### resp resp element_global_id elcode_bcd



### Canada Canada 783947 CEGL002788

Canada 786781 CEGL002824 Canada 686311 CEGL003355 Canada 787986 CEGL002846 Canada 787997 CEGL002848 Canada 786787 CEGL002826 Northeast 687352 CEGL006013 Northeast 758559 CEGL006209 Northeast 683465 CEGL006043 Northeast 685788 CEGL006003 Northeast 687104 CEGL006376 Northeast 687976 CEGL006223 Northeast 687176 CEGL003766 Northeast 687798 CEGL006108 Northeast 801805 CEGL006587 Northeast 688955 CEGL006157 Northeast 689833 CEGL006388 Northeast 688078 CEGL006022 Northeast 689830 CEGL006052 Northeast 684064 CEGL006319 Northeast 758662 CEGL006218 Northeast 689488 CEGL007748 Midwest 683276 CEGL000383 Midwest 688207 CEGL005119 Midwest 683930 CEGL002095 Midwest 684146 CEGL002134 Midwest 684332 CEGL002140 Midwest 684876 CEGL002052 Midwest 686656 CEGL000554 Midwest 683906 CEGL004217 Southeast 688505 CEGL007386 Southeast 687447 CEGL006308 Southeast 684253 CEGL006049 Southeast 685533 CEGL004671 Southeast 687375 CEGL002319 Southeast 684482 CEGL004548 Southeast 689168 CEGL004420 Southeast 683496 CEGL007055 Southeast 689010 CEGL004553 Southeast 684918 CEGL007003 Southeast 689950 CEGL007316 Southeast 685717 CEGL007005 Southeast 685498 CEGL007282 Southeast 686057 CEGL007752 Southeast 685907 CEGL007057 Southeast 686930 CEGL007058 Southeast 687339 CEGL003506 Southeast 688412 CEGL007384 Southeast 688254 CEGL002054 Southeast 688053 CEGL007458 Southeast 688744 CEGL004963Southeast 687993 CEGL006246 Southeast 684081 CEGL006130 Southeast 685121 CEGL007001 Southeast 683479 CEGL007002 Southeast 689616 CEGL004483 Southeast 689214 CEGL004436 Southeast 686218 CEGL004437 Southeast 684467 CEGL007166 Southeast 686636 CEGL004481 Southeast 688666 CEGL008577 Southeast 686144 CEGL007015 Southeast 687610 CEGL007016 Southeast 684472 CEGL003503 Southeast 685115 CEGL004712 Southeast 684814 CEGL003735 Southeast 686514 CEGL004550 Southeast 783931 CEGL004116 Southeast 684821 CEGL004635 Southeast 689430 CEGL007130 Southeast 685035 CEGL004983 Southeast 683985 CEGL007128 Southeast 689187 CEGL004942 Southeast 683912 CEGL003553 Southeast 688836 CEGL004668 Southeast 686193 CEGL003555 Southeast 720797 CEGL004053 Southeast 687597 CEGL007800 Southeast 689092 CEGL004447 Southeast 689963 CEGL007815 Southeast 688090 CEGL003532 Southeast 687831 CEGL003533 Southeast 686829 CEGL003538 Southeast 685316 CEGL004534 Southeast 685530 CEGL004792 Southeast 688011 CEGL007738 Southeast 687382 CEGL007513 Southeast 732730 CEGL004085 Southeast 686766 CEGL003608 Southeast 684152 CEGL004790 Southeast 688924 CEGL004497 Southeast 688937 CEGL003660 Southeast 687302 CEGL004499 Southeast 688223 CEGL004500 Southeast 688406 CEGL003661 Southeast 687752 CEGL004502 Southeast 687891 CEGL003663 Southeast 683711 CEGL003664 Southeast 684030 CEGL004495 Southeast 689074 CEGL004496 Southeast 688120 CEGL004945 Southeast 685092 CEGL003580 Southeast 689477 CEGL004957Southeast 687903 CEGL004491 Southeast 687535 CEGL003592 Southeast 683890 CEGL007767 Southeast 689458 CEGL003596 Southeast 684980 CEGL003597 Southeast 732797 CEGL004086 Southeast 686870 CEGL003654 Southeast 686815 CEGL003573 Southeast 687946 CEGL003768 Southeast 686593 CEGL004968 Southeast 688441 CEGL004433 Southeast 687357 CEGL007721 Southeast 721877 CEGL004069 Southeast 685930 CEGL003721 Southeast 721871 CEGL004068 Southeast 686817 CEGL003722 Southeast 689799 CEGL002433 Southeast 684358 CEGL007296 Southeast 683518 CEGL004422 Southeast 684375 CEGL007540 Southeast 689980 CEGL007060 Southeast 686309 CEGL004975 Southeast 687012 CEGL003758 Southeast 685988 CEGL007405 Southeast 685314 CEGL007215 Southeast 683390 CEGL007775 Southeast 684592 CEGL007194 Southeast 688156 CEGL007272 Southeast 683919 CEGL007360 Southeast 688114 CEGL007256 Southeast 689466 CEGL003558 Southeast 683567 CEGL003711 Southeast 686865 CEGL007868 Southeast 721865 CEGL004064 Southeast 686580 CEGL007777 Southeast 689498 CEGL007467 Southeast 687755 CEGL003750 Southeast 689279 CEGL007851 Southeast 688019 CEGL007850 Southeast 689480 CEGL007454 Southeast 685008 CEGL007455 Southeast 689022 CEGL007011 Southeast 688325 CEGL003796 Southeast 685193 CEGL007004 Southeast 687309 CEGL004710 Southeast 685447 CEGL007725 Southeast 689084 CEGL004914 Southeast 684595 CEGL004424 Southeast 689536 CEGL004465 Southeast 684586 CEGL004653 Southeast 685925 CEGL004655 Southeast 687330 CEGL004711Southeast 688765 CEGL008426 Southeast 686552 CEGL008513 Southeast 686534 CEGL004767 Southeast 687172 CEGL007138 Southeast 686418 CEGL007778 West 686147 CEGL000049 West 687574 CEGL000053 West 683744 CEGL000038 West 689112 CEGL001104 West 686296 CEGL000312 West 683983 CEGL003444 West 688516 CEGL008016 West 686038 CEGL008017 West 686463 CEGL008018 West 687718 CEGL008019 West 683924 CEGL008024 West 686181 CEGL000936 West 686031 CEGL000632 West 689088 CEGL000633 West 686378 CEGL000634 West 687383 CEGL000635 West 685642 CEGL000636 West 687679 CEGL002600 West 686961 CEGL000008 West 685443 CEGL000002 West 684647 CEGL000792 West 688266 CEGL000963 West 685584 CEGL000054 West 687481 CEGL000044 West 683385 CEGL000045 West 689308 CEGL000046 West 688445 CEGL003443 West 684197 CEGL000048 West 689692 CEGL008037 West 684906 CEGL008038 West 684769 CEGL008025 West 688912 CEGL003365 West 689160 CEGL008031 West 688309 CEGL008044 West 685090 CEGL002603 West 687648 CEGL003260 West 686505 CEGL002682 West 688683 CEGL002605 West 688948 CEGL000152 West 688194 CEGL000150 West 687065 CEGL000770 West 687785 CEGL000772 West 687221 CEGL000800 West 686673 CEGL000814 West 685396 CEGL000065 West 683092 CEGL003360 West 689097 CEGL000880West 683120 CEGL000062 West 686747 CEGL000179 West 685390 CEGL000847 West 686362 CEGL003348 West 689096 CEGL000879 West 686824 CEGL000196 West 683636 CEGL000202 West 684301 CEGL003076 West 686064 CEGL003078 West 686929 CEGL008045 West 683405 CEGL000655 West 684665 CEGL003361 West 685184 CEGL000671 West 683956 CEGL003408 West 684059 CEGL000673 West 686980 CEGL000676 West 687636 CEGL000563 West 686301 CEGL001149 West 687463 CEGL008012 West 684055 CEGL008013 West 683825 CEGL008014 West 687530 CEGL008046 West 685236 CEGL008033 West 683597 CEGL008034 West 685704 CEGL008035 West 687119 CEGL003350 West 689819 CEGL000422 West 685358 CEGL000896 West 687475 CEGL000460 West 683251 CEGL000688 West 689012 CEGL000549 West 689013 CEGL000550 West 683302 CEGL000551 West 688184 CEGL000552 West 689592 CEGL003354 West 684009 CEGL000950 West 685553 CEGL008015 West 687888 CEGL008021 West 689671 CEGL000468 West 687058 CEGL000475 West 688913 CEGL003417 West 687402 CEGL000477 West 686131 CEGL000111 Canada 783950 CEGL002789 Canada 786776 CEGL002823 Canada 783944 CEGL002780 Canada 787981 CEGL002845 Canada 787585 CEGL002828 Canada 735931 CEGL002321 Canada 783962 CEGL002792 Canada 788002 CEGL002849 Canada 787597 CEGL002832Canada 787973 CEGL002843 Canada 787600 CEGL002833 Canada 787594 CEGL002831 Canada 783966 CEGL002793 Canada 787608 CEGL002834 Canada 787611 CEGL002835 Canada 787617 CEGL002837 Canada 787591 CEGL002830 

