Petition for Writ of Writ of Habeas Corpus Denied and Opinion filed 

September 6, 2013.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-13-00327-CV

IN RE JOANNE WILKIE (BROCHSTEIN) MANCHA, Relator

ORIGINAL PROCEEDING

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

312th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 2008-45190

O P I N I O N

On April 17, 2013, relator Joanne Wilkie (Brochstein) Mancha filed a 

petition for writ of habeas corpus seeking release from jail. See Tex. Gov’t Code 

Ann. § 22.221(d); Tex. R. App. P. 52.

Background

On January 25, 2011, the real party in interest (“Father”) filed a Motion for 

Enforcement by Contempt of Possession and Access and Other Provisions of 
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Divorce Decree and Order to appear, a Petition to Modify Parent-Child 

Relationship, and an application for a Temporary Restraining Order with a request 

for a Temporary Orders hearing. Relator (“Mother”) was the Respondent. Mother 

was alleged to have violated the parties’ divorce decree by moving the children to 

San Antonio, Texas without permission from either Father or the court. Father 

sought appointment as the primary conservator with the exclusive right to 

determine the residence of the children, and child support from Mother. 

On March 1, 2011, a hearing on the Motion for Contempt was held and 

Mother was found to be in contempt as to the alleged violations of impermissibly 

moving the children to another county as well as the failure to provide required 

health insurance information to Father. Mother was ordered to pay Father’s 

attorney’s fees of $2,000.00; payments were to be made at $100.00 per month on

the 15th of each month until the total amount with a six percent interest rate had 

been paid in full. The fees were ordered to be paid directly to the attorney, and the 

order stated that the award of attorney’s fees could be enforced by contempt in the 

same way as a child support judgment. 

On December 9, 2011, the trial court signed an order in the modification suit 

appointing Mother and Father joint managing conservators with Father designated

as the primary conservator with the exclusive right to receive child support for the 

children. Although the court did not order Mother to pay regular periodic support 

payments, the court ordered Mother to pay Father $281.00 per month as 

reimbursement for the cost of health insurance for the children, with payments to 

begin on January 1, 2012. If the cost of the health insurance premium changed, 

beginning on the first day of the next month from the date the premium actually 
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changed, Mother was ordered to begin paying the new amount; however, Mother 

could not be held in contempt until fifteen days after the earlier of either the date 

Father furnished proof of the new amount or the date Mother received proof of the 

new amount. 

On December 21, 2011, Father provided notice of an increase in the health 

insurance premium to $292.00 per month. Mother was to begin making payments 

to Father in the amount of $292.00 per month, beginning January 1, 2012.

On July 18, 2012, Father filed a Motion for Enforcement by Contempt and 

Order to Appear alleging seven violations of Mother’s failure to make any of the 

health insurance premium payments as ordered on December 9, 2011. The total 

arrearage alleged for non-payment of child support at the time of filing was 

$2,062.48, which included $2,044.00 of unpaid support plus interest of $18.48. 

Father requested that Mother be held in contempt for failure to pay the $2,000.00 

plus interest that was awarded to his attorney. The total arrearage alleged for nonpayment of attorney’s fees was $1,308.35 which includes $1,200.00 of unpaid fees 

plus interest at the time of filing of $108.35. 

The court heard the motion on March 5, 2013, found Mother in criminal 

contempt for two of the seven alleged, separately enumerated violations for failure 

to pay child support and eight of the sixteen alleged, separately enumerated 

violations for failure to pay the attorney’s fees award. The trial court sentenced 

Mother to 120 days in jail. The concluding paragraphs of the order found Mother 

was in arrears $3,170.98 for the period December 9, 2011 through March 5, 2013 

with interest of $112.47, for a total of $3,283.45, and on attorney’s fees in the 
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amount of $1,200.00 for the period March 1 through July 31, 2012 with interest of 

$162.00 for a total of $1,352.00. 

Mother commenced her confinement on March 5, 2013. On April 17, 2013, 

she filed an original petition for writ of habeas corpus in this court. We ordered 

Mother released on bond pending our final determination of her request for habeas 

corpus relief.

