United States Court of Appeals 

for the Federal Circuit ______________________ 

CRISPIN TORRES,

Petitioner

v.

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,

Respondent

______________________ 

2022-2003

______________________ 

Petition for review of an arbitrator’s decision in No. AR20-17 by Samuel Vitaro.

______________________ 

Decided: December 20, 2023 

______________________ 

HOWARD BRANDON ZAKAI, Granger & Associates LLC, 

New York, NY, argued for petitioner. Also represented by 

RAYMOND R. GRANGER. 

 ELINOR JOUNG KIM, Commercial Litigation Branch, 

Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, argued for respondent. Also represented by 

BRIAN M. BOYNTON, TARA K. HOGAN, PATRICIA M.

MCCARTHY. 

______________________ 

Before MOORE, Chief Judge, REYNA and HUGHES,

Circuit Judges.

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2 TORRES v. DHS

HUGHES, Circuit Judge. 

Crispin Torres appeals an arbitration decision sustaining his removal from the Department of Homeland Security. Because the arbitrator did not provide substantial 

evidence for why Douglas factors 6 and 10 weighed in favor 

of removing Mr. Torres from the agency, we vacate the decision and remand to the arbitrator for proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

I 

A 

In February 2009, Mr. Torres began working for the 

Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Immigration 

and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Enforcement and Removal Operations. He was originally employed as an Immigration Enforcement Agent, which was later converted 

into a Deportation Officer position. As a Deportation Officer, Mr. Torres was responsible for the detention and removal of non-citizens who were determined to be in the 

United States without authorization. As part of his duties, 

Mr. Torres escorted non-citizens to their home countries 

pursuant to orders of removal from the United States. 

In April 2019, Mr. Torres was directed to escort a noncitizen from Las Vegas, Nevada, to Santiago, Chile. Per his 

supervisor-approved travel authorization, Mr. Torres was 

scheduled to travel from Las Vegas to Santiago on April 16, 

2019, return from Santiago to Las Vegas on April 18, 2019, 

and report to work on April 19, 2019. However, without authorization, Mr. Torres changed his flight and flew back to 

Las Vegas approximately 24 hours earlier on April 17, 

2019, to spend time with his family on April 18, 2019. To 

conceal his unauthorized travel and leave of absence, Mr. 

Torres reported to work on April 19, 2019, to make it appear as if he had just returned from Santiago as originally 

scheduled. Despite knowingly disobeying his travel orders, 

Mr. Torres also submitted three false certified records in 

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TORRES v. DHS 3

connection with his travel authorization. Mr. Torres falsified and submitted for pay a G-391 form that listed his authorized overtime, a travel voucher that included receipts 

for expenses (per diem), and a certification of the number 

of hours of work performed on WebTA, a web-based timekeeping and attendance system. Following the incident, 

Mr. Torres acknowledged that he committed the charged 

misconduct involving falsification of certified records and 

absence without leave. He accepted responsibility and expressed remorse. Mr. Torres had no prior disciplinary record and his job evaluations had been “[e]xcellent” or “[f]ully 

[s]uccessful.” 

B 

On April 24, 2020, Acting Deputy Field Office Director, 

Tracey L. Cammorto, proposed Mr. Torres’s removal based 

on three specifications of Falsification of Certified Records 

(Reason 1) and two specifications of Absence without Leave 

(Reason 2). Mr. Torres replied to the proposed removal by 

letter dated May 21, 2020, and orally with his attorney on 

June 3, 2020, before the deciding official, Sylvester M. Ortega, Acting Field Office Director, Field Operations, Enforcement and Removal Operations. 

On August 10, 2020, after reviewing the case file and 

considering Mr. Torres’s written and oral statements, the 

deciding official sustained Reasons 1 and 2 and all the specifications, finding removal reasonable. In determining the 

appropriate penalty, the deciding official reviewed the 

Douglas factors, emphasizing the nature and seriousness 

of Mr. Torres’s misconduct, especially due to the higher 

standard of conduct expected of a law enforcement officer. 

Douglas v. Veterans Admin., 5 M.S.P.R. 280, 305–06

(1981). The official found Mr. Torres’s misconduct to be 

particularly serious because he knowingly submitted three 

different false certified records over a ten-day period between April 19, 2019, and April 29, 2019. J.A. 1073–78. The 

deciding official found it especially aggravating that Mr. 

