NO. 4-00-0407

	IN THE APPELLATE COURT

	OF ILLINOIS

	FOURTH DISTRICT

BONNIE JEAN BURWELL,

	Plaintiff-Appellant,

		v.

LLOYD C. BURWELL,

	Defendant-Appellee.	)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)	Appeal from

Circuit Court of

Champaign County

No. 76C361

Honorable

Harry E. Clem,

Judge Presiding.

_________________________________________________________________

	PRESIDING JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the opinion of

the court:

	In January 2000, the trial court entered judgment in

favor of plaintiff, Bonnie Jean Burwell, and against defendant,

Lloyd C. Burwell, and awarded Bonnie $15,100 in unpaid child

support.  The court later denied Bonnie's request for prejudgment

interest on the unpaid support.  

	Bonnie appeals, arguing that the trial court erred by

not awarding prejudgment interest in accordance with section 12-

109 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/12-109

(West 1998)).  We reverse and remand.

	I. BACKGROUND

	In March 1977, the trial court entered an order dis

solving the parties' marriage, granting custody of their only

child, John (born November 3, 1976), to Bonnie, and ordering

Lloyd to pay $100 per month in temporary child support, beginning April 1, 1977.  In November 1977, the court entered an order

setting permanent child support at $100 per month.

	In September 1999, Bonnie filed a motion for entry of

judgment, seeking $23,200 in unpaid child support that had

accrued between April 1, 1977 (the date of the initial temporary

order for child support), and November 3, 1994 (the date that

John reached 18 years of age).  Bonnie also sought prejudgment

interest on the child support arrearage and attorney fees.  

	In January 2000, the trial court entered an order

pursuant to the parties' agreement, awarding Bonnie $15,100 in

unpaid child support.  The court reserved ruling on the questions

of interest and attorney fees.  Following a hearing later that

month, the court granted Bonnie's request for attorney fees but

denied her request for prejudgment interest "in the exercise of

its discretion."  After pronouncing its ruling at the hearing,

Bonnie's counsel asked the court to comment on the impact of

section 505(d) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of

Marriage Act (Dissolution Act) (750 ILCS 5/505(d) (West Supp.

1999) (effective until June 1, 2000)) on the court's ruling.  The

court responded that (1) section 505(d) was enacted after 1994

and thus was not in effect while the child support order was in

effect (April 1977 through November 1994), and (2) during the

time that the child support order was in effect, the awarding of

interest on child support judgments was a matter within the trial court's discretion. 

	In February 2000, Bonnie filed a motion to reconsider,

in which she argued that pursuant to (1) section 505(d) of the 

Dissolution Act (then section 505(c) (Pub. Act 85-2, §2, eff. May

1, 1987 (1987 Ill. Laws 1, 6-7))) and (2) the amended version of

section 12-109 of the Code (see Pub. Act 85-2, §6, eff. May 1,

1987 (1987 Ill. Laws 1, 5-6, at 14), as amended see 735 ILCS 5/12-109

(West 1998)), both of which took effect on May 1, 1987, she was

entitled to interest on the unpaid child support that accrued

after June 1, 1987.  Following a March 2000 hearing, the trial

court denied Bonnie's motion.  In so ruling, the court explained

that it was compelled to follow In re Marriage of Kaufman, 299 Ill. App. 3d 508, 701 N.E.2d 186 (1998).  This appeal followed.

	II. ANALYSIS

	A. Lloyd's Failure To File a Brief

	Initially, we note that Lloyd did not file a brief in

support of the trial court's order.  In First Capitol Mortgage Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp., 63 Ill. 2d 128, 133, 345 N.E.2d 493, 495 (1976), the supreme court held that when the

record is simple and the claimed errors are such that a reviewing

court can easily decide them without the aid of the appellee's

brief, the reviewing court should decide the merits of the

appeal.  Because we conclude that this is such a case, we address

the merits of Bonnie's appeal despite Lloyd's failure to file a brief.  

	B. Standard of Review

	The facts are not disputed and the issue raised on this

appeal is one of law--that is, whether the imposition of interest

on child support judgments is mandatory under section 12-109 of

the Code (735 ILCS 5/12-109 (West 1998)).  We review questions of

law de novo.  Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. v. Environmental Protection Agency, 314 Ill. App. 3d 296, 300, 734 N.E.2d 18, 21 (2000).   

	C. Prejudgment Interest 

	Bonnie argues that the trial court erred by failing to

apply section 12-109 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/12-109 (West 1998))

and award her interest accordingly.  For the following reasons,

we agree.

	In Finley v. Finley, 81 Ill. 2d 317, 332, 410 N.E.2d 12, 19 (1980), the supreme court held that whether to impose

interest on child support judgments lies within the trial court's

discretion.  In so holding, the court explained that divorce

proceedings are similar to chancery proceedings and therefore

should be governed, to a great extent, by the rules governing

such proceedings.  In chancery proceedings, interest on judgments

is allowed when equitable considerations warrant it.   

	Seven years after Finley, the General Assembly amended section 505 of the Dissolution Act and section 12-109 of the Code by enacting Public Act 85-2.   (Pub. Act. 85-2, §§2, 6, eff. May 1,

1987 (1987 Ill. Laws at 5-6, 14)).  The amendment to section 505

of the Dissolution Act added what is now subsection (d), which

states, in pertinent part, as follows:  "Each *** judgment [of

child support] shall have the full force, effect[,] and attrib

utes of any other judgment of this State, including the ability

to be enforced."  750 ILCS 5/505(d) (West Supp. 1999).  Amended

section 12-109 of the Code provides, in pertinent part, that

"[e]very judgment arising by operation of law from a child

support order shall bear interest as provided in [s]ection 2-1303

commencing 30 days from the effective date of each such judg

ment."  735 ILCS 5/12-109 (West 1998). 

	In Kaufman, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 509, 701 N.E.2d at 187, the appellant argued that interest on late payments under an

order of maintenance was mandatory.  Specifically, she contended

that (1) the General Assembly enacted section 505(d) of the

Dissolution Act in response to Finley, and that pursuant to that section, interest on a child support award is mandatory, and (2)

Finley should not be applied to other dissolution judgments, such as orders to pay maintenance.  Kaufman, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 509, 701 N.E.2d at 187.  The appellate court disagreed and concluded

that (1) section 505(d) of the Dissolution Act did not (a)

address the question of interest or (b) apply to spousal mainte

nance awards; (2) not all civil judgments are subject to manda tory interest, therefore granting dissolution judgments the "full

force and effect of law" does not mean that interest will auto

matically attach; and (3) the legislature did not intend to make

interest mandatory on dissolution judgments.  Kaufman, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 512, 701 N.E.2d at 189.  The court further held that,

pursuant to Finley, the "allowance of interest on all dissolution judgments is within the discretion of the trial court."  Kaufman, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 511, 701 N.E.2d at 188.

	In this case, the trial court's reliance on Kaufman was misplaced.  First, the Kaufman court addressed a question regard ing maintenance; therefore, its analysis of section 505(d) of the

Dissolution Act--a section expressly addressing child support--

constitutes dicta.  Moreover, because child support was not at issue in Kaufman, the court did not consider or apply section 12- 109 of the Code, as amended in 1987, which unequivocally states that judgments of child support shall bear interest as provided in section 2-1303 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-1303 (West 1998)). 

735 ILCS 5/12-109 (West 1998).  Accordingly, we conclude that the

trial court erred by determining that interest was discretionary,

and Bonnie is entitled to interest on unpaid support accrued

between June 1, 1987, and November 1994. 

	In so concluding, we note that In re Marriage of Steinberg, 302 Ill. App. 3d 845, 855-56, 706 N.E.2d 895, 902-03 (1998), does not require a different result.  In that case, the respondent argued that the trial court erred by holding that

interest on child support was mandatory under section 505(d) of

the Dissolution Act.  Steinberg, 302 Ill. App. 3d at 855, 706 N.E.2d at 902.  The reviewing court agreed, citing both

Finley and Kaufman.  However, the parties did not raise and the Steinberg court did not address section 12-109 of the Code in reaching its conclusion.  Steinberg, 302 Ill. App. 3d at 855-56, 706 N.E.2d at 902-03.

	III. CONCLUSION

	For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court's

judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with the

views expressed herein.

	Reversed and remanded.

	McCULLOUGH, J., concurs.

	COOK, J., dissents.

	JUSTICE COOK, dissenting:

	I respectfully dissent and would affirm the decision of

the trial court.  The majority today abandons a long-standing and

well-considered ruling of our supreme court.  See Finley, 81 Ill. 2d at 332, 410 N.E.2d at 19 (in dissolution of marriage cases,

orders for future periodic payments do not draw interest unless

the trial court so exercises its discretion).  The majority

concludes its action is required by a 1987 amendment to section

12-109, that "[e]very judgment arising by operation of law from a

child support order shall bear interest as provided in [s]ection

2-1303."  735 ILCS 5/12-109 (West 1998).  Section 2-1303, how

ever, was the section considered in Finley.     

	There is a difference between money judgments entered

in civil cases and orders for future periodic payments entered in 

dissolution of marriage cases.  The dissolution judgment might

not even contain a definite amount but may simply order the

noncustodian to pay a percentage of his income.  In re Marriage of Singleteary, 293 Ill. App. 3d 25, 33, 687 N.E.2d 1080, 1086 (1997).  As in the present case, the custodian may return to court many years later, complaining that the noncustodian at some

point has failed to pay some child support.  The trial court will

hear the evidence, determine the amount unpaid, and enter a

judgment for that amount.  Certainly from that point in time the

custodian will be entitled to interest on the judgment.  But was the custodian entitled to interest from the moment the custodian

failed to comply with the order setting support?  Again, Finley says that such an award of interest in a dissolution of marriage

case is not mandatory but lies within the discretion of the trial

court.  

	For many years there has been a duplication between

section 12-109, which had its origin in the statute dealing with

judgments (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 77, par. 7), and section 2-

1303, which had its origin in the statute dealing with interest

(Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 74, par. 3).  In 1980, the year Finley was decided, the predecessor of section 12-109 provided: 

		"Every judgment shall bear interest there-

	on, from the date of the recovery of the judgment 

	until the same is paid, at the rate of 8% 

	per annum."  Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 77, 

	par. 7.  

At that time, the predecessor of section 2-1303 provided:

		"Judgments recovered before any court 

	shall draw interest at the rate of 9% per 

	annum from the date of the judgment until 

	satisfied ***."  Ill. Rev. Stat. 19779, ch. 74, 

	par. 3.  

Two separate statutes accordingly provided for interest on judg-

ments.  Even though Finley did not cite the parallel language contained in the predecessor of section 12-109, the holding of

Finley must be read as applying to that language.  

	In 1984, section 12-109 of the Code was amended, to

eliminate the duplication and to simply refer to section 2-1303

without setting out any substantive provisions.  Pub. Act 83-

1398, §5, eff. September 12, 1984 (1984 Ill. Laws 2747, 2748). 

After the 1984 amendment section 12-109 read, "[e]very judgment

shall bear interest thereon as provided in [s]ection 2-1303." 

Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, par. 12-109.  The language of

section 12-209 on which the majority relies was accordingly in

existence prior to 1987, and it was clear at that time that the

language was intended to avoid duplication, not to change the

Finley rule on discretionary interest.  

	In 1987, in connection with the amendments to section

505 of the Dissolution Act, section 12-109 was amended to address

judgments "arising by operation of law from child support or

ders."  Pub. Act 85-2, §6, eff. May 1, 1987 (1987 Ill. Laws at

14).  The amended language provides, "[e]very judgment arising by

operation of law from a child support order shall bear interest

as provided in [s]ection 2-1303 commencing 30 days from the

effective date of each such judgment."  735 ILCS 5/12-109 (West

1998).  There are two basic provisions here:  (1) child support

orders shall bear interest as provided in section 2-1303, and (2)

there is a grace period of 30 days before interest begins to run.  Section 12-109 does not say anything about the discretion of the

trial court, only that such orders shall bear interest as pro

vided in section 2-1303.  Under section 2-1303, basically un

changed since it was addressed in Finley, interest is discretion ary.        

	The majority attempts to distinguish Steinberg with the argument that "the Steinberg court did not address section 12-109 of the Code in reaching its conclusion."  Slip op. at 6.  The

Steinberg court did discuss the 1987 amendment to section 505(d), however, including an extensive discussion of the legislative

history of that amendment.  Amended section 12-109 was a part of

that same amendment, and it seems clear that the Steinberg court was aware of the 1987 amendment to section 12-109.  In any event

we must consider whether the language of section 12-109, i.e., that child support judgments "shall bear interest as provided in

[s]ection 2-1303," adds anything to the language of sections 2-

1303 of the Code and 505(d) of the Dissolution Act, which were

considered by the Steinberg court.  Steinberg rejected the argument that the broad language in section 2-1303 of the Code

(dealing with interest on judgments) and the broad language in

section 505(d) of the Dissolution Act (dealing with child support

judgments) changed the rule that interest on child support

judgments was discretionary.  The language in section 12-109,

duplicative of the language in section 2-1303, is even less persuasive than the language of the other sections, and the

failure to cite section 12-109 in Steinberg does not provide support for the majority's decision here.   

	The majority complains that Kaufman, although a mainte nance case, addressed section 505(d) of the Dissolution Act,

which expressly addresses child support.  Slip op. at 5-6.  The

majority then suggests that because Kaufman was a maintenance case, it did not consider section 12-109, which is a child

support provision.  Slip op. at 6-7.  The fact of the matter is

that both child support and maintenance are "periodic payments

ordered by the court" and have been discussed interchangeably in

the cases.  Finley was a child support case, but it cited alimony cases.  Finley, 81 Ill. 2d at 331-32, 410 N.E.2d at 19.  The Finley rule applies not just to child support or to maintenance but to every allowance of interest in a divorce proceeding. 

Finley, 81 Ill. 2d at 331-32, 410 N.E.2d at 19.  As the majority points out, both the language it relies upon from section 12-109

of the Code, and a portion of the language of section 505(d) of

the Dissolution Act discussed in Kaufman (then section 505(c)), were contained in the same public act.  Pub. Act 85-2, §§6, 2,

eff. May 1, 1987 (1987 Ill. Laws at 14, 6-7).  That public act was not added with the intent of changing the way interest is

awarded in Illinois dissolution judgments.  The public act was

added to comply with federal law and prevent the loss of large sums of federal funds and to prevent retroactive reduction of

child support, especially by courts in other states.  Kaufman, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 512-13, 701 N.E.2d at 189.  The legislative

intent in amending section 12-109 of the Code was to add a 30-day

grace period, not to change the rule that the award of interest

on past-due child support is discretionary.  If the legislature

had intended to change such a long-standing and sensible rule, it

would have done so explicitly.

	The wisdom of a rule that places the award of interest

within the discretion of the trial court is illustrated by this

case.  Bonnie chose to bring this action for unpaid child support

in 1999, when the child was 23 years old.  The child will not

receive any advantage from this child support.  Bonnie sought

$23,200 in unpaid child support; the trial court awarded $15,100,

an indication there was some uncertainty as to amount.  Orders

for future periodic payments are not as definite as money judg

ments.  Another example of this uncertainty is found in the cases

where the noncustodian takes over the custody of the child.  Even

if the child support order is not revoked, the former custodian

will be estopped to enforce it.  Johnston v. Johnston, 196 Ill. App. 3d 101, 104-05, 553 N.E.2d 93, 96 (1990); In re Marriage of Duerr, 250 Ill. App. 3d 232, 235-37, 621 N.E.2d 120, 123-24 (1993).  Computing interest on a money judgment may not require

much more than a multiplication of the number of days unpaid by the interest rate; computing interest on a child support order is

a much more complicated process.  Interest on child support

orders should be discretionary with the trial court.