New RefrigerantsEvaluation ResultsJAMA-JAPIA ConsortiumTohruIkegami(TOYOTA), Masahiro Iguchi(HONDA),KentaAoki(NISSAN),Kenji Iijima(VALEO THERMAL SYSTEM)VDA Alternative Refrigerant Winter MeetingSaalfelden–Austria, 13-14 February 20082ContentsContents1234yf EvaluationProcedureFrameworkEvaluation ScheduleTest Vehicle / System SpecificationsTest ConditionsTest Results (DuPont & Honeywell 1234yf)Flammability Risk AssessmentSummaryLCCP StudyComparison of R134a, 1234yf and R7443The Purpose of 1234yf EvaluationThe Purpose of 1234yf EvaluationProcedureSTEP-1:1.Is a simple ‘Drop-in*’possible?-Cooling Performance and System Efficiency-Material Compatibility-Flammability Risk Assessment-Toxicity2. If not possible, evaluate the influence.STEP-2:1. Confirmation of Durability and Reliability.2. Confirmation of a vehicle marketability.* Drop-inOnly ‘Charge’and ‘Expansion Valve’werechanged to optimize system performance.4Framework of 1234yf EvaluationFramework of 1234yf EvaluationSuppliers(JAPIA)DuPont/Honeywell•Vehicle Durability•Cooling Capability•NV•Cooling Performance•A/C Power ConsumptionVehicle Test•System Durabilityand Reliability•Materials Compatibility•Cooling Capacity•COPSystem Bench Test•Cost•Thermal Stability•Toxicity•FlammabilityThe Feasibility ofthe RefrigerantSTEP-2STEP-1OEM’s(JAMA)ItemsMainSupportRefrigerant Suppliers : DuPont& HoneywellJAPIA : 7 Tier1 suppliers (Calsonic, Denso, Japan Climate System, Keihin,Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Sanden, Valeo)JAMA : 12 OEM’s (Daihatsu, Hino, Honda, Isuzu, Mazda, Mitsubishi,Mitsubishi Fuso, Nissan, Nissan Diesel, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota)5Evaluation Schedule (STEPEvaluation Schedule (STEP-1)MarFebJan2008FlammabilityRisk AssessmentHosePermeabilityMaterialTestDec2007ElastomerCompatibilityStability TestNovOctToxicityVehicle TestSystem Bench TestEVENT1234yf1234yf/POE1234yf1234yf1234yf/PAG1234yf1234yfVDAWinter mtg2ndEuropean WorkshopMAC conference1234yfJSAE6TestVehiclesVehiclesA/TK-Car0.6LHonda ZestM/TH/B1.5-2.0LMazda AxelaA/TK-Car0.6LSuzukiEveryA/TH/B1.5-1.8LNissan TiidaCVTSUV2.4LMitsubishiOutlanderA/TSEDAN1.5-2.0LNissan SylphyA/TSEDAN4.3LToyota GS430TransmissionTypeEngineVehicles7A/C system SpecificationsA/C system Specifications400g(400g)2.0ton(Modified)3.2mm181.1x221x382.6mm405x356.9x1653.9FixedscrollZest480g(500g)1.5ton(Modified)3.4mm230x185x552.8mm560.5x382.3x16.5120FixedrotaryAxela1.0ton(Modified)1.0ton(Modified)1.5ton(Modified)2.0ton(Serial)1.5ton(Modified)CapacityExpansionValve3.0mm3.1mm2.6mm3.1mm3.0mmFin pitch2.8mm2.8mm3.196mm2.8mm3.55mmFin pitch63.48090105160Capacity(cm3)1234yf(R134a)Size(WxHxDmm)Size(WxHxDmm)TYPE---199.4x200x38420x320x16FixedrotaryEvery450g(450g)560g(500g)---420g(450g)RefrigerantCharge207.8x225x39254x205x38198x192x40211x293.1x38Evaporator607x340.8x16623xx407x16615x343x16660x363.8x16CondenserFixedrotaryFixedscrollVariablepistonVariablepistonCompressorTiidaOutlanderSylphyGS430Vehicles8System bench test condition (GAR common spec)System bench test condition (GAR common spec)