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4 TORRES v. DHS

Torres’s offenses were part of a ruse to make it appear he 

had completed his foreign escort detail according to schedule and concealed his unauthorized early return. The deciding official ultimately found that due to the seriousness 

of his misconduct, Mr. Torres was not a good candidate for 

rehabilitation. The deciding official emphasized that Mr. 

Torres’s misconduct was “deliberate, intentional and exhibited a lack of truthfulness toward the Agency.” J.A. 1077. 

He further stated, “I have no confidence in his ability to

perform his duties given the lack of truthfulness in his 

dealings with the Agency upon the return from his international travel.” Id. The deciding official notified Mr. 

Torres of his decision by letter on August 10, 2020, which 

Mr. Torres refused to sign. On August 11, 2020, Mr. Torres 

was removed from his position. 

Mr. Torres’s union then invoked arbitration. On April 

23, 2021, a hearing was held online. Three witnesses testified at the hearing: (1) Mr. Torres; (2) the deciding official, 

Mr. Ortega; and (3) Mr. Torres’s supervisor, Matthew 

Cantrell. J.A. 7, 1081. On May 30, 2022, the arbitrator, 

Samuel A. Vitaro, issued his opinion and award, determining there was a preponderance of the evidence for the 

charged misconduct and that Mr. Torres’s removal was reasonable. 

This appeal followed. We have jurisdiction under 

5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(A).

II

This court applies the same standard of review to an 

arbitrator’s decision as it does to appeals from decisions of 

the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). See 5 U.S.C. 

§ 7121(f); Dunn v. Dep’t of Veterans Affs., 98 F.3d 1308, 

1311 (Fed. Cir. 1996). Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c), we 

may reverse an arbitrator’s decision only if it is “(1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not 

in accordance with law; (2) obtained without procedures required by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or 

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TORRES v. DHS 5

(3) unsupported by substantial evidence.” Sistek v. Dep’t of 

Veterans Affs., 955 F.3d 948, 953 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (quoting 

§ 7703(c)). We review legal decisions de novo and findings 

of fact for substantial evidence. Salmon v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 

663 F.3d 1378, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2011); Bolton v. MSPB, 154 

F.3d 1313, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 1998). Substantial evidence 

means “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might 

accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Simpson v. 

Off. of Pers. Mgmt., 347 F.3d 1361, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2003) 

(quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 

(1938)).

III

Although Mr. Torres argues that the arbitrator’s decision was an abuse of discretion, we review the arbitrator’s 

findings of facts for substantial evidence. See Sistek, 955 

F.3d at 953. The MSPB has articulated twelve factors—the 

Douglas factors—to be considered when determining the 

reasonableness of a penalty imposed against a federal employee. See Douglas, 5 M.S.P.R. at 305–06. Mr. Torres contends that the arbitrator incorrectly assessed those factors 

in determining whether the penalty DHS imposed upon 

Mr. Torres was appropriate. We agree. 

Specifically, Mr. Torres argues that there was not substantial evidence to support the arbitrator’s decision that 

Douglas factors 6 and 10 weighed against him. Under 

Douglas factor 6, the arbitrator examined the “consistency 

of the penalty with those imposed upon other employees for 

the same or similar offenses.” Id. at 305. Before providing 

his analysis, the arbitrator found the deciding official’s review of this factor to be too limited. Thus, the arbitrator 

broadened his examination by considering the four comparator discipline cases presented by Mr. Torres. See J.A. 77; 

J.A 111–33. The arbitrator concluded Mr. Torres failed to 

meet his burden to first show sufficient similarity between 

the nature of the misconduct and other factors to establish 

disparate treatment. J.A. 17. But, each of the four 

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6 TORRES v. DHS

comparator discipline cases involved a law enforcement officer’s misrepresentations to ICE and are relevant to Mr. 

Torres’ discipline. See J.A 111–33. 

One comparator discipline case, which the arbitrator 

stated was the “most similar” to Mr. Torres’s misconduct, 

involved a GS-13 Criminal Investigator and Special Agent 

who was given a 14-day suspension for three specifications 

of “making misstatements or misrepresentation” and two 

specifications of “absence without leave.” J.A. 112. In that 

case, the investigator was absent from work on May 15, 

2017, and the morning of May 16, 2017. J.A. 116. When 

questioned, the employee stated he was working surveillance on May 15, 2017, despite being at home. Id. He also 

indicated he had driven a government-owned vehicle 

through an E-Z pass toll that same day, but later admitted 

he did not. Id. 

