FILED

April 16, 1999

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate C ourt Clerk

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

 ______________________________________________

BONHAM GROUP INC., 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

Shelby Chancery No. 100896-1

Vs. C.A. No. 02A01-9709-CH-00238

CITY OF MEMPHIS and

COUNTY OF SHELBY, 

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________________________________________________________________

FROM THE CHANCERY COURT OF SHELBY COUNTY

THE HONORABLE NEAL SMALL, CHANCELLOR

Tim Edwards; Glassman, Jeter, Edwards and Wade, P.C. of Memphis

For Appellant

Joseph T. Getz, Michael D. Herrin; Less, Getz & Lipman of Memphis

For Appellees

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED

Opinion filed: 

W. FRANK CRAWFORD,

PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.

CONCUR:

ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE

DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE

This appeal involves yet another of the multiple disputes that arose in connection with
1

 Bonham Group Inc. is a successor corporation to both Bonham/Shlenker and

Associates and Bonham Communications, Inc. Dean Bonham is the president and CEO of

Bonham.

2

the construction of The Pyramid arena in Memphis. Appellant, Bonham Group Inc. (Bonham),1

appeals the order of the trial court dismissing its suit against Appellees, City of Memphis (City)

and County of Shelby (County).

On April 14, 1989, the City and County executed an agreement with Pyramid

Management Authority, Inc. (PMA) whereby PMA was to develop, operate and manage a multiuse arena (the Pyramid) and a theme park development on Mud Island. PMA was headed by

Sidney Shlenker. In June 1989, PMA orally contracted with Bonham to solicit and negotiate

contracts with sponsors and concessionaires for the project. This agreement was reduced to

writing by letter dated July 23, 1990, which states:

July 23, 1990

Mr. Sidney Shlenker

President and Chief Executive Officer

The Pyramid Companies

245 Wagner Place

Memphis, Tennessee 38103

Dear Sidney:

Although Bonham/Shlenker & Associates and the Pyramid

Companies have been working together for more than a year, we

haven’t yet formalized our contractual agreement. As you and

John and I have discussed, it would be in both companies’ best

interests to commit our heretofore verbal agreement to writing.

In order to ensure that the Pyramid Companies and

Bonham/Shlenker & Associates are in agreement with both the

scope of the work and the method of payment, I ask that you read

this letter carefully to review its contents. In this way, we can

both have a better, more permanent understanding of the

responsibilities each company has to the other. If this letter does

reflect our understanding, please sign both copies and return one

to Bonham/Shlenker & Associates.

Scope

Bonham/Shlenker & Associates has provided (and will continue

to provide) services in the area of sponsorship

development/contract negotiations for The Great American

Pyramid. In this regard, “contract negotiation” also refers to

related areas of economic development; for example, the

concessions and tenant contracts we negotiated with National

Pizza Co. and Memphis State University, respectively. Also,

under the direction of Pyramid management, B/S&A will have

limited responsibility for follow-up and fulfillment on
3

sponsorship contracts it negotiates on behalf of the Pyramid

Companies.

B/S&A’s objective will be to create $9.5 million in annualized

sponsorship/concession contracts for the Pyramid Companies.

Our goal will be to negotiate agreements with ten-year terms;

however, in no case will the terms be for less than five years.

Dean A. Bonham, president of Bonham/Shlenker & Associates

will be the account manager for this project. Mr. Bonham will

devote no fewer than 160 hours per month to The Great American

Pyramid. Serving as assistant account manager will be Tom

Lawrence, BS&A’s executive vice president. The Great

American Pyramid will be Mr. Lawrence’s primary client, and

will exercise first priority on his time and efforts.

Terms of Agreement

Bonham/Shlenker & Associates was originally retained by the

Pyramid Companies in June 1989. The arrangement is openended. Termination may occur at the request of one or both

parties, with 30 days prior written notice.

Compensation/Collection

The Pyramid Companies agree to pay Bonham/Shlenker &

Associates as follows:

Retainer: A $15,000 monthly retainer, plus expenses. The

retainer is to be paid within ten days of the receipt of each

monthly invoice.

Commission: Fifteen percent (15%) of gross revenues derived

from sponsorship contracts, minus any retainer amounts paid by

the Pyramid Companies to B/S&A.

71⁄2% of gross revenues derived from concessions contracts not to

exceed $1,200,000.

7.5% of gross revenues derived from the renewal of any

sponsorship contracts. (No renewal fee will be paid on the

concession contract unless mutually agreed upon. Such an

agreement, it is understood, would be based upon the degree and

kind of assistance provided by B/S&A.)

The commission fees will be assessed annually and are due and

payable within ten (10) days of the Pyramid Companies’ receipt

of revenues from its sponsorship/concession contracts.

Bonham/Shlenker & Associates’ receipt of any commissions is

subject to the following proviso:

Prior to the Pyramid Companies’ annual payment to B/S&A of

15% of gross sponsorship fees negotiated on behalf of The

Pyramid by B/S&A, Pyramid management will provide an

accurate accounting of the exact dollar amount of the monthly

retainers that has been paid to B/S&A during the calendar year

July 1 - June 30. Subsequent to this, half of B/S&A’s 15%

commission will be paid to B/S&A. The remaining half will be
4

withheld until the entire amount of dollars paid in monthly

retainers to B/S&A has been repaid to the Pyramid Companies.

After the Pyramid Companies have been reimbursed in this

manner, 100% of all commissions due will be paid directly to

B/S&A.

Reimbursement of Expenses

Bonham/Shlenker & Associates will bill you at our costs for

reimbursement of all out-of-pocket expenses incurred on your

behalf. These expenses will include, but are not limited to,

photography, printing, messengers, transportation, duplicating

and postage on mailings.

Protection of the Pyramid Companies

No major out-of-pocket expenses will be undertaken by

Bonham/Shlenker & Associates without the approval of the

Pyramid Companies. We will maintain accurate records of all

expenditures made on your behalf. We will be prepared to supply

reasonable supporting detail of these expenses as requested by the

Pyramid Companies.

In the event the Pyramid Companies question the validity of any

charge by Bonham/Shlenker & Associates, payment for only that

portion under question may be delayed.

All information, facts and figures pertaining to the Pyramid

Companies or the project that come to our attention will be

handled in a confidential manner.

The City and County were not parties to this contract. Bonham’s compensation to be paid by

PMA (referred to in the contract as the Pyramid Companies) was based on a monthly retainer

of $15,000.00 which was offset by a fifteen percent commission of the gross revenues derived

from sponsors and concessionaires brought in by Bonham.

In August of 1988, before PMA or Bonham became involved, the City and County

executed an agreement with Memphis State University (MSU) for the use of the arena for

basketball. The MSU Agreement provided for state funding of seven million dollars for

construction and use of the facility. This contract gave MSU certain concessions on advertising,

parking and luxury suites. These concessions hampered Bonham’s efforts to negotiate contracts

with sponsors and concessionaires. As a result, Bonham renegotiated the MSU contract which

was executed between the Tennessee Board of Regents, MSU and PMA on August 3, 1990.

This resulted in an additional $2.2 million contributed by the state toward the construction and

use of the arena. 

Bonham also negotiated a number of sponsor and concessionaire contracts on behalf of
5

and for the benefit of PMA. These included Pepsi-Cola Company and its local distributor Delta

Beverage, Inc., National Pizza Company, Acquisition Services Corp. (now known as National

Catering Company and a wholly owned subsidiary of National Pizza Company), Federal Express

Corporation, Phillips Consumer Electronics Company, Sara Lee Corporation, Wang

Laboratories, Inc., VISA USA, Inc., and Dodge Dealers, Inc. Bonham received his monthly

retainer under his contract with PMA but did not receive any commission. On February 13,

1991, PMA terminated its contract with Bonham due to an internal dispute concerning the

schedule of opening the facilities. 

Shortly after Bonham had signed on, PMA began having problems performing its

contract with the City and County due to the fact that Shlenker could not arrange the financing

necessary to open the Pyramid and the other facilities. This problem became serious as

basketball season approached because the City and County were required to have the arena ready

for the first MSU basketball game of the season. On June 17, 1991, the City and County

terminated their contract with PMA after it was apparent that PMA was unable to perform its

contract. 

Facing the soon approaching basketball season, the City and County took over the

project, and in light of the approaching deadline, were forced to forego all the proposed projects

except the completion of the arena for the basketball season. Under these circumstances, the

City and County were unable to fulfill the contracts previously negotiated by Bonham since

those contracts covered several facilities. Furthermore, two of the concessionaires, National

Pizza Company and National Catering Company, that Bonham had contracted with, were

threatening to force the City and County to honor the contracts with PMA on the basis of a nondisturbance agreement that the City and County executed for the concessionaires at the request

of Bonham.

The City and County employed Leisure Management of Memphis, Inc. (LMM) to

manage and oversee the completion of the Pyramid. Working under enormous time constraints,

the City and County arranged for LMM to solicit sponsors and concessionaires for the arena.

LMM sent out request for proposals (RFP) to several prospects including the sponsors and

concessionaires that Bonham had previously contracted with. These RFPs contained

specifications materially different from the provisions of the contracts previously negotiated by
2

 The City and County did not appeal the dismissal of its third party complaint.

6

Bonham. Shortly thereafter, LMM entered into contracts covering sponsorship and concessions

with several companies which included entities that Bonham had previously contracted with -

National Pizza Company, National Catering Company and Pepsi-Cola.

On December 20, 1991, Bonham filed a complaint against the City and County seeking

damages in the amount of five million dollars under the theory of unjust enrichment. The City

and County’s answer denies the material allegations of the complaint and joins issue thereon.

A third party complaint was also filed by the City and County against Dean Bonham and John

Tigrett. On April 24, 1997, Bonham filed an amended complaint seeking relief under the

theories of breach of contract, unjust enrichment, tortious interference with contract and tortious

interference with business relationships. The City and County answered the amended complaint

and filed a motion for summary judgment. By order entered July 30, 1997, the trial court granted

the City and County’s motion for summary judgment as to Bonham’s claims of tortious

interference with contract and tortious interference with business relationships and denied the

motion as to the breach of contract and unjust enrichment claims.

After a non-jury trial, the trial court entered an order dismissing the claims of Bonham

and the claim asserted by the City and County. 

Bonham appeals2

 and sets forth in its brief three issues for review as follows:

I. After correctly finding that Plaintiff was responsible for

restructuring the key contract for the Pyramid Arena, i.e. the

Memphis State University basketball contract, which resulted in

a contribution of $2.2 million to the Pyramid Arena, the Trial

Court improperly concluded that Plaintiff was not entitled to

compensation for this effort.

II. After correctly finding that sponsor/vendor contracts for

which Plaintiff was responsible yielded over $1,000,000.00 to the

development of the Pyramid project, the Trial Court improperly

concluded that no benefit had been conferred on Defendants and

therefore Plaintiff was not entitled to compensation.

III. After correctly finding that National Pizza Company and its

subsidiary Acquisition Services Corp. (later National Catering

Company) and Pepsi-Cola along with its local distributor Delta

Beverage had been brought to and placed under contract with the

Pyramid project by Plaintiff, the Trial Court improperly

concluded that Plaintiff was not entitled to compensation after

those contracts were re-negotiated by Defendants subsequent to

the improper termination of the developer, Pyramid Management

Authority.
7

Since this case was tried by the trial court sitting without a jury, we review the case de

novo upon the record with a presumption of correctness of the findings of fact by the trial court.

Unless the evidence preponderates against the findings, we must affirm, absent error of law.

T.R.A.P. 13(d).

 The trial court filed written findings of fact and conclusions of law which are

incorporated in the final decree and state in pertinent part as follows:

Defendants could not fulfill the contracts negotiated by

Bonham for PMA because those contracts covered several

facilities and time would make it impossible to complete more

than just one of these facilities, the arena, and even this was not

certain. On the other hand, two of the vendors signed up by

Bonham were threatening to force defendants to honor their

contracts with PMA based on a non-disturbance agreement that

defendants had signed for them at Bonham’s request.

Under the circumstances, the City and County did the best

they could with time running out and possible lawsuits from

MSU and the two vendors hanging over their heads. They

arranged for Leisure Management, Inc. to solicit vendors and

request for proposals (RFP) were sent out to many prospects

including some, or perhaps all, of the vendors which Bonham had

signed up. National Pizza and Pepsi-Cola, the two companies

with non-disturbance agreements, were among the companies resigned after first having signed contracts with Bonham for PMA,

however, both agreed to drop any claims they had under the

former contract as a part of their final agreement.

Before PMA was terminated on June 17, 1991 by

defendants, substantial sums of money, perhaps more than one

million dollars, was advanced by various vendors, that Bonham

had signed up, to PMA. However, there is insufficient proof in

the record to indicate that defendants, City and County, ever

received any of this money.

Likewise, it is difficult for this Court to see other specific

benefits from Mr. Bonham’s admitted good efforts. Defendants

may have been incidentally and indirectly benefited by Bonham’s

renegotiation of the MSU contract, but this was done to make his,

Bonham’s, work easier not primarily to benefit defendants. To

set a value, if any, for this service would involve pure

speculation.

The new contracts were entirely different in size, scope,

and amounts and covered only one facility instead of several as

Bonham’s contracts had done. This was not the fault of the

defendants, but the fault of PMA, plaintiff’s employer, who could

not finish the facilities and perform the contracts that Bonham

had secured.

It is understandable that some of the vendors originally

signed by Bonham were re-signed by Leisure Management which

the defendants had hired to replace PMA. There are only two

beverage companies in the entire country capable of handling a
3

 Bonham presents no issue pertaining to tortious interference with contract or tortious

interference with business relationships.

8

facility as large as the Mud Island complex, Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

Leisure Management, Inc. sent RFPs to both and it is nor

surprising that Pepsi was again signed up in the second round

even without considering the need for defendants to try to protect

themselves from a lawsuit over the non-disturbance agreement.

Another vendor, Ticketmaster, was the only company in the

nation capable of servicing this kind of facility.

Not only does this Court find that the defendants did not

profit from Bonham’s effort, but it seems more likely that they

suffered a detriment from the over-all performance of PMA of

which Bonham was a part. Of all the facilities promised by PMA,

only one, the arena, is even partially in place and usable today.

To whatever extent these unfinished facilities would have

benefited defendants, in gate receipts, sales tax, and publicity, that

benefit has been lost.

Mr. Bonham appeared to be very effective in his efforts to

secure business for PMA, but his contract was with PMA and it

is to PMA that he must look for satisfaction. Once Bonham was

terminated by PMA, he was of no further help to either PMA or

defendants and the contracts he had secured were of no value to

defendants, especially after PMA breached its contract with

Memphis and Shelby County and was terminated.

The trial court concluded:

This Court finds that in this case, any benefits to, or

enrichment of, defendants was incidental and inconsequential.

Defendants were not third-party beneficiaries of the contract

between PMA and Bonham, were not enriched and certainly not

unjustly enriched, therefore plaintiff’s case must fail.

Bonham’s complaint presents two theories of recovery for matters encompassed in the

issues.3

 The complaint first alleges that the defendants are third party beneficiaries of the

contract between Bonham and PMA and, thus, as third party beneficiaries are liable to Bonham

under the contract. Alternatively, the complaint avers that the City and County are liable to

Bonham on the theories of unjust enrichment, quasi contract, contract implied in law, and

quantum meruit.

Third Party Beneficiary

Tennessee recognizestwo categories of third party beneficiaries - intended and incidental.

First Tennessee Bank Nat’l Ass’n v. Thoroughbred Motor Cars, Inc., 932 S.W.2d 928, 930

(Tenn. App. 1996). Only if the third party is an intended beneficiary may it maintain an action

on the contract. Moore Constr. Co. v. Clarksville Dep’t of Electricity, 707 S.W.2d 1, 9 (Tenn.
9

App. 1985). The requisites necessary to establish a third party beneficiary relationship are: (1)

a valid contract made upon sufficient consideration between the promisor and promisee; and (2)

the clear intent to have the contract operate for the benefit of a third party. United Am. Bank

of Memphis v. Gardner, 706 S.W.2d 639, 641 (Tenn. App. 1985). This intent to benefit may

be shown if “there is either an expression in the contract that the contracting parties intended to

benefit the third party (the ‘intent to benefit’ test) or proof that the promisor’s performance will

otherwise discharge a duty owed to a third party beneficiary by the promisee (the ‘duty owed’

test).” Moore Constr., 707 S.W.2d at 9. Whether a party is a third party beneficiary must be

decided on a case-by-case basis in light of the specific contractual agreements and the

circumstances under which they were made. Id. at 10.

Bonham asserts that the City and County are third party beneficiaries to the contract

between PMA and Bonham, and, therefore, are liable under the contract for the commissions

earned due to Bonham’s efforts in renegotiating the MSU contract and in negotiating the various

sponsor and concessionaire contracts. 

We do not find it necessary to determine if the City and County are third party

beneficiaries, and, if so, what type, since they are not seeking any relief under the contract.

Bonham’s assertion of liability against the City and County on the contract is unknown to the

law. Bonham has not, and probably cannot, cite any authorities in support of this position. The

very description of the status “third party beneficiary” belies an assertion of liability as an

obligor. A beneficiary gets a benefit, not an obligation. To attempt to hold someone liable on

a contract to which it is not a party is contrary to common reason. Accordingly, Bonham has no

cause of action against the City and County for breach of contract.

Unjust Enrichment

The theories of unjust enrichment, quasi contract, contracts implied in law, and quantum

meruit are essentially the same. Paschall’s, Inc. v. Dozier, 219 Tenn. 45, 53, 407 S.W.2d 150,

154 (1966). Unjust enrichment is a quasi-contractual theory or is a contract implied-in-law in

which a court may impose a contractual obligation where one does not exist. Whitehaven

Community Baptist Church v. Holloway, 973 S.W.2d 592, 596 (Tenn. 1998) (citing Paschall’s,

219 Tenn. at 53-54, 407 S.W.2d at 154-55). Such contracts are not based upon the intention of

the parties but are obligations created by law and are “founded on the principle that a party
10

receiving a benefit desired by him, under the circumstances rendering it inequitable to retain it

without making compensation, must do so.” Paschall’s, 219 Tenn. at 54, 407 S.W.2d at 154.

A contractual obligation under an unjust enrichment theory will be imposed when: (1) no

contract exists between the parties or, if one exist, it has become unenforceable or invalid; and

(2) the defendant will be unjustly enriched absent a quasi-contractual obligation. Holloway, 973

S.W.2d at 596. In Paschall’s, supra, the Court stated:

Each case must be decided according to the essential elements of

quasi contract, to-wit: A benefit conferred upon the defendant by

the plaintiff, appreciation by the defendant of such benefit, and

acceptance of such benefit under such circumstances that it would

be inequitable for him to retain the benefit without payment of the

value thereof.

219 Tenn. at 57, 407 S.W.2d at 155.

The most significant requirement for a recovery under this theory is that the enrichment

must be unjust. Id. Consequently, if the defendant has given any consideration to anyone for

the benefit, it would not be unjust for the defendant to retain the benefit without paying the

provider of such. Furthermore, before recovery can be had against the defendant on the theory

of unjust enrichment, the provider of the benefit must have exhausted his remedies against the

person with whom he had contracted, and still has not received the reasonable value of his

services. Id.

In the record, testimony was introduced that while Bonham negotiated some contracts

between PMA and various sponsors and concessionaires, the substance of these contracts

covered a project that was different in size and scope from the contracts which were

subsequently negotiated and actually used. The record reveals extensive efforts on the part of

the City and County, necessitated by the change in the size and scope of the project, in sending

out RFPs to numerous sponsors and concessionaires and the procurement of new contracts with

such. Moreover, the proof showed that no one ever operated under the contracts negotiated by

Bonham. The record also reflects that payments made by any of the contractees were received

by PMA. Testimony was introduced that the City and County never received any of the funds,

and there is no proof that the payments made to PMA benefited the City and County. 

Bonham also seeks recovery by virtue of the renegotiation of the MSU Agreement. The

testimony in the record indicates that the MSU Agreement did not provide exclusive control to
11

MSU for all of the parking, all of the advertising and all of the luxury suites. Admittedly, the

new MSU Agreement allowed PMA more flexibility in its solicitation with sponsors and

concessionaires, but the renegotiation of the contract was procured for the benefit of PMA to

allow this flexibility. Bonham also claims that he is entitled to a commission on the procurement

of $2.2 million from the renegotiated MSU/PMA contract. Proof is lacking that Bonham’s

efforts secured the $2.2 million from MSU or that it directly benefited the City and County. 

During the hearing, extensive testimony was introduced that the City and County did not

derive any benefit from Bonham’s actions in connection with his work with PMA. Admittedly,

this testimony conflicts with some of the other evidence introduced on behalf of Bonham. The

trial court made detailed findings of fact, and obviously the findings on the disputed issues were

largely dependent on the credibility of the witnesses. Any conflict in the testimony requiring a

determination of the weight, faith, and credit of any witness’s testimony rests in the first instance

with the trial court and will be given great weight by the appellate court unless other real

evidence compels a contrary conclusion. Haverlah v. Memphis Aviation, Inc., 674 S.W.2d 297,

302 (Tenn. App. 1984). 

Whether a benefit has been conferred and the value of such benefit is a fact question.

Therefore, the finding by the trial court comes to us with a presumption of correctness. From

the record before us, we do not find that the evidence preponderates against the findings of the

trial court.

Bonham has also presented in this Court an issue concerning agency on the part of

Bonham acting for the City and the County. However, the record reflects that he failed to

present this as a theory in his complaint and did not present the issue in the trial court, and this

is raised for the first time on appeal. As a general rule, questions or issues not raised in the trial

court will not be entertained on appeal. Lawrence v. Stanford, 655 S.W.2d 927, 929 (Tenn.

1983); City of Lavergne v. Southern Silver, Inc., 872 S.W.2d 687, 691 (Tenn. App. 1993).

Therefore, we will 

not consider Bonham’s arguments concerning this issue. 

Accordingly, the order of the trial court is affirmed, and the case is remanded to the trial

court for such further proceedings as may be necessary. Costs of appeal are assessed against the
12

appellant. 

_________________________________

W. FRANK CRAWFORD, 

PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.

____________________________________

ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE

____________________________________

DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE