1

Filed 1/14/22 In re E.G. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or or dered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re E.G., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. M.G., Defendant and Appellant. E076796 (Super.Ct.No. J287678)
OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Erin K. Alexander, Judge. Affirmed. Emily Uhre, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Michelle D. Blakemore and Tom Bunton , County Counsel, and Richard W.
Van Fra nk, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.2 INTRODUCTION
M.G

. (father) , the biological father of E.G. ( the child ) , appeals from a juvenile

court ’ s disposition order finding that he was the child’ s biological father and not his presumed father. We affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND On January 5, 2021, the San Bernardino County Children and Family Services (CFS) filed a Welfare and Institutions Code section 300 petition on behalf of the child
and his half siblings, Ad.E. and Al.E

. 1 The child was nine years old at the time. The peti tion alleged that he came within Welfare and Institutions Code section 300, former subdivision (b) (failure to protect) and subdivision (g) (no provision for support). It specifically alleged that the child’s mother S.G. (mother) 2 had a substance abuse
p roblem, and father knew or should have known of the problem and failed to protect the child. It also alleged that father’s whereabouts were unknown. The social worker filed a detention report and stated that CFS received a referral after mother tested po sitive for methamphetamines at the birth of Al.E. The social worker interviewed mother, who reported that she was married to J.E., but was separated from him. She also reported that father was the biological father of the child , but she had not had any c ontact with him since the child was an infant. The social worker went to J.E.’s home to speak with him . J.E. said he and mother were trying to reconcile their

1 Ad.E. and Al.E. are not subjects of this appeal. Thus, this opinion will focus on the child.

2 Mother is not a party to this appeal.3

relationship, and he was going to move out of his current residence and move into an apartment with her

. The court held a detention hearing on January 6, 2021 , and detained the child in
foster care . It also ordered father and mother (the parents) to produce the child’s birth
certificate. Jurisdiction/Disposition The social worker filed a jurisdiction/disposition report on January 28, 2021 , and
recommended that the court sustain the petition, decl are the child, Ad.E., and Al.E. ( the
children ) dependents of the court, provide reunification services to both mother and father, and place the children with J.E. on family maintenance. The social worker reported that J.E. was married to mother and was th e father of Ad.E. and Al.E

. The social worker interviewed mother, who said she and father separated after the
death of their second child. She stated that father was listed on the child’s birth record
but had not been in the child’s life since the child was two years old and ha d not provided
for him financially or emotionally. She said J.E. has raised the child as his own since the child was two years old. The child only knew J.E. as his father and call ed him “ d addy.”
The social worker also interviewed J.E., who confirmed that he ha d raised the
child as his own since the child was two years old. J.E. said he loved the child as his own, he was the only father the child has ever known , and he has provided for the child both emotionally and fin ancially . J.E. request ed presumed father status and wanted to
have the child returned to him.4

The social worker interviewed father, as well. He said he got out of prison in 2019 and was currently on parole. Father said he had not been involved in the c hild’s life since 2013, due to his life situation, but would now like to become involved. The court held a jurisdiction/disposition hearing on February 2, 2021. This was father’s first appearance in court, so the court asked him several questions. Fathe r informed the court that he was never married to mother , but they were together for a long
time. He said he was present at the hospital when the child was born, and he signed the
birth certificate. He said he recognized the child as his son. When the c ourt asked if he had provided any emotional or financial support, father said no. The court asked how often he had seen the child since 2013, and father said he had not seen him since then.
The court stated that it understood J.E. had raised the child fo r the majority of his life, that the child saw him as his father, and that J.E. was requesting presumed father status. The court said it would be inclined to initially find two presumed father s , but would “balance that out in favor of [J.E.], then find [ f ather] biological only and not in the best interest to offer services.” Father’s counsel requested a trial on the matter and also requested a visitation order. The court note d that it was not clear if the child understood
that J.E. was not his father. It then authorized visitation to father , but only after CFS
assessed whether it was in the child’s best interest. On March 8, 2021, the social worker filed an informational memorandum with the

court

. Pursuant to the report , J.E. said the child was aware that he was not his biological
father , and that , “4 years ago or more, ” the child told his mother and J.E. that he no longer wanted to visit his biological father because father would make him walk on train5

tracks in the mid dle of the night. The social worker talked with the child, wh o said he
may or may not recognize his father

. The child could not describe anything about the last
time he saw father but said he would like to visit him . T h e social worker opined it would

no t be detrimental for the child to have supervised contact with father. The court held a contested jurisdiction/disposition hearing on March 9, 2021. Father’s counsel asked the court to find father to be the presumed father, asserting that he signed a vol untary declaration of parentage under Family Code section 7570 , 3 which entitled him to presumed father status

. Counsel further argued that, under section 7611, subdivision ( d ), and pursuant to father’s statement at the last hearing , he lived with the
chi ld for the first two years of his life and held out the child as his own. Counsel asked
the court to find father to be a presumed father; however, if it was going to find J.E. to be a presumed father and was “ inclined to weigh the two, ” the court should find father to be the presumed father, primarily because he had been in the child’s life, he did live with the child, and he signed the voluntary declaration of parentage

. In the alternative, counsel argued that if the court found two pr esumed fathers, they would both be entitled to reunification services. Counsel for the child stated that the child was now nine years old, and J.E. had been a stable father figure for more than half of his life. The child also lived with his half sibling s , since J.E. was caring for them as well . Moreover, the child did not fully understand who father was, and he referred to J.E. as his father during an interview.

3 All further statutory references are to the Family Code unless otherwise indicated.6

Thus, the child’s counsel request ed the court to weigh in favor of J.E. , find that father

w as merely a biological father , and find that it was not in the child’s best interest to give
father services. County counsel stated that CFS believed both father s rose to the level of a presumed father, but “ as the court i s weighing the two fathers, ” it s hould find J.E. was the presumed father since he had been raising the child his entire life. The court initially noted father ’s indication that he lived with the child and mother from 2009 to 2013, and the child was born in 2011. F ather also said he had not seen the child since 2013, which was consistent with the information in the jurisdiction/disposition report, as well as the child’s statement that he had a parental relationship with J.E., but really did not remember father. The court found, based on the fact that father signed the birth certificate at the hospital and did live with the child, that father was a presumed
father. It also found, based on section 7611 and the established paternal relationship that J.E. had with the child, that J.E. was a presumed father. The court stated: “ Upon balancing then, the issue is would it be

— first, let me start with w ould it be detrimental to
th e child to not have two presumed fathers? And I don’t find any evidence of detriment

. [¶] The child does seem open to visitation but he has no current relationship with [father], hasn’t seen him since he was a toddler, is secure in his relationship with [J.E.] and the siblings and has remained in [J.E.’s] care, so I don’t find that there’s any proof of detriment if there is not two presumed fathers and I find the weightier balance then is with [J.E.] is that [ sic ] the paternal relationship that the child has. He clearly looks to [J.E.] to meet his needs and has been residing in his care since he was a toddler. So I’m7

going to balance out [father] to a biological father. [¶] I will be making orders regarding visitation but I’m going to leave [J.E.] as the sole presumed father.”
The court then sustained the petition

. R egarding disposition, the court found that it would be detrimental to place the child with father , based on his lack of relationship and contact over the last seven years, that he was rec en tly released from custody , and that he would need to show a period of stability and sobriety. The court reiterated its finding that father was a biological father and that it was not in the child’s best interest to offer
him services, based on the fact that the child was in family maintenance with J.E

. DISCUSSION
I. The Voluntary Declaration of Parentage Did Not Entitle Father to Presumed Father
Status
Father first contends that as a matter of law the juvenile court was required to grant him presumed father status sinc e he executed a voluntary declaration of parentage
when the child was born. He claim s the voluntary declaration of parentage has the legal effect of a paterni ty judgment; thus, under section 7612, subdivision ( d ) , it rebutted J.E.’s “presumption” of paternity under section 7611, subdivision (d)

. We disagree.
A. Relevant Law
1. Uniform Parentage Act

“ ‘The Uniform Parentage Act (UPA), Family Code section 7600 et seq., provides the statutory framework for judicial determinations of parentage, and governs private adoptions, paternity and custody disputes, and dependency proceedings.’ ” ( In re D.A. (2012) 204 Cal.App.4th 811, 824 .) With regard to paternity, the UPA distinguishes8

between “alleged,” “biological,” and “presumed” fathers. (See Francisco G. v. Superior
Court (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 586, 595

- 596 .) “A man who may be the father of the dependent child but has not been established to be the natural or presumed father is an ‘alleged father.’ A man who has been establish ed to be the biological father is a ‘natural father.’ A man who has held the child out as his own and received the child into his home is a ‘presumed father.’ ’’ ( In re Jerry P. (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 793, 801 , fns.
omitted ( Jerry P. ).) “Presumed father status ranks highest.” ( Ibid. ) Only a “statutorily presumed father” is entitled to reunification services and custody of a child. ( Ibid .)
Presumed parent status is governed by section 7611 of the UPA. In relevant part, section 7611 provides: “A person is presumed to be the natural parent of a child if the person meets the conditions provided in

. . . Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 7570) of Part 2 [which governs voluntary declarations of parentage] or in any of the following
subdivisions: [¶]

. . . [¶] (d) The presumed parent receives the child into their home and openly holds out the child as their natural child.” “ Biological fatherhood does not, in and of itself, qualify a man for presumed father status under section 7611. On the co ntrary, presumed father status is based on the familial relationship between the man and child, rather than any biological connection.” ( In re J.L. (20 08 ) 159 Cal.App.4th 1010, 1018 , superseded by statute on other grounds, as stated in In re Alexander P

. ( 2016 ) 4 Cal.App.5th 475, 486 .) “ ‘[T]he core issues are the person’s established relationship with and demonstrated commitment to the child.’ [Citation.] ‘ Presumed parent status is afforded only to a person with a fully developed parental relationship with the child

. . . . ’ ” ( In re L.L. (2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 1302, 1310 ( L.L

. ) ; see Jerry P. , supra , 959

Cal.App.4th at pp. 801

- 802 , fn. omitted [“Presumed fath erhood, for purposes of dependency proceedings, denotes one who ‘promptly comes forward and demonstrates a full commitment to his paternal responsibilities

— emotional, financial,
and otherwise.’ ”].) Not all presumptions of parentage result in presumed parent status. Rather, when multiple individuals claim presumptions under section 7611, section 7612 addresses how
those claims must be resolved. Prior to 2013, section 7612 only provided for recogniti on of one presumed father. ( Kevin Q. v. Lauren W. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1119,
1131 ( Kevin Q .) [“ ‘Although more than one individual may fulfill the statutory crite ria that give rise to a presumption of paternity, “there can be only one presumed father.” ’ ”].) As a result, former section 7612 provided various mechanisms for assessing which presumption would have priority and give rise to a presumed father.
Section 7612, f

ormer subdivision (a) , provided, “ ‘Except as provided in

. . . Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 7570) [(voluntary declaration of paternity)] of Part 2

. . . , a presumption under Section 7611 is a rebuttable presumption affecting the burden of p roof and may be rebutted in an appropriate action only by clear and convincing evidence.’ ” ( Kevin Q. , at p. 1133, fn. omitted.) Former subdivision (b) further stated: “ ‘If two or more presumptions arise under Section

. . . 7611 that conflict with each other,

. . . the presumption which on the facts is founded on the weightier considerations of policy and logic controls.’ ” ( Kevin Q. , at p. 1133.) Former subdivision (c) of section 7612 provided that presumptions under section 7611 were rebutted by a judgment establishing paternity of the child by another man. ( Kevin Q. , at p. 1133.)10

In 2013, the Legislature amended section 7612 to allow for the recognition of multiple pres umed parents. (Stats. 2013, ch. 564, § 6.) While subdivisions (a) and (b) remained unchanged, a new subdivision (c) provide s : “In an appropriate action, a court may find that more than two persons with a claim to parentage under this division are parent s if the court finds that recognizing only two parents would be detrimental to the child.” ( § 7612, subd. (c) .)
2. Voluntary Declaration of Parentage Pursuant to section 7570, the Le gislature declared, “ There is a compelling state interest in establishing parentage for all children. Establishing parentage is the first step toward a child support award, which, in turn, provides children with equal rights and
access to benefits , . . . ” (§ 7570, subd. (a)(1).) Upon the event of a live birth, a hospital is required to “provide to the woman giving birth and shall attempt to provide, at the place of birth, to the person identified by the woman giving birth as

. . . the only possible genet ic parent other than the woman who gave birth

. . . a voluntary declaration of parentage .

. . . Staff in the hospital shall witness the signatures of parents signing a voluntary declaration of parentage and shall forward the signed declaration to the Department of Child Support Services within 20 days of the date the declaration was signed. ” (§ 7571, subd. (a).) A voluntary declaration of parentage establishes the parentage of a child and “takes effect on the filing of the document with the Departmen t of Child Support Services.” (§ 7573 , subd. (c) .) “[A] completed voluntary declaration of parentage

. . . that has been filed with the Department of Child Support Services is11

equivalent to a judgment of parentage of the child and confers on the declaran t all rights and duties of a parent.” (§ 7573, subd. (d).)
3. Standard of R eview “On appeal, we independently interpret statutes and apply the substantial evidence standard in reviewing a juvenile court’s finding whether a person is a presumed parent

. [Citations.] In so doing, we consider the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in favor of the court’s finding and do not reweigh the evidence or credibility of witnesses.” ( L.L. , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 1310.)
B. Father is Not Ent itled to Presumed Father Status a s a Matter of Law Solely Because He Executed a V oluntary Declaration of Parentage
F ather claims the fact that he executed a voluntary declaration of parentage ( VDOP ) at the hospital when the child was born automatically established that he was the child’ s presumed father

. At the outset, we note respondent’s argument that there was no
evidence presented that father signed a VDOP. Father contends that we should infer he signed a VDOP since he is listed on th e child’s birth certificate. (Health & Saf. Code, § 102425, subd. (a)(4)(C).) However, we observe that the record does not contain a copy of the child’s birth certificate or the VDOP. Even a ssuming father did properly sign and file a VDOP, we conclude that a VDOP does not confer presumed father status.
Section 7611 states that an individual “is presumed to be the natural parent of a child if the person meets the conditions provided in

. . . Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 7570) of Part 2”

— i .e., executed a valid VDOP. (§ 7611, italics added.) This language is clear and unambiguous. Thus, under the express language of section 7611,12

father is presumed to be the natural father of the child. Moreover, this presumption is not
rebuttable. Section 7612, subdivision (a) , sets forth the standard for rebutting presumptions arising under section 7611. That subdivision, however, expressly exempts from its language presumptions arisi ng from VDOP ’ s
. ( § 7612, subd. (a) [“Except as provided in

. . . Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 7570) of Part 2 , . . . ”].)
W hile the VDOP gives father a conclusive presumption of parentage, we disagree
that it mandates his designation as a presumed parent. T here is a line of cases holding
that the signing of a VDOP by itself is insufficient to confer presumed parent status in a dependency case. A VDOP “gives rise to an evidentiary presumption that the declarant is the child’s biological father , [but] it does not entitle him to presumed father status.” ( In
re Jovanni B. (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 1482, 1492 ( Jovanni B

. ) ; see In re Brianna M. (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 1025, 1048 ( Brianna M. ) 4 .) In In re E.O. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 722 ( E. O .) , N.M. argued he was entitled to presumed father status in a dependency proceeding because a judgment entered in a separate action had found him to
be the f ather of the dependent children and ordered him to pay child support. He noted
that section 7636 provides that a “ ‘judgment

. . . of the court determining the existence

4 The California Supreme Co urt granted review of Brianna M . and subsequently dismissed the appeal due to the petitioner’s failure to file an opening brief. ( In re Brianna M. (2014) 317 P.3d 1182; In re Brianna M. (2014) 330 P.3d 327.) Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8. 1115(e)(2), “After decision on review by the Supreme Court, unless otherwise ordered by the Supreme Court under (3), a published opinion of a Court of Appeal in the matter

. . . is citable and has binding or precedential effect, except to the extent it is inconsistent with the decision of the Supreme Court or is disapproved by that court.” Accordingly, Brianna M. is citable since the petition for review was dismissed

.13

. . . of the parent and child relationship is determinative for all purposes

. ’ ” ( E. O

. , at p. 727.) H e then claimed the paternity judgment “ ‘required the juvenile court to consider [him] the children ’ s presumed father.’ ” ( Ibid .) The court disagreed, stating “case law holds that in order to become a presumed father, a man ‘must’ fall within one of the categories set forth in Family Code section 7611.” ( Ibid .)
The E. O

. court further explain ed as follows: “[A]ppellant ’ s argument on this point misconstrues the nature of the prior judgment. A paternity judgment is, as the name imp lies, a judicial determination that a parent

- child relationship exists. It is designed primarily to settle questions of biology and provides the foundation for an order that the father provide financial support.

. . . Presumed father status, by contrast, is concerned
with a different issue: whether a man has promptly come forward and demonstrated his

‘ “full commitment to his parental responsibilities

— emotional, financial, and otherwise.” ’ [Citation.] We would endorse ‘an interpretation that would lead to absurd consequences’ if we were to conclude that a paternity judgment that is focused narrowly on biological and financial issues is determinative on subsequent issues that are unrelated
to and far be yond its scope. ” ( E.O ., supra , 182 Cal.App.4th at pp. 727

- 728.)
In Brianna M. , supra , 220 Cal.App.4th 1025 , the court specifically addressed the issue of whether a VDOP entitles a man to presumed father status in a dependency proceeding. Applying the an alysis of E.O. , the court concluded that “while executing a voluntary declaration of paternity entitles a man to be presumed a child’s biological father, it does not entitle him to presumed father status in a dependency proceeding.” ( Id

. at p. 1048.) The court explained as follow s : “L ike a paternity judgment, a voluntary14

declaration of paternity is ‘ designed primarily to settle questions of biology.’ ” ( Ibid .)
The Brianna M. court further concluded that “there is no suggestion in the dependency statutes that the Legislature intended to grant preferred status in a dependency action to a man who has completed a voluntary declaration of paternity, but has not otherwise
established a relations hip with his child.” ( Brianna M. , at p. 1049.) Relying on Brianna M. , and E.O. , t he court in Jovanni B ., also held that a VDOP does not entitle a man to presumed father status in a dependency proceeding. ( Jovanni
B. , supra , 221 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1491

- 1 494.) As the court in Jovanni B. reiterated, presumed father status is concerned with the issue of whether a man has promptly come forward and demonstrated his commitment to his parental responsibilities. ( Id . at
p. 1 492 .) We fully agree with the rulings and rationales set forth in E.O. , Brianna M. , and
Jovanni B. , and conclude that father’s VDOP did not entitle him to presumed father

status. A determination otherwise would lead to the absurd result that a person who has
ha d no contact and provided no support for his child for many years and who does not fit within the definition of a presumed father set forth in section 7611 would undeservedly achieve the status of presumed father

— the highest status for a father in a depend ency proceeding

— ordinarily “ ‘afforded only to a person with a fully developed parental relationship with the child.’ ” ( L.L. , supra , 13 CalApp.5th at p. 1310.) We further note father has not argued, nor does the record show, that he has achieved presume d father status by promptly coming forward and demonstrating his commitment to his parental responsibilities.15

C. The VDOP Did Not Rebut J.E.’s Presumed Father Status
Father also contends that his claim of parentage based on the VDOP “automatically rebut[s]” J.E.’s presumed father status under section 7611. It is undisputed that J.E. was entitled to presumed father status under section 7611 , subdivision (d) , sinc e he “receive[d] t he child into [ his ] home and openly [held] out the
child as [ his ] natural child.” F ather appears to contend that , pursuant to sections 7573
and 7612 , subdivision (d), his VDOP extinguished J.E.’s presumed father status. As a result, there are not two con flicting presumptions subject to the weighing process under section 7612, subdivision (b)

. We disagree. Section 7612 , subdivision ( d ) , provides: “ Unless a court orders otherwise after making the determination specified in subdivision (c), a presumption under Section 7611 is rebutted by a judgment establishing parentage of the child by another person. ” Section
7573 provides that a completed VDOP “is equivalent to a judgm ent of parentage of the
child

. . . . ” (§ 7573, subd. (d).) We agree that, b y the plain language of section 7612 , subdivision (d) , father’ s VDOP “rebut s ” the presumption o f paternity under s ection 7611

. As we have said, the presumption created by sectio n 7611 is that a man is the natural
father of a child. (§ 7611.) Thus, under these s tatute s, father’s VDOP “ rebuts the evidentiary presumption of section 7611 [ , subdivision ] (d) , ” that J.E. is the child’s natural
father. ( Brianna M. , supra , 220 Cal.App.4th at p p
. 1049

- 1050.) “But as such, it is irrelevant to these proceedings, because [father’s] biological relationship with [the child] has never been at issue.” ( Ibid .)16

We do no t agree, however, that the VDOP has the effect of extinguishing J.E.’s presumed father status for purposes of this dependency proceeding. ( Brianna M. , supra , 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 1050.) “ T he primary purpose of section 7611, a part of the Uniform Parenta ge Act, is to establish a child ’ s paternity through a series of rebuttable presumptions. In dependency proceedings, however, the purpose of section 7611 is not to establish paternity. Rather, as discussed above, the purpose is to determine whether
the al leged father has demonstrated a sufficient commitment to his parental responsibilities to be afforded rights not afforded to natural fathers

— the rights to
reunification services and custody of the child. Therefore, in dependency proceedings the

term ‘presumed father’ does not denote a presumption of fatherhood in the evidentiary
sense and presumed father status is not rebutted by evidence someone else is the natural father .” ( Jerry P. , supra , 95 Cal.App.4th at p. 804 , fn. omitted, italics added ; see Brianna M. , supra , 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 1050.) In other words, “[s]ince a paternity judgment is a judicial determination of only biological paternity

— and because biological paternity is irrelevant to presumed father status in the dependency context

— a jud gment establishing biological paternity in one man cannot overcome a court’s finding of substantive presumed father status in another man.” ( Brianna M. , supra , 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 1050.)17

Father relies on Kevin Q. , supra , 17 5 Cal.App.4th 1119 and In re Levi H. (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 1279 ( Levi H. ) , 5 in support of his claim that his VDOP rebuts J.E.’s presumed father status

. However, n either case is applicable. Both cases were decided prior to the 2013 amendment to section 7612, which allow s courts to recognize more than two presumed parents. As a result, the courts deciding Kevin Q. and Levi H. were required to select a single presumed parent. 6 ( Kevin Q. , supra , 17 5 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1 131 [“How the various Family Code sections are reconciled and prioritized to identify a single presumed father is the subject of our inquiry here.”]; Levi H. , supra , 197 Cal.App.4th at p. 1287 [“ ‘ “ [T] here can be only one presumed father

. ” ’ ”].) Moreover, former subdivision (c) of section 7612, in effect at the time of both
decisions , stated, “The presumption under Section 7611 is rebutted by a judgment establishing paternity of the child by another man.” (Legis. Counsel ’ s Digest, Assem. Bill No. 1349 (20 11

- 2012 Reg. Sess.) § 3.) Accordingly, former subdivision (c) required courts to find that a VDOP rebutted any section 7611 presumptions when evaluating two potential presumed parents. With the other presumptions rebutted, only the presumption arising fr om the VDOP remained , and there were no conflicting presumptions to weigh

5 Overruled in part on other grounds, as stated in Conservatorship of O.B. (2020) 9 Cal.5th 989, 1010, f

ootnote 7.

6 At oral argument, father’s counsel suggested that, since we are rejecting the reasoning of Kevin Q. and Levi H. because they were decided prior to the 2013 amendment to section 7612 , we s hould also reject E.O. , Brianna M. , and Jovanni B. , since they were also decided prior to the 2013 amendment. However, we cite to and agree with the analyses of E.O. , Brianna M. , and Jovanni B. in concluding that a man’s VDOP does not entitle him to presu med father status. T hese cases are still applicable here and not affected by the 2013 amendmen t.18

under section 7612 , subdivision (b). ( Kevin Q. , supra , 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 1139 [“Brent signed and filed a valid declaration of paternity that has the force of a judgment
under se ction 7573 and trumps Kevin ’ s presumption under section 7611, subdivision (d). ” ]; Levi H. , supra , 197 Cal.App.4th at p. 1290 [ [ B] ecause the voluntary declaration of paternity “ extinguishes ” the other presumption, “ there are not two conflicting presumptions subject to the weighing process

. ” ].) However, s ince those cases were decided, the Legislature amended the relevant statutory provisions. As discussed in part I.A. 1. , ante , section 7612 was amended to authorize courts to recognize more than two parents. (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Rep. on Sen. Bill No. 274 (2013

- 2014 Reg. Sess.) Apr. 29, 2013.) In doing so, former subdivision (c) was relettered as subdivision (d) and amended to provide, “ Unless a cou rt orders otherwise after making the determination specified in subdivision (c), a presumption under Section 7611 is rebutted by a judgment establishing parentage of the child by another person. ” (§ 7612, subd. (d), italics added; see Sen. Com. on Judicia ry, Rep. on Sen. Bill. No. 274 , supra , at p. 6.) In other words, a VDOP no longer automatically rebut s other presumptions of parentage under section 7611 , as father
claims , since a court may order otherwise