Mr. Torres argues that the arbitrator unreasonably rejected this comparator case, since it involved misrepresentations and absence without leave “under circumstances 

objectively far more serious” than Mr. Torres’s case. Appellant’s Br. at 28–33. Yet, the arbitrator attempted to distinguish the case by stating that that there was “no evidence 

that the agency in that case relied on Giglio-impairment, a 

critical aggravating factor in [Torres’s] case.” J.A. 17. Giglio v. United States requires a law enforcement officer testifying against a defendant to disclose their own prior 

misconduct to allow the jury to determine the credibility of 

the law enforcement officer’s testimony. See 405 U.S. 150, 

154–55 (1972). A Giglio-impaired officer is a law enforcement officer who would be required to make such a disclosure to a jury when testifying in a trial. Id. 

While Mr. Torres may now be considered Giglio-impaired, the arbitrator did not discuss any evidence as to 

why Mr. Torres’s potential Giglio impairment warranted a 

different disciplinary finding from other ICE law enforcement officers under Douglas factor 6, especially when other 

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TORRES v. DHS 7

Giglio-impaired officers in similar circumstances have only 

been suspended. See J.A. 112–19. Giglio impairment can 

be a basis for removal of law enforcement officers, particularly ones who routinely testify as part of their official duties, but the government has not suggested that Giglio

impairment must aways result in removal. Nor could it, 

since there is evidence on the record here of other similarly 

impaired agents that were not removed.

In particular, the arbitrator never explained why an 

ICE special agent with law enforcement duties would not 

be Giglio-impaired while Mr. Torres, another ICE law enforcement agent, would be. And the agency’s apparent decision not to rely on Giglio impairment in the comparator 

discipline case is insufficient alone to render it non-similar. 

The agency is not entitled to selectively choose when to rely 

on Giglio impairment without further explanation. 

Here, the arbitrator failed to consider whether Mr. 

Torres is even routinely required to testify in court. Although his position description includes testifying in court, 

it does not appear that the actual duties performed by Mr. 

Torres as a Deportation Officer involve regularly testifying. 

Thus, the arbitrator should have provided a more fulsome 

review, including a presentation of substantial evidence, to 

justify his determination that Douglas factor 6 weighed 

against Mr. Torres. J.A. 83, 91. 

Moving to Douglas factor 10, the arbitrator examined 

the “potential for the employee’s rehabilitation.” 5 M.S.P.R. 

at 305. In a single paragraph, the arbitrator concluded that 

Mr. Torres “had no potential for rehabilitation, in light of 

the seriousness of the falsification misconduct.” J.A. 18. 

But as Mr. Torres noted, on at least one separate occasion, 

DHS imposed only a 14-day suspension on a DHS law enforcement officer who had committed the same category of 

offenses as Mr. Torres: making misstatements or misrepresentations and being absent without official leave. See

J.A. 112–19. While the arbitrator cursorily discussed the 

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8 TORRES v. DHS

issue of Mr. Torres’s potential Giglio impairment when 

considering Douglas factor 6, he did not explain why Mr. 

Torres, under Douglas factor 10, is beyond rehabilitation 

when Mr. Torres presented cases where potentially Giglioimpaired law enforcement officers with similar offenses remained in federal service. Accordingly, the arbitrator did 

not provide substantial evidence to support why Mr. Torres 

had no potential for rehabilitation and, therefore, whether 

the penalty should be mitigated.

While no Douglas factor is necessarily dispositive in 

considering the penalty applied to a federal employee, our 

court requires that Douglas factors significant to the case

be reviewed thoroughly. See Malloy v. U.S. Postal Serv., 

578 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (vacating and remanding an 

MSPB decision because mental health impairments were 

not discussed when analyzing Douglas factor 11). Here, 

Douglas factors 6 and 10 are significant because they highlight similar comparator discipline cases and examine

whether Mr. Torres could be rehabilitated to return to his 

duties despite possibly being Giglio-impaired. Accordingly, 

we vacate the decision of the arbitrator and remand for the 

arbitrator to consider Mr. Torres’s evidence that his imposed discipline is inconsistent with similarly situated federal employees and that his rehabilitation is possible by 

reapplying the Douglas factors

IV

We have considered the rest of the parties’ arguments 

and find them unpersuasive. We therefore vacate the arbitrator’s decision and remand for proceedings consistent 

with this opinion.

VACATED AND REMANDED

COSTS

Costs to petitioner. 

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