* brown@erc-ltd.com, 949 583 1197 x 101

Nozzle Characterization: 

Droplet Sizing (Amerex Nozzles 1 and 2) 

(Summary Report) 

prepared for 

Seal Seat 

E

R

C

NERGY

ESEARCH

ONSULTANTS

Christopher Brown*, Ulises Mondragon, Chris Antes, and Vincent McDonell 

23342 South Pointe Drive, Suite E 

Laguna Hills, CA 92653 

Phone: (949) 583-1197 

FAX: (949) 583-1198 

15 September 2011 

Report ERC-SealSeat2-11-1(a) 

Seal Seat PO Number 7291871 
Energy Research Consultants N1, N2 Summary Report Seal Seat PO number 7291871 

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The recipient and reader of this report agrees to Hold Harmless Energy Plus Ltd doing 

business as Energy Research Consultants (ERC) and the Officers, Directors, Agents, 

and Employees from and against any and all liabilities and claims made by other 

individuals or entities as a result of using the information contained in this report. 
Energy Research Consultants N1, N2 Summary Report Seal Seat PO number 7291871 

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Table of Contents 

1. Summary ............................................................................................................................ 1

2. Hardware ............................................................................................................................ 1

3. Facility ................................................................................................................................ 4

4. Pressure Measurements ..................................................................................................... 6

5. Spray Visualization ............................................................................................................. 7

6. Size Measurements ............................................................................................................ 8

6.1. Instrumentation ................................................................................................................ 8

6.2. Measurement Locations .................................................................................................. 8

6.3. Collection Procedure ....................................................................................................... 8

6.4. Other Available Measurements ....................................................................................... 8

6.5. Size Results ...................................................................................................................10

7. References ........................................................................................................................48

8. Attachment 1 – Hardware Received at ERC ......................................................................49

9. Attachment 2 – Recharge Instructions.pdf Received from Seal Seat 26 Jul 2011 ..............51
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List of Figures 

Figure 1. Nozzle Hardware. ....................................................................................................... 2

Figure 2. Pressure Tab Location. .............................................................................................. 3

Figure 3. Facility. ....................................................................................................................... 4

Figure 4. Pressure Decay.......................................................................................................... 6

Figure 5. Spray Visualization. .................................................................................................... 7

Figure 6. PDI Instrument Software Screen Shot. ....................................................................... 9

Figure 7. Measurement Locations. ............................................................................................ 9

Figure 8. Droplet Size Averages versus Radial Position. ......................................................... 12

Figure 9. Droplet Size Histograms. .......................................................................................... 13

Figure 10. Droplet Time Series. .............................................................................................. 15

Figure 11. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = -2.486 inches). .............. 17

Figure 12. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 0.032 inches). ............... 18

Figure 13. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 2.258 inches). ............... 19

Figure 14. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 3.377 inches). ............... 20

Figure 15. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 4.502 inches). ............... 21

Figure 16. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = -2.161 inches). .............. 22

Figure 17. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = -0.028 inches). .............. 23

Figure 18. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 2.164 inches). ............... 24

Figure 19. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 4.337 inches). ............... 25

Figure 20. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 6.515 inches). ............... 26

Figure 21. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = -3.012 inches). .............. 27

Figure 22. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 0.000 inches). ............... 28

Figure 23. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 3.009 inches). ............... 29

Figure 24. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 6.015 inches). ............... 30

Figure 25. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 8.970 inches). ............... 31

Figure 26. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = -1.490 inches). .............. 32

Figure 27. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = -0.002 inches). .............. 33

Figure 28. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 1.515 inches). ............... 34

Figure 29. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 3.028 inches). ............... 35

Figure 30. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 4.502 inches). ............... 36

Figure 31. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = -2.149 inches). .............. 37

Figure 32. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = -0.002 inches). .............. 38

Figure 33. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 2.166 inches). ............... 39

Figure 34. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 4.336 inches). ............... 40

Figure 35. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 6.519 inches). ............... 41

Figure 36. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = -3.007 inches). .............. 42

Figure 37. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 0.003 inches). ............... 43

Figure 38. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 2.729 inches). ............... 44

Figure 39. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 6.011 inches). ............... 45

Figure 40. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 9.000 inches). ............... 46

Figure 41. Nozzle 1 Average Drop Size Versus Pressure. ...................................................... 47

Figure 42. Hardware Received at ERC. .................................................................................. 50
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List of Tables 

Table 1. Droplet Size Data. ..................................................................................................... 11
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1. Summary

 This report summarizes the droplet sizing as a function of pressure and time of 

Nozzles 1 and 2. 

