# Patent

## Title
Mammography system and method employing offset compression paddles, automatic collimation, and retractable anti-scatter grid

## Abstract

A mammographic imaging system is optimized for use with a single fixed size flat panel digital image receptor. It accommodates compression devices (paddles) of varying sizes, and positions them properly in the field of view of the image receptor. When a compression paddle with size smaller than the field of view of the image receptor is used, the compression paddle can be shifted laterally in the direction parallel to the chest wall, so as to facilitate different views of different size breasts, and permit the image receptor to image as much of the desired tissue as possible. An automatic x-ray collimator restricts the x-ray illumination of the breast in accordance with compression paddle size and location in the field of view. An anti-scatter grid, mounted inside the image receptor enclosure, just below the top cover of the enclosure, can be retracted out of the field of view of the image receptor for use in magnification imaging.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a Rule 1.53(b) Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/463,256, filed May 8, 2009 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,688,940, which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 12/014,405, filed Jan. 15, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,609,806, which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 11/607,748, filed Nov. 30, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,319,735, which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 10/496,049, filed Oct. 18, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,443,949, which is a Section 371 national stage of international application no. PCT/US02/33058 filed Oct. 17, 2002, claiming the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/350,213 filed Oct. 19, 2001, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD
This patent specification is in the field of mammography and specifically mammography employing flat panel, digital x-ray receptors rather than x-ray film.
BACKGROUND
X-ray mammography machines typically use an x-ray source mounted at one end of a rotatable c-arm assembly and an image receptor at the other. Between the x-ray source and the image receptor is a device for compressing and immobilizing a breast. Until recently, the image receptor was typically a screen-film (s/f) cassette, which generated an image related to the detected transmission of x-rays through the breast. These s/f cassettes typically come in standard sizes, e.g., 18 cm×24 cm (small) and 24 cm×30 cm (large), with the large cassette used when the breast is too large to be uniformly compressed by the small cassette. The cassettes are easily attachable and removable from a breast support tray of a conventional mammography system. The device for compressing the breast is often called a paddle, and comes in a variety of sizes to match both the cassette size and the breast size. Such matching is desirable because the use of a small size paddle on a large breast can result in uneven and inadequate breast compression and may not allow full-breast imaging, while using a large paddle on a small breast can impede access to the breast, which is important during the compression cycle in order to optimize the amount of breast tissue brought into the field of view of the image receptor.
New mammography systems are now being developed to use digital image receptors as replacements for the screen-film cassettes. These digital image receptors, sometimes called flat panel receptors, or flat panel digital x-ray receptors, are different in many ways from s/f cassettes. They have many advantages, but also tend to be heavier and somewhat thicker. Typically, they are not designed to be removable in normal use. so a system normally will employ only one size image receptor. These characteristics can presents challenges for some imaging procedures and breast sizes, particularly for the mediolateral oblique view (MLO) taken as a part of typical breast x-ray imaging. As with screen-film systems, it is still advantageous to use a compression paddle that matches the breast size. This typically means that the compression paddles will be removable, and there will be a selection of paddle sizes available with the system.