In five issues, mother claims the order holding her in contempt is void 

because (1) the motion for enforcement failed to comply with section 157.002(a)-

(h) of the Texas Family Code; (2) the violations are irreconcilably inconsistent 

with the motion, arrearage, and interest, and failed to provide proper notice; (3) & 

(5) relator is indigent and cannot afford to pay arrearages; and (4) the contempt 

order is ambiguous.

Habeas Standard

The purpose of a habeas corpus proceeding is not to determine the ultimate 

guilt or innocence of the relator, but to ascertain whether the relator has been 

confined unlawfully. Ex parte Gordon, 584 S.W.2d 686, 688 (Tex. 1979). 

Instead, our role is to determine whether relator was deprived of her liberty without 

due process of law or the judgment of confinement is void. In re Alexander, 243 

S.W.3d 822, 824 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, orig. proceeding). As part of our 

narrow inquiry, we examine the contempt order to ensure that it clearly states in 

what respect the court’s earlier order has been violated and specifies the 

punishment imposed by the court. Ex parte Shaklee, 939 S.W.2d 144, 145 (Tex.

1997). We turn to Mother's specific allegations.
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Failure to Comply with Family Code

Mother contends that the trial court’s contempt order is void because it does 

not comply with Texas Family Code section 157.166(a)(2), which provides: “(a) an 

enforcement order must include: (2) the acts or omissions that are the subject of the 

order.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 157.166(a)(1).

The purpose of an enforcement order is to notify the contemnor of how she 

has violated the provisions for which enforcement is sought and to provide 

sufficient information for an adequate review. Ex parte Conoly, 732 S.W.2d 695, 

697 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, orig. proceeding). A contempt order is insufficient 

if its interpretation requires inferences or conclusions about which reasonable 

persons might differ. In re Houston, 92 S.W.3d 870, 877 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] 2002, orig. proceeding).

The trial court found that Mother failed to comply with the December 9, 

2011 order in two separate regards. First, the trial court found Mother specifically 

missed the following ordered child support payments:

01/01/2012 $292.00

02/01/2012 $292.00

Second, with regard to failure to pay attorney’s fees as ordered, the trial court 

found Mother missed the following payments:

12/15/2011 $100.00

01/15/2012 $100.00

02/15/2012 $100.00
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03/15/2012 $100.00

04/15/2012 $100.00

05/15/2012 $100.00

06/15/2012 $100.00

Immediately following the trial court’s enumeration of the specific failures 

of Mother to comply, the trial court found Mother “in contempt for each separate 

violation enumerated above.” Finally, the court found Mother in criminal 

contempt and assessed punishment for each violation at 120 days in jail. The 

periods of confinement were also ordered to run concurrently.

The trial court included in its enforcement order the specific provisions 

sought to be enforced, and those on which the court assessed contempt. The 

enforcement order provides Mother sufficient notice of the provisions of the 

court’s earlier order that the trial court found Mother had violated. The violations 

that the trial court found are sufficiently specific to notify Mother that they 

implicate the previous order’s provisions requiring monthly payments of health 

insurance reimbursement as child support, and monthly installments toward 

payment of Father’s attorney’s fees. In the motion for enforcement, Father notified 

Mother of the specific provisions by quoting them from the previous order. 

Interpreting the trial court’s findings thus does not require inferences or 

conclusions about which reasonable persons might differ. See Houston, 92 S.W.3d 

at 877. Moreover, the order provides adequate information for habeas corpus 

review of Mother’s grounds for relief that the trial court found to be true. See 

Conoly, 732 S.W.2d at 698.
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As the trial court’s order fully apprised Mother of the violations found 

against her, and those findings related to specific violations alleged in the motion 

for enforcement, we hold that Mother has not overcome the presumption of the 

validity of the order so as to render it void. See Ex parte Boyle, 545 S.W.2d 25, 27 

(Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1976, orig. proceeding). Relator’s first issue 

is overruled.

Discrepancy in contempt findings and arrearage

In her second and fourth issues relator argues the violations are 

irreconcilably inconsistent with the motion, arrearage, and interest, and failed to 

provide proper notice. At the heart of this argument is Mother’s contention that the 

specific violations for which she was found in contempt are not consistent with the 

total arrearages found in the court’s order.