2. Hardware

 Two nozzles, a manifold, and canister were provided to ERC for testing. The 

nozzles are labeled as shown in Figure 1. The nozzle details and test conditions are 

also summarized for each nozzle in Figure 1. 

Figure 2 shows the location of the nozzle pressure tap. Several pressure tap 

locations were suggested by ERC, Seal Seat allowed ERC to make the final location 

determination. 

 The hardware received at ERC is shown in Attachment 1 – Hardware Received 

at ERC. 

 The canister was filled per guidance from Seal Seat. See Attachment 2 – 

Recharge Instructions.pdf Received from Seal Seat 26 Jul 2011 for more details. 

 Seal Seat also provided the premixed 50/50 solution of potassium acetate in 

water. 
Energy Research Consultants N1, N2 Summary Report Seal Seat PO number 7291871 

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 Branch 1 tube length from tee nozzle is about 18 inches 

 Branch 2 tube length from tee nozzle is about 19 inches 

Nozzles 1 and 2, were each tested, when installed on Branch 1. The nozzle not being 

tested was installed on Branch 2, but was flowing during the testing. The first set of 

tests were run with the nozzles installed as shipped. The second set of tests were run 

with the nozzles swapped. 

Nozzle Details and Flow Conditions Tested. 

Test Nozzle Installed 

on Branch 1

Nozzle Installed 

On Branch 2

First set of tests 1 2

Second set of tests 2 1

Figure 1. Nozzle Hardware. 

Branch 1

Branch 2

Nozzle 

1

Nozzle 

2
Energy Research Consultants N1, N2 Summary Report Seal Seat PO number 7291871 

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Figure 2. Pressure Tab Location. 

Tee Replaced with Cross

(cross not shown in this photo)

316 SS Cross 

Added by ERC

Pressure Transducer

Pressure Tap for 

Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge

Branch 1

Branch 2

Nozzle Running

But not Probed

Nozzle Being

Probed
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3. Facility

 The facility is shown in Figure 3. 

a) Overall Facility 

Spray Stand size is 5 x 5 x 15 feet. 

Figure 3. Facility. 

PDI

Transmitter

PDI

Receiver

Exhaust

Traverse

System

Canister
Energy Research Consultants N1, N2 Summary Report Seal Seat PO number 7291871 

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b) Nozzle and Canister Installation Details 

Figure 3. Facility (concluded). 

Nozzle PDI Receiver

Laser Beam

PDI Transmitter (not shown here)
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4. Pressure Measurements

Time resolved pressure measurements were obtained with an Omega pressure 

transducer (PX212). A standard Bourdon tube pressure gauge (0 – 400 psig range) 

was also connected as a backup. 

 A sample plot of pressure decay versus time is shown in Figure 4. Note that 

ERC observed the gas discharge point of discontinuity slightly sooner than the Seal 

Seat log. This was discussed with Seal Seat and, in a separate discussion, their 

customer, and both concluded that this difference was within tolerance and not a 

significant concern. 

Elapsed Time, sec

Pressure, psig

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Nozzle 2

Nozzle 1

Log from Seal Seat

Figure 4. Pressure Decay. 
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5. Spray Visualization

 Spray visualization was done with digital photography (Nikon D90). Stills are 

summarized in Figure 5. Two exposures were used, a very short exposure used to 

freeze the drops, and a longer exposure used to show the overall spray size and angle. 

Note that some non-uniformities in the background are present in the long exposure 

images which can be seen behind the spray itself. These non-uniformities are not 

associated with the spray in anyway. The spray itself was symmetric and free of 

defects or streaks. The non-uniformities are associated with the black background. 

