[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 17-11165

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 5:15-cv-00144-JSM-PRL 

CHARLES W. O’BRIEN, As Successor Trustee 

of First Enterprise Trust,

 Plaintiff -Appellant

 

 versus

TRANSAMERICA PREMIER LIFE 

INSURANCE COMPANY,

 

 Defendant-Appellee.

 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

 (August 22, 2018)

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Before JORDAN and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges, and MARTINEZ,

* District 

Judge.

PER CURIAM:

The plaintiff-appellant, Charles W. O’Brien (“O’Brien”), initiated this 

breach of contract action against defendant-appellee, Transamerica Premier Life 

Insurance Co. (“Transamerica”), seeking recovery under a “Death Benefit Rider” 

(“Rider”) incorporated in an annuity contract issued to the Beth O’Brien Trust. 

The district court granted Transamerica’s motion for summary judgment and 

denied Mr. O’Brien’s motion. The court concluded that the contract 

unambiguously excluded application of the Rider in instances where the annuitant 

died after annuitizing the contract, and thus found the Rider inapplicable to this 

case as a matter of law. O’Brien filed this appeal from the final summary 

judgment. For the reasons stated below, we affirm the judgment of the district 

court. 

I. FACTS 

On February 8, 1999, Peoples Benefit Life Insurance Co., the predecessor to 

Transamerica, issued a “Flexible Premium Multi-Funded Variable Annuity 

Contract” (“Contract”) to the Beth O’Brien Trust, with Beth O’Brien designated as 

 *

Honorable Jose E. Martinez, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Florida, 

sitting by designation.

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the annuitant. The Contract, issued in Ohio, bore an original annuity date of 

December 1, 2008.

Ms. O’Brien designated the Trustee of First Enterprise Trust as the 

Contract’s beneficiary. Charles O’Brien, her son, is Successor Trustee of the First 

Enterprise Trust. Ms. O’Brien made an initial purchase payment of $1,834,582.59 

to acquire the annuity, which was administered through Vanguard Variable 

Annuity Plan (“Vanguard”). The Contract included and was simultaneously issued 

with a “Return of Premium Death Benefit Rider.” In relevant part, the Rider 

stated:

RETURN OF PREMIUM DEATH BENEFIT RIDER 

This Rider has been made a permanent part of your contract. This 

Rider adds a cost provision and a coverage provision that replaces the 

Death Benefit section of your Contract. This Rider is issued in 

consideration of the Contract Owner’s agreement to the changes 

below. 

.....

Death Benefit 

This Rider replaces the “Death Benefit” section of your Contract with 

the following:

 The Death Benefit payable upon the death of the Annuitant 

 will be the greater of:

1) The Accumulated Value of the Contract as of the date due Proof of 

Death of the Annuitant is received by the Company; or

2) The sum of all Premium Payments, less any Adjusted Partial 

Withdrawals and Premium Taxes, if any.

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This Rider takes effect and expires concurrently with the Contract to which 

it is attached. 

Ms. O’Brien elected to annuitize the Contract within a month of its issuance, 

and executed a Variable Annuity Election of Income Option to accomplish this 

purpose. She elected to begin receiving annuity payments on May 1, 1999, 

continuing for life, with a guaranteed pay-out term of ten years. Ms. O’Brien 

enjoyed the benefit of this guaranteed ten-year income stream (120 monthly 

payments) plus 50 additional monthly annuity payments paid up through the date 

of her death on May 5, 2013. After she died, Charles O’Brien made demand on 

Vanguard for payment of the “Death Benefit” described in the Rider. Vanguard 

denied the claim on the ground that the Contract’s “Death Benefit” is payable only 

if the annuitant dies prior to the Contract’s annuity date, a circumstance which did 

not materialize here. O’Brien then brought this breach of contract action against 

Transamerica seeking recovery of the “Death Benefit” described in the Rider. 

Transamerica eventually filed a motion for summary judgment on the issue 

of the Rider’s applicability to this case, and O’Brien’s response in opposition to the 

motion was interpreted by the district court to include a cross-motion for summary 

judgment. The district court granted Transamerica’s motion for summary 

judgment, denied O’Brien’s motion, and entered final judgment accordingly. 

O’Brien filed this appeal from the final summary judgment.

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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Our review of the district court’s grant of summary judgment is de novo, and 

we apply the same legal standards as those used by the district court. Altman 

Contractors, Inc. v. Crum & Forster Specialty Ins. Co., 832 F.3d 1318 (11th Cir. 

2016); Hoffman v. Allied Corp., 912 F.2d 1379, 1383 (11th Cir. 1990); Gulf Tampa 

Drydock Co. v. Great Atl. Ins. Co., 757 F.2d 1172 (11th Cir. 1985). 

The interpretation of a contract is also a matter of law subject to de novo 

review. Equity Lifestyle Props., Inc. v. Fla. Mowing & Landscape Serv., Inc., 556 

F.3d 1232 (11th Cir. 2009); Seguros Del Estado, S.A. v. Sci. Games, Inc., 262 F.3d 

1164 (11th Cir. 2001) (contract interpretation without resort to parol evidence is 

question of law reviewed de novo).1

III. DISCUSSION

The district court found that the Rider, read in context of the Contract as a 

whole, has no application to instances where the designated annuitant dies after the 

annuity date. The court found this interpretation was compelled by various 

provisions of the Contract describing the interplay between the annuity date and 

 1 The question of which state’s substantive law applies in this diversity action is a legal 

question entitled to independent review on appeal. Am. Fam. Life Assurance Co. v. U.S. Fire 

Co., 885 F.2d 826, 830 (11th Cir. 1989). However, because the parties agree that Ohio law 

controls here, the Court will not conduct a choice of law analysis.

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when a death benefit was due: First, a section captioned, “Death Benefit Prior to 

the Annuity Date,” recites in pertinent part, “the Death Benefit is calculated and is 

payable upon receipt of due Proof of Death of the Annuitant,2 as well as proof that

the Annuitant died prior to the Annuity Date.”3 (R. 48-4). Second, a section 

captioned, “Annuitant’s Death Prior to Annuity Date,” refers to distribution of the 

death benefit “[i]f the Annuitant dies prior to the Annuity Date” (emphasis 

supplied), with the allocation depending on the survivorship and number of 

contract beneficiaries. Third, a section captioned, “Annuitant’s Death After 

Annuity Date” (emphasis supplied) states “[i]f the Annuitant dies on or after the 

Annuity Date, any unpaid Payments Certain will be paid to the Beneficiary,” and 

makes no reference to a Death Benefit. 

Reading the Contract as a whole, the district court concluded that the Rider

had no application here because Ms. O’Brien indisputably died after the “Annuity 

Date,” i.e., the date on which she began receiving annuity payments. It further 

found that any “alleged ambiguity” created by the Rider’s reference to

 2

 “Annuitant” is defined in the Glossary of the contract as “[t]he person or persons on 

whose life expectancy the duration of any Annuity Payments is determined, and . . . upon whose 

death prior to the Annuity Date benefits under this Contract are paid.” (R. 48-4)

3 “Annuity Date” is defined in the Glossary as “[t]he date on which Annuity Payments 

begin.” (R. 48-4).

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“replace[ment]” of a non-existent section4 of the underlying Contract was 

immaterial because, under any reasonable reading of the Contract, no “Death 

Benefit” is ever due if the annuitant dies after the annuity date. 

On appeal, O’Brien argues that the Rider by its plain terms refers to a 

“Death Benefit” which is “payable upon the death of the Annuitant,” without 

limitation as to whether the annuitant’s death occurs before or after the annuity 

date. He argues the district court erred by misconstruing or disregarding the word 

“replaces,” as it appears in the Rider, which, under its ordinary and plain meaning,

refers simply to the substitution of one thing for another. Applying this definition 

here, he contends the Rider calls for the “replacement” of any provisions in the 

Contract which referred to a “Death Benefit,” including those provisions relied 

upon by the district court in reaching its ultimate interpretation of the Contract. 

Alternatively, O’Brien contends that the Rider’s reference to the 

“replacement” of a non-existent section of the Contract created an ambiguity as to 

the circumstances under which the Rider was intended to apply, and that the 

district court should have interpreted this ambiguity against Transamerica as

drafter of the Contract and Rider. At a minimum, O’Brien contends that the 

district court should have conducted an evidentiary hearing to consider extrinsic 

evidence of the parties’ intent.

 4 While the Rider states it “replaces” the “Death Benefit section” of the Contract, there is 

no section of the Contract expressly titled a “Death Benefit” section.

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Recognizing that “[t]he cardinal purpose for judicial examination of any 

written instrument is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the parties,” 

Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. v. Franklin Cty. Convention Facilities Auth.,

678 N.E.2d 519, 526 (Ohio 1997), it is clear in this case that Transamerica 

performed exactly as the Contract contemplated with regard to payment of the 

“Death Benefit” described in the Rider. In determining the intent of the parties, “a 

writing, or writings executed as part of the same transaction, will be read as a 

whole, and the intent of each part will be gathered from a consideration of the 

whole.” Id. at 526. Courts should therefore “attempt to harmonize all the 

provisions [of the contract] rather than produce conflict in them . . . [and] no 

provision of the contact should be ignored as inconsistent if there exists a 

reasonable interpretation which gives effect to both.” Lincoln Elec. Co. v. St. Paul 

Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 210 F.3d 672, 685 (6th Cir. 2000) (quoting Ottery v. 

Bland, 536 N.E.2d 651, 654 (Ohio Ct. App. 1987)). 

Contracts that are, by their terms, clear and unambiguous require no real 

construction or interpretation, and courts will enforce such contracts as written by 

the parties. See Foster Wheeler, 678 N.E.2d at 526; Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe 

Line Co., 374 N.E.2d 146, 150 (Ohio 1978); Royal Ins. Co. of Am. v. Orient 

Overseas Container Line Ltd., 525 F.3d 409 (6th Cir. 2008). Conversely, where 

the court cannot decipher the parties’ intent through the plain language of the 

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contract, a fact-finder may consider extrinsic evidence to resolve the ambiguity and 

ascertain the parties’ intent. See Shifrin v. Forest City Enters., Inc., 597 N.E.2d 

499, 501 (Ohio 1992). Contract language is deemed ambiguous, however, “‘only 

where its meaning cannot be determined from the four corners of the agreement or 

where the language is susceptible of two or more reasonable interpretations.’” 

Savedoff v. Access Grp., Inc., 524 F.3d 754, 763 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting 

Covington v. Lucia, 784 N.E.2d 186, 190 (Ohio Ct. App. 2003)). In deciding 

whether an ambiguity exists, the contract “‘must be construed as a whole’” and the 

intent of the parties must be determined from the entire instrument and not from 

detached parts. Id. (quoting Tri-State Grp., Inc. v. Ohio Edison Co., 782 N.E.2d 

1240, 1246 (Ohio Ct. App. 2002)).

If primary rules of contract construction — plain language of the document 

and extrinsic evidence, in that order — fail to clarify the meaning of a contract 

term, then a secondary rule of contract construction, requiring ambiguous language

in a standardized contract to be construed strictly against its drafter, comes into 

play. Cadle v. D’Amico, 66 N.E.3d 1184 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016). 

Finally, common words in a contract are presumed to hold their ordinary 

meaning unless manifest absurdity results, or some other meaning is clearly 

evidenced from the instrument. Waste Mgmt., Inc. v. Rice Danis Ind., 257 F. Supp. 

2d 1076, 1083 (S.D. Ohio 2003) (citing Buckeye Pipe Line Co., 374 N.E.2d at 

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150); Crosier v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 2018 WL 1168385, ___ N.E.3d 

___ (Ohio Ct. App. Mar. 6, 2018) (citing Plaza Dev. Co. v. W. Cooper Enters., 

LLC, 12 N.E.3d 506 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014)); Kenney v. Chesapeake, 31 N.E.3d 136 

(Ohio Ct. App. 2015). 

In this case, the only reasonable interpretation of the Contract, viewing the 

Contract as a whole, is that the Rider replaced the “Death Benefit Prior to the 

Annuity Date” section of the Contract. First, the text and structure of the Rider 

mirrors the text and structure of the “Death Benefit Prior to the Annuity Date” 

section. For example, the Rider and the “Death Benefit Prior to the Annuity Date” 

section both have two subsections and use the exact same language, differing 

slightly on only a few items. In addition to the similarity between the text and 

structure of this section of the Contract and the Rider, it is important to note that 

the Rider states that it “replaces the Death Benefit” section of the Contract. 

Although Plaintiff is right that the Contract lacks a section titled “Death Benefit,” 

the “Death Benefit Prior to the Annuity Date” is the only section of the Contract 

that has “Death Benefit” in its title whatsoever. Furthermore, the Rider and the 

“Death Benefit Prior to the Annuity Date” are aimed at the same issue: they both 

govern the valuation of the Death Benefit, with both providing for the greater of 

the Accumulated Value of the Contract, or, in the alternative, the sum of all 

premium payments. 

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Moreover, the other two sections of the Contract dealing with the annuitant’s 

death and what payments, if any, are due limit the reach of the otherwiseuninhibited Rider. Indeed, the language from the “Annuitant’s Death Prior to 

Annuity Date” section, which limits the Death Benefit to a situation where the 

annuitant died before annuitizing the Contract, and the language from the 

“Annuitant’s Death After Annuity Date” section, which limits after-death, afterannuitized benefits to any remaining guaranteed annuity payments, clearly limit 

what payments are due upon Ms. O’Brien’s death. And since Ms. O’Brien had 

already annuitized the Contract and thereafter received all of her guaranteed 

annuity payments, no further payments were due upon her death. See Fifth Third 

Mortg. Co. v. Rankin, 2011 WL 2206629, *5 (Ohio Ct. App. 2011) (declining to 

adopt a reading of a rider which would, “in essence, create a new contract”).

Last, to interpret the Contract otherwise, as urged by O’Brien, would 

effectively amount to a double recovery under the Contract. It would allow 

recovery of the death benefit upon passing of the annuitant under any sequence and 

would lead to the commercially unreasonable result of allowing an annuitant to 

reap the benefit of his or her bargain twice — once by collecting the guaranteed 

ten-year annuity stream during his or her lifetime and again by conferring a death 

benefit on his or her designated beneficiary at the expiration of that lifetime. The 

Contract, read as a whole, does not support this result. 

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In determining the intent of the parties, the Court has harmonized all the 

provisions of the Contract to reach the only reasonable interpretation of the 

Contract. And because the meaning of the Rider can be determined from the four 

corners of the Contract and because the language of the Rider is susceptible to only 

one reasonable interpretation, no ambiguity exists. This correct, global reading and 

harmonization of the Contract’s terms leads to the conclusion that the parties 

intended to confer a death benefit only in those circumstances where the annuitant 

dies before the annuity date. 

The district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Transamerica is 

AFFIRMED.

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