In the concluding paragraph of the order, the trial court found:

The Court further finds and confirms that Respondent is in arrears in 

the amount of $3,170.98 for the period December 9, 2011 through 

March 5, 2013 and that interest has accrued in the amount of $112.47. 

Judgment should be awarded against Respondent in the total amount 

of $3,282.45 for the arrearages and interest.

The Court further finds and confirms that Respondent is in arrears on 

attorney’s fees in the amount of $1,200 for the period March 1 

through July 31, 2012 and that interest has accrued in the amount of 

$162.00. Judgment should be awarded against Respondent in the total 

amount of $1,362.00 for the arrearages and interest.

Mother argues the commitment order is void because she cannot be held in 

contempt for failure to pay the amounts listed in the arrearage section of the 

judgment. However, Mother was not found in contempt for the total amount of 
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arrearages and is not required to pay the arrearage before being released from jail. 

The court assessed punishment for criminal, not civil, contempt.

The distinction between civil and criminal contempt is based on the nature 

and purpose of the penalty imposed. Ex parte Johns, 807 S.W.2d 768, 770 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1991, orig. proceeding). In a civil contempt proceeding, the court is 

attempting to persuade the contemnor to obey a previous order. Id. A judgment 

providing that a contemnor is to be committed unless and until she performs the 

affirmative act required by the court’s order is a civil contempt order. In re Mott, 

137 S.W.3d 870, 875 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, orig. proceeding). 

The purpose of a criminal contempt order is to punish for disobedience. Ex 

parte Harrison, 741 S.W.2d 607, 609 (Tex. App.—Austin 1987, orig. proceeding). 

A criminal contempt order is punitive and unconditional in nature and is an 

exertion of the court’s inherent power to punish the contemnor for a completed act 

that affronted the court’s dignity and authority. Ex parte Werblud, 536 S.W.2d 542, 

545 (Tex. 1976) (orig. proceeding). Generally, the punishment for criminal 

contempt is fixed and definite; no subsequent voluntary compliance on the part of 

the defendant can enable her to avoid punishment for past acts. Id. at 546. 

In this case, Mother was held in criminal contempt for failure to pay the 

enumerated payments listed in the motion for enforcement. The trial court, in the 

same order, stated the total arrearages in its concluding paragraph. Mother argues 

that she was improperly held in contempt for failure to make payments after the 

motion for enforcement was filed. To the contrary, the motion for enforcement 

was filed July 18, 2012. The specific violations for which Mother was held in 

contempt occurred prior to that date. Mother was not held in contempt for failure 
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to pay the total arrearage, nor must she pay those amounts to purge herself of 

contempt. Therefore, the fact that the amounts do not reconcile does not make the 

commitment order void. Relator’s second and fourth issues are overruled.

Inability to Pay

In her third and fifth issues, Mother urges that the statutory bar to contempt 

for inability to pay renders the contempt order void and one in violation of her due 

process rights. Specifically within these issues, Mother raises a number of 

arguments. First, Mother contends the trial court denied her the right to present 

evidence of her inability to pay. Second, Mother contends that the contempt order 

is silent as to how her statutory defense was overcome. Finally, Mother argues that 

the order fails because it does not overcome the “presumption of indigency.” 

Texas Family Code section 157.008(c) provides for the affirmative defense 

of inability to pay support in the amount ordered. In that regard, Mother carries the 

burden to prove this statutory defense by a preponderance of the evidence. See

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 157.008(c)(1). Mother’s burden in this court is to 

demonstrate that she established by a preponderance of the evidence that it was 

impossible for her to obey the court order at the time performance was due. See Ex 

parte Raymer, 644 S.W.2d 889, 890 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1982, orig. 

proceeding). If Mother fails to carry that burden as to even one delinquent 

payment, the criminal contempt judgment is not void. Id.; Ex parte Dabau, 732 

S.W.2d 773, 777 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1987, orig. proceeding).

As outlined, Mother first urges that the trial court denied her the right to 

present evidence of her inability to pay. Mother contends that “the strict 

requirements of Tex. R. Civ. P. 94” should not apply in contempt cases. Mother’s 
10

argument implies that the trial court relied upon Rule 94 to prevent Mother from 

presenting evidence. However, we find no order as part of this record excluding or 

striking Mother’s evidence. 

Moreover, the record of the hearing held March 5, 2013 reflects that Mother 

was permitted to present evidence as to her inability to pay. At the hearing, Father 

presented evidence and Mother made an oral motion for directed verdict. The trial 

court ruled on each portion of the directed verdict then heard Mother’s evidence. 

Mother testified that she was aware that the medical support payments had 

increased to $292 per month. She sent one payment of $200 to the Attorney 

General’s office on December 27, 2012, but Father did not receive that payment 

because an account had not been opened on behalf of the children through the 

Attorney General’s office. At the time of the hearing Mother had been employed 

for two months. Her employer was deducting the support payments from her 

wages. From November 26, 2011 through January 26, 2012 Mother was employed 

and a portion of the support payment was being withheld from her wages. Mother 

testified that she did not have the ability to pay the monthly $292 in support until 

November, 2012 when she began working again. From January 27, 2012 through 

the beginning of 2013 she was unemployed. During the time she was unemployed 

she lived with her current husband who paid her living expenses. She testified that 

she could not afford the support while she was not working, she did not own real 

property and did not have any savings. She asked her mother and a former 

employer for the money, but they were unable to help her. On cross-examination 

Mother testified she owned a non-working vehicle, but had not tried to sell it. She 

did not attempt to borrow money from a financial institution. 
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On March 15, 2013, another hearing was held at which Mother’s attorney 

requested Mother’s release because the arrearage had been paid. Father’s attorney 

appeared at the hearing and stated that the children’s grandmother paid $3300 in 

child support on March 11, 2013, and paid $1600 toward the attorney’s fees owed 

to Father’s attorney. The trial court declined to release Mother because she had 

been found in criminal, not civil, contempt. We find nothing to support Mother's 

contention that the trial court denied her the right to present evidence of her 

inability to pay.

Next, we address Mother’s criticisms of the contempt order for its silence as 

to how her statutory inability-to-pay defense was overcome and for its failure to 

outline how Mother’s “presumption of indigency” was overcome. These 

arguments arise from Mother’s reliance upon the trial court’s prior finding of 

indigence under section 157.163 of the Texas Family Code. Specifically, Mother

contends that she was found “legally indigent by the trial court on August 22, 2013 

[sic], and there exists no explanation or finding sufficient to rebut that 

determination.” 

The record contains an affidavit1filed August 22, 2012 pursuant to section 

157.163 of the Texas Family Code2along with an order of the same date finding 

that “Respondent is legally indigent and the attorney listed below is appointed to 

 

1

In Mother’s affidavit, she averred that she was not employed, and received her last $600.00 paycheck on 

January 27, 2012, the date she lost her job. She further averred that within the past 12 months she had not received 

income from any business, profession or form of self-employment, rent payments, interest, dividends, pensions, 

annuities, or insurance payments. She received no money from any relative or friend, governmental agency, or any 

other source. She owned a 1996 Mercury Sable with an estimated value of $600.00, and her gross income stated on 

her last income tax return was $406.00. 

2 The document in the record reflects that it is filed pursuant to section 14.32 of the Family Code, which 

was repealed in 1995 and renumbered as section 157.163. See Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 20, § 2, effective April 20, 

1995.
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represent Respondent, and said representation of Respondent shall be restricted to 

the pending allegation(s) of contempt or of violation of probation . . . .” Section 

157.163 of the Family Code outlines the procedure for appointing counsel where 

the trial court determines that a motion for enforcement may result in incarceration. 

Under subsection (d) of that provision, the respondent must file an affidavit of 

indigence and, if the trial court determines that respondent is indigent, the trial 

court shall appoint an attorney to represent respondent.

By her reference to “presumption of indigency,” Mother implicitly suggests 

that the trial court’s finding of indigence under section 157.163 creates a 

“presumption of indigence” for purposes of the section 157.008(c) inability-to-pay 

affirmative defense. Thus, Mother concludes, the contempt order must show how 

Father overcame the prior section 157.163 indigence finding. Mother’s argument 

is without support and fundamentally flawed.

The threshold for establishing section 157.163 indigence and establishing

section 157.008(c) inability to pay is different. Section 157.163 contains no brightline criteria for finding indigence. By section 157.008(c), on the other hand, the 

legislature was quite clear that a child-support obligor could not avoid contempt 

for its failure to pay child support unless it plead and affirmatively proved it:

(1) lacked the ability to provide support in the amount ordered;

(2) lacked property that could be sold, mortgaged, or otherwise 

pledged to raise the funds needed;

(3) attempted unsuccessfully to borrow the funds needed; and

(4) knew of no source from which the money could have been 

borrowed or legally obtained.
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Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. § 157.008(c).

We agree with our sister court that the section 157.008(c) factors are not the 

criteria for establishing section 157.163 indigence because the purposes are 

different. See In re Luebe, 983 S.W.2d 889, 890 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

1999, orig. proceeding). Family law contempt proceedings are considered quasicriminal in nature, and their proceedings should conform as nearly as practicable to 

those in criminal cases. Ex parte Sanchez, 703 S.W.2d 955, 957 (Tex. 1986) (orig. 

proceeding). The United States Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment guarantee 

of due process incorporates the Sixth Amendment assurance that the accused in a 

family law contempt proceeding has the right to counsel if the contemnor is at risk 

of incarceration. In re Butler, 45 S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2001, orig. proceeding). In an indigence inquiry analogous to appointment 

of counsel, both the Court of Criminal Appeals and this court have forbidden trial 

court’s consideration of an individual’s ability to borrow funds to determine 

indigence for purposes of obtaining a free transcript. See Abdnor v. Ovard, 653 

S.W.2d 793, 794 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983); see also Staten v. State, 662 S.W.2d 672, 

674 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, no pet.) (holding that “the 

individual’s financial status and not that of relatives or other sources” is the 

appropriate inquiry for indigence). 

Because section 157.008(c) specifically requires a showing that the childsupport obligor is unable to borrow the funds to meet his or her obligations, the 

inability-to-pay threshold is necessarily higher than the indigence threshold. 

Mother is incorrect that the trial court’s determination that she is “legally indigent”

for purposes of section 157.163 creates either a constructive determination of 
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section 157.008(c) inability to pay or a legal presumption that shifts the burden to 

Father. 

Here, notwithstanding the trial court’s finding that Mother was indigent for 

purposes of section 157.163, Mother had the section 157.008(c) burden to plead 

and prove inability to pay as an affirmative defense. 

To prove the affirmative defense, Mother must show she has attempted 

unsuccessfully to borrow the funds needed and that she knows of no family 

members or friends from whom she could borrow the funds. Further, Mother must 

show she is not voluntarily underemployed or unemployed. See Ex parte 

Papageorgiou, 685 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1985, orig. 

proceeding) (“relator indulged in working for an allegedly indigent corporation, 

rather than seeking salaried employment elsewhere.”). 

Having reviewed the evidence presented at the contempt hearing, we 

conclude that Mother failed to prove the affirmative defense of inability to pay. To 

support her contention that she was unable to make the payments Mother relies 

heavily on her unemployment from January 27, 2012 through early 2013. The 

record reflects, however, that the trial court found Mother in contempt for failure to 

make support and attorney’s fee payments on January 1, 2012, February 1, 2012, 

December 15, 2011, and January 15, 2012. Each of those payments were missed at 

a time when Mother was employed. Further, although Mother testified she 

unsuccessfully attempted to borrow money from her mother and a former 

employer, she did not attempt to borrow money from a financial institution. 

A trial court may reject the uncontroverted testimony of an interested 

witness if there are circumstances tending to discredit or impeach it. Loftin v. 
15

Texas Brine Corp., 777 S.W.2d 384, 386 (Tex. 1989). A trial court is the sole 

judge of a witness’s credibility and may resolve any inconsistencies in the 

testimony. Iliff v.. Iliff, 339 S.W.3d 126, 135 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009), aff’d, 339 

S.W.3d 74 (Tex. 2011). Mother’s testimony tends to show that she had the ability 

to pay support at least during the period of time she was employed. Because 

Mother was permitted to present evidence, but was unable to prove the affirmative 

defense of inability to pay for each of the missed support payments, we overrule 

her third and fifth issues.

Conclusion

We deny habeas corpus relief and remand relator to the custody of the Harris 

County Sheriff to serve the remainder of her sentence.

/s/ Sharon McCally

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Brown, Christopher, and McCally.