Nozzle Short Exposure Long Exposure

1

2

The scaling of these images is approximately 9 inches horizontally, 6 inches vertically 

Figure 5. Spray Visualization. 
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6. Size Measurements

6.1. Instrumentation

 Droplet size measurements were made with Phase Doppler Interferometry (PDI). 

A two component PDI system with frequency domain processing (TSI FSA3500) was 

utilized. This instrument can resolve droplet size as a function of time. A screen shot of 

the PDI measurement screen is shown in Figure 6. 

6.2. Measurement Locations

 Radial profiles consisting of five evenly spaced points were obtained at three 

axial stations: 12, 18, and 36 inches downstream of the nozzle exit. One of the five 

points was obtained on the opposite side of the radius to assess symmetry. A sketch of 

the measurement locations is shown in Figure 7. 

 The precise locations for Nozzle 2 at the 12 inch axial station differed slightly 

from those for Nozzle 1. Originally, a horizontal laser sheet was used to determine the 

spray edge. Subsequent PDI measurements on Nozzle 1 at 12 inches indicated the 

spray was more dilute than originally anticipated based on the laser sheet results, with 

less spray at the edge. Hence for Nozzle 2 the spray was not probed quite as far 

radially as Nozzle 1. 

6.3. Collection Procedure

 Droplet size data collection began when the canister was manually triggered. 

For Nozzle 1, data collection ended when the nozzle pressure dropped below 80 psig, 

per the purchase order from Seal Seat. 

 Per discussion with Seal Seat after the completion of Nozzle 1 data collection, 

the procedure was adjusted and, for Nozzle 2, data collection ended when there were 

no more detectable droplets exiting from the nozzle. The canister pressures dropped to 

below 80 psig, but not necessarily 0 psig, since no drops were present prior to reaching 

complete canister discharge. 

6.4. Other Available Measurements

 Note that PDI simultaneously measures droplet size and velocity. Additional data 

are also available such as mean and fluctuating axial and radial velocity components, 

volume flux (liquid volume per area passed through per time) and number density 

(droplet count per sample volume). Only size data are presented here per the customer 

request. The additional data are archived at ERC should they be desired in the future. 
Energy Research Consultants N1, N2 Summary Report Seal Seat PO number 7291871 

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Figure 6. PDI Instrument Software Screen Shot. 

R, inches

Z, inches

-6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42

0

6

12

18

24

30

36

42

Nozzle Centerline

Figure 7. Measurement Locations. 

Axial

Velocity

Particle

Size

Radial

Velocity

Intensity

Validation

Count Stats

Valid Count (Ch1) 5879

Valid % (Ch1) 90.00

Valid Count (Ch2) 5879

Valid % (Ch2) 90.00

Run Time (s) 229.8255

Diameter Stats

D10 (um) 34.03

D32 (um) 42.31

Probe Volume (um3) 18417810.00

Number Density (1/cc) 579.6057

Volume Flux (cc/s/cm2) 0.0010

Velocity Stats

Vel Mean – Ch1 (m/s) 0.4822

Vel RMS – Ch1 (m/s) 0.3870

Vel Mean – Ch2 (m/s) 0.1693

Vel RMS – Ch2 (m/s) 0.1616

X, mm Y, mm Z, mm

-0.06 0.00 50.81
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6.5. Size Results

 The measurements are summarized in Table 1. 

 The size data are plotted in Figure 8 through Figure 40. The presentation format 

of the data was approved by Seal Seat and their customer. Mean droplet sizes versus 

radial position, histograms of droplet count versus droplet size, and time series’ of 

droplet size versus run time are included. Note that the plots shown in Figure 9 and 

Figure 10 are small so that all 15 sample locations can be presented in one table to 

facilitate comparison. Larger histogram and time series plots are shown in Figure 11

through Figure 40. Also note that the maximum of the vertical histogram axis showing 

counts purposely changes from run to run, in order to bring out the details of each case. 

 The time series plots are explained a bit further here. The time series of 

individual droplet sizes versus run time is shown in red in Figure 10through Figure 40. 