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C o nd itions evaporat or en t r y Remark smin-1°Cm/s°Ckg/min1 900601.52 9001.53 180024 250035 400046 1800452356%7 900601.58 9001.59 1800210250031140004121800452356%13900501.5149001.5151800216250031740004181800352356%20900401.5229001.52418002262500328400043018002523/1044%32900301.5349001.53618002382500340400044218001523/1044%72%45°C/25%3335°C/25%35°C/40%25°C/50%15°C/80%Maxair flow3Max airflowMaxair flow72%25153/103/10

Se ries o f m e asur em en t45453545oCEvaporator entryis few cases.Besides,this condition is severe for somebench facilities.60oCCondenser entry issevere at somebench facilities. Omitthis test condition.35oC/25% humidity is severe at some bench.Use 40% instead of 25%.Set point 10 adapts only external variablecompressor.Internal type is impossible.Fix type uses variablethermo switch but it’snot major. And it seemsnot crucial to comparedifferent refrigerants for fix type compressor.9kg/min is large for airvolume of a small car.Max air volumeuses test data.Medium air flow depends on each ratio9Vehicle Test Conditions (GAR Common Spec)Vehicle Test Conditions (GAR Common Spec)Driving cycleTest ConditionChamber temperature : 40oCRelative humidity : 40%Solar load: 1,000 W/m23264SOAK1SOAK2VEHICLETEST



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# CO MPONOFFBlower Setting and Air Distribution:Automatic and Manual HVAC Control:Cooling : maxBlower : maxGrill outlet : “face level”openRecirculation : 100%Basedon Common Spec Book for evaluatingGlobal Alternative Refrigerants (GAR)V2.010Material Test ConditionsMaterial Test Conditions3⁄4Procedure :ANSI/ASHRAE97-1999 SealedGlass Tube Method to Testthe Chemical Stability of Materialsfor Use Within Refrigerant Systems3⁄4Test conditionThermal Stability TestAl , Cu , FeCatalyst1 : 1Oil:Ref. (Rate )R134a , 1234yf* RefrigetantPAG,POE* Oil2 weekTest period<10 , 1000 ,(10000)PPMMoisture175 , 200oCTemperature* Oil : Thekindofthe evaluated oilPAGPAG1:SerialPAG for MACsPAG2:PAG (without extreme pressureadditive ,oiliness additive)POEPOE1:Serial POE for HV ACPOE2:Serial POE for StationaryAC3⁄4Procedure:JRAIA standardJRA20213⁄4Test condition: Temp. : 80oC , Ref. charge amount: 0.6g/mL(Permeation was calculated with the difference between the residual mass of 24hourpoint and that of 96 hour point.)3⁄4Samples:Yokohama (use 2 types ofdischarge/suction lines)* JRAIA:THE JAPAN REFRIGERATIONAND AIR CONDITIONINGINDUSTRY ASSOCIATION*Permeation Test11System bench test result (1234yf)System bench test result (1234yf)60708090100110

Cooling Capacity [%]Average95.0%Max-Min cut(93.8%)Cooling Capacity Test56%MaxMaxMaxMaxEva. air volume97.8107.895.991.387.5Every95.798.197.996.894.1Zest94.294.294.692.989.9Tiida92.692.491.990.289.0Outlander104.6102.7103.3104.0103.8Sylphy92.790.490.890.391.3Axela95.693.695.792.389.3GS4301800rpm4000rpm2500rpm1800rpm900rpmComp. speedCondenser 45oCEvaporator 35oC/40%Comparison of 1234yf and R134a (1234yf / R134a)On-off12System bench test resultSystem bench test result(1234yf)(1234yf)60708090100110120

COP [%]Average95.9%Max-Min cut(95.4%)System Efficiency (COP) TestCondenser 45oCEvaporator 35oC/40%56%MaxMaxMaxMaxEva. air volume89.478.989.087.687.7Every96.797.6101100.597.9Zest96.795.897.296.795.0Tiida93.493.893.092.496.0Outlander109.9105.0107.8107.6110.1Sylphy97.492.095.398.8103.7Axela93.893.388.686.492.2GS4301800rpm4000rpm2500rpm1800rpm900rpmComp. speedComparison of 1234yf and R134a (1234yf / R134a)On-off13-2024680510152025303540455055Time[min]

⊿ T[ deg- C ]GS430AxelaOutranderTiidaZest-2024680510152025303540455055Time[min]

⊿ T[ deg- C ]GS430AxelaOutranderTiidaZestWorseBetterPull Down(32km/h)Idle64km/hVent / Relative Temperature toR134aHead / Relative Temperature to R134aWorseBetterPull Down(32km/h)Idle64km/hVehicle Test Results (1234yf)Vehicle Test Results (1234yf)ΔT [oC]1.01.9-0.2-0.2ZestSylphy0.52.60.40.3AxelaEvery-0.60.30.10.0Outlander0.10.8-0.630554510Time (min)0.21.6-0.61.62.11.0-0.1Average-0.1Tiida-1.2GS430Under EvaluationUnder Evaluation1.02.21.72.1ZestSylphy2.31.81.60.2AxelaEvery-0.1-0.40.0-1.3Outlander1.01.90.130554510Time (min)0.72.50.11.32.20.71.0Average2.2Tiida-0.4GS430ΔT [oC]Under EvaluationUnder Evaluation14Material Evaluation ResultsMaterial Evaluation Results(1234yf)(1234yf)21.220.22.053.2222.321.40.872.19mgKOH/gTotal Acid Number10000ppmHigh Moisture2.842.001.403.490.210.10.541.15mgKOH/gTotal Acid Number1000ppmLow Moisture0.060.001.122.880.000.000.001.28mgKOH/gTotal Acid Number<10ppmLow Moisture21.11.180.05POE219.50.010.01POE10.900.170.06PAG2175deg-C/14daysConditionmgKOH/gppmmgKOH/gppmmgKOH/gppm200deg-C/14daysCondition3.0421.421.30.001.75Total Acid Number10000High Moisture0.100.00POE20.010.00POE10.000.00PAG22.440.82Total Acid Number1000Low Moisture1.400.03Total Acid Number<10Low MoisturePAG1PAG1Oil1234yfR134aRef.PAGPAG1:SerialPAG for MACsPAG2:PAG (without extreme pressureadditive ,oiliness additive)POEPOE1:Serial POE for HV ACPOE2:Serial POE for StationaryACThermal Stability TestProposed Spec<3.3ANSI/ASHRAE97-199915Material Evaluation ResultsMaterial Evaluation Results(1234yf)(1234yf)Test specification: JIS K6251, JIS K6253ElastomerCompatibility TestMaterial: for AC system sealingElongation changeTensilestrengthchangeHardness change(Duro-A)PAG1(Serial PAG for MACs) + 1234yf Liquid and Gas at 40°C24hoursTest conditionElongation changeTensilestrengthchangeHardness change(Duro-A)PAG1(Serial PAG for MACs) + 1234yf Gas at 150°C336hoursTest conditionHNBR6HNBR5HNBR4HNBR3HNBR2HNBR1EPDM2EPDM1IIRNBRType of elastomersNeed to improve slightly but no fatal results were foundSatisfies JAMA own criteria fullyDoes not satisfy but slightlyOil:PAG1(Serial PAG for MACs)16Material Evaluation ResultsMaterial Evaluation Results(1234yf)(1234yf)Test specification: JIS K6251, JIS K6253ElastomerCompatibility TestMaterial: for AC system sealingElongation changeTensilestrengthchangeHardness change(Duro-A)POE1(Serial PAG for HV AC) +1234yfLiquid and Gas at 40°C24hoursTest conditionElongation changeTensilestrengthchangeHardness change(Duro-A)POE1(Serial PAG for HV AC) + 1234yfGas at 150°C336hoursTest conditionHNBR6HNBR5HNBR4HNBR3HNBR2HNBR1EPDM2EPDM1IIRNBRType of elastomersSatisfies JAMA own criteria fullyDoes not satisfy but slightlyOil:POE1(Serial POE for HV AC)Need to improve slightly but no fatal results were found17Material Evaluation ResultMaterial Evaluation Result(1234yf)[g/year](1234yf)Permeation TestResult150.859.156.31234yf78.346.440.8HFC134aInner coat :6-NylonInner rubber :IIROuter rubber :Cl-IIRInner coat :6-NylonInner rubber :IIROuter rubber :EPDMInner coat :6-NylonInner rubber :IIROuter rubber :Cl-IIRSuctionInner coatingDischargeInner coating(2)DischargeInner coating(1)HOSEL=400mmPermeationJRAIA standardJRA2021(at 80oC)Inner diameterDischarge inner coating (1) (ACH 77 11)11.2mmDischarge inner coating (2) (ANESIS 11)11.2mmSuctioninner coating (ACH 87 15)15.2mmAnnual Leakage will be 0.3g/year under actual condition(estimated by SAE-J2727 rev#4 method)18Outline of Flammability Risk Assessment......ANDLeakageLeakageIgnition Source......Detail is describedIn next slideANDOutline of Flammability Risk AssessmentTotal probability of fire caused byrefrigerant leakage in vehicleOR1234yf Risk Fault Tree was dividedinto three area in vehicle1234yf Risk Assessment was conducted byMember: DNV,JAMA,JAPIA,DuPont, HoneywellPotential risk of fireinEngine Room<Refrigerant Leakage>Condenser, piping, ...<Ignition Source>Exhaust manifold, ...Potential risk of fireinTrunk Room<Refrigerant Leakage>Rear cooler, ...<Ignition Source>Lighting bulb, ...Potential risk of fireinPassenger Cabin<Refrigerant Leakage>Evaporator, ...<Ignition Source>Smoking lighter, ...ANDLeakageIgnition Source......19Outline of Flammability Risk Assessment1234yfignition condition-Flammable limit : 6.5 -12.3%-Auto ignition temp. : 405 deg. C-Minimum ignition energy: >1000mJ1 & 2: Data collected from JAMA / JAPIA3 & 4: Quantify the risk from HAZOP(hazardous operation),FMEA(Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)Probability ofIgnition Sourceoccurrence(Hot surface / sparkgenerated area)Probability ofRefrigerant Reachignition source(Velocityof diffusion,distance ofleak point andignition source)Outline of Flammability Risk AssessmentPotential risk of fireinEngine RoomANDProbability of theFire Startswhencondition meets(Quantifythe propertyoflowflammability)423Probability ofRefrigerant Leak(Probabilityof the leakagecaused byAC cycleparts failure or Accident)1Parts failure causes slowleak mainlyand Accidentcauses large leak mainlyNormal, Parts failureandAccidentcase arealsoconsidered20Result of Risk Assessment for Ignition sourceResult of Risk Assessment for Ignition source・Surface oflight bulbs(680°C)Refrigerant may not reachdue to its lens / hood.・Combustion heater(400°C)In case of accident,refrigerant may reachTemp...Freq.Mode, Temp., Freq.PartsExhaustManifoldLightBulbCombustionHeater・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・Mode, Temp., Freq.Normal caseAccident caseParts failure caseResult ofrisky parts・Exhaust manifold(600°C)In case of accident,refrigerant may reach.Pick out some risky parts as ignitionsource. (ex. Exhaust Manifold, ...)ÆConfirm whether fire occurs or notby 1234yf splash test to hot plateby DuPont/ Honeywell21Result of Flammability Risk AssessmentResult of Flammability Risk AssessmentEstimated Risk---No Ignite(butane lighter)No Ignite(splash testtohot plate)Ignition Test6.7E-12ppmInsignificantInsignificantFew ignitionsourceTrunkRoomProbability(afterIgnition Test)ProbabilityResult ofRisk AssessmentCaseInsignificant84ppmIn case ofAccidentCould be ignitedby smoking lighterCould be ignitedatexhaustmanifold1.0E-02ppm106ppmTotal1.0E-02ppm0.01ppmPassengerCabin1.2E-06ppm22ppmEngineRoomIn case ofNormal /Parts failureThe estimated total risk of adoption of 1234yf was 1.0E-02ppm.Confirmed that no ignite willoccur even at high risk parts.So that, the risk increaseby 1234yf can be neglected.22Summary 1234yf Evaluation ResultsUnder high load condition and with the same AC systemspecs with modified TXV,3⁄4Cooling PerformanceÆSlightly less but quite similar3⁄4Material CompatibilityÆNo fatal result is found at this time3⁄4Flammability Risk AssessmentÆNo fatal result is found at this time3⁄4Toxicity EvaluationÆOnly long term toxicity is now under investigationSummary 1234yf Evaluation Results1234yf has potential to be alternative to R134a< Next Step >System reliability and Vehicle suitability in the market23LCCPResult from JAMAKiwamuInui TOYOTATohruIkegami TOYOTAKentaAoki NISSANVDA Alternative Refrigerant Winter MeetingSaalfelden–Austria, 13-14 February 2008ContentContent3⁄4LCCP is the best method to assess Global Warmingaffect. Therefore JAMA istrying to select alternativerefrigerant by taking into account of LCCP result.Today’s contentss contents3⁄4LCCP evaluation conditionsLCCP evaluation conditions3⁄4LCCP Results including updated EOL emissionLCCP Results including updated EOL emission3⁄4SummarySummary25LCCP evaluation conditionLCCP evaluation conditionVehicle TestVehicle TestJAMAuses Vehicle Test Result tocalculate “CO2 emission dueto AC system operation”.Ambient35 25 15RH%50 50 80Solar[W/m2]850*500100Targettemperaturesetting+222222FormanualAC:FC1/2ofheatercontroller3/4ofheatercontrollerAirIntakeRECOSAOSAFan SpeedHigh2nd1stDriveScheduleAirOutputVENTVENTVENTAgreedproposal:vehicleFixedspeedIdle/40km/hr/100km/hrAgreed TEST Condition between JAMA&SAEAgreed TEST Condition between JAMA&SAEFrom these test results, we take into account9Driving Schedule9Ambient Condition9AC Operation Timefor each Cities (i.e. Phoenix, Frankfurt, Tokyo, etc)26Parameters for CalculationLCCP evaluation conditionLCCP evaluation condition3⁄4Following values are used for LCCP calculation.(agreed value in JULY/07 with GM)Under discussionGWP=1410 (R134a), 4(1234yf), 1(CO2)Leakage duringchargeinplantAnnularregularleakageAnnual irregularleakageServiceEnd oflifePhoenix3.5 g/life10 g/yr16 g/yr41 g/life46 g/lifeTokyo3.5 g/life10 g/yr13 g/yr44 g/life44 g/lifeFrankfurt3.5 g/life7g/yr16 g/yr40 g/life45 g/lifeDirect emissionTotalquivalentCO2ofRefrigerant producedA/Csystemmanufacturingand end oflifeTransportationenergy useper yearEquivalent CO2emissions toRecover/Recycle/RechargeRefrigerantPhoenix12.2kg/file(R134a)8.0kg/life(Others)73 kg/life54.4 kg/yr1.85 kg/lifeTokyo73 kg/life29.4 kg/yr1.41 kg/lifeFrankfurt73 kg/life38.6 kg/yr1.6 kg/lifeIndirect emission12.2kg/file(R134a)8.0kg/life(Others)12.2kg/file(R134a)8.0kg/life(Others)3⁄4Cooling Capacity is adjusted by calculation.27LCCP evaluation conditionLCCP evaluation conditionParameters for CalculationDirect emission in End of LifeDirect emission value is Under discussion.3⁄4Japan MarketJapan Market44gÎ91gOfficial data of JAMA (from investigation in 2006)3⁄4USA MarketUSA MarketAccording to GM’s investigation(Assuming original charge is 700g)46gÎ288g3⁄4EU MarketEU Market45gÎ???NO DATA has been provided(Awaiting for information from Europe)28CO2 (R744) characteristicsCO2 (R744) characteristics3⁄4GWP=1 (R134a=1410)3⁄4Natural material3⁄4System pressure is very high (6-7times higher than R134a)3⁄4Compressor load is higher thanR134adue to material nature.LoadCoolingcapaCO26-7times120barR134aIHXP[Mpa]i [kJ/kg]CoolingCapaLoad(R134a)>>(CO2)CoolingCapaLoad291234yf characteristics1234yfR134a1234yf characteristics3⁄4GWP=4 (R134a=1410)3⁄4Similar characteristics with R134a as refrigerant3⁄4Evaporating heat is less than R134aandCompressor load is thanR134a.P[Mpa]i [kJ/kg]CoolingCapaLoad(R134a)>(1234yf)CoolingCapaLoad30LCCP ResultLCCP Result-Compact CarCompact Car-Vehicle specifications and AC component specifications-3⁄41234yf has same component as R134a system.3⁄4R744 system has higher specification than R134a system (ECV and IHX)<Car Specification>Model:NISSAN TIIDA/VERSAEngine:1.5L L4 Petrol EngineEquippedNoneNoneInternal HeatExchangerSame size as R134aSame partas R134a120W x 1Cooling FanSame size as R134aSame partas R134a618W x 337H x 16DCondenser orGas cooler sizeSame size as R134aSame partas R134a201W x 198H x 36DEvaporator sizeExternalControlVariableDisplacement typeSame partas R134aFix VolumeRotary typeCompressor specR7441234yfR134a<Component Specification>31LCCP ResultLCCP Result-Compact CarCompact Car-ResultwithOriginalEOL Direct EmissionEOL Direct Emission3⁄41234yf has better environmental performancethan other 2 refrigerants.3⁄4CO2 system is worse in hotter region.Note1: R744 system has higherspecification(ECV & IHX)as listed in the previous pageNote2: CoolingCapacityis adjusted bycalculation.Phoenix05001000150020002500300035004000

CO2 e q. emis sion [kg]Direct emissionR134a1234yfR744R134aThere is some direct emission,but it verysmall(only1.3kg for 1234yf/ 0.33kg for R744)Indirect emissionR134a1234yfR744R134a1234yf1234yfR744R744TokyoFrankfurtAthensHOTCOOL(Comp Load& COP data)32BASE data for LCCP calculation<Compact Car><Compact Car>Compressor Load Comparison3⁄4R134a (Fixed Vol. COMP) < 1234yf (Fixed Vol. COMP) << CO2 (ECV&IHX)IDLE40 km/h100 km/hIDLE40 km/h100 km/hIDLE40 km/h100 km/hAMB=15degCAMB=25degCAMB=35degCR134a =1234yfR134a <<R744R134a =1234yfR134a <<R744R134a <1234yfR134a <<R744

R134a 1234fy R74400.20.40.60.81

LOAD [kw]1.21.41.61.82

GO OD BAD33LCCP ResultLCCP Result-Compact CarCompact Car-ResultwithUpdatedUpdatedEOL Direct Emission (Under discussion)EOL Direct Emission (Under discussion)3⁄4Almost no affect to 1234yf and R744 with Updated Direct emission.3⁄4There is some impact to R134a.Note1: R744 system has higherspecification(ECV & IHX)as listed in the previous pageNote2: CoolingCapacityis adjusted bycalculation.05001000150020002500300035004000R134aR7441234yf

CO2 e q. emission (kg)Original EOL direct emissionUpdated EOL direct emission05001000150020002500300035004000

CO2 e q. emission (kg)PhoenixTokyoR134a1234yfR74434EquippedNoneNoneInternal HeatExchangerSame size as R134aSame partas R134a100W +160WCooling FanSame size as R134aSame partas R134a660W x 363.8H x 16DCondenser orGas cooler sizeSame size as R134aSame partas R134a293.1Wx 211H x 38DEvaporator sizeExternal ControlVariableDisplacement typeSame partas R134aExternal ControlVariableDisplacement typeCompressor specR7441234yfR134aModel:LEXUS GS430Engine:4.3L V8 Petrol Engine<Component Specification>Vehicle specifications and AC component specificationsLCCP ResultLCCP Result-Luxury carLuxury car-3⁄41234yf has same component as R134a system.3⁄4R744 system has higher specification than R134a system (IHX)< Car Luxury car>35LCCP ResultLCCP Result-Luxury carLuxury car-010002000300040005000600070008000R134a1234yfR744

CO2 emiss i on [kg]Direct emission-ResultwithOriginalEOL Direct EmissionEOL Direct Emission3⁄41234yf has better environmental performancethan other 2 refrigerants.3⁄4CO2 system is worstwithinthese 3 refrigerants. (more obvious inhotterregion.)Note1: R744 system has higher specification (IHX) as listed in the previous pageNote2: CoolingCapacityis adjusted bycalculation.Indirect emissionR134a1234yfR744R134a1234yfR744R134a1234yfR744PhoenixAthensTokyoFrankfurtHOTCOOL(Comp Load& COP data)36BASE data for LCCP calculation<Luxury Car><Luxury Car>Compressor Load Comparison3⁄4R134a (ECV) < 1234yf (ECV) < CO2 (ECV&IHX)4.50Idle40 km/h100 km/hIdle40 km/h100 km/hIdle40 km/h100 km/hAMB=15degCAMB=25degCAMB=35degC

R134a 1234fy R744R134a =1234yfR134a <<R744R134a <1234yfR134a <R744R134a <1234yfR134a <<R744

BAD0.501.001.502.00

LOAD [kw]4.003.503.002.500.00

GO OD37LCCP ResultLCCP Result-Luxury carLuxury car-Result withResult withUpdatedEOL Direct Emission (TBD)EOL Direct Emission (TBD)3⁄4Almost no affect to 1234yf and R744 with Updated Direct emission.3⁄4There is some impact to R134a, but R134a system is still better than R744.Note1: R744 system has higher specification (IHX) as listed in the previous pageNote2: CoolingCapacityis adjusted bycalculation.010002000300040005000600070008000R134aR7441234yf

CO2 e q. e m i s s i on (k g)Phoenix010002000300040005000600070008000

CO2 e q. emission (kg)R134aTokyo1234yfR74438Summary of LCCPSummary of LCCP3⁄41234yf has the lowest impact toGlobal Warming with 3 refrigerants(R134a, R744 and 1234yf)without high spec system.Î1234yf system has further potentialto be less Global WarmingUp impact with high specsystem such as ECV, IHX.3⁄41234yf LCCPresult is alwaysbest regardless with regionÎ1234yf can be global solution.3⁄4In order toevalutateGlobal WarmingUp Impact fairly and correctly,JAMA is going to keepcollabolationwith GM and all parties to brushup LCCP methodology.39ConclusionConclusionBased on our investigations, we conclude as follows,STEP-1 Evaluation:We found no fatal concern at this time includingFlammability and ToxicitySTEP-2 Evaluation:System durability and reliability will be evaluated byindividual JAMA members1234yf has the potential to be a Global solution40Toward the global solution !!Thank you for your attention.END