabl e B.17 shows conversion
factors for the Consumer Price Index inflation f actors. Table B.18 shows conversion factors using
the Gross National Product inflation factors.B–16

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.17 Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index

From: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1970 1.000 1.044 1.077 1.144 1.271 1.387 1.466 1.562 1.680 1.871 1971 0.958 1.000 1.032 1.096 1.217 1.328 1.405 1.496 1.610 1.793 1972 0.928 0.969 1.000 1.062 1.179 1.287 1.361 1.450 1.560 1.737 1973 0.874 0.912 0.941 1.000 1.110 1.212 1.282 1.365 1.468 1.635 1974 0.787 0.822 0.848 0.901 1.000 1.091 1.154 1.229 1.323 1.473 1975 0.721 0.753 0.777 0.825 0.916 1.000 1.058 1.126 1.212 1.349 1976 0.682 0.712 0.735 0.780 0.866 0.946 1.000 1.065 1.146 1.276 1977 0.640 0.668 0.690 0.733 0.814 0.888 0.939 1.000 1.076 1.198 1978 0.595 0.621 0.641 0.681 0.756 0.825 0.873 0.929 1.000 1.113 1979 0.534 0.558 0.576 0.612 0.679 0.741 0.784 0.835 0.898 1.000 1980 0.471 0.492 0.507 0.539 0.598 0.653 0.691 0.735 0.791 0.881 1981 0.427 0.446 0.460 0.488 0.542 0.592 0.626 0.667 0.717 0.799 1982 0.402 0.420 0.433 0.460 0.511 0.558 0.590 0.628 0.676 0.752 1983 0.390 0.407 0.420 0.446 0.495 0.540 0.571 0.608 0.655 0.729 1984 0.373 0.390 0.402 0.427 0.474 0.518 0.548 0.583 0.628 0.699 1985 0.361 0.376 0.388 0.413 0.458 0.500 0.529 0.563 0.606 0.675 1986 0.354 0.370 0.381 0.405 0.450 0.491 0.519 0.553 0.595 0.662 1987 0.342 0.357 0.368 0.391 0.434 0.474 0.501 0.533 0.574 0.639 1988 0.328 0.342 0.353 0.375 0.417 0.455 0.481 0.512 0.551 0.614 1989 0.313 0.327 0.337 0.358 0.398 0.434 0.459 0.489 0.526 0.585 1990 0.297 0.310 0.320 0.340 0.377 0.412 0.435 0.464 0.499 0.555 1991 0.285 0.297 0.307 0.326 0.362 0.395 0.418 0.445 0.479 0.533 1992 0.277 0.289 0.298 0.316 0.351 0.383 0.406 0.432 0.465 0.517 1993 0.269 0.280 0.289 0.307 0.341 0.372 0.394 0.419 0.451 0.502 1994 0.262 0.273 0.282 0.300 0.333 0.363 0.384 0.409 0.440 0.490 1995 0.255 0.266 0.274 0.291 0.323 0.353 0.373 0.398 0.428 0.476 1996 0.247 0.258 0.266 0.283 0.314 0.343 0.363 0.386 0.416 0.463 1997 0.242 0.252 0.260 0.277 0.307 0.335 0.355 0.378 0.406 0.452 1998 0.238 0.248 0.256 0.272 0.302 0.330 0.349 0.372 0.400 0.445 1999 0.233 0.243 0.251 0.267 0.296 0.323 0.342 0.364 0.391 0.436 2000 0.225 0.235 0.243 0.258 0.286 0.312 0.330 0.352 0.379 0.422 2001 0.219 0.229 0.236 0.251 0.278 0.304 0.321 0.342 0.368 0.410 2002 0.216 0.225 0.232 0.247 0.274 0.299 0.316 0.337 0.362 0.404 2003 0.211 0.220 0.227 0.241 0.268 0.292 0.309 0.329 0.354 0.395 2004 0.205 0.214 0.221 0.235 0.261 0.285 0.301 0.321 0.345 0.384 2005 0.199 0.207 0.214 0.227 0.252 0.275 0.291 0.310 0.334 0.372 2006 0.192 0.201 0.207 0.220 0.245 0.267 0.282 0.301 0.323 0.360 2007 0.187 0.195 0.202 0.214 0.238 0.259 0.274 0.292 0.314 0.350 2008 0.180 0.188 0.194 0.206 0.229 0.250 0.264 0.281 0.303 0.337B–17

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.17 Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index (Continued)

From: 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1970 2.124 2.343 2.487 2.567 2.678 2.773 2.825 2.928 3.049 3.196 1971 2.035 2.244 2.383 2.459 2.565 2.657 2.706 2.805 2.921 3.062 1972 1.971 2.175 2.309 2.383 2.486 2.574 2.622 2.718 2.830 2.967 1973 1.856 2.047 2.173 2.243 2.340 2.423 2.468 2.559 2.664 2.793 1974 1.671 1.844 1.957 2.020 2.108 2.183 2.223 2.304 2.400 2.515 1975 1.532 1.690 1.794 1.851 1.931 2.000 2.037 2.112 2.199 2.305 1976 1.448 1.598 1.696 1.750 1.826 1.891 1.926 1.996 2.079 2.179 1977 1.360 1.500 1.592 1.644 1.715 1.776 1.809 1.875 1.952 2.046 1978 1.264 1.394 1.480 1.528 1.594 1.650 1.681 1.742 1.814 1.902 1979 1.135 1.252 1.329 1.372 1.431 1.482 1.510 1.565 1.629 1.708 1980 1.000 1.103 1.171 1.209 1.261 1.306 1.330 1.379 1.436 1.505 1981 0.906 1.000 1.062 1.096 1.143 1.184 1.206 1.250 1.301 1.364 1982 0.854 0.942 1.000 1.032 1.077 1.115 1.136 1.177 1.226 1.285 1983 0.827 0.913 0.969 1.000 1.043 1.080 1.100 1.141 1.188 1.245 1984 0.793 0.875 0.929 0.959 1.000 1.036 1.055 1.093 1.139 1.193 1985 0.766 0.845 0.897 0.926 0.966 1.000 1.019 1.056 1.099 1.152 1986 0.752 0.829 0.880 0.909 0.948 0.982 1.000 1.036 1.079 1.131 1987 0.725 0.800 0.849 0.877 0.915 0.947 0.965 1.000 1.041 1.092 1988 0.697 0.768 0.816 0.842 0.878 0.910 0.926 0.960 1.000 1.048 1989 0.665 0.733 0.778 0.803 0.838 0.868 0.884 0.916 0.954 1.000 1990 0.630 0.695 0.738 0.762 0.795 0.823 0.839 0.869 0.905 0.949 1991 0.605 0.667 0.709 0.731 0.763 0.790 0.805 0.834 0.869 0.910 1992 0.587 0.648 0.688 0.710 0.741 0.767 0.781 0.810 0.843 0.884 1993 0.570 0.629 0.668 0.689 0.719 0.745 0.758 0.786 0.819 0.858 1994 0.556 0.613 0.651 0.672 0.701 0.726 0.740 0.767 0.798 0.837 1995 0.541 0.596 0.633 0.654 0.682 0.706 0.719 0.745 0.776 0.814 1996 0.525 0.579 0.615 0.635 0.662 0.686 0.699 0.724 0.754 0.790 1997 0.513 0.566 0.601 0.621 0.647 0.670 0.683 0.708 0.737 0.773 1998 0.506 0.558 0.592 0.611 0.637 0.660 0.672 0.697 0.726 0.761 1999 0.495 0.546 0.579 0.598 0.624 0.646 0.658 0.682 0.710 0.744 2000 0.479 0.528 0.560 0.578 0.603 0.625 0.636 0.660 0.687 0.720 2001 0.465 0.513 0.545 0.562 0.587 0.608 0.619 0.641 0.668 0.700 2002 0.458 0.505 0.536 0.554 0.578 0.598 0.609 0.631 0.658 0.689 2003 0.448 0.494 0.524 0.541 0.565 0.585 0.596 0.617 0.643 0.674 2004 0.436 0.481 0.511 0.527 0.550 0.570 0.580 0.601 0.626 0.656 2005 0.422 0.465 0.494 0.510 0.532 0.551 0.561 0.582 0.606 0.635 2006 0.409 0.451 0.479 0.494 0.515 0.534 0.544 0.563 0.587 0.615 2007 0.397 0.438 0.465 0.480 0.501 0.519 0.529 0.548 0.571 0.598 2008 0.383 0.422 0.448 0.463 0.483 0.500 0.509 0.528 0.549 0.576B–18

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.17 Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index (Continued)

From: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1970 3.369 3.510 3.616 3.724 3.820 3.928 4.044 4.137 4.201 4.294 1971 3.227 3.363 3.464 3.568 3.659 3.763 3.874 3.963 4.025 4.114 1972 3.127 3.258 3.356 3.457 3.545 3.646 3.754 3.840 3.900 3.986 1973 2.944 3.068 3.160 3.255 3.338 3.432 3.534 3.615 3.671 3.752 1974 2.651 2.763 2.846 2.931 3.006 3.091 3.183 3.256 3.306 3.379 1975 2.429 2.532 2.608 2.686 2.755 2.833 2.916 2.983 3.030 3.097 1976 2.297 2.394 2.466 2.540 2.605 2.678 2.757 2.821 2.865 2.928 1977 2.157 2.248 2.315 2.384 2.446 2.515 2.589 2.649 2.690 2.749 1978 2.005 2.089 2.152 2.216 2.273 2.337 2.406 2.462 2.500 2.555 1979 1.800 1.876 1.933 1.990 2.041 2.099 2.161 2.211 2.245 2.295 1980 1.586 1.653 1.703 1.754 1.799 1.850 1.904 1.948 1.978 2.022 1981 1.438 1.498 1.543 1.590 1.630 1.677 1.726 1.766 1.793 1.833 1982 1.354 1.411 1.454 1.497 1.536 1.579 1.626 1.663 1.689 1.726 1983 1.312 1.367 1.409 1.451 1.488 1.530 1.575 1.611 1.637 1.673 1984 1.258 1.311 1.350 1.391 1.426 1.467 1.510 1.545 1.569 1.603 1985 1.215 1.266 1.304 1.343 1.377 1.416 1.458 1.492 1.515 1.548 1986 1.193 1.243 1.280 1.318 1.352 1.391 1.432 1.464 1.487 1.520 1987 1.151 1.199 1.235 1.272 1.305 1.342 1.381 1.413 1.435 1.467 1988 1.105 1.151 1.186 1.221 1.253 1.288 1.326 1.357 1.378 1.408 1989 1.054 1.098 1.131 1.165 1.195 1.229 1.265 1.294 1.315 1.344 1990 1.000 1.042 1.073 1.106 1.134 1.166 1.200 1.228 1.247 1.275 1991 0.960 1.000 1.030 1.061 1.088 1.119 1.152 1.178 1.197 1.223 1992 0.932 0.971 1.000 1.030 1.056 1.086 1.118 1.144 1.162 1.187 1993 0.904 0.943 0.971 1.000 1.026 1.055 1.086 1.111 1.128 1.153 1994 0.882 0.919 0.947 0.975 1.000 1.028 1.059 1.083 1.100 1.124 1995 0.858 0.894 0.921 0.948 0.972 1.000 1.030 1.053 1.070 1.093 1996 0.833 0.868 0.894 0.921 0.945 0.971 1.000 1.023 1.039 1.062 1997 0.814 0.849 0.874 0.900 0.923 0.950 0.978 1.000 1.016 1.038 1998 0.802 0.836 0.861 0.887 0.909 0.935 0.963 0.985 1.000 1.022 1999 0.785 0.818 0.842 0.867 0.890 0.915 0.942 0.963 0.978 1.000 2000 0.759 0.791 0.815 0.839 0.861 0.885 0.911 0.932 0.947 0.967 2001 0.738 0.769 0.792 0.816 0.837 0.861 0.886 0.906 0.920 0.941 2002 0.727 0.757 0.780 0.803 0.824 0.847 0.872 0.892 0.906 0.926 2003 0.710 0.740 0.763 0.785 0.805 0.828 0.853 0.872 0.886 0.905 2004 0.692 0.721 0.743 0.765 0.785 0.807 0.831 0.850 0.863 0.882 2005 0.669 0.697 0.718 0.740 0.759 0.780 0.803 0.822 0.835 0.853 2006 0.648 0.676 0.696 0.717 0.735 0.756 0.778 0.796 0.809 0.826 2007 0.630 0.657 0.677 0.697 0.715 0.735 0.757 0.774 0.786 0.804 2008 0.607 0.633 0.652 0.671 0.688 0.708 0.729 0.745 0.757 0.774B–19

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.17 Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index (Continued)