A number of x-ray protocols have been used for breast imaging. One common view is the cranio-caudal (CC) view, illustrates in FIG. 5, which images the breast of a standing or sitting patient from above. Another is the mediolateral oblique view (MLO), taken from an oblique or angled view, and also illustrated in FIG. 5. In screen-film mammography systems, the compression paddle typically is centered relative to the proximal edge of the screen-film cassette. In some views, such as the MLO view, and particularly for smaller breasts, this may present some difficulty as the cassette may have to be pressed against the armpit in order to approximately center the breast relative to the proximal edge of the film (the edge closest to and parallel to the chest wall). In such cases, the smaller size cassette can be used. This, plus the relative thinness of the cassette, generally allow for adequate centering. However, when a digital x-ray receptor is used usually only one size is available, and it may be the size comparable to the larger size screen-film cassette. Also, the digital receptor tends to be thicker than a screen-film cassette. Thus, centering the breast can be difficult or impossible in some cases, particularly for the MLO view and patients with smaller breasts, with the result that optimal positioning of the breast may not be possible for some views and patients.
To applicants' knowledge, these and other issues regarding compression paddle use with fiat panel digital receptors in mammography have not been solved and perhaps have not been even addressed. In a different setting, it has been proposed to move a compression paddle laterally, relative to the proximal edge of the screen-film cassette, but for the different purpose of aligning a cutout in the paddle with a particular portion of the breast. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,056. This is believed to require a paddle larger that would normally be used for the breast size so as to maintain even compression when the cutout is off-center relative to the breast. Other earlier proposals are known for features such as collimation that adjusts to film cassette size, source-to-image distance and/or cross-sectional area to be imaged (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,502,878, 3,863,073, 5,627,869, and 6,149,301), moving a paddle (U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,950), moving a cassette (U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,227), and retracting a cassette holder (U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,641). The cited patents are hereby incorporated by reference in this patent specification.
SUMMARY
An object of the disclosed system and method is to provide mammography that overcomes known disadvantages of proposals involving the otherwise desirable use of flat panel, digital x-ray receptors.
Another object is to employ compression paddles that match both the size and position of the patient's breast relative to the proximal edge of a digital x-ray image receptor so as to improve image quality, patient comfort and the ability of the health professional to position the breast optimally for imaging.
Another is to provide automated collimation control that changes x-ray beam collimation in accordance with one or more of the size and position of the compression paddle and of the breast, and the position of a breast platform relative to the receptor, preferably in response to information that is automatically sensed.
Another is to provide x-ray exposure control that is responsive to at least one of the size and position of the compression paddle, the position of the breast, and a pre-exposure x-ray measurement, preferably in response to information that is automatically sensed.
Another is to provide a scatter-suppression grid that is retracted for image magnification protocols, preferably automatically in response to sensing a breast position for magnification imaging.
These and other objects are met in a non-limiting example comprising a mammography system having a flat panel digital x-ray receptor, an x-ray source selectively emitting a collimated x-ray beam toward the receptor, and a compression paddle of a selectable size s mounted for selective movement at least along a proximal edge of the x-ray receptor as well as along the x-ray beam. At least for selected breast x-ray protocols, a patient's breast is positioned off-center relative to the proximal edge of the x-ray receptor, and paddle of an appropriate size also is positioned off-center relative the same proximal edge to compress the breast for x-ray imaging.
In addition, the system includes one or more of a number of other features. An exposure control can be responsive to information regarding breast thickness along the beam direction to control x-ray exposure for imaging. This information can come from a conventional auto-exposure sensor (AES) resulting from a pre-exposure, low-dose firing of the x-ray source from an output of the digital x-ray receptor during such pre-exposure firing, and/or from sensors for the relative positions of the x-ray source, the x-ray receptor, the compression paddle and/or the breast tray. The system can include a collimation control responsive to information regarding one or more of the size of the paddle, its location along the beam, its location relative to the proximal edge of the receptor, a desired field of view, magnification parameters, and the like. This information can come from appropriate sensors and/or can be input by the health professional carrying out imaging. The system can include a scatter-suppressing grid selectively movable between a position in the path of the imaging beam and a position outside that path (for magnification imaging). Again, information for controlling grid position can come from one or more different sources. And, the system can include a built-in or a separate viewing station receiving x-ray image information from the x-ray receptor and possibly from some or all of the sensors, processing it, and displaying the results as an image and/or in other forms.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 illustrates a partial side view of a mammography system imaging a patient's breast.
FIG. 2 illustrates the system also in side view but in more detail and in a magnification mode.
FIG. 3 illustrates a lateral displacement of a small compression paddle along the proximate edge of the image receptor.
FIG. 4 shows three common positions of a small compression paddle relative to the image receptor.
FIG. 5 illustrates two common x-ray protocols for breast imaging.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, an x-ray source 1 is at one end of a generally C-shaped frame 7 and a flat panel digital x-ray imaging receptor 5 is at the other end. X-ray source 1 includes a collimator schematically illustrated at 40 to confine an x-ray beam 30 emitted from source 1 to a desired footprint at receptor 5, typically no larger than the area of receptor 5 and preferably just enough to image a patient's breast 3 or at least a selected part thereof, as compressed toward receptor 5 by a compression paddle 2 mounted on an arm 6 that in turn mounts to frame 7. A lower platform 11, often called a breast tray, is immediately below the breast, and a scatter-reducing grid 4 is between breast tray 11 and x-ray receptor 5 and is housed in the same enclosure 12 with the receptor. As is known in the art, frame 7 can rotate between horizontal and vertical directions of x-ray beam 30.
In use for a CC view, paddle 2 and its supporting arm 6 are moved up , breast 3 is positioned on tray 11 and compressed by bringing paddle 2 down as needed. With suitable collimation by collimators 40 (which typically collimate in two directions, of which only one is illustrated in FIG. 1), beam 30 from source 1 images the breast onto receptor 5 and the resulting electronic image information is transmitted to a viewing station 22 (FIG. 2). The image typically is rectangular. Preferably, the collimation is such that beam 30 illuminates an area of receptor 5 just large enough to show the image of breast 3, or at least a selected part thereof. Importantly, different sizes and shapes of paddles 2 can be mounted to arm 6, and the paddle can be selectively positioned off-center relative to proximal edge 5a of receptor 5 (the left edge in FIG. 1).
Referring to FIG. 2, the system can operate in a magnification mode in which the relative positions along x-ray beam 30 of source 1, breast tray 11, and/or receptor 5 are adjusted to provide the desired image magnification. In this example, source 1 and receptor 5 stay in place but tray 11 slides up support 7 to a position spaced up from receptor 5, and the collimation of beam 30 is adjusted as needed. Note that for magnification imaging scatter-reducing grid 4 is withdrawn from the portion of receptor 5 that receives the desired breast image, because the angles of the grid septa typically are not suitable for a magnification view. If these angles can be changed to match the selected magnification, the grid can remain in place. Alternatively and if desired, a different grid that is suitable for the selected magnified view can be introduced in place of grid 4 in FIG. 1. Auto-controls 1a can include (a) an auto-exposure control coupled with an AEC sensor 24 and/or receptor 5 to receive exposure information in a pre-imaging firing of source 1, (b) an auto-collimation control to adjust the collimation of beam 30, (c) an auto-grid control to selectively withdraw grid 4, and (d) an auto-magnification control to adjust parameters for magnification imaging. AEC sensor 24 can be conventional separate sensor that helps determine imaging exposure parameters in a pre-imaging exposure of the immobilized breast at a low x-ray dosage. Alternatively, receptor 5 can be used for that purpose, eliminating the need for a separate AEC sensor, because the output of receptor 5 resulting from a low-dose pre-imaging exposure can provide the information for auto-exposure control. In addition, the output of receptor 5 in response to the pre-imaging exposure can reveal the position of the breast relative to the receptor, and thus provide information for auto-collimation to confine beam 30 to a footprint that matches the breast even when the breast is off-center relative to proximal edge 5a. The auto-collimation control can be an arrangement sensing size and/or the position of one or more of breast 3, paddle 2, and tray 11, using respective sensors and automatically adjusting collimators 40 to confine beam 30 to the required cross-section and position. The auto-grid control can respond to a signal indicating that that magnification imaging will be carried out to withdraw grid 4, for example to the position shown in FIG. 2, using a motor 4a. This signal can come from information provided by respective sensors or it can be input by the health professional using the system. The auto-magnification control can be an arrangement responding the data entered by a health professional through viewing station 22, or in some other way, e.g., based on information from sensors to adjust the system elements involved in magnification. Information for the auto-controls can be provided in various ways. One is from sensors S that keep track of the size and position of paddle 2 along beam 30 and relative to proximal edge 5a of x-ray receptor 5, of the position of breast tray 11 along beam 30, of the position of grid 4, and the setting of collimators 40. Another is inputs from an auto-exposure sensor and/or x-ray receptor 5 resulting from a pre-exposure firing of beam 30 at low dose, with breast 3 in place for imaging. As is known in the art, the output of receptor 5 can be used to detect the position of breast 3 relative to receptor 5, or at least the approximate position of the breast relative to proximal edge 5a. Yet another possible source of information for the auto-controls is inputs from the health professional using the system, through a keyboard or other input devices in viewing station 22 or elsewhere. Information is exchanged between auto-controls 1a, sensors S, and viewing station 22 over appropriate links, shown schematically. Suitable arrangements, including encoders, motors (of which only motor M retracting and restoring grid 4 is expressly illustrated), and other control elements are included in mammography system 10 but, for clarity of the drawings, are not expressly illustrated.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an arrangement for positioning paddle 2 off-center relative to proximal edge 5a of receptor 5. While such off-center positioning can be used for other views as well, it is most important for views such as the MLO view. As seen in
FIG. 3, paddle 2 includes a rib 20 that has a channel slot 20a and is secured to arm 6 with a removable and adjustable lock or detent 21 that passes through channel 20a. In operation, the health professional selects a paddle 2 that is suitable in size and perhaps in shape to the breast to be imaged, removes any existing paddle 2 from arm 6 by pulling out or unscrewing detent 21, and installs the selected paddle 2 by securing it to arm 6 with detent 21 in a position relative to proximal edge 5a that matches the patient's breast's position. Any desired further lateral adjustment can be made by'sliding paddle 2 along the direction of the proximal edge 5a, before or during compressing the breast for taking an image.
FIGS. 4a, 4b, and 4c illustrate an alternate arrangement for lateral adjustment of paddle 2. Here a paddle 2 of a selected size and possibly shape is removably secured to arm 6, and arm 6 is in turn slidably secured to frame 6 to slide laterally, along the direction of proximal edge 5a of receptor 5. The term “lateral” is used here to designate movement parallel to, or at least generally along, the proximal edge 5a, even when the imaging plane of receptor 5 is oriented for an MLO view or is vertical. For example, FIG. 4 can illustrate a position of paddle 2 for an MLO view of the left breast, FIG. 4b can illustrate a position for a CC view, and FIG. 4c can illustrate a position for an MLO view of the right breast.
It should be clear than many other arrangements and variations will be apparent to persons skilled in the technology based on the disclosure in this patent specification and that the above embodiments are only some of examples embodying inventions whose scope is defined by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method of imaging a patient's breast with x-rays comprising:
providing a flat panel digital x-ray receptor having an imaging area, an x-ray source selectively emitting an imaging x-ray beam toward the imaging area of the receptor, a breast platform between the receptor and the source, and an imaging compression paddle having a substantially continuous compression area that is selected to match a size parameter of the patient's breast and is substantially smaller than said imaging area of the receptor;
positioning the patient's breast on the breast platform off-center between left and right sides of the platform and positioning the compression paddle over the breast, also off-center relative to the left and right sides of the platform and in accordance with the off-center position of the breast;
thereafter moving the compression paddle toward the receptor to complete compressing the patient's breast for x-ray imaging;
imaging the breast with said imaging x-ray beam while the breast remains compressed between the paddle and the platform; and
computer processing and displaying resulting x-ray images of the breast.

2. The method of claim 1 in which the step of positioning the compression paddle off-center relative to the left and right sides of the breast platform comprises supporting the paddle for left-right movement relative to the platform and moving the paddle to the left or to the right before completing the compression of the breast for imaging.

3. The method of claim 2 in which said moving of the paddle to the left of to the right comprises moving the paddle manually relative to a support thereof.

4. The method of claim 1 including positioning the breast platform for MLO imaging of the breast such that one of the left and right sides of the platform is adjacent an armpit of the patient and moving the paddle to a position in which one of its sides is aligned with the side of the platform that is adjacent the patient's armpit while an opposite side of the paddle is intermediate the left and right sides of the platform.

5. The method of claim 1 including illuminating the receptor through the compressed patient's breast with a pre-exposure x-ray beam, processing a response of the receptor to the pre-processing beam to derive AEC information, and using the AEC information to adjust parameters of the imaging x-ray beam before imaging the compressed breast with the imaging beam.

6. The method of claim 1 including sensing one or more parameters of the compression paddle, computer processing information resulting from said sensing, and automatically collimating the imaging beam accordingly to cause the beam to illuminate an area of the receptor that is under the compressed breast but is less than said imaging area.

7. The method of claim 1 sensing one or more parameters of the compressed breast, computer processing information resulting from said sensing, and automatically collimating the imaging beam accordingly to cause the beam to illuminate an area of the receptor that is under the compressed breast but is less than said imaging area.

8. The method of claim 1 including providing an anti-scatter grid in the path of the imaging beam between the breast platform and the receptor.

9. The method of claim 6 including selectively removing the grid from the path of the imaging beam for some imaging protocols.

10. An x-ray breast imaging system comprising:
a source selectively emitting an imaging x-ray beam for imaging a patient's breast;
a flat panel digital imaging x-ray receptor having left and right edges and an imaging area selectively illuminated by said imaging beam;
a breast platform that is between the source and receptor;
a compression paddle that together with the breast platform defines an imaging space in which a patient's breast can be positioned for imaging with said x-ray beam;
said compression paddle having left and right edges and an area smaller than the imaging area of the receptor;
a support to which the compression paddle is mounted for movement relative to the receptor to assume any one of (a) a first imaging position in which the left edge of the paddle is adjacent the left edge of the receptor while the right edge of the paddle is over an area intermediate the left and right edges of the receptor, (b) a second imaging position in which the right edge of the paddle is adjacent the right edge of the receptor while the left edge of the paddle is over an area intermediate the left and right edges of the receptor, and (c) intermediate imaging positions in which both the right and the left edges of the paddle are intermediate the left and right edges of the receptor;
whereby a compression paddle is aligned with the patient's breast for x-ray imaging of the breast when the breast is offset to the left or to the right relative to the breast platform.

11. The x-ray system of claim 10 including a source support selectively positioning the source to emit said beam in an MLO orientation.

12. The x-ray system of claim 10 including a control unit configured to cause the source to deliver a low dose pre-imaging x-ray exposure to the receptor, to extract AEC information from said receptor, and to control the emission of the imaging beam according to said AEC information.

13. The x-ray system of claim 10 including an anti-scatter grid between the imaging space and the receptor.

14. The x-ray system of claim 13 including a grid support that selectively moves the grid between an in position in which the grid is in the path of said imaging beam and an out position in which the grid is out of the path of said imaging beam.

15. The x-ray system of claim 10 including an auto-collimation unit configured to detect one or more selected parameters of the compression paddle and to automatically collimate a cross-section of the imaging beam to match an area of the paddle.

16. The x-ray system of claim 10 in which the support for the compression paddle comprises a slot extending transversely to the left and right edges of the breast platform and a structure movable in the left-right direction relative to the slot to thereby effect said movement of the paddle.

17. A method of imaging a patient's breast with x-rays comprising:
positioning the patient's breast on a breast platform off-center between left and right sides of the platform, and providing an imaging receptor under the platform;
positioning a compression paddle between the breast and a source of an imaging x-ray beam;
said compression paddle having a compression area that is substantially smaller than an area of the receptor, and being over the breast but not in contact with the breast, and also off-center between the left and right sides of the platform;
thereafter moving the compression paddle toward an x-ray receptor; to thereby complete a compression of the patient's breast between the paddle and the platform for x-ray imaging of the breast;
imaging the breast with said imaging x-ray beam while the breast remains compressed between the paddle and the platform; and
computer processing and displaying resulting x-ray images of the breast.

18. The method of claim 17 in which the positioning of the patient's breast on the breast platform comprises positioning the breast in an MLO orientation and the positioning of the compression paddle comprises moving the compression paddle to the left or to the right relative to left and right sides of the breast platform to match the off-center position of the breast.

19. The method of claim 18 in which said MLO orientation one of the left and right sides of the platform is adjacent an armpit of the patient and the moving of the compression paddle to the left or to the right comprises moving a left or right side of the paddle to an alignment with a position adjacent said one side of the platform.

20. The method of claim 17 including illuminating the receptor with a pre-exposure x-ray beam, deriving AEC information from the receptor's response to the pre-exposure beam, and thereafter automatically adjusting parameters of the imaging beam according to the AEC information.