,-

! • 

u.s. Department of Justice 

Office of Justice Programs 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

NCJRS 

"." f, 4@26 .' 

Profile of State and Local Law 

Enforcement Agencies, 1987 

During fiscal year 1987 there were 

about 15,000 State and local general 

purpose law enforcement agencies operating in the United States. These 

agencies included almost 12,000 local 

police agencies and about 3,000 sheriffs' agencies (table 1). This report is 

the first in the Bureau of Justice 

Sta tistics (BJS) program on La w Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS). It presents 

information based on a nationally representative sample of these local law 

enforcement agencies. Data from the 

primary State police agency in each of 

49 States are also presented. (Hawaii 

does not have a State police agency.) 

Major findings include: 

• Local police agencies, sheriffs' 

agencies, and State police agencies 

collectively employed 757,508 persons 

during fiscal year 1987 (including 

555,364 sworn officers) and had operating and capital expenses totaling more 

than $28 billion. 

II About 24% of local police employees 

were civilians. The percentage of civilian employees in sheriffs' agencies and 

Sta te police agencies was even higher, 

about 32% in each. 

.. An estimated 12.5% of the sworn 

. employees in sheriffs' agencies were 

female, compared to 7.6% in local police agencies and 4.2% in State police 

agencies. 

• Sworn personnel in local police 

agencies were 85.4% white (nonHispanic), 9.3% black, and 4.5% 

Hispanic; for sheriffs' agencies, the 

proportions were 86.6% white, 8.3% 

black, and 4.3% Hispanic; for State 

police, 88.7% white, 6.5% black, and 

3.8% Hispanic. 

March 1989 

This Bulletin presents findings 

from UJS's first Law Enforcement 

Management and Administrative 

Sta tistics Survey. Though there 

have been other efforts to collect 

information on law enforcement 

agencies in the United Sta tes, this 

is the first to provide detailed, 

na tionally representa tive data on a 

wide range of variables. These 

include the size of the populations 

served by the typical police or 

sheriffs' department, their levels 

of employment and spending, their 

various functions, average salary 

levels for uniformed officers, and 

other matters relating to management and personnel. The LEMAS 

survey will be repeated in 1990 

and every 3 years thereafter. 

The Bureau gratefully acknowledges the effort of the former 

Director, Steven R. Schlesinger, in 

initiating the development of this 

data series. We also recognize the 

coopera tion of all the law enforcement officials across the country 

whose participation in the LEMAS 

survey made this report possible. 

As we continue our work together 

on future surveys, both the public 

and policymakers will benefit from 

the knowledge gained. 

Joseph M. Bessette 

Acting Director 

• All State police agencies and almost 

all local police (99.7%) and sheriffs' 

agencies (97.5%) with 135 or more 

sworn personnel required new officer 

recruits to have at least a high school 

diploma. About 10% of State and local 

police agencies and about 6% of sheriffs' departments required at least some 

college education. 

• Thirteen of the almost 12,000 local 

police agencies in the Nation served 

popUlations of 1 million or more, but 

the great majority (89%) served jurisdictions with populations under 25,000. 

• Thirty-four local police agencies employed over 1,000 sworn officers each 

during fiscal year 1987, but more than 

half had fewer than 10 sworn officers 

and 987 employed just 1 full-time sworn 

officer. 

• Twelve sheriffs' agencies employed over 1,000 sworn officers each, and 27 

sheriffs' agencies served populations of 

1 million or more. 

• The main State police agency in each 

State had an average of 1,031 full-time 

sworn employees, ranging in size from 

slightly over 100 to nearly 6,000, and 

had average expenditure of over $65 

million. 

• Two-thirds of local police agencies 

authorize collective bargaining by employees. 

• Approximately 8896 of sworn officers 

in large local police agencies worked in 

field operations, 6% In technical support, and 5% in administration. 

• The average starting salary for an entry-level officer in local police departments ranged from $13,768 in jurisdictions under 2,500 people to $22,930 

in jurisdictions with populations of 1 

million or more. Average starting salaries for sergeants ranged from $17,464 

in the smallest jurisdictions to $35,273 

in the largest. Police chiefs in cities 
.:io ~ 'i1't 

"1.,.i ,'r· 

Table 1. General purpose law enforcement agencies in the United States, 1987 

Type of Number of Number of emo'Ioyees EXl2enditure, fiscal year 1987 

agency agencies- Total Sworn Civilian Total Operating Capital 

Number 

Total 15,118 751,508· 202,i1l4;' .:", $28,071,083,000 .' ;555;~64 $26,334,448,000 $1,736,635,000 '.$ 

Local police iI,989 493,930 376,023 117,907 $18,011,294,000 $17,161,377,000 $849,917,000 

Sheriff 3,080 189,234 128,728 60,506 6,857,771,000 6,200,172,000 657,599,000 

State police 49 74,344 50,613 23,731 3,202,018,000 2,972,899,000 229,119,000 

Percent 

Total 100.0% 100% 73.3% 26.7% 100% 93.8% 6.2% 

Local police 79.3% 100% 76.1% 23.9% 100% 95.3% 4.7% 

Sheriff 20.4 100 68.0 32.0 100 90.4 9.6 

State police .3 100 68.1 31.9 100 93.8 6.2 

Note: BJS also publishes police protection ology (see Methodology). Table includes both State police agency. 

expenditure and employment data as part of 

its ongoing criminal jU5tice expenditure and 

employment survey using a different methodwith a population of 1 million or more 

had an average starting salary of 

$72,821 and an average maximum 

salary of $87,048. 

The LEMAS survey 

The LEMAS survey for fiscal year 1~87 was based upon a sample of 3,054 

law enforcement agencies in the United 

States. All State police agencies, all 

local agencies with 135 or more employees, and a sample of smaller agencies were asked to respond to the 

survey. The response rate was over 

9596. The data presented in this report 

are estimates based on this sample. 

(See Methodology for further details.) 

Local police agencies 

Local police agencies operating in 

the United States during 1987 were 

diverse in size, in terms of both the 

number of sworn officers and the size 

of the population served. Overall, 9196 

of the approximately 12,000 agencies 

employed fewer than 50 sworn officers 

(table 2). While 987 agencies employed 

only 1 full-time sworn officer each, 34 

full-time and part-time employees. State -The number of agencies reported here is the 

police data are based on the 49 main State result of a weighted sample and not an exact 

police agencies; Hawaii does not have a enumeration. 

Table 2. Local police agencies, by number 

of full-time sworn personnel, 1987 

Number 

of sworn Agencies 

personnel Number- Percent 

Total 11,989 100.0% 

1,000 or more 34 .3% 

500-999 32 .3 

250-499 77 .6 

100-249 321 2.7 

50-99 599 5.0 

25-49 1,446 12.1 

10-24 3,171 26.5 

5-9 2,872 24.0 

2-4 2,450 20.4 

1 987 8.2 

-See asterisk note, table 1. Detail may not 

add to total because of rounding. 

regarding the size of the population 

served. Most agencies (89.096) were 

serving a population of less than 25,000 

during 1987; however, 13 agencies (.196) 

served populations of 1 million or 

more. 

The large range in size of local police 

agencies is most evident in terms of expenditure. Those agencies serving populations of under 2,500 residents 

required only about $72,000 for operating expenses during fiscal year 1987 

(table 4). In contrast, agencies serving a population of 1 million or more 

had an average operating expenditure 

of $333,510,000. The overall average 

of $1,432,600 for operating expenditure 

reflects the fact that most local police 

agencies are relatively small. 