From: 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1970 4.438 4.564 4.637 4.742 4. 869 5.034 5.196 5.344 5.549 1971 4.252 4.373 4.442 4.543 4. 664 4.822 4.978 5.120 5.316 1972 4.120 4.237 4.304 4.402 4. 519 4.672 4.823 4.960 5.151 1973 3.878 3.989 4.052 4.144 4. 255 4.399 4.541 4.670 4.849 1974 3.493 3.592 3.649 3.732 3. 832 3.961 4.089 4.206 4.367 1975 3.201 3.292 3.344 3.420 3. 511 3.630 3.747 3.854 4.002 1976 3.026 3.112 3.162 3.234 3. 320 3.432 3.543 3.644 3.784 1977 2.842 2.922 2.969 3.036 3. 117 3.223 3.327 3.421 3.553 1978 2.641 2.716 2.759 2.822 2. 897 2.995 3.092 3.180 3.302 1979 2.372 2.439 2.478 2.534 2. 602 2.690 2.777 2.856 2.966 1980 2.090 2.149 2.183 2.233 2. 292 2.370 2.447 2.516 2.613 1981 1.894 1.948 1.979 2.024 2. 078 2.149 2.218 2.281 2.369 1982 1.784 1.835 1.864 1.907 1. 958 2.024 2.089 2.149 2.231 1983 1.729 1.778 1.806 1.847 1. 897 1.961 2.024 2.082 2.162 1984 1.657 1.705 1.731 1.771 1. 818 1.880 1.940 1.996 2.072 1985 1.600 1.646 1.672 1.710 1. 756 1.815 1.874 1.927 2.001 1986 1.571 1.616 1.641 1.679 1. 724 1.782 1.839 1.892 1.964 1987 1.516 1.559 1.584 1.620 1. 663 1.719 1.775 1.825 1.895 1988 1.456 1.497 1.521 1.555 1. 597 1.651 1.704 1.753 1.820 1989 1.389 1.428 1.451 1.484 1. 523 1.575 1.626 1.672 1.736 1990 1.318 1.355 1.376 1.408 1. 445 1.494 1.542 1.586 1.647 1991 1.264 1.300 1.321 1.351 1. 387 1.434 1.480 1.522 1.581 1992 1.227 1.262 1.282 1.311 1. 346 1.392 1.437 1.478 1.535 1993 1.192 1.226 1.245 1.273 1. 307 1.352 1.395 1.435 1.490 1994 1.162 1.195 1.214 1.242 1. 275 1.318 1.360 1.399 1.453 1995 1.130 1.162 1.180 1.207 1. 240 1.281 1.323 1.360 1.413 1996 1.098 1.129 1.147 1.173 1. 204 1.245 1.285 1.321 1.372 1997 1.073 1.103 1.121 1.146 1. 177 1.217 1.256 1.292 1.341 1998 1.056 1.087 1.104 1.129 1. 159 1.198 1.237 1.272 1.321 1999 1.034 1.063 1.080 1.104 1. 134 1.172 1.210 1.245 1.292 2000 1.000 1.028 1.045 1.069 1. 097 1.134 1.171 1.204 1.250 2001 0.972 1.000 1.016 1.039 1. 067 1.103 1.138 1.171 1.216 2002 0.957 0.984 1.000 1.023 1. 050 1.086 1.121 1.153 1.197 2003 0.936 0.963 0.978 1.000 1. 027 1.061 1.096 1.127 1.170 2004 0.912 0.938 0.952 0.974 1. 000 1.034 1.067 1.098 1.140 2005 0.882 0.907 0.921 0.942 0. 967 1.000 1.032 1.062 1.102 2006 0.854 0.878 0.892 0.913 0. 937 0.969 1.000 1.028 1.068 2007 0.831 0.854 0.868 0.887 0. 911 0.942 0.972 1.000 1.038 2008 0.800 0.823 0.836 0.855 0. 877 0.907 0.936 0.963 1.000

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.B–20

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.18 Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator

From: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1970 1.000 1.050 1.096 1.157 1.261 1.380 1.460 1.553 1.662 1.800 1971 0.952 1.000 1.043 1.102 1.201 1.315 1.391 1.479 1.583 1.714 1972 0.913 0.958 1.000 1.056 1.151 1.260 1.333 1.418 1.517 1.643 1973 0.864 0.908 0.947 1.000 1.090 1.193 1.262 1.342 1.437 1.556 1974 0.793 0.833 0.869 0.917 1.000 1.094 1.158 1.231 1.318 1.427 1975 0.724 0.761 0.794 0.838 0.914 1.000 1.058 1.125 1.204 1.304 1976 0.685 0.719 0.750 0.792 0.864 0.945 1.000 1.064 1.138 1.233 1977 0.644 0.676 0.705 0.745 0.812 0.889 0.940 1.000 1.070 1.159 1978 0.602 0.632 0.659 0.696 0.759 0.830 0.878 0.934 1.000 1.083 1979 0.555 0.583 0.609 0.643 0.701 0.767 0.811 0.863 0.923 1.000 1980 0.509 0.535 0.558 0.589 0.642 0.703 0.744 0.791 0.847 0.917 1981 0.466 0.489 0.510 0.539 0.587 0.643 0.680 0.723 0.774 0.838 1982 0.439 0.461 0.481 0.508 0.553 0.606 0.641 0.682 0.729 0.790 1983 0.422 0.443 0.462 0.488 0.532 0.583 0.616 0.656 0.702 0.760 1984 0.407 0.427 0.446 0.471 0.513 0.562 0.594 0.632 0.676 0.732 1985 0.395 0.415 0.433 0.457 0.498 0.545 0.576 0.613 0.656 0.711 1986 0.386 0.406 0.423 0.447 0.487 0.533 0.564 0.600 0.642 0.695 1987 0.376 0.395 0.412 0.435 0.747 0.519 0.549 0.584 0.625 0.677 1988 0.364 0.382 0.398 0.421 0.459 0.502 0.531 0.565 0.604 0.654 1989 0.350 0.368 0.384 0.405 0.442 0.483 0.511 0.544 0.582 0.631 1990 0.337 0.354 0.369 0.390 0.425 0.465 0.492 0.524 0.561 0.607 1991 0.326 0.342 0.357 0.377 0.411 0.450 0.476 0.506 0.542 0.587 1992 0.319 0.334 0.349 0.369 0.402 0.440 0.465 0.495 0.530 0.573 1993 0.311 0.327 0.341 0.360 0.393 0.430 0.455 0.483 0.517 0.560 1994 0.305 0.320 0.334 0.353 0.384 0.421 0.445 0.473 0.507 0.549 1995 0.299 0.314 0.327 0.346 0.377 0.412 0.436 0.464 0.497 0.538 1996 0.293 0.308 0.321 0.339 0.370 0.405 0.428 0.455 0.487 0.528 1997 0.288 0.303 0.316 0.334 0.364 0.398 0.421 0.448 0.479 0.519 1998 0.285 0.299 0.312 0.330 0.360 0.394 0.416 0.443 0.474 0.513 1999 0.281 0.295 0.308 0.325 0.355 0.388 0.410 0.437 0.467 0.506 2000 0.275 0.289 0.301 0.318 0.347 0.380 0.402 0.427 0.457 0.495 2001 0.269 0.282 0.294 0.311 0.339 0.371 0.392 0.417 0.447 0.484 2002 0.264 0.277 0.289 0.306 0.333 0.365 0.386 0.410 0.439 0.475 2003 0.259 0.272 0.283 0.299 0.326 0.357 0.378 0.402 0.430 0.465 2004 0.251 0.264 0.276 0.291 0.317 0.347 0.367 0.391 0.418 0.453 2005 0.244 0.256 0.267 0.282 0.308 0.337 0.356 0.379 0.406 0.439 2006 0.236 0.248 0.259 0.273 0.298 0.326 0.345 0.367 0.392 0.425 2007 0.230 0.241 0.252 0.266 0.290 0.317 0.335 0.357 0.382 0.413 2008 0.225 0.236 0.246 0.260 0.283 0.310 0.328 0.349 0.374 0.405B–21

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.18 Gross National Product Implic it Price Deflator (Continued)

From: 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1970 1.963 2.148 2.279 2.369 2.458 2.533 2.589 2.660 2.751 2.855 1971 1.870 2.046 2.170 2.256 2.341 2.413 2.466 2.533 2.620 2.719 1972 1.792 1.960 2.080 2.162 2.244 2.312 2.363 2.428 2.510 2.606 1973 1.697 1.857 1.970 2.048 2.125 2.190 2.238 2.299 2.378 2.468 1974 1.557 1.703 1.807 1.879 1.949 2.009 2.053 2.109 2.181 2.264 1975 1.422 1.556 1.651 1.716 1.781 1.835 1.876 1.927 1.993 2.068 1976 1.344 1.471 1.561 1.623 1.683 1.735 1.773 1.822 1.884 1.955 1977 1.264 1.383 1.467 1.525 1.583 1.631 1.667 1.713 1.771 1.838 1978 1.181 1.292 1.371 1.425 1.479 1.524 1.557 1.600 1.655 1.717 1979 1.091 1.193 1.266 1.316 1.366 1.407 1.438 1.478 1.528 1.586 1980 1.000 1.094 1.161 1.207 1.252 1.290 1.319 1.355 1.401 1.454 1981 0.914 1.000 1.061 1.103 1.144 1.179 1.205 1.238 1.281 1.329 1982 0.861 0.943 1.000 1.040 1.079 1.112 1.136 1.167 1.207 1.253 1983 0.829 0.907 0.962 1.000 1.038 1.069 1.093 1.123 1.161 1.205 1984 0.799 0.874 0.927 0.964 1.000 1.031 1.053 1.082 1.119 1.161 1985 0.775 0.848 0.900 0.935 0.970 1.000 1.022 1.050 1.086 1.127 1986 0.758 0.830 0.880 0.915 0.950 0.978 1.000 1.027 1.063 1.103 1987 0.738 0.808 0.857 0.891 0.924 0.952 0.973 1.000 1.034 1.073 1988 0.714 0.781 0.828 0.861 0.894 0.921 0.941 0.967 1.000 1.038 1989 0.688 0.752 0.798 0.830 0.861 0.887 0.907 0.932 0.963 1.000 1990 0.662 0.724 0.768 0.799 0.829 0.854 0.873 0.897 0.928 0.963 1991 0.640 0.700 0.743 0.772 0.801 0.825 0.844 0.867 0.896 0.930 1992 0.625 0.684 0.726 0.755 0.783 0.807 0.825 0.847 0.876 0.909 1993 0.611 0.669 0.709 0.738 0.765 0.789 0.806 0.828 0.856 0.889 1994 0.598 0.655 0.695 0.722 0.749 0.772 0.789 0.811 0.838 0.870 1995 0.586 0.642 0.681 0.708 0.734 0.757 0.773 0.794 0.822 0.853 1996 0.575 0.630 0.668 0.694 0.721 0.743 0.759 0.780 0.806 0.837 1997 0.566 0.619 0.657 0.683 0.709 0.730 0.746 0.767 0.793 0.823 1998 0.560 0.613 0.650 0.676 0.701 0.722 0.738 0.759 0.784 0.814 1999 0.552 0.604 0.641 0.666 0.691 0.712 0.728 0.748 0.773 0.803 2000 0.540 0.591 0.627 0.652 0.676 0.697 0.712 0.732 0.757 0.785 2001 0.528 0.577 0.612 0.637 0.660 0.681 0.696 0.715 0.739 0.767 2002 0.518 0.567 0.602 0.626 0.649 0.669 0.684 0.702 0.726 0.754 2003 0.508 0.555 0.589 0.613 0.636 0.655 0.669 0.688 0.711 0.738 2004 0.494 0.540 0.573 0.596 0.618 0.637 0.651 0.669 0.692 0.718 2005 0.479 0.524 0.556 0.578 0.600 0.618 0.632 0.649 0.671 0.697 2006 0.463 0.507 0.538 0.559 0.580 0.598 0.611 0.628 0.649 0.674 2007 0.451 0.493 0.523 0.544 0.564 0.582 0.594 0.611 0.632 0.656 2008 0.441 0.483 0.512 0.533 0.533 0.569 0.582 0.598 0.618 0.642B–22

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.18 Gross National Product Implic it Price Deflator (Continued)

From: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1970 2.966 3.069 3.140 3.212 3.281 3.348 3.412 3.468 3.507 3.557 1971 2.824 2.923 2.990 3.059 3.124 3.189 3.249 3.303 3.340 3.388 1972 2.707 2.801 2.865 2.932 2.994 3.056 3.114 3.165 3.200 3.247 1973 2.563 2.653 2.714 2.777 2.836 2.894 2.949 2.998 3.031 3.075 1974 2.351 2.433 2.489 2.547 2.601 2.655 2.705 2.750 2.780 2.821 1975 2.148 2.224 2.274 2.327 2.377 2.426 2.472 2.513 2.540 2.577 1976 2.031 2.102 2.150 2.200 2.247 2.293 2.336 2.375 2.401 2.436 1977 1.909 1.976 2.021 2.068 2.112 2.156 2.197 2.233 2.258 2.290 1978 1.784 1.846 1.889 1.932 1.974 2.014 2.052 2.086 2.109 2.140 1979 1.647 1.705 1.744 1.785 1.822 1.860 1.895 1.927 1.948 1.976 1980 1.510 1.563 1.599 1.636 1.671 1.705 1.738 1.767 1.786 1.812 1981 1.381 1.429 1.462 1.496 1.527 1.559 1.588 1.615 1.633 1.656 1982 1.301 1.347 1.378 1.410 1.440 1.469 1.497 1.522 1.539 1.561 1983 1.252 1.295 1.325 1.356 1.385 1.413 1.440 1.464 1.480 1.501 1984 1.206 1.249 1.277 1.307 1.335 1.362 1.388 1.411 1.426 1.447 1985 1.171 1.212 1.239 1.268 1.295 1.322 1.347 1.369 1.384 1.404 1986 1.145 1.186 1.213 1.241 1.267 1.293 1.318 1.340 1.354 1.374 1987 1.115 1.154 1.180 1.208 1.233 1.259 1.283 1.304 1.318 1.337 1988 1.078 1.116 1.141 1.168 1.193 1.217 1.240 1.261 1.275 1.293 1989 1.039 1.075 1.100 1.125 1.149 1.173 1.195 1.215 1.228 1.246 1990 1.000 1.035 1.059 1.083 1.106 1.129 1.150 1.170 1.182 1.200 1991 0.966 1.000 1.023 1.047 1.069 1.091 1.112 1.130 1.143 1.159 1992 0.945 0.978 1.000 1.023 1.045 1.066 1.087 1.105 1.117 1.133 1993 0.923 0.955 0.977 1.000 1.021 1.042 1.062 1.080 1.092 1.107 1994 0.904 0.935 0.957 0.979 1.000 1.021 1.040 1.057 1.069 1.084 1995 0.886 0.917 0.938 0.959 0.980 1.000 1.019 1.036 1.047 1.062 1996 0.869 0.900 0.920 0.942 0.962 0.981 1.000 1.017 1.028 1.043 1997 0.855 0.885 0.905 0.926 0.946 0.965 0.984 1.000 1.011 1.026 1998 0.846 0.875 0.895 0.916 0.936 0.955 0.973 0.989 1.000 1.014 1999 0.834 0.863 0.883 0.903 0.922 0.941 0.959 0.975 0.986 1.000 2000 0.816 0.844 0.864 0.884 0.903 0.921 0.939 0.954 0.965 0.979 2001 0.797 0.825 0.844 0.863 0.882 0.900 0.917 0.932 0.942 0.956 2002 0.783 0.811 0.829 0.848 0.866 0.884 0.901 0.916 0.926 0.939 2003 0.767 0.794 0.812 0.831 0.848 0.866 0.882 0.897 0.907 0.920 2004 0.746 0.772 0.789 0.808 0.825 0.842 0.858 0.872 0.882 0.894 2005 0.724 0.749 0.766 0.784 0.801 0.817 0.833 0.846 0.856 0.868 2006 0.700 0.724 0.741 0.758 0.774 0.790 0.805 0.819 0.828 0.840 2007 0.681 0.705 0.721 0.738 0.753 0.769 0.783 0.796 0.805 0.817 2008 0.667 0.690 0.706 0.722 0.737 0.753 0.767 0.780 0.788 0.800B–23

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table B.18 Gross National Product Implic it Price Deflator (Continued)

From: 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1970 3.635 3.722 3.787 3.867 3. 977 4.097 4.237 4.355 4.449 1971 3.462 3.544 3.606 3.683 3. 787 3.902 4.035 4.147 4.237 1972 3.317 3.397 3.456 3.529 3. 630 3.739 3.867 3.975 4.061 1973 3.142 3.217 3.273 3.343 3. 438 3.542 3.662 3.764 3.846 1974 2.882 2.951 3.002 3.066 3. 153 3.249 3.359 3.453 3.528 1975 2.633 2.696 2.743 2.802 2. 881 2.968 3.069 3.155 3.223 1976 2.489 2.549 2.593 2.648 2. 723 2.806 2.901 2.982 3.047 1977 2.340 2.396 2.438 2.490 2. 561 2.638 2.728 2.804 2.865 1978 2.186 2.239 2.278 2.326 2. 392 2.465 2.548 2.620 2.676 1979 2.019 2.067 2.103 2.148 2. 209 2.276 2.353 2.419 2.472 1980 1.851 1.896 1.929 1.970 2. 026 2.087 2.158 2.218 2.266 1981 1.692 1.733 1.763 1.800 1. 852 1.908 1.972 2.027 2.071 1982 1.595 1.633 1.662 1.697 1. 745 1.798 1.859 1.911 1.952 1983 1.534 1.571 1.598 1.632 1. 679 1.729 1.788 1.838 1.878 1984 1.479 1.514 1.540 1.573 1. 618 1.667 1.723 1.772 1.810 1985 1.435 1.469 1.495 1.527 1. 570 1.617 1.672 1.719 1.756 1986 1.404 1.438 1.463 1.494 1. 536 1.583 1.636 1.682 1.719 1987 1.366 1.399 1.424 1.454 1. 495 1.540 1.593 1.637 1.673 1988 1.321 1.353 1.377 1.406 1. 446 1.490 1.540 1.583 1.617 1989 1.273 1.304 1.326 1.355 1. 393 1.435 1.484 1.525 1.558 1990 1.226 1.255 1.277 1.304 1. 341 1.382 1.429 1.468 1.500 1991 1.184 1.213 1.234 1.260 1. 296 1.335 1.380 1.419 1.450 1992 1.158 1.185 1.206 1.232 1. 267 1.305 1.349 1.387 1.417 1993 1.131 1.159 1.179 1.204 1. 238 1.275 1.319 1.356 1.385 1994 1.108 1.134 1.154 1.179 1. 212 1.249 1.291 1.327 1.356 1995 1.086 1.112 1.131 1.155 1. 188 1.224 1.265 1.301 1.329 1996 1.065 1.091 1.110 1.134 1. 166 1.201 1.242 1.276 1.304 1997 1.048 1.073 1.092 1.115 1. 147 1.181 1.222 1.256 1.283 1998 1.037 1.061 1.080 1.103 1. 134 1.168 1.208 1.242 1.269 1999 1.022 1.046 1.064 1.087 1. 118 1.152 1.191 1.224 1.251 2000 1.000 1.024 1.042 1.064 1. 094 1.127 1.166 1.198 1.224 2001 0.977 1.000 1.017 1.039 1. 069 1.101 1.138 1.170 1.195 2002 0.960 0.983 1.000 1.021 1. 050 1.082 1.119 1.150 1.175 2003 0.940 0.962 0.979 1.000 1. 028 1.059 1.096 1.126 1.150 2004 0.914 0.936 0.952 0.972 1. 000 1.030 1.065 1.095 1.118 2005 0.887 0.908 0.924 0.944 0. 970 1.000 1.031 1.060 1.083 2006 0.858 0.878 0.894 0.913 0. 939 0.969 1.000 1.027 1.049 2007 0.835 0.855 0.870 0.888 0. 914 0.943 0.974 1.000 1.022 2008 0.817 0.837 0.851 0.869 0. 894 0.923 0.953 0.979 1.000
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business , Washington, DC, monthly.C–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## APPENDIX C

MAPSC–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table C.1 Census Regions and Divisions
Northeast Region
Mid-Atlantic division New England division New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

South Region
West South Central division East South Central division South Atlantic division
Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Alabama Kentucky Mississippi Tennessee Delaware Florida Georgia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Virginia Washington, DC West Virginia

West Region
Pacific division Mountain division
Alaska California Hawaii Oregon Washington Arizona Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Midwest Region
West North Central division Ea st North Central division
Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota South Dakota Illinois Indiana Michigan Ohio Wisconsin

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.C–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Figure C1. Census Re gions and Divisions

Source: See Table C.1.C-4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Table C.2 Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD)

District Subdi strict States
PAD District 1 East Coast Subdistrict 1X New England Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
Subdistrict 1Y Central Atlantic Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania
Subdistrict 1Z Lower Atlantic Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia
PAD District 2 Midwest Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Miss ouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Wisconsin
PAD District 3 Gulf Coast Alabama, Arkansas, Loui siana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas
PAD District 4 Rocky Mountains Colorado Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming

PAD District 5 West Coast Alaska, Arizona, Califor nia, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, Washington

Source: Energy Information Administration web site: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/twip/padddef.htmlC–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Figure C.2. Petroleum Administ ration for Defense Districts

Source: See Table C.2.C-6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Figure C.3. Map of Places where Reformulated Gasoline is Sold

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/otaq/rfg/whereyoulive.htm.
Note: Reformulated gasoline is a motor gasoline sp ecially formulated to achieve significant reductions in vehicle emissions of ozone-forming and toxic air pollutants. The Clean Air Act of 1990 mandates reformulated gasoline use in areas with ozone-air pollution problems.G–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## GLOSSARY
Acceleration power- Measured in kilowatts. Pulse power obtainable from a battery used to accelerate a vehicle. This is based on a consta nt current pulse for 30 seconds at no less than 2/3 of the maximum open-circuit-voltage, at 80% depth-of-discharge relative to the battery's rated capacity and at 20 " 

### C ambient temperature.

Air Carrier- The commercial system of air transportati on consisting of certificated air carriers, air taxis (including commuters), supplemental ai r carriers, commercial operators of large aircraft, and air travel clubs.

Certificated route air carrier: An air carrier holding a Cer tificate of Public Convenience and Necessity issued by the Department of Transportation to conduct scheduled interstate services. Nonscheduled or charter operations may also be conducted by these carriers. These carriers operate large aircraft (30 seat s or more, or a maximum payload capacity of 7,500 pounds or more) in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulation part 121.
Domestic air operator: Commercial air transportation within and between the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Includes opera tions of certificated route air carriers, Pan American, local service, helicopter, intra-Alas ka, intra-Hawaii, all-cargo carriers and other carriers. Also included are transborder operations conducted on the domestic route segments of U.S. air carriers. Domestic ope rators are classified based on their operating revenue as follows: Majors - over $1 billion Nationals - $100-1,000 million Large Regionals - $10-99.9 million Medium Regionals - $0-9.99 million
International air operator: Commercial air transportation outside the territory of the United States, including operations between the U.S. and foreign countries and between the U.S. and its territories and possessions.
Supplemental air carrier: A class of air carriers which hold certificates authorizing them to perform passenger and cargo charter services supplementing the scheduled service of the certificated route air carrier s. Supplemental air carriers are often referred to as nonscheduled air carriers or "nonskeds." Alcohol - The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The molecules in the series vary in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group. Alcohol includes meth anol and ethanol.

Amtrak - See Rail

.G–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Anthropogenic - Human made. Usually used in the cont ext of emissions that are produced as the result of human activities.

Automobile size classifications - Size classifications of automobiles are established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as follows: Minicompact - less than 85 cubic feetof passenger and luggage volume. Subcompact - between 85 to 100 cubic f eet of passenger and luggage volume. Compact - between 100 to 110 cubic feetof passenger and luggage volume. Midsize - between 110 to 120 cubic feetof passenger and luggage volume. Large - more than 120 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume. Two seater - automobiles designed primarily to seat only two adults. Station wagons are included with the size class for the sedan of the same name.

Aviation- See General aviation

. Aviation gasoline - All special grades of gasoline for use in aviation reciprocating engines, as given in the American Society for Tes ting and Materials (AST M) Specification D 910. Includes all refinery products within the gasolin e range that are to be marketed straight or in blends as aviation gasoline without furthe r processing (any refinery operation except mechanical blending). Also included are finished components in the gasoline range which will be used for blending or compounding into aviation gasoline.
Barges - Shallow, nonself-propelled vessels used to carry bulk commodities on the rivers and the Great Lakes.
Battery efficiency - Measured in percentage. Net DC energy delivered on discharge, as a percentage of the total DC energy required to restore the initial state-of-charge. The efficiency value must include energy losses re sulting from self-discharge, cell equalization, thermal loss compensation, and all ba ttery-specific auxiliary equipment.

Btu - British thermal unit. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit at or near 39.2 degr ees Fahrenheit. An average Btu content of fuel is the heat value per quantity of fuel as determined from tests of fuel samples.

Bunker- A storage tank.
Bunkering fuels - Fuels stored in ship bunkers.G–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Bus - Intercity bus: A standard size bus equipped withfront doors only, high backed seats, luggage compartments separate from the passe nger compartment and usually with restroom facilities, for high-speed long distance service.

Motor bus: Rubber-tired, self-propelled, manually-steered bus with fuel supply on board the vehicle. Motor bus types include intercity, school, and transit.

School and other nonrevenue bus: Bus services for which passengers are not directly charged for transportation, either on a per passenger or per vehicle basis.

Transit bus: A bus designed for frequent stop serv ice with front and center doors, normally with a rear-mounted diesel engine, low-b ack seating, and without luggage storage compartments or restroom facilities.
Trolley coach: Rubber-tired electric transit vehicle, manually-steered, propelled by a motor drawing current, normally through overhead wires, from a central power source not on board the vehicle.
Calendar year- The period of time between January 1 and December 31 of any given year.
Captive imports - Products produced overseas speci fically for domestic manufacturers.
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 

### ) - A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the ambient air. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil fuel combustion.
Carbon monoxide (CO) - A colorless, odorless, highly toxic gas that is a by-product of incomplete fossil fuel combustion. Carbon monoxide, one of the major air pollutants, can be harmful in small amounts if breathed over a certain period of time.
Car-mile (railroad) - A single railroad car moved a distance of one mile.
Cargo ton-mile - See Ton-mile

.
Certificated route air carriers - See Air carriers

. Class I freight railroad - See Rail

. Coal slurry - Finely crushed coal mixed with sufficient water to form a fluid.G–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Combination trucks - Consist of a power unit (a truck tractor) and one or more trailing units (a semi-trailer or trailer). The most frequently used combination is popularly referred to as a "tractor-semitrailer" or "tractor trailer".

Commercial sector - An energy-consuming sector that consists of service-providing facilities of: businesses; Federal, State, and local governments; and other private and public organizations, such as religious, social or fraternal groups. Includes institutional living quarters.

Commuter railroad - See Rail

. Compact car- See Automobile size classifications

.
Constant dollars - A time series of monetary figures is expressed in constant dollars when the effect of change over time in the purchasing power of the dollar has been removed. Usually the data are expressed in terms of dollars of a se lected year or the average of a set of years.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) - An index issued by the U.S. De partment of Labor , Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPI is designed to measure changes in the prices of goods and services bought by wage earners and clerical workers in urban areas. It represents the cost of a typical consumption bundle at cu rrent prices as a ratio to its cost at a base year.
Continuous discharge capacity - Measured as percent of rated energy capacity. Energy delivered in a constant power discharge required by an electric vehicle for hill climbing and/or highspeed cruise, specified as the percent of it s rated energy capacity delivered in a one hour constant-power discharge.
Corporate Average Fuel Ec onomy (CAFE) standards - CAFE standards were originally established by Congress for new automobiles, and later for light trucks, in Title V of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C.1901, et seq.) with subsequent amendments. Under CAFE, automobile ma nufacturers are required by law to produce vehicle fleets with a composite sales-weighted fuel economy which cannot be lower than the CAFE standards in a given year, or for ev ery vehicle which does not meet the standard, a fine of $5.00 is paid for every one-tenth of a mpg below the standard.

Crude oil - A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmosphe ric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Crude oil production is measured at the wellhead and includes lease condensate.G–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Crude oil imports - The volume of crude oil imported into the 50 States and the District of Columbia, including imports from U.S. territo ries, but excluding imports of crude oil into the Hawaiian Foreign Trade Zone.
Curb weight- The weight of a vehicle including all st andard equipment, spare tire and wheel, all fluids and lubricants to capacity, full tank of fuel, and the weight of major optional accessories normally found on the vehicle.

Current dollars - Represents dollars current at the time de signated or at the time of the transaction. In most contexts, the same meaning would be conv eyed by the use of the term "dollars." See also constant dollars.
Demand Response - A transit mode that includes passenger cars, vans, and small buses operating in response to calls from passengers to the tran sit operator who dispatches the vehicles. The vehicles do not operate over a fixed route on a fixed schedule. Can also be known as paratransit or dial-a-ride.

Diesel fuel - See distillate fuel oil.
Disposable personal income - See Income

.
Distillate fuel oil - The lighter fuel oils distilled off during the refining process. Included are products known as ASTM grades numbers 1 and 2 heating oils, diesel fuels, and number 4 fuel oil. The major uses of distillate fuel o ils include heating, fuel for on-and off-highway diesel engines, and railroad diesel fuel.
Domestic air operator- See Air carrier

.
E85 - 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.

E95 - 95% ethanol and 5% gasoline.
Domestic water transportation - See Internal water transportation

.
Electric utilities sector - Consists of privately and publicly owned establishments which generate electricity primarily for resale.

Emission standards - Standards for the levels of pollutants emitted from automobiles and trucks. Congress established the first standards in th e Clean Air Act of 1963. Currently, standards are set for four vehicle classes - automobiles, light trucks, heavy-duty gasoline trucks, and heavy-duty diesel trucks.G–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Energy capacity - Measured in kilowatt hours. The energy delivered by the battery, when tested at C/3 discharge rate, up to termination of di scharge specified by the battery manufacturer. The required acceleration power must be deliveredby the battery at any point up to 80% of the battery's energy capacity rating.
Energy efficiency - In reference to transportation, the inve rse of energy intensiveness: the ratio of outputs from a process to the energy inputs; for example, miles traveled per gallon of fuel (mpg).
Energy intensity - In reference to transportation, the ratio of energy inputs to a process to the useful outputs from that process; for example, gallons of fuel per passenger-mile or Btu per tonmile.
Ethanol (C 2 

### H 5 

### OH) - Otherwise known as ethyl alcohol, alc ohol, or grain-spirit. A clear, colorless, flammable oxygenated hydrocarbon with a boiling point of 78.5 degrees Celsius in the anhydrous state. In transportation, ethanol is used as a vehicle fuel by itself (E100 – 100% ethanol by volume), blended with gasoline (E85 – 85% ethanol by volume), or as a gasoline octane enhancer and oxygenate (10% by volume).
Fixed operating cost- See Operating cost

.
Fleet vehicles - Private fleet vehicles: Ideally, a vehicle could be classifiedas a member of a fleet if it is: a) operated in mass by a corporation or institution, b) operated under unified control, or c) used for non-personal activities. However, the definition of a fleet is not c onsistent throughout the fleet industry. Some companies make a distinction between cars that were bought in bulk rather than singularly, or whether they are operated in bulk, as well as the minimum number of vehicles that constitute a fleet (i.e. 4 or 10).

Government fleet vehicles: Includes vehicles owned by all Federal, state, county, city, and metro units of government, including toll road operations.
Foreign freight- Movements between the United States and foreign countries and between Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and foreign countri es. Trade between U.S. territories and possessions (e.g. Guam, Wake, American Samoa) and foreign countries is excluded. Traffic to or from the Panama Canal Zone is included.G–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Gas Guzzler Tax- Originates from the 1978 Energy Tax Act (Public Law 95-618). A new car purchaser is required to pay the tax if the carpurchased has a combined city/highway fuel economy rating that is below the standard for that year. For model years 1986 and later, the standard is 22.5 mpg.

Gasohol - A mixture of 10% anhydr ous ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume; 7.5% anhydrous ethanol and 92.5% gasoline by volume; or 5.5% anhydrous ethanol and 94.5% gasoline by volume. There are other fuels that contain me thanol and gasoline, but these fuels are not referred to as gasohol.

Gasoline - See Motor gasoline

.
General aviation- That portion of civil aviation which encompasses all facets of aviation except air carriers. It includes any air taxis, commu ter air carriers, and air travel clubs which do not hold Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity.

Gross National Product- A measure of monetary value of the goods and services becoming available to the nation from economic activity. Total value at market prices of all goods and services produced by the nation's economy. Calculated quarterly by the Department of Commerce, the Gross National Product is the broadest available measure of the level of economic activity.
Gross vehicle weight (gvw) - The weight of the empty truck plus the maximum anticipated load weight.
Gross vehicle weight rating (gvwr) - The gross vehicle weight which is assigned to each new truck by the manufacturer. This rating may be different for trucks of the same model because of certain features, such as heavy-duty suspensi on. Passenger cars do not have gross vehicle weight ratings.
Heavy-heavy truck- See Truck size classifications

.
Household - Consists of all persons who occupy a housing unit, including the related family members and all unrelated persons, if any, who share the housing unit.
Housing unit- A house, apartment, a group of rooms, ora single room occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants do not live and eat with any other pe rsons in the structure and which have either (1) direct access from the outside of the bu ilding or through a common hallway intended to be used by the occupants of another unit or by the general public, or (2) complete kitchen facilities for the exclusive use of the occupants. The occupants may be a single family, oneG–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated persons who share living arrangements.
Hydrocarbon (HC) - A compound that contains only hydr ogen and carbon. The simplest and lightest forms of hydrocarbon are gaseous. Withgreater molecular weights they are liquid, while the heaviest are solids.

Income - Disposable personal income: Personal income less personal tax and non-tax payments.

National income : The aggregate earnings of labor and property which arise in the current production of goods and se rvices by the nation's economy.

Personal income: The current income received by persons from all sources, net of contributions for social insurance.

Industrial sector- Construction, manufacturing, agricultural and mining establishments.
Inertia weight- The curb weight of a vehicle plus 300 pounds.
Intercity bus - See Bus

. Internal water transportation - Includes all local (intraport) tr affic and traffic between ports or landings wherein the entire movement takes place on inland waterways. Also termed internal are movements involving carriage on both inland waterways and the water of the Great Lakes, and inland movements that cross short stretches of open water that link inland systems.
International air operator- See Air carrier

. International freight- See Foreign freight

.
Jet fuel - Includes both naphtha-type and kerosene-type fuels meeting standards for use in aircraft turbine engines. Although most jet fuel is us ed in aircraft, some is used for other purposes such as generating electricity in gas turbines.
Kerosene-type jet fuel: A quality kerosene product with an average gravity of 40.7 degrees API and 10% to 90% distillation temperatures of 217 to 261 degrees centigrade. Used primarily as fuel for commercial turbojet and tu rboprop aircraft engines. It is a relatively low freezing point distillate of the kerosene type.G–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Naphtha-type jet fuel: A fuel in the heavy naphtha boiling range with an average gravity of 52.8 degrees API and 10% to 90% distilla tion temperatures of 117 to 233 degrees centigrade used for turbojet and turboprop ai rcraft engines, primarily by the military. Excludes ramjet and petroleum.

Kerosene - A petroleum distillate in the 300 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit boiling range and generally having a flash point higher than 100 degrees Fa hrenheit by the American Society of Testing and Material (ASTM) Method D 56, a gravity range from 40 to 46 degrees API, and a burning point in the range of 150 to 175 degrees Fahrenheit. It is a clean-burning product suitable for use as an illuminant when burned in wick lamps. Includes grades of kerosene called range oil having properties similar to Nu mber 1 fuel oil, but with a gravity of about 43 degrees API and an end point of 625 degrees Fahrenheit. Used in space heaters, cooking stoves, and water heaters.
Kerosene-type jet fuel - See Jet fuel

. Large car- See Automobile size classifications

.
Lease Condensate - A liquid recovered from natural gas at the well or at small gas/oil separators in the field. Consists primarily of pentan es and heavier hydrocarbons (also called field condensate).
Light duty vehicles - Automobiles and light trucks combined.
Light truck- Unless otherwise noted, light trucks are de fined in this publication as two-axle, fourtire trucks. The U.S. Bureau of Census classifi es all trucks with a gross vehicle weight less than 10,000 pounds as light trucks (See Truck size classifications ).
Light-heavy truck- See Truck size classifications

. Liquified petroleum gas (lpg) - Consists of propane and butane and is usually derived from natural gas. In locations where there is no natural gas and the gasoline consumption is low, naphtha is converted to lpg by catalytic reforming.

Load factor- Total passenger miles divided by total vehicle miles.

Low emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the low emission standards which are set by the Federal government and/orthe state of California.

M85 - 85% methanol and 15% gasoline.G–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### M100 - 100% methanol.

Medium truck- See Truck size classifications

. Methanol (CH 3 

### OH) - A colorless highly toxic liquid with essentially no odor and very little taste. It is the simplest alcohol and boils at 64.7 de grees Celsius. In transportation, methanol is used as a vehicle fuel by itself (M 100), or blended with gasoline (M85).

Midsize car- See Automobile size classifications

. Minicompact car- See Automobile size classifications

. Model year- In this publication, model year is referring to the "sales" model year, the period from October 1 to the next September 31.

Motor bus - See Bus

. Motor gasoline - A mixture of volatile hydrocarbons suitable for operation of an internal combustion engine whose major components ar e hydrocarbons with boiling points ranging from 78 to 217 degrees centigrade and whose source is distillation of petroleum and cracking, polymerization, and other chemical reactions by which the naturally occurring petroleum hydrocarbons are converted into t hose that have superior fuel properties.
Regular gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 85 and less than 88. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude.
Midgrade gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 88 and less than or equal to 90. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude.
Premium gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than 90. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude.
Reformulated gasoline: Finished motor gasoline formulated for use in motor vehicles, the composition and properties of which meet th e requirements of the reformulated gasoline regulations promulgated by the U.S. Envir onmental Protection Agency under Section 211(k) of the Clean Air Act. For details on this clean fuel program see http://www.epa.gov/otaq/rfg.htm. Note: This category includes oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG) but excludes re formulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB).G–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### MTBE - Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether - a colorle ss, flammable, liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon containing 18.15 percent oxygen.
Naphtha-type jet fuel - See Jet fuel

.
National income - See Income

.
Nationwide Personal Tran sportation Survey (NPTS) - A nationwide survey of households that provides information on the characteristics and personal travel patterns of the U.S. population. Surveys were conducted in 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, and 1995 by the U.S. Bureau of Census for the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Natural gas - A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of various nonhydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase orin solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions.
Natural gas, dry: Natural gas which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been removed from the gas stream; and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been removed where they occur in sufficientquantity to render the gas unmarketable. Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Natural gas, wet: The volume of natural gas remaining after removal of lease condensate in lease and/or field separation facilities, if any, and after exclusion of nonhydrocarbon gases where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Natural gas liquids may be recovered from volumes of natural gas, wet after lease separation, at natural gas processing plants.
Natural gas plant liquids: Natural gas liquids recovered from natural gas in processing plants and from natural gas field facilities and fractionators. Products obtained include ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, pent anes plus, and other products from natural gas processing plants.
Nitrogen oxides (NO x 

### ) - A product of combustion of fossil fuels whose production increases with the temperature of the process. It can beco me an air pollutant if concentrations are excessive.

Nonattainment area - Any area that does not meet the nati onal primary or secondary ambient air quality standard established by the Environmental Protection Agency for designated pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and ozone.G–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Oil Stocks - Oil stocks include crude oil (including strategic reserves), unfinished oils, natural gas plant liquids, and refined petroleum products.
Operating cost- Fixed operating cost: In reference to passenger car operating cost, refers to those expenditures that are independent of the amount of use of the car, such as insurance costs, fees for license and registration, depreciation and finance charges.
Variable operating cost: In reference to passenger car operating cost, expenditures which are dependent on the amount of use of the car, suchas the cost of gas and oil, tires, and other maintenance.
Organization for Economic Coop eration and Development (OECD) - Consists of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, L uxembourg, Mexico, Neth erlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States. Total OECD includes the United States Territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). Total OECD excludes data for Czech Republic, Hungary, Mexico, Poland, and South Ko rea which are not yet available.
OECD Europe: Consists of Austria, Belgium, Cz ech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzer land, Turkey, and United Kingdom. OECD Europe excludes data for Czech Republic, Hung ary, and Poland which are not yet available.

OECD Pacific: Consists of Australia, Japan, and New Zealand.
Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Includes Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela, Libya, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Ga bon, Iraq, Kuwait, and Qatar. Data for Saudi Arabiaand Kuwait include their shares from the Partitioned Zone (formerly the Neutral Zone). Angola joined OPEC in December 2006, thus, beginning in 2007, data on OPEC will include Angola.

Arab OPEC - Consists of Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Li bya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
Other single-unit truck- See Single-unit truck

. Oxygenate - A substance which, when added to gasoline, increases the amount of oxygen in that gasoline blend. Includes fuel ethanol, methanol , and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE).G–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Particulates - Carbon particles formed by partial oxi dation and reduction of the hydrocarbon fuel. Also included are trace quantities of metal oxides and nitrides, originating from engine wear, component degradati on, and inorganic fuel add itives. In the transportation sector, particulates are emitted mainly from diesel engines.
Passenger-miles traveled (PMT) - One person traveling the distance of one mile. Total passengermiles traveled, thus, give the total mileage traveled by all persons.
Passenger rail - See Rail, "Amtrak" and "Transit Railroad"

.
Persian Gulf countries - Consists of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Ku wait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Emirates.
Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) - As used in the national accounts, the market value of purchases of goods and services by indi viduals and nonprofit institutions and the value of food, clothing, housing, and financial servi ces received by them as income in kind. It includes the rental value of owner-occupiedhouses but excludes purchases of dwellings, which are classified as capital goods (investment).

Personal income - See Income

.
Petroleum - A generic term applied to oil and oil produc ts in all forms, such as crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oil, refined petroleu m products, natural gas plant liquids, and nonhydrocarbon compounds blended into finished petroleum products.
Petroleum consumption: A calculated demand for pe troleum products obtained by summing domestic production, imports of crude petroleum and natural gas liquids, imports of petroleum products, and the primary stocks at the beginning of the period and then subtracting the exports and the primar y stocks at the end of the period.
Petroleum exports: Shipments of petroleum products from the 50 States and the District of Columbia to foreign countries, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U.S. possessions and territories.
Petroleum imports: All imports of crude petroleum, natural gas liquids, and petroleum products from foreign countries and receipts fro m Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Hawaiian Trade Zone. The commodities included are crude oil, unfinished oils, plant condensate, and refined petroleum products.

Petroleum inventories: The amounts of crude oil, unfinished oil, petroleum products, and natural gas liquids held at refineries, at natu ral gas processing plants, in pipelines, at bulkG–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### terminals operated by refining and pipeline co mpanies, and at independent bulk terminals. Crude oil held in storage on leases is also incl uded; these stocks are know as primary stocks. Secondary stocks - those held by jobbers deal ers, service station operators, and consumers -are excluded. Prior to 1975, stock held at i ndependent bulk terminals were classified as secondary stocks.
Petroleum products supplied: For each petroleum product, the amount supplied is calculated by summing production, crude oil bur ned directly, imports, and net withdrawals from primary stocks and subtracting exports.
Processing Gain- The amount by which the total volume of refinery output is greater than the volume of input for given period of time. The processing gain arises when crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, less dense than the input.
Processing Loss - The amount by which the total volume of refinery output is less than the volume of input for given period of time. The processing loss arises when crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, more dense than the input.

Proved Reserves of Crude Oil - The estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil, which geological and engineering data demonstrate w ith reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.
Quad - Quadrillion, 10 15 

### . In this publication, a Quad refers to Quadrillion Btu.

Rail - Amtrak (American Railroad Tracks): Operated by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation of Washington, DC. This rail sy stem was created by President Nixon in 1970, and was given the responsibility for the operation of intercity, as distinct from suburban, passenger trains between points designat ed by the Secretary of Transportation.
Class I freight railroad: Defined by the Interstate Commerce Commission each year based on annual operating revenue. A railroad is dropped from the Class I list if it fails to meet the annual earnings threshold for three consecutive years.

Commuter railroad: Those portions of mainline railroad (not electric railway) transportation operations which encompass urba n passenger train service for local travel between a central city and adjacent suburbs. Commuter railroad service - using both locomotive-hauled and self-propelled railroad passenger cars - is characterized by multi-trip tickets, specific station-to-station fares, and us ually only one or two stations in the central business district. Also known as suburban railroad.G–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Transit railroad: Includes "heavy" and "light" transit rail. Heavy transit rail is characterized by exclusive rights-of-way, multi-car trains, high speed rapid acceleration, sophisticated signaling, and high platform loading. Also known as subway, elevated railway, or metropolitan railway (metro). Light transit rail may be on exclusive or shared rights-of-way, high or low platform loading, multi-car trains or single cars, automated or manually operated. In generic usage, light rail includes streetcars, trolley cars, and tramways.
Reformulated gasoline (RFG) - See Motor gasoline

.
RFG area - An ozone nonattainment area designatedby the Environmental Protection Agency which requires the use of reformulated gasoline.

Residential sector- An energy consuming sector that consists of living quarters for private households. Excludes institutional living quarters.
Residential Transportation En ergy Consumption Survey (RTECS) - This survey was designed by the Energy Information Administration of the Department of Energy to provide information on how energy is used by households for personal vehicles. It has been conducted five times since 1979, the most recent being 1991.

Residual fuel oil - The heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are boiled off in refinery operations. Included are products know as ASTM grade numbers 5 and 6 oil, heavy diesel oil, Navy Special Fuel Oil, Bunker C oil, and acid sludge and pitch used as refinery fuels. Residual fuel oil is used for the production of electric power, for heating, and for various industrial purposes.

Rural - Usually refers to areas with population less than 5,000.
Sales period - October 1 of the previous year to Septem ber 30 of the given year. Approximately the same as a model year.
Sales-weighted miles per gallon (mpg) - Calculation of a composite vehicle fuel economy based on the distribution of vehicle sales.
Scrappage rate - As applied to motor vehicles, it is usually expressed as the percentage of vehicles of a certain type in a given age class that are retired from use (lacking registration) in a given year.

School and other nonrevenue bus - See Bus

.G–16

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Single-unit truck- Includes two-axle, four-tire trucks and other single-unit trucks.
Two-axle, four-tire truck: A motor vehicle consisting primarily of a single motorized device with two axles and four tires.
Other single-unit truck: A motor vehicle consisting primarily of a single motorized device with more than two axles or more than four tires.
Special fuels - Consist primarily of diesel fuel with small amount of liquified petroleum gas, as defined by the Federal Highway Administration.
Specific acceleration power- Measured in watts per kilogram. Acceleration power divided by the battery system weight. Weight must include the total battery system.
Specific energy - Measured in watt hours per kilogram. The rated energy capacity of the battery divided by the total battery system weight.
Subcompact car- See Automobile size classifications

. Supplemental air carrier- See Air carrier

. Test weight- The weight setting at which a vehicle is tested on a dynomometer by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This weight is determined by the EPA using the inertia weight of the vehicle.

Ton-mile - The movement of one ton of freight the distance of one mile. Ton-miles are computed by multiplying the weight in tons of each sh ipment transported by the distance hauled.
Transmission types - A3 - Automatic three speed A4 - Automatic four speed A5 - Automatic five speed L4 - Automatic lockup four speed M5 - Manual five speed

Transit bus - See Bus

.
Transit railroad - See Rail

. Transportation sector- Consists of both private and public passenger and freight transportation, as well as government transportation, including military operations.G–17

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS) - Survey designed to collect data on the characteristics and operational use of the nation's truck populati on. It is conducted every five years by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Surveys were conducted in 1963, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, and 1992. For the 1997 survey, it was renamed the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey in anticipation of including additional vehicle ty pes. However, no additional vehicle types were added to the 1997 survey.
Trolley coach - See Bus

.
Truck size classifications - U.S. Bureau of the Census has categorized trucks by gross vehicle weight (gvw) as follows: Light - Less than 10,000 pounds gvw (Also see Light Truck .) Medium - 10,001 to 20,000 pounds gvw Light-heavy - 20,001 to 26,000 pounds gvw Heavy-heavy - 26,001 pounds gvw or more.
Two-axle, four-tire truck - See Single-unit truck

.
Two seater car- See Automobile size classifications

.
Ultra-low emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the ultra-low emission standards which are set by the Federal government and/or the state of California.

Urban - Usually refers to areas w ith population of 5,000 or greater.
Vanpool - A transit mode made up of vans and sometimes small buses operating as a ridesharing arrangement to provide transportation to a gr oup of individuals traveling directly between their homes and a regular destination within the same geographical area. Most vanpools are privately-operated, are not available to the public, and are not considered public transportation. Vanpool data in this report are for vanpools that are owned, purchased or leased by a public entity and are publicly available.
Variable operating cost- See Operating cost

.
Vehicle Inventor y and Use Survey - See Truck Inventory and Use Survey.
Vehicle-miles traveled (vmt) - One vehicle traveling the distance of one mile. Total vehicle miles, thus, is the total mileage traveled by all vehicles.G–18

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Zero-emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the zero emission standards which are set by the Federal government and/or the state of California. These standards apply to the vehicle emissions only.I–1

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

## TITLE INDEXI–2

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Acquisitions Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisiti ons by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008

.......................... 7–7
Advanced Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009

.............................. 10–13 Age Cars in Operation and Vehicl e Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

............................ 3–10 Trucks in Operation and Vehi cle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

........................... 3–11 Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 .................................... 3

– 12 Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007

............................ 3–13 Average Annual Miles per House hold Vehicle by Vehicle Age

........................... 8–13 Share of Vehicles by Annual Mile s of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001

...................... 8–16 Average Annual Miles per House hold Vehicle by Vehicle Age

........................... 8–13 Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS

................. 8–16 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

....................................................... 8–18
Air Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3 Total National Emissions of the Cr iteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007

..................... 12–2 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3 Total National Emissions of the Cr iteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007

..................... 12–2
Alternative Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4 Number of Alternative Refuel S ites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6 Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9 Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009

.................................... 10–12 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4 Number of Alternative Refuel S ites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6 Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9 Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009

.................................... 10–12
Amtrak Summary Statistics for the National Railroa d Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971-2007

..... 9–11
Annual Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Trav el for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8 Average Annual Miles per House hold Vehicle by Vehicle Age

........................... 8–13 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averag e Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

............. 8–14 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Trav el for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4I–3

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Annual (continued) Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8 Average Annual Miles per House hold Vehicle by Vehicle Age

........................... 8–13 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averag e Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

............. 8–14 Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS

................. 8–16 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

....................................................... 8–18 Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

............... 8–19 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13 Average Annual Carbon Footprint byVehicle Classi fication, 1975 and 2008

................ 11–14 Appendix Appendix A. Sources & Methodologies
.............................................. A–1 Appendix B. Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–1 Appendix C. Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–1
Attributes Driving Cycle Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–31
Available Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4 Hybrid Electric Vehicl es Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6

– 5 Average Average Material Consumption for a Do mestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007

....... 4–16 Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Co rporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008–2011

.............................................................. 4–19 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007

.................... 4–23 Average Length of Time Business Fl eet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Trav el for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5 Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8 Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Hous ehold, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Ve hicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–11 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Tr ip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–12 Average Annual Miles per House hold Vehicle by Vehicle Age

........................... 8–13 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averag e Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

............. 8–14 Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS

............................... 8–17 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

....................................................... 8–18I–4

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Average (continued) Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007

............................................ 10–14 Average Price of a New Ca r (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007

......................... 10–15 Average Annual Carbon Footprint byVehicle Classi fication, 1975 and 2008

................ 11–14
Aviation Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008

...................... 10–10
Barrel Refinery Yield of Petr oleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008

............... 1–13 Prices for a Barrel of Crude O il and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008

...................... 10–7 Bicycle Bicycle Sales, 1981-2007

......................................................... 8–24
Bike Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

..................................... 8–25

Boat Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7

Bus Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

Buses Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007

........................ 5–21
Business Average Length of Time Business Fl eet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Trav el for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4
CAFE Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007

.................... 4–23
California California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15 Capita Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3
Car Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2 Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3

– 14 New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5 Average Material Consumption for a Do mestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007

....... 4–16I–5

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Car (continued) Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007

............................................ 10–14 Average Price of a New Ca r (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007

......................... 10–15 Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008

............................................ 10–16 Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008

...................................... 10–17
Carbon World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005

...................................... 11–2 Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Po tentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide

.......... 11–3 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Ener gy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007

...... 11–6 U.S. Carbon Emissions fr om Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007

............ 11–7 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13 Average Annual Carbon Footprint byVehicle Classi fication, 1975 and 2008

................ 11–14 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel

..................................... 11–15 Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007

.............................. 12–3 Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from High way Vehicles, 1970–2005

....................... 12–4
Carriers Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3
Cars U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5 Cars in Operation and Vehicl e Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

............................ 3–10 Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 .................................... 3

– 12 Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007

............................ 3–13 Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13 California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15
Census Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6 Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census

........................... 8–20 Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census

.................................... 8–23I–6

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Certificated Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3
Certification California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15
Characteristics Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

......... 8–21 Housing Unit Characteristics, 2005

................................................. 8–22 Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS

....................................... 8–27
Cities Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7 City City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32 New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35
Class Light Vehicle Market Shares bySize Class, Model Years 1975–2008

...................... 4–10 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Econom y by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13
Class 1 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the Unite d States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8 Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9
Class 2a Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4
Class 2b Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4
Class 8 Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy

...................................... 5–14I–7

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Class 8 (continued) Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 15 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17
Classification Average Annual Carbon Footprint byVehicle Classi fication, 1975 and 2008

................ 11–14
Clean Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7
Coalitions Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7
Cold Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33
Collected Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007

.................... 4–23
Combination Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3 Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 15 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17
Commuter Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007

..................................... 2–18
Combined Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3
Commerce Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5 Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6 Commodity Growth of Freight in the United St ates: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19 Growth of Freight Miles in the Unite d States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20
Commute Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census

.................................... 8–23I–8

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Commuter Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007

........................... 9–12 Compared Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6 Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Po tentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide

.......... 11–3 Comparison Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37 Growth of Freight in the United St ates: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19 Growth of Freight Miles in the Unite d States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20 Compounds Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007

..................... 12–7 Emissions of Volatile Organic Co mpounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–8 Conditioning Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33
Consumed Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17 Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
Consumer Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2008

................................................ 10–18 Consumption World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7 Petroleum Production and Consumption a nd Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008

...... 1–15 United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030

.............. 1–16 United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030

............ 1–17 Consumption of Petroleu m by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008

............................... 1–18 Highway Transportation Petrol eum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

.................... 1–19 Nonhighway Transportation Petrol eum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

................. 1–20 World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3 Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5 Ethanol Consumption, 1995–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6 Domestic Consumption of Transportati on Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7 Highway Transportation Ener gy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9 Nonhighway Transportation Ener gy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

.................... 2–10 Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001

..................... 2–11 Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007

............................. 2–12 Average Material Consumption for a Do mestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007

....... 4–16 Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2008

..................................... 10–18I–9

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Consumption (continued) U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Ener gy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007

...... 11–6
Conventional Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993–2007

.......................................... 4–18 Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9
Conversions Appendix B. Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–1 Corporate Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Co rporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008–2011

.............................................................. 4–19 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007

.................... 4–23 Corporation Summary Statistics for the National Railr oad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007

..... 9–11
Cost Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008

............................................ 10–16
Costs Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008

...................................... 10–17
Countries Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2 Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3 Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6 Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 .......................... 3

– 8 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Gasoline Prices for Se lected Countries, 1990–2007

..................................... 10–3 Diesel Fuel Prices fo r Selected Countries, 1998–2007

................................... 10–4
Criteria Total National Emissions of the Cr iteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007

..................... 12–2
Crude World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007

...................... 1–12 Refinery Yield of Petr oleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008

............... 1–13 Prices for a Barrel of Crude O il and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008

...................... 10–7
Curb Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14I–10

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Cycle Driving Cycle Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–31 City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32 Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32 Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33 Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33 High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34 New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35 Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35 Cycles Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., Eu ropean, and Japanese Driving Cycles

............... 4–36 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37 Daily Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicl es in the Household, 2001 NHTS

................................................................. 8–18 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

....................................................... 8–18 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

................ 8–19 U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

......... 8–21 Dealerships New Light Vehicle Deal erships and Sales, 1970–2007

.................................. 4–17 Defending Summary of Military Expenditures for De fending Oil Supplies from the Middle East

.......... 1–10
Definition Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8
Demand Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007

........................... 4–38 Demographic Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . 8–7 Density Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

......... 8–21
Diesel Diesel Fuel Prices fo r Selected Countries, 1998–2007

................................... 10–4 Refiner Sales Prices for Pr opane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008

............................ 10–9
Dioxide World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005

...................................... 11–2 Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Po tentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide

.......... 11–3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel

..................................... 11–15I–11

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Distance Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

................................... 8–15 Share of Vehicle Trips to Wo rk by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

............................ 8–15 U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21
Distribution Distribution of En ergy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4 Distribution of Trucks ov er 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11
Domestic Domestic Consumption of Transportati on Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 Average Material Consumption for a Do mestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007

....... 4–16 Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3 Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5 Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6 Average Price of a New Ca r (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007

......................... 10–15 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13
Driven Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS

.................................. 8–17 U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21
Driver Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS

.................................. 8–17 Driving Driving Cycle Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–31 City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32 Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32 Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33 Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33I–12

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Driving (continued) High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34 New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35 Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35 Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., Eu ropean, and Japanese Driving Cycles

............... 4–36 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

......... 8–21 Dwelling Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

......... 8–21

East Summary of Military Expenditures for De fending Oil Supplies from the Middle East

.......... 1–10
Economic Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9
Economies Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., Eu ropean, and Japanese Driving Cycles

............... 4–36 Economy Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Co rporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008–2011

.............................................................. 4–19 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007

.................... 4–23 Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results

........................................ 4–26 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies

................................. 4–28 Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Ve hicles Tested in the 1997 Study

........................ 4–30 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Econom y by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy

...................................... 5–14 Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 15 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16
Effect Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy

...................................... 5–14 Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14I–13

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Electric Hybrid Electric Vehicl es Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6

– 5
Electronic Share of Heavy Trucks with Se lected Electroni c Features, 2002

.......................... 5–12
Emission Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14 California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15
Emissions World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005

...................................... 11–2 U.S. Emissions of Gree nhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007

......... 11–4 Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissi ons by End-Use Sector, 2007

.............................. 11–5 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Ener gy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007

...... 11–6 U.S. Carbon Emissions fr om Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007

............ 11–7 Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007

....................... 11–8 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel

..................................... 11–15 Total National Emissions of the Cr iteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007

..................... 12–2 Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007

.............................. 12–3 Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from High way Vehicles, 1970–2005

....................... 12–4 Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007

............................... 12–5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

........................ 12–6 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007

..................... 12–7 Emissions of Volatile Organic Co mpounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–8 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007

...................... 12–9 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–10 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007

..................... 12–11 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005

.............. 12–12 Employment Transportation-related Employment, 1998 and 2008

................................... 10–19 U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles a nd Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008

.... 10–20
End-Use Consumption of Petroleu m by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008

............................... 1–18 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008

........................ 2–3 Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissi ons by End-Use Sector, 2007

.............................. 11–5 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Ener gy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007

...... 11–6 Energy World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3 Distribution of En ergy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4 Domestic Consumption of Transportati on Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7 Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8 Highway Transportation Ener gy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9 Nonhighway Transportation Ener gy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

.................... 2–10 Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007

.............................................. 2–14 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

............................. 2–15I–14

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Energy (continued) Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

.......................... 2–16 Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007

................................... 2–17 Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007

......................................... 2–18 Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007

..................................... 2–18 Intercity Freight Movement and Ener gy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

............. 2–19 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970-2007

....................................... 2–20 Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2 Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Ener gy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007

...... 11–6 U.S. Carbon Emissions fr om Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007

............ 11–7 Engine Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Equipment Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007

............................. 2–12
Estimates Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3 Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Po tentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide

.......... 11–3
Ethanol Ethanol Consumption, 1995–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6 European Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., Eu ropean, and Japanese Driving Cycles

............... 4–36 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37
Excise Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007

.......................................... 10–11 Exemptions State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007

............................................ 10–11
Exhaust Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14 Expenditures Summary of Military Expenditures for De fending Oil Supplies from the Middle East

.......... 1–10 Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4 Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2008

..................................... 10–18I–15

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Exports United States Petroleum Produc tion, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008

...................... 1–14 Facility Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Si ze and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9 Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

......................... 5–10

Features Share of Heavy Trucks with Se lected Electroni c Features, 2002

.......................... 5–12
Federal Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5 Federal Government Vehicles, 2002–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisiti ons by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7 Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7 Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007

.......................................... 10–11 Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009

.................................... 10–12 Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009

.............................. 10–13
Feedstocks GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–10
Final Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14
Fines Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007

.................... 4–23
Five Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35
Fixed Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008

...................................... 10–17
Fleet Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Si ze and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9 Fleet Vehicles in Serv ice as of June 1, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3 Average Length of Time Business Fl eet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Trav el for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisiti ons by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
Fleets Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
Flow Growth of Freight in the United St ates: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19 Growth of Freight Miles in the Unite d States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20I–16

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Footprint Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13 Average Annual Carbon Footprint byVehicle Classi fication, 1975 and 2008

................ 11–14 Footprints Footprints for Selected Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–20
Fossil World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Ener gy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007

...... 11–6
Four-Tire Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3 Freight Intercity Freight Movement and Ener gy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

............. 2–19 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970-2007

....................................... 2–20 Growth of Freight in the United St ates: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19 Growth of Freight Miles in the Unite d States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20 Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the Unite d States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8 Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9

FTP Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33
Fuel World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2 Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5 Domestic Consumption of Transportati on Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7 Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001

.................... 2–11 Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007

............................. 2–12 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Co rporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008–2011

.............................................................. 4–19 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2007

.................... 4–23 Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results

........................................ 4–26I–17

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Fuel (continued) Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies

................................. 4–28 Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Ve hicles Tested in the 1997 Study

........................ 4–30 Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., Eu ropean, and Japanese Driving Cycles

............... 4–36 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Econom y by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy

...................................... 5–14 Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 15 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4 Number of Alternative Refuel S ites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisiti ons by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7 Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7 Diesel Fuel Prices fo r Selected Countries, 1998–2007

................................... 10–4 Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008

............................................. 10–8 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008

...................... 10–10 Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009

.................................... 10–12 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel

..................................... 11–15 Fueling Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Si ze and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9 Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

......................... 5–10
Fuels Highway Usage of Gasolin e and Special Fuels, 1973–2007

............................... 2–13 Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9 Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007

.......................................... 10–11 GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–10
Function Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 15 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17 U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21
Gallon Prices for a Barrel of Crude O il and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008

...................... 10–7 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel

..................................... 11–15
Garden Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007

............................. 2–12I–18

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Gas World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7 The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24 Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007

................................. 4–25 Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007

....................... 11–8
Gases U.S. Emissions of Gree nhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007

......... 11–4
Gasohol State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007

............................................ 10–11
Gasoline Highway Usage of Gasolin e and Special Fuels, 1973–2007

............................... 2–13 Gasoline Prices for Se lected Countries, 1990–2007

..................................... 10–3 Prices for a Barrel of Crude O il and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008

...................... 10–7 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008

...................... 10–10
General Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4
Global Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Po tentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide

.......... 11–3 U.S. Emissions of Gree nhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007

......... 11–4 Glossary Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G–1
Government Federal Government Vehicles, 2002–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6 Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 2001–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
Greenhouse U.S. Emissions of Gree nhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007

......... 11–4 Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissi ons by End-Use Sector, 2007

.............................. 11–5 Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007

....................... 11–8
GREET GREET Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–9 GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–10
Gross Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007

................................ 1–11 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6 New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4 Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6
Growth Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9 Growth of Freight in the United St ates: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19I–19

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Growth (continued) Growth of Freight Miles in the Unite d States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20
Guzzler The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24
Guzzlers Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007

................................. 4–25
Harmonic Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Econom y by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 Heavy Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007

......................................... 2–18 Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2 Share of Heavy Trucks with Se lected Electroni c Features, 2002

.......................... 5–12 High High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34 Highway Highway Transportation Petrol eum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

.................... 1–19 Highway Transportation Ener gy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9 Highway Usage of Gasolin e and Special Fuels, 1973–2007

............................... 2–13 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

............................. 2–15 Shares of Highway Vehicle-Mile s Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9 Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32 Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from High way Vehicles, 1970–2005

....................... 12–4 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

........................ 12–6 Emissions of Volatile Organic Co mpounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–8 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–10 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005

.............. 12–12
Household Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8 Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Hous ehold, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9 Average Annual Miles per House hold Vehicle by Vehicle Age

........................ 8–13 Household Vehicle Trips, 2001 NHTS

............................................... 8–17 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicl es in the Household, 2001 NHTS

................................................................. 8–18 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

....................................................... 8–18 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

................ 8–19 Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

............... 8–19
Households Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4I–20

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Housing Housing Unit Characteristics, 2005

................................................. 8–22 Hybrid Hybrid Electric Vehicl es Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6

– 5 Import Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 Average Price of a New Ca r (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007

......................... 10–15 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13 Imports U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8 United States Petroleum Produc tion, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008

...................... 1–14
Incentives Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009

.................................... 10–12 Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009

.............................. 10–13

Income Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4
Index Transportation Services Index, January 1990–February 2009

............................. 10–2
Indices Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2008

................................................ 10–18 Input U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007

...................... 1–12
Intensities Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

............................. 2–15 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

.......................... 2–16 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970-2007

....................................... 2–20I–21

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Intensity Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007

................................... 2–17 Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007

......................................... 2–18 Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007

..................................... 2–18 Intercity Intercity Freight Movement and Ener gy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

............. 2–19
Interior Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15
Intermodal Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2007

................................................. 9–10
International Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3 Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5 Japanese Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., Eu ropean, and Japanese Driving Cycles

............... 4–36 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37

Jet Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008

...................... 10–10

Lawn Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2007

............................. 2–12 Length Average Length of Time Business Fl eet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8
Lifetime Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles ............................. 3

– 14 Light Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007

................................... 2–17 Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3

– 14 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Light Vehicle Market Shares bySize Class, Model Years 1975–2008

...................... 4–10 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008

.................................. 4–11 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 New Light Vehicle Deal erships and Sales, 1970–2007

.................................. 4–17I–22

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Light (continued) Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Co rporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008–2011

.............................................................. 4–19 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13 Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14 California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15 Long-Distance Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS

...................................... 8–27
Manufacturer Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4 Hybrid Electric Vehicl es Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6

– 5 Manufacturing U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles a nd Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008

.... 10–20 Major Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8 Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

......................... 5–10 Maps Appendix C. Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–1
Market Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Light Vehicle Market Shares bySize Class, Model Years 1975–2008

...................... 4–10 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008

.................................. 4–11
Material Average Material Consumption for a Do mestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007

....... 4–16

Matter Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007

...................... 12–9 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–10 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007

..................... 12–11 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005

.............. 12–12

Mean Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Econom y by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6I–23

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Means Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census

........................... 8–20
Median Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008

.................................... 3–12 Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007

............................ 3–13 Methodologies Appendix A. Sources & Methodologies
.............................................. A–1
Middle Summary of Military Expenditures for De fending Oil Supplies from the Middle East

.......... 1–10
Mile Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008

............................................ 10–16
Miles Shares of Highway Vehicle-Mile s Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9 Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3

– 14 Distribution of Trucks ov er 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle Miles Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11 Growth of Freight in the United St ates: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19 Growth of Freight Miles in the Unite d States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20 Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5 Average Annual Miles per House hold Vehicle by Vehicle Age

........................... 8–13 Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS

................. 8–16 Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS

.................................. 8–17 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicl es in the Household, 2001 NHTS

................................................................. 8–18 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

................ 8–19 Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

............... 8–19 Military Summary of Military Expenditures for De fending Oil Supplies from the Middle East

.......... 1–10
Mode Highway Transportation Petrol eum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

.................... 1–19 Nonhighway Transportation Petrol eum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

................. 1–20 Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007

.................................... 1–21 Domestic Consumption of Transportati on Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7 Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8 Highway Transportation Ener gy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9 Nonhighway Transportation Ener gy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

.................... 2–10 Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007

....................... 11–8
Model Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8I–24

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Model (continued) Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Light Vehicle Market Shares bySize Class, Model Years 1975–2008

...................... 4–10 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008

.................................. 4–11 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 Average Material Consumption for a Do mestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007

....... 4–16 Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results

..................................... 4–26 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4 Hybrid Electric Vehicl es Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6

– 5 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3 GREET Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–9 GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–10 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13
Modes Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

............................. 2–15 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

.......................... 2–16 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970-2007

....................................... 2–20
Monoxide Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007

.............................. 12–3 Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from High way Vehicles, 1970–2005

....................... 12–4

Motor Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008

............................................. 10–8 Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007

.......................................... 10–11 U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles a nd Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008

.... 10–20

Movement Intercity Freight Movement and Ener gy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

............. 2–19
National Summary Statistics for the National Railr oad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007

..... 9–11 Total National Emissions of the Cr iteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007

..................... 12–2 Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007

.............................. 12–3 Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007

............................... 12–5 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007

..................... 12–7 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007

...................... 12–9 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007

..................... 12–11I–25

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Natural World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

New New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 New Light Vehicle Deal erships and Sales, 1970–2007

.................................. 4–17 The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24 New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3 Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007

............................................ 10–14 Average Price of a New Ca r (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007

......................... 10–15 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13
New York New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35
NHTS Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . 8–7 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8 Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Hous ehold, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9 Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

.......................................... 8–10 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Ve hicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–11 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Tr ip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–12 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averag e Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

............. 8–14 Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

................................... 8–15 Share of Vehicle Trips to Wo rk by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

............................ 8–15 Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS

................. 8–16 Household Vehicle Trips, 2001 NHTS

............................................... 8–17 Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2001 NHTS

.................................. 8–17 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicl es in the Household, 2001 NHTS

................................................................. 8–18 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

....................................................... 8–18I–26

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### NHTS (continued) Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

................ 8–19 Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

............... 8–19 Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

..................................... 8–25 Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS

....................................... 8–27 Nitrogen Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007

............................... 12–5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

........................ 12–6 Nonhighway Nonhighway Transportation Petrol eum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

................. 1–20 Nonhighway Transportation Ener gy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

.................... 2–10 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

.......................... 2–16 Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2
NPTS Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . 8–7 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8 Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Hous ehold, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Ve hicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–11 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Tr ip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–12 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averag e Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

............. 8–14
Number Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35 Number of Alternative Refuel S ites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6 Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Hous ehold, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicl es in the Household, 2001 NHTS

................................................................. 8–18 Occupancy Average Vehicle Occupancy by Ve hicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–11 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Tr ip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–12
Odometer Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averag e Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

............. 8–14 Off-highway Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001

..................... 2–11
Oil World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6 Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9 Summary of Military Expenditures for De fending Oil Supplies from the Middle East

.......... 1–10 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007

...................... 1–12 Refinery Yield of Petr oleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008

............... 1–13 Prices for a Barrel of Crude O il and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008

...................... 10–7I–27

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Organic Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007

..................... 12–7 Emissions of Volatile Organic Co mpounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–8 Origin U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8 Operating Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2008

............................................ 10–16 Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008

...................................... 10–17 Operation Cars in Operation and Vehicl e Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

............................ 3–10 Trucks in Operation and Vehi cle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ........................... 3

– 11 Operations Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007

........................... 9–12 Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007

.............................. 9–13
Other Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6 Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 .......................... 3

– 8 Output Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007

................................ 1–11 Ownership Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6
Oxides Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007

............................... 12–5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

........................ 12–6 Oxygenate Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5
Particulate Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007

...................... 12–9 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–10 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007

..................... 12–11 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005

.............. 12–12

Parts U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles a nd Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008

.... 10–20 Passenger Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007

.............................................. 2–14 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

............................. 2–15 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2007

.......................... 2–16 Summary Statistics for the National Railr oad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007

..... 9–11I–28

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Passenger (continued) California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15 People Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6 Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 .......................... 3

– 8 Vehicles per Thousand Peopl e in the United States, 1990–2007 ............................ 3

– 8

Percent Petroleum Production and Consumption a nd Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008

...... 1–15 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17 Percentage Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8 Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Si ze and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16
Personal Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2008

..................................... 10–18
Petroleum World Petroleum Production, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5 U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007

...................... 1–12 Refinery Yield of Petr oleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008

............... 1–13 United States Petroleum Produc tion, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008

...................... 1–14 Petroleum Production and Consumption a nd Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008

...... 1–15 United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030

.............. 1–16 United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030

............ 1–17 Consumption of Petroleu m by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008

............................... 1–18 Highway Transportation Petrol eum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

.................... 1–19 Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007

.................................... 1–21
Pollutants Total National Emissions of the Cr iteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007

..................... 12–2 Population Population and Ve hicle Profile, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2
Potential World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2 U.S. Emissions of Gree nhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007

......... 11–4
Potentials Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Po tentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide

.......... 11–3I–29

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Pounds New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6 Distribution of Trucks ov er 26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle Miles Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11
PM-10 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007

...................... 12–9 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–10
PM-2.5 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007

..................... 12–11 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005

.............. 12–12
Price Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9 Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2007

............................................ 10–14 Average Price of a New Ca r (Domestic and Import), 1970–2007

......................... 10–15 Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2008

................................................ 10–18
Prices Gasoline Prices for Se lected Countries, 1990–2007

..................................... 10–3 Diesel Fuel Prices fo r Selected Countries, 1998–2007

................................... 10–4 Prices for a Barrel of Crude O il and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2008

...................... 10–7 Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008

............................................. 10–8 Refiner Sales Prices for Pr opane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008

............................ 10–9 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008

...................... 10–10 Primary World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2 Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Si ze and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9 Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

......................... 5–10
Production World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3 World Petroleum Production, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7 Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007

................................ 1–11 United States Petroleum Produc tion, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008

...................... 1–14 Petroleum Production and Consumption a nd Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008

...... 1–15 United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030

.............. 1–16 United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030

............ 1–17
Products U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007

...................... 1–12 Refinery Yield of Petr oleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008

............... 1–13
Profile Population and Ve hicle Profile, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2I–30

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Projected Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., Eu ropean, and Japanese Driving Cycles

............... 4–36 Properties Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9 Propane Refiner Sales Prices for Pr opane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008

............................ 10–9
PSAT Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results

........................................ 4–26 Purpose Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

.......................................... 8–10 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Tr ip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–12 Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

..................................... 8–25
Rail Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007

................................... 2–17 Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007

......................................... 2–18 Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007

..................................... 2–18 Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2007

................................................. 9–10 Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007

........................... 9–12 Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007

.............................. 9–13
Railroad Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the Unite d States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8 Summary Statistics for the National Railr oad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007

..... 9–11
Railroads Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9
Ranked Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8 Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the Unite d States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

Rates Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3

– 14 Receipts Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007

................................. 4–25
Recreational Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7
Refiner Refiner Sales Prices for Pr opane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008

............................ 10–9 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008

...................... 10–10 Refinery Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007

................................ 1–11I–31

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Refinery (continued) U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007

...................... 1–12 Refinery Yield of Petr oleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008

............... 1–13
Reformed Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Co rporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008–2011

.............................................................. 4–19
Refuel Number of Alternative Refuel S ites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6 Refueling Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993–2007

.......................................... 4–18 Region U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8 Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1997 and 2007

................................ 1–11 Registrations Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2 Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3 Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007

............................ 3–13 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3 Representative Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35

Reserves World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7 Response Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007

........................... 4–38
Results Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results

........................................ 4–26
Retail New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6 New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4 Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2008

............................................. 10–8

Revenue Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the Unite d States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

Route Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3I–32

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Sale Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007

................................. 4–25
Sales Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 New Light Vehicle Deal erships and Sales, 1970–2007

.................................. 4–17 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4 Bicycle Sales, 1981-2007

......................................................... 8–24 Refiner Sales Prices for Pr opane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2008

............................ 10–9 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2008

...................... 10–10 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13
SC03 Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33
Sector Consumption of Petroleu m by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008

............................... 1–18 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3 Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissi ons by End-Use Sector, 2007

.............................. 11–5 U.S. Carbon Emissions fr om Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007

............ 11–7 Total National Emissions of the Cr iteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007

..................... 12–2
Sectors United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030

.............. 1–16I–33

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Self-Reported Self-Reported vs. Odometer Averag e Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

............. 8–14
Service Fleet Vehicles in Serv ice as of June 1, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2 Average Length of Time Business Fl eet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4
Services Transportation Services Index, January 1990–February 2009

............................. 10–2
Share Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

......................... 5–10 Share of Heavy Trucks with Se lected Electroni c Features, 2002

.......................... 5–12 Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

................................... 8–15 Share of Vehicle Trips to Wo rk by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

............................ 8–15 Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS

................. 8–16
Shares Petroleum Production and Consumption a nd Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2008

...... 1–15 Shares of Highway Vehicle-Mile s Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Light Vehicle Market Shares bySize Class, Model Years 1975–2008

...................... 4–10 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008

.................................. 4–11 Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2 Single-Unit Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2
Sites Number of Alternative Refuel S ites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6
Size Light Vehicle Market Shares bySize Class, Model Years 1975–2008

...................... 4–10 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Econom y by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8I–34

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Size (continued) Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Si ze and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9 Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7 Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13
Source Distribution of En ergy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4
Sources Appendix A. Sources & Methodologies
.............................................. A–1 Space Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 Special Highway Usage of Gasolin e and Special Fuels, 1973–2007

............................... 2–13 Specifications Vehicle Specifications for Vehi cles Tested in the 1997 Study

............................. 4–29 Speed Fuel Economy by Speed, PSAT Model Results

........................................ 4–26 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies

................................. 4–28 Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Ve hicles Tested in the 1997 Study

........................ 4–30 High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34 Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 15 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17
Standards Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Co rporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008–2011

.............................................................. 4–19 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13 Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14 California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15 State Number of Alternative Refuel S ites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6 State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007

............................................ 10–11I–35

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### State (continued) Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2009

.................................... 10–12 Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009

.............................. 10–13
States U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007

...................... 1–12 United States Petroleum Produc tion, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008

...................... 1–14 United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030

.............. 1–16 United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030

............ 1–17 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3 Intercity Freight Movement and Ener gy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

............. 2–19 U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5 Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6 Vehicles per Thousand Peopl e in the United States, 1990–2007 ............................ 3

– 8 New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6 Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., Eu ropean, and Japanese Driving Cycles

............... 4–36 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37 Growth of Freight in the United St ates: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19 Growth of Freight Miles in the Unite d States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20 U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

......... 8–21 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3 Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the Unite d States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8 U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles a nd Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008

.... 10–20 U.S. Emissions of Gree nhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007

......... 11–4 Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissi ons by End-Use Sector, 2007

.............................. 11–5 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Ener gy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007

...... 11–6 U.S. Carbon Emissions fr om Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007

............ 11–7 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13 Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14
Stations Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993–2007

.......................................... 4–18
Statistics Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007

........................... 4–38 Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2 Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3 Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7 Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007

........................ 5–21I–36

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Statistics (continued) Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . 8–7 Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

.......................................... 8–10 U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3 Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4 Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5 Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6 Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9 Summary Statistics for the National Railr oad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007

..... 9–11 Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007

........................... 9–12 Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007

.............................. 9–13 Steady Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Ve hicles Tested in the 1997 Study

........................ 4–30
Studies Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies

................................. 4–28 Study Vehicle Specifications for Vehi cles Tested in the 1997 Study

............................. 4–29 Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Ve hicles Tested in the 1997 Study

........................ 4–30 Summary Summary of Military Expenditures for De fending Oil Supplies from the Middle East

.......... 1–10 Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007

........................... 4–38 Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2 Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3 Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007

........................ 5–21 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3 Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4 Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6 Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9 Summary Statistics for the National Railr oad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2007

..... 9–11 Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2007

........................... 9–12 Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007

.............................. 9–13 Supplies Summary of Military Expenditures for De fending Oil Supplies from the Middle East

.......... 1–10 Surveys Growth of Freight in the United St ates: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19 Growth of Freight Miles in the Unite d States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20I–37

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Survivability Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3

– 14 Systems Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007

................................... 2–17 Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2007

......................................... 2–18 Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2007

..................................... 2–18 Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the Unite d States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8

Tax The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24 Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2007

................................. 4–25 State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2007

............................................ 10–11

Taxes Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2007

.......................................... 10–11 Technology Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2009

.............................. 10–13 Temperature Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33
Terrain Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy

...................................... 5–14
Tested Vehicle Specifications for Vehi cles Tested in the 1997 Study

............................. 4–29 Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Ve hicles Tested in the 1997 Study

........................ 4–30
Tier 2 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13 Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14
Time Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6 Average Length of Time Business Fl eet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census

.................................... 8–23
Tire Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 15 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17
Ton-Miles Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the Unite d States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8I–38

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Tonnage Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5
Total U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17 Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissi ons by End-Use Sector, 2007

.............................. 11–5 Total National Emissions of the Cr iteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2007

..................... 12–2 Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2007

.............................. 12–3 Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2007

............................... 12–5 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007

..................... 12–7 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1970–2007

...................... 12–9 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2007

..................... 12–11
Totals Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3
Tractor-Trailer Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 15 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17
Traffic Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2007

................................................. 9–10
Transit Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2007

................................... 2–17 Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007

........................ 5–21 Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2007

.............................. 9–13 Transportation United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030

............ 1–17 Highway Transportation Petrol eum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

.................... 1–19 Nonhighway Transportation Petrol eum Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

................. 1–20 Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007

.................................... 1–21 Domestic Consumption of Transportati on Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7 Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8 Highway Transportation Ener gy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9 Nonhighway Transportation Ener gy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2007

.................... 2–10 Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001

..................... 2–11 Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census

........................... 8–20 Transportation-related Employment, 1998 and 2008

................................... 10–19 U.S. Carbon Emissions fr om Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007

............ 11–7 Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, 1990 and 2007

....................... 11–8I–39

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Travel Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007

.............................................. 2–14 Cars in Operation and Vehicl e Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

............................ 3–10 Trucks in Operation and Vehi cle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ........................... 3

– 11 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Trav el for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Hous ehold, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9 Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS

................. 8–16 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicl es in the Household, 2001 NHTS

................................................................. 8–18 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

....................................................... 8–18 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

................ 8–19 Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

............... 8–19 U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21 Transportation Services Index, January 1990–February 2009

............................. 10–2
Traveled Shares of Highway Vehicle-Mile s Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9 Distribution of Trucks over26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle-Miles Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Trip Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8 Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

.......................................... 8–10 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Tr ip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–12 Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

................................... 8–15 Share of Vehicle Trips to Wo rk by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

............................ 8–15 Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

..................................... 8–25 Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS

....................................... 8–27 Trips Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8 Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

................................... 8–15 Share of Vehicle Trips to Wo rk by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

............................ 8–15 Household Vehicle Trips, 2001 NHTS

............................................... 8–17 Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

..................................... 8–25 Trolleybuses Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2007

........................ 5–21
Truck Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3 Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates and Lifetime Miles .............................. 3

– 14 Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Co rporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008–2011

.............................................................. 4–19 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22I–40

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Truck (continued) New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4 Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Econom y by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7 Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy

...................................... 5–14 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Func tion of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17
Trucks U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5 Trucks in Operation and Vehi cle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ........................... 3

– 11 Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 .................................... 3

– 12 Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2007

............................ 3–13 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2 Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3 Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8 Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Si ze and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9 Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

......................... 5–10 Distribution of Trucks over26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle-Miles Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11 Share of Heavy Trucks with Se lected Electroni c Features, 2002

.......................... 5–12 Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

– 15 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13 California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15
Two-Axle Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3 Type Domestic Consumption of Transportati on Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7 Shares of Highway Vehicle-Mile s Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9 Number of Alternative Refuel S ites by State and Fuel Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6 Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisiti ons by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Ve hicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–11 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

......... 8–21I–41

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Unit Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

......... 8–21 Housing Unit Characteristics, 2005

................................................. 8–22
United U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8 Intercity Freight Movement and Ener gy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

............. 2–19 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2007

...................... 1–12 United States Petroleum Produc tion, Imports and Exports, 1950–2008

...................... 1–14 United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, All Sectors, 1973–2030

.............. 1–16 United States Petroleum Production Transportation and Consumption, 1970–2030

............ 1–17 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3 Intercity Freight Movement and Ener gy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

............. 2–19 U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5 Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6 Vehicles per Thousand Peopl e in the United States, 1990–2007 ............................ 3

– 8 New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6 Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., Eu ropean, and Japanese Driving Cycles

............... 4–36 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37 Growth of Freight in the United St ates: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–19 Growth of Freight Miles in the Unite d States: Comparison of the 2007, 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20 U.S. Travel Statistics as a Function of Daily Distance Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

......... 8–21 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3 Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the Unite d States Ranked by Revenue Ton–Miles, 2007 . . . . . 9–8 U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles a nd Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008

.... 10–20 U.S. Emissions of Gree nhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007

......... 11–4 Total U.S. Greenhouse Emissi ons by End-Use Sector, 2007

.............................. 11–5 U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Ener gy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2007

...... 11–6 U.S. Carbon Emissions fr om Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007

............ 11–7 U.S. Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13
Unreformed Reformed and Unreformed Light Truck Co rporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, MY 2008–2011

.............................................................. 4–19 Usage Highway Usage of Gasolin e and Special Fuels, 1973–2007

............................... 2–13

Use Consumption of Petroleu m by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008

............................... 1–18 Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2006–2007

.................................... 1–21 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3 Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8 Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2007

.............................................. 2–14 Intercity Freight Movement and Ener gy Use in the United States, 2006 and 2007

............. 2–19I–42

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Use (continued) U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5 Median Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2008 .................................... 3

– 12 Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8 Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002

......................... 5–10 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3 Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2 Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7 U.S. Carbon Emissions fr om Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2007

............ 11–7
US06 High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34
Vehicle Shares of Highway Vehicle-Mile s Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9 Cars in Operation and Vehicl e Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001

............................ 3–10 Trucks in Operation and Vehi cle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 ........................... 3

– 11 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6 Light Vehicle Market Shares bySize Class, Model Years 1975–2008

...................... 4–10 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008

.................................. 4–11 New Light Vehicle Deal erships and Sales, 1970–2007

.................................. 4–17 Vehicle Specifications for Vehi cles Tested in the 1997 Study

............................. 4–29 New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4 Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3 Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisiti ons by Fuel Type, FY 2002– 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7 Population and Ve hicle Profile, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2 Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8 Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Hous ehold, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Ve hicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–11 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Tr ip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS

................. 8–12 Average Annual Miles per House hold Vehicle by Vehicle Age

........................... 8–13 Share of Vehicle Trips by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

................................... 8–15 Share of Vehicle Trips to Wo rk by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

............................ 8–15 Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS

................. 8–16 Household Vehicle Trips, 2001 NHTS

............................................... 8–17 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicl es in the Household, 2001 NHTS

................................................................. 8–18 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

....................................................... 8–18 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

................ 8–19 Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2001 NHTS

............... 8–19 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density

......... 8–21 U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles a nd Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2008

.... 10–20 Average Annual Carbon Footprint byVehicle Classi fication, 1975 and 2008

................ 11–14 Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14I–43

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Vehicle-Miles Shares of Highway Vehicle-Mile s Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9 Distribution of Trucks over26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle-Miles Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Trav el for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Tr ips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8
Vehicles Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 1996 and 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6 Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 1996 and 2007 .......................... 3

– 8 Vehicles per Thousand Peopl e in the United States, 1990–2007 ............................ 3

– 8 Footprints for Selected Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–20 Vehicle Specifications for Vehi cles Tested in the 1997 Study

............................. 4–29 Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Ve hicles Tested in the 1997 Study

........................ 4–30 Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994–2007

........................... 4–38 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4 Hybrid Electric Vehicl es Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6

– 5 Fleet Vehicles in Serv ice as of June 1, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2 Average Length of Time Business Fl eet Vehicles are in Service, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Trav el for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4 Federal Government Vehicles, 2002–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6 Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3 Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Hous ehold, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–9 Share of Vehicles by Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2001 NHTS

................. 8–16 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) by Number of Vehicl es in the Household, 2001 NHTS

................................................................. 8–18 Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from High way Vehicles, 1970–2005

....................... 12–4 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

........................ 12–6 Emissions of Volatile Organic Co mpounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–8 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–10 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2005

.............. 12–12
Volatile Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2007

..................... 12–7 Emissions of Volatile Organic Co mpounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2005

.............. 12–8 Wagons Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8
Walk Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS

..................................... 8–25 Warming Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Po tentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide

.......... 11–3 U.S. Emissions of Gree nhouse Gases based on Global Warming Potential, 1990–2007

......... 11–4I–44

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Waterborne Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . 9–5 Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6 Weight New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2007 . . . . . 4–6 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4 Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6 Weighted Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards ve rsus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

................................................. 4–21 Light Truck Corporate Averag e Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2009

............................................. 4–22 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13
Work Share of Vehicle Trips to Wo rk by Trip Distance, 2001 NHTS

............................ 8–15 Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census

........................... 8–20
Workers Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census

.................................... 8–23
World World Fossil Fuel Potential

......................................................... 1–2 World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3 World Petroleum Production, 1973–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7 U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8 World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2005

...................................... 11–2I–45

T RANSPORTATION E NERGY D ATA B OOK : E DITION 28—2009 

### Year Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4 Hybrid Electric Vehicl es Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2008 ..................... 6

– 5 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations by Vehicle Type, Model Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3 Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2008

...................................... 10–17

Years Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Wei ghted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9 Light Vehicle Market Shares bySize Class, Model Years 1975–2008

...................... 4–10 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2008

.................................. 4–11 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

................................................................. 4–12 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

....................................................... 4–13 Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2008

............................................................ 4–14 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2008

............................................................ 4–15 Average Material Consumption for a Do mestic Car, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2007

....... 4–16 Distribution of Trucks over26,000 lbs. Less than Two Years Old by Vehicle-Miles Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

................................................. 11–12 Sales-Weighted Annual Carbon Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2008

.......................................... 11–13
Yield Refinery Yield of Petr oleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2008

............... 1–13

### USEFUL WEB SITES

AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION www. aaa.com AMERICAN PUBLIC TRAN SPORTATION ASSOCIATION www.apta.com AMTRAK www.amtrak.com ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS www.aar.org ASSOCIATION OF OIL PIPELINES www. aopl.org CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD www.arb.ca.gov CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION www. energy.ca.gov ENO FOUNDATION FOR TRANSPORTATION www. enotrans.com ELECTRIC DRIVE TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION www.electricdrive.org INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY www.iea.org NATIONAL AUTOMOBILE DEALERS ASSOCIATION www. nada.org RUNZHEIMER INTERNATIONAL www.runzheimer.com TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE tti.tamu.edu TRANSPORT CANADA www.tc.gc.ca TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD www.trb.org WARD’S COMMUNICATIONS www.wardsauto.com WORLD ENERGY ASSESSMENT www. undp.org/energy/activities/wea 

### More Useful Web Sites on inside front cover