### Northeast Northeast 800146 CEGL006592

Northeast 800143 CEGL006591 Northeast 687899 CEGL006413 Northeast 683445 CEGL006165 Northeast 736386 CEGL006262 Northeast 683137 CEGL006355 Northeast 688334 CEGL006002 Northeast 684706 CEGL006180 Northeast 689256 CEGL006212 Northeast 685562 CEGL006277 Northeast 800140 CEGL006590 Northeast 800184 CEGL006588 Northeast 800149 CEGL006593 Northeast 686109 CEGL006383 Northeast 790988 CEGL006329 Northeast 688606 CEGL006154 Northeast 687760 CEGL006117 Northeast 688343 CEGL006051 Northeast 686217 CEGL006384 Northeast 683533 CEGL006025 Northeast 685733 CEGL006203 Northeast 687664 CEGL006004 Northeast 685335 CEGL006040 Northeast 795520 CEGL006476 Northeast 742058 CEGL006901 Northeast 684643 CEGL006145 Northeast 689734 CEGL006030 Northeast 802102 CEGL006474 Midwest 689778 CEGL002079 Midwest 687870 CEGL002128 Midwest 687841 CEGL005173 Midwest 685222 CEGL005013 Midwest 689083 CEGL005014 Midwest 689876 CEGL000643 Midwest 689089 CEGL005232 Midwest 687009 CEGL000382 Midwest 688962 CEGL002057 Midwest 689376 CEGL005126 Midwest 685183 CEGL002402 Midwest 686787 CEGL002378 Midwest 688275 CEGL002111 Midwest 686124 CEGL001454 Midwest 687121 CEGL000660 Midwest 685460 CEGL002150Midwest 684806 CEGL005054 Midwest 683064 CEGL002053 Midwest 687579 CEGL002137 Midwest 689584 CEGL000555 Midwest 689586 CEGL002145 Midwest 686638 CEGL002101 Midwest 685467 CEGL005037 Midwest 689285 CEGL002100 Midwest 683246 CEGL002417 Midwest 685462 CEGL002149 Midwest 686187 CEGL002405 Midwest 687178 CEGL002450 Midwest 686389 CEGL002596 Midwest 687168 CEGL002597 Southeast 687615 CEGL008566 Southeast 684542 CEGL007907 Southeast 688936 CEGL003659 Southeast 689404 CEGL007811 Southeast 685681 CEGL004931 Southeast 683222 CEGL004547 Southeast 686662 CEGL004551 Southeast 686637 CEGL007822 Southeast 684165 CEGL004425 Southeast 686554 CEGL003737 Southeast 689412 CEGL004781 Southeast 689831 CEGL007617 Southeast 685010 CEGL004504 Southeast 684667 CEGL004982 Southeast 685747 CEGL006124 Southeast 689218 CEGL008504 Southeast 689545 CEGL003752 Southeast 690039 CEGL004995 Southeast 683233 CEGL004747 Southeast 686672 CEGL008547 Southeast 686947 CEGL007563 Southeast 688311 CEGL007145 Southeast 685822 CEGL008598 Southeast 685755 CEGL003634 Southeast 688121 CEGL007151 Southeast 688673 CEGL006146 Southeast 689067 CEGL003505 Southeast 687549 CEGL004639 Southeast 689611 CEGL007783 Southeast 684324 CEGL007872 Southeast 683549 CEGL004965 Southeast 689589 CEGL007459 Southeast 688154 CEGL008554 Southeast 689482 CEGL004977 Southeast 721881 CEGL004072 Southeast 688985 CEGL007207 Southeast 684280 CEGL004539 Southeast 684450 CEGL003683Southeast 689960 CEGL003684 Southeast 687942 CEGL007180 Southeast 683816 CEGL004478 Southeast 689340 CEGL004753 Southeast 689129 CEGL007926 Southeast 689346 CEGL004694 Southeast 687603 CEGL007728 Southeast 688138 CEGL007994 Southeast 689553 CEGL004410 Southeast 689880 CEGL002125 Southeast 687829 CEGL007833 Southeast 688224 CEGL004672 Southeast 684105 CEGL003525 Southeast 688183 CEGL007747 Southeast 683778 CEGL004271 Southeast 685911 CEGL007848 Southeast 689654 CEGL007779 Southeast 683170 CEGL007473 Southeast 683443 CEGL007047 Southeast 685327 CEGL007008 Southeast 690071 CEGL007007 Southeast 684512 CEGL004427 Southeast 686497 CEGL004428 Southeast 685828 CEGL007873 Southeast 688725 CEGL004679 Southeast 686626 CEGL008477 Southeast 684845 CEGL004684 Southeast 689696 CEGL004683 Southeast 683096 CEGL004720 Southeast 685341 CEGL004718 Southeast 686939 CEGL004641 Southeast 683834 CEGL007131 Southeast 687776 CEGL006256 Southeast 686886 CEGL006152 Southeast 685028 CEGL008501 Southeast 684173 CEGL004600 Southeast 686999 CEGL004596 Southeast 684459 CEGL004597 Southeast 689939 CEGL004598 Southeast 688440 CEGL003551 Southeast 684182 CEGL004599 Southeast 688714 CEGL007074 Southeast 689124 CEGL003554 Southeast 686240 CEGL003556 Southeast 684134 CEGL008492 Southeast 684143 CEGL004713 Southeast 684319 CEGL007507 Southeast 730941 CEGL003868 Southeast 683346 CEGL003855 Southeast 686515 CEGL004446 Southeast 685025 CEGL004445 Southeast 683060 CEGL002393Southeast 684269 CEGL003559 Southeast 689079 CEGL008556 Southeast 687060 CEGL003650 Southeast 689594 CEGL003534 Southeast 685361 CEGL003535 Southeast 683910 CEGL004658 Southeast 684562 CEGL003673 Southeast 684401 CEGL007556 Southeast 687780 CEGL004969 Southeast 690066 CEGL004556 Southeast 689903 CEGL003638 Southeast 684147 CEGL004676 Southeast 685276 CEGL007750 Southeast 688772 CEGL004967 Southeast 683713 CEGL003647 Southeast 688494 CEGL008571 Southeast 689687 CEGL004774 Southeast 689504 CEGL008437 Southeast 687094 CEGL003662 Southeast 687904 CEGL004501 Southeast 683143 CEGL003577 Southeast 684626 CEGL008579 Southeast 689842 CEGL003569 Southeast 689843 CEGL003570 Southeast 689119 CEGL003646 Southeast 687061 CEGL003649 Southeast 684921 CEGL008586 Southeast 685254 CEGL008569 Southeast 687536 CEGL003602 Southeast 687194 CEGL007842 Southeast 685026 CEGL004487 Southeast 688272 CEGL003578 Southeast 683637 CEGL008572 Southeast 689621 CEGL003593 Southeast 688575 CEGL003589 Southeast 684185 CEGL007844 Southeast 688578 CEGL003590 Southeast 685300 CEGL003584 Southeast 685967 CEGL004488 Southeast 686414 CEGL003601 Southeast 688222 CEGL004490 Southeast 683754 CEGL003588 Southeast 732722 CEGL004083 Southeast 688221 CEGL004489 Southeast 683169 CEGL003595 Southeast 685091 CEGL003579 Southeast 684627 CEGL008580 Southeast 686767 CEGL003598 Southeast 687267 CEGL003599 Southeast 732726 CEGL004084 Southeast 685275 CEGL007749 Southeast 683119 CEGL007802Southeast 685441 CEGL004955 Southeast 684289 CEGL003571 Southeast 688760 CEGL004956 Southeast 688597 CEGL003572 Southeast 686504 CEGL003581 Southeast 687545 CEGL003653 Southeast 689676 CEGL004486 Southeast 685965 CEGL007091 Southeast 689432 CEGL002124 Southeast 685914 CEGL004585 Southeast 686044 CEGL004985 Southeast 688822 CEGL003617 Southeast 684815 CEGL004434 Southeast 685002 CEGL003795 Southeast 683768 CEGL004652 Southeast 687406 CEGL003669 Southeast 688245 CEGL003797 Southeast 684257 CEGL007100 Southeast 685613 CEGL007524 Southeast 689896 CEGL007558 Southeast 688542 CEGL004651 Southeast 687982 CEGL003619 Southeast 685214 CEGL007548 Southeast 689688 CEGL003624 Southeast 686995 CEGL004691 Southeast 688303 CEGL007832 Southeast 685043 CEGL002132 Southeast 688480 CEGL004922 Southeast 721861 CEGL003880 Southeast 688264 CEGL004644 Southeast 683449 CEGL004541 Southeast 686440 CEGL007691 Southeast 685263 CEGL008581 Southeast 688475 CEGL004542 Southeast 689521 CEGL007773 Southeast 688065 CEGL008575 Southeast 689836 CEGL007295 Southeast 683530 CEGL003693 Southeast 683274 CEGL004912 Southeast 684381 CEGL007470 Southeast 688151 CEGL004412 Southeast 685469 CEGL004937 Southeast 686035 CEGL002117 Southeast 683680 CEGL007020 Southeast 688350 CEGL008599 Southeast 683681 CEGL007019 Southeast 689075 CEGL004506 Southeast 687515 CEGL003792 Southeast 686482 CEGL007023 Southeast 685138 CEGL007022 Southeast 687182 CEGL004787 Southeast 686304 CEGL002136Southeast 683247 CEGL007472 Southeast 685596 CEGL007447 Southeast 686835 CEGL004421 Southeast 687561 CEGL004778 Southeast 683881 CEGL007549 Southeast 684585 CEGL004642 Southeast 689328 CEGL004756 Southeast 683408 CEGL007715 Southeast 689725 CEGL007449 Southeast 689740 CEGL007737 Southeast 814098 CEGL004267 Southeast 814348 CEGL004023 Southeast 688063 CEGL004927 Southeast 720781 CEGL003665 Southeast 732869 CEGL004092 Southeast 687508 CEGL007712 Southeast 688018 CEGL007849 Southeast 683704 CEGL007356 Southeast 683595 CEGL004643 Southeast 683458 CEGL007809 Southeast 686910 CEGL007364 Southeast 684588 CEGL007869 Southeast 685094 CEGL007403 Southeast 683611 CEGL004416 Southeast 687902 CEGL003706 Southeast 689678 CEGL007298 Southeast 689416 CEGL004503 Southeast 689862 CEGL008442 Southeast 686374 CEGL004709 Southeast 685990 CEGL004413 Southeast 687110 CEGL003714 Southeast 685712 CEGL003713 Southeast 683596 CEGL008587 Southeast 689425 CEGL003884 Southeast 684566 CEGL004670 Southeast 686780 CEGL003756 Southeast 689157 CEGL003712 Southeast 689138 CEGL004686 Southeast 685470 CEGL002156 Southeast 689777 CEGL003523 Southeast 687074 CEGL007032 Southeast 687576 CEGL002154 Southeast 686285 CEGL007466 Southeast 686284 CEGL004976 Southeast 687020 CEGL007026 Southeast 684469 CEGL007027 Southeast 687254 CEGL007476 Southeast 684976 CEGL002107 Southeast 684380 CEGL007469 Southeast 683678 CEGL007830 Southeast 689857 CEGL007028 Southeast 688005 CEGL007067Southeast 689985 CEGL007053 Southeast 686314 CEGL002056 Southeast 689042 CEGL003526 Southeast 687469 CEGL004674 Southeast 689552 CEGL004409 Southeast 685672 CEGL007409 Southeast 688986 CEGL004423 Southeast 686307 CEGL004222 Southeast 687421 CEGL004587 Southeast 688322 CEGL003729 Southeast 688939 CEGL004981 Southeast 689126 CEGL007415 Southeast 688901 CEGL007414 Southeast 732872 CEGL004090 Southeast 688101 CEGL007416 Southeast 684162 CEGL003734 Southeast 687749 CEGL003733 Southeast 688203 CEGL003996 Southeast 686119 CEGL003997 Southeast 686969 CEGL004441 Southeast 685806 CEGL004681 Southeast 684897 CEGL003804 Southeast 687708 CEGL004682 Southeast 688741 CEGL004429 Southeast 687895 CEGL002104 Southeast 684718 CEGL007377 Southeast 688972 CEGL004654 Southeast 685765 CEGL007440 Southeast 687663 CEGL004231 Southeast 687507 CEGL008557 Southeast 686615 CEGL007711 Southeast 689336 CEGL007565 Southeast 687138 CEGL008533 Southeast 689569 CEGL007693 Southeast 684046 CEGL006178 Southeast 685244 CEGL007139 Southeast 689008 CEGL002388 