A running average of 500 samples was computed and is shown in green. The goal of 

the running average is to smooth out short term variations and highlight an overall long 

term trend. The average was computed as follows: For any individual red sample in 

the series, the average of the next 500 samples was computed and that average is 

plotted at the time for the first red sample used in the computation of that particular 

average. For the next red sample in the series, the average of the next 500 samples is 

computed and plotted at the time of the first red sample used in the calculation of the 

new average. Once there are less than 500 red samples left in the series, the running 

average is no longer computed, hence the reason the green running average ends 

before the red series does. The running average started at the beginning of the red 

series, as opposed to ending at the end of the series, in order to focus on the larger 

pressures and presumably smaller droplets at the beginning, consistent with Seal Seat’s 

expectation of customer interest. For locations probed at the edge of the spray were 

there were less drops, if there were less than 500 samples, a running average was not 

computed. 

 Smaller droplet sizes are observed at the centerline of the spray and larger 

droplets are observed at the edge of the spray. More droplets are observed at the 

center of the spray as opposed to the edge. These observations are typical for the 

spray produced by this type of atomizer. 

 Relatively small drops were observed in nozzle 2 testing as the canister was 

discharged below 80 psig. Below 80 psig, both liquid and nitrogen gas are exiting from 

the nozzle. Twin fluid atomization (liquid and gas) produces smaller drops than liquid 

only atomization. 

 It is observed that, in general, the spray size does not change significantly as 

time increases and pressure decreases. Generally, it is expected that atomization will 

degrade as pressure drop is reduced. As a result, a short study was conducted with 

Nozzle 1 to explain this. Data were obtained at constant pressures for about 5 minutes 

near the centerline, and about 1 minute near the edge. The results are shown in Figure 

41 and indicate that significant degradation in atomization (that is, increasing droplet 

sizes) is not observed until discharge pressures fall below 100 psig. Since the bulk of 

the Nozzle 1 operation is above 100 psig (recall Nozzle 1 testing terminated at 80 psig 

per vendor instructions), not much change in the time averaged sizes occurs for this 
Energy Research Consultants N1, N2 Summary Report Seal Seat PO number 7291871 

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nozzle. ERC experience suggests that the average droplet sizes would increase more 

sharply as pressure was reduced. The fact that the nozzle is still producing relatively 

small droplets at a pressure as low as 100 psig is a positive attribute of this nozzle. 

Table 1. Droplet Size Data. 

Test 

Point

()

Nozzle

Number

()

Axial

Pos

(inches)

Radial

Pos

(inches)

Average

Size

(microns)

Min

Size

(microns)

Max

Size

(microns)

Stdev

Size

(microns)

Run 

Time

(sec)

Count

()

1 1 12 -2.486 42.975 0.044 277.501 17.917 183.526 18,977

2 1 12 0.032 29.411 0.090 308.150 12.261 170.430 53,677

3 1 12 2.258 55.168 0.695 218.451 22.470 171.241 6,244

4 1 12 3.377 71.090 1.897 436.163 28.216 195.097 2,399

5 1 12 4.502 86.279 9.978 543.813 38.145 188.505 964

6 1 18 -2.161 39.777 0.778 507.257 17.833 202.580 17,964

7 1 18 -0.028 32.663 0.095 256.931 15.352 191.295 32,865

8 1 18 2.164 62.114 0.541 502.119 29.661 190.857 2,698

9 1 18 4.337 89.756 3.810 478.318 39.410 193.136 682

10 1 18 6.515 125.297 18.795 485.290 57.602 174.994 207

11 1 36 -3.012 45.677 0.775 274.625 21.451 184.875 11,820

12 1 36 0.000 44.485 1.594 179.452 19.677 200.400 13,138

13 1 36 3.009 59.499 0.164 377.440 31.780 206.859 2,750

14 1 36 6.015 120.401 3.071 466.090 49.605 199.257 256

15 1 36 8.970 144.948 18.026 309.731 65.441 201.421 85

16 2 12 -1.490 45.248 0.042 236.242 17.201 208.025 16,446

17 2 12 -0.002 30.309 0.200 539.667 13.180 243.409 37,826

18 2 12 1.515 36.289 0.579 458.882 15.910 259.183 24,681

19 2 12 3.028 70.526 9.142 213.455 26.658 235.783 1,872

20 2 12 4.502 89.336 0.419 494.544 30.914 262.295 706

21 2 18 -2.149 45.416 0.167 554.847 17.841 228.492 13,458

22 2 18 -0.002 38.662 0.313 169.332 15.337 245.898 19,418

23 2 18 2.166 49.818 2.074 230.615 19.573 217.044 8,609

24 2 18 4.336 86.480 13.394 363.642 25.196 181.877 1,199

25 2 18 6.519 119.244 14.750 325.187 34.405 177.370 341

26 2 36 -3.007 42.864 0.068 508.156 23.939 244.738 10,157

27 2 36 0.003 37.948 0.775 189.856 19.584 255.876 16,814

28 2 36 2.729 49.608 1.646 214.802 28.824 243.816 3,860

29 2 36 6.011 97.425 14.389 257.715 42.487 240.095 436

30 2 36 9.000 92.872 16.580 280.586 51.027 236.169 247
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a) Nozzle 1 

Distance from Centerline Y, inches D10, microns

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240 Nozzle 1, Z = 12 inches Nozzle 1, Z = 18 inches Nozzle 1, Z = 36 inches

b) Nozzle 2 

Distance from Centerline Y, inches D10, microns

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240 Nozzle 2, Z = 12 inches Nozzle 2, Z = 18 inches Nozzle 2, Z = 36 inches

Figure 8. Droplet Size Averages versus Radial Position. 
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Nozzle 1 

Axial

Plane

(inches)

Radial Position # -1 Radial Position # 0 Radial Position # +1 Radial Position # +2 Radial Position # +3

12

Size, microns Diameter Count 0 200 400 600 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450 run1

18

Size, microns Diameter Count 0 200 400 600 0

100

200

300

400

500

run1

36

Figure 9. Droplet Size Histograms. 
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Nozzle 2 

Axial

Plane

(inches)

Radial Position # -1 Radial Position # 0 Radial Position # +1 Radial Position # +2 Radial Position # +3

12

Size, microns Diameter Count 0 200 400 600 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

run1

Size, microns Diameter Count 0 200 400 600 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

run5

Size, microns Diameter Count 0 200 400 600 0

5

10

15

20

25

run6

18

Size, microns Diameter Count 0 200 400 600 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

run1

36

Size, microns Diameter Count 0 200 400 600 0

50

100

150

200

run1

Figure 9. Droplet Size Histograms (concluded). 
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Nozzle 1 

Axial

Plane

(inches)

Radial Position # -1 Radial Position # 0 Radial Position # +1 Radial Position # +2 Radial Position # +3

12

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z12_R-2.25

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z12in_R+0.00in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z12in_R+2.25in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z12in_R+3.75in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z12in_R+4.50in

18

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 200 0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z18in_R-2.16in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z18in_R+0.00in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z18in_R+2.16in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z18in_R+4.33in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z18in_R+6.50in

36

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z36in_R-3.00in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 200 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z36in_R+0.00in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 200 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z36in_R+3.00in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z36in_R+6.00in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 200 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N1_Z36in_R+9.00in

Figure 10. Droplet Time Series. 
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Nozzle 2 

Axial

Plane

(inches)

Radial Position # -1 Radial Position # 0 Radial Position # +1 Radial Position # +2 Radial Position # +3

12

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 200 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N2_Z12in_R-1.25in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 200 0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N2_Z12in_R+0.00in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 200 250 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N2_Z12in_R+1.25in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 200 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N2_Z12in_R+3.00in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 200 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N2_Z12in_R+4.25in

18

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

0 50 100 150 200 0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Diameter, microns Diameter (running average, 500), microns

N2_Z18in_R-2.16in

Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

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N2_Z18in_R+0.00in

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N2_Z18in_R+6.50in

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N2_Z36in_R-3.00in

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N2_Z36in_R+9.00in

Figure 10. Droplet Time Series (concluded). 
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Size, microns Diameter Count

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N1_Z12_R-2.25

Figure 11. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = -2.486 inches). 
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N1_Z12in_R+0.00in

Figure 12. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 0.032 inches). 
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Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

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N1_Z12in_R+2.25in

Figure 13. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 2.258 inches). 
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Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

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N1_Z12in_R+3.75in

Figure 14. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 3.377 inches). 
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Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

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N1_Z12in_R+4.50in

Figure 15. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 4.502 inches). 
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N1_Z18in_R-2.16in

Figure 16. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = -2.161 inches). 
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Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

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N1_Z18in_R+0.00in

Figure 17. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = -0.028 inches). 
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Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

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N1_Z18in_R+2.16in

Figure 18. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 2.164 inches). 
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Elapsed Time, sec Diameter, microns

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N1_Z18in_R+4.33in

Figure 19. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 4.337 inches). 
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N1_Z18in_R+6.50in

Figure 20. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 6.515 inches). 
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N1_Z36in_R-3.00in

Figure 21. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = -3.012 inches). 
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N1_Z36in_R+0.00in

Figure 22. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 0.000 inches). 
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N1_Z36in_R+3.00in

Figure 23. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 3.009 inches). 
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N1_Z36in_R+6.00in

Figure 24. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 6.015 inches). 
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N1_Z36in_R+9.00in

Figure 25. Nozzle 1 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 8.970 inches). 
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N2_Z12in_R-1.25in

Figure 26. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = -1.490 inches). 
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N2_Z12in_R+0.00in

Figure 27. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = -0.002 inches). 
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N2_Z12in_R+1.25in

Figure 28. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 1.515 inches). 
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N2_Z12in_R+3.00in

Figure 29. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 3.028 inches). 
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N2_Z12in_R+4.25in

Figure 30. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 12 inches, R = 4.502 inches). 
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N2_Z18in_R-2.16in

Figure 31. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = -2.149 inches). 
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N2_Z18in_R+0.00in

Figure 32. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = -0.002 inches). 
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N2_Z18in_R+2.16in

Figure 33. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 2.166 inches). 
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N2_Z18in_R+4.33in

Figure 34. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 4.336 inches). 
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N2_Z18in_R+6.50in

Figure 35. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 18 inches, R = 6.519 inches). 
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N2_Z36in_R-3.00in

Figure 36. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = -3.007 inches). 
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N2_Z36in_R+0.00in

Figure 37. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 0.003 inches). 
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N2_Z36in_R+3.00in

Figure 38. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 2.729 inches). 
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N2_Z36in_R+6.00in

Figure 39. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 6.011 inches). 
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N2_Z36in_R+9.00in

Figure 40. Nozzle 2 Histogram and Time Series (Z = 36 inches, R = 9.000 inches). 
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Pressure, psig D10, microns

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Nozzle 1 with Water

Pressure Profile With Constant Pressure Source

Figure 41. Nozzle 1 Average Drop Size Versus Pressure. 
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7. References

Recharge Instructions.pdf received from Seal Seat 26 Jul 2011. 

ERC Seal Seat 1 Nozzle to Test 30jul2011.pdf sent to Seal Seat 30 Jul 2011. 

ERC Seal Seat 1 Pressure Tap 8aug2011.pdf sent to Seal Seat 8 Aug 2011. 

ERC Seal Seat 1 dia time series sample plot.lpk.jpg sent to Seal Seat 26 Aug 2011. 

ERC Seal Seat 1 dia histogram sample plot zoomed in.lpk.jpg sent to Seal Seat 26 Aug 

2011. 
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8. Attachment 1 – Hardware Received at ERC
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 Water and potassium acetate mixtures not shown 

Figure 42. Hardware Received at ERC. 
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9. Attachment 2 – Recharge Instructions.pdf Received from 

Seal Seat 26 Jul 2011
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Energy Research Consultants N1, N2 Summary Report Seal Seat PO number 7291871 

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Energy Research Consultants N1, N2 Summary Report Seal Seat PO number 7291871 

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