Salaries and wages accounted for 6 of 

every 7 dollars spent by local police 

agencies in 1987. Thus, most of the 

difference in expenditure for agencies 

serving different population sizes is 

owing to differences in the number of 

employees. The average police agency 

serving a population of 1 million or 

more had over 7,000 full-time employees, compared to only 2 full-time 

employees for agencies serving fewer 

than 2,500 persons (table 5). 

of them employed more than 1,000 sworn 

officers. A similar pattern was found 

Although most local police agencies 

served a population of under 25,000, 

half of all full-time sworn officers were 

employed by an agency serving a population of at least 100,000 (table 3). 

About 1 in 5 sworn officers worked for 

an agency that served a population of 1 

million or more. 

About two-thirds of the employees in 

large local police agencies (those with 

135 or more sworn officers) were sworn 

officers working in the area of field 

operations (table 6). This included 

police officers, detectives, inspectors, 

supervisors, and other personnel 

Table 3. Local police agencies and sworn personnel, 

by size of population served, 1987 

Table 4. Average operating and capital expenditlll'e 

for local police agencies, 1987 

Population Agencies Sworn l2ersonnel 

served Number- Percent Number Percent 

Averal!'e exoenditure fiscal vear 1987 

Population served Total Operating Capital 

All sizes 11,989 100.0% 355,290 100.0% All sizes $1,508,000 $1,432,600 $71,100 

1,000,000 or more 13 .1% 76,626 21.6% 1,000,000 or more $339,229,600 $333,510,300 $5,719,200 

500,000-999,999 29 .2 32,530 9.2 500,000-999,999 60,434,800 58,299,400 2,135,400 

250,000-499,999 42 .4 29,031 8.2 250,000-499,999 42,582,600 40,732,100 1,850,400 

100,000-249,999 138 1.1 35,717 10.1 100,000-249,999 14,214,000 13,644,400 569,600 

50,000-99,999 363 3.0 40,395 11.4 50,000-99,999 5,607,700 5,291,200 316,400 

25,000-49,999 708 5.9 39,760 11.2 25,000-49,999 2,783,300 2,586,800 196,500 

10,000-24,999 1,920 16.0 50,171 14.1 10,000-24,999 1,107,300 1,022,700 84,700 

2,500-9,999 4,110 34.3 39,398 11.1 2,500-9,999 375,100 347,000 28,000 

Under 2,500 4,666 38.9 11,662 3.3 Under 2,500 77,100 72,000 5,200 

Note: Only full-time sworrl personnel are Included. Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. 

Detail may not add to total because of rounding. 

-See asterisk note, table 1. 

2 
Table 5. Average number of employees In local pollee agencies, 1987 

Average number of em~lo:!ees 

Full-tima Part-time 

Population served Sworn Civilian Sworn Civilian 

All sizes 30 8 2 2 

1,000,000 or more 5,894 1,595 27 270 

500,000-999,999 1,122 283 5 55 

250,000-499,999 691 218 - 40 

100,000-249,999 259 73 1 23 

50,000-99,999 111 30 1 10 

25,000-49,999 56 14 2 4 

10,000-24,999 26 6 2 2 

2,500-9,999 10 2 2 1 

Under 2,500 2 -- 2 --

--Less than .5. 

Table 6. Job classification of full-time personnel 

in large local pollee agencies, 1987 

Job Percent of all full-time em~lo:!ees 

classification Total Sworn Civilian 

Total 100.096 78.396 21.796 

Field operations 73.496 68.796 4.896 

Technical support 16.6 4.6 12.0 

Administration 7.0 4.1 2.9 

Jail operations 1.5 .7 .8 

Court opera tions .3 .2 .1 

Other 1.2 .1 1.2 

Note: Table excludes agencies with fewer 

than 135 sworn personnel. Detail may not 

add to total because of rounding. 

Table 7. Characteristics of sworn personne1ln local pollce agencies, IS37 

Percent of sworn em~lo:!ees who are: 

involved in patrol, investigations, 

traffic enforcement, and special 

operations. Altogether 88% of the 

sViorn officers worked in field operations, 6% in technical support, and 5% 

in administration. 

Approximately a fifth of full-time 

employees in large local police agencies 

were civilians in 1987. About 55% of 

them worked in the area of technical 

support, including duties related to 

dispatching, records, data processing, 

communications, fleet management, and 

training. Another 22% were employed 

to assist in certain aspects of field 

operations as well. These employees 

perform important duties such as 

collecting information in nonemergency 

crime situations and providing followup 

contact to victims. This allows sworn 

officers to spend more of their time 

patrolling and investigating crimes. 

About four-fifths of sworn employees 

in local police agencies were white 

(non-Hispanic) males (table?). This 

proportion varied according to population size, with agencies in larger jurisdictions being less predominantly white 

and male than smaller agencies. Overall, 

9.3% of sworn employees were black, 

and 4.5% were Hispanic. Females were 

7.6% of sworn employees in local police 

agencies. 

Population White Black His!:!anic Other Salaries of law enforcement employees were higher for those working for . 

agencies serving larger populations 

(table 8). Overall, the starting salary 

for a beginning police officer averaged 

$16,833; however, it averaged $22,930 

in jurisdictions with populations of 

more than 1 million compared with 

$13,768 for agencies serving a population of less than 2,500. These numbers 

have not been adjusted for the difference in the cost of living that typically 

exists between large cities and small 

towns. 

served Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 

All sizes 10096 79.996 5.596 7.796 1.696 4.196 .496 .796 .196 

1,000,000 or more 10096 69.596 6.096 12.296 3.596 7.196 1.196 .696 .196 

500,000-999,999 100 69.8 5.1 14.9 3.8 4.9 .4 1.0 .1 

250,000-499,999 100 71.7 6.1 11.2 2.4 7.0 .5 1.0 .1 

100,000-249,999 100 78.7 5.7 8.7 1.5 3.9 .3 1.1 .1 

50,000-99,999 100 84.0 4.8 5.5 .7 4.1 .2 .7 

25,000-49,999 100 87.5 5.1 4.2 .5 1.8 .1 .8 ° 

10,000-24,999 100 87.8 4.8 3.5 .3 2.8 .3 .5 ° 0 

2,500-9,999 100 87.2 6.1 3.5 .5 2.1 .1 .5 .1 

Under 2,500 100 88.3 5.7 4.2 .3 1.0 .1 .3 ° 

Note: Includes both full-time and part-time American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, and 

employees. Breakdown oC blacks and whites Pacific Islanders. Dctail may not add to total 

does not InclUde Hispanics. "Other" Includes because of rounding. 

Table 8. Average annual salary ranges for selected positions in local police agencies, 1987 

Average annual salar:! range for: 

Population Entry-level Senior patrol Chief or 

served officer officer Sergeant equivalent 

All sizes $16,833 -$17,990 $19,697 -$21,672 $22,696 -$24,802 $26,623 -$29,003 

1,000,000 or more $22,930 -$25,414 $29,843 -$33,008 $35,273 -$39,613 $72,821 -$87,044 

500,000-999,999 21,330 - 24,957 25,054 - 30,665 29,735 - 35,002 58,083 - 67,194 

250,000-499,999 20,853 - 24,814 24,426 - 29,332 28,676 - 34,178 53,895 - 64,816 

100,000-249,999 20,962 - 24,291 24,927 - 29,543 29,395 - 34,435 49,863 - 59,682 

50,000-99,999 20,545 - 22,727 25,478 - 27,975 28,373 - 31,938 44,095 - 50,757 

25,000-49,999 20,290 - 22,04.8 24,318 - 27,083 28,023 - 31,089 39,532 - 40,147 

10,000-24,999 18,603 - 20,078 21,600 - 24,224 24,608 - 27,251 33,252 - 36,986 

2,500-9,999 16,606 - 17,706 19,106 - 20,735 21,239 - 22,867 25,980 - 27,909 

Under 2,500 13,768 - 14,214 15,348 - 16,591 17,464 - 18,455 18,503 - 19,242 

Note: The first figure in a range is the 

average starting salary, and the second is the 

average top salary for that position. 

3 
Table 9. Special functions of local police agencies, 1987 

Percent of all agencies that re~orted having ~rimar:r: resl:10nsibilit:r: for: 

Emergency Civil Training Laboratory 

Population Animal medical Court Civil process- Jail academy testing Ballistics 

served control services security defense serving operations operation for drugs work 

All sizes 49.996 25.396 21.896 21.196 17.796 1:1.496 6.596 4.396 2.296 

1,000,000 or more, 0 30.696 7.696 30.896 7.696 Hi.496 84.796 76.996 76.996 

500,00Q-999,999 6.9 20.6 10.4 20.6 6.9 10.4 82.8 48.2 55.2 

250,000-499,999 16.7 9.5 11.9 14.3 7.1 23.8 85.7 45.3 47.6 

100,000-249,999 28.6 17.6 19.1 14.2 8.1 33.0 49.9 16.9 13.9 

50,000-99,999 50.0 27.1 33.7 28.6 9.3 25.5 25.7 17.1 3.5 

25,000-49,999 51.2 26.4 27.S 21.5 9.2 25.6 9.8 9.6 .8 

10,000-24,999 54.2 27.9 24.6 23.0 11.7 20.8 6.9 4.2 2.1 

2,500-9,999 55.2 27.4 23.1 21.5 16.3 12.5 5.2 3.0 1.0 

Under 2,500 44.7 22.4 17.9 19.6 23.9 5.1 2.8 2.5 2.1 

Note: Special functions are those tionallaw enforcement functions as traffic investigation, patrol, fingerprinting, and 

functions that go beyond such tradi- enforcement, accident Investigation, crime communications. 

Consistent with the finding that most 

local police employees in the United 

States are involved in traditional police 

work (field operations), more than 90% 

of the agencies reported having primary 

responsibility for patrol, traffic enforcement, accident investigation, 

crime investigation, fingerprinting, and 

communications. About half of all ' 

agencies also reported being responsible 

for animal control, and about a fourth 

had primary responsibility for emergency medical services in their communities (table 9). Few agencies in large 

jurisdictions were responsible for animal control, but most of these agencies 

did report responsibiliti(~~l such as tre,ining academy operation, laboratory t(1sting of substances, and ballistics work. 

Table 10. Local police agency 

participation In 911 emeruency 

telephone system, 1987 

Population Percent of agencies ser ... ed with 911 service - All sizes 31.796 

1,000,'000 or more 76.896 

500,000-999,999 72.3 

250,000-499,999 88.1 

100,000-249,999 79.5 

50,000-99,999 56.4 

25,000-49,999 48.1 

10,000-24,999 40.3 

2,500-9,999 33.3 

Under 2,500 20.0 

The level of participation in 911 

emergency telephone systems by local 

police agencies varied greatly according to the size of the population 

served. A majority of agencies serving 

jurisdictions of 50,000 or more in 

population had 911 service; however, 

relatively few of the smaller agencies 

had access to a 911 network (table 

10). It should be noted that this does 

not necessarily mean that the citizens 

served by these agencies do not have 

any 911 service, because it might be 

available through another source. 

About 85% of the agencies serving a 

population of 1 million or more reported the operation of a temporary holding 

or lockup facility for arrested persons 

(fable 11). Three-fourths of these 

agencies were operating more than 1 

lockup, with several operating 10 or 

more lockups. Lockups were in operation in about 20% of the agencies serving a population of less than 10,000. 

Nearly all of the responding agencies 

with 135 or more sworn personnel 

reported tl,e use of computers. Most 

(84.8%) reported they had either 

exclusive or shared use of a mainframe 

(table 12). Personal computers were 

used by about four-fifths of the 

agencies, and minicomputers were used 

by about half. 

Table 11. Local pollcc agencies operating lockup facUlties, 1987 

Percent of agencies with locku~ 

Population One More than 

served Total lockup one lockup 

All 'sizes 28.696 25.596 3.196 

1,000,000 or more 84.696 23.196 61.596 

500,000-999,999 65.4 24.2 41.2 

250,000-499,999 42.9 21.4 21.4 

100,000-249,999 32.5 28.1 4.4 

50,000-99,999 54.8 45.3 9.5 

25,000-49,999 57.8 51.5 6.2 

10,000-24,999 52.7 46.2 a.4 

2,500-9,999 31.0 29.0 2.0 

Under 2;500 9.5 8.4 1.1 

Note: Inciudes all temporary holding or from a Jail. Detail may not add to total 

lockup facilities that are physically separate because of rounding. 

4 

Information collected on educational 

requirements in the larger agencies 

revealed that 99.7% required new officer recruits to have at least a high 

school diploma, with about 10% requiring from 1 to 2 years of college. 

Two-thirds of the agencies with 135 

or more sworn employees reported that 

they had authorized collective bargaining for their employees. 

Sheriffs' agencies 

Most sheriffs' agencies are local law 

enforcement agencies organized at thla 

county level, usually exercising their 

functions within unincorporated areas 

and operating the county jail. The 

number of sheriffs' agencies nationwide 

was fibout a fourth of the number of local police agencies. Overall, sheriffs' 

agencies employed about a third as 

many full-time sworn employees as local police agencies. The size of sherIffs' agencies nationwide followed a 

pattern similar to that of the local 

police; most (83.7%) employed fewer 

than 50 full-time sworn personnel while 

a small percent (0.4%) had 1,000 or 

Table 12. Selccted characteristics 

of large local police agencies, 1981 

Percent 

Characteristic of agencies 

Type or computer used 

Mainframe 84.896 

Personal 78.7 

Minicomputer 51.3 

Educational requirements 

for new recruits 

High school diploma 89.996 

Some college"' 9.5 

Bachelor's degree .3 

No requirement .3 

Authorization of employee 

collective bargaining 67.296 

Note: Table excludes agencies witil, 

fewer than 135 sworn personnel. 

• Amounts reported ranged tram 1 

to 2 Y!lars. 
f" 

Table 13. Sheriffs' agencies, by number 

of full-time swom personnel, 1987 

Number of 

sworn personnel 

Total 

1,000 or more 

500-999 

250-499 

100-249 

50-99. 

25-49 

10-24 

5-9 

2-4 

1 

Agencies 

Number· Percent 

3,080 

12 

19 

51 

151 

268 

507 

1,038 

732 

302 

o 

100.096 

.496 

.6 

1.7 

4.9 

8.7 

16.4 

33.7 

23.8 

9.8 

o 

OSee asterisk note, table 1. 

more sworn employees (table 13). 

Although most sheriffs' agencies 

(36%) served populations of less than 

100,000, almost two-thirds of the sworn 

employees employed by sheriffs' agencies worked in agencies serving populations of 100,000 or more (table 14). 

Some differences between sheriffs' 

agencies and local police agencies were 

found at the smallest size levels. There 

were no sheriffs' agencies employing 

only one full-time sworn officer 

(compared with 987 local police 

agencies), and very few sheriffs' agencies served populations of less than 

2,500. For this reason, this report has 

consolidated all sheriffs' agencies 

serving populations of less than 10,000 

into a single category. 

The average annual operating expenditure for sheriffs' agencies during 

fiscal year 1987 was $2,012,900 (table 

15). However. the amounts reported by 

agencies varied greatly. Those serving 

a population of 1 million or more spent 

an average of almost $61,000,000, while 

those serving a population of under 

10,000 spent an average of $296,000. 

Sheriffs' agencies nationwide employed an average of 40 full-time sworn 

employees and 18 full-time civilian 

employees (table 16). Those agencies 

serving 1 million or more persons had 

an average of 1,199 full-time employees, while the smallest jurisdictions 

were served by agencies with an average of 11 full-time employees. 

Most employees in sheriffs' agencies 

with 135 or more sworn officers were 

working In the areas of field operations 

and jail operations (table 17). However, 

the percentage Involved in field operations (37.396) was only half that reported by local police agencies. This difference is due partly to the fact that 

sheriffs' agencies, in contrast to local 

police agencies, are generally responsible for the operation of local jails; an 

estimated 36.4% of the employees of 

Sheriffs' agencies were working in 

P<>sitions related to jail operation. 

Table 14. Sheriffs' agcncies and swom personnel, 

by size of population served, 1987 

Population Agencies Sworn personnel 

served Number· Percent Number Percent 

All sizes 3,080 100.096 122,544 100.096 

1,000,000 or more 27 .996 20,354 16.696 

500,000-999,999 60 1.9 21,223 17.3 

250,000-499,999 96 3.1 16,737 13.7 

100,000-249,999 247 8.0 19,;'27 15.8 

50,000-99,999 390 12.7 15,530 12.7 

25,000-49,999 615 20.0 13,571 11.1 

10,000-24,999 946 30.7 10,264 8.4 

Under 10,000 699 22.7 5,538 4.5 

Note: Only full-time sworn personnel are included. oSee asterisk note, table 1. 

Detail may not add to total because of rounding. 

Table 15. Average operating and capital expenditure 

for sheriffs' agencies, 1987 

Population Average expenditure, fiscal !lear 1987 

served Total Operating Capital 

All sizes $2,226,400 $2,012,900 $213,500 

1,000,000 or more $66,922,100 $60,942,200 $5,979,900 

500,000-999,999 22,907,800 20,516,300 2,391,500 

250,000-499,999 9,747,400 8,851,200 896,200 

100,000-249,999 3,897,900 3,540,300 357,700 

50,000-99,999 1,659,600 1,525,000 134,600 

25,000-49,999 840,400 743,500 96,900 

10,000-24,999 428,000 375,600 52,400 

Under 10,000 321,800 296,000 25,800 

Table 16. Average number of employees in sheriffs' ageneies, 1987 

Average number of emplo!lees 

Population Full-time Part-time 

served Sworn Civilian Sworn Civilian 

All sizes 40 18 2 2 

1,000,000 or more 761 438 4 18 

500,000-999,999 354 164 7 22 

250,000-499',999 174 80 5 7 

100,000-249,999 78 35 3 3 

50,000-99,999 40 14 3 2 

25,000-49,999 22 7 3 1 

10,000-24,999 11 5 1 1 

Under 10,000 8 3 1 1 

Table 17. Job elassifieation of full-time personnel 

in large sheriffs' agencies, 1987 

Perc en t of aU 

full-time emplo!lees 

Job classification Total Sworn 

Total 100.096 68.996 

Field operations 37.396 35.096 

Jail operations 36.4 21.7 

Technical support 12.6 2.3 

Court operations 7.5 G.3 

Administration 5.8 3.4 

Other .4 

Note: Table exclud.es agencies with 

fewer than 135 sworn personnel. Detail 

may not add to total because of rounding. 

The proportion of civilians among 

full-time employees In large sheriffs' 

agencies (31.196) was somewhat higher 

than in local police agencies. This 

difference may also be accounted for 

by the involvement of sheriffs' agencies 

in jail operations--about half of civilian 

employees in sheriffs' agencies were 

working in occupations related to jail 

5 

.1 

Civilian 

31.196 

2.296 

14.7 

10.3 

1.2 

2.5 

.3 

operations. A third of civilian employees in sheriffs' agencies were 

working in technical support positions 

including dispatchers, records clerks, 

and data processors. 
As in local police agencies, more 

than three-fourths of the sworn employees in sheriffs' agencies were white 

(non-Hispanic) males (table 18). About 

1 in 8 sworn employees in sheriffs' 

agencies were female, a somewhat 

higher figure than for local police. 

Representation of blacks (8.3%) and 

Hispanics (4.396) among sworn employees in sheriffs' agencies was similar to 

that reported by local police agencies. 

Like local police agencies, most 

sheriffs' agencies reported they had 

primary responsibility for crime investigations, communications and dispatch, 

patrolling, traffic enforcement, and 

accident investigations. Sheriffs' 

agencies also performed various special 

functions (table 20). Most frequently 

mentioned were civil process-serving 

(97.1 %), court security (93.396), and jail 

operations (89.3%). Responsibility for 

animal control (46.296) and civil defense 

(52.496) was frequently mentioned by 

those agencies serving populations 

under 10,000. As was the case with 

local police agencies, the largest 

sheriffs' agencies frequently mentioned 

training academy operation, laboratory 

testing of substances, and ballistics 

work as important responsibilities. 

The percent of sheriffs' agencies 

participating in a 911 emergency 

telephone system ranged from 52.796 

for agencies serving a population of 1 

million or more to 15.796 for agencies 

serving a population of less than 10,000 

(table 21). Overall, about 3 in 10 

sheriffs' agencies were participating in 

such a system. Agnin, it is important 

to note that 911 service may have been 

available in many of these jurisdictions 

through another source. 

The average starting salary for 

entry-level officers in sheriffs' agencies 

was $15,562 in 1987, ranging from 

$22,697 in jurisdictions serving a 

population of 1,000 or more to $14,411 

in agencies serving under 10,000 persons (table 19). Again, adju~tments for 

differences in cost of living between 

large and small jurisdictions have not 

been made. 

Table 18. Characteristics of swom personnel in sherlrfs' agencies, 1987 

Percent of sworn eml2loyees who are: Population White Black Hisl2anic Olher 

served Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 

All sizes 10096 76.596 10.196 6.496 1.996 3.896 .596 .796 .196 

1,000,000 or mOl'e 10096 70.996 9.596 6.696 2.496 8.096 1.096 1.596 .196 

500,000-999,999 100 74.0 8.'1 7.9 2.4 4.8 1.2 .9 .1 

250,000-499,999 100 75.8 10.3 6.5 2.4 3.9 .5 .6 0 

100,000-249,999 100 77.2 9.9 7.3 2.2 2.6 .3 .5 .1 

50,000-99,999 100 80.5 9.7 5.7 1.1 2.3 .3 .2 .1 

25,000-49,999 100 80.4 10.8 6.4 1.7 .4 0 .3 0 

10,000-24,999 100 77.8 10.7 5.3 1.0 3.7 .4 1.2 0 

Under 10,000 100 80.3 14.8 1.7 .2 2.6 0 .2 .2 - Note: Table includes both full-time and part- inclUdes American Indians, Alaska Natives, 

time employees. Breakdown of blacks and Asians, and Pacific Islanders. Detail may not 

whites does not include Hisjjiini!!s. "Other" add to 10096 because of rounding. 

Table 19. Average annual salary ranges Cor selected positions in sheriffs' agencies, 1987 

Average annual salary range for: 

Entry-level Senior pa trol Chief or Popula tion served officer officer Sergeant equivalent 

All sizes $15,562 -$16,582 $17,307 -$19,022 $19,636 -$21,410 $29,220 -$29,905 

1,000,000 or more $22,697 -$27,622 $28,419 -$33,229 $33,769 -$39,446 $61,795 -$64,424 

500,000-999,999 19,557 - 23,722 24,138 - 28,088 26,937 - 32,298 49,012 - 52,576 

250,000-499,999 18,239 - 21,525 21,676 - 25,897 25,012 - 29,496 45,767 - 47,468 

100,000-249,999 16,583 - 19,043 19,936 - 23,234 22,733 - 26,450 37,955 - 39,501 

50,000-99,999 15,766 - 17,100 18,142 - 20,378 20,707 - 23,374 31,855 - 32,866 

25,000-49,999 16,565 - 17,397 17,331 - 18,801 19,337 - 20,640 28,951 - 29,367 

10,000-24,999 14,582 - 15,119 15,782 - 16,817 18,269 - 19,155 26,601 - 27,037 

Under 10,000 14,411 - 14,765 15,719 - 16,796 16,910 - 17,779 23,273 - 23,589 

Note: The first figure In a range is the 

average starting salary, and the second is 

the average top salary for that position. 

Table 20. Special functions oC sheriffs' agencies, 1907 

Percent of all agencies that rel20rted having grimary resgonsibility for: 

Civil Emergency Training Laboratory 

Population process- Court Jail Civil Animal medical academy testing Ballistics 

served serving security operations defense control services operation for drugs work 

All sizes 97.196 93.396 89.396 32.396 31.996 21.696 9.796 7.496 3.396 

1,000,000 or more 78.096 62.396 71.096 31.296 8.996 13.3% 57.796 35.396 35.396 

500,000-999,999 97.9 93.8 79.6 12.3 4.2 12.2 48.6 20.1 24.2 

2'50,000-499,999 97.4 91.0 81.0 28.8 14.1 20.2 21.7 15.2 14.0 

100,000-249,999 93.4 95.8 81.7 22.4 17.0 13.6 17.0 14.2 6.3 

50,000-99,999 97.5 97.3 90.2 29.2 26.3 19.3 13.5 10.4 3.1 

25,000-49,999 96.4 96.4 91.2 24.5 29.9 16.3 10.5 5.2 .4 

10,000-24,999 99.5 92.1 91.2 28.1 33.1 25.2 6.7 4.6 1.3 

Under 10,000 96.4 90.5 89.9 52.4 46.2 26.9 1.7 5.6 3.1 

Note: Special functions are those funct!o/·.; enforcement functions as traffic enforcement, patrol, fingerprinting, and communications. 

that go beyond such traditional law accident Investigation, crime investigation, 

6 
Table 21. Participation ot 

shcrlUs' agencies In 911 emergency 

telephone system, 1987 

Population Percent of agencies 

servlld with 911 service 

All sizes 28.3% 

1,000,000 or more 52.7% 

500,000-999,999 47.6 

250,000-499,999 43.2 

100,000-249,999 43.4 

50,000-99,999 41.7 

25,000-49,999 28.2 

10,000-24,999 24.9 

Under 10,000 15.7 

Perhaps owing to their greater responsibility for jail operations, sheriffs' 

agencies were much less likely than local police agencies to operate a temporary holding or lockup facility separate 

from a jail (table 22). Only 4.496 reported operating such a facility, although about 1 in 5 agencies serving a 

population of 250,000 or more had at 

least one lockup. 

Information collected from the 

sheriffs' agencies with 135 or more 

sworn personnel also revealed that 

many were using mainframe (88.696) 

and/or personal computers (87.7%) 

(table 23). Few large sheriffs' agencies 

(5.696) required education beyond a high 

school diploma, while a majority (52.996) 

did have collective bargaining for 

employees. 

Table 23. Selected characteristics 

ot large sherlfts' agencies, 1987 

Percent 

Characteristic of agencies 

Type ot computer llSed 

Mainframe 88.6% 

Personal 87.7 

Minicomputer 49.0 

Educational requirements 

for new rooml ts 

High school diploma 91.9% 

Some college· 5.6 

Bachelor's degree 0 

No require ment 2.4 

Authorization ot employee 

collective bargaining 52.9% 

Note: Table excludes agencies with fewer 

than 135 sworn personnel. 

• Amounts reported ranged from 1 

to 2 years. 

Table 22. Sheriffs' agencies operating lockup faellIties, 1987 

Percent of agencies with locku(!(s! 

More than 

Population served Total One lockup one lockup 

All sizes 4.4% 

1,000,000 or more 13.0% 

500,000-999,999 23.5 

250,000-499,999 16.4 

100,000-249,999 11.9 

50,000-99,999 3.6 

25,000-49,999 .7 

10,000-24,999 .5 

Under 10,000 7.0 

Note: Includes all temporary holding or lockup facilities that are physically separate 

State police 

Although other State-level agencies 

with full police powers exist within the 

various States, the State police agencies described here are the 49 primary 

agencies that exist in each State except 

Hawaii. These agencies reported an average of $65,347,300 in total expenditures for fiscal year 1987, $60,671,400 

for operations, and $4,675,900 for capital spending. State police agencies 

ranged in size from 120 to 5,881 fulltime sworn employees, with an average 

of 1,031 (table 24). 

State police agencies reported that 

31.396 of the full-time employees were 

civilians (table 25). Most of these civilian employees (72.796) were working 

in the area of technical support, including occupations such as dispatching, 

record-keeping, data processing, and 

other positions related to communicaTable 24. Average number ot employees 

in State police agencloo, 1987 

Average number 

of employees 

Full-time 1,501 

Sworn 1,031 

Civilian 470 

Part-time 16 

Sworn 2 

Civilian 14 

Table 25. Job classification 

ot full-time personnel In State 

pollee agencies, 1987 

Percent of all 

Job full-time em(!loyees 

classification Total Sworn Civilian 

Total 100.0% 68.7% 31.39/0 

Field operations 68.4% 62.8% 5.6% 

Technical support 24.9 2.2 22.7 

Administration 6.5 3.7 2.9 

Other .1 -- -

Note: Table excludes the North Dokota 

State Highway Patrol, which was not 

required to provide this Intormatlon because 

It had fewer than 135 sworn personnel (see 

Methodology). Detail may not add to total 

because of rounding. 

-Less than .05%. 

7 

3.7% .7% 

8.7% 4.3% 

13.8 9.8 

12.5 3.8 

7.8 4.0 

3.3 .3 

.7 0 

.5 0 

7.0 0 

from a jail. Detail may not add to total 

because of rounding. 

tions, fleet management, and training. 

Most of the sworn officers employed by 

Sta te police agencies (9196) were working in the area of field operations 

where they provided direct services 

related to traffic, patrol, investigations, and special operations. 

The large majority of sworn personnel in State police agencies were 

white (non-Hispanic) males (85.196) 

(table 26). Blacks represented 6.596 of 

sworn personnel in State police 

agencies, while 3.896 were Hispanic. 

The percent of females among sworn 

employees was 4.296. 

Average salaries in State police 

agencies were somewhat higher than 

the overall averages for local police 

agencies or sheriffs' agencies (table 

27). However, salaries In State police 

agencies were generally less than in 

local police and sheriffs' agencies 

serving populations of 1 million or 

more. 

Table 26. Race and sex ot swom personnel In State police agencies, 1987 

Percent of sworn em(!loyees 

Total Male Female 

Total 100.0% 95.8% 4.29/0 

White 88.7% 85.19/0 3.69/0 

Black 6.5 6.1 .4 

Hispanic 3.8 3.7 .2 

Other .9 .8 --

Note: Table Includes both full-time and parttime employees. Breakdown of blacks and 

whites does not Include Hispanics. "Other" 

includes American Indians, Alaska Natives, 

Asians, and Pacific Islanders. Detail may 

not add to total because of rounding. 

-Less than .059/0. 

Table 27. Average annual aalary rarlges 

for State police agencies, 1987 

Position Salary range 

Entry-level officer $19,458 C$24,144 

Senior patrol officer 22,067 - 28,977 

Sergeant 26,557 - 34,926 

Chief or equivalent 51,285 - 60,891 

Note: The first flgurf) .In a range Is the 

average starting salar',Y", and the second Is 

the average top salary for that position. 
In addition to traffic enforcement, 

patrol, accident investigation, and 

other traditional law enforcement functions, many State police agencies were 

responsible for the operation of training 

academies (77.696), ballistics work 

(49.096), and laboratory testing of substances (46.996) (table 28). About a 

third of the agencies had primary responsibilities relating to emergency 

medical services, and about a fourth 

had civil defense responsibilities. No 

State police agency reported the operation of a jail during 1987, and only one 

or two had responsibilities relating to 

court security, civil process-serving, or 

animal control. 

Almost half were participating in a 

911 emergency telephone system, while 

about an eighth were operating at least 

one lockup facility. Like other general 

purpose law enforcement agencies, most 

State police agencies used mainframes 

(91.896) and personal computers (89.896) 

during 1987. 

One State police agency required a 

bachelor's degree for new recruits, but 

45 of the 49 agencies required only a 

high school diploma. Authorization of 

collective bargaining was reported by 

about half of the State police agencies. 

Methodology 

The Law Enforcement Management 

and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) 

survey collected data from a nationally 

representative sample of the approximately 16,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States. This report 

focuses on three types of general purpose law enforcement agencies--State 

police, local police, and sheriffs' 

departments. County police as distinguished from sheriffs' departments 

are combined with municipal and township law enforcement agencies in the 

category of local police agencies. 

Included in the sample but not in this 

report were a group of special agencies 

including Texas constables, park police, 

transit police, airport police, housing police, and police in independent 

school districts. The data vlere collected by the Bureau of the Census for the 

Bureau of Justice Statistics. The 

sampling frame was the 1986 Directory 

Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies, a 

mail update of the law enforcement 

sector of a master lis\ of all justice 

agencies in the United States. Each 

agency was asked to indicate what type 

of agency it was, its geographic jurisdiction, and its number of full-time and 

part-time employees for both sworn and 

nonsworn personnel. 

Table 28. Selected characteristics 

of State police agencies, 1987 

Percent 

Characteristic oC agencies 

Special functions 

Training academy operation 

Ballistics work 

Laboratory testing for drugs 

Emergency medical services 

Civil defense 

Court security 

Civil process-serving 

Animai control 

Jail operations 

Participa tlon in 911 

emergency phone system 

Operation of lockup facilities 

No iockup 

Luckup 

One iockup 

More than one lockup 

Type of computet used 

Mainframe 

Personal 

Minicomputer 

Educational requirements 

for new recruits 

High school diploma 

Some collegeBachelor's degree 

Authorization of employee 

collective bargaining 

77.696 

49.0 

46.9 

34.7 

24.5 

4.1 

2.0 

2.0 

o 

46.996 

87.8% 

12.2 

2.0 

10.2 

91.896 

89.8 

57.1 

89.8% 

8.2 

2.0 

49.096 

Note: Special functions are those 

functions that go beyond such traditional 

law enforcement functions as traffic 

enforcement, accident investigation, 

crime investigation, patrol, fingerprinting, and communications. 

'" Amounts reported ranged from 1 

to 2 years. 

All State law enforcement agencies 

and city and township law enforcement 

agencies with 135 or more sworn employees were included in the survey 

with certainty. The remaining agencies 

were selected in a two-stage process. 

The--first-stage units were counties, the 

same as those selected for the 1983 

Survey of Local Jails. For that survey, 

all counties in the United States were 

divided into five strata based on the 

average daily inmate population of the 

jails in the county. The first stratum 

included all counties containing jails 

with average daily populations of 100 

inmates or more; these counties were 

included with certainty. The'other four 

strata, with decreasing average jail 

populations~ were sampled at varying 

intervals, A sixth stratum was added 

for the LEMAS survey to represent 

those States with combined jail/prison 

systems, which were not included in the 

1983 Survey of Local Jails. All 

counties In these States were Included 

with certainty. All county-level law 

enforcement agencies in the counties 

selected for the sample were included 

in the survey. 

8 

The second-stage units were municipal and township law enforcement 

agencies. A sample of these agencies 

was selected from within the six strata 

based on the number of sworn employees in the agency. During the course of 

data collection, the sampling frame was 

found to be deficient in Texas because 

Ii number of constable offices had not 

been included. A systematic sample of 

a fourth of these offices was added to 

the survey. In all, 3,054 law enforcement agencies were included in 

the sample. The final weight assigned 

to each case was the inverse of its 

probability of selection. 

. In the case of sheriffs' agencies, an 

additional adjustment was required because the sample did not represent 

small counties which did not operate a 

jail in those States which had separate 

jail systems. This adjustment used 

counts from the Directory Survey file 

for sheriffs' agencies by various size 

classes of population served. Thus, the 

number of sheriffs' agencies in this 

report may not correspond exactly to 

the totals found in other publications. 

Also, the total number of agencies is 

the result of the weighted sample and 

not an exact count of all agencies 

nationwide. 

Two questionnaires were developed 

for the survey. All agencies were asked 

to respond to a common set of questions on operations, equipment, personnel, expenditure, and salaries. Large 

agencies, those with 135 or more sworn 

employees, were asked additional questions, mainly relating to policies and 

programs. The survey was conducted 

by mail with two followup mailings and 

additional telephone calls to noorespondents, as necessary. The reference 

date was June 30, 1987, for most questions and the pay period containing 

June 15, 1987, for questions about 

personnel. The overall response rate 

fOl' the survey was 95.296. 

j 

j 
In addition to the weighting adjustments described earlier, adjustments 

for nonresponse were made by agency 

and on selected items to account for 

missing data from reporting agencies. 

Among agencies included in the survey 

with certainty, adjustments were made 

by computing the ratio of sworn employees in 1986 for the entire sample to 

sworn employees in the responding 

ag"ncies. This was done separately for 

cOlnties and municipalities, with 

county agencies divided into two 

groups: those with 500 or more employees and those with less than 500 

employees. Adjustments for nonresponse among agencies in the sampled 

strata were made in similar fashion, 

separately for counties and municipalities; however, the ratio was 

calculated within each stratum by 

dividing the total number of agencies 

by the number of responding agencies. 

Data on the number of employees and 

on the amount of agency expenditures 

In this report are not comparable with 

other BJS reports, such as Surv1ey of 

Criminal Justice Expenditure and 

Employment series. In the latter, these 

data are presented by governmental 

function, whereas in the LEMAS survey 

expenditures and employment are 

classified by type of agency. For 

eX.!lmple, expenditures that are attributed to sheriffs' departments in this 

report would be apportioned among varIous functions, such as police protection 

and corrections, in the Expenditure and 

Employment series. It should also be 

noted that the LEMAS figures for operating expenditures include employee 

benefits, but the Expenditure and 

Employment figures do not. 

Because some of the data were coll~cted from a sample of agencies, the 

results are subject to sampling error. 

All statements of comparison in this 

report have been tested to ensure that 

observed differences between values 

are significant at 2 standard errors (the 

9596 confidence level) or higher. To 

determine that two estimates differ 

significantly from one another, a 

confidence interval 15 constructed 

about the dlfferenc~ between the 

estimates. If the Interval does not 

contain zero, the difference is consid-

• ered to be a true difference. In other 

words, the chances are 95 out of 100 

that the estimated difference based on 

the sample would differ from the average difference for all possible samples 

by at least twice the standard error. 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

Bulletins are prepared principally 

by the staff of BJS. This bulletin 

was written by Brian Reaves. Paul 

White supervised the project, and 

Richru'd W. Dodge and Bruce M. 

Taylor provided statistical review. 

Frank D. Balog and Thomas Hester 

edited the bulletin. Marilyn 

Marbrook, publications unit chief, 

administered production, assisted 

by Jeanne Harris, Yvonne Shields, 

and Jayne Pugh. 

March 1989, NCJ-113949 

The Assistant Attorney General, 

Office of Justice Programs, coordinates the activities of the 

following program offices and 

bureaus: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Institute of 

Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Juvenile Justice 

and Delinquency Prevention, and 

Office for Victims of Crime. 

9 
" .~; 

,Drugs & Crime Data Data Center & 

Clearinghouse for 

Drugs & Crime 

Illicit drugsCu Itivation to 

consequences 

The worldwide drug business 

Cultivation & production 

Foreign 

Domestic 

Distribution 

Export 

Transshipment 

Import into U.S. 

Finance 

Money laundering 

Profits 

The fight against drugs 

Enforcement 

Border interdiction 

Investigation 

Seizure & forfeiture 

Prosecution 

Consumption reduction 

Prevention 

Education 

Treatment 

Consequences of drug use 

Abuse 

Addiction 

Overdose 

Death 

Crime 

While on drugs 

For drug money 

Trafficking 

Impact on justice system 

Socii:iI disruption 

The Data Center & Clearinghouse 

for Drugs & Crime is funded by 

the Bureau of Justice Assistance 

and directed by the Bureau of 

Justice Statistics of the U.S. 

Department of Justice. 

Major heroin smuggling routes into the United States 

DEA Quarterly Intelligence Trends 

One free phone call can give you access 

to a growing data base on drugs aL crijme 

The new Data Center & Clearinghouse for Drugs & Crime is managed 

by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. 

To serve you, the center will-

• Respond to your requests 

for drugs and crime data ' 

• Let you know about new drugs aM 

crime data reports. 

• Send you reports on drugs and crime. 

• Conduct special bibliographic 

searches for you on specific drugs 

and crime topics. 

• Refer you to data on epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of 

substance abuse at the National 

Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug 

Information of the Alcohol, Drug 

Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. 

• Publish special reports on subjects 

such as assets forfeiture and seizure, 

economic costs of drug-related 

crime, drugs and violence, drug,laws 

of the 50 States, drug abuse and 

corrections, and innovative law 

enforcement reactions to drugs and 

crime. 

• Prepare a comprehensive, concise 

report that will bring together a rich 

array of data to trace and quantify 

the full flow of illicit drugs from 

cultivation to consequences. 

Major cocaine smuggling routes 

into the United States 

DEA Quarterly 

Intelligence Trends 

Call now and speak to a specialist 

in drugs & crime statistics: 

1-800-666-3332 

Or write to the Data Center & 

Clearinghouse for Drugs & Crime 

1600 Research Boulevard 

Rockville, MD 20850 

J 

., 
Bureau of Justice Statistics 

\. reports 

(revised January 1989) 

Call toll-free 800-732-3277 (local 

301-251-5500) to order BJS reports, 

to be added to one of the BJS mailing 

lists, or to speak to a reference 

specialist in statistics at the Justice 

Statistics. Clearinghouse, National 

Criminal Justice Reference Service, 

Box 6000, Rockville, M D 20850. 

BJS maintains (he following mailing lists: 

f) Drugs and crime data (new) 10 White-collar crime (new) ., Nalional Crime Survey (annual) 

• Corrections (annual) 10 Juvenile corrections (annual) 

• Cc.urts (annual) • Privacy and security of criminal 

history information and 

information policy • Federal statistics (annual) • BJS bulletins and special reports (approximately twice a month) • Sourcebook of Criminal Justice 

Statistics (annual) 

Single copies of reports are free; use 

NCJ number to order. Postage and 

handling are charged for bulk orders 

of single reports. For single copies of 

multiple titles, up to 10 titles are free' 

11-4~ titles $1 0; more than 40, $20;' 

libraries call for special rates. 

Public-use tapes of BJS data sets 

and other criminal justice data are 

available from the National Archive 

of Criminal Justice Data (formerly 

CJAIN), P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, M I 

48106 (toll-l1'8e 1-800-999-0960). 

National Crime Survey 

Criminal victimization In the U.S.: 

1986 (final report), NCJ-111456, 9/88 

1985 (final report), NCJ-1 04273,5/87 

1984 (final report), NCJ-l 00435, 5/86 

1983 (final report), NCJ-96459, 10/85 

BJS special reports: 

The redesigned National Crime 

Survey: Selected new data, NCJ114746,1/89 

Motor vehicle theft, NCJ-l 09978,3/88 

Elderly Victims, NCJ-l07676, 11/87 

VI.olent crime trends, NCJ-l 07217, 

11/87 

Robbery victims, NCJ-l 04638, 4/87 

Violent crime by strangers and 

nonatrangers, NCJ-l03702, 1/87 

Preventing domestic violence against 

women, NCJ-1 02037,8/86 

CrimI) prevention measures, 

NCJ-1 00438, 3/86 

The use of weapons In committing 

crimes, NCJ-99643, 1/86 

Reporting crimes to the police, NCJ99432, 12/85 

L.ocating city, suburban, and rural 

crime, NCJ-99535, 12/85 

The risk of violent crime, NCJ-97119, 

5/85 

The economic cost of crime to victims, 

NCJ-93450, 4/84 

Family violence, NCJ-93449,4/84 

BJS bulletins: 

Criminal victimization 1987, NCJ113587,10/88 

Households touched by crime, 1987, 

NCJ-111240, 5/88 

Tha crime of rape, NCJ-96777. 3/85 

Household burglary, NCJ-96021, 1/85 

Violent crime by strangers, NCJ-80829, 

4/82 

Crime and the elderly, NCJ-79614, 1/82 

Measuring crime, NCJ-75710, 2/81 

Redesign of the Nationel Crime 

Survey, NCJ-111457, 1/89 

Th~ seasonality of crime victimization, 

NCJ-111 033,6/88 

Series crimes: Report of a field test (BJS 

technical report), NCJ-l 04615, 4/87 

crime and older Americans Information 

package, NCJ-l04569, $10, 5/87 

Lifetime liKelihood of victimization, (BJS 

technical report), NCJ-l 04274,3/87 

Teenage victims, NCJ-l 03138, 12/86 

Response to screening questions In the 

National Crime Survey (BJS technical 

report), NCJ-97624, 7/85 

Victimization and lear of crime: World 

perspectives, NCJ-93872, 1/85, $9.15 

The National Crime Survey: Working 

papers, vol. I: Current and historical 

perspectives, NCJ-75374, 8/82 

vol. II: Methodological studies, 

NCJ-90307, 1 2/84 

Corrections 

BJS bulletins and special r'3ports: 

Capital punishment 1987, NO,.'-·: 11939 

7/88 ' 

Drug use and crime: State prison 

Inmate survey, 1986, NCJ-111940 

7ffl8 ' 

Prisoners In 1987, NCJ-ll 0331,4/88 

Timed served In prison and on parole 

1984,NCJ-l08544,1/88 

Profile c(State prison Inmates,1986, 

NCJ-l 09926,1/88 

Imprisonment In four countries, NCJ103967,2/87 

Population density In State prisons, 

NCJ-l 03204, 12/86 

Stat<!l and Federal prisoners, 1925-85, 

102484, 11/86 

Prison .. dmlsslons and releases, 1983, 

NCJ-l 00582,3/86 

Examining recidivism, NCJ-96501, 2/85 

Retum!ng to prison, NCJ-95700. 11/84 

Time served in prison, NCJ-93924, 6/84 

Correctional populations In the U.S.: 

1986, NCJ-111611, 1[89 

1985, NCJ-l03957, 2/88 

Historical statistics on prisoners In State 

and Federal Institutions, yearend 

1925-86, NCJ-111 098,6/88 

1984 census of State adult correctional 

facilities, NCJ-1 05585,7/87 

Historical corrections statistics In the 

U.S., 1850-1984, NCJ-l 02529, 4/87 

1979 survey of inmates of State correctional 

facilities and 1979 census iJf State 

correct/onal facilities: 

BJS special reports: 

The prevallince of Imprisonment, 

NCJ-93657, 7/85 

Career patterns In crime, NCJ88672,6/83 

B.IS bulletins: 

Prisoners and drugs, NCJ-87575 

3/83 • 

Prisoners and alcohol, NCJ-86223, 

1/83 

Prisons and prisoners, NCJ-80697 ~82 ' 

Veterans In prison, NCJ-79232, 11/81 

Census of jails and survey 01 jail inmates: 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Jail Inmates, 1987, NCJ-114319, 

12/88 

Drunk driVing, NCJ-l09945, 2/88 

Jail Inmates, 1986, NCJ-l07123, 

10/87 

The 1983 jail census, NCJ-95536 

11/84 ' 

Census of local jailS, 1983: Data for 

Individual jails, vols. HV, Northeast, 

Midwest, South, West, NCJ-112796-9; 

vol. V, Selected findings, methodology, 

summary tables, NCJ-112795, 11/88 

Our crowded jails: A national plight, 

NCJ-111846,8/88 

Parole and probation 

BJS bulletins: 

Probation and parole: 

1987, NCJ-113948, 11/88 

1986, NCJ-1 08012, 12/87 

1985, NCJ-l 03683, 1/87 

Setting prison terms, NCJ-76218, 8/83 

BJS special reports: 

Time served In prison and on parole, 

1984, NCJ-l 08544, 1/88 

Recidivism of young parolees, NCJ104916,5/87 

Parole In the U.S., 1980 and 1981, 

NCJ-87387,3/86 

Characteristics of persons entering 

parole during 1978 and 1979, NCJ87243,5/83 

Children in custody 

Census of public and private juvenile 

d.etention, correctional, and shelter 

facillt,es, 1975-85, NCJ-114065 

12/88 • 

Survey of youth In custody, 1987 

(special report), NCJ-113365 9/88 

Public juvenile faemtles, 1985 

(bulletin). NCJ-l 02457,10/86 

1982-83 census of juvenile detention 

and correctlonal facilities, NCJ101686, 9/86 

Expenditure ':Ind employment 

BJS bUlletins: 

Justice expenditure and employment: 

1985, NCJ-l 04460, 3/87 

1983, NCJ-1 01776, 7/86 

1982, NCJ-98327, 8/85 

Justice expenditure and employment: 

Extracts, 1982 and 1983, NCJ-106629, 

8/88 

Extracts, 1980 and 1981, NCJ-96007 

6/85 ' 

1971-79, NCJ-92596, 11/84 

Courts 

BJS bulletins: 

Criminal defense for the poor, 1986, 

NCJ-112919,9/88 

State felony courts and felony laws, 

NCJ-1 06273,8/87 

The growth of appeals: 1973-83 trends, 

NCJ-96381,2/85 

Case filings In State courts 1983, 

NCJ-95111,10/84 

BJS specIal reports: 

Felony case-processing time, NCJ101985, 8/86 

Felony sentencing In 18 local jurisdictions, NCJ-97681, 6/85 

The prevalence of guilty pleas, NCJ96018, 12/84 

Senten(,J.pg practices In 13 States, 

NCJ-9ti399, 10/84 

Sentencing outcomes In 28 felony 

courts, NCJ-105743, 8/87 

National criminal defense systems study, 

NCJ-94702,1O/86 

The prosecution of felony arre~ts: 

1982, NCJ-l 06990,5/88 

1981, NCJ-1 0 1380, 9/86, $7.60 

Felony laws of the 50 States and the 

District of ColUmbia, 1986, 

NCJ-' 05066,2/88, $14.70 

State court model statistical dictionary, 

Supplement, NCJ-98326, 9/85 

1 st edition, NCJ-62320, 9/80 

Privacy and security 

Compendium of State privacy and sf;<;urlty 

legislation: 

1987 overview, NCJ-lll097, 9/88 

1 987 full report (1 ,497 pages, 

microfiche only), NCJ-113021, 9/88 

Criminal JUstice Information policy: 

Public access to criminal history record 

Information, NCJ-111458, 11/88 

Juvenile records and recordkeeplng 

systems, NCJ-112815, 11/88 

Automated fingerprint Identification 

systems: Technology lind policy 

Issues, NCJ-l04342, 4/87 

Criminal justice "hot" files, 

NCJ-l01850, 12/86 

Crime I:'ontrol ;ind criminal recordS 

(BJS special report), NCJ·99176, 

10/85 

State criminal records repositories 

(BJS technical report), NCJ-99017, 

10/85 

Data quality of criminal tlstory records, 

NCJ-98079, 10/85 

Intelligence and Investigative records, 

NCJ-95787,4/85 

Victim/witness legislation: An ove'" 

VI9W, NCJ'94365, 12/84 

Proceedings of BJS/SEARCH 

conference: 

Open ys. confidential records, 

NCJ-113560, 11/88 

Data quality policies and 

procedures, NCJ-l01849, 12/86 

Information policy and crime control 

strategies, NCJ-93926, 10/84 

-

Computer crime 

BJS special reports: 

Electronic fund transfer fraud, NCJ96666,3/85 

Electronic fund transfer and crime, 

NCJ-92650, 2/84 

Electronic fund transfer systems fraud, 

NCJ-l00461,4/86 

Computer security techniques, NCJ84049, 9/82 

Electronic fund transfer systems and 

crime, NCJ-83736, 9/82 

Expert witness rnanual, NCJ-77927 9/81 

$11.50 ' , 

Federal justice statistics 

The Federal clvil/ustice system (BJS 

bulletin), NCJ-l 04769.7/87 

Employer perceptions of workplace 

crime, NCJ-l01851. 7/87, $6 

Federal offenses and (menders 

BJS special reports: 

Drug law Violators, 1980-86, NCJ111763, 13/88 

Pretrial release and detention: 

The Ball Reform Act of 1984, 

NCJ-l09929.2/88 

White-collar crime, NCJ-l 06876,9/87 

Pretrial release and misconduct, NCJ96132,1/85 

BJS bulletins: 

Bank robbery, NCJ-94463, 8/84 

Fede"al drug law violators, NCJ92692,2/84 

General 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Profile of State and local law 

enforcement agencies, NCJ-113949 

11/88 ' 

International ,'ime rates, NCJ-ll 0776 

5/88 ' 

Tracking offenders, 1984, NCJ-1 09686 

1ffl8 ' 

BJS telephone contacts '87, NCJ102909, 12/86 

Tracking offenders: White-collar crime 

NCJ-102867.11/86 . , 

Police employment and expenditure, 

NCJ-1 00117,2/86 

Tracking offenders; The chlid victim, 

NCJ-95785,12/84 . 

Sourcebook of c,'lmlnaljustlce statistics, 

1987, NCJ-111612, 9/88 

Report to the Nallon on crime and 

justice: 

Second edition, NCJ-l 05506,6/88 

Technical appendix, NCJ-112011, 

8/88 

Drugs & crime data: 

Rolodex card, 800-666-3332,8/88 

Data center & clearinghouse brochure, 

BC-000092, 2/88 

A guide to BJS data, NCJ-l09956, 2/88 

Criminal jUstice microcomputer guide 

and software catalog, NCJ-112178. 

8/88 

Proceedings of the third workshop on law 

and justice statistics, NCJ-112230, 

7/88 

BJS data report, 1987, NCJ-ll0643, 

5/88 

BJS annual report, fiscal 1987, 

NCJ-l 09928,4/88 

1986 directory of automated criminal 

justice Information sytems, NCJ102260, 1/87, $20 

Publications of BJS, 1971-84: A topical 

bibliography, TB030012, 10/86, $17.50 

BJS publications: Selected library In 

microfiche, 1971-84, ?R030012, 

10/86, $203 domestic 

National survey of crime severity, NCJ96017,10/85 

Criminal vlctimlzailon of District of 

Columbia residents and Capitol Hili 

employees, 1982'83, NCJ-97982; 

Summary, NCJ-98567, 9/85 

How to gain access to BJS data 

(brochUre), BC-000022, 9/84 

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