### West West 688736 CEGL000215

West 686608 CEGL000041 West 686330 CEGL000042 West 686148 CEGL000050 West 686702 CEGL000051 West 687218 CEGL000052 West 685602 CEGL000255 West 687436 CEGL000260 West 684070 CEGL000014 West 684819 CEGL000431 West 685297 CEGL000244 West 685060 CEGL000248 West 689440 CEGL000278 West 685023 CEGL002669 West 687581 CEGL000286West 684035 CEGL000287 West 683070 CEGL000915 West 683583 CEGL000273 West 683320 CEGL000274 West 683833 CEGL000281 West 686621 CEGL000283 West 683467 CEGL000288 West 683145 CEGL000291 West 689276 CEGL000316 West 688449 CEGL000303 West 685220 CEGL003334 West 683184 CEGL000627 West 687613 CEGL000626 West 685384 CEGL000630 West 688391 CEGL000637 West 683536 CEGL001085 West 684006 CEGL000961 West 688393 CEGL000970 West 689805 CEGL000043 West 690027 CEGL000047 West 689377 CEGL000352 West 686781 CEGL000353 West 689174 CEGL003043 West 686632 CEGL003044 West 684452 CEGL003405 West 686558 CEGL003391 West 737495 CEGL005957 West 683360 CEGL002635 West 683248 CEGL000726 West 683155 CEGL000735 West 686022 CEGL000736 West 688653 CEGL000742 West 688363 CEGL000745 West 684938 CEGL000749 West 684939 CEGL000750 West 728669 CEGL005884 West 684797 CEGL000951 West 686714 CEGL008010 West 684015 CEGL000405 West 689108 CEGL000412 West 685783 CEGL000354 West 684794 CEGL000358 West 683934 CEGL000375 West 688583 CEGL000377 West 689353 CEGL002637 West 686077 CEGL000396 West 685674 CEGL000394 West 686922 CEGL000400 West 683705 CEGL000055 West 688232 CEGL003270 West 686486 CEGL000754 West 687333 CEGL000130West 688238 CEGL000753 West 685793 CEGL000762 West 688328 CEGL000763 West 688064 CEGL003375 West 683648 CEGL000142 West 685038 CEGL000768 West 685748 CEGL000771 West 689547 CEGL000773 West 687448 CEGL000797 West 684970 CEGL000774 West 688112 CEGL000784 West 683069 CEGL000821 West 684032 CEGL003449 West 686489 CEGL003164 West 690091 CEGL000191 West 683982 CEGL000208 West 684313 CEGL000212 West 684242 CEGL000881 West 689762 CEGL000882 West 686597 CEGL000884 West 686468 CEGL000841 West 686681 CEGL002638 West 688333 CEGL000840 West 687934 CEGL000061 West 683660 CEGL000845 West 686748 CEGL000180 West 685719 CEGL000181 West 688785 CEGL000184 West 686718 CEGL000858 West 687498 CEGL000189 West 683981 CEGL000198 West 685480 CEGL000193 West 688843 CEGL000194 West 686825 CEGL000206 West 690073 CEGL002686 West 683800 CEGL000645 West 738779 CEGL005991 West 689057 CEGL002640 West 683572 CEGL000646 West 689020 CEGL000651 West 684936 CEGL000653 West 683422 CEGL002646 West 687134 CEGL000677 West 689415 CEGL000542 West 684232 CEGL003407 West 686073 CEGL000674 West 687707 CEGL003418 West 688724 CEGL000482 West 737581 CEGL005964 West 737568 CEGL005966 West 684220 CEGL000939 West 737595 CEGL005971West 737969 CEGL005976 West 687845 CEGL002649 West 689191 CEGL000657 West 737959 CEGL005967 West 737972 CEGL005965 West 737586 CEGL005972 West 684223 CEGL000940 West 738786 CEGL005993 West 737592 CEGL005973 West 688559 CEGL000942 West 683532 CEGL000665 West 687971 CEGL002683 West 687093 CEGL002684 West 685892 CEGL000944 West 687653 CEGL000662 West 684946 CEGL000941 West 687363 CEGL001455 West 686353 CEGL000528 West 687698 CEGL000540 West 687046 CEGL000565 West 683642 CEGL003371 West 685678 CEGL000577 West 688104 CEGL000581 West 685862 CEGL000599 West 687253 CEGL000600 West 685612 CEGL000602 West 689816 CEGL000605 West 687296 CEGL008004 West 685338 CEGL000929 West 683893 CEGL000081 West 690080 CEGL000082 West 688507 CEGL000083 West 690034 CEGL002615 West 686953 CEGL003454 West 685730 CEGL002614 West 688568 CEGL000420 West 687980 CEGL000434 West 688560 CEGL000436 West 689035 CEGL000440 West 685379 CEGL000446 West 684497 CEGL000905 West 688547 CEGL000454 West 685510 CEGL000456 West 688310 CEGL000458 West 689520 CEGL000686 West 685603 CEGL003299 West 689932 CEGL000931 West 687031 CEGL000930 West 688097 CEGL003358 West 684176 CEGL003353 West 686492 CEGL000553 West 683378 CEGL000932West 687425 CEGL003096 West 685516 CEGL003098 West 688691 CEGL003409 West 688927 CEGL008047 West 683519 CEGL000483 West 687346 CEGL000486 West 687307 CEGL000470 West 683916 CEGL000471 West 685170 CEGL000089 West 683297 CEGL000480 West 688429 CEGL000496 West 685374 CEGL000110 West 688045 CEGL000113 West 689180 CEGL000499 West 686219 CEGL000511eg_uid NatureServe Explorer link

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Picea sitchensis - Acer macrophyllum / Oplopanax horridus - Rubus spectabilis / Maianthemum dilatatum Forest Picea sitchensis / Trisetum canescens Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - Quercus garryana / Melica subulata Forest Thuja plicata - Acer macrophyllum - Abies grandis / (Oemleria cerasiformis) / Polystichum munitum Forest Thuja plicata - Pseudotsuga menziesii - Abies grandis / Mahonia nervosa / Polystichum munitum Forest Tsuga heterophylla - Picea sitchensis / Rubus spectabilis - Ribes bracteosum Forest Acer rubrum - Nyssa sylvatica - Liquidambar styraciflua - Populus heterophylla Forest Carya glabra - Quercus (rubra, prinus) - Fraxinus americana / Viburnum rafinesquianum / Piptochaetium avenaceum Forest Fagus grandifolia / Smilax rotundifolia Forest Fraxinus nigra - Abies balsamea / Rhamnus alnifolia Forest Ilex opaca / Morella pensylvanica Forest Liquidambar styraciflua - Acer rubrum - Nyssa biflora / Carex joorii Forest Pinus resinosa - Quercus rubra / Sibbaldiopsis tridentata / Danthonia compressa - Antennaria virginica / Rhytidium rugosum W oodland Pinus resinosa / Menziesia pilosa / Polypodium appalachianum Forest Pinus rigida - Picea rubens / Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides / Sphagnum spp. W oodland Pinus rigida - Quercus ilicifolia - Rhododendron canadense Woodland Pinus rigida / Gaylussacia dumosa / Calamovilfa brevipilis W oodland Pinus rigida / Vaccinium myrtilloides / Sphagnum spp. W oodland Pinus taeda / Hudsonia tomentosa W oodland Prunus serotina / Morella cerifera / Smilax rotundifolia Scrub Forest Quercus bicolor - Fraxinus pennsylvanica - (Platanus occidentalis) / Chasmanthium latifolium - Dichanthelium clandestinum - Zizia aurea W oodland Quercus muehlenbergii / Cercis canadensis / Dichanthelium boscii - Bromus pubescens - Erigeron pulchellus var. pulchellus - Aquilegia canadensis Forest Picea glauca / Vaccinium scoparium Forest Populus deltoides - (Juniperus virginiana) Dune Woodland Populus deltoides - Platanus occidentalis Forest Quercus alba - (Carya ovata) / Carex pensylvanica Glaciated Woodland Quercus macrocarpa - Quercus bicolor - (Celtis occidentalis) W oodland Quercus macrocarpa / Andropogon gerardii - Panicum virgatum W oodland Quercus macrocarpa / Carex inops ssp. heliophila W oodland Quercus stellata - Quercus alba - (Quercus falcata) / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland (Quercus laurifolia) / Crataegus opaca - Crataegus viridis Forest Abies fraseri / (Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron carolinianum) Forest Abies fraseri / Viburnum lantanoides / Dryopteris campyloptera - Oxalis montana / Hylocomium splendens Forest Acer barbatum - Aesculus glabra - Carya myristiciformis - Quercus shumardii - Quercus muehlenbergii Forest Acer grandidentatum - (Quercus muehlenbergii) / Carex edwardsiana Lampasas Cutplain Forest Acer grandidentatum - Quercus gravesii Forest Acer rubrum var. trilobum - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Carex crinita - Peltandra virginica Forest Annona glabra / Crinum americanum - Bacopa caroliniana Forest Arbutus xalapensis - Quercus grisea - Juniperus flaccida - Acer grandidentatum - Quercus gravesii Forest Bursera simaruba - Swietenia mahagoni - Lysiloma latisiliquum / Nectandra coriacea - Coccoloba diversifolia Forest Carya cordiformis - Quercus pagoda - Quercus shumardii - Carya myristiciformis / Sabal minor - Cornus asperifolia Forest Casasia clusiifolia - Guapira discolor - Pithecellobium keyense - Metopium toxiferum / Solanum bahamense / Hymenocallis latifolia Forest Celtis laevigata - Tilia americana var. caroliniana / Aesculus pavia Forest Celtis laevigata - Ulmus crassifolia - (Fraxinus berlandieriana) / Rivina humilis - Chromolaena odorata Forest Conocarpus erectus - Metopium toxiferum - Acoelorraphe wrightii / Chrysobalanus icaco Forest Conocarpus erectus - Sideroxylon celastrinum - Erithalis fruticosa - Manilkara jaimiqui ssp. emarginata Forest Conocarpus erectus / Sporobolus virginicus - Spartina spartinae W oodland Cornus foemina / Berchemia scandens Forest Ebenopsis ebano - Ehretia anacua / Condalia hookeri Forest Fagus grandifolia - Magnolia grandiflora - Fraxinus americana / Acer barbatum - Cercis canadensis - Ostrya virginiana Forest Fagus grandifolia - Magnolia grandiflora - Quercus pagoda - Acer barbatum - Pinus taeda ForestFagus grandifolia / Ageratina altissima var. roanensis Forest

Fagus grandifolia / Carex pensylvanica - Carex brunnescens Forest Ficus aurea - Sideroxylon foetidissimum - Bursera simaruba / Eugenia foetida - Guapira discolor - Nectandra coriacea Forest Ficus aurea - Sideroxylon foetidissimum - Bursera simaruba / Eugenia foetida - Piscidia piscipula / Hymenocallis latifolia Forest Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Ulmus americana / Morella cerifera - Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola Forest Fraxinus quadrangulata - Quercus macrocarpa - Quercus muehlenbergii / Arundinaria gigantea ssp. gigantea / Elymus spp. W oodland Juglans nigra - Aesculus glabra var. glabra - Gymnocladus dioicus / Arundinaria gigantea ssp. gigantea - (Asimina triloba) Forest Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola / Morella cerifera / Kosteletzkya virginica - Bacopa monnieri W oodland Liquidambar styraciflua / Persea palustris Forest Magnolia grandiflora / Prunus caroliniana - Carpinus caroliniana / Arundinaria gigantea Forest Magnolia virginiana - Persea palustris - Chrysobalanus icaco / Acrostichum danaeifolium - Nephrolepis exaltata Forest Magnolia virginiana - Persea palustris - Chrysobalanus icaco / Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense W oodland Metopium toxiferum - Thrinax morrisii - Byrsonima lucida / Schizachyrium spp. W oodland Nyssa aquatica / Cephalanthus occidentalis Pond Forest Nyssa biflora - Taxodium ascendens / Ludwigia pilosa - Bacopa caroliniana Woodland Nyssa biflora / Cephalanthus occidentalis - Leucothoe racemosa Forest Nyssa biflora / Cephalanthus occidentalis - Lyonia lucida Sagpond Forest Persea palustris / Morella cerifera Maritime Forest Picea rubens - (Abies fraseri) / (Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron maximum) Forest Picea rubens - (Betula alleghaniensis, Aesculus flava) / Rhododendron (maximum, catawbiense) Forest Picea rubens / Ribes glandulosum Forest Pinus clausa - Quercus geminata - Quercus hemisphaerica / Quercus myrtifolia Forest Pinus clausa / Ceratiola ericoides - Sabal etonia / Cladonia spp. W oodland Pinus clausa / Ceratiola ericoides / Cladonia spp. W oodland Pinus clausa / Quercus inopina W oodland Pinus echinata - Quercus stellata - (Quercus marilandica) Forest Pinus echinata - Quercus stellata - Quercus falcata - Carya texana W oodland Pinus echinata - Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica / Andropogon gyrans - Chrysopsis mariana W oodland Pinus echinata / Schizachyrium scoparium - Solidago ulmifolia - Monarda russeliana - Echinacea pallida W oodland Pinus elliottii var. densa / Coccothrinax argentata - Thrinax morrisii Woodland Pinus elliottii var. densa / Sabal palmetto / Schizachyrium rhizomatum - Muhlenbergia filipes - Rhynchospora divergens Tropical W oodland Pinus elliottii var. densa / Serenoa repens - Tetrazygia bicolor - Guettarda scabra Woodland Pinus glabra - Quercus laurifolia / Crataegus opaca / Sabal minor Forest Pinus palustris - (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) / Ilex vomitoria / Muhlenbergia expansa - Agalinis filicaulis W oodland Pinus palustris - (Pinus taeda) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Rhynchosia reniformis W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus (echinata, taeda) - Quercus (incana, margarettiae) / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus (serotina, taeda) / Sporobolus curtissii - Muhlenbergia expansa W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus echinata / Schizachyrium scoparium - Manfreda virginica Serpentine W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus elliottii var. elliottii / Ctenium aromaticum - Aristida beyrichiana - (Sporobolus floridanus) W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus elliottii var. elliottii / Styrax americanus / Sporobolus floridanus W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Ctenium aromaticum - Muhlenbergia expansa - Rhynchospora latifolia W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Ctenium aromaticum - Scleria pauciflora - Sarracenia flava W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Magnolia virginiana / Sporobolus teretifolius - Carex striata W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Pleea tenuifolia - Aristida stricta W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Sporobolus pinetorum - Ctenium aromaticum - Eriocaulon decangulare var. decangulare W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus taeda - Pinus serotina / Chasmanthium laxum - Panicum virgatum Piedmont W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus taeda - Pinus serotina / Quercus marilandica / (Quercus pumila) / Aristida stricta W oodland Pinus palustris / Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta - Liquidambar styraciflua / Andropogon glomeratus - Sarracenia minor W oodland Pinus palustris / Clethra alnifolia - Gaylussacia frondosa - Quercus pumila / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus falcata / Cornus florida / Aristida beyrichiana W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus incana / Schizachyrium scoparium - Liatris elegans - Opuntia humifusa var. humifusa W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus incana / Sporobolus clandestinus W oodlandPinus palustris / Quercus laevis - Quercus geminata / Ceratiola ericoides W oodland

Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis - Quercus incana / Gaylussacia dumosa - Gaylussacia (baccata, frondosa) W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis / Leiophyllum buxifolium - Cyrilla racemiflora - Clethra alnifolia W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium - Silphium laciniatum - Ruellia humilis W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium tenerum - Muhlenbergia expansa - Bigelowia nuttallii - Packera obovata W oodland Pinus palustris / Schizachyrium scoparium - Muhlenbergia expansa - Arnoglossum ovatum W oodland Pinus palustris / Sporobolus silveanus - Muhlenbergia capillaris - Chaetopappa asteroides Woodland Pinus palustris / Vaccinium elliottii - Clethra alnifolia / Aristida stricta - Panicum virgatum W oodland Pinus rigida - Quercus alba / Sporobolus heterolepis - Andropogon gerardii W oodland Pinus rigida - Quercus stellata / Andropogon gerardii - Packera paupercula W oodland Pinus serotina / Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta W oodland Pinus virginiana - Pinus rigida - Quercus stellata / Ceanothus americanus - Kalmia latifolia / Thalictrum revolutum W oodland Quercus (rubra, alba, velutina) / Acer barbatum / Asimina triloba Forest Quercus alba - Carya glabra / Schizachyrium scoparium - Helianthus divaricatus - Salvia urticifolia - Parthenium auriculatum W oodland Quercus alba - Quercus falcata - Quercus velutina / Ostrya virginiana Forest Quercus alba - Quercus velutina - Quercus stellata / Schizachyrium scoparium - Desmodium spp. W oodland Quercus alba / Carex pensylvanica - Carex ouachitana Dwarf Forest Quercus alba / Physocarpus opulifolius / Packera plattensis - Hexastylis arifolia var. ruthii Forest Quercus bicolor - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Carex spp. Forest Quercus falcata - Pinus taeda - (Fagus grandifolia, Quercus nigra) / Persea palustris Maritime Forest Quercus laurifolia - Sabal palmetto / Myrsine floridana - Psychotria nervosa Forest Quercus lyrata / Betula nigra / Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana Forest Quercus muehlenbergii - Carya carolinae-septentrionalis / Acer (barbatum, leucoderme) - Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana / Croton alabamensis W oodland Quercus phellos - Quercus nigra - (Nyssa biflora) Forest Quercus rubra - Quercus muehlenbergii / Hamamelis virginiana / Polymnia canadensis Forest Quercus shumardii - Carya myristiciformis - (Quercus muehlenbergii) / Carex cherokeensis - Sorghastrum nutans W oodland Quercus shumardii - Fraxinus americana - Carya myristiciformis / Viburnum dentatum / Carex cherokeensis Forest Quercus shumardii - Quercus pagoda - Fraxinus americana / Ostrya virginiana - Cornus florida / Trillium ludovicianum Forest Quercus similis - Quercus pagoda - Carya (glabra, myristiciformis, ovata) Temporarily Flooded Forest Quercus sinuata var. sinuata - Fraxinus americana - Quercus muehlenbergii / Rhus aromatica - Cornus drummondii Forest Quercus stellata - (Pinus echinata) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Echinacea laevigata - Oligoneuron album W oodland Quercus stellata - (Pinus echinata) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Symphyotrichum georgianum W oodland Quercus stellata - Carya texana - (Pinus palustris) / Chasmanthium sessiliflorum - Ranunculus fascicularis W oodland Quercus stellata - Quercus falcata / Ostrya virginiana Forest Quercus stellata / Forestiera ligustrina - Symphoricarpos orbiculatus / Carex cherokeensis - Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Quercus virginiana - Magnolia grandiflora - Quercus pagoda - Celtis laevigata / Sabal minor Forest Quercus virginiana - Quercus incana W oodland Quercus virginiana - Quercus nigra - Quercus pagoda - Liquidambar styraciflua / Sabal minor - Ilex vomitoria Forest Quercus virginiana - Quercus pagoda - Magnolia grandiflora - Carya glabra / Ilex opaca Forest Rhizophora mangle - Taxodium distichum - Metopium toxiferum / Chrysobalanus icaco / Apteria aphylla Forest Roystonea elata - Taxodium distichum - Quercus laurifolia / Psychotria nervosa / Nephrolepis spp. Forest Sabal palmetto - Coccoloba uvifera - Piscidia piscipula / Myrsine floridana / Hymenocallis latifolia Forest Sabal palmetto / Serenoa repens W oodland Sideroxylon foetidissimum - Sideroxylon salicifolium - Ficus aurea - Quercus virginiana - Celtis laevigata Forest Swietenia mahagoni - Piscidia piscipula - Colubrina arborescens Forest Taxodium ascendens / Hypericum chapmanii / Rhynchospora harperi Dwarf Woodland Taxodium ascendens / Magnolia virginiana / Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense Forest Taxodium distichum - Liquidambar styraciflua - Platanus occidentalis / Asimina triloba Forest Taxodium distichum - Taxodium ascendens / Panicum hemitomon - Sclerolepis uniflora W oodland Taxodium distichum / Cephalanthus occidentalis / Juncus repens W oodland Taxodium distichum / Zizania aquatica - Carex canescens ssp. disjuncta W oodland Thrinax radiata - Casasia clusiifolia - Erithalis fruticosa ForestThuja occidentalis - Pinus strobus - Tsuga canadensis / Carex eburnea W oodland

Tsuga canadensis - (Betula alleghaniensis, Quercus rubra) / Ilex montana / Rhododendron catawbiense Forest Tsuga canadensis - (Liriodendron tulipifera, Fagus grandifolia) / (Magnolia macrophylla, Ilex opaca) / Polystichum acrostichoides Forest Tsuga caroliniana - (Tsuga canadensis) / Rhododendron maximum Forest Ulmus americana - Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Celtis laevigata / Glyceria striata - (Carex cherokeensis) Riparian Blackland Woodland Abies concolor - Chamaecyparis lawsoniana - Picea breweriana / Quercus vacciniifolia Forest Abies grandis - Picea sitchensis / Gaultheria shallon / Polystichum munitum Forest Abies grandis / Chrysolepis chrysophylla Forest Abies grandis / Cornus nuttallii - Acer glabrum Forest Abies lasiocarpa / Jamesia americana Forest Abies procera / Oxalis oregana Forest Acacia koa / Metrosideros polymorpha - Sapindus saponaria Montane Mesic Forest Acacia koa / Metrosideros polymorpha Montane Mesic Forest Acacia koa / Santalum paniculatum Montane Mesic Forest Acacia koa / Sophora chrysophylla Montane Dry Forest Acacia koaia Lowland Dry Forest Acer negundo / Betula occidentalis W oodland Alnus rhombifolia / Betula occidentalis Forest Alnus rhombifolia / Celtis laevigata var. reticulata Forest Alnus rhombifolia / Philadelphus lewisii Forest Alnus rhombifolia / Prunus virginiana Forest Alnus rhombifolia / Rosa woodsii Forest Alnus rubra / Adiantum pedatum Forest Alnus rubra / Athyrium filix-femina - Asarum caudatum Forest Alnus rubra / Physocarpus capitatus - Philadelphus lewisii Forest Celtis laevigata var. reticulata / Philadelphus lewisii W oodland Cercocarpus ledifolius / Holodiscus dumosus W oodland Chamaecyparis lawsoniana - Picea sitchensis / Vaccinium ovatum - Rhododendron macrophyllum Forest Chamaecyparis lawsoniana - Pseudotsuga menziesii / (Rhododendron macrophyllum) / Xerophyllum tenax Forest Chamaecyparis lawsoniana - Tsuga heterophylla / Gaultheria shallon - Rhododendron macrophyllum Forest Chamaecyparis lawsoniana - Tsuga heterophylla / Polystichum munitum Forest Chamaecyparis lawsoniana / Rhododendron occidentale Forest Chamaecyparis lawsoniana / Vaccinium ovatum Forest Chamaesyce celastroides Montane Dry W oodland Chamaesyce olowaluana Montane Dry W oodland Diospyros sandwicensis - Colubrina oppositifolia Lowland Dry Forest Fraxinus latifolia / Carex deweyana - Urtica dioica Forest Nestegis sandwicensis / Diospyros sandwicensis Lowland Dry Forest Nestegis sandwicensis Montane Mesic Woodland Picea sitchensis - Tsuga heterophylla / Rhododendron macrophyllum - Vaccinium ovatum Forest Picea sitchensis / Oplopanax horridus / Circaea alpina Forest Pinus contorta var. contorta / Arctostaphylos columbiana W oodland Pinus contorta var. contorta / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi W oodland Pinus contorta var. contorta / Gaultheria shallon - Rhododendron macrophyllum - Vaccinium ovatum Forest Pinus contorta var. contorta / Gaultheria shallon Forest Pinus discolor / Quercus gambelii W oodland Pinus discolor / Quercus rugosa W oodland Pinus engelmannii / Quercus gambelii W oodland Pinus flexilis / Purshia tridentata W oodland Pinus lambertiana - Pinus ponderosa - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Festuca californica Forest Pinus monticola / Ledum groenlandicum / Sphagnum spp. W oodland Pinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Arctostaphylos viscida / Festuca californica W oodlandPinus ponderosa / Arctostaphylos patula - Ceanothus velutinus W oodland

Pinus ponderosa / Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis / Hesperostipa comata W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Aspidotis densa W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Carex inops - Festuca roemeri W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Hesperostipa comata W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata / Achnatherum hymenoides W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Spiraea betulifolia Forest Pinus radiata Forest Pinus washoensis W oodland Pleomele auwahiensis Lowland Mesic W oodland Populus angustifolia / Salix ligulifolia - Shepherdia argentea W oodland Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa - Alnus rubra / Carex obnupta W oodland Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Cicuta douglasii Forest Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Cornus sericea / Impatiens capensis Forest Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Crataegus douglasii Forest Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Salix exigua Forest Populus tremuloides / Acer glabrum Forest Populus tremuloides / Alnus incana / Betula nana - Ribes spp. Forest Pouteria sandwicensis - Bobea sandwicensis - Antidesma pulvinatum Forest Pouteria sandwicensis - Cryptocarya mannii - Diospyros sandwicensis Forest Pouteria sandwicensis - Pittosporum confertiflorum - Diospyros sandwicensis Forest Pouteria sandwicensis - Pleomele auwahiensis - Nothocestrum latifolium W oodland Pritchardia hillebrandii Coastal Mesic Forest Pritchardia kaalae Lowland Mesic Forest Pritchardia remota Coastal Dry Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - Abies grandis / Symphoricarpos albus / Melica subulata Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - Arbutus menziesii / Vicia americana Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii / Aspidotis densa W oodland Pseudotsuga menziesii / Symphoricarpos albus - Holodiscus discolor Forest Quercus emoryi / Sporobolus flexuosus W oodland Quercus garryana / Carex geyeri Woodland Quercus garryana / Elymus glaucus W oodland Quercus garryana / Festuca idahoensis W oodland Quercus garryana / Pseudoroegneria spicata W oodland Quercus garryana / Viburnum ellipticum - Toxicodendron diversilobum W oodland Salix laevigata - Fraxinus velutina W oodland Sapindus oahuensis Lowland Dry Forest Sophora chrysophylla / Myoporum sandwicense Subalpine Dry Forest Thuja plicata - Abies grandis / Polystichum munitum Forest Thuja plicata / Gaultheria shallon Forest Tsuga heterophylla - (Thuja plicata) / Sphagnum spp. Forest Tsuga heterophylla / Ledum glandulosum / Carex obnupta - Lysichiton americanus Forest Tsuga heterophylla / Rhododendron albiflorum Forest Picea sitchensis - Tsuga heterophylla / Eurhynchium oreganum Forest Picea sitchensis / Gaultheria shallon / Maianthemum dilatatum Forest Picea sitchensis / Malus fusca / Carex obnupta Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - (Abies grandis, Thuja plicata) / Mahonia nervosa - Gaultheria shallon Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - Tsuga heterophylla - Thuja plicata / Chimaphila umbellata / Rhytidiopsis robusta Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii / Acer glabrum var. douglasii / Hylocomium splendens W oodland Pseudotsuga menziesii / Racomitrium canescens W oodland Thuja plicata - Pseudotsuga menziesii - Tsuga heterophylla / Polystichum munitum - Dryopteris expansa Forest Tsuga heterophylla - (Abies amabilis) - Picea sitchensis / Oplopanax horridus ForestTsuga heterophylla - (Thuja plicata, Pseudotsuga menziesii) / Polystichum munitum - Blechnum spicant Forest

Tsuga heterophylla - Abies amabilis - (Pseudotsuga menziesii) / Hylocomium splendens Forest Tsuga heterophylla - Abies amabilis / Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata - Achlys triphylla - Rubus pedatus Forest Tsuga heterophylla - Picea sitchensis - (Thuja plicata) / Polystichum munitum - Tiarella trifoliata Forest Tsuga heterophylla - Picea sitchensis - Abies amabilis / Rubus spectabilis / Polystichum munitum Forest Tsuga heterophylla - Pseudotsuga menziesii - Thuja plicata - (Abies amabilis) / Achlys triphylla - Gymnocarpium dryopteris Forest Tsuga heterophylla - Thuja plicata - (Abies amabilis) / Cornus canadensis Forest Tsuga heterophylla / Hylocomium splendens - Pleurozium schreberi Forest Abies balsamea - Picea rubens / Danthonia compressa - Lycopodium spp. / Sphagnum spp. Forest Abies balsamea - Picea rubens / Ilex verticillata / Sphagnum spp. Forest Acer rubrum - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Packera aurea - Carex bromoides - Pilea fontana - Bidens laevis Forest Acer rubrum - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Polygonum spp. Forest Chamaecyparis thyoides / Gaylussacia dumosa / Andropogon glomeratus var. glomeratus W oodland Chamaecyparis thyoides / Rhododendron maximum Forest Juniperus virginiana - Fraxinus americana / Danthonia spicata - Poa compressa W oodland Juniperus virginiana - Ostrya virginiana / Carex eburnea W oodland Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana / Morella pensylvanica W oodland Picea rubens - (Tsuga canadensis) / Rhododendron maximum Saturated Forest Picea rubens / Carex trisperma / Sphagnum spp. - Polytrichum spp. Forest Picea rubens / Rhododendron maximum - Kalmia latifolia / Eriophorum virginicum / Sphagnum spp. Forest Picea rubens / Vaccinium erythrocarpum / Sphagnum spp. - Bazzania trilobata Forest Pinus rigida - (Pinus echinata) / Quercus (marilandica, ilicifolia) / Vaccinium pallidum W oodland Pinus rigida - Quercus coccinea - Quercus falcata / (Quercus marilandica) / Gaylussacia frondosa W oodland Pinus rigida / Corema conradii W oodland Pinus rigida / Hudsonia tomentosa W oodland Pinus rigida / Quercus (marilandica, ilicifolia) / Pyxidanthera barbulata W oodland Pinus rigida / Quercus ilicifolia - Kalmia angustifolia / Pyxidanthera barbulata W oodland Pinus rigida / Quercus ilicifolia / Lespedeza capitata W oodland Pinus rigida / Quercus ilicifolia / Piptatherum pungens W oodland Pinus strobus - Betula populifolia / Comptonia peregrina / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Pinus taeda - (Quercus falcata, Prunus serotina) / Morella cerifera / Vitis rotundifolia Forest Platanus occidentalis - Acer saccharinum - Betula nigra - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Boehmeria cylindrica - Carex emoryi W oodland Platanus occidentalis - Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Ulmus americana / Cornus sericea Forest Prunus serotina - Sassafras albidum - Amelanchier canadensis - Quercus velutina / Smilax rotundifolia Forest Quercus muehlenbergii / Packera plattensis - Parthenium auriculatum - Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Tsuga canadensis - Fagus grandifolia - Quercus (prinus, alba) Forest Betula papyrifera / Corylus cornuta Forest Betula papyrifera / Corylus cornuta Woodland Fagus grandifolia - Acer saccharum - Quercus bicolor - Acer rubrum Flatwoods Forest Fagus grandifolia - Acer saccharum Glaciated Midwest Forest Fagus grandifolia - Quercus spp. - Acer rubrum - Juglans nigra Forest Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Ulmus americana / Prunus virginiana W oodland Larix laricina - Acer rubrum / (Rhamnus alnifolia, Vaccinium corymbosum) Forest Picea glauca / Linnaea borealis Forest Picea glauca Alluvial Black Hills Forest Pinus banksiana - Thuja occidentalis - Picea glauca / Juniperus communis W oodland Pinus echinata / Rock Outcrop Interior Highland W oodland Pinus strobus - (Pinus resinosa) Driftless Bluff Forest Pinus strobus - Abies balsamea - Betula alleghaniensis Driftless Forest Populus deltoides / Panicum virgatum - Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Populus deltoides / Symphoricarpos occidentalis W oodland Quercus alba - Quercus stellata - Quercus velutina / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodlandQuercus alba - Quercus velutina - Quercus palustris / Carex pensylvanica Woodland