. We further note that Kevin Q . was a paternity action, not a dependency proceeding. “ The question before the court, therefore, was which man, Brent or Kevin,
was the child ’ s biological father. [As such, t] he case has no bearing on the question
before us

— i.e., which man is entitled t o presumed father status in this dependency19

proceeding, not who is [the child’s] biological father. ” ( Brianna M. , supra , 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 1054 ; see Kevin Q. , supra , 17 5 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1137

- 1139 .)
II. The Court Properly Applied the Statutes and F ound That J.E. Was the Presumed

Father and Father Was a Biological Father
Father further contends the court misapplied the statutes when evaluating his parentage claim, and he was consequently not offered reunification services. He argues the court did n ot find that it would be detrimental to the child to have only two parents under section 7612, subdivision (c) ; t hus, because his parentage established through the VDOP rebutted J.E.’s presumed father status, and the court found it would not be detrimental for the child to have only two parents, the court erred in applying the balancing test under section 7612, subdivision (b) , and “balancing him out” to be a biological father. He now asks us to remand the matter for the court to properly apply the statutory framework and offer him services. We conclude the court properly applied the
statutes and found that J.E. was the child’s presumed father and father was a mere biological father . T herefore, father was not entitled to reunification services.
A

. Background After counsels’ arguments, the court found father to be a presumed father because “he signed the birth certificate at the hospital” and lived with the child. It also found J.E. to be a presumed father based on his established parental re lationship with the child under section 7611, subdivision (d). Fi nding both fathers to be presumed fathers, the court
stated: “[L] et me start with would it be detrimental to the child to not have two presumed fathers? And I don’t find any evidence of de triment .” It proceeded to find that father had20

no current relationship with the child, noting that father had not seen him since he was a
toddler. The court then contrasted father’s relationship (or lack thereof) with the child’s relationship with J.E. a nd found that the child was secure in his relationship with J.E. and
in his relationships with his half siblings, noting that the child had been in J.E.’s care. The court stated: “[S]o I don’t find that there’s any proof of detriment if there is not two presumed fathers and I find the weightier balance is then with [ J.E. , since that is] the paternal relationship that the child has.” The court stated that the child clearly looked to
J.E. to meet his needs, and the child had been in his ca re since he was a toddler. As such,
the court declared it was going to “balance out” father to be a biological father. The court
also found it was not in the child’s best interest to offer father services.
B

. Section 7612, Subdivision (c) As previously discussed, “ [i] n 2013, the Legislature enacted section 7612, subdivision (c) to allow courts to recognize that a child has more than two parents in
certain limited contexts

. ” ( In re Donovan L. (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 1075, 1086

- 1087.)
S ection 7612, subdivision (c) , provides: “ In an appropriate action , a court may find that more than two persons with a claim to parentage under this division are parents if the court finds that recognizing only two parents would be detrimenta l to the child

. ” “In enacting section 7612, subdivision (c), the Legislature expressed its intent that it ‘ only apply in the rare case where a child truly has more than two parents, and a finding that a child has more than two parents is necessary to prot ect the child from the detriment of being separated from one of his or her parents. ’ ” ( L.L. , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 1316 , italics added.)21

In Donovan L. , supra , 244 Cal.App.4th 1075, the court examined the legislative history of section 7612, subdivision (c), and harmonized it with the UPA, concluding: “There is no indication the Legislature intended section 7612, subdivision (c) to apply to
a person
. . . who, at the time of the contested disposition hearing on parentage, lacked an existing relationship with the child. A person who lacks an existing parent

- child relationship is not a child’s ‘parent in every way.’ [Citation.] Nor would separation from
such a person cause ‘devastating psychological and emotional impact on the child.’ ” ( Donovan L. , at pp. 1092

- 1093.) The court further concluded: “ ‘[A]n appropriate action’ for application of section 7612, subdivision (c) is one in which there is an existing parent

- child relationship between the child and the putative third parent, such that ‘recognizing only two parents would be detrimental to the child.’ [Citation.]” ( Id. at
pp. 1093

- 1094.) In that case, the court found the putative third parent “ ‘does n ot have a strong relationship,’ ” with the child. ( Id. at p. 1092.) Because the court found the putative third parent did not have an existing parent

- child relationship, it concluded there was no substantial evidence to support a finding of detriment und er section 7612, subdivision (c). ( Donovan L. , at p. 1094; see L.L. , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 1316.)22

C

. Section 7612, Subdivision ( b ) Weighing Process “If a third parent is not recognized under section 7612, subdivision (c), then a juvenile court generally must weigh the competing presumptions of two or more presumed fathers and determine which one should be recognized as the child’s presumed
father. [C itations.] Section 7612, subdivision (b), provides: ‘ If two or more presumptions arise under Section 7610 or 7611 that conflict with each other, or if a presumption under Section 7611 conflicts with a claim pursuant to Section 7610, the presumption which on the facts is founded on the weightier considerations of policy and logic controls. ’ Accordingly, where there are conflicting claims of two or more presumed fathers, the juvenile court must make factual findings as to each claim and then
determine whic h claim is entitled to greater weight under section 7612, subdivision (b).” ( L.L. , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1317

- 1318; see § 7612, subd. (b) .)
D

. The Court Properly Recognized J.E. as the Child’s Presumed Father Father specifically contends the court found “ that there would be no detriment to
have only two parents . Thus, the court did not make the determination of detriment under subdivision (c).” He proceeds to conclude that, because the court did not make the detriment finding under subdivisi on (c), only the latter part of section 7612, subdivision (d) , applies. S ubdivision (d) states, “Unless a court orders otherwise after making the determination specified in subdivision (c), a presumption under Section 7611 is rebutted by a judgment establ ishing parentage of the child by another person.” Thus , father claims that, because the court “resolved subdivision (c) in the negative,” the “ controlling provision ” in section 7612, subdivision (d) , was the portion stating that “a presumption23

under Secti on 7611 is rebutted by a judgment establishing parentage of the child by another person.” He further claims that, where that clause is operative, “any additional balancing is improper.” In other words, he argues the court erred in not applying the “contr olling provision” and instead appl ying the weighing process of section 7612, subdivision (b) , and elect ing to “balance [him out] to a biological father

. ” We disagree. The court here apparently concluded that this was not an appropriate action to find that recognizing only two parents would be detrimental to the child. (§ 7612, subd. (c).)

“ ‘[A]n appropriate action ’ for application of section 7612, subdivision (c) is one in
which there is an existing parent

- child relationship between the child a nd the putative third parent, such that ‘recognizing only two parents would be detrimental to the child.’ ” ( Donovan L. , supra , 244 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1093

- 1094.) T he court here stated, “ I don’t find that there’s any proof of detriment if there is not tw o presumed fathers and I find the weightier balance then is with [J.E. since] that [is] the paternal relationship that the child
has .” In other words, the court did not find that this wa s “ the ‘rare case’ in which section 7612, subdivision (c) allows a co urt to find that a child has more than two parents.” ( Id. at p. 1094.) It expressly found that father did not have a current relationship with the child, noting that he ha d not seen the child since the child was a toddler. Indeed, at the jurisdiction/disposition hearing, father admitted he had not seen the child since 2013 and had not provided him any emotional or financial support. Thus, a t the time of the hearing, father had not had a relationship with the child for at least eight years

. Since there was no existing relationship between father and the child, the court did not need to24

recognize three parents. Accordingly, there was no substantial evidence to support a finding of detriment under the statute. ( Donovan L. , at pp. 1092

- 1093. ) Because the court did not recognize a third parent under section 7612, subdivision (c), it properly went on to “ weigh the competing presumptions of two or more presumed fathers and determine which one should be recognized as the chil d’s presumed father.” ( L.L. , supra , 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 1317; see § 7612, subd. (b).) As mentioned ante , the court found that both father and J.E. were presumed fathers. Assuming without deciding that the court properly found father to be a presumed fa ther , we conclude that it weighed the competing presumptions and properly determined that J.E. should be recognized as the child’s presumed father. Father had no relationship with the child, while J.E . had
raised the child as his own since the child was t wo years old , loved him as his own, and provided for him both emotionally and financially. Ultimately, the court properly applied the relevant statutes and found that J.E. was the child’s presumed father, and that father was merely a biological father.
C onsequently , the court did not err in denying father reunification services. ( In re Zacharia D . (1993) 6 Cal.4th 435, 451 [ “ [O] nly a presumed, not a mere biological, father is a ‘parent’ entitled to receive reunification services

. ”].)25 DISPOSITION The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

FIELDS J.

We concur:

McKINSTER Acting P. J.

MENETREZ J.