# Patent

## Title
Method of preparing a cake using phospholipase

## Abstract

The quality of a cake quality may deteriorate if the amount of eggs in the recipe is reduced. This deterioration can be counteracted by adding a phospholipase to the cake batter, as seen by an increased cake volume and improved cake properties after storage, e.g. increased cohesiveness, increased springiness, and increased elasticity. The cake quality (as measured by these parameters) can be further improved, even up to the level of the original cake, by adding a non-egg protein together with the phospholipase. Accordingly, a cake is prepared by a method, comprising: a) preparing a cake batter by mixing cake batter ingredients, said ingredients comprising non-phospholipase treated egg lecithin and phospholipase, and b) baking the cake batter to make the cake.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is the U.S. National Phase filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT/EP2007/058418, filed Aug. 14, 2007, entitled “Method of Preparing a Cake Using Phospholipase”, which designated the United States and was published in English on Mar. 6, 2008, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a)-(d) to European Patent Application No. 06119649.9, filed Aug. 28, 2006.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of preparing a cake.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Basic cake ingredients are usually flour, sugar, fats (from animal or vegetal origin), eggs and leaveners. Additional ingredients may be for example milk or milk fractions, flavorings or salt (in Pyler, E. J., 1988, Baking Science and Technology, Sosland Publishing, pp. 979-981). Eggs are commonly used in the preparation of various cakes. A certain amount of eggs is generally required to obtain a good cake quality, but eggs are an expensive ingredient, so it is desirable to reduce the amount of eggs and still achieve a satisfactory cake quality.
JP 63-258528A is directed to a method for producing a sponge cake by using egg liquid treated with phospholipase.
JP 10-191871A is directed to a method for producing baked confectionery by treating a mixture with phospholipase before baking.
EP 0 426 211 A1 is directed to a method of preparing a food product containing dried lysophospholipoprotein or dried lysophospholipoprotein containing material. In this invention egg yolk is treated during 4.5 hours at 54° C., the modified egg yolk is spray dried and the dried lysophospholipoprotein is added to dry cake mix, that after reconstitution with water and baking, results in a cake with an open and moist texture.
US 2003/0175383 A1 is directed to a method of preparing a flour dough, said method comprising adding to the dough components an enzyme that under dough conditions is capable of hydrolysing a glycolipid and a phospholipid, wherein said enzyme is incapable, or substantially incapable, of hydrolyzing a triglyceride and/or a 1-monoglyceride, or a composition comprising said enzyme, and mixing the dough components to obtain a dough and to improve the strength and machinability of doughs and the volume, softness and crumb structure of bread and other baked products.
US 2003/0124647 A1 is directed to a method of modifying whey protein in an aqueous solution by treating it with phospholipase. The modified whey protein shows to have improved foaming overrun and foam stability when whipped, as compared to whey protein preparation that is not treated with a phospholipase.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The inventors confirmed that the volume and properties of a cake tend to deteriorate when the amount of eggs in the cake recipe is reduced.
They found that this deterioration can be counteracted by adding a phospholipase to the cake batter, as seen by an increased cake volume and improved cake properties, including the properties (of the fresh cake and also after storage), e.g. increased cohesiveness, increased springiness, and increased elasticity.
They found that the cake quality (as measured by these parameters) can be further improved, even up to the level of the original cake, by adding a non-egg protein together with the phospholipase.
Accordingly, in a first aspect the invention provides a method of preparing a cake, said method comprising preparing a cake batter by mixing cake batter ingredients, said ingredients comprising non-phospholipase treated egg lecithin and phospholipase, and baking the cake batter to make the cake.
Accordingly, the invention provides a method of preparing a cake, comprising:
a) preparing a cake batter comprising egg yolk lecithin,
b) adding a phospholipase to the cake batter, and
c) baking the cake batter to make the cake.
The method may further comprise adding a non-egg protein to the cake batter.
In another embodiment of the present invention the phospholipase is added to the mix of dry ingredient that is further mixed with other ingredients such as liquid eggs, oil, and water to prepare the batter.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Phospholipase
The phospholipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the release of fatty acyl groups from a phospholipid. It may be a phospholipase A2 (PLA2, EC 3.1.1.4) or a phospholipase A1 (EC 3.1.1.32). It may or may not have other activities such as triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) and/or galactolipase (EC 3.1.1.26).
The phospholipase may be a native enzyme derived from mammalian or microbial sources.
An example of a mammalian phospholipase is pancreatic PLA2, e.g. bovine or porcine PLA2 such as the commercial product Lecitase® 10 L (porcine PLA2, product of Novozymes A/S).
Microbial phospholipases may be derived from Fusarium, e.g. F. oxysporum phospholipase A1 (WO 1998/026057), F. venenatum phospholipase A1 (described in WO 2004/097012 as a phospholipase A2 called FvPLA2), from Tuber, e.g. T. borchii phospholipase A2 (called TbPLA2, WO 2004/097012).
The phospholipase may also be a lipolytic enzyme variant with phospholipase activity, e.g. as described in WO 2000/032758 or WO 2003/060112.
The phospholipase may be added in an amount of 500-20,000 units (LEU) per kg of batter, e.g. 1000-10,000 units (LEU) per kg.
The phospholipase may also catalyze the release of fatty acyl groups from other lipids present in the batter, particularly wheat lipids. Thus, the phospholipase may have triacylglycerol lipase activity (EC 3.1.1.3) and/or galactolipase activity (EC 3.1.1.26).
Protein
Compared to a conventional cake recipe the amount of egg protein may be reduced and may be replaced by non-egg-protein. For example, compared to a conventional cake recipe, the amount of egg white protein may be reduced and may be replaced by non-egg protein.
Thus, the batter used in the invention may contain 0.5-3.0% by weight of egg protein, and may contain 0.1-6% (particularly 0.5-2%) by weight of non-egg protein. For example, the batter used in the invention may contain 0.5-2.5% by weight of egg white protein, and may contain 0.1-6% (particularly 0.5-2%) by weight of non-egg protein.
The non-egg protein may particularly be a water-soluble, globular protein. The non-egg protein may particularly be partially or fully purified or isolated protein, such as, a water-soluble, globular protein. The non-egg protein may be denatured, and it may be one that partially unfolds to a rod-shaped or flexible molecule under the interaction of lyso-lecithin formed by the action of the phospholipase on the egg yolk lecithin.
Protein sources with a good waterbinding, emulsifying and gelling properties in presence of lysophospholecithin are considered especially suitable
Examples of non-egg proteins are wheat proteins. Further examples of non-egg proteins are casein, whey protein, wheat gluten, legume protein (e.g. from soy bean, pea or lupine).
The non-egg protein may be subjected to a limited hydrolysis, e.g. enzymatic hydrolysis to 0-6% hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis may be carried out with an amino-acid specific protease, e.g. one which is specific for Arg, Lys, Glu, Asp and/or Pro, such as the protease described in WO 91/13554.
The modification may include steps of shear treatment and acidic or alkaline pH, e.g. as described in WO2003/13266, increased temperature to denature partially or completely, protein deamidation, and separation steps including centrifugation, decanting and ultracentrifugation.
The protein (or hydrolyzed) protein may be enzymatically modified, e.g. with a cross-linking enzyme like transglutaminase or another protein modifying enzyme like protein-glutaminase. Furthermore the protein may be modified physically or chemically, e.g. through denaturation and deamidation.
Egg Yolk Lecithin
The cake batter comprises egg yolk lecithin, e.g. in the form of whole eggs, egg yolks, or egg powder.
The invention makes it possible to reduce the amount of egg material, e.g. to about half of a conventional cake. Thus, the batter may contain 0.3-1.5% by weight of egg lecithin or 5-25% (particularly 7-20, or 8-15) by weight of whole eggs.
Advantageously, the batter may contain 0.1-1.5%, such as 0.1-1.2%, or 0.1-0.9%, or 0.2-1.5%, or 0.2-1.2%, or 0.2-0.9%, or 0.3-1.5%, or 0.3-1.2%, or 0.3-0.9% by weight of egg lecithin or 5-25% (particularly 7-20, or 8-15) by weight of whole eggs.
Other Ingredients
The cake batter may comprise other conventional ingredients, typically in the following amounts (in % by weight of the batter):

    
    
        Flour (untreated, heat treated, chlorinated): 15-30%
        Starch (modified, native): 0-10%
        Sugar: 15-25%
        Emulsifier (mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, lactic acid esters of mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate): 0.1-1%
        Baking powder (containing soda and acid or acidic salts): 0.5-1%
        Hydrocolloids (Locust bean gum, guar gum, tara gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, acacia gum, cellulose, modified cellulose, pectin): 0-1%
        Vegetable fat (ex. oil, margarine, shortening, fat paste, powdered fat): 5-30%
        Water: up to 100%
    
    


Butter may advantageously replace part or all of the fat.
An example of cake is a cake prepared with eggs-sugar-wheat flour-vegetable oil-starch-baking powder: sodium bicarbonate (E500ii), sodium acid pyrophosphate (E450i)-emulsifier: mono and diglycerides of fatty acids (E471), lactic acid esters of mono and diglycerides of fatty acids (E472b), sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (E481)-hydrocolloid: xanthan gum.
Another example of cake is a cake prepared with eggs-sugar-wheat flour-starch-margarine-baking powder: sodium bicarbonate (E500ii), sodium acid pyrophosphate (E450i)-emulsifier: mono and diglycerides of fatty acids (E471)-propylene glycol esters of fatty acids (E477)-lactic acid esters of mono and diglycerides of fatty acids (E472b), sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (E481)-hydrocolloid: carrageenan
A further example of cake is a cake prepared with eggs-sugar-wheat flour-starch-margarine-baking powder: sodium bicarbonate (E500ii), sodium acid pyrophosphate (E450i)-emulsifier: mono and diglycerides of fatty acids (E471)-propylene glycol esters of fatty acids (E477)-lactic acid esters of mono and diglycerides of fatty acids (E472b)-hydrocolloid: carrageenan
Assay Methods
Phospholipase Activity (LEU)
Lecithin is hydrolyzed under constant pH and temperature, and the phospholipase activity is determined as the rate of titrant (0.1N NaOH) consumption during neutralization of the liberated fatty acid. The substrate is soy lecithin (L-α-Phosphotidyl-Choline), and the conditions are pH 8.00, 40.0° C., reaction time 2 min. The method is further described in DK 99/00664 (Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark). The phospholipase from porcine pancreas has an activity of 510 LEU/mg and is taken as standard.
Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) for Determination of Cohesiveness and Springiness
Two consecutive deformations of a cylindrical crumb sample (φ=45 mm) performed with a cylindrical probe (φ=100 mm) with a maximum deformation of 50% of the initial height of the product are performed at a deformation speed of 2 mm/s and waiting time between consecutive deformations of 3 s. Force is recorded as a function of time.
Cohesiveness is calculated as the ratio (expressed in percent) between the surface under the second deformation curve (downwards+upwards) and the surface under the first deformation curve (downwards+upwards).
Springiness is calculated as the ratio between the height of the sample after the first deformation and 3 seconds waiting time and the initial height of the product.
Penetration Test for Determination of Elasticity
Penetration of cake crumb with a cylindrical probe (φ=25 mm) until a total deformation of 25% of the initial height of the sample, at a deformation speed of 2 mm/s and keeping the target deformation constant during 20 s. Force is registered as a function of time. Elasticity is the ratio (expressed in percent) between the force measured after 20 s at constant deformation to the force applied to obtain the target deformation.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Effect of Phospholipase
Cakes were made using a typical batter cake recipe. 15-25% eggs, 20-30% flour, 0-10% starch, vegetable fat 15-20%, 20-25% sugar, 0.1-1% emulsifier (mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, lactic acid esters of mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, Sodium Stearoyl-2-lactylate), baking powder 0.8% (soda and SAPP (Sodium acid PyroPhosphate)), 0-1% hydrocolloids, 0-1% protein and water to 100% were mixed for 2 minutes at speed 2 (low) and 2 minutes at speed 5 (medium) in a Hobart mixer.
Phospholipase was added directly to the dry mix, and finally eggs and oil and water were added to form the batter. A total of 1.875 kg cake batter was prepared per trial. 300 g cake batter was weighed into aluminium pans.
The cakes were baked at a temperature of 180° C. for 45 minutes. 6 cakes with a total weight of 1.66 kg were made from each batter. Afterwards the cakes were cooled and packed in a plastic bag.
Textural properties were measured on day 1 and day after baking using the method described above. Cohesiveness, springiness and elasticity as well as volume of the cakes were evaluated.
In the first example 1500 LEU/kg or 3750 LEU/kg was added to the batter where 50% of the eggs (corresponding to 7.5-12.5% by weight of the batter) were replaced by flour and water. A control was made with 100% egg (corresponding to 15-25% by weight of the batter); the volume and textural properties were taken as 100%.
The following results show the effect of phospholipase on volume and texture of cake with 50% egg reduction and a comparison between microbial phospholipases and pancreatic phospholipase (Table 1).












TABLE 1







Amount of







egg g/kg
Type of
Enzyme dosage
Cake
cohesiveness
elasticity














batter
enzyme
(LEU/kg batter)
volume
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14

















190

0
100
100
100
100
100


95

0
90
68
70
90
89


95
Lecitase
1500
94
82
95
93
99



10L


95
Lecitase
3750
97
84
98
93
97



10L


95
TbPLA2
1500
94
79
92
87
97


95
TbPLA2
3750
94
82
93
91
95


95
FvPLA2
1500
94
75
82
90
91


95
FvPLA2
3750
94
81
92
91
98









The results show that for 50% egg replaced by flour, the volume of the cake was only 90%, the cohesiveness on day was only 70%, and the elasticity on day 14 was 90% compared to the Control.
By the addition of TbPLA2, Lecitase 10 L, and FvPLA2 the volume of the 50% egg cakes was improved by 4-7%. 7% volume increase was achieved for 3750 LEU/kg batter Lecitase 10 L.
The cohesiveness on day 14 was improved by 12-28%. Highest increase in cohesiveness was achieved by 3750 LEU/kg batter Lecitase 10 L.
The elasticities of the resulting cakes were increased by 2-10% on day 14. Highest increase was measured for Lecitase 10 L (1500 LEU/kg batter and 3750 LEU/kg batter), FvPLA2 (3750 LEU/kg batter) and TbPLA2 (1500 LEU/kg batter).
Cake texture and cake volume were improved by all 3 phospholipases. Lecitase 10 L gave, with only 3% difference in volume, an elasticity and a cohesiveness on day 14 comparable to a Control cake with 100% egg.
Example 2: Effect of Combination of Phospholipase and Non-Egg Protein
Cakes were prepared as in Example 1, but with phospholipase (Lecitase 10 L) and various non-egg proteins.
The following results show the effect of a combination of phospholipase and non-egg protein on volume and texture of cake prepared with 50% egg reduction (Table 2). Provabis is a soy protein; the other proteins tested are all whey proteins.
The amount of protein (dry material) added in % by weight of the batter was 1.87-2.35% for soy protein (corresponding to all dry material of the replaced egg) and 0.935-1.175% for the other proteins (corresponding to 50% of the dry material of the replaced egg).
The non-egg proteins were commercial products from the following suppliers:

    
    
        Foamalac, Probake M, Carbelac 80 UHG: Carberry Group, Cork, Ireland
        Hiprotal 45: Borculo Domo Ingredients, The Netherlands
        Lacprodan, Nutrilac BE-7602, Nutrilac BK-8310: Arla Foods Ingredients, Denmark
        Provabis: Cargill N V, Belgium
        Hygel 8293, Hyfoama DSN: Kerry Bio-Science, The Netherlands
    
    















TABLE 2







Amount

Enzyme






of egg g/kg

dosage


cake
Type of
(Lecitase 10L,
Cake
cohesiveness
springiness
elasticity
















batter
protein source
LEU/kg batter)
volume
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14



















190

0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100


95

0
85
69
68
74
81
91
86


95

3750
94
82
97
82
88
91
98


95
Whey protein
3750
97
101
94
94
95
100
103



(Foamalac)


95
Whey protein
3750
103
94
102
93
94
99
105



(Probake M)


95
Whey protein
3750
103
93
105
92
93
98
104



(Carbelac 80



UHG)


95
Na-caseinate
3750
103
86
105
89
95
92
100


95
Whey protein
3750
100
87
100
88
90
96
94



(Lacprodan)


95
Whey protein
3750
107
89
103
87
88
95
101



(Hygel 8293)


95
Whey protein
3750
103
86
100
86
91
95
96



(Hiprotal 45)


95
Whey protein
3750
97
87
95
88
90
97
101



(Nutrilac BE-



7602)


95
Whey protein
3750
94
84
87
88
88
99
103



(Nutrilac BK-



8310)


95
Soy protein
3750
95
87
101
91
93
95
98



(Provabis)









The results (Table 2) show that by replacing 50% of the eggs and adding a non-egg protein together and a phospholipase it was possible to reach the same cake volume and/or the same level of cohesiveness and/or elasticity after 14 days as the control.
50% egg replaced by flour resulted in a volume loss of 15% compared to the Control.
By the addition of Lecitase 10 L the volume was increased again by 9%. With some of the non-egg proteins the volume of the 50% egg cake was improved to above the volume of the Control cake, while other proteins also showed an increase of the volume, but not up to the level of the control.
Cohesiveness and elasticity were generally comparable or even above the values measured for the Control.
Springiness was improved by the non-egg proteins, but remained below the values measured for the Control on day 14.
Thus, the addition of non-egg protein together with a phospholipase can improve the volume, elasticity and cohesiveness of a 50% egg cake and make it comparable to the Control.
Example 3: Effect of Combination of Phospholipase and Non-Egg Protein
Cakes were prepared as in Example 1, but with addition of phospholipase and non-egg protein, alone or in combination (Table 3).













TABLE 3









Enzyme








dosage


Amount of
Type of
(Lecitase


egg g/kg
protein
10L, LEU/
Cake
cohesiveness
springiness
elasticity
















batter cake
source
kg batter)
volume
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14



















190

0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100


95

0
91
69
68
78
83
90
87


95

3750
100
82
94
80
88
89
95


95
Whey protein
0
91
74
77
83
89
91
86



(Hiprotal 45)


95
Whey protein
3750
103
86
100
86
91
95
97



(Hiprotal 45)


95
Whey protein
0
94
86
87
94
93
94
90



(Carbelac



80UHG)


95
Whey protein
3750
103
92
107
92
92
96
104



(Carbelac



80UHG)


95
Whey protein
0
94
86
86
95
93
94
93



(Foamalac)


95
Whey protein
3750
103
96
106
96
95
97
101



(Foamalac)









The effect of the non-egg protein is illustrated in the data where the addition of non-egg protein alone and in combination with phospholipase is compared to 50% egg where egg has been replaced by flour and to 100% egg cakes (=Control).
It can be clearly seen that the addition of non-egg protein alone only gives slight improvement on the volume, while when combined with the Lecitase 10 L the volume is superior to the Control.
Here also the cohesiveness and the elasticity were comparable or above the values measured for the Control on day 14.
Springiness remains below the control on day 14.
Example 4: Effect of Combination of Phospholipase and Non-Egg Protein: Wheat Protein
Cakes were prepared as in Example 1, but with phospholipase (Lecitase 10 L) and various non-egg proteins, i.e. wheat proteins (Tables 4a to 4d). A substantial amount of wheat proteins have been added such that the quantity of wheat protein is increased by at least 30% compared to the quantity originally present in the flour.
The following results show the effect of a combination of phospholipase and non-egg protein on volume and texture of cake prepared with 50% egg reduction.
The amount of protein (dry material) added in % by weight of the batter was 0.9067% and 1.813% (corresponding to respectively 50% and 100% of the dry material of the replaced egg).
The non-egg proteins were commercial products from the following suppliers:
Prolite 100 and Prolite 200, ADM Speciality Food Ingredients, Keokuk, USA
Meripro 420, Tate & Lyle Europe N.V., Belgium
Gemtec 2170, Manildra Group, Auburn, Australia
HWG 2009, Loryma, Zwingenberg, Germany
Arise 5000, Midwest Grain Proteins, Atchison, Kans., USA
Amygluten 110, Tate & Lyle Europe N.V., Belgium
Super Gluten 75 and Super Gluten 80, ADM
Glutastar EC75 and Glutastar EC80, Fiske Food Ingredients














TABLE 4a









Amount
Enzyme






Amount

of wheat
dosage


of egg g/
Type of
protein
(Lecitase


kg cake
wheat
g/kg
10L, LEU/
Cake
cohesiveness
springiness
elasticity

















batter
protein
batter
kg batter)
volume
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14




















190



100
100
100
100
100
100
100


95



88
73
70
74
74
90
91


95


3750
97
87
96
78
82
92
101


95
Prolite
9
3750
97
95
102
84
88
92
104



100


95
Prolite
18
3750
100
98
110
88
92
94
103



100


95
Prolite
9
3750
100
92
102
83
87
94
103



200


95
Prolite
18
3750
100
100
109
88
91
96
107



200


95
Meripro
9
3750
97
90
98
81
86
91
103



420























TABLE 4b










Enzyme








Amount
dosage


Amount

of wheat
(Lecitase


of egg g/kg
Type of
protein
10L, LEU/


cake
wheat
g/kg
kg
Cake
cohesiveness
springiness
elasticity

















batter
protein
batter
batter)
volume
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14




















190



100
100
100
100
100
100
100


95



90
69
63
77
74
91
90


95


3750
97
81
96
81
87
91
96


95
Meripro
9

93
80
75
87
86
92
91



420


95
Meripro
9
3750
100
89
101
85
89
94
98



420


95
Meripro
18

93
87
85
91
90
95
98



420


95
Meripro
18
3750
100
91
107
90
92
97
99



420























TABLE 4c










Enzyme








Amount
dosage


Amount

of wheat
(Lecitase


of egg g/kg
Type of
protein
10L, LEU/


cake
wheat
g/kg
kg
Cake
cohesiveness
springiness
elasticity

















batter
protein
batter
batter)
volume
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14




















190



100
100
100
100
100
100
100


95



85
73
70
74
74
90
91


95


3750
94
87
96
78
82
92
101


95
HWG
9

87
64
63
68
75
90
87



2009


95
HWG
9
3750
99
81
92
72
79
93
94



2009


95
HWG
18

87
64
61
66
73
90
90



2009


95
HWG
18
3750
97
83
95
73
82
92
93



2009


95
Gemtec
9

85
69
71
75
76
88
94



2170


95
Gemtec
9
3750
93
79
98
73
81
90
101



2170


95
Gemtec
18

90
77
75
83
81
89
94



2170


95
Gemtec
18
3750
93
89
103
86
86
95
101



2170


95
Arise
9

90
72
73
74
79
91
89



5000


95
Arise
9
3750
101
90
100
77
85
94
98



5000


95
Arise
18

92
82
79
81
85
92
92



5000


95
Arise
18
3750
100
95
107
87
91
97
98



5000























TABLE 4d










Enzyme








Amount
dosage


Amount

of wheat
(Lecitase


of egg g/kg
Type of
protein
10L, LEU/


cake
wheat
g/kg
kg
Cake
cohesiveness
springiness
elasticity

















batter
protein
batter
batter)
volume
Day 1
Day 7
Day 1
Day 7
Day 1
Day 7




















190



100
100
100
100
100
100
100


95



90
81
85
90
87
66
78


95


2667
100
86
91
88
88
72
82


95
Super
9
2667
102
85
98
87
85
70
89



Gluten



75


95
Super
9
2667
101
86
98
86
86
71
88



Gluten



80


95
Meripro
9
2667
99
88
98
89
87
76
90



420


95
Glutastar
9
2667
98
88
100
87
85
74
91



EC75


95
Glutastar
9
2667
99
89
100
87
84
75
91



EC80









The effect of the non-egg protein(s) is illustrated in the data presented on the tables 4a to 4d where the addition of non-egg protein(s) alone or in combination with phospholipase is compared to 50% egg formulations where egg has been replaced by flour and to 100% egg cakes (=Control).
Table 4a. When combining wheat protein and phospholipase (Lecitase 10 L) in cake prepared with 50% less egg, volume of cake prepared with 100% egg can be completely recovered. When adding Prolite 100 or Prolite 200 in combination with phospholipase to 50% egg formulations cohesiveness and elasticity of crumb 14 days after baking can be recovered or even increased and springiness is improved.
Table 4b. Meripro 420, when added alone, has only a slight positive effect on volume of cake prepared with 50% less egg. Volume of cake prepared with 100% egg can be completely recovered by adding a combination of phospholipase and Meripro 420 to a 50% egg formulation. Cohesiveness is highly improved when adding both phospholipase and Meripro 420.
Table 4c. Wheat proteins tested, when added alone, have only a slight positive effect on volume. HWG2009 has a positive effect on volume but not on texture properties of cake prepared with 50% egg and phospholipase. Gemtec 2170 has no effect on volume of cake prepared with 50% egg and phospholipase but a positive effect on cohesiveness 14 days after baking and springiness 1 and 14 days after baking. Arise 5000 in combination with phospholipase has a positive effect on volume and cohesiveness of 50% egg cake.
Table 4d. When adding wheat proteins: Meripro 420, Super Gluten 75, Super Gluten 80, Glutastar EC75 or Glutastar EC80 to a 50% egg cake recipe containing Lecitase 10 L, cohesiveness and resiliency measured 7 days after baking are significantly increased (between 7 and 9%) when comparing these parameters measured 7 days after baking on 50% egg cake only containing Lecitase 10 L.
Example 5: Effect of Combination of Phospholipase and Non-Egg Proteins: Sensorial Analysis
Cakes were prepared as in Example 1, but without hydrocolloids and with phospholipase (Lecitase 10 L) and two different non-egg proteins: Prolite 100 (ADM Speciality Food Ingredients, Keokuk, USA) and Meripro 420 (Tate & Lyle Europe N.V., Aalst, Belgium).
Five different cake samples have been subjected to sensorial analysis by 29 subjects.
1. reference cake with 100% egg.
2. reference cake with 50% egg and replacement of egg by flour and water.
3. reference cake with 50% egg and replacement of egg by 3750 LEU lecitase 10 L/kg batter+9 g/kg batter Meripro 420+9 g/kg batter of flour+water.
4. reference cake with 50% egg and replacement of egg by 3750 LEU lecitase 10 L/kg batter+9 g/kg batter Prolite 100+9 g/kg batter of flour+water.
5. reference cake with 50% egg and replacement of egg by 3750 LEU lecitase 10 L/kg batter+18 g/kg batter Meripro 420.
Subjects have been asked to rank the different cakes according to their preference with the highest value for the highest appreciated cake and the lowest value for the less appreciated cake (Table 5).









TABLE 5






Cake
Sum of rankings







1
Reference 100% egg
90.0


2
Reference 50% egg
64.5


2
50% egg + lecitase + 9 g Meripro 420/kg batter
91.0


4
50% egg + lecitase + 9 g Prolite 100/kg batter
96.0


5
50% egg + lecitase + 18 g Meripro 420/kg batter
93.5









The sum of rankings indicates that cake prepared with only 50% egg is less appreciated and that the four other types of cake are equally appreciated.
Example 6: Effect of Combination of Phospholipase and Non-Egg Protein: Different Types of Cakes
Cakes were prepared with two different types of commercial dry mixes from Puratos (Brussels, Belgium): Tegral Satin Cream Cake and Tegral Allegro Cake and with phospholipase (Lecitase 10 L) and Meripro 420 (Tate & Lyle Europe N.V., Aalst, Belgium). The margarine added is Aristo Cake (Puratos, Brussels, Belgium). The oil added is rapeseed oil. Batter is prepared and cakes are baked as described in example 1. The regular composition of the batters is given in table 6.







TABLE 6







Regular Batter composition













Liquid





Dry mix
pasteurized

Water


Type of dry mix
(g)
egg (g)
Fat (g)
(g)














Tegral Satin Cream
1000
350
300 rapeseed oil
225


Cake


Tegral Allegro Cake
1000
500
500 margarine
0









The following results show the effect of a combination of phospholipase and non-egg protein(s) on volume and texture of cake prepared with 50% egg reduction (Table 7).














TABLE 7









Amount
Enzyme






Amount

of
dosage


of egg g/kg

Meripro
(Lecitase


cake
Type of
420 g/kg
10L, LEU/
Cake
cohesiveness
springiness
elasticity

















batter
cake
batter
kg batter)
volume
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 14




















190
Tegral


100
100
100
100
100
100
100



Satin



Cream



Cake


95
Tegral


88
73
70
74
74
90
91



Satin



Cream



Cake


95
Tegral
9
3750
97
89
101
85
89
94
98



Satin



Cream



Cake


250
Tegral


100
100
100
100
100
100
100



Allegro



Cake


125
Tegral


80
65
63
78
82
93
92



Allegro



Cake


125
Tegral
12.5
3500
85
94
123
93
100
95
91



Allegro



Cake









Cake volume and texture were improved in recipe with 50% egg reduction by the use of a combination of non-egg protein(s) and phospholipase.

## Claims

1. A method for preparing a cake, comprising preparing a cake batter by mixing cake batter ingredients, and baking the cake batter to make the cake, wherein said cake batter ingredients comprise a phospholipase and eggs wherein the said eggs comprise egg yolk lecithin in an amount to provide between 0.2% and 0.4% of the said egg yolk lecithin in the said batter.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the phospholipase is a phospholipase A2.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the phospholipase is added in an amount of 500-20000 LEU per kg cake batter.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said eggs in said cake batter comprise whole eggs in an amount of 8-15% by weight of the cake batter.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein a non-egg protein is added to the cake batter.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the non-egg protein is selected from the group consisting of whey protein, wheat protein and soy protein.

7. The method of claim 5 where the protein is a modified protein.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein the non-egg protein is in an amount of 0.1-6% by weight of cake batter.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the cake batter further comprises an emulsifier.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the emulsifier is in an amount of 0.1-1% of the cake batter.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the cake batter further comprises flour, sugar, vegetable fat and an emulsifier.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the flour is in an amount of 15-30% by weight, the sugar is in an amount of 15-25% by weight, the vegetable fat is in an amount of 5-30% by weight, and the emulsifier is in an amount of 0.1-1% by weight of cake batter.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein said phospholipase is a mammalian pancreatic phospholipase.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the egg is whole egg.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the egg is liquid egg.

16. A method according to claim 1, wherein said cake batter ingredients comprise eggs in an amount of 7.5 to 12.5% by weight of the batter.

17. A cake prepared according to the method of any one of claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 8, 10 or 12.

18. A method for preparing a cake, comprising preparing a cake batter by mixing cake batter ingredients, and baking the cake batter to make the cake, wherein said cake batter ingredients comprise a phospholipase and whole liquid eggs in an amount of 8-15% by weight of the cake batter, wherein the said cake batter ingredients further comprise flour in an amount of 15-30% by weight, sugar in an amount of 15-25% by weight, vegetable fat in an amount of 5-30% by weight, and emulsifier is in an amount of 0.1-1% by weight of batter.

19. A method for preparing a cake, comprising preparing a cake batter by mixing cake batter ingredients, and baking the cake batter to make the cake, wherein said cake batter ingredients comprise a phospholipase and eggs in an amount of 7.5-12.5% by weight of the batter, wherein the said eggs comprise egg yolk lecithin in an amount to provide between 0.2% and 0.4% of the said egg yolk lecithin in the said batter, wherein the cake thus obtained has a reduced amount of egg but has comparable volume, and/or comparable cohesiveness and/or comparable springiness than a cake obtained by baking a batter comprising typical cake recipe of 15-25% whole liquid eggs, 20-30% flour, 15-20% vegetable fat and/or butter, and 20-25% sugar.