Quercus macrocarpa / Andropogon gerardii - Hesperostipa spartea Woodland Quercus macrocarpa / Corylus cornuta W oodland Quercus macrocarpa / Ostrya virginiana Forest Quercus muehlenbergii - Quercus macrocarpa / Andropogon gerardii Ravine W oodland Quercus palustris - (Quercus stellata) - Quercus pagoda / Isoetes spp. Forest Quercus palustris - Quercus bicolor - Acer rubrum Flatwoods Forest Quercus palustris - Quercus bicolor - Nyssa sylvatica - Acer rubrum Sand Flatwoods Forest Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica - Quercus falcata / Schizachyrium scoparium Sand W oodland Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica - Quercus velutina - Carya texana / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Quercus stellata / Cinna arundinacea Flatwoods Forest Thuja occidentalis - Betula alleghaniensis Forest Thuja occidentalis / Carex eburnea - Pellaea atropurpurea Woodland Tsuga canadensis - Acer saccharum / (Hepatica nobilis var. acuta) Driftless Forest (Pinus palustris) - Quercus stellata - Quercus incana / Tetragonotheca ludoviciana W oodland (Pinus palustris) - Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica - Carya texana / Tragia urens W oodland (Pinus palustris, Pinus serotina) / Ctenium aromaticum - Muhlenbergia expansa - Calamovilfa brevipilis W oodland Acer (barbatum, saccharum) - Juglans nigra - Fraxinus americana / Hybanthus concolor Forest Acer grandidentatum - Quercus muehlenbergii - Quercus laceyi / Carex edwardsiana - Chaetopappa effusa Southern Edwards Plateau Forest Acer grandidentatum - Quercus muehlenbergii Forest Acer rubrum var. trilobum - Liriodendron tulipifera / Ilex opaca var. opaca / Osmunda cinnamomea Forest Acer rubrum var. trilobum - Nyssa sylvatica / Rhexia mariana var. interior Forest Acer rubrum var. trilobum - Nyssa sylvatica / Rhododendron canescens - Viburnum nudum var. nudum / W oodwardia areolata Forest Acer rubrum var. trilobum / Alnus serrulata / Calamagrostis coarctata Saturated W oodland Acer rubrum var. trilobum / Morella caroliniensis - Gaylussacia frondosa / Andropogon glomeratus - (Sarracenia flava) W oodland Annona glabra - Conocarpus erectus / Acrostichum aureum Forest Arbutus xalapensis - Quercus grisea - Juniperus deppeana - Acer grandidentatum - Quercus muehlenbergii Forest Betula alleghaniensis - Tilia americana var. heterophylla / Acer spicatum / Ribes cynosbati / Dryopteris marginalis Forest Betula alleghaniensis / Ribes glandulosum / Polypodium appalachianum Forest Betula alleghaniensis / Sorbus americana - Acer spicatum / Polypodium appalachianum Forest Carya (glabra, alba) - Fraxinus americana - (Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana) Woodland Carya glabra - Fraxinus americana - Quercus prinus / Ostrya virginiana / Philadelphus hirsutus Woodland Carya glabra - Tilia americana var. caroliniana - Acer barbatum / Trillium maculatum Forest Catalpa bignonioides - Salix nigra / Brunnichia ovata / Eupatorium serotinum Forest Chamaecyparis thyoides - (Liriodendron tulipifera) / Lyonia lucida Forest Chamaecyparis thyoides - Pinus elliottii var. elliottii / Nyssa biflora - Acer rubrum var. trilobum / Serenoa repens Forest Chamaecyparis thyoides - Sabal palmetto Forest Chamaecyparis thyoides / Cyrilla racemiflora - Cliftonia monophylla - Ilex coriacea W oodland Chamaecyparis thyoides / Magnolia virginiana - Cliftonia monophylla / Orontium aquaticum - Sphagnum spp. Forest Chamaecyparis thyoides / Persea palustris / Lyonia lucida - Ilex coriacea Forest Conocarpus erectus - Rhizophora mangle - Laguncularia racemosa - Metopium toxiferum / Tillandsia spp. W oodland Crataegus aestivalis Forest Crataegus rufula Forest Fagus grandifolia - Magnolia grandiflora - Quercus alba / Carpinus caroliniana - Ostrya virginiana - Ilex opaca var. opaca Forest Fagus grandifolia - Magnolia grandiflora - Quercus michauxii - Quercus nigra / Rhododendron canescens Forest Fagus grandifolia - Magnolia grandiflora / Ilex opaca - (Persea borbonia) / Mitchella repens Forest Fagus grandifolia - Magnolia grandiflora / Ostrya virginiana / Aesculus parviflora Forest Fagus grandifolia - Pinus glabra - Magnolia grandiflora / Serenoa repens Forest Fagus grandifolia - Quercus (alba, rubra) / Acer barbatum / Asimina triloba Forest Fagus grandifolia - Quercus alba / Acer (barbatum, leucoderme) / Solidago auriculata Forest Fagus grandifolia - Quercus alba / Kalmia latifolia - (Symplocos tinctoria, Rhododendron catawbiense) / Galax urceolata Forest Fraxinus americana - Carya glabra / Muhlenbergia sobolifera - Helianthus divaricatus - Solidago ulmifolia W oodlandFraxinus americana - Carya glabra / Symphoricarpos orbiculatus - Rhus aromatica / Piptochaetium avenaceum W oodland

Fraxinus americana - Juglans nigra - Ulmus rubra / Acer barbatum - Ostrya virginiana / Ptelea trifoliata Forest Fraxinus caroliniana / Crinum americanum - Bacopa caroliniana Forest Fraxinus caroliniana Seasonally Flooded Forest Fraxinus pennsylvanica - (Carya aquatica) / Forestiera acuminata / Phanopyrum gymnocarpon Depression Forest Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Populus heterophylla - Ulmus americana - (Quercus texana) Forest Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Leersia lenticularis - Carex lupulina Forest Fraxinus quadrangulata - Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana / Schizachyrium scoparium - Lithospermum canescens Woodland Gordonia lasianthus / W oodwardia virginica - Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis Forest Juniperus ashei / Bouteloua (curtipendula, hirsuta) W oodland Juniperus ashei / Cotinus obovatus / Carex eburnea - Rudbeckia missouriensis W oodland Juniperus ashei Ozark Clifftop W oodland Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola - Zanthoxylum clava-herculis - Quercus virginiana - (Sabal palmetto) / Sageretia minutiflora - (Sideroxylon tenax) Woodland Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana - (Celtis laevigata, Prunus angustifolia, Sideroxylon lycioides) W oodland Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana - Fraxinus quadrangulata / Symphyotrichum oblongifolium - Panicum flexile - Sedum pulchellum Woodland Liquidambar styraciflua - Acer rubrum - (Nyssa biflora) / W oodwardia virginica Forest Maclura pomifera - Diospyros virginiana / Glyceria striata - (Carex cherokeensis) W oodland Magnolia virginiana - Nyssa biflora - Magnolia grandiflora / Ilex coriacea - Viburnum nudum var. nudum / Solidago patula var. strictula Forest Magnolia virginiana / Illicium floridanum Forest Metopium toxiferum - Eugenia foetida - Coccoloba uvifera - Thrinax morrisii / Erithalis fruticosa Forest Metopium toxiferum - Eugenia foetida - Krugiodendron ferreum - Swietenia mahagoni / Capparis flexuosa Forest Nyssa biflora - (Acer rubrum) / Ilex opaca / Leucothoe axillaris / Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea Forest Nyssa biflora - Acer rubrum var. trilobum - Liriodendron tulipifera / Magnolia virginiana - Asimina triloba / Clethra alnifolia Forest Nyssa biflora - Crataegus opaca - (Fraxinus caroliniana) / Rhynchospora mixta W oodland Nyssa biflora - Liquidambar styraciflua - Acer rubrum var. trilobum / Clethra alnifolia Forest Nyssa biflora - Liquidambar styraciflua / Magnolia virginiana / Hamamelis virginiana - Viburnum nudum Forest Nyssa biflora - Magnolia virginiana - Sabal palmetto - Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola Forest Nyssa biflora - Magnolia virginiana / Cyrilla racemiflora Forest Nyssa biflora / Ilex myrtifolia / Carex glaucescens - Eriocaulon compressum Forest Nyssa ogeche - (Nyssa biflora) Forest Nyssa ogeche / Ilex myrtifolia / Carex turgescens - Carex striata Forest Picea rubens - (Abies fraseri) / Vaccinium erythrocarpum / Oxalis montana - Dryopteris campyloptera / Hylocomium splendens Forest Picea rubens - (Betula alleghaniensis, Aesculus flava) / Viburnum lantanoides / Oxalis montana - Solidago glomerata Forest Picea rubens - (Tsuga canadensis) / Rhododendron maximum Forest Picea rubens / Acer rubrum / Maianthemum canadense - (Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopodium dendroideum) Forest Pinus cembroides - Quercus gravesii - Juniperus flaccida / Salvia regla / Piptochaetium fimbriatum Forest Pinus cembroides - Quercus grisea - Juniperus flaccida / Salvia regla / Muhlenbergia emersleyi W oodland Pinus cembroides - Quercus grisea - Quercus emoryi - Juniperus flaccida / Salvia regla / Bouteloua curtipendula W oodland Pinus cembroides - Quercus grisea - Quercus emoryi / Mimosa dysocarpa / Bouteloua gracilis W oodland Pinus cembroides - Quercus grisea / Agave lechuguilla / Bouteloua curtipendula W oodland Pinus cembroides - Quercus grisea / Muhlenbergia montana - Piptochaetium pringlei W oodland Pinus clausa / Quercus geminata - Quercus myrtifolia - (Quercus laevis) / Garberia heterophylla Forest Pinus clausa / Quercus geminata - Quercus myrtifolia - Conradina canescens W oodland Pinus clausa / Quercus myrtifolia - Quercus geminata W oodland Pinus echinata - (Quercus stellata, Quercus marilandica) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Salvia urticifolia W oodland Pinus echinata - Pinus taeda - Quercus (alba, falcata, stellata) Forest Pinus echinata - Quercus (incana, stellata, margarettiae) / Cnidoscolus texanus W oodland Pinus echinata - Quercus (marilandica, stellata) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Silphium terebinthinaceum - Oligoneuron album W oodland Pinus echinata - Quercus alba / Viburnum (dentatum, acerifolium) Forest Pinus echinata - Quercus marilandica / Kalmia latifolia - Symplocos tinctoria W oodland Pinus echinata - Quercus prinus - Quercus stellata / Vaccinium pallidum / Pityopsis graminifolia var. latifolia W oodland Pinus echinata - Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodlandPinus echinata / Quercus incana / Selaginella arenicola ssp. riddellii W oodland

Pinus elliottii - Quercus nigra - Chamaecyparis thyoides / Cyrilla racemiflora - Vaccinium spp. Forest Pinus elliottii var. densa / Quercus minima / Panicum abscissum W oodland Pinus elliottii var. densa / Sabal palmetto / Serenoa repens W oodland Pinus elliottii var. densa / Sideroxylon salicifolium - Chrysobalanus icaco - Ilex cassine W oodland Pinus elliottii var. elliottii - (Pinus palustris) / Ilex vomitoria - Serenoa repens - Morella cerifera W oodland Pinus elliottii var. elliottii - (Pinus serotina) / Aristida beyrichiana - Rhynchospora oligantha - Sarracenia (flava, minor, psittacina) W oodland Pinus elliottii var. elliottii - Magnolia virginiana - Taxodium ascendens - Nyssa biflora / Polygala cymosa - Carex glaucescens Forest Pinus elliottii var. elliottii - Taxodium ascendens / Hypericum brachyphyllum / Sporobolus pinetorum - Dichanthelium scabriusculum W oodland Pinus elliottii var. elliottii - Taxodium ascendens / Polygala cymosa - Rhynchospora spp. W oodland Pinus elliottii var. elliottii / Cliftonia monophylla - Cyrilla racemiflora W oodland Pinus glabra - Quercus virginiana - Carya glabra / Carpinus caroliniana / Serenoa repens Forest Pinus palustris - (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) / Quercus (chapmanii, myrtifolia) - Serenoa repens / Aristida beyrichiana - Chapmannia floridana W oodland Pinus palustris - (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) / Sporobolus pinetorum - Oclemena reticulata - (Sporobolus curtissii) W oodland Pinus palustris - (Pinus serotina) / Ilex glabra - Gaylussacia frondosa - (Kalmia carolina) W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus (echinata, taeda) - Quercus falcata - Carya texana W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus (echinata, taeda) / Schizachyrium tenerum - Vernonia angustifolia W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus echinata - (Pinus virginiana) / Quercus marilandica - (Quercus prinus) / Vaccinium pallidum W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Quercus chapmanii - Quercus myrtifolia - Quercus geminata - Lyonia ferruginea W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Sporobolus pinetorum - (Aristida stricta) - Eryngium integrifolium W oodland Pinus palustris - Pinus taeda / Quercus geminata - Quercus hemisphaerica - Osmanthus americanus var. americanus / Aristida stricta W oodland Pinus palustris - Quercus marilandica W est Gulf W oodland Pinus palustris / Amorpha herbacea var. herbacea / Aristida stricta - Sorghastrum nutans W oodland Pinus palustris / Aristida stricta - Sorghastrum nutans - Anthaenantia villosa W oodland Pinus palustris / Eryngium integrifolium - Rhynchospora spp. - (Ctenium aromaticum) W oodland Pinus palustris / Leiophyllum buxifolium / Aristida stricta W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus (incana, margarettiae) / Aristida beyrichiana - Asimina angustifolia W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus (laevis, myrtifolia) / Aristida beyrichiana - Chapmannia floridana W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus incana - Quercus margarettiae / Vaccinium arboreum / Cnidoscolus texanus - Stylisma pickeringii var. pattersonii W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus incana - Quercus marilandica / Aristida beyrichiana - Nolina georgiana W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus incana - Quercus stellata / Aristida beyrichiana - Sporobolus junceus - Nolina georgiana W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus incana / Aristida stricta - Sorghastrum nutans - Anthaenantia villosa W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus incana / Schizachyrium scoparium - Croton argyranthemus W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis - (Quercus incana) / Vaccinium tenellum / Schizachyrium scoparium - Eriogonum tomentosum W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis - Quercus geminata / Vaccinium tenellum / Aristida stricta W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis - Quercus incana / Aristida beyrichiana - Baptisia perfoliata W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis / Aristida purpurascens - Stipulicida setacea - (Rhynchospora megalocarpa, Selaginella acanthonota) W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis / Aristida stricta / Cladonia spp. W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis / Gaylussacia dumosa / Aristida beyrichiana - Helianthus atrorubens W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis / Serenoa repens - Clinopodium coccineum W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis / Serenoa repens - Vaccinium stamineum / Aristida beyrichiana W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis / Serenoa repens / Aristida condensata W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus margarettiae - Quercus incana / Schizachyrium scoparium Atlantic W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus marilandica - Quercus laevis / Aristida beyrichiana - Nolina georgiana W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus marilandica / Gaylussacia dumosa / Aristida stricta W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus marilandica / Ilex vomitoria / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus marilandica / Panicum virgatum W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium - Schizachyrium tenerum - Rhexia alifanus W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus marilandica / Vaccinium crassifolium / Aristida stricta W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus pumila - Gaylussacia dumosa / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Pinus palustris / Quercus pumila / Aristida beyrichiana W oodland Pinus palustris / Rhynchospora elliottii - Lobelia flaccidifolia - Platanthera nivea - (Helenium drummondii) W oodlandPinus palustris / Schizachyrium scoparium - Coreopsis tripteris - Baptisia bracteata var. leucophaea W oodland

Pinus palustris / Schizachyrium scoparium - Liatris pycnostachya W oodland Pinus palustris / Schizachyrium scoparium - Muhlenbergia expansa - Helianthus radula W oodland Pinus palustris / Schizachyrium scoparium - Rudbeckia grandiflora var. alismifolia W oodland Pinus palustris / Schizachyrium scoparium - Schizachyrium tenerum - Silphium gracile W oodland Pinus palustris / Serenoa repens - Ilex glabra Woodland Pinus palustris / Serenoa repens - Vaccinium myrsinites / Aristida beyrichiana - Sporobolus curtissii W oodland Pinus ponderosa - Pinus strobiformis Forest Pinus remota - Juniperus ashei - Quercus spp. W oodland Pinus remota / Juniperus pinchotii - Quercus mohriana W oodland Pinus rigida - (Pinus pungens) / Rhododendron catawbiense - