JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

ITALIAN AID SOLD--Meanwhile, the Mozambican civil war continues to have effects
on areas far removed from the theater of operations. For example, the disclo-
sure of the use put in Mozambique to thousands of items of clothing donated by
the Italian city of Reggio Emilia to the Mozambican city of Pemba (formerly
Porto Amelia) has been causing a local political crisis involving, on the one
hand, the Reggio town council, with a communist majority, and, on the other,
the regional heads of the Christian Democratic, Republican, and Socialist
Parties. Instead of having been distributed free of charge among the Pemba
population which lacks clothing, the Italian aid was put up for sale. in the
FRELIMO shops, as generally occurs. The scandal caused by this cheating was
intensified by the revelation in Italy of another Amnesty International report
charging human rights violations committed by FRELIMO, specifically, torture
and death sentences, as well as the spread of corruption in the People's
Republic of Mozambique. [Text] [Lisbon 0 DIABO in Portuguese 23 Sep 86 p 17]
2909

EEC FISH TALKS-sl'alks petween tne European Economic Community and Mozambique
on fishing began this week. The aim is to modify and renew with the EEC the
fishing agreement concluded between Mozambique and Spain in 1982, which ex-
pires on December 31, 1986. The fishing agreement between Seychelles and the
EEC, which runs out in January, is also the subject of talks in Brussels.
[Text] [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 18 Oct 86 p 5] 1/9274

cso: 3400/301

13



The second deplorable factor in the outburst of mob rule in our capital is

that it was led by students from the university. It was they who were guilty
of most of the stoning and arson and it was these thugs who launched unprovoked
attacks on terrified white pedestrians and motorists including innocent women.
This loutish and gutless behavior will have seriously affected racial harmony.
The victims were ordinary law-abiding Zimbabweans who had no connection whatso-—
ever with the air disaster, It was a miracle that only one or two persons
needed hospital treatment. The casualties might have been far worse but for
the fact that some nonstudent demonstrators tried to exert some restraint. The
terrifying thought is that these university students are supposed to provide
the nucleus of Zimbabwe's leaders: of tomorrow. When they are unable to con-
duct themselves in a civilized manner, the future of our land looks bleak and
dangerous indeed.

As we reported yesterday, our police must also be sharply criticized for their
obvious collusion. They failed to take the necessary preemptive action and
compromised their true function still further by withholding intervention un~
til the bulk of the damage had been done. The United States has lodged a formal
protest over the stoning of the American Embassy. There again our security
forces stood by while the embassy windows were smashed. All this culpable in-
action must have been ordered and sanctioned by the ruling regime. Our leaders.
failed dismally in the first duty of any government: to protect the lives and
property of its citizens. Belatedly, some 100 thugs were arrested. An example
must be made of them to act as a deterrent against uncontrolled mob rule in
future. . Moreover, the university students should be made [to] pay the enormous
bill for repairs to the properties and vehicles they smashed. Only some col-
lective and appropriate punishment of this nature will make them think twice
before embarking on another rampage.

/12232
cso: 3400/311

34


JPRS~SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

ZAMBIA

KAUNDA SAYS MNR ECHOING MASTER'S VOICE
MB300606 Johannesburg SAPA in English 2134 GMT 29 Oct

[Text] Maputo 29 Oct (SAPA)--South Africa and not the MNR had declared
war on Zimbabwe, Ziana quoted President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia as saying
in Maputo today. The Zimbabwean News Agency said he told a brief press
conference after a special summit of the frontline states that when the
MNR announced that it had declared war on Zimbabwe yesterday, it

was simply echoing its "master's voice."

"Their so-called declaration of war was an expression of their masters
voice. They were telling the world what South Afica wants to do in
Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has heard. this before and there is nothing new to
Zimbabwe about this," said Dr Kaunda.

Answering a question on the air crash which killed Mozambique's President
Samora Machel 10 days ago, Dr Kaunda said although the International
Commission of Inquiry has yet to report its findings, a number of
governments in the region felt that South Africa was responsible.

"Our colleagues briefed us in detail and we have taken note of that
brief. A number of member states have made their positions very clear
on this issue. South Africa is still responsible for comrade Machel's
death because of its pursuance of apartheid.

"There is sufficient circumstantial evidence for us to hold South Africa
responsible," said Dr Kaunda, citing the threats from the South African
defence ministry on October 15 that Pretoria would attack the frontline
states, particularly Mozambique, according to ZIANA.

"The plane was being monitored by South African radar and we know that
electronically it is possible to tamper with machines like airplanes.

We have not been impressed by the crocodile tears of the two bothas,"

said Dr. Kaunda.

"A number of governments hold South Africa directly responsible for this
tragid death until it proves to the contrary," he said.

/12624
cso: 3400/337

30


MAURITANIAN LINE TO EXPAND SERVICE

Port Elizabeth EVENING POST in English 10 Oct 86 p 8

[Text]

THE Mauritian Asian
Shipping Company
(Masco) is to expand its
South African service by
making additional ton-
nage available, meeting
demands. for container-
ised cargo and including

other Indian Ocean island :

destinations among its
ports of call.

The wholly-owned -
Mauritian shipping line «

has been providing a
monthly service between
Durban;, Mauritius and
Reunion. for the past two
years. .

The sérvice provided
by the 4000 dwt Jamal

Shah isi now to be aug- ‘

mented by the addition of
the 7 000 dwt Jeelan Shah.
Coinciding with this
announcement, Masco
general manager, Mr
Ikbal Joonas, announced:
“The agency for the line
in South Africa is to be
transferred from J F M
Sturrock to Mitchell Cotts
Maritime with effect
from October 1.” .
Responding to the
announcement, Mitchell
Cotts Maritime’s manag-
ing director, Mr Graham
Palmer, said: “Masco
came into the South
African market without
fanfare and have steadily
developed their support
base with a reputation as
a reliable independent.
They are now carrying
full loads and this is seen
as the opportune time to

85

develop the service
further”.

“phe chartering of
additional tonnage. to
meet the steady expan-
sion was likely,” added
Mr Joonas.

The new vessel, the
Jeelan Shah, carries
containers and break-
bulk cargo and will be the
backbone of the South
Africa/Islands service.

Together with the
Jamal Shah’s regular
,calis to the Comores,
‘Seychelles and Madagas-
car, a three week
frequency is now offered
South African shippers.

Mr Del Berry has been
appointed Mitchell Cotts
Maritime’s line manager
for Masco and will be
based at their Durban
office.

Pay dispute

THE principals of Sanko
Lines, whose bulker
Bunko Maru was auc-
tioned in Port Elizabeth
this week for nearly
R7 350 000, are at logger-
heads with ‘seamens’
unions over a plan .to
reduce seafarers’ wages
by 40% from next month
in a further effort to get
the Sanko and Zuito Kaiun
shipping group back into
the black.

Sanko when it went
bankrupt in August last
year proved to be the big-
gest bankruptcy in mari-

JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

DR ANTON RUPERT SPEAKS OUT FOR PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE
Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 29 Aug 86 p 21

{Article by the economic staff: "Dr Anton Rupert's Message: Live Together in
South Africa--or Die Together"]

[Text] If South Africa's "spiritual-political" leaders cannot get along with
one another, then we will destroy our own country in the name of Christianity.
The sober reality is: we will either live together or die together!

That was the message Dr Anton Rupert, chairman of the Rembrandt Group, gave
his shareholders yesterday at the company's annual meeting in Stellenbosch.

Dr Rupert identified those "spiritual-political" leaders as Prof Carel
Boshoff, Dr Beyers Naude, Dr Allan Boesak, and Bishop Desmond Tutu.

Dr Rupert said that in these times of crisis he wants to issue a call to those
leaders to reflect seriously in the realization that today man has the power
to destroy himself and everything around him.

Since the invention of the atomic bomb, all earthly creatures will always live
like scorpions in a bottle.

Friends

As believing Protestants, our "spiritual-political" leaders should be able to
get along with one another. "If not, the result will be that we bring about
the destruction of our part of the world in the name of Christianity."

South Africa still has friends in many countries. "It must not happen that we
seratch out those friends' eyes just because they do not agree with everything
we do.”

"Visiting our neighboring countries, I always find there is a surprising
amount of goodwill. I beg that we humbly accept and help one another in this
broad country with its God-given variety of plants, animals, and people."

"The sober reality is: we will either live together or die together!"

39



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

MOZAMBIQUE

CUBAN, SOVIET ADVISORS ACCOMPANY MACHEL
Lisbon 0 DIABO in Portuguese 23 Sep 86 p 17

[Text] Despite the difficulties (apparently insurmountable) that are besetting
him in confronting the rebels, Samora Machel now intends to impose reprisals
on Malawi, accusing President Hastings Banda of being "an agent of ‘the Republic
of South Africa" and of giving aid to the guerrillas led by Afonso Dhlakama.

Accompanied by his counterparts, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, and Robert. Mugabe
of Zimbabwe, the Mozambican president went to Blantyre to meet with Banda.

The Malawi head of state denied the charges directed against him, and reminded
the visitors that his political position in the context of Southern Africa has
remained unchanged for 25 years, and that if Malawi, contrary to what it did
before independence, is currently not using the Mozambican ports, preferring
those of South Africa, which are much farther away, this is due to the complete
insecurity of Mozambique's highway and rail communications.

Upon returning to his country, Machel reiterated the charges aimed at Dr Banda,
and announced that he was ready to set up missile launching bases on the border
with Malawi.

In Maputo Western diplomatic circles, this position on the part. of the FRELIMO
leader has been considered just another threat, or a mere attempt at causing
psychological effects. However, those circles were surprised at the fact that,
during his trip to.the Angonia border region, Samora Machel had been publicly
accompanied by "Soviet and Cuban military advisors" who, according to statements
made by Machel himself, “are in charge of setting up the missile barrier."

The diplomat's surprise is legitimate, because it is unusual for the Mozambican
dictator to comment so ostentatiously on the military support that he is
receiving from communist countries.

2909.
CSO: 3442/17



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY WELCOMES CRITICISM OF U.S. PRESS COVERAGE
MB280745 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 28 Oct 86
[Station commentary: "South Africa and the American Press" ]

[Text] The sharp criticism which has been leveled at the American news media
for its subjective and one~sided treatment of South Africa is to be welcomed.

In the latest edition of its magazine AIM REPORT, the organization Accuracy in
Media points out that South Africa is the only country in the world which is
consistently described in the American media in terms of an adjectival quali-
fication. It is never simply the South African Government, but the white minor-
ity government of South Africa.

For all practical purposes, the adjectival description has become part of the
country's name, AIM REPORT points out the editors who use this form of descrip~
tion would be aghast if they were instructed to refer to the godless communist
government of the Soviet Union or the undemocratic East German dictatorship.

The report states that the American media has clearly chosen the South African
Government as a target for destruction. This is clear from the number of re-
ports on South Africa as well as the content of these reports in a survey from
May to July this year. During this period it is pointed out South Africa was
by no means the only country in the world affected by racial, ethnic, or religi-
ous upheaval. Comparatively speaking, however, there was little coverage of
the violent clashes in India between the Sikhs, Muslims, and Hindus or the
violence in Sri Lanks where many have died in the fighting between the Tamil
minority and the Sinhalese. The report also draws attention to the comparative
lack of reports of oppression and suffering by black people under Marxist
regimes in Africa, such as those in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Angola.

It points out that American journalists make South Africa look far worse than
other African states partly because it is in fact far better. The point that
seems to escape the media is that this [word indistinct] dishonesty is damaging
not only to South Africa but ultimately to themselves.

/12232
cs0: 3400/310

67



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

MINISTER CITES IRONIC DEMANDS FOR SCHOOL SECURITY
MB271905 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1901 GMT 27 Oct 86

[Text] Pretoria 27 October SAPA--Demands for the withdrawal of security forces
from black schools were aimed at giving radical organisations the freedom to
act against students wanting to attend school, Mr Sam de Beer, deputy minister
of education and development, said tonight.

"I have noted with shock and grave concern attempts by certain groups and in-
dividuals to disrupt the final matriculation examination in Soweto through
senseless acts of violence and intimidation of innocent candidates," Mr de Beer
said in a statement, "I wish to express my sincere sympathy with those inno-
cent victims of such mindless acts, and also with their parents and teachers,"
said the statement.

It added: "It is ironic that the very same media, individuals and organisa-
tions who have blamed the past disruptions at schools on the presence of secur-
tiy forces, are now clamouring for their presence at schools. There can be
little doubt that the many demands made by radical organisations and activist
youth organisations for the withdrawal of the security forces were aimed at
allowing them the freedom to continue with horrific attacks on peace-loving
students whose only wish is to improve their qualifications and secure a bright
future for themselves."

Mr de Beer said he noted in news reports that the Soweto Parents Crisis Com—-
mittee [SPCC] and Soweto Civic Association [SCA] condemned the harrassment of
private adult candidates who were writing to improve their qualifications, "I
am in full agreement with this view, but I am extremely disappointed that they
do not in any way condemn the violence perpetrated on full-time students.
Neither do they offer a single word of sympathy for those children who were
sjambokked [whipped], threatened and ambushed. It should also be noted that
parents in Soweto are virtually unanimous in their strong condemnation of the
disruption of the examinations. This effectively refutes the false claim by
the radical organisations that they have the unconditional support of the
majority of parents." \
Mr de Beer said it was time that parents pleas to these organisations to allow
their children to write examinations be heeded. "I wish to point out that the
minister of education and development aid announced on Friday, 24 October 1986,

49



"The open possibility of a black moderator for one church of black, brown, white
and Indian and the possibility of a black president for the whole South Africa
as well?" he said.

He also said if a "black... who was an admirer of (Prime Minister Robert)
Mugabe..." could become archbishop of the Anglican Church, what made it
"theologically unlikely and humanly impossible that a spiritual brother of Tutu
and (Dr Allan) Boesak could progress through the open membership and offices of
the NGK to moderature?"

"I do not think I am out of order in asking such questions," Dr Treurnicht said.

"7 do believe that we have come to the end of the dialogue between the church
and the politicians--rather we have entered a new phase.

“Whether we want it or not we're in danger of creating great divisions amongst
our people and the church with church decisions and their explanations," said
Dr Treurnicht.

He said commentary and explanations of the NGK decisions caused great confusion
and even distress. "This cannot be argued away," he said.

He said it was clear that certain spokesmen and journalists wanted to have the
church "say that apartheid was sin and heresy and the church confessed apartheid
and the church was not the benchmark of Christian unity."

"I have serious doubts that the church said the things that some journalists
reported and even some synod delegates repeated.

"There are people that now point fingers at the Conservative Party and say:
The church has decided your policy is sin. The church has judged and rejected
your party.

"And the other conclusion would be that integration, political power-sharing,
mixed residential areas, mixed schools, a single voters roll, one parliament
for all the people is truly Christian-scriptural.

"I am totally unable to associate myself with that," Dr Treurnicht, a former
NGK minister and senior official, said.

He wanted to know whether the church condemned all forms of separateness and
whether there was now a moral duty to remove it at all levels. With this too,
he could not associate himself, he said.

In his view the church had not condemned all forms of separateness and he
could not believe a CGKY body could do such a thing.

He said he too believed one could not find a text from scripture to justify
"every application of a policy"--but the church should also not try to do it.

Dr Treurnicht said he did not believe that the church intended to say that all

applications of apartheid disadvantaged one group in terms of another. He did
not believe the synod would say this as it would be untrue.

47



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

only wasted our time," says McCabe. "The government is too scared to do away
with the Group Areas Act officially; that's why it's using all kinds of
methods to make the law a dead letter," says Chambers. [Text] (Pretoria DIE
AFRIKANER in Afrikaans 27 Aug 86.p 1] 12593

GENERAL MALAN WARNS AWB--"The Afrikaner Resistance Movement [AWB] should watch
out that it does not meddle with the responsibilities of the South African
Defense Force," the minister of defense, General Magnus Malan, warned last
night. The minister was replying to a question from DIE BURGER about a report
that the AWB is setting up a Guard to protect farmers in East Transvaal.
General Malan said that he and Minister Piet du Plessis, MP for Lydenburg, are
fully up on the situation. "In addition, the East Transvaal and Far North
Commands regularly study how commando service should be carried out." [Text]
{Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 1 Sep 86 p 9] 12593

FARMERS ORGANIZING 'ARMY OF RESISTANCE'--Johannesburg--Farmers in Lydenburg in
East Transvaal are organizing themselves into an army of resistance and they
are doing so under the banner of the AWB (Afrikaner Resistance Movement]
Farmers Guard. More and more farmers in the district around Lydenburg and
Steelpoort are joining the Guard. Several National Party members and even a
member of the Progressive Federal Party are already supporting the Guard,
which was founded in June by the main leader of the AWB, Eugene Terre'Blanche.
Their purpose is clearly to protect themselves against possible ANC attacks
from neighboring Lebowa. The farmers and their families are now learning
military skills, including weapons handling and radio communications. In
addition, people with farms on the boundary between Lebowa and South Africa
now want to put up an electrified fence themselves. This will be similar to
the one set up by the Defense Force in the Soutpansberg military region along
the boundary between South Africa and Zimbabwe. "This is a question of self
defense. We've put aside our political differences," DIE BURGER was told
yesterday by Johan Wessels, leader of the Guard in the district, from his game
farm near Steelpoort. He has already involved some 300 farmers from Lydenburg
and Steelpoort in the resistance network in order to defend effectively
against "future attacks." In Lydenburg a number of villagers have also
joined. [Text] [Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 1 Sep 86 p 9] 12593

COMMUNICATIONS CRISIS--The Bureau of Information has been useful to the govern-
ment during the present critical period, but it has become evident that it can-
not supplant a department of information. So says the latest issue of the
publication of the Institute of Strategic Studies at the University of Pretoria.
A lecturer in the Department of International Relations at Witwatersrand Uni-
versity, Mr C.A. Weil, says South Africa is experiencing a communications crisis
with important strategic implications and needs an imaginative and costly propa-
ganda program. A daring approach, such as that which led to the establishment
of ISCOR [Iron and Steel Corporation of South Africa] and SASOL [South African
Coal, Oil, and Gas Corporation] is required, he says. [Text] [Johannesburg
Domestic Service in Afrikaans 0830 GMT 25 Oct 86 MB] /12232

53



TABLE 1
THE MAGNITUDE OF POLITICAL CONFLICT IN SOUTH AFRICA
fo
Total Sept - 1985 UB to
Dec 1984 30 April 1986
Killed 1559 149 879 531
Killed by Security Forces* 628
(1.9.85-31.1.86 only)
Detained * 12524 1149 10998 377
Political Trials* - - 122 To Feb 1986 31
No. of People in Unrest - - 25000 -
Trials. 1985 Only*
Incidents of Guerilla 255 44 136 75
Activities
Damage to Property R138 million* - - -
Damage to Private - 68 2787 .
Buildings*
Damage to Government - 20 1153 -
Buildings*
Attacks on Police Homes 807 : : -
Police Killed in Unrest* 33 - 16 .
Police Injured in Unrest* 584 - 330 .

Sources: The Weekly Mail Unrest Barometer,

Responses by the Minister of Justice to Questions in Parliament.

*Figures Incomplete with regard to the above breakdown.

The method yielded material which forms the basis of this
paper. Hence, while the paper does not purport to offer
conclusive explanations of the conflict in the region, it
provides an exploration into an intricate subject and
offers a tentative analysis which could form the basis for
further debate.

4.1 A Profile of Natal’s Major Townships:

The major townships in Natal, ie. Umlazi, KwaMashu,

Madadeni, Osizweni and Esikhawini fall within the

KwaZulu administration. The most immediate sources of

irritation and deprivation or “fuse” factors are relatively

remote. For instance:

i) the monthly rent is R12,70 including service charges.
This is in sharp contrast compared to an average of
R45,00 in the townships which fall under the Natalia
Development Board;

ii) there is relatively more security of tenure as residents
can either buy or build their houses on a deed of grant
basis. In 1985, 89 percent of the houses in KwaMashu
and 70 percent in Umilazi were owned by the resi-
dents;

iii) irritations arising from the enforcement of influx
control regulations have always been missing as the
townships are not in designated urban areas. This
means that the notorious “black jacks” or police did not
have to carry out their nightly raids into houses to evict
“illegals”;

iv) because of the relative security of tenure, “middle
class” suburbs have sprung up in the townships thus
contributing to a relatively stable political culture;
the low rents, relative security of tenure, and the fact
that township councillors can offer limited rewards
such as trading licences and building sites have
minimised the stigma of “puppets of the system”. While
township councillors do not enjoy any measure of
legitimacy, it would be incorrect to say that they are
significantly illegitimate in the eyes of the populations
in the townships.

=<

4.2 Local Politics and the Broadly-based Mass Mobi-
lisation Movements:

None of the broadly-based organisations or fronts such as
the United Democratic Front, the National Forum and
Inkatha has been directly involved in the council elections
in the townships. However, in the Natal townships
candidates have largely campaigned on an Inkatha ticket.
Further, the organic links between Inkatha and the
KwaZulu Legislative Assembly have, in practice, meant
that Inkatha is super-imposed on the KwaZulu admini-
stration. Since protests are largely in the spheres of
education and local government (both of which fall under
the control of the KwaZulu administration), confronta-
tions in these areas have become confrontations with
Inkatha. Thus, besides ideological differences which
have become more pronounced as the unrest develops,

57



Dr Treurnicht warned the government not to use the threat of black revolution,
"You're playing with fire," he warned. Earlier in his speech he said that the
violence of a growing revolution must be fought with the necessary violence.

He said, "The struggle our fathers began will rage until we die or have won.
That is white South Africa's oath!"

--Various members of the Afrikaner Resistance Movement were at the meeting,
ineluding Izak Butler van Pietersburg and Manie Maritz.

12593
CSO: 3401/179

45



[Answer] First of all, our priority is to increase our capacity to earn foreign
money from outside, foreign currency. Uganda is an import-oriented economy,

We import many inputs so we need to have money to buy them. Therefore we need
to produce things which are saleable abroad and the only sector which can
easily do this is agriculture, That's why we have launched a big campaign to
increase productivity in agriculture. And the people have responded, Now the
few available stores in the country are full of traditional and non-traditional
produce for export, That is meeting our calculations to some extent.

But when you produce, you need to transport what you produce. Transport has
been weak. The trucks have been absent and the transportation routes have been
disoriented, They have not for instance been oriented to using the railway
which we have, They have been depending mainly on trucks so the railway is
not used to full capacity, Although we have solved this problem as far as the
journey to Mombasa is concerned, we have not solved it within the country,

There is no reason why coffee from Busoga and Mukono district should not be
transported to Kampala by rail. But you find people are up to now mourning that
they do not have trucks even in a place like Mukono where there is a railway
line, ‘The same applies to Mubende, Kasese and Fort Portal. All these could be
covered by rail, This would leave only Masaka, Luwero and Bunyoro which are
not covered by rail, But otherwise all areas starting from Mbale including

the cotton belt in the morth could be served by the railway.

This has not been happening because there were some interests who wanted to
use the trucks both inside and outside the country, These disoriented public
policy away from what is cheap to what is very expensive. Those problems of
re-orienting transport in the country still remain but they are being tackled.
That is one of the constraints, lack of trucks and failure to use the railway,

The third constraint is the roads, If you have the trucks, you must have the
roads on which to travel. Then the other constraint is the storage capacity.
That's what we are trying to tackle in all our efforts,

These are the rudiments of a recovery plan, The moment we have those four
ingredients who can earn enough foreign exchange which we can use to import
consumer goods, imports for industries and to invest into new areas,

{Question}] How important is it that the Produce Marketing Board has been
made the monopoly exporter of non-traditional agricultural products? Is that
designed to bring more foreign exchange into the economy?

[Answer] Yes, because it stops illegal exports, All these crops are very
valuable. For instance if we produce 200,000 tonnes of beans, we could earn
anything up to 100 million dollars a year,

{Question] That's a quarter of Uganda's present export earnings,

[Answer] Yes, just from beans, And you are not talking of maize, of ground~

nuts, of soya beans which are much needed abroad, of simsim, of oil-seed, of
sunflower, of skins and hides. All these are very valuable. The addition of

17



JPRS~SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

ZIMBABWE

RADIO TRUTH DENOUNCES MACHEL-STYLE SOCIALISM
MB272029 (Clandestine) Radio Truth in Ndebele to Zimbabwe 1700 GMT 27 Oct 86
[Station commentary]

[Excerpts] One of the first actions of a scientific socialist state is to es~
tablish killer squads, such as the Youth Brigade, to liquidate all opposition
to a new social order. These are the methods of socialism, President Samora
Machel introduced scientific socialism in Mozambique in 1975 when he came to
power. However, today Samora Machel is dead! He has left a legacy of civil
war behind him. Even his successors will not be able to contain the MNR. The
MNR is a dedicated group of people determined to uproot socialist principles
planted by Samora Machel during his lifetime.

We hope many of you will recall that when Robert Mugabe assumed the prime
minister's mantle in 1980, he announced the introduction of a scientific social-
ist state in Zimbabwe. Theredfter, he established the Fifth Brigade, Youth
Brigade, (?Noticia) Brigade, and the paramilitary Brigade. These forces are
used to sabotage the properties of the political opponents of the ruling party.
All this is done to coerce people into accepting scientific socialism and a
Marxist Government philosophy. Dear listeners, Robert Mugabe's daily announce-
ments of his plan to introduce a socialist state in Zimbabwe is nothing but a
fraudulent trick by Mugabe and his Political Bureau to deprive the people of
their hard-earned wealth. This is simply banditry on the part of the
government.

/12232
cso: 3400/311

35



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

SPECIAL UNIT IN TRAINING--Bisho--A contingent of 108 police recruits are
undergoing paramilitary training at an unnamed military base. This was
confirmed yesterday by the head of the Ciskei Police's public relations section,
Colonel G, A, Ngaki, who said the group was sworn in last week. ‘The decision
to train paramilitary police was made by President Lennox Sebe "long ago".
Colonel Ngaki said the aim was to upgrade and dovetail recruits’ training,
motivate them and make them active in all police spheres. Before they were
sworn in the recruits had been invited, on President Sebe's advice, to the
police training college--with their parents, minister of religion atid respec-
tive chiefs and headmen--for motivation and advice, The recruits were to
undergo the normal six months basic training. After their graduation they
would perform police duties with "certain up-graded military performance
capability." [Text] [East London DAILY DISPATCH in English 7 Oct 86 p 2]
19274]

csO+ 3400/305

66


Radio Truth Denounces Machel-Style Socialism
(Radio Truth in Ndebele to Zimbabwe, 27 Oct 86) .ssceceees

Banana Eulogy Implicates West in RSA 'Brutality'
(SAPA, 28 Oct 86) ceesceveccevccvcevceccevcscveccercers

Briefs
Mugabe Urges Unity

SOUTH AFRICA
AFRIKANER/GOVERNMENT

Dr Anton Rupert Speaks Out for Peaceful Coexistence
(DIE BURGER, 29 Aug 86) ..sccccsccccvceccccevccevececseees

Boshoff Opposes New Black City 'Norweto'
(Hannes Ferguson; DIE AFRIKANER, 27 Aug 86) ....cseeceeeee

Conservatives Reject Expansion of Soweto
(SAPA, 25 Oct 86) ceseececcccvccveccccececcvecccrscceseeee

Treurnicht Decries Multiracialism, Calls for White Supremacy
(DIE BURGER, 1 Sep 86) sesceeceeccececcescccccvccceecscees

Treurnicht Opens Conservative Congress, Questions NGK.
(SAPA, 24 Oct 86) ceceececcccccccccccccccccaseveecccecrens

Minister Cites Ironic Demands for School Security
(SAPA, 27 Oct 86) cecceccececcercecccccccenccccncserseeees

Conservative Spokesman on Constructive Engagement
(SAPA, 25 Oct 86) ..sccccccecccccccncrscceveccescvcesceese

Briefs
Miners Union Rejects Mixed Hospitals
Mixing Non-White, White Areas Opposed
General Malan Warns AWB
Farmers Organizing ‘Army of Resistance’
Communications Crisis
Greater Role for Commandos

BLACKS

Political Conflict, Civil Unrest in Natal Townships Analyzed
(REALITY, Sep 86) .sseecceesccscccccccscncvccvesceeveeces

Railwaymen Launch New Union in Port Elizabeth
(CITY PRESS, 5 Oct 86; THE NEW NATION, 9-22 Oct 86) ......

Mass Rally for SARHWU, Mono Badela
New Hope for Rail Men

-e-

35

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62



SURVEY OF UNEMPLOYED SHOCKS STUDENTS

Cape Town CAPE TIMES in English 16 Oct 86 p 3

[Article by Hilary Venables]

[Text]

A WHITE medical student help-
ing the Advice Office Forum with
its health-screening gramme
among the unemployed last week,
“almost broke down and cried”
when she realized the depth of
her patients’ misery.

Ms Shahieda Issel, who is run-
ning the Mitchells Plain side of
the AOF’s two-week focus on un-
employment, says all her white
student assistants “had no idea
how bad things were”.

“The student who nearly broke
down said: ‘I didn’t believe unem-
ployment did this to people’.

“They were shocked and de-

sed. They couldn’t believe all
this was going on just a few miles

from where they live in the com- -

fort of their white suburbs.”

The Baileys of Eastridge were
among the many struggling fam-
ilies who took part.in the focus —
aimed at highlighting the prob-
lems and demands of
and offering practical help and
advice.

Edward and Charmaine Bailey
are both unemployed. All they
have to feed themselves and three
children is bread and butter.

Mr Bailey’s UIF benefits have
expired. He is waiting for an ex-
tension.

The rent for his tiny house is
R45 a month. He is R400 in arrears
for rent, R100 for water and R58

for electricity.

19274

cso 3400/302

the workless .

“We haven't had lights for ‘two
-years. We make hot water on our
gas stove,” he says.

“T lost my job as 0} tor for:a
brake and clutch workshop a year
ago. I have tried to find work.
Sometimes our family or friends
help us, but we can’t keep asking.

Mr Bailey has suffered two epi-’

leptic fits since being out of work.

“Of course I have worries. What
“man doesn’t?” he. says. '

Abduraman Dollie and his wife

Ragmat have R57 a month in UIF '
benefits to.support their six chil-

dren. _ cone
. Mr Dollie, a driver, has been
unemployed for eight months.

The City Council has reduced
his rent from R106 a month to R47

a month, but he still owes R225 in ‘

rental arrears and R47 for elec-
tricity.

“We live on bread and jam ...
sometimes some porridge,” Mrs,
Dollie says.

“Thad a slight stroke because of
the worries about food and the
rent and the children,

“It’s hard. Very hard. But what
can you do except trust in God.”

Mrs Susan Louw, who came to
the AOF’s soup kitchen in Manen-
berg on Thursday last week, gets a
widow’s pension of R117 a month.
She owes the City Council R144 in

69

JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

“ rental arrears.

_ work for a year. His UIF benefits

“My rent is R22 a month. My;
electric is R30 to R40 a month, my
water is about R12 a quarter and I
pay R15 a month for my burial.

“There is no money for food for
me and my unmarried daughter. I
say if I haven’t got a piece of bread
this morning, the Almighty will
make sure I have some tonight so
I can live another day.”

Mr Peter Lewis has been out of

expired last year, and he has no i
income, except what he manages
to earn from casual jobs. :

He hopes to marry Georgina
Ceres soon, but first he must find
R60 to place an advertisement in
the paper in an attempt to find his
wife, who left him in 1971.

“They say I must advertise, and
if she doesn’t turn up, I can get a
divorce. But I can’t afford the
money,” he says.

He and his child share a house
with Ms Ceres and her three chil-

ren.

Her maintenance grant of R214
a month has just been cut to R70 a
month “because coloured affairs
says I must find a job. How can I
find a job? I am four months preg-
nant”, she says.

Between them, they owe the
council more than R150 in elec-
tricity, water and rental arrears.



JPRS-SSA~86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY TERMS U.S. REPORT 'ABUSIVE, ARROGANT’
MB250719 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 25 Oct 86
[Station commentary: "American Attitudes Towards South Africa"]

[Text] American action against South Africa is based on emotionalism and
rhetoric, which is whipped up and sustained by professional political activists
aided and abetted by sensation-seeking mass media. Emotion and rhetoric charac-
terised the showdown in the U.S. Senate on sanctions against South Africa. Now,
the pressure is on big business through the disinvestment campaign.

American reaction reached a new low last week. The U.S. Consulate General in
Johannesburg compiled a report on the South African situation. The report is
not only negative--that much could be expected--but, what was not the expected
in a serious evaluation of an important subject by a major Western government
is that the report is cynical, abusive, and arrogant. Its wild political tone
contrasts sharply with evaluations made by European governments.

The friendship between the peoples of the United States and South Africa
stretches back for many generations, and it is not the wish of the people of
South Africa that that friendship should be destroyed. But, it is a friend-
ship that is being placed under increasing strain, It is a friendship that
can only be maintained if the American people are allowed to see the true
South Africa, not the distorted image of. South Africa maliciously portrayed by
professional political activists and much of the media in their country.

South Africans want friendship with the American people and with all freedom-
loving people everywhere, but that wish should not be seen as a license for
abusiveness and arrogance towards the people of South Africa.

/12232
cso: 3400/310

68


JPRS-SSA-86~116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA
PROSALENDIS DESCRIBES BOTHA'S PLAN TO BALANCE PUBLIC SERVICE BOOKS
Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 8 Oct 86 p 6
{Article by Gerald Prosalendis]
[Text]
be-cut drastically to improve pro
to introduce zero-based ductivity, a Se

budgeting to discipline its

spending is doomed to fail-
ure unless, at the very least, pub-
lic service staff levels are frozen
indefinitely.

If this recent — if somewhat
belated attempt — at fiscal disci-
pline is to succeed, government
will have to ensure that
revenue and expenditure are in
balance, improve productivity:and
cut down on staff levels which
have swelled to alarming propor-

ions. -

President P W Botha announced
last week that from next year gov-
ernment would introduce a five-
year plan to discipline government
financin

iB.

The broader schedule of govern-
ment expenditure over five years
will provide the background for
annual budgets. It will also form a
framework for individual depart-
ments and Treasury to evaluate
the effectiveness of expenditure by
various departments.

Botha’s plan — based on the con-
cept of zero-based budgeting —
will force a government depart-
ment which overspends in one year
to cut back spending in. a_subse-
quent year to enable it to fall with-
in its five-year budget.

eer intention

B.. it has been common experi-
ence that staff levels may have to

71

in this method of budgeting.

One large SA financial institu-
tion which implemented a zero-
base budget plan has not increased
its staff level in four years, despite
a substantial increase in total as-
sets and deposits.

From the outset it is clear that

ernment’s new plan cannot af-
ford to fail. If it does, the cost to
jovernment’s credibility. in the
face of rising current diture
will be immense. It become
yet another weapon to those who
accuse government of being un-
able to curb rapacious public ser-
vants.

What is zero-based budgeting?

In traditional budgeting proce-

“ dure, a manager begins with the

previous ’s budget, which is ;
en

as given, and adjusts it for
inflation and adds in the cost of
new programmes.

Since prior spending levels are
assumed, inefficiencies are carried
forward. Inflation is built in and
often no rigorous analysis is done

‘

of proposed costs. It has been ar- _

gued that the “incremental” ay
proach to budgeting can provide
an impetus to progressively higher
spending each year.

Zero-base budgeting, first intro-
duced in the US at Texas Instru-
ments in 1970, requires each man-
ager to justify, from scratch, his
department’s entire budget, each
and every year. Any expense in a
budget must be justified by first
principle.



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

UGANDA

PTA TRADE FAIR ORDERS EXCEED EXPECTATIONS
Kampala NEW VISION in English 7 Oct 86 p 1
[Article by James Tumusiime]

[Text] Uganda has received orders worth over dollars 65 million for its
products from buyers in the PTA member countries,

The orders which were placed during the recent PTA Trade Fair in Nairobi, were
for timber, maize, leather, bogoya and other agricultural and manufactured

goods which were displayed at the Uganda stand in the 'PTA Village’, at the
Jamhuri Show Ground,

According to the coordinator of the Uganda exhibitors who is also the execu-
tive secretary of the Uganda Export Promotion Council, Mr Robert Rutagi, leading
enquirers for thie Ugandan goods were Kenya, Zimbabwe and Tanzania.

"The one who ordered timber is ready to pay 2 million dollars a month with im-
mediate effect," said Rutagi, adding that the buyer for maize was also ready to
start paying,

The one week trade fair held between September 29 and October 4, 1986, brought
‘together 500 businessmen from 15 African countries with a total of 100 companies
exhibiting over 1,000 products. Uganda recorded the largest orders during the
fair, followed by Kenya with 50 million dollars and Zimbabwe with orders worth
-26 million.

Giving a summary of the performance of the trade fair, the PTA secretary gen-
eral, Mr Bax Nomvete, told a press conference at the closing day on Saturday,
October 4, that the results from the fair were beyond the original expecta-
tions, He told reporters that the performance of businessmen at the trade fair
had demonstrated that intra-PTA trade was promising, because all the heads of
states of the member countries are fully committed to its future."

The Yair was attended by Uganda's Prime Minister Dr Samson Kisekka and was
»pened by Kenya's President Moi, It was visited by 18 ministers from the mem~
ier countries, including Uganda's ministers for commerce and for regional coop~
«ation, Mr Evaristo Nyanzi and Sebaana Kizito respectively.

1274
C0; 3400/313


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SEYCHELLES

BRIEFS

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AGREEMENT WITH ALGERIA--Victoria, 31 Oct (AFP)--The
second Algeria-Seychelles joint commission ended its deliberations in Victoria
on 30 October with the signing of a technical assistance agreement. The
agreement mainly concerns working and living conditions of Algerians in
Seychelles. Delegations of the two countries also drew up a list of
development projects in which Algeria could participate financially mainly
in the areas of education, agriculture, and water supply. The Seychellois
delegation was headed by Mrs Deanielle de St Jorre, secretary. of state

for plan and foreign relations, and the Algerian delegation was led by
Mohamed Aberkane, deputy minister in charge of cooperaiton. [Text]

[Paris AFP in French 0733 GMT 31 Oct 86 AM] /12624

cso: 3400/337

14


concentrate forces to defeat
them which sometimes re-
moves the army from its
internal security role of
stopping cattle rustlers,
smugglers and others. This
is the only effect they are
having.

On the good side they
were severely defeated there,
at Bibia, Gulu, Anaka, and
then splintered into Ty
groups. On the Kitgum side,
we have not got to grips
with them because they were
making trouble near the
border Once they attacked
a place called Acholibur
south of Kitgum but they
were dispersed. But last
were dispersed. But last
Thursday through their
stupidity we got hold | of
them.

‘They: walked into a trap?
No they attacked us, they
wanted to capture that place.
It was not a trap. They
came themselves. It

was a trap in the sense -

that we were ready for them.
They had a very bad
beating.

‘They are defeated and
cannot make any headwa}
But the mopping up oper:
tions to ensure that the
whole area is completely
undisturbed will take a few
more months.

First of all we will need
to put more forces on the
frontier because our ° forces
“have been inside guarding
the major centres and roads.
Now. we shall put them in
large concentrations at the
frontier which is very long.
It may be 300 miles from
north of Koboko to north
of Moroto. Then we need to
improve communication and
mobility. That is what we
are working on now.

Are: you happy with the
cooperation you are now
getting from the Sudanese
authorities and army?

You said that these rebels -

crossed. the border last
‘Thursday. Does that reflect
on the recent border control
agreement?

No, not necessarily. The
last ‘time I accused the
Sudanese directly was when
these fellows crossed at
Nimule where there is a
customs post and a bar-
racks on the Sudan side.
The Sudanese themselves
took part in the attack
on us.

However with this attack
on Thursday, the Sudanese
authorities may not have
that much control so I cannot

say in this instance that
T can see a clear Sudanese
hand. .

. I cannot say for sure in
this instance. I am not sure
if they control that area
completely because as you
know there is a civil war
in southern Sudan. They

, could take advantage of that

vacuum and walk around.

There have been confli-
cting reports about the
degree of foreign assistance
or foreign involvement in the
organisation of the rebels
or renegades. Could you give
us any indication if you
believe foreign interests are
involved?

Certain elements in sout- |

hern Sudan were involved.
But what about elements
other than the Sudanese?
I have heard from intelli-
gence sources of some

; other external elements but

using covert forms of

* support. I would not like tc

ame them at the imoment.
one rumour about
the Israelis.

I have no confirmation.
I just hear rumours about
so many people who are
supposed to be involved.
But our position is that
these people do not amount
to much because they are

‘strengthening us and not

weakening us at all. They
are playing with fire.
If they make us biild
a strong army, that army
will be there. We would not

build such a strong army :

if we did not have these
provocations. I do not see
how they stand to benefit.
Tt could also be said
that it strengthens the
resolve of fhe Ugandan
people behind the govern-
ment but is it. 4 danger
in the long run that if
these people have any kind
of support they could
economically weaken the
country in the way that
Nicaragua has been weak-
ened?

No way. No way. It cannot
be weakened seriously.
Apart from some cotton that
would come from that area,
all activities are going on
normally. Of course the
people in the area are
suffering. People in Teso
may be suffering because
of the cattle raiders.
This is partly due to
units being withdrawn to
fight these people which
gives the cattle raiders a
breathing space. The lives of
people in areas like Teso

20

and Acholi are disturbed
but if you take the country
as a whole, there is not
a significant loss.
Production is going on in
a big part of the country ~
and we cannot even carry
all the produce to the
market. That is our worry.
Maybe these people could
cause a loss of 50 million
dollars which would have
come from the cotton but
given our policy of pro-
ducing new crons that would
be compensated by tar more
millions of other sales.
It is also -very short:
lived. ‘They cannot sustain
this kind of trouble-making
because we are building up
our strength. We have
defeated them without even
building up our strength.
They are just helping - us
to build a stronger army
Those who are making
provocations will not benefit
even in the medium term,
let alone the long term.
You have made great
efforts while you have been
in office to build up regional
cooperation and to streng-
then political and economic
ties with

extend its economic inde-
pendence if the Preferential
Trade Area was extended
into something like an
African Economie Commu-
nity? Is that fea

I would rather con
trate on the PTA for
the time being because
these countries are linked
by the infrastructure - of
roads, railways and commu-
nications. The infrastructure
for the whole of Africa
is not yet developed and
we do not want to engage
in things which are merely
on paper.

This PTA is viable. May be
other countries like Zaire
could come in. But the
infrastucture and organi-
sational capacity to handle
multilateral trade is not yet
there for the whole of Africa.
I would rather concentrate
on making the PTA a success
and in the meantime
develop communication
between East and West
Africa and between North
and South Africa. Then
other things could follow.

After eight months of
government there are. still
great difficulties in every-
day life for ordinary
people in financial terms
although there have been



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

UGANDA

MUSEVINI ON INDEPENDENCE, SECURITY, REGIONAL COOPERATION
Kampala NEW VISION in English 9 Oct 86 pp 5, 6, 31

{Interview with President Yoweri Museveni by William Pike: "We Do Not ‘Take
Orders From Anybody"]

[Text] [Question] To what extent has Uganda become genuinely independent on
the 24th anniversary of its political independence,

[Answer] At last a group has seized power which is politically very indepen~
dent. The National Resistance Movement is independent politically and we do
not take orders from anybody,

Nevertheless the infrastructure is still dependent, The economy is backward.
technology is backward. We lack many things which we need to get from outside
and our resources have not been utilised to ensure a sufficient purchasing
capacity to buy all the things we need with cash, so we must get credit from
certain other people, So there is a degree of dependence which is infrastruc-
tural, which is still part of the system, but at least we have got people in
power who are working for independence. This is a change.

This is quite late in the day because we have had 24 years of independence,
These new people who are in power now are just. beginning. That is how I would
characterise the situation.

[Question] After eight months in power, have you found the degree of depen-
dency on the industrial nations and Uganda's relative weakness as a Third
World nation greater or less than you expected?

[Answer] They are exactly as we anticipated. To some extent they are not as
great as I thought because we can operate with a degree of independence as we
are doing now. There have been some pressures. When Ghaddafi came here, some
people made a lot of noise but we just ignored them, We are not concerned about
these type of people. That's our line. And no catastrophe has happened be-
cause of that, I think our independence is being asserted and certain inter»
ests will get acclimatised to our style of work,

[Question] Could you outline the steps the Uganda government has taken so far

to build up the strength of the economy and to build up political unity and
strengthen the nation as a whole?

16


JPRS-SSA~86-116
21 November 1986

UGANDA

BRIEFS

BUSHENYI, ISHAKA TOWNSHIPS MERGE-~Bushenyi and Ishaka townships have been merged
to make administration cheaper, ‘The two urban centres are separated by five
kilometres, ‘The Deputy Minister of Local Government Kahinda Otafiire disclosed
this to a cross section of people at a monthly forum held in Bushenyi last
week, A statutory Instrument gazetting the merger has also been effected.
[Excerpt] [Kampala THE TELECAST in English 8 Oct 86 p 3] /9274

NRA SOLDIERS DISCIPLINED-~Passenger accounts from Kasese in Western Uganda
say about 15 soldiers held on Kasese~Kampala bound train for hours at the
Kasese Railway Station, The soldiers forced themselves into the driver's
coach after being informed that the train was fully booked.and they could ouly
wait for the second 'Kayoola’ train. ‘they refused the explanation from the
booking clerk and it was not until the matter was brought to the attention

of the Station Master that the NRA Commander at Rukoki Barracks and the In-
telligence Officer were contacted, The soldiers were removed and taken for
disciplinary action, It was learnt that the soldiers did not have travelling
orders from their station, and those who had them were allowed to proceed to
Kampala, NRA Officers are understood to have regretted the inconventences
caused and apologised to the passengers, [Text] [Kampala THE TELECAST in
English 8 Oct 86 p 3] /9274

cso: 3400/315

29



activity in leading international decision-making centers (in the United
States, for example) than in the Portuguese capital. Moreover, that transfer
of interest is quite understandable, given the fact that Portugal is not
rendering minimal useful support to the Mozambican National Resistance, and
the consecutive Lisbon governments, whatever their party. origin may be, are
systematically showing tolerance toward the Marxist dictatorship established
in Mozambique.

2909
csO: 3442/17

11



ANGLO UPGRADES PROSPECTING METHODS

Cape Town THE ARGUS in English 6 Oct 86 p 9

[Article by Stan Kennedy]

[Text]

19274
CSO:

3400/312

JOHANNESBURG. — Anglo
American Corporation has in-
vested more than R5-million in
sophisticated image-processing
equipment and computers to
help its geological division find
mineral deposits.

Areas for further prospect-
ing that previously took |
months to find can now be iso-
lated within days. |

‘The equipment is to be used *
to analyse and interpret im-
ages received from orbiting
satellites as well as a variety
of other digital data.

Senior divisional geologist
Dr Lillo de Gasparis says: “In
mining exploration, we have to
use the most cost-effective
ways to find viable mineral
deposits. 7

“In one of our applications,
remote-sensing satellites trans-
mit digital images of the

83

earth’s surface collected in
‘several bands of visible as well
as infra-red light. These can re-
veal important features of sub-
surface rock strata which we
can process and analyse to ex-
tract information relevant to
the occurrence of mineral
deposits.”

With the increased resolution
of the more recent satellites,
an image can comprise up to
380 megabytes of data. The
previous equipment was unable
to handle this increased data.

The equipment consists of
Olivetti’s top-of-the-range VAX
8600 host computer linked to
International Imaging Systems’
workstations and input and out-
put periperals supplied by
Spescom TMS.

Spescom has also supplied a
suite of software to run on the
VAX 8600 and the workstations.

JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

LUCRATIVE GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES LURING WORKERS TO HOMELANDS

Cape Town WEEKEND ARGUS in English 11 Oct 86 p 18

[Text]

DURBAN. — Lucrative government subsidies to
lure industries to the homelands are losing workers
in South Africa thousands of jobs as companies fall
over one another to cut costs and increase their
profits.

Companies were slow to take advantage of the
programme, designed by the Government to bring
industries and work opportunities to the impover-
ished homelands, until the recession induced in-
creasing numbers to move.

‘Trade union sources are concerned at the number
of urban factories that are closing down and moving
into the homelands, leaving their work forces virtu-
ally in the lurch.

There are no legal requirements or set procedures

‘on the severance pay to be paid to workers when a

company moves.

The scheme has become a useful avenue for some
employers confronted with a militant labour force
or union — they simply close their operations and
move to the homelands where wages are low and
workers are pliable and have not been organised
into union movements.

The Garment Workers’ Industrial Union (GWIU),
which operates mainly in Natal, estimates that since

19274
cso: 3400/302

70

January its membership has dropped by more than
13 000 as a result of employers moving to the home-
lands.

In the same period, more than 56 000 clothing in-
dustry jobs have ‘been created in the homelands. :

Earlier this month, about 250 clothing workers at
Scotford Mills, Durban, were fired after a strike
over the severance pay offered by the company,
which was moving to another border industrial area,
Ezakheni, outside Ladysmith. _

The GWIU’s assistant general secretary, Mr
Yunus Shaik, said the severance pay ranged from as
little as R8 for each year of service up to R50 for
four years and more.

“The company said we could take it or leave it,
and when we refused they unilaterally closed negoti-
ation. The workers were all fired after going on
strike and all they got was a week’s wages. It was
as simple as that,” said Mr Shaik.

“We have nothing against people in the homelands
getting jobs, but we're against the exploitation of
workers. Capital is exploiting workers with the as-
sistance of the State.”


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

POLITICAL CONFLICT, CIVIL UNREST IN NATAL TOWNSHIPS ANALYZED

Pietermaritzburg REALITY in English Sep 86 pp 7-12

[fext]

1, INTRODUCTION:

The outbreak of large-scale protests in the Vaal Triangle
in September 1984 marked the beginnings of unrest and
violence in African townships throughout the country.
This also ushered in a new dimension in protest action.
Protesting masses not only directed their anger at the
state and the conventional state apparatus, they also
extended the definition of “state apparatus” to include
incumbents of local government, the police and business-
men in the townships. In response to the magnitude and
scope of the conflict, the government deployed first the
police and later the defence force into the riot-torn
townships. Predictably, this exacerbated rather than
abated the conflict as events subsequent to this move
were to demonstrate. To this day (two years from the
outbreak) African townships in particular are still ex-
periencing continual unrest and violence.

Table 1 below demonstrates the magnitude of the
political conflict as indicated by the number of people
killed and detained as well as the extent of damage to
property. The figures are by no means exhaustive as
compiling statistics in this field is not an easy task. What
they are meant to dois to give an indication of the state of
unrest in the country, as well as the price that people and
the government pay for their efforts to either transform
society or to maintain the status quo.

The huge increase in the figures for 1985 indicates the
escalation of the conflict, since in 1984 this was localised
mainly to the townships in the Vaal Triangle and later the
Eastern Cape. The increase In both the intensity and
scope of the conflict led to the State President's de-
claration of the state of emergency on the 21st of July
. 1985. In spite of this, the confrontation continued as this
declaration did not address the root causes of the
problem. The conflict increased and engulfed Natal and
the Western Cape, including coloured townships. This
together with the increased death tolls for 1986 indicates
the seriousness of the situation.

2. A BRIEF THEORETICAL OVERVIEW:

Studies in social and political conflict reveal that dis-

content generally. turns to protest and possibly violence

when the subordinate or dissident group views its

discontent as having its source in the existing power

relations. This paper will adopt a modified version of

Gurr's models (Gurr 70, 1973) and will postulate that the

magnitude of political conflict varies with:

i) the intensity and scope of relative deprivation;

li) the belief in the justification and utility of engaging in
overt strife; (collective consciousness) and,

iii) the organisational and mobilisation capacity of the
conflict or dissident group.

The synergism of the above factors is modified or even
suppressed by the power or repressive capacity of the
regime. Hence the model could roughly read thus:

MPC RD x JUST x OCDG
RCR
where: RD = Relative deprivation
MPG == magnitude of political conflict
JUST = belief in the justification and utility of
engaging in conflict (collective
consciousness) .
OCODG = organisational capacity of the dissi-
dent group
RCR- = repressive capacity of the regime.

The model is not meant to give mathematical dimensions
since the above factors are subjective and, therefore, very
difficult to quantify. All that it illustrates is the direction of
the relationship between the magnitude of political
Conflict and its causal factors as well as the “brakes” or
“constraints” than can be imposed, on this relationship,
by the regime in control. Further, the mode! allows for
sociological factors such as the collective consciousness
which influences both relative deprivation and the belief
in the justification and utility of engaging in overt strife.

55



The Farmers Do Not Think Ahead

The experts of the Society for Technical Cooperation first established the
fact that the needs of the farmers would not be met by the dam alone.
Measurements and studies of the pasture land revealed that restoration of the
catchment region, an area of 25 square kilometers, was more important, With-
out the appropriate preliminary work in the catchment area, the Germans ex-
plained to the farmers, the dam would not withstand the unrestrained force of
the water masses.

But at first the farmers were not capable of thinking beyond their dam, So
against their better judgment, but with the intention of letting the farmers
learn through their own experience, the Germans at first built only the dam;
in the next rainy season it promptly collapsed.

Today the farmers believe the experts. The restoration efforts in the catch-
ment area are now proceeding step by step; small stone embankments are being
built everywhere to form basins which slow and gather the water. These not
only break the force of the water and assure a more regular water supply; in
addition, fine fertile mud gathers behind the small embankments, and with
time this will permit cultivation of the soil, which had become rock-hard
through water and wind erosion.

According to Guenter Winkler, Boussouma clearly illustrates the basic require-
ments for the success of rural aid development projects: the farmers are not
ready to cooperate until they have grasped that their immediate need for water
can only be met in the long term if accompanied by much more comprehensive
measures. These farmers will build up embankments, look after the dam, and
take care of all other necessary maintenance tasks because they have recog-
nized that doing so is useful and necessary.

Herd of Goats as Savings Bank

Many previous aid projects have come to grief, Winkler goes on to say, because
the farmers often did not see the connection between their subjective needs
and objective requirements for development. Thus, Winkler concludes that a
Sahel farmer who sees his herd of goats as his savings bank for emergencies
can hardly understand the demand that he should enclose his goats because of
an afforestation project. On the other hand, a project that is concerned
solely with the health and the increase of the goat stock will encourage the
destruction of vegetation and the depletion of the soil.

With the help of small surveys conducted among the rural population, the ex-
perts have found out that no farmer lists afforestation or the halting of soil
erosion as a personal priority for developmental aid. The individual wish
list always begins with "water," "guarantee of sustenance," "healthy livestock
and children," and ends with certain "means of saving labor." "Soil manage~
ment," and the protection and conservation of nature, mean nothing to the
African farmer; they do not fit into his view of life, in which a higher power
controls everything. But according to the German experts, the farmer will
cooperate with the project and identify with it as soon as he recognizes a
personal advantage in it.



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

UGANDA

LAND DISPUTES IN WEST REPORTED
Kampala THE TELECAST in English 7 Oct 86 p 4

[Text] Land disputes in western Uganda have caused alarm to residents in the
area, Telecast Investigator who visited the area learnt that unless the NRM
government intervenes the land disputes may result into a chaotic situation.
Citing examples, residents of Karambi village in Fort Portal, near the tombs
of former Kings of Toro, one Prince Kajjanangoma has started holding residents
at ransom,

Residents interviewed by Telecast, spoke of the Prince selling off their land
without giving them prior notice. They gave an example of a man called
Mwirumubi, a former driver of Prince Olimi Kaboyo who is allegedly involved in
the dispute.

The situation is reported to have extended to religious organisations. In the
Uganda Pentecostal church in Fort Portal, the leaders are reported to have in-
terests in the land,

This situation last week-end prompted President Yoweri Museveni while in the
district where he advised the residents to mutually settle their conflict.
Telecast also found out that a similar situation has developed in Mbarara dis-
trict and Bunyoro,. There are also reports of killings as a result of this
development in Kasese areas.

19274
csO: 3400/313

26


RAILWAYMEN LAUNCH NEW UNION IN PORT ELIZABETH

Mass Rally for SARHWU

Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 5 Oct 86 p 2

[Article by Mono Badela]

[Text]

HUNDREDS of delegates
representing about 15 000
railway and harbour work-
will converge on Port
abeth on Friday for the
official launch of the SA
Railways and Harbours
Workers’ Union, the coun-
try’s biggest body for rail-
way workers.

‘A mass rally to celebrate
the launch will climax the
three-day proccedings.

The union, “born out of
years of exploitation of rail-
way workers”, will recall
the role played by such peo-
ple as Lawrence Ndzanga,
the former national co-or-
dinator who died in deten-
tion in 1977.

SARHWU acting presi-
dent Sam Pholotho said
that in the — early-60s
SARHWU suffered crucial
losses. Curnick Ndlovu,

New Hope for Rail Men

now UDF executive chair-
man, was charged for sabo-
tage and spent 20 years on
Robben Island, while the
likes of Moses Mabhida,
Archie Sibeko and Alven,
Bennie were forced to go
into exile. Others like Law-
rence Ndzanga were
banned.

In September 1983,
SARHWU_ was_ revived
with the help of officials
from the General and Al-

lied Workers’ Union and
Municipal and General
Workers’ Union of SA.

“Not only is organising
made extremely difficult
for SARHWU, but the
form of action it can take is
very restricted. We have as
yet not received any recog-
nition agreements with
SATS and this trend will
continue. Railway workers
are legally denied the right
to strike and the contraven-
tion of this carries a sen-
tence of one-year's impris-
onment or a fine of R200,”
Pholoto said. -

Despite all this during
the last three years
SARHWU had continued
to grow. It now has
branches in PE, Bloemfon-
tein, Johannesburg, Cape
Town, East London and in
Natal.

Johannesburg THE NEW NATION in English 9-22 Oct 86 p 15

[Text]

JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

The launch of the SA Railways and Harbour Workers Union--and its pos~

sible amalgamation with the Transport and General Workers Union--holds out the
prospect of a democratic home for 107,000 workers in a sector which has presented
intractable problems for union organisers,

62


UNEMPLOYED NAMAQUALANDERS SEEK WORK IN DEPRESSED HONDEKLIP BAY

Cape Town THE ARGUS (Weekender) in English 11 Oct 86 p 4

[Article by Mark Stansfield]

[Text]

WORK hungry Na-
maqualanders are
attracted to Hondeklip
Bay and the diamond
mines which surround it
like ants to a sugar-cube
dropped in a desolate
8 000-square kilometer

house.

But even in Hondeklip Bay,
South West of Springbok, the
employment sugar-cube has
almost been completely de-
voured.

The fishing industry is
dead, and the crayfish indus-
try only survives because of a
special concession granted by
the Department of Environ-
mental Affairs, which al-
lowed fishermen to catch un-
der-sized creatures this year,
according to the manager of
the only fishing company op-
erating from the bay.

The fish and crayfish indus-
tries were once the lifeblood
of the village.

Mounds of sand, like giant
antheaps, lie scattered about
the fringes of the village.
Here men still burrow in the
earth for diamonds.

But how long God’s only
gift to this lunar-like land-
scape — the diamonds — will
last, and how long the mines
will continue employing peo-
ple, are both well-kept se-
crets.

General Manager of De
Beers Consolidated Nama-

64

qualand mines, Mr DH Dea-
con, said diamond reserves
were kept confidential.

OWEVER, Namaqualand
Mines employ several
hundred people at their
Koiingnas mine about 17 kms

‘from Hondeklip. Some of

these are locals, the majority
come from the Springbok
area.

Other smaller diamond
mine owners closer to the vil-
lage refused to disclose their
employment figures, the an-
nual amount of glittering
stones they uncover or specu-

late on quantities still in re- ©

serve.

Indications that even the
diamond mines are producing
less were found at Spoegri-
vier, a’small settlement about
60 km from Hondeklip.

This is where lonely mar-
ried women, elderly parents
and children wait for an occa-
sional visit or some news of
husbands, sons and fathers
who are working at the Baai.

Today men also sit quietly
in the sun in Spoegrivier —
little more than a dusty shan-
ty village dominated by a
stone church and a few white-
washed houses.

They worked at Hondeklip
as diamant myners or fisher-
men, but work is scarce now,
they said, and besides, the
three-month crayfishing sea-
son is over — the only work
for them in the Bay.

JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA


‘ONDEKLIP Bay has
been dying since the late
1800’s when it was first estab-
lished as the only viable “ex-
port” port for Namaqualand
copper from further inland.
Eventually Port Nolloth
took over this function, but
Hondeklip survived by chang-
ing its infra-structure to fish-
ing and diamond mining.
In the 1960’s it boasted nine
shops, a canning factory and

* a white school.

Today, there are two shops

: left, no canning factory and
the few white schoolkids left

attend school in Garies and

live. in:a hostel. - mone

The fish seem to have fled
and in an.area allocated a
103-tonne crayfish quota last
season the Namaqualand
Canning Company caught

. eight tonne, and had to travel
several hundred kilometers
further south to fill their quo-
ta — in boats without full
crews because the men can-
not afford to sit around wait-
ing for work which comes
only three months of the year.
They migrated to the copper
mines of O’Kiep and Naba-
beep or trekked to the Bo-
land.

The fishing industry no
longer exists, instead several
large fishing boats lie
beached like rotting whales
on the shore,

The Namaqualand Canning
Company has two craytishing
boats operating and attempts
to hire out those lying
beached as diamond dredgers
to people with diamond-hunt-
ing concessions.

Namaqualand Canning
Company manager, Mr Jan
Laubscher, said there were
not many takers.

Another problem with the
erayfishing industry is the
three-month annual work cy-

19274
CSO: 34u0/306

65

cle.

around for the crayfish sea-
son and the three months’

“Nobody can afford to wait

work it brings,” Mr.

Laubscher said.

“We employed Transkeians
as crew one year but the Gov-

ernment sent them back and :

told us to use.local people.

“I travelled to Springbok,
Garies and other main cen-
tres, but I could not get a full
team of 48 together. The peo-
ple have all left Namaqua-
land or are employed else-
where,”he said.

Director, Marine Control,
Department of Environment
Affairs, Mr Andy le Roux,
said the special concession
had been granted to the
Hondklip/Port Nolloth area.

The reason was that cray-
fish along this stretch of coast
take longer to reach the legal
size.

OCK lobster research

programme scientist, Mr
John Matthews said the cray-
fish grow slower and to wait
until the crayfish reached the
legal size would be a waste of
material.

“Even the females carry
eggs at a smaller size, and we
think it is more profitable to
exploit the region at the mo-
ment.

“Many of the crayfish in
the area die before they
reach normal size,” he said.

Meanwhile smiling col-
oured children attend the vil-
lage school and wait for the
day when they can complete
their education.

Will there still be a village
and the employment opportu-
nities it provides when they
reach adulthood or will they
also éventually have to trek
further afield, leaving this
part of Namaqualand without
humans ?.



GUIDELINES FOR NRM COMMITTEES, COUNCILS ISSUED

Kampala NEW VISION in English 9 Oct 86 p 30

[Text]

IN view of the growth the
Movement has attained so far.
ic has become necessary to put
down guidelines: regarding
duties and responsibilities of
the Committees and Councils
that are ‘elected. These are
guidelines and the Committees
and Councils should be flexi-
ble in. their duties.

Undermentioned are some
:f the duties and respon-
sibilities of the Committees and
Councils: ~

(1) Mass mobilization

The masses should be mobiliz~
ed to support the just struggle
against the tyrannical regime.
In this exercise, it should be

made clear that this struggle is

for all the people of Uganda
regardless of their tribe, religions:
previous political party affliations or
sex, The only Ugandans
who are exctuded from this
struggle are those who support
brutatity, looting and destruction
of property of the citizens as car-
ried out by the UNLA and
their allies.

It should be clearly
understood that even UPC
members who do not support
the suflering of our people
should be accepted in our
ranks,

(2), Explaining the aims und
objectives of the struggle:

fay Unit

NRM’s number one objective
is the unity of the people of
Uganda. This should be em-
phasized over and over again.
NRM does not believe that the
cause of problems is because a
certain ethnic group has been
in power since independence.
To be more specific, there are

Some “leaders ho argue that
the cause of Uganda's pro-
blems is the rule of Nilotics or
people from the-Vorth and that
therefore to solve our problems
the Bantu people from the
south should unite and over-
throw the Northern rule.
Others have argued that this
time is a turn for Catholics as
no Catholic has ever been a
leader of Uganda; except for a
brief period just before in-
dependence. On the contrary,
what we have always lacked is
not Bantu or Catholic leaders
but good leaders.

The masses should therefore be
educated to understand that all
these lines of argument are
false and misleading. Paulo
Muwanga Luwuliza Rirunda,
Rwakasisi, Rurangaranga,
Nasani_ | Karema,
Tiberondwa, etc., are ail Bax.
tu but they did not stop the kill-
ings of Bantu Ugandans as the
fact is that Obote, Ovite Ojok,

Tito, Olara, Alimadi etc., are ~

Nilotics but did not stop the
killings of children, women,
and the aged in West Nile and
Madi.

Therefore, NRM’s unity is
for all citizens of Uganda who

‘are against dictatorshir

Massacres of our people by
Government troops who are
supposed to protect them.
destruction of wanainchi's pro-
perty regardless of tribe,
religion, sex, etc.

Therefore the unity of all
Ugandans from Koboko to
Kabale and from Busia to
Bwera is paramount and sec-
arian politics must be con —
demned in equivocal terms.
(b) Securies

Unuty 1s a pre - requisite tor
peace. Insecurity affects ail ot

23

JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

UGANDA

us regardless of religion. tribe. ;
sex or even political party |
royality. The “leta chai” exe
cises on Uganda's roadblock:
affected all people whether they
were supporters of UPC. DP.
UPM or CP much as the

panda gali” in Kampala was
indiscriminatively affecting all.
Therefore security for all peo-
pie of Uganda is NRM’s se-
cond aim. The spirit of popular
vigilance must be instilled in
the masses.
(ct Democracy

The order of the day has
been that whoever gathers
enough guns on his side
rule this country. However,
this struggle has demonstrated
and will continue to."
demonstrate’ that those who
believe in those false positions
are doomed to be swept out of
power. The 1979 war against
Idi Amin whose army was well
equipped, well trained but had
no support of the people is yet
another living example of how
the people's power can sweep
away tyranny. The masses
should be educated that
without their support No
Government can govern this
country effectively and that
any Government that does not
respect people's will cannot
stand

Formation of popularly
elected Resistance Committees
and Councils to be sup-
plemented by dernocratising
means of violence (by main-
taining tribal balance in the ar-
my) should be looked at as the
foundation of pure democracy
in this country.
(d) Dignity of our people

Our people have’ been
humiliated, beaten, rap -
ed, killed at will, and



OUTSIDE FARMERS BRING COASTAL BOOM

Port Elizabeth EVENING POST in English 13 Oct 86 p 2

[Article by Michel Desmidt]

[Text]

19274
cso:

3400/303

IT’S taken outside expertise and capital to bring the
fertile Tsitsikamma coastal zone to its full agricultural
potential.

About 40% of the present farming community moved
into the area over the past six years, says the chairman
of the Witels Farmers’ Association, Mr Eddie White-
head, and a full 90% are outsiders.

He is a case in point, having abandoned sheep farm-
ing in the Northern Cape for the higher financial re-
turns waiting to be reaped from the loamy soils of the
Tsitsikama — a coastal zone strectching from the
Bloukrans river to 20 kilometres west of Humansdorp.

“There are still farmers coming in now and most
newcomers have had to develop the land from scratch.”

The farmers’ biggest concern is finding markets for
their produce — which cover about 90% of the South
African agricultural spectrum, says Mr Whitehead.

With the exception of certain sub-tropical fruit, cul-
tivation ranges from ferns for export through to main-
stays such as dairy, maize and vegetable farming.

Since the end of the drought last August, farmers
have focused on extending their markets and are inves-
tigating export potential at a time when most foreign
governments opposed to SA are clamouring for eco-
nomic sanctions. Potential markets are Britain, the
Netherlands, West Germany and the Far East.

Farmers are’ not daunted: by sanctions, says Mr
Whitehead, since if the quality and price are right,
exports will get through regardless.

“Exporting is the answer to our problems. Although
things are still in the planning stage, we are studying
the possibility of establishing a vegetable-processing
plant or, alternatively, exporting fresh produce.”

Mr Whitehead said an alternative would be to negoti-
ate the use of apple cold storage facilities out of season.

Locally, more than 30 000 litres of surplus milk is
trucked daily to Cape Town, while still supplying Port
Elizabeth and a major depot in Kareedouw.

Most produce is sent to Port Elizabeth, although an
increase in the Maize Board levy from 50c to R46 a ton
— charged for marketing inside a “controlled” area —
has led farmers to look for alternative markets.

75

JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA



INDUSTRIAL/S&T

/7310

Anglo Upgrades Prospecting Methods

(Stan Kennedy;

THE ARGUS, 6 Oct 86) wcccececcccereccescece

Need To Prepare Skilled Workers for Oil Project Stressed

(Phoebe Lange;

WEEKEND POST, 11 Oct 86) ..cccececereercvee

Mauritanian Line To Expand Service

(EVENING POST,

Sanctions Unlikely To
(EVENING POST,

Assocom Asked To Help
(EVENING POST,

10 Oct 86) wececceevcccescveccevcsevcescens

Affect Power Supply Says Escom Chief
10 Oct 86) cccecccecccccecececcencccveseces

Curb Expenditures
10 Oct 86) cevcecececccccrccssvessecveccece

83

84

85

87

88



Unemployed Namaqualanders Seek Work in Depressed Hondeklip Bay
(Mark Stansfield; THE ARGUS, 11 Oct 86) ..

Briefs
Special Unit in Training
SOCIOPOLITICAL/OTHER

Commentary Welcomes Criticism of U.S. Press Coverage
(Johannesburg International Service, 28 Oct 86) ...esseees

Commentary Terms U.S. Report ‘Abusive, Arrogant!
(Johannesburg International Service, 25 Oct 86) ...sseevee

ECONOMIC

Survey of Unemployed Shocks Students
(Hilary Venables; CAPE TIMES, 16 Oct 86) ...

Lucrative Government Subsidies Luring Workers to Homelands
(WEEKEND ARGUS, 11 Oct 86) ..

Prosalendis Describes Botha's Plan To Balance Public Service Books
(Gerald Prosalendis; BUSINESS DAY, 8 Oct 86) ....sceseeeeee

Eastern Cape Farmers Face Fines Over Soil Erosion
(Raymond Hill; WEEKEND POST, 11 Oct 86) ...cecececececeees

Job Crisis on Cape Flats Reported
(Hilary Venables; CAPE TIMES, 16 Oct 86) ....cececsceees on

Outside Farmers Bring Coastal Boom
(Michel Desmidt; EVENING POST, 13 Oct 86) ....seceeeceeees

Deputy Minister on Need for Regional Industrialization
(SAPA, 27 Oct 86) ..csceeeseccceteeeeeeeeees

AHI President Speaks on Economic Survival
(SAPA, 24 Oct 86) ..

BMW Announces Social Responsibility Program
(SAPA, 24 Oct 86) srseeccccecccccceccceecesececceeeeesnees

Commentary Praises Water Project Cooperation With Lesotho
(Johannesburg International Service, 27 Oct 86) ..scseeeee

Briefs

Gefco Mines' Cutback To Leave 900 Jobless
Danish Company: Boycott Circumvented

-d-

64

66

67

68

69

70

71

73

74

75

76

78

80

81

82
82


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

MOZAMBIQUE

DURBAN BUSINESSMAN TELLS OF HARDSHIPS FOR RETURNING WORKERS

Cape Town THE ARGUS in English 9 Oct 86 p 10

[Text]

Miczanaicans being repatriated in

terms of the Government’s tough
new labour laws face “havoc” when they
return home, says Durban businessman,
Mr Nick Labuschagne.

Mr Labuschagne, executive chairman
of John Orr Holdings, who regularly visits
Mozambique, said the abject poverty and
starvation there had to be seen to be be-
eved.

“There’s no doubt about it — repatriat- :

ing these people will cause tremendous
problems for them. I don’t think the coun-
try will be able to cope.”

He said the capital, Maputo, which un-
der Portuguese: colonial-rule had a popu-
lation of 200 000, now has about 2-million
residents living in “rat-infested squalor”,

“They had a hail storm about two years .

ago which smashed most of the windows
in the city. Not one has been repaired. In
fact, nothing has been done to the city
since the Portuguese left 12 years ago.”

John Orr’s still operates.a shop in Ma-
puto, but he said there was seldom any-
thing on their shelves,

“Whenever we get a parcel of goods in,
there are queues of hundreds of ple
lining up. No matter what it is, it’s sold
out in a matter of minutes. People have
money, but nothing to spend it on — and
that includes food.

“Basically we just keep our operations
going there as an act of charity, as we
employ 180 people. At least it keeps them
in food and clothing.”

19274
CSO: 3400/301

12

At least 576.000 men, women and chil-
dren will be affected by South Afri-
ca’s decision not to employ Mozambican
workers in future.

And if the number of people dependent
on illegal Mozambicans working in South
Africa is taken into account, the number
affected by South Africa’s new employ-
ment policy could be well over a million.

_. Mr J Fourie, chief director of labour

‘Telations of the Department of Manpow-

er, said there were up to 30.000 Mozambi-
cans employed legally in the South Afri-
can agricultural sector, more than 51 000
employed on Chamber of Mines mines,
and up to 15 000 employed on independent
mines.

In addition, the number of illegal Mo-
zambican immigrants working in South
Africa was estimated at up to 170000.

The generally accepted number of de-
pendents for each worker is five. At least
576 000 people are dependent on legal in-
comes from South Africa and up to 1,02-
million on illegal incomes.

Mr Fourie said the Employment Bu-
reau of Africa (Teba), the recruitment
wing of the Chamber of Mines, was with
immediate effect no longer allowed to re-
cruit Mozambicans.

Although most legally-employed Mo-
zambicans in South Africa are on the
mines, there are also said to be thousands
employed illegally as farm labourers on
cane plantations in northern Natal and
Zululand.


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

BURKINA

GERMAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT GAINS POPULAR SUPPORT, SUCCESS
Frankfurt/Main FRANKFURTER ALLGEMEINE in German 1 Sep 86 p 12
[Article by Carola Kaps: "The German Sahel Project Provides a Model"]

[Text] Boussouma, Burkina Faso, end of August--Along with a few farmers,
Salif Ouedraogo is standing proudly in front of "his dam": it has just been
completed in time for the beginning of the rainy season. Behind the concrete
dam wall, perhaps 1,5 meters high, a small lake has already accumulated.
According to Salif, by the end of the rainy season a surface of several square
kilometers will be under water. This reservoir will not only supply water in
sufficient amounts for the personal and agricultural needs of the surrounding
villages; it is also intended to restore the level of the water table in the
region, which had dropped sharply.

The Boussouma dam, which is situated about 150 kilometers north of Ouagadougou
in the middle of the Mossi high plateau, is a good example of the way a mean-
ingful project can result from a compromise between the immediate requirements
of a village and objective developmental requirements which will ensure the
preservation of the means to support life in the region. But the leader of
the German Sahel program, Guenter Winkler, tells us that it was by no means
easy to convince the farmers.

Salif, a retired union worker who instigated the project, had returned to his
native village and convinced his neighbors of the necessity of building a dam.
The masses of water coming down from the fairly steep high plateau during the
rainy season were gradually washing away the last remnants of the original
soil with their unimaginable force. Deep water channels already crisscross
the country, most of which has already become completely bare and worthless.
An earthwork dam with which the French attempted to control the force of the
water 50 years ago has left behind nothing but pathetic traces.

Salif turned to SOS-Sahel, an African self-help organization, for help; they
in turn brought in the Sahel program, which was founded in 1980 by the Ministry
for Economic Cooperation as a coordination point to combat "loss of fertility"
in the Sahel zone. Its job is to develop new initiatives to combat new in-
cursions of desert. Boussouma met the Germans' requirements precisely and be-
came a kind of test case for their new ideas.


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

NEED TO PREPARE SKILLED WORKERS FOR OIL PROJECT STRESSED

Port Elizabeth WEEKEND POST in English 11 Oct 86 p 2

[article by Phoebe Lange]

[Text]

PORT ELIZABETH must
not be caught napping when
the Mossel Bay off-shore oil
from gas project gets under
way, Mr Dieter Ksel, di-
rector of the Emthonjeni
In-service Training Centre,
said this week. .

“The time to wake up to
ensure that we get our slice
of the cake is now,” he said.

Anticipating a day when
skilled manpower for the
off-shore industry will be at
a premium, Mr Kusel is not
just gassing.

His centre has already
produced the first group of
eight welders who have
completed a stiff course,
passed the tests and coded
according to rigid Ameri-
can standards.

“and we'll be training
more,” he said on his return

earlier this week from a
tour to study overseas
training methods.

“Under the Unemploy-
ment Training Scheme.
we're contracted by the
Government to train unem-
ployed people over three
weeks at a nominal fee.
Now, we've negotiated a
special deal allowing for
eight weeks’ training in
coded welding.

“But you can’t train spe-
cialists in that time. So we
are taking unemployed but
experienced welders and

‘ re-training them.

“The first eight, trained
to the American standard
of ASTM 9, were all
snapped up by an engineer-
ing firm. ‘We'll’ continue
with this programme as a
service to the PE region
and industry.

“There are obviously not
enough skilled people avail-
able for the off-shore pro-
ject: Apprenticeships take
four to five years and we
‘don’t have that much time.

On a. 15-day visit to
Britain, Mr Kusel visited 22
organisations and had talks
with about 50 people.

“I looked at every aspect
of off-shore oil construction
to see what training was
needed. And if companies
consider joint ventures
with viable UK companies,
T have the contacts.

“We in this area must
ensure that we're not only
ready but are, in fact, lead-
ing the way.

“However, industry must
not leave it all to us. Com-
panies must also train staff
so that they’re ready when
the project gets off the

ground. "|-;. 7 ~

Mr Kisel, who also
looked at driver training
centres in. Britain, West
Germany,*Sweden and the
Netherlands, said it was
important to keep inter-
national links to keep up to
date in training techniques.
In his view Emthonjeni
compared favourably with
any training centre in the
world.

@ The call to prepare for
the Mossel Bay project was
echoed by the dean of the
University: of Port Eliza-

-beth’s Faculty of Economic

Sciences and head of the
Eastern Cape Strategic De-
velopment Team, Profes-
sor Charles Wait.

“It’s time for the people
of PE to take stock of their
attitudes,” he said.

19274

csO: 3400/312

84


said. Along with this there had been a decline in real gross domestic fixed
investment with a fall in the numbers employed in this sector of no less than
65,000 people. "The necessity, then, for new investment is abundantly clear,"
he said.

On government privatisation moves, he said the Department of Trade and Industry
had been requested to investigate the privatisation of the grain bag industry,
which had been government controlled since the 1940's. The investigation was
at an advanced stage and a report would be made shortly to the minister, Dr
Dawie de Villiers. The intended phasing out of government control in this in-
dustry promised direct advantages for agriculture and the consumers of grain
bags.

/12232
cso: 3400/309

77



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BMW ANNOUNCES SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PROGRAM
MB240955 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0932 GMT 24 Oct 86

[Text] Midrand, 24 October SAPA--BMW South Africa has announced a social re-
sponsibility programme of several million rand aimed primarily at educational
and small business development projects.

Making this announcement in Midrand today, the managing director of BMW South
Africa, Dr Walter Hasselkus, said the programme was a substantial expansion
of the company's continuous social support policy, begun several years ago.

"We are very concerned about the spiral of political confrontation between
South Africa and the West," Dr Hasselkus said. "The result of the growing
rift between this country and the proponents of sanctions abroad could be very
detrimental to the economy and, thus, to the long-term interests of the motor
industry and my company.

"As a company that categorically believes that sanctions and disinvestment
would cause severe unemployment, hardship and a hardening of political atti-
tudes, BMW wishes to use its announcement on social responsibility as a demon-
stration of its commitment to economic growth and development."

Dr Hasselkus said BMW was committed to contributing to the creation of a just
and non-discrimanatory society in South Africa. This would not come about,
however, unless the government was encouraged, rather than attacked, to follow
through and speed up its reform programme.

"It is impossible, through sanctions to achieve a just society and economic
growth," he said. "Now is the time for spending more, not less, capital on the
education and upliftment of the people of southern Africa."

/12232
Cso: 3400/309

80


just those crops could push our earnings to 1,000 million dollars an-
nually,

[Question] Have you got a time scale in which that might be possible?

[Answer] 1 would not say we have a timescale. 1 would rather say there are
certain prerequisites which we want to cater for. The constraints I have already
mentioned, the trucks, the stores, the agricultural machinery, hoes and tractors,
The moment we have those we can fulfill those targets very easily, There are not
other big investments we need apart from those, We do not need extensive ir-
rigation, We can use the existing rainfall as it is with the two seasons to
achieve these targets. And if we were in future to add on irrigation, then we
could even triple that capacity.

[Question] When you were in the bush, you often referred to the important role
that you felt local businessmen would play in Uganda's economic recovery, that
is businessmen working in the national interest of Uganda, rather than in the
interests of foreign companies, How well do you think Ugandan businessmen are
playing that important role at the moment?

[Answer] I would not say businessmen. I would rather say capitalists. Are
farmers businessmen? No they are not, Businessmen are traders. It is better
to say private entrepreneurs and they are definitely very welcome and they are
responding. All this food we are collecting is being produced by private
farmers, not by communes or by cooperatives but by private farmers. The bulk
of Ugandan production in the rural areas is by private farmers, small, medium,
and sometimes big farmers.

Now as for the businessmen, the traders, these do not always play a positive
role, Many of them are either speculators or agents of foreign interests and
many of them do not play a positive role at all, They are responsible for hoard-
ing of commodities, for smuggling, for disorienting public policy to favour their
interests rather than the interests of the country, They are not a good influ-
ence generally speaking. But the farmers are the backbone of the economy.

The other group which is lacking is industrialists, They are very weak.
{Question] Surely traders could become industrialists, They have the capital,

[Answer] Eventually but as of now they have not the capital and they are play-
ing a negative role, It is not necessary to be a businessman in order to be an
industrialist,

We can encourage industrialists. The other day I called the shoemaker, Mr
Kayondo, here, I want him to become a big shoemaker. He is trying to make shoes
but he has never been assisted, He is a positive element, He is making shoes
as opposed to those who merely import and hoard shoes. le makes shoes using our
leather, I am going to assist him-and I have already given him some foreign
exchange to install new machinery. I will give him whatever he needs to pro-
duce footwear for our people and also for the army.

18



020095

JPRS-SSA-86-116

21 NOVEMBER 1986

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

FBIS

FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
REPRODUCED BY ; : i¢

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL TECHNICAL i
INFORMATION SERVICE H IS

SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161
PC. AOS



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY PRAISES WATER PROJECT COOPERATION WITH LESOTHO
MB270731 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 27 Oct 86
[Station commentary]

[Text] The signing of the agreement between South Africa and Lesotho for the
construction of the Lesotho Highlands Water Projects marks the culmination of
30 years of negotiation and the beginning of an undertaking that will be vastly
beneficial to both countries.

By any standards the 4,000 million rand project is massive and impressive.

It will involve the building of 6 major dams, 250 km of tunnels, several hydro-
electric power stations, a number of bridges, and many kilometers of roads.

It is the largest hydro-electric scheme to be undertaken in southern Africa
since the mighty Kariba project 3 decades ago.

The main advantage of the project for Lesotho includes the development of an
infrastructure where none existed before, the opening of new areas for cultiva-
tion, development and tourism, generation of hydro-electric power for its own
use, job creation, and a major source of foreign exchange.

It is estimated that South Africa will be paying Lesotho at least 100 million
rand a year for the water it receives. The main advantage for South Africa will
be the project's ability to ensure much needed water supplies for the country's
industrial heartland for decades to come. Water from the scheme will double
the resources of the Vaal River and stabilise the Orange River supply.

South Africa's share of the financing of the project amounts to 250 million
rand, The remainder will be raised through Lesotho on foreign capital markets.
The scheme marks a new chapter of friendship and cooperation between South
Africa and Lesotho in what has often been a strained relationship in the past.
At the same time it will serve as a pacesetter for interstate and regional coop-
eration, an essential element in the attainment of peace and prosperity in the
southern African subcontinent.

/12232
CSO: — 3400/309

81



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BOSHOFF OPPOSES NEW BLACK CITY 'NORWETO'
Pretoria DIE AFRIKANER in Afrikaans 27 Aug 86 pp 5, 13

[Article by Hannes Ferguson: "New Black City Widely Condemned--'Unacceptable
Policy'--Boshoff"]

[Text] The planned new black city between Pretoria and Johannesburg isa
short-sighted application of an unacceptable policy, according to Prof Carel
Boshoff, chairman of SABRA [South African Bureau of Racial Affairs].

Prof Boshoff was commenting on the Department of Constitutional Development
and Planning's recently revealed plans for the central Witwatersrand. This
plan provides for a new black city on 3,000 hectares of land from the villages
of Diepsloot, Kruispaaie, and Rietfontein, north of Sandton. More than 45,000
houses will be built there to house some 250,000 people. The city already has
an unofficial name, "Norweto." It will be half as large as Soweto.

Prof Boshoff says that the plan is totally unacceptable because it means
increasing economic centralization with all the political, social, and
economic evils that leads to. The city will make it more expensive to
reestablish the white area later. South Africa will have to return to the
principle of decentralization, because without that there can be no orderly
development of this country.

The plan is also short-sighted, Prof Boshoff says. There is no prospect of
work for the thousands who are supposed to live in Norweto. Too, the
infrastructure, which will cost millions, will have to be provided by the
taxpayer. The only ones who will profit from this are the large capital
interests, which require a surplus of black labor so that they can put more
pressure on the black unions to keep pay low, Prof Boshoff says.

Prof Boshoff's view is confirmed by a survey of living conditions in Soweto
carried out by Prof Jeremy Keenan of the University of Witwatersrand, which
reveals that at the start of this year 40 percent of black men in the
economically productive age groups and 60 percent of black women were without
work. Since then, Prof Keenan told DIE AFRIKANER, the situation has worsened,
so that it can be assumed that about 50 percent of the men and 70 percent of
the women are without work.

41



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

ETHIOPIA

BRIEFS

DAMS BUILT IN TIGRAI~-Makale (ENA)--Twenty-one dams with a capacity of 4,837,400
cubic metres of water and capable of irrigating 481 hectares of land were built
in Tigrai region during 1985/86, according to the regional Natural Resources
Conservation and Development Unit, It was reported that during the same period,
16,158 kms of terracing and 286 kms long embankment were constructed while
17,457,000 tree seedlings were planted. A meeting was meanwhile held here
Tuesday to assess development activities undertaken during 1988 E.C. and work
out strategy for the current Ethiopian calendar year, Experts representing
various development-oriented departments reviewed reports submitted on past
achievements and exchanged views on the next phase of activity. It was sug-
gested that attention be given to soil conservation and afforestation and to
introducing peasants to improved agricultural practices, [Text] [Addis Ababa
‘THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 9 Oct 86 p 1] /9274

CSO: 3400/316



Already 15 other projects in Burkina and Mali following the Boussouma model
are in operation; even the World Bank has been inspired by the German example.
The attempt is now being made to let the projects develop at the grass-roots
level, rather than imposing developmental aid from above. Along with the
World Bank, the German Sahel program in Burkina will also participate in the
great agrarian reform. This will become the most important test to date both
for the new initiative in developmental policy and for Burkina's efforts at
agricultural reform. The goal of the agrarian reform is to give the farmers
legal security in the right to their cultivated fields, for only as inalien-
able property-owners will they undertake the necessary investment for soil
preservation and improvement. The first step must be to break with the
ancient traditions which assign sole ownership of the soil to the "chef de
terre" as representative of the ancestors. According to this belief, only the
"chief" can distribute the land, and only he is permitted to plant trees. or
harvest fruit.

Under the circumstances, who-can be surprised if the farmers react without
interest or comprehension to all suggestions, no matter how well-meant, that
they should look after their soil or plant trees? And here it becomes clear
what a laborious task of persuasion has to be done by those involved in de-
velopmental aid. According to Guenter Winkler, the time factor cannot be in-
cluded in the cost analysis.

The German Sahel program will probably expire in 1988 after an expenditure of
DM6 million. The director says that the project has fulfilled its task; the
new experiences have been successfully put into action in the various
projects and can be disseminated from there.

The involvement of the Sahel population as a prerequisite for successful de-
velopment is commonplace by now. But what sounds obvious today was far from
obvious until a short time ago. And there are still many obstacles to be
cleared out of the way. For instance, the farmers’ interest groups are often
structurally too weak to present their concerns forcefully and to protect them-
selves if necessary. Supervision by the state agricultural organization is a
rarity because of lack of education and interest among the state agents. In
addition, there is a lack of money; often the government gives completely
false signals with regard to agricultural production prices, market prices, or
the prices of agricultural raw materials. International financial supporters
must also revise their thinking; so far they have made no effort to coordinate
their aid or to set priorities.

Aid-Givers Must Learn Too

The first hesitant attempts at effective coordination (as for example in
Senegal) are still matched by too many examples where those giving aid force
developmental philosophies and conditions unilaterally on the recipients;
where they think that they have to hold an independent political dialog, even
though their knowledge of the true problems of the country and of the complex
socio-economic conditions is much too scanty. Those who give aid, the German
experts say, must learn to make use of institutions which know the problems of
the region in detail, like the Interstate Committee to Combat Drought in the
Sahel.

9337/12859
cso: 3420/60 4


JPRS-SSA~86-116
21 November 1986

GREATER ROLE FOR COMMANDOS--Cape Town, 25 October, SAPA-—The deputy minister of
defence, Mr Adriaan Vlok said the commandos will play a greater role in the
future of South Africa's defence. Speaking at the opening of the new commando
headquarters at Lindley, Mr Vlok said a commando can be compared to a life in-
surance policy. It is sometimes difficult to pay the premium of such a policy
but it is a necessity and an investment for the future. He also emphasised the
importance of community support for the local commandos saying the defence ele-
ment in the future would be of untold value. Commando members marched through
the town and the mayor, Mr Jim de Wet was there to take the salute. . Fifteen
long-term service medals were also presented. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in
English 1240 GMT 25 Oct 86 MB] /12232

CSO: 3400/308

54


die in vain, declared the president, adding that the sub-region should resolve
to extend the frontiers of freedom to the Indian Ocean, the natural boundary of
the continent.

He also said it would be an undying tribute to the late president if Komatipocrt,
where the fatal plane crash occurred, could become an eternal symbol of resis-
tance to oppression--a Calvary of redemption to those in search of freedom,
"When the zeal of the gallant fighters begins to falter, may the memory of

Mr Machel's suffering at Komatipoort rekindle their determination to prosecute
the struggle with greater vigour--may his vision of a free and independent South
Africa and Namibia be fused and intertwined with his death at Komatipoort, the
new Calvary of the oppressed, where their hero and the champion for their cause
paid the ultimate price," said Mr Banana.

Four prayers for peace were said by four church leaders of Zimbabwe's inter-
denominational group and the deputy prime minister, Mr Simon Muzenda, read
passages from the Koran and the Bible.

The minister of finance, economic planning and development, Mr Bernard Chidzero;
the minister of labour, manpower planning and social welfare, Mr Frederich
Shava; the minister of lands, agriculture and rural resettlement, Mr Moven
Mahachi; and several government officials attended the solemn service. Also
present was the charge d'affaires of the Mozambican Embassy, Mr Maximiano
Maxhaeia, who read a passage from the Bible in Portuguese.

/12232
cso: 3400/311

37



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

AHI PRESIDENT SPEAKS ON ECONOMIC SURVIVAL
MB241844 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1806 GMT 24 Oct 86

[Text] Port Elizabeth, 24 October SAPA--The president of the Afrikaanse
Handelsinstituut (AHI) [Afrikaans Trade Institute] and senior general manager
of Saambou National Building Society, Mr Christie Kuun, said tonight the ideal
towards which South African business should strive is to make foreign countries
so economically dependent on this country that sanctions and boycotts cannot
be used as weapons against it.

Speaking at the annual dinner of the Port Elizabeth Afrikaanse Sakekamer
{Afrikaans Chamber of Commerce], he said such a strategy was not far-fetched
in the light of the many strategic metals and minerals available in South
Africa. He said the key to economic survival lay in South Africa's conquering
the rest of the world with its products.

He added that Africa, with a population of more than 420 million people, lay
on South Africa's doorstep and was waiting to be discovered by enterpreneurs
and marketers.

Mr Kuun said that since economic survival, the interaction between economics
and politics should always be borne in mind. In countries where political dis-
order reigned, there were serious economic problems.

It was common cause that a situation of economic depression created ideal con-
ditions for the formenting of unrest by radical elements. As long as the econ-
omy was growing, the chances of communism spreading remained slight.

He was of the opinion that the quest for political peace in South Africa would
succeed only if a strongly growing economy could be maintained. Mr kuun said
economic survival was based on offensive rather than defensive economic strate-
gies.

With a relatively strong economy, South Africa should not be on the defensive-—
the strongest weapon lay in attack. To his mind, too much emphasis has thus
far been put on defence.

Businessmen and politicians had expressed themselves on the necessity of being
economically resilient. He said economic preparedness remained the watchword

78


MINISTER EXPLAINS COMMODITIES SHORTAGES

Kampala THE STAR in English 8 Oct 86 p 7

[Text]

19274
cso:

THE shortage of es-
sential commodities in
general with Sugar
and, Soap in particu -
lar has been caused
by the new unfamiliar
importation system in-
troduced recently. This
was sald by a_ senior
official in the minist-
ry of commerce in an
Interview with THE
STAR yesterday.

He said that there |

is an absence of sugar
and soap In many areas
of the country and
even in .some areas
of Kampala. But said
this was due to techni-
cal problems created
by the new importation
method, Traders su-
pposed to import these
commodities have to
channel their applica-
tions and ail other
requirements through
their commercial ba~
nks. ‘Being a new
system, many people

3400/314

25

are not familiar with
it" he said.

.He further pointed
out that its hot the

government which im~i
ports these commod!=
ties directly, but ra~
ther its parastatals;
Foods and. Beverages,
Uganda General Merc
handise, and Uganda
‘Motors which are
charged with task
of importing these es-
sential commodities
and just like any other
(Private importer, they
also have to follow the
same proceaures.

He however, sald
that now the system Is
becoming familiar and
therefore the problem
wlll soon be over comes

He also adaea that

the materialisation of

the preferrenti al Tra-
de Area (PTA) arrange.
ment will help a lot

as this would rule out

the problem of Foreign
Exchange.

JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

UGANDA



The decisive member of the committee that produced the plan is understood to
be Ricky Valente, a leading member of the Progressive Federal Party and also
chairman of the managing committee of the Sandton city council. According to
him Norweto will provide the labor for the major industrial concentration that
is going to emerge in Sandton and Randburg.

DIE AFRIKANER was unable to find any authoritative confirmation that there is
any probability of industrial expansion in this area to justify a black city
of 250,000 residents. Diepsloot is 40 kilometers from Krugersdorp, 30
kilometers from Pretoria-West, 30 kilometers from Randburg, and 55 kilometers
from Johannesburg, and has direct transportation links with none of these
cities.

According to reports blacks will build their own houses under expert
supervision which, it is said, will be organized by the Urban Foundation and
with building materials [sic]. They will be lent the money. According to the
plan for "inward industrialization" prepared by Reserve Bank Vice President Dr
Jan Lombard and accepted by the government, construction work is supposed to
provide the impetus for independent economic activity in that city.
"Informal" activities such as food pedlars and sidewalk shops are supposed to
provide work for thousands. No other respected economist has supported this
plan of Dr Lombard's. .A development specialist that DIE AFRIKANER talked to
stated that this project will produce the biggest failure in African
development since the disastrous British groundnut scheme in Tanzania in the
late 1940s.

According to Matthew Nel, chief of the housing department of the Urban
Foundation, Norweto is just the beginning. Large colored cities will be built
north and east of it. Tembisa will expand toward the central Rand in the
direction of Verwoerdburg until the entire region between Pretoria and
Vereeniging becomes a great white-and-black metropolis,

The whites now living in that area are extremely upset. Mrs Louise Balfour,
whose family has built up a fine small holding in Diepsloot over many years,
feels herself totally uprooted, she told DIE AFRIKANER. She says that if this
is government policy, then whites cannot feel secure anywhere in the country.
People want to fight the plan on a nonpolitical basis, but it is a political
issue.

Mrs A. Gardner, whose 24-hectare farm will be just outside the new black city,
describes the entire project as dictatorial and undemocratic, The people who
have already decided on it are not the people who will actually be affected by
it, she told DIE AFRIKANER. Mrs Gardner's family will not be able to live
securely on their own property and its value will fall to a fraction of what
it now is.

The plan discriminates against whites, she says, because the whites now living
in the area have paid dearly for the installation of electricity and water.
The blacks will get everything for free.

12593
cso: 3401/180

42


bodies have been damped in
forests, rivers and lake banks
without decent burials.

All this has, been at the
hands of Government agen-
cies. The UNLA has been
taught that certain tribes are
the enemies of Uganda so is the
Police and other security or
rather insecurity agencies

At road blocks people are molested
because of being "Sula Mbaya”
which means belonging to “wrong
tribe". This must stop.

NRA has heen taught that
its primary duty 1s to protect
life and property of the people
of Uganda. The NRA leader-
ship 1s making sure that the Ar-

my does not steal even a sugar -

cane‘or’menvu". Our Army
is being taught that wananchi
are the masters of the Govern-
ment and therefore should be
respected all the time.

The people must be taught
how to.defend their rights and
interests. They should be
taught that there is nothing
super - human or magical in
handling a gun. What matters
is the opportunity to know how
to handle a gun. NRM has
already started on a pro-
gramme of militia training as
away of demystifying the use of
the gun and popularizing mar-
tial skills.

(e) Meaningful development

‘The NRM programme does
not only insist on the re-
moval of the bad Govern-
ment in Kampala, but also
‘intends to .examine the
underlying causes of
Uganda's problems. Things
like unemployment, the
outward looking of our eco-
nomic planning and produc-
tion have negative reper-
cussions on our _ politics.
NRM is of the view that
if we are to solve our conti-
nuous instability, the
Government must address
itself to the question of
meaningful development.
Our people should start
a meaningful change in their
daily lives like having
clean drinking water. proper
feeding of children, hygenic
carrying out sanitary con-
ditions and more organised.

19274
cso: 3400/315

planned and scientific
formed on all aspects of
methods ot production and
distribution. Exchanging our
value for no value must
stop

(3) Propaganda

TI

he Committee should

keep the people always in-
f’ermed on all aspects of
struggle. In this regard. re-
gular meetings with the
people should be held at
all levels. In addition. the
Movement has produced a
number of documents about
the struggle. These should
be acquired by Committees
and read to the . people.
In this exercise. there is no
need to magnify our success
or underestimate the
strength of the enemy. The
people must always be told

the truth, We must overcome

‘our weakness by organising
better. deepening our know-
ledge about the struggle
by discussion and reading.
and learning from those who
know. A school of Political
Education has been opened
and every district will be
required to send in its
representatives to train as
cadres.

The struggle is a huge
classroom where we get
new ideas, discover hidden
meanings and gather the
collective wisdom of- the
masses for advancement of
society. It is for this reason
that Committees should learn
to listen to the people
and have humility to learn
from those who know. Above
all patience is required of
all leaders.

(4) Administration

Committees and Councils
are the chief custodians of

the Movement policies and-

interests at various levels.
They should therefore play
watchdog and consultative
roles in the administration
of their areas. They should
watch closely the activities
of Government agents like
Chief. Police, Army, Magi-
strates, etc. and advise where
possible. This is particularly
for the purposes of curbing
corruption. On the consul-
tation role, Committees and
Councils should make sugge-
stion to higher echelons

24

of the Movement for for-
mulation of policies.

The Committee should
ensure that there is peace,
liberty and stability in their
areas. By now it is assumed
that we know who the enemy
is. The direct enemy is the
repressive UNLA troops with
their allies. The indirect
enemy are the enemy
agents who live among us.
These are people who live
among us and spy on
members of the Commi-
ttees, our Army, the
Movement at large and feed
the enemy with informtion.
Therefore the Committees,
should gather information
about both enemies and pass
it on to our Army imme-
diately.
(3) Epilogue

‘The Committees are a
bridge between ‘the Army
and Wanainchi. Committees
should therefore develop, .

_establish and maintain hea-

Ithy and respectful rela-
tionship between the Army
and Wanainchi. In _ this
regard, the Committees
should ensure that our
Army (NRA) behaves very
well towards Wanainchi and
also ensure that Wanainchi
DO NOT tempt the Army
with bribes and any other
corruption tendencies. The
use of Army. personnel, by
some leaders or ordinary
people to settle personal
grievances must be fought
ruthlessly and resolutely.

The discipline of the
Army will depend on the
training and- the way
Wanainchi behave towards
it, It is a two-way exer-
cise because if the Wanainchi
encourage or put the Army
in a compromising situation,
we shall not be able to
produce an army that is
above corruption, that res-
pects Wanainchi, and gives
dignity and good name to
Uganda. Committees should
recommend only good ele
ments to join the army.

We should like to produce
a people's army which we are
all proud of

A detailed paper on duties
of every Committee member
will be coming out in due
course,


19274
cso:

3400/305

conflict. The state-controlled media have diligently
echoed the theme of “black on black” violence and
constantly lambasted the “agitators” and “trouble-
makers” for their role. It is now common knowledge in the

_ townships that amabutho or vigilantes enjoy immunity

from the police. This serves two purposes.

i) the state can stand at a distance and escape inter-
national condemnation for “brutally oppressing black
people”;

ii) divisions among black people weaken their thrust on
the state and dissipate the strength of the resis-
tance. a

In instances where the threat becomes imminent, the
state does not hesitate to move in the police and the army
to “restore law and order”. Even here, the state is careful
to emphasise “at the request of the communities them-
selves", where “community” refers to the councillors,
support notwithstanding.

6. CONCLUSION

In conclusion it might be argued that both the material
and ideological conditions which exist in Natal’s African
townships also exist in townships in the other provinces.
This is true, but what is missing in the other provinces is
the presence of a strong counter-revolutionary organi-
sational base with a populist appeal. Inkatha is more than
a homeland party whose function is the mobilisation of
voters for local elections. inkatha’s appeal is that it has its
own ideology and a material base with a stake in the
system. In the present context Inkatha offers the alter-
native to going into the streets and getting shot- that this
alternative “change through peaceful means” is no more
than a slogan does not matter. The atmosphere in the
townships is charged with slogans from both sides.
Admittedly, the politics of “resistance” has yielded some
“visible fruits”: the very process of reform that the country
is going through is ample proof of that.

61



JPRS-SSA~86-116
21 November 1986

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

REACTIVATION OF HIGHWAY BUREAU RECONMENDED-~-(ENA)~-The five-day combined meet-
ing of trans-African highway authorities wound up here yesterday after adopting
a resolution recommending the reactivating of the trans-African Highway Bureau
and the redefinition of the aims, objectives and mission of the bureau in
order to meet the needs of member states, It also strongly urged member states
to meet the financial contribution necessary for the running of the bureau.

The meeting has decided to formulate an overall law for all African countries
in view of the numerous accidents that are taking place on African highways and
also called upon African countries to maintain roads constructed at high costs
and expenditure, The meeting was closed by Comrade Yusuf Ahmed, member of the
CC of the WPE and Minister of Transport and Communications, who noted the suc~
cess of the meeting, The African Highways Bureau was first conceived by the
Economic Commission for Africa in 1971. [Excerpts] [Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN
HERALD in English 11 Oct 86 p 1] /9274

cso: 3400/316



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SWAZILAND

BRIEFS

ALLEGED ANC MEMBER ARRESTED--Police in Swaziland have arrested an alleged
member of the ANC. Police sources in the southwestern Swazi town of
Nhlangano say the man, who has not been identified, was arrested
yesterday, He apparently had a large quantity of arms and explosives

in his possession. The source says the arms included a number of

limpet mines, AK 47 rifles, grenades, a pistol, and ammunition. [Text]
[Umtata Capital Radio in English 1100 GMT 30 Oct 86 MB] /12624

cso: 3400/337

15



to future economic progress. It was thus appropriate that where the South
African economy was now moving into a new expansion phase, consideration be
given to economic survival.

Mr Kuun said economic survival should primarily be based on the aggressive
marketing of South Africa, and the only way in which this could be achieved lay
in spectacular expansion.of the industrial sector.

It was thus essential that more entrepreneurs enter the business world. Busi-
nessmen would have to do more to plug gaps now being filled by foreign exports
to South Africa. Dependence on foreign countries was for obvious reasons not
advantageous to economic survival in the broad sense.

He said it was clear that entrepreneurship and the establishment of industries
were treasures which, particularly in the times now being experienced, should
be given every assistance. With socialism overwhelming one country after
another, it behoved every South African to appreciate the heavy responsibility
lying on the shoulders of the handful of entrepreneurs in the country.

Mr Kuun said that head to be a drive towards greater productivity. South Africa
could not at this stage of its economic development afford the remuneration of
its labour force comprising and ever growing percentage of its gross domestic
product.

Productivity implied the purposeful application of all production factors so
that more units were produced with the same production factors.

An important contribution would thereby be made to containing the inflation
rate, Herein, primarily, would lie the power of South Africa's economic sur-
vival. It had to be realised and accepted that South Africa had to rely upon
itself alone for its economic growth and survival.

/12232
Cso: 3400/309

79



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

MINERS UNION REJECTS MIXED HOSPITALS--The Mine Workers Union (MWU) has
rejected the idea that the medical plan for workers in the mine industry, the
Mine Assistance Association, should be multiracial. In the latest issue of
the MWU house organ, DIE MYNWERKER, union secretary Arrie Paulus speaks out
against integrating hospitals. He calls on all white workers in the industry
to support the MWU on this question. Paulus accuses the Chamber of Mines of
forcing its liberal ideas down the throats of the workers. At a meeting with
some workers associations the Chamber asked to have the Mine Assistance
Association be made multiracial. Some of the associations immediately agreed,
while others still have to consult their members. The Chamber's request makes
it clear that blacks will be entitled to use the same doctors, consulting
rooms, and hospital rooms as members of the MWU, Paulus writes. "The time has
now come for white workers in the mining industry, regardless of what union or
association they belong to, to take a stand on whether they will agree to
total integration of the mining industry," the article says. [Text]
[Pretoria DIE AFRIKANER in Afrikaans 27 Aug 86 pp 2, 13] 12593

MIXING NON-WHITE, WHITE AREAS OPPOSED--Community leaders spoke out strongly
against any modification of the Group Areas Act to provide for non-white areas
inside white residential areas. Both the chairman of the Mayfair residents
association, Neville Chambers, and the chairman of the residents association
of neighboring Homesteadpark, Alan McCabe, told DIE AFRIKANER that they
completely oppose such a change in the law. They were asked for comments
after State President P.W. Botha proposed geater "flexibility" in the Group
Areas Act. Deputy Minister of Constitutional Development and Planning Piet
Badenhorst later revealed in a newspaper interview that a modification of that
law is being considered to declare as non-white areas areas where a large
number of non-whites already live. In this way non-white areas will be
created within white areas. McCabe says he speaks for the great majority of
Homesteadpark residents when he says that non-white residents are totally and
absolutely unacceptable, They are completely opposed to having black areas
within their area. The residents association also demands that the non-whites
already living there be removed. McCabe's fellow residents are already
desperate because the government pays no attention to requests for action
against non-white lawbreakers. Not a single non-white has been removed from
the area, despite numerous complaints to the police. Minister of
Constitutional Development and Planning Chris Heunis visited the affected
residential areas last October and spoke with the residents associations. “He

52


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

DEPUTY MINISTER ON NEED FOR REGIONAL INDUSTRIALIZATION
MB271141 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1036 GMT 27 Oct 86

[Text] Ladysmith, 27 October SAPA-~The imperative of regional industrial de-
velopment had not been reduced by the introduction of planned urbanisation, the
deputy minister of finance and of trade and industry, Mr Kent Durr, said today.

Opening a new plastics packaging factory at Ezakheni near Ladysmith, he said
some people who had doubts about the new initiative argued the abolition of
influx control would remove the need for development and employment opportuni-
ties in the rural areas. "The truth is that urbanisation and regional indus-
trial development are complementary to the process of development. A policy
of planned urbanisation does not imply urbanisation in the existing metropoles
only, but also at regional points with the potential for urbanisation." A
major goal of regional industrial development was to promote concentration in
a regional context with a view to reaching the stage of self-generating and
self-sustaining development as soon as possible.

“Another reason why planned urbanisation does not lesson the importance of
regional industrial development is that it is simply not possible for us to
create infrastructure facilities and job opportunities in the metropoles at a
rate commensurate with the potential rate of urbanisation as well as the overall
need for employment opportunities in southern Africa," Mr Durr said bringing
jobs to the people where they already were obviously had many economic and
social benefits and "the imperative of regional industrial development has not
been reduced by the introduction of planned urbanisation."

Emphasising the importance of new investment as represented by the factory he
was opening, Mr Durr said there had been a 2.5 percent decline in real gross
domestic fixed investments last year, and that this had in fact continuously
declined since 1981. "One doesn't have to be an economic guru to know this is
bound to have a profound impact on the prospects for long-term economic growth."

Apart from the agricultural sector--which had been hit by drought--it was the
manufacturing sector that had chalked up the poorest performance in this area.
Comparing 1985 with 1981, real gross fixed investment in this sector had fallen
by no less than 45 percent.

"Tt is similarly noteworthy, and disquieting, that the fixed capital stock in
the manufacturing sector actually fell, in real terms in 1985, the deputy minister

76


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

GEFCO MINES’ CUTBACK TO LEAVE 900 JOBLESS--More than 900 workers will be made
redundant by cutbacks at blue asbestos mines near Kuruman in the Northern Cape
and Penge, north-eastern Transvaal, from November 1, Production levels at Kuru-
man are to be cut by 20 percent and those at Penge by 26 percent, says Gri-
qualand Exploration and Finance Company (Gefco), Every effort will be made to
place those affected elsewhere in the group, says Gefco. The company said in
its interim report recently that further rationalisation of production might be-
come necessary should forecast sales volumes for the remainder of the year not
materialise, "Cutbacks are now necessary in an effort to contain and reduce
stocks as a result of lower anticipated sales," it said, The company has re~
vised downwards its forecasts for the current half-year. Current indications
are that results for the remainder of the year may only equal those of the first
six months, say the directors, This, together with the large amounts of cash
tied up in stock financing, may affect dividend prospects for the year, [Text]
{Article by Tom Hood] [Cape Town THE ARGUS in English 10 Oct 86 p 7] /9274

DANISH COMPANY: BOYCOTT CIRCUMVENTED--Copenhagen, 27 October (AFP)--Denmark's
trade boycott against Africa can be easily circumvented, a company head re-
vealed in Monday's issue of the business daily BOERSEN. Finn Broekner of the
Sabroe group, which makes refrigeration systems, said he had merely shifted the
responsibility for dealing with South Africa to the group's overseas subsi-
daries, which are not covered by the boycott. The Danish Parliament, against
the advice of the centre-right government, voted last December for a complete
break in trade relations with South Africa because of that country's racial
policies. [Text] [Paris AFP in English 1110 GMT 27 Oct 86] /12232

cso: 3400/309

82


mation of the state of emergency in June 1986. By thena
number of people had been killed and many houses razed
to the ground. In KwaMashu, 14 people died within two
weeks in clashes between students and. !nkatha-led
vigilantes. Besides the killings the schools crisis had far-
reaching consequences as the period January to April
was marked by disrupted or no schooling at all in. the
senior schools in KwaMashu, Clermont, Lamontville,
Chesterville and a few schools in Umlazi and in the
Pietermaritzburg regions.

The Second National Education Crisis Committee held in
Durban at the end of March 1986 emphasised an
alternative ‘people’s education’ programme, and to this
end resolved that pupils return to classes and called for
the opening of those schools which were closed. The
attack on the Conference delegates, allegedly by In-
katha-led amabutho, further aggravated the already
tense relationships between Inkatha and students in the
townships and much of what followed in KwaMashu
cannot be divorced from this. Hence by May 1986, the
majority of senior schools in Durban and two in Pieter-
maritzburg had practically had very little, if any, schooling
at all - almost the entire school term was lost.

4.3.2. Transport
The conflict in transport had two sources:

* i) the periodic increases in bus fares: and

ii) the role played by P.U.T.Co in transporting vigilantes
through the townships of KwaMashu and Umlazi.

A new dimension developed when the P.U.T.Co bus
drivers blamed taxi-men for the continual stoning of
P.U.T.Co buses by the township youth. Further, cleavages
arose between hostel residents, especially in Kranskloof
near Clermont and the youth on the one side and between
the former and taximen on the other over the stoning of
Durban municipal buses in Clermont. Between August
1985 and May 1986, 1054 P.U.T.Co buses were damaged
while 14 (both P.U.T.Co and D.T.M.B. buses) were com>
pletely destroyed.

The condemnation of the stoning of buses by the National
Education Crisis Committee in Durban seemed to have
had an effect as very few buses were stoned or burnt after
this.

4.3.3. The Vigilantes And Amabutho

The period since August 1985 has ushered in a new

phenomenon in the conflict in Natal, that of the vigilantes

and amabutho. Two factors account for this develop:
ment:

i) the criminalisation of all forms of protest behaviour by
the state and the state-controlled media and in the
process redefining the protestor as a criminal;

ii) the organic links between Inkatha and the KwaZulu
administration.

During the week-long unrest in Durban, many shops,

butcheries, bottlestores and other businesses as well as

township offices were either looted or burned down. This

59

facilitated a’ coalition of interests between township
councillors, local members of the KwaZulu Legislative
Assembly and some businessmen, all gf whom had
Inkatha as a common base. From -this base, they
organised vigilantes or amabutho who were set on
“eliminating” the “criminals” as the protesting youth were
called, and, indeed, there had been a criminal element in
the August rioting. Further, the communication between
the protesters and the community was weak, fragmented
and at times confused. The stoning of buses without prior
warning to the commuters not to use them alienated the
masses, and further gave an opportunity to the mass
media to depict the unrest as senseless violence.

The entry of the-vigilantes (e.g. the A-Team) and amabutho
into the scene further complicated both the nature and
direction of political conflict in Natal. Today the Govern-
ment and the media speak of “black on black” violence yet
this is more apparent than real. Reports from the various
Crisis Committees and the nature of interdicts against
identifiable perpetrators of this violence do indicate that
this cannot be divorced from the political base which both
facilitates and shapes the violence. Allegations that the
state, through the police, is not immune from this violence
do very little to. convince the world of its black-on-
blackness. However, more destruction and conflict has
emanated from this than from any other source in the,
present turmoil. The conflict was further aggravated by
the struggle on the shop floor when U.W.U.S.A., an
Inxatha-linked union, came into being in May 1986.
Ideological differences between U.W.U.S.A. and
C.0.S.A.T.U. have led to physical confrontations between
the two unions, and in the process both amabutho and
Inkatha have had their images tarnished. For instance:

i) In. Newcastle, 10 C.O.S.A.T:U. officials al-
leged that they were being harassed by KwaZulu
police and that houses belonging to some of them
were attacked by amabutho. They positively identified
the “mayor” of Madadeni as one of the attackers. (City
Press, 6.4.86)

Numerous allegations of attack by amabutho orga-
nised or led by Inkatha officials have been made by
members of C.0.S.A.T.U. Some of these have culmi-
nated in interdicts restraining these officials from
interfering with the lives znd property of the C.O.S.-
A.T.U. unionists.

There have been several interdicts against Inkatha
officials restraining them from interfering with the pro-
perty and lives of persons in the extra-parliamentary
resistance movement and members of C.O.S.A.T.U. On
the other hand, two such interdicts have been issued
against the opposition, one against an individual and one
against members of C.0.S.A.T.U.

5. An Appraisal of the Hypothesis

Up to the time when rioting broke out in the major
townships in Durban, claims especially from the govern-
ment and some liberal quarters were that Natal had been



But now it appears that South Africa wishes to bring about the downfall of the
Mozambican Government in order to deny Zimbabwe and other states in the region
routes to the sea other than through South Africa.

The shameless use of Malawi as a base of operations against Maputo is a sign
that the racist government is aiming to strike a decisive blow before being
engulfed by international economic sanctions.

The Malawi Government has been infiltrated so much that it has lost control
and the apparent readiness on the part of the Banda Government to side with
the Pretoria regime against the Frontline States opens up another front whose
seriousness cannot be taken lightly.

On top of that, the disposition of the European Economic Community to give
audience to UNITA's bandit leader Jonas Savimbi indicates that another diploma-
tic fight has to be waged in Western Europe by the Frontline States, the NAM
[Nonaligned Movement], and Organisation of African Unity to neutralise those
forces helping to destabilise Angola.

But as the chairman of the Frontline States, Dr Kenneth Kaunda, has often said:
It is darkest before dawn!

The apartheid regime and its supporters must weigh the consequences of a puppet
govrernment in Maputo. It would open this whole region to a generalised war
of resistance out of which the interests of imperialism could never emerge
victorious.

/12232
cso: 3400/311

32


This, in turn, forces people to
plan better and put more thought
into expenditure. Therefore it

it is
not only a method of budget cut- _

ting, but also provides a method of
planning and control — managers
can be held responsible for both
the planning and use of funds.

There are a number of basic ele-
ments to this system.

Firstly, “decision units” are
identified, each with a manager.
These can be major projects, cost-
centres or capital projects. Manag-
ers should be continually looking
at alternate ways of operating a
decision unit.

F.. example, will this task be
done better if it is centralised, de-
centralised or eliminated?
Secondly, “decision packages,”
discrete programmes with goals,
activities and resources, are for-
mulated. Each decision unit man-
ager’s budget requests should be

made up of a number of decision .

packages.

Thirdly, decision packages are
ranked in order of decreasing
benefit to an organisation. This

rocess shows where money can be
it spent. Once the year’s total

budget is exhausted, no further de-

cision packages are funded.
However, the process of decision

package ranking becomes difficult ~

when benefits cannot be quantified
as profit. This makes its applica-
tion in the public service particu-
larly complex.
For example, it raises the thorny
Problem of when a particular pub
slic servant is being “productive”.
~~ How is this answered if no mone-
tary value can be assigned to their
task?

Here, then, is a serious weak-

19274
csO: 3400/302

72

ness, The rigour of zero-based bud-
geting is undermined when rank-
ing of decision packages is done
according to the perceived impor-
tance of a service, political impor-
tance of a service or consequences
of not providing a service.

Says'a source close to the devel-
opment of Botha’s plan: “It is not

ible to determine a rate of re

fom ‘on current government spend-
ing to determine roductivity.
Nonetheless, we have had to devel-
op measures suited to judging pro-
ductivity in government.

“Government hopes to come to
the point where it defines goals in
terms of the function of govern-

“tent and by instilling discipline

ensures that its objectives can be
financed. This endeavour must
also be seen in the light of other
government objectives, such as de-
creasing government’s share of the
economy.”

The effectiveness of expenditure
will have to be continuously evalu-
ated and methods developed to de-
cide what priority should be given
to individual prejects. A cost-bene-
fit analysis model is being devel-
oped to help choose between differ-
ent projects, he added.

— at least one economist
is hopeful about the outcome of
this renewed commitment to fiscal
discipline: “This could mean a re-
turn in the budget to distinguishing
between capital and current ex-
penditure.

“This would, in turn, result in
better fiscal disclipline and a
better allocation of funds by mak-
ing it more difficult for govern-
ment to conceal that it is funding
capital expenditure with borrow-
ings.”


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

ZIMBABWE

RADIO TRUTH ON 'DISGRACEFUL' MOB VIOLENCE
MB241824 (Clandestine) Radio Truth in English to Zimbabwe 1730 GMT 23 Oct 86
[Station commentary]

[Excerpts] Two facts deserve to be highlighted arising from Tuesday's dis-
graceful eruption of mob violence in Harare. The first is that gutter journal-
ism must be held responsible in part for arousing emotions and fanning the
flames of hatred. That ZANU-PF Mouthpiece and editor of the HERALD produced

a rabble rousing editorial unsupported by a single shred of evidence which he
knew: would provoke a violent reaction. Referring to the death of the late
President Machel, he said: Despite all the denials--and Pretoria would harldy
admit its guilt--the most likely cause of the crash remains a direct South
African attack on the presidential plane.

The South African president and his foreign minister both expressed profound
shock and sent their condolences to the bereaved families and the Mozambican
people. All the evidence at the crash site is to be closely guarded and pre-
served for independent examination. None of these actions tally with the re-
action of a government that hasaguilty conscience. All sane and objective
commentators from around the world have reserved judgment until the official
inquiry has been completed and published. Only irrational and subjective
stooges like the HERALD editor, Kaunda, the ANC, and Sonny Ramphal has delib-
erately drawn provocative and preconditioned conclusions. Thus, we repeat,
Comrade Tommy Sithole is guilty of inciting mindless violence and racial in-
tolerance,

(2Even) the scriptwriters for the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Service program "The
Struggle Against Colonialism and Apartheid" belong in the same gutter as Sithole.
They are guilty not only of distortions, but of outright lies. On Monday even-
ing when the official Mozambican radio was still referting to Samora Machel as
missing, the ZBC stated in their program that the apartheid regime has assassi-
nated the Mozambican president together with Foreign Minister Chissano and 12
members of the Frelimo Government. The ZBC also claimed that the plane had
been brought down in Natal. All of these statements were nothing more than
filthy propaganda and lies put out at the instigation of Nathan Shamuyarira.
They too were designed to promote violence and racial antagonism. The results
were seen all too vividly in Tuesday's orchestrated riots and physical attacks.
It is a sickening indictment of our media.

33



that Soweto students who were prevented from writing their first paper would
be afforded an opportunity to write this paper at a later date. I find it
regrettable that the SPCC and the SCA seemingly ignored this announcement,"
said Mr de Beer.

He said by calling on the department 3 days later through the press to grant
permission to students to write early next year, the organisations created the
impression that the ministry did not give immediate and urgent attention to
this matter. "We pledge our full support to parents and students, and will do
everything humanly possible to ensure that the examinations proceed normally as
is the case in the overwhelming majority of schools throughout the country
where the turnout has been normal," said Mr de Beer.

/12232
CSO: 3400/308

48


great improvements in secu-
rity and the general thrust
of government. Could you re-
assure the public that the
NRM is still on céurse
to building a free, stable
and economically: prosperous
Uganda? "

‘Yes. { am a bit dis-
appointed by some of the
ministries which have not
been serious in performing
their duties. If they had
been serious some of the

hardships could have been -

alleviated. For instance, 1
do not see why sugar should
not have come. Or even the
salt or the blankets.

‘A few other things should
have come because we: have
made arrangements for them
by releasing money in the
bank as well as by trade
contacts ‘abroad, especially
using the barter. system
with some friendly countries.

If they had exploited this
vigorously the people’s hard-
ships would have been alle-
viated. That will happen
whether these fellows ob-
struct the inflow of commo-
dities or not.

However, the question of
the currency and inflation is
still a problem. It is partly
dependent on the inflow: of
commodities into the country

as well as generating some of -

che consumer goods within
the country. In addition
to that we will have to do
something about the cur-
rency ‘itself to make it
more sensible than it is now.
I am optimistic in spite
of this delay in bringing
in the items because we
know it is not because of the
capacity of the economy
but because of the ne
gligence of some individuals.
We krow it, we have
identified it, and we are
going to rectify it.
soon can Ugandans
“expect a new currency and
can that stop inflation or
will it just knock off
the zeros?
It will not be the currency
alone. It will be a new
currency in coordination

19274
CSO: 3400/314

21

with more goods on the
market. It is not so much
the paper but the production.
However the currency is also
important. The present
currency has been flooded
with money which is
not ‘backed by production. A
double pronged approach
would solve this problem.

So Ugandans can look for-
ward to a better standard
of living in a more stable
country.

Oh yes. within the next
coming year. Twelve months
from now I am sure the

situation will be very-

different. Look at the sugar.
The little effort we made
on the distribution made
some improvement for the
people in spite of the fact

the few trucks we have are .

being misused.

If what happened to sugar
could be repeated on other
commodities and with more
a sensible currency. the
situation would improve
tremendously, This sugar
thing was a test case
to.see if the government
could get commodities to
the people at good price.
And it worked. .

If the Minister haa main-
tained the inflow and
imrroved the transvort and
distribution that would no
longer be a big’ problem.
For the first time. people
in villages throughout the
country got some sugar in
spite of the transport
constraints.

In the next twelve months
there will be a lot of
changes as far as commo-
dities are concerned. And
local production’ of things
like soap is beginning to
take shape. Soap factories
are now making test runs of
new production lines. Our
salt factory may come into
production. The sugar factory
at Lugazi may’ start produ-
cing. The same for blankets
There will be a lot of
changes in the next twelve
months.

Es



JPRS-SSA~86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

CONSERVATIVE SPOKESMAN ON CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT
MB251353 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1335 GMT 25 Oct 86

[Text] Durban, 25 October, SAPA--The government was exaggerating the capability
of the United States to sway South Africans towards integration, Mr Tom Langley,
Conservative Party MP for Soutpansberg said today.

He responded to resolutions put to his party's general congress as foreign
affairs spokesman.

Constructive engagement, he said, was nothing more than a policy of construc-
tive involvement which reflected on South Africa's sovereignty.

"It is also South Africa's admission of its own inability to deal with its
problems."

Mr Langley said he had heard there was talk of a switch to a policy of "active
engagement" and that would probably mean that the carrot would disappear in
favour of the U.S. stick.

He said there were other American friends who needed U.S. advice and who came
to a sad end such as the Shah of Iran and President Marcos of the Philippines.

"The United States has no record as maters of art of foreign relations when
measured against the Soviet Union.

"I say to the United States thanks for your concern, but we can arrange our
international affairs better than anyone else.

"The United States is busy with a dangerous game when they try and twist South
Africa's arms to move towards majority rule.

"In a white dominated South Africa there is a strong ally of the West but in
an ANC dominated South Africa you will find only a burden and antagonism.

"The government is exaggerating the U.S. ability to sway us towards integration,"
Mr Langley said.

/12232
CSO: 3400/308

51



quiet because of the strong moderating influence of

Inkatha. The evidence submitted in this paper is that;

i) violence has not only erupted in Natal as elsewhere, it
has also been incremental like in all other regions;

ii) the strong alleged links between the vigilantes and
Inkatha suggest that the influence has been more at
the level of force than ideology.

The nature and course of black politics in Natal must,
therefore, be sought elsewhere.

The second hypothesis sought an explanation in the
“unique” material conditions in Natal. The argument was
that not only do these material conditions account for the
relatively few specific fuse situations, they also facilitate
the development of a third force in the configuration i.e.
Inkatha. Hence the conflict has been between the mass of
protesters and the state on one side and the protesters
and Inkatha on the other. This has tended to dissipate the
energy of the protesters and it is on this second ex-
planation that the analysis should focus.

5.1 The Model of Political Conflict - A Critique
In discussing the nature and course of political conflict in
Natal's African townships, the model provided in the
beginning of this paper merits a closer analysis. A brief
analysis of the four elements in the model follows.

5.1.1 Relative Deprivation:
Although the empirical evidence espoused in this paper
does suggest the presence of factors which contribute to
relative deprivation in education, transport and to alesser
extent in local government, the absence of specific fuse
situations, especially in local government is a dampening
factor. Only townships which fall under the Natalia
Development Board experience acute discontent in all
the three areas, i.e. education, transport and local
government.
5.1.2 Collective Consciousness:
Since collective consciousness arises out of material and
ideological conditions, the absence of uniform material
conditions in the townships affects this attribute as well.
In terms of the administrative authority, African townships
in Natal can be roughly divided into three categories:
i) those which fall within the KwaZulu administration,
ii) those administered by the Natalia Development
Board,
iii) shanty towns or informal settlements.
The unevenness of conditions in these categories has
contributed to a fragmented social consciousness. The
relatively better off in the townships within the KwaZulu
administration are relatively less radicalised, those in the
Natalia Development Board towriships are relatively
politicised whilst the marginalised residents in shanty
towns become easy tools in the political ball game
depending on whatever group holds out the best pro-
mises.
Structurally, the close links between Inkatha and the
KwaZulu administration have made the former a strong

resource base. The KwaZulu administration controls the
majority of the townships in Natal and can effectively
mediate in the lives of the people residing in shanty
towns. This becomes a source of power for Inkatha and
enables it to “distribute” resources no matter how limited
this “distribution” is. This has given Inkatha a strong
organisational base since it can temper its ideological
message with material items. On the contrary, extra-
establishment organisations such as the United Demo-
cratic Front and the National Forum can only thrive on the
discontent of the people since they have no material
benefits as a source of power. Conscientisation of the
people in Natal thus stems from two structurally diverse
forces, the intra-establishment and extra-establishment
groups, and is further complicated by the material gains
that each makes from its structural position. The ideo-
logical state apparatus has not been idle in condemning
ail forms of protest and thus criminalising protest action
as well as the protestor. This has had a tremendous effect
onthe willingness of the residents to embarkypon protest
action. -

5.1.3 Organisational Ability of the Discontented:

The existence of the two camps described above does not
imply differences in discontent among residents in either
camp. What it indicates is that the expression of dis-
content differs in line with the ideological leanings in the
camps. This in turn affects the organisational capacity of
the discontented and consequently the thrust of protest
action. Protest and confrontation emanate mainly from
students and youth groupings who, in turn, mobilise the
residents. Inkatha is also a strong mobilising force,
especially given its structural position which places it in
favourable light from the state. Given the psychological
instinct of self preservation which induces fear on the part
of humans to engage in “dangerous” ventures, protest-
oriented organisations face an arduous task in mobilising
the masses. The organisational capacity of “dissident”
groupings is therefore tremendously constrained, es-
pecially where they have to contend with an opposing
group from within the townships.

5.1.4 The Repressive Capacity of the Regime:

The South African state has at its disposal an armoury of

strategies to contain opposition and challenge to its

hegemony. Adam 1971 lists three important areas where

the state employs its “power” to contain dissidence.

i) symbolic alternatives manifested in the apartheid
utopia;

ii) effective police control;

iii) economic integration and improvement in living stan-
dards of blacks.

In containing the magnitude of political conflict in the
townships, the state has selectively employed the above
three conditions to the detriment of the “dissidents”. In
Natal, the employment of bruta! police force has been
tempered with the activities of the amabutho or vigilantes
thus rendering the police ostensibly distant from the

60


SEYCHELLES

Briefs
Technical Assistance Agreement With Algeria

SWAZILAND

Briefs
Alleged ANC Member Arrested

UGANDA

Musevini on Independence, Security, Regional Cooperation
(Yoweri Museveni Interview; NEW VISION, 9 Oct 86) ...seeee

Goods Impounded in Mombasa
(NEW VISION, 7 Oct 86) ccsceccesccccccvcececccasceeeveeees

Guidelines for NRM Committees, Councils Issued
(NEW VISION, 9 Oct 86) ..ccceccccccvccccccceccescecveceees

Minister Explains Commodities Shortages
(THE STAR, 8 Oct 86) clescesecseccevecenccessccescenceeees

Land Disputes in West Reported
(THE TELECAST, 7 Oct 86) .csccccsccvccccsccvccvecsccnceees

Suspension on Gold Mining To Continue
(THE EQUATOR, 8 Oct 86) .ecceceeccececceceeccncercncencees

PTA Trade Fair Orders Exceed Expectations
(James Tumusiime; NEW VISION, 7 Oct 86) .reccevcevereeeees

Briefs
Bushenyi, Ishaka Townships Merge
NRA Soldiers Disciplined
ZAMBIA

Kaunda Says MNR Echoing Master's Voice
(SAPA, 29 Oct 86) ..evcccececccrsccccsccnceeeereseererenes

ZIMBABWE

HERALD Says RSA Seeks Puppet Maputo Regime
(Editorial; THE HERALD, 15 Oct 86) .

Radio, Truth on 'Disgraceful' Mob Violence
(Radio Truth in English to Zimbabwe, 23 Oct 86) .....seeee

14

15

22

23

25

26

27

28

29

29

30

31

33


Earlier in his chairman's speech, Dr Rupert said that South Africa's greatest
problems are inside the country, where the shortage of employment and housing
contributes to unrest and instability.

The result, however, of South Africa's inability to communicate its good
intentions is cynical sanctions--now even being urged by the leaders of some
neighboring countries--which in reality amount to hara-kiri for this part of
the world.

Ray of Light

The ray of light in these dark times is southern Africa's economic potential
and the hope of creating a flourishing southern African economic community.

The dream of such an economic community will only become reality, however,
when the people in this region have reached an arrangement among themselves.

As things now stand, our alternatives are coexistence through partnership or

constantly growing unrest. "We cannot sleep easily if our neighbors have
nothing to eat."

12593
CsO: = 3401/179

40


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

ZIMBABWE

BRIEFS

MUGABE URGES UNITY--The prime minister, Comrade Robert Mugabe, has called upon
Zimbabweans to shun tribalism and nepotism and to remain united to fight the
enemy bent on destabilization. Addressing more than 40,000 people at Rufaro
Stadium in Harare at a rally in honor of Comrade Machel, who died in mysterious
plane crash last week, Comrade Mugabe said Mozambique was larger than Ziambabwe,
but its diverse tribes are united under Frelimo. The prime minister urged
Zimbabweans to emulate the Mozambican example. He warned people in top posi-
tions against practicing nepotism in allocating jobs and said such people had
primitive minds and had lost the ideals of the struggle that enabled them to
get into those positions. The prime minister said people should consider them-
selves Zimbabweans first and foremost, adding that united we stand, divided we
fall. [Text] [Harare Domestic Service in English 0600 GMT 27 Oct 86 MB] /12232

csO: 3400/311

38


RAILWAY workers will converge
on Port Elizabeth this week for the
official launch of the SA Railway
and Harbour Workers Union,
making it the fourth successive
attempt to challenge the country's
biggest parastatal.

Current membership of the union,
which is a Congress of.SA Trade
Unions (Cosatu) affiliate, stands at
well over 20 000. Given the
strength of the current initiative,
SARHWU could boost its
membership to over 100 000.

"This is the second significant
attempt this year to organise the

ublic sector. The first was the

unch of the postal workers union,
Potwa.

The next step, although not likely
for some months, will be the form,
ation of one giant transport workers'
union with a membership of well in
excess of 200 000. This could resuit
from a merger of Cosatu's 50 000-
strong Transport and General
Workers Union and SARWHU.

The campaign to organise railway
workers gained momentum at the
Cosatu. launch in November last
year, which resolved to establish
national unions in every sector of
SA industry.

Historically, the rail service has
been one of the most difficult
sectors to organise. Three previous
initiatives — the first in 1936, when
workers demanded a minimum of
one shilling an hour ~ were blocked
by state repression. Not more than
30 000 workers were organised into

the Sactu rail workers’ affiliate, also
called the SARHWU, at one time.

Men like Moses Mabhida, Curn-
ick Ndlovu, Archie Sibeko and
Lawrence Ndzanga, former Sactu

19274
csO: 3400/306

63

organisers on the railways , were
either banned, jailed or died in .
detention before they could make a.
significant impact. .

According to one organiser, state
harassment has also limited the
current initiative.

However, the Minister of
Transport Services has given an
undertaking his will
uphold freedom of association. Will
the government honour this com-
mitment, given its traditional hostit.
ity towards independent rail unions?

Rail workers, like other public
sector employees, are not covered
by the Labour Relations Act and are
thus not entitled to union rights.

Black workers are already
Tepresented by state-controlled
associations which they are com-
pelled to join. These associations do
not have the right to strike.

Given these limitations, and the
fact that the majority of black
workers are classified as casuals,
organisers face a difficult task.

will have to organise half of
the SATS workforce before the
government will even consider
Tecognition. According to official
statistics, SATS employs close to
107 000 black workers.
__ But dangerous and difficult work-
ing conditions are fertile ground for
the growth of a militant union.

According toa SARWHU organ-
iser, casual workers, some of whom
have 15-year service records, are
retrenched as soon as they are
injured. Suspended and dismissed
workers do not get a hearing,
because of the absence of unions.

The pay on the railways is also
among the poorest in the country.
‘The current minimum for labourers
is as low as R250 a month. The
highest paid black worker earns
about R347 a month.



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

MOZAMBIQUE

MACHEL ADMITS WEAKNESSES IN MILITARY FORCES
Lisbon 0 DIABO in Portuguese 30 Sep 86 p 17

[Text] The low standing of the Maputo Marxist regime's Armed Forces was publicly
admitted by President Samora Machel, who also cited the increasing separation
that exists between the military and the population. The FRELIMO leader who,

a week earlier, had threatened to attack Malawi militarily, has now disclosed
that the government troops' lack of capacity is putting the regime's survival
at serious risk. :

Speaking at the celebrations marking "Armed Forces Day," Machel also acknow-
ledged the setbacks inflicted by the rebels, attributing them "to the negli-
cence in the training of Mozambican Army officers," and announced a reorganiza—
tion of the military cadres which (he stressed) "will expose the incompetent
ones." Hence, another purge is in sight.

The essence of these statements from Samora Machel is in direct contradiction
to those made by hima year ago, during the very same celebration. With the
aid of the expeditionary force provided by Zimbabwe, and heavily armed, the
government troops had then occupied some of the RENAMO [Mozambican National
Resistance] bases in the Gorongosa mountains, and thought that they had the
situation under control. However, the bases were quickly recovered by the
guerrillas, and the latter intensified their activity, particularly in the
central part of the country.

There would appear to be no doubt that, without the presence of the Zimbabwe
troops, estimated at 7,000 men, the government forces would capitulate.
Incapable of controlling the rebels, the Zimbabweans started striving primarily
to protect the Beira oil pipeline and the communications routes; which did

not prevent sabotage from occurring. A government report confirmed that the
railroad line from Maputo to Komatipoort was once again made unusable by RENAMO
last week. The latter, in turn, announced the destruction of a train on the
Beira-Zimbabwe line. According to the same source, the quarters of the Zimbab-
wean forces established in Garuzo, in Manica Province, were the target of a
guerrilla attack, and the major port of Moma, in Nampula Province, has again
been occupied ‘ by the resistance movement.


He said ex~President Kaiser Mantanzima had praised the government of 1948 for
freeing his people with the apartheid policy. Could President Mangope, he
asked, have accepted independence for his separate state because he preferred
political injustice towards his people?

"I feel the synod was partisan in rejecting hurtful apartheid while there was
in fact a positive appreciation for separate cultural and national life.

Dr Treurnicht said his party did not seek white domination over other groups.
"We see blacks, coloureds and Indians so worthy of human dignity that we want
to develop them and their peoples to full self-determination in their own
fatherlands, without white domination."

/12232
CSO: 3400/308

50


The repressive capacity of the regime includes the use of
physical coercion as well as the employment of the
ideological state apparatus.

Gagiano (1979) introduces further preconditions for

protest behaviour:

i) the discontent should have a local context. He quotes
Sears and McConahay who found that riot participants
are different from non-participants both in being
disaffected in general and (particularly) in being
disaffected from local government;

ii) participants in protest action usually have a history of
protest or have been socialised in protest;

iii) there is generally a crisis in the legitimacy of the
government or the group in control.

The above preconditions predispose people to protest
behaviour in general. What precipitates specific incidents
of protest are definite fuse situations which explode as
soon as some stimulus is applied to them.

3. CONTEMPORARY PROTEST EXPRESSION:
Contemporary protest expression is both actual and
symbolic. The origins are both historical and contem-
porary. Slogans such as “non-participation in the system”
date back to the days of the African National Congress
Youth League, and have been adopted by the extra-
parliamentary organisations such as the United Demo-
cratic Front (U.D.F.) and the National Forum (N.F.). The
bearers of the protest language are the civic and youth
organisations in the townships, trade unions, the chur-
ches, black consciousness and charterist-oriented um-
brella bodies. The campaign is not limited to black
organisations only: the Black Sash, for example, an
organisation of “progressive” white women is a powerful
lobby that has intervened on behalf of subordinates at
critical moments by making use of the legal and parlia-
mentary processes. Forms of resistance have moved from
passive to pro-active strategies, rallies against the new
structures in local government, worker stay-aways,
school and consumer boycotts. The present wave of
resistance has been characterised by the attacks on the

* property and lives of incumbents of local government, the
police, and, during outbreaks of intense rioting, business
properties in the townships. This has prompted the use of
the label “black on black” violence, a situation which is
partly apparent and partly real. It is apparent where the
violence is directed at the “extension of the state
apparatus” but real where black organisations vying for
control start attacking one another.

4, THE CASE OF NATAL

The above picture is an account of the national scene, and
sets out the confrontation in four main areas i.e. local
government, transport, education, and lately in the labour
scene. Although Natal has and still experiences al! the
manifestations of the protest movement, the duration of
large-scale street violence has been relatively shorter
than has been the case in the rest of the country.

56

Secondly, the intervention of Inkatha has given the
resistance movementin Natala different colour from what
so far has taken place elsewhere, except in Bophuthat-
swana where close parallels can be drawn. Finally, the
delay in rioting in the major townships (almost a year from
the time when large-scale rioting took place in the other
provinces) calls for analysis.

To explain the case in Natal, two hypotheses have been

advanced:

i) that the presénce of a strong political mobilisation
movement, i.e. Inkatha, exerts a moderating influence
in Natal politics, and that it is this moderating force
which restrains Natal Africans from engaging in large-
scale conflict as is the case in other provinces in South
Africa. This is the view espoused by the government,
Inkatha and some liberal quarters, particularly the
liberal press;

ji) that the relative calm in Natal is not a function of any
ideological influences, but is rather a product of
different material conditions. These material condi-
tions not only account for the relative decrease in
specific fuse situations, but have also facilitated the
development of a third force in the conflict thus
dissipating the energy of the protesting group be-
tween two powerful forces ~ the state and Inkatha.

The analysis which follows wil! seek io explore the above

hypotheses within the context of the developments in

Natal between September 1984 and the beginning of

May 1986, with special emphasis on the period, August

1985, to May 1986 which witnessed an increase in both

the intensity and scale of the conflict. The analysis is

preceded by a brief look into the material conditons in

Natal since the author attributes the existence of this

relatively powerful third force to the same conditions.

“METHODOLOGY:

In order to isolate those variables which account for the

peculiarities in Natal the following course is necessary:

i) draw up a profile of Natal’s major townships and from
this establish the material conditions which account
for the differences between Natal and the rest of the
provinces;

ii) document the course and manifestations in Natal and
compare this with the developments elsewhere in the
country.

The following sources of data proved to be invaluable:

i) taking clippings from Natal newspapers i.e. daily, bi-
weekly and weekly publications;

li) setting up a network of research assistants at strategic
points. Their function was to document and report on
any episodes of conflict within their areas as well as to
verify and clarify press reports;

iii) collecting eye witness accounts of reportings made in
the press and other sources.

iv) liaising with organisations which play a significant role
in the regulation of the conflict in the area.


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

MOZAMBIQUE

RENAMO RESHUFFLES CADRES, REASONS SPECULATED
Lisbon 0 DIABO in Portuguese 30 Sep 86 p 17

[Text] The head of RENAMO [Mozambican National Resistance], Afonso Dhlakama,
who, in July of this year, abolished the position of secretary general held
by Evo Fernandes, has undertaken another change in the movement's cadres:
Jorge Correia and Paulo Oliveira, who, up until now, have been, respectively,
delegate to Europe and editor of the magazine THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES, organ
of the resistance movement, have exchanged those functions with one another.

According to RENAMO, it involves a mere reshuffling of cadres, lacking any
major significance, but it-must be admitted that this is not entirely so.

Some observers have expressed the opinion that the head of RENAMO is giving in
to external pressure (specifically, from the United States and South Africa),
and also from sectors in the movement itself, aimed at a gradual dissociation
from the so-called "Portuguese component," a term invented by FRELIMO at the
time of the unsuccessful tripartite talks held inPretoria during October

1984; one that has often been used by the resistance movement's adversaries,
particularly the Communists.

This view is refuted by the fact that the new delegate, Paulo Oliveira, is
also a Mozambican with Portuguese nationality (as were his predecessors),
and, on the other hand, by the positions already assumed by Dhlakama.

In fact, the RENAMO leader, in a recent (15 July) communique, denied any
understanding with CUNIMO, or "Committee for Mozambican Unity," a group

formed during June in Munich, in the Federal Republic of Germany, by dissidents
from the resistance movement and other opponents of the Maputo regime. The
group, which has American backing, but which Afonso Dhlakama charged with being
a tool of FRELIMO's secret services, has always. expressed hostility toward the
alleged ‘Portuguese component," and particularly toward Evo’ Fernandes... But,

as we have just observed from the aforementioned statement by Dhlakama, it

is to be precluded that the head of RENAMO would be inclined toward any
compromise with CUNIMO.

However, apart from any personal consideration, the reshuffling now made might
mean that the head of RENAMO is currently more interested in his agents’

10


INTER-AFRICAN

Briefs

BURKINA

German

ETHIOPIA

Briefs

MALAWI

Briefs

MOZAMBIQUE

Cuban,

Machel

Renamo

Durban

Briefs

JPRS-SSA-86-116

21 NOVEMBER 1986

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

ConTENTS

AFFAIRS

Reactivation of Highway Bureau Recommended

Development Project Gains Popular Support, Success
(Carola Kaps; FRANKFURTER ALLGEMEINE, 1 Sep 86) .......-e

Dams Built in Tigrai

SFI Cofinances Industrial Project

Soviet Advisors Accompany Machel
(O DIABO, 23 Sep 86) seececevcesceccecceccececcescerereees

Admits Weaknesses in Military Forces
(O DIABO, 30 Sep 86) ...cceccccsccccccccccccescccecscseeees

Reshuffles Cadres, Reasons Speculated
(O DIABO, 30 Sep 86) ..cceeccccecvccvcccecscccecceescseese

Businessman Tells of Hardships for Returning Workers
(THE ARGUS, 9 Oct 86) ....eeeeeee

Italian Aid Sold
EEC Fish Talks



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

ZIMBABWE

HERALD SAYS RSA SEEKS PUPPET MAPUTO REGIME
MB250845 Harare THE HERALD in English 15 Oct 86 p 8
[Editorial: "Struggle Hots Up"]

[Text] It would appear that the political-military situation in southern
Africa is fast coming to a head as a result of the policies of destabilisation
by the apartheid regime in the region.

The historic decision by the U.S. Congress to override President Ronald Reagan's
veto of the proposals for wide-ranging economic sanctions against the South
African Government denotes the degree of revulsion the world community now

has towards the South African racist white-minority government.

It shows public opinton is getting mobilised against apartheid on a scale equal~
ling mobilisation during the war in Vietnam and that no amount of cosmetic
changes to the racist system in Pretoria will satisfy international opinion,
only the downfall of the regime.

It means that "cold war" arguments such as the struggle against communism" and
the "determination to uphold Christian values" behind which the Pretoria regime
and its international backers are wont to hide in order to justify the continued
oppression of the majority in South Africa can no longer suffice to hoodwink
the people of the world.

Yet as this clarity takes universal shape and the Pretoria regime becomes
threatened by international isolation the brutal nature of that government has
also come to the fore.

The weekend meeting of the Frontline States in Maputo as a result of South
Africa's military threats against Mozambique highlights the fact that the region
is about to enter a new phase in its relations with Pretoria, taking into account
the existence of the so-called Nkomati Accord between Maputo and Pretoria.

Only the Frelimo Government honoured that pact which bound Mozambique and South
Africa to deny the use of their territories for military purposes against each
other. Pretoria continued to support the MNR bandits in their acts of violence
and destabilisation against Mozambique.

31



JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

EASTERN CAPE FARMERS FACE FINES OVER SOIL EROSION

Port Elizabeth WEEKEND POST in English 11 Oct 86 p 6

{Article by Raymond Hill]

[Text]

19274
cso:

CERTAIN Eastern Cape
farmers could face stiff
penalties for failing to pro-
tect, their land against soil
erosion.

Soil protection officials
are conducting investiga-
tions against 20 farmers in
the Zuney valley, in the
Alexandria district, for pos-
sible contraventions of the
Conservation of Agricul-
tural Resources Act.

Investigations began
about three months ago and
details will be handed to the
district's senior prosecutor.

This week chief soil pro-
tection inspector Mr G G
Maritz warned farmers
that first offenders could be
fined R5 000 or, two years’
imprisonment, or both, if
convicted.

The penalty for a second
conviction is R10000, or
four years, or both.

3400/303

More investigations
would be conducted unless
there was a drastic im-
provement in the protection
ofland.  *

Farmers were required
by law to take protection
measures by providing
watercourses and storm-
water drains,

Despite being able to
qualify for a Government
subsidy towards the erec-
tion of suitable protective
measures, farmers contin-
ued to ignore the law, he
said.

“A large number of land
users in the Alexandria-
Paterson area are not
complying with the control
measures of the Conserva-
tion -of Agricultural
Resources Act of 1983.

“Excessive soil losses due
to erosion by water, are-oc-
curring mostly in the Alex-
andria area.

73

“Severe soil losses due to
erosion by wind are occur-
ring, mostly in the Paterson
district.”

Water run-off control
plans formulated by the
Department of Agriculture
and Water Supply and given
to farmers in the area in
1984 and 1985, have mostly
not been implemented.

Personal directives from

the department were issued
to 22 farmers in January
this year, with little effect.
: The deadline for. imple-
menting the more impor-
tant precautions against
soil erosion was March.

Mr Maritz said his de-
partment ‘considered the
“total disregard” of the au-
thorities’ efforts to protect
the soil as a “very serious
matter”.

The measures were in-
tended to prevent the se-
vere erosion that was tak-
ing place in the area.

SOUTH AFRICA



We shall encourage industrialists, farmers, and sometimes some bona fide busi-

nessmen,

produce from the farmers on behalf of the Produce Marketing Board.

For instance at the local level we are engaging some agents to buy

The PMP

is sub-contracting to some local agents to buy from the farmers who then sell

Yo the Board within the
limits of the declared public
policy. At the local level the
committees are licensing
private distributors to distri-
bute consumer goods on
behalf of the committees
under their supervisiont.
So we can cooperate with
and encourage the traders
and businessmen provided

they are‘ within the confines
of @ positive public policy.
But we cannot cooperate
with the parasites. the specu-
lators, the hoarders, the
agents of foreign interests
especially those who attempt
to manipulate public policy

to suit their interests or the
interests of merr

There is that tiny section
that we are rot: happy
with, And they are not
happy with us and we are
very happy about that becau-
se if they were happy with
us, it would mean we were
doing che wrong thing.

For example, these road
cransporters have been de-
stroying the economy. Road
transport interests have sup-
pressed the use of the rail-
way between Uganda and the
sea and even within Uganda.
There is
balloo about the lack ot
transport when there is a
whole railway with idle
capacity from Kasese up to
Pakwach. It can drain the
produce of the whole coun-
try. It runs in a semi-
circle from the south of
the country to the north-
west of the country. It can
drain West Nile, the whole
of Acholi, Lango, Teso. The
railway can drain the whole
country but it is not used.
The lack of transport you
see is artificial because there
is capacity which is not
utilised.

The lorries: could work

feed the railway. Lorries
are running from Kabale up
to Kampala and back. If
they were taking the pro-
duce from Kabale to Kasese,
from Mbarara to Kasese,
and others were _ taking
produce from Arua to Pake
wach, from Nimule to Gulu,
trom’ Kit,am .o Lira, then
we would need fewer
vehicles than we need now.
They would be utilised on
short sections of the trans-

so much hulla- '

port route.

But now if a lorry has
got. to come from West
Nile up to Kampala ana go
back bypassing a railway,
you can see how these
fellows have squandered the
national resources. Even the
public transport, the buses,
could be helped by the train.
So the pressure now on
trucks and buses would be
much less.

We only need to make
the railway more efficient,
to put there more coach
and signal equipment to
control trains per given time
unit, and to repair some of
the ' tracks which are not
good. There is so much idle
capacity.

‘As far as going to the
sea is concerned, there is ab-
solutely no need for a single
vehicle. The railway from
here to Mombasa is enough.
Tt could take the coffee
and’ bring back the
coming cargo. We have a
railway from‘ here to Dar-
es-salaam via the wagon
ferries on Lake Victoria
which can each carry
20 wagons. ‘That is more than
a land train which can
carry only 16 ‘wagons. If
we used “these two lines,
there would be no need for a
single truck to go to the
sea. But because of corrup-
tion, public policy has been
manipulated to ensure that
the railway is almost dead.
Now I am trying to revive it.

This is the negative role
of private interests. They
do not do genuine busi

They just manipulate policy

to suit their wrong inte-
rests which are sometimes to
the detriment of the public

interest.
Axe you satisfied
the way that the anti-

corruption and human rights
commissions have been
working to clear these kinds
of abuses and do you think
the law needs to be changed
to facilitate prosecution of
economic and human rights
criminals?

i have not yet got reports
of these commissions but I
have been hearing that
they have been squandering
a lot of money and that
there are too many of them.
dowever I have not yet

« who

seen what they have done,
so I cannot answer. I will
have to wait and see. But
we have given them a time
limit by which they will
have to finish.

‘As for the law, there is
no doubt that it needs to
be changed in very many
aspects. For instance punish-
ment for economic criminals
needs to be strengthened, to
punish government officials
through negligence
cause a lot of loss to the

public. Dismissal is not
enough. Somebody _ steal
money, then you dismiss

him and he goes to invest
it I think he should be
kept behind bars for as
long as it will take to
ensure that the money he
stole will not be of any
use to him. The law should
be much more stringent.
There is no doubt that it
needs to be revised.

Would you like the law
to be revised in time for
the commissions to be ef-
fective because one of the
problems of the commissions
seems to be that they can
get a lot of circumstantial
evidence but find it very

difficult to get concrete
evidence?
It may not be so soon
but it will be revised
eventually.

Are you satisfied with the
way the resistance commi-
ttee system has started off
and do you feel in the
eresent constitutional situa~
tion, the National Resistance
Council has sufficient autho-
rity?

‘The resistance committees

have started off well al- .

though they delayed a bit.
They are generally doing
well bearing in mind that
it is a new idea, a new iui
of organisation. For the
NRC, it has got powers.
I do not see anything
wrong.

A lot. of policy-making
seems to take place in the
Cabinet whereas people
might have expected it to
take place in the National
Resistance Council.

No. 1 am not aware of any
major policy decision
in “Cabinet. For instance
the Budget has to go through.
the NRC as with the

19

investment policy which they
are still discussing. That
is how it. should be. The
Cabinet should work out the
details and then present
them to the NRC which
cannot meet so often as
to be an executive arm
of government. It should be
a policy-making organ and
therefore does not meet so
often.

Has the NRC cleared the
Budget yet?

‘They were waiting for the
background to the Budget
which had not yet been
published. It is not yet
finalised. They are still dis-
cussing it Of course the
Budget goes into operation
straight away according to
the laws here. Once it is
read it goes into operation.
Once there are changes, they
can rescind what has been
decided earlier on.

So it is not absolutely
necessary for the NRC to
make any quick decisions
on the Budget.

No. The Budget is
operating as it was read
by the Minister but it can
be reformed following
debate.

Can you tell us what the
present situation is in nort-
hern Uganda? There have
been several reports that the
rebels are severcly frag-
mented and are being
picked off. Is that correct?

First of all the rebels
wanted to capture the major
towns, Gulu, Kitgum. Even
last Thursday they attacked
some of our forces north
of Kitgum.

Their first objective of
capturing a major centre
and’ using it to create a
rival authority has failed
completely. Last Thursday
was a massacre. They left
behind 70 dead bodies near
our barracks called Pajimu
a few miles north-west of
Kitgum. The problem is
that they are coming from
Sudan, That place is about
25 miles from the Sudan
border which is not
properiy controlled by the
Sudanese.

Yes, the rebels have been
defeated and cannot make
any headway except in
causing stagnation in that
area. We have also got to



NOTE

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are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
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Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
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last Line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

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1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.



ASSOCOM ASKED TO HELP CURB EXPENDITURES

Port Elizabeth EVENING POST in English 10 Oct 86 p 8

[Text]

19274
cso:

JOHANNESBURG — In
possibly the most impor-
tant motion at the annual
congress of the Associ-
ated Chambers of Com-
merce (Assocom) from
October 21 to 23, Pretoria
is to be urged to adopt
new measures in its at-
tempts — all so far unsuc-
cessful — to curb Govern-
ment expenditure.

The fact that Govern-
ment has for a number of
years consistently over-
tun its spending budgets
by large margins, and

3400/312

that the State has failed in
its efforts.to keep spend-
ing under control, re-
mains a monstrous prob-
lem that has defeated all
attempts to keep inflation
in check.

The congress will wel-
come the recent appoint-
ment by Pretoria of an
independent specialist
task group te critically
assess “all aspects” of
Government spending.

At the same time, the
task force will be urged
to:

END

88

@ Implement a pro-
gramme of comprehen-
sive cost/benefit evalua-
tions.

@Co-ordinate its ef-
forts with those of all
other Government agen-
cies “which have as their
purpose discipline and ef-
ficacy in State spending.

“Despite Pretoria’s de-
clared intention of signifi-
cantly reducing public
sector expenditure as a
percentage of the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP),
this has not been
achieved.” — Sapa

JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

CONSERVATIVES REJECT EXPANSION OF SOWETO
MB250912 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0908 GMT 25 Oct 86

[Text] Durban 25 October SAPA~-The boundaries of Johannesburg's black satel-
lite city, Soweto should be frozen and plans for another, "Norweto," should be
stopped, the leader of the Conservative Party, Dr Andries Treurnicht, said
today. He was responding to debate at the party's general congress at a beach-
front hotel.

He said the party was often asked about the overflow in black cities, which
stemmed from natural population growth. "Surely it's not a black's right that
we must make room if the place where he is born is full. If a residential area
is full, then it is full," Dr Treurnicht said. "This is our people's (volk)
country--we will decide about the extension and allocation of land."

If the state had so much funds for. urbanisation it should g@# to it that the
urbanisation took place in black states. "And that means there simply cannot
be a Norweto. We must stop them taking a final decision." It was a sensitive
area and one should consider what an effect it was going to have on the environ-
ment, Haartebeespoort dam and on tobacco farmers.

Answering a question from the floor regarding detribalised blacks and their
position in the party's policy, Dr Treurnicht said there were not many such
blacks. There were those who had lost ties with their smaller tribal connec~
tions, but had not done so in terms of their broader ethnic group.

The deputy leader, Dr Ferdie Hartzenberg, also responded by asking; "Have you
ever met a black man who does not know that tribe he is from? I have never met
such a man. This is the one great face being employed to advocate integration."

/12232
cso: 3400/308

43



JPRS-SSA~-86-116
21 November 1986

UGANDA

SUSPENSION ON GOLD MINING TO CONTINUE
Kampala THE EQUATOR in English 8 Oct 86 p 3

[Text] The suspension of gold mining in Uganda is to remain in force until a
new mining policy is worked out and published. The action to suspend it was
forced upon the Government two months ago by smugglers who according to the
Permanent Secretary Ministry of Mineral and Water Development Mrs J. Opio had
been robbing this country of one of its vital minerals. Gold mining if prop-
erly handled could bring in the badly needed foreign currency.

In an interview with Equator in her office in Kampala, she said Uganda is
rich in minerals, and prospecting is continuing to discover more but this
being a complicated exercise involving gathering detailed information on
quantity and quality,

It takes long for the government to release much information to avoid mislead—
ing the public, She said the government is interested in developing the mining
industry and her Ministry was making plans to reactivate two pilot projects one
at Bis y a in Bushenyi district and another one in Tororo district which were
originally started to teach private miners better methods of mining and to
monitor their activities.

About the Iron Ore reserves at Muko in Kabale district, she said some mapping
and trenching had been done before the machine broke down but she was sure that
since a new machine has been acquired work would resume soon,

On the export of minerals Mrs Opio said since the interruption of production
of copper at Kilembe many years back, Uganda through private dealers has been
exporting---Tin and Walfram, She was however confident that with serious care-
ful planning, minerals can play an important role in the development of our
country,

The P, S. said smuggling has been taking much of certain minerals like gold
which increased tremendously with the pressing need of foreign money by indi-
viduals, thus forcing the government to suspend its mining.

19274
csO: 3400/313



JPRS-SSA- 86-116
21 November 1986

ZIMBABWE

BANANA EULOGY IMPLICATES WEST IN RSA 'BRUTALITY'
MB281608 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1557 GMT 28 Oct 86

[Text] Harare, 28 October SAPA-~South Africa continues to carry out acts of
aggression against its people and neighbouring states because of the support
it received from Western Countries, the president, Mr Canaan Banana, said here
today, the semi-official news agency ZIANA reports. Addressing more than 700
people at a memorial service for the late Mozambican President Samora Machel,
he said that Pretoria would not dare carry out its acts of aggression against
the black majority in South Africa and neighbouring countries were it not for
the support it received from the Western World. Mr Banana said some powerful
Western countries must, to a great extent, share the brutality that South
Africa was unleashing against its inhabitants and independent states in south-
ern Africa. "Without the unstinting support of the apologists for apartheid,
South Africa would not dare do what she is doing with such incredible impunity,"
he said.

The president said Zimbabwe was appealing to all those "who give succour and
comfort to this incarnation of death and destruction to desist from these acts."
He said instead of reciprocating its neighbours' peaceful gestures, South
Africa had conceived and adopted a state policy of destabilisation. The

tragic death of Mr Machel on its "accursed" soil was a poignant manifestation
of that wicked policy, he said.

"The question uppermost on every freedom-loving person's mind is: For how long
will the international community--especially the Western world-~continue to dis-
play callous indifference before they can wake up to the realities that apartheid
is a cancer that requires the collective endeavours of all people of goodwill to
dismantle it?"

Although Samora Machel was gone, the peace-loving nations of the region must not
see it as the end but only as a transformation, said Mr Banana. He said it was
now imperative for all Frontline States to unite and cherish the ideals that

Mr Machel strove to uphold.

"Such a continued stance would be a fitting tribute to Mr Samora Machel's memory
and a revitalised commitment to the cause of freedom and social justice on our
part would demonstrate to the enemy that this heinous crime has not triumphed -
over us." It was the compelling duty of everyone not to let President Machel

36


time history, but there
are some others tottering
on the brink of bank-
ruptcy which could com-
pete for the distinction.

The shipping group
which last year employed
1880 seafarers and later
reduced this to 1000, is
hoping now to shrink the
figure to 500.

There are 13 ships in
the Sanko fleet, some of
which are under arrest
for debt.

The unions allege that
there is no purpose in
working at sea for the
proposed low wages,
although it conceded that
another big concern,
Japan Line, has reduced
its staffs and other lines
have cut their crew
bonuses.

Sanctions fears

SHIPOWNERS were con-
spicuously silent while
their respective govern-
ments clamoured for
sanctions against South
Africa because carriers
knew that there would be
no advantage to them in
the reduction of cargoes
into or out of South
Africa.

The alternative sources
for cargo are not prolific
and at a time when many
big concerns are scraping
the bottom of the barrel

19274
CSO: 3400/312

for business, any further
interruption would be
catastrophic.

Respected shipping
lines continue to find it
necessary to consult
creditors for the restruc-
turing of their debts, the
latest of these being the
important Norwegian
concern, Wilhelmsen
whose vessels bringing
timber and boxboards
were known on this coast
for a century.

In recent times they
have sought new business
elsewhere, but it has been
an unhappy decision for,
while some of the services
such as those to the
Middle East were termi-
nated, others are suffer-
ing profitability troubles.

The shipping company
had in six months a loss of
$16,8-million (R37,3-mil-
lion) and’ it is apparent
that both the deep sea
services and the atten-
dance vessels at the rigs

in the North Sea turned in -

deficits, .

i

A deal involving use of ;

two bulkers Troll Viking
and Troll Maple which
was fixed at the turn of
the year, turned sour and
the pair has been sold.
This is truly no time to be
a shipowner.

Wilhelmsen is building
large ore/bulk vessels for
the transport of Brazilian

86

minerals round the Cape
to Japan and is counting
on this business to help fill
the kitty. On the west-
bound voyages the big
ships will lift crude in the
Persian Gulf for Brazil,
and will be fortunaté in
securing full cargoes in
both directions.

A Hong Kong concern,
Wah Kwong, whose
bulkers have loaded in
Port Elizabeth, looks like
being liquidated now that
the Chase Manhattan
Bank has arrested one of
the company’s ships after
indicating unwillingness
to restructure further the
debts of $850-million.

In the light of these
financial problems, the
success of the two South
African national carriers
is encouraging and it is
significant that a major
portion of the Safmarine
shipping earnings came,
not from the liner service
and its biggest ships, but
from the exports pro-
cessed through the
medium of bulkers hired
at daily rates for one-way
voyages.

Indeed, Safmarine was
vulnerable to sanctions
involving curtailing of
rough exports. In the
event its dollar-earning
coal charters can
continue.


GOODS IMPOUNDED IN MOMBASA

Kampala NEW VISION in English 7 Oct 86 p 12

[Text]

19274
cso:

3400/314

GOODS worth millions of
dollars‘ destined for Uganda
have been lying in Mombasa
fer months after being im-;
pounded by Uganda-based

importers:

‘According to information
received by The New Vision,
‘over 10,000 tonnes of sugar,
71 Land Rover anits, thous-
ands of’ bags of sedible salt,
wheat flour, washing and
bathing soap consignments‘

mainly from Bri-
tish-based firms were
impounded in Mombasa after .
the coup that ousted Militon
Obote in July 1985.

‘The impounding orders
is reliably learnt to have
heen given to the Kenyan
customs officials by the
importers, Bawazir and
Company| Limited, who
ordered the goods. during
1985 through Bank of Ugan-
da, and was to have sold
them to the Foods and.
Beverages Ltd. .

‘Ugandan orficials’ who.

22

visited Mombasa port recent-
yy, to find out mere about

that the documentation were
improper ‘were . dispelled
after the appropriate docu-
ments were made available.
‘The documents indicated that
the foreign exchange to
import the goods in , eemian | 4
was provided by the

oi Uganda.

Information now available
indicate’ that the impounded
goods, especially suger, are
being to. Zaire
and that some Ugandan
businessmen have been
importing the same sugar
unsuspectingly and paying
jor it again in foreign
exchange.

It is nct known how the
Bawazir Company convinced
the Kenyan officials to im-
pound goods.

JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

UGANDA


SANCTIONS UNLIKELY TO AFFECT POWER SUPPLY SAYS ESCOM CHIEF

Port Elizabeth EVENING POST in English 10 Oct 86 p 8

[Text]

19274
cso:

3400/312

ECONOMIC sanctions are unlikely to affect South Afri-
ca’s vital power supply. The country has the ability to
supply long term power needs but will probably have to
standardise and scale down its technology, according to
Escom chairman Mr John Maree.

In a Leadership corporate profile of the giant
Electricity Supply Commission, Mr Maree, speaking to
Leadership publisher and editor Hugh Murray, said:

“We're assuming at this time that the goods which we
need are not going to be negatively affected simply
because what we buy from overseas are such big units,
you are talking about a lot of jobs.

“You know, if Germany, England or France had to
say they were not going to supply you with equipment,
they would be talking about thousands of jobs which
will go out of the window.”

Asked if South Africa had the technical expertise to
substitute banned technology, Mr Maree replied:

“South African industry has the ability to supply our
long term needs, even if on a less sophisticated scale. As
far as electricity is concerned, we can build the equip-
ment that we need, but it won’t be as big, or modern or
as cost efficient. We would have to go down to a more
standardised product. Other countries have done it and
Tm sure we can do it as well.”

Mr Maree said sanctions clearly were not something
to be welcomed. “They are like a fever or a cold, very
unpleasant, but we have the ability to live with them.

“South Africans are a resourceful people and I have
no doubt that South African industry will rise to the
immense challenge which it faces.

“I believe there is an immense amount of innovation,
energy and risk-taking potential and that in that pro-
cess we will minimise the effect of sanctions against us.

t it will have an effect upon us I have no doubt.
It’s not good for us, but there are a lot of opportunities
that will be created in the process.”

87

JPRS~SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA


JPRS~SSA- 86-116
21 November 1986

MALAWI

BRIEFS

SFI COFINANCES INDUSTRIAL PROJECT--The International Finance Company has in-
vested 3.4 million dollars for a 30.4 million dollar factory in Malawi. The
factory is to produce beams, planks and particle boards, all destined for the
domestic market. The factory will be finished at the end of 1988 and will
produce 13,000 sq. meters of sawed wood and 15,000 sq meters of panels.
[Summary] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 10 Oct 86

p 2573] /7358

cso: 3419/10


structural conditions pre-dispose the polarisation where
Inkatha is forced to take an opposing position to the
protesting masses.

4.3 August 1985

August '85 signifies the beginnings of large scale rioting

in Durban, a situation unequalled since Cato Manor in

1959. The rioting was a sequel to the assassination of a

human rights lawyer, Victoria Mxenge. The following

course of events illustrates both the nature and scope of
“ the developments during the week-long unrest:

i) firstly, commercial vehicles were looted and burnt,
P.U.T.Co buses were stoned and burnt;

li) young people stood at cross roads and barricaded the
streets with old cars, burning tyres, stones and other
available objects;

iii) young people also stopped people from going to work,
with the exception of nurses in uniform;

iv) administration offices, including those of the KwaZulu
administration and the post office at Umlazi, were
burnt down;

v) houses and property belonging to “informers” were
burnt down;

This was the order of events between Monday the 5th and
Wednesday the 7th of August. Up to this point one could
clearly discern a political motive in the rioting.

Later developments were coloured by a mixture of both

political and ctiminal elements:

i) firstly, bottle stores and shops declared to be owned by
corporations, whites or Indians, with Africans opera-
ting them as fronts, were looted and burnt;

ii) shops belonging to African traders declared as unco-
operative in community and welfare activities were
looted and burnt;

iii) finally, there was general looting and burning of shops,
butcheries, tea rooms and other trading amenities.

The above events marked the final stages of rioting and by
then the unrest was on its third day, Friday. (Monday and
Tuesday had been relatively calm save for the few
incidents of looting of vehicles.) A combined police and
Inkatha operation apparently brought the large-scale
rioting to an end. Fad

As stated earlier, these developments occurred against a
background of relative calm and quiet in the region. Since
that disastrous week the province has never been the
same as the following accounts will demonstrate. While
intense rioting was brief, the material and psychological
destruction was to last for a long time, thus contradicting
allegations that the experience had produced any
masters of the situation in Natal. The causes of the rioting
lay beyond the ambit of either the police or Inkatha as the
two forces whose intervention had apparently brought
the rioting to an end. In the long run, events were to prove
that the war had produced no winners.

4.3.1 Problems in Education

During the week-long unrest in Durban, the youth played
a major role in the streets. Subsequent to this there were
numerous clashes between the youth and the police on
the one hand and the youth and vigilantes on the other.
The banning of the Congress of South African Students
exacerbated rather than abated the conflict. The period
between August and the end of September was charac-
terised either by disrupted schooling or no schooling at all
in the secondary and high schools in Durban, Problems
also spread to the townships around Pietermaritzburg. By
mid-September the Chesterville Students’ Representa-
tive Council issued a pamphlet alleging that 19 pupils
from Chesterville, 45 from Lamontville, 25 from Clermont,
54 from KwaMusha and 38 from Umlazi had been
detained by the police.

The detention of students led to further demonstrations
and further arrests.By the end of the year the conflict in
education led to the boycott of examinations by students
in Lamontville and Chesterville. Although examinations
were conducted in the schools falling within the KwaZulu
Department of Education and Culture, the results were a
clear reflection of the extent of the damage due to the
unrest. Only 26 percent of the candidates who sat for the
Junior Certificate examinations gained the promotional
mark of 40 percent.

4.3.1.1 The Soweto Parents Crisis Committee

At a conference convened by the Soweto Parents Crisis

Committee at the University of the Witwatersrand in

December 1985 and attended by delegates from all over

the country, it was decided to advance the cause in

education beyond boycotts. The slogan “liberation first,

education later” was developed to “education for

people’s power”. The conference thus resolved that all

pupils should return to school on the 25th January 1986

and that the government be given three months in which

to meet among other, the following demands:

i) to unban the Congress of South African Students
(C.0.S.A.S.)

li) to provide free textbooks and stationery

lii) to recognise the formation of students’ representative
councils in all schools.

The conference further urged parents to refrain from
becoming members of the school committees and to
refuse paying school fees. Finally a National Education
Crisis Committee was formed to monitor the progress and
report back in three months time.

In January 1986 the Minister of National Education
announced that the Department of Education and
Training would provide free books and stationery in all
schools which fall within its ambit. The Departments of
Education in the National states were given grants to
effect the same changes in their schools. KwaZulu
received R5,7 million. This was to shape the conflict in the
schools, a development which lasted until the procla-

58


JPRS-SSA-86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

JOB CRISIS ON CAPE FLATS REPORTED

Cape Town CAPE TIMES in English 16 Oct 86 p 1

{Article by Hilary Venables]

(Text ]

COMMUNITY and family life is
steadily disintegrating under the
weight of mass unemployment

and poverty on the vast low-cost '

housing projects of the Cape
Flats.

The Advice Office Forum — an um-
brella body for 14 advice offices in the
Western Cape — said this came to light
during their current two-week focus on
unemployment in Cape Town’s coloured
community.

@ Mitchells Plain owes the city council
- R2-million in rental arrears. An estimat-
ed 75 percent of Mitchells Plain house-

holds are behind in their rent because:

their breadwinners are unemployed, ac-
cording to figures given to the AOF by
the City Council. Some families owe the
council R600 for rent. Local advice office
worker Ms Shahieda Issel believes there

is “at least one person out of work in

every house in Mitchells Plain”.

@ In Manenberg in August, only 52 out
of 4700 tenants paid their full rent.
“Ninety-three sub-economic tenants
were in arrears in May. If the City Coun-
cil decides to evict people who can’t pay
their rent, they will have to evict the
whole of Manenberg,” Mr Kevin Patel of
the Hanover Park Advice Office said.

@ Health screenings of the unem-
ployed and their families last week
showed unusually high levels of chronic
depression, high blood pressure, malnu-
trition, seabies, alcoholism and drug ad-
diction. “All the children are losing

weight. One woman had a nervous break-”

down because she was so worried about
her arrears and she now goes for treat-
ment at Valkenberg,” Mr Patel said.

@ Domestic violence is spiralling. The
AOF said Red Cross workers had report-
ed an alarming increase in incest, wife
and child battering and general aggres-
sion in the home. AOF workers say the

19274
cso: 3400/303

74

pressure of unemployment and grinding
poverty is putting a strain on the most
stable marriages.

Mr Patel described unemployment as
“a virulent and debilitating social
disease”. ccs tee

“If you go into the town centres of
Manenberg, Hanover Park or Mitchells
Plain any day of the week, you will find
them full of people, out of work and
begging for anything that will put some
bread in their children’s mouths.

“Every day is like a Saturday. When we
go around to the houses any time of the
day, there is always someone home.

“I went to one house at 1lam and both
the parents were still in bed. There is
nothing for them to get up for. They are
too depressed to leave the house.

“The whole fabric of the community is
breaking down. People are screaming at

each other for money. Married women ,

say they have turned to prostitution to
try and feed their kids. It is a social
disaster.”

Mr Patel said the AOF focus was an
attempt to reverse the “creeping paraly-
sis” of unemployment and to help people
articulate their demands.

“People want better and extended UIF
payments, pay-out offices close to where
they live, they want the council to scrap
all the arrears, they want money to be
Ploughed into job-creation, self-help
projects and training and they want free
health care right in their neighbour-
hoods because they can’t afford trans-
port.

“We hope our focus will bring these
demands to the attention of the authori-
ties, make the unemployed realize that
they have certain rights, and encourage
them to act instead of just sliding into a
pit of depression and helplessness,” Mr
Patel said.


JPRS-SSA- 86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

TREURNICHT DECRIES MULTIRACIALISM, CALLS FOR WHITE SUPREMACY
Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 1 Sep 86 p 9
[Unattributed article: "'Keep the People Away from Multiracialism'"]

{Text] Pretoria--Dr Andries Treurnicht, leader of the Conservative Party,
spoke in Church Square on Saturday to around 5,000 people, saying "let my
people go out of the multiracial system."

While he spoke--he received standing ovations several times--men in khaki
clothing guarded the entrances to Church Square. Blacks wanting to take their
usual shortcut through Church Square had to turn around or go around the
square.

While a request was being made over the loudspeaker not to climb on the statue
of President Paul Kruger, a man shouted, "Yes, but during the week the kaffirs
fill the whole place and stuff themselves on fish and chips."

Dr Treurnicht's demand that the government resign and call general elections
was met with loud cheers and applause.

Referring to the planned black residential area northwest of Johannesburg, Dr
Treurnicht said that the founding of such a residential area is part of an
encirclement movement--a sort of siege by residential areas.

"We're being forced into a laager where the corner gates have been taken
away," he said.

Dr Treurnicht said that he is unhappy that other peoples can have their own
territory in the homelands, while "our fatherland is becoming everybody's
land." He is also sorry about the "way the media are conditioning people for
multiracialism and political surrender" and about the government's "inability
to stand up for white people."

He demanded that the Conservative Party's claim to "own land" be recognized,
that coloreds who "are cogoverning" be removed from statutory bodies, that the
government give up the idea of black power sharing, and that the present
constitution be radically altered.

44

hye


JPRS-SSA~86-116
21 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

TREURNICHT OPENS CONSERVATIVE CONGRESS, QUESTIONS NGK
MB242052 Johannesburg SAPA in English 2048 GMT 24 Oct 86

[Text] Durban, 23 October, SAPA-~It was no longer unthinkable that the NG Kerk
[Dutch Reformed Church] could have its own UDF [United Democratic Front ]-modera-
tor, a second (Archbishop Desmond) Tutu, the leader of the Conservative Party
[CP] , told a public meeting in Durban's city hall tonight.

Officially opening the party's biennial national congress, Dr Andries Treurnicht
said if his deduction was wrong then the church should explain why.

He pointed out there were "unfortunately contradictions in the explanations of
the synod's decisions on apartheid."

Dr Treurnicht warned against overhasty action and said certain decisions had to
be studied.

He said it was not clear that Christian national education could be biblically
justified while a multi-racial church remained normal, and a multi-racial resi~
dential area clashed with the essence of people's culture and community life.

"At education, a barrier line can be drawn, but not elsewhere. This makes no
sense," the CP leader said.

"Open membership is pointing in one direction only--towards one institutional
church. Are we being ripened for this?"

The new moderator, Professor Johan Heyns, had said that in theory blacks could
be appointed deacons or elders.

"In practice the NGK will then also have brown and black ministers.

"They will have the right to be delegated to the synod. They will be illegible
for the moderature," said Dr Treurnicht.

"And then it is not unthinkable that the NGK will have its own UDF-moderator,
a second (archbishop Desmond) Tutu."

Dr Treurnicht wanted to know from Prof Heyns whether there was not a clear

parallel between his "forced open membership of the church" and open political
parties for the various population groups.

46


It is noteworthy that, 2 days before Samora Machel expressed his pessimism
regarding the FRELIMO Army, the Paris newspaper, EL FIGARO, published.a
lengthy analysis of the situation in Mozambique; claiming that .the government
forces are virtually prisoners.in Maputo and in certain:other cities. In

the opinion of the LE FIGARO reporter, Francois Hauter, the- FRELIMO government
"is a regime at the end of its journey."

2909
CSO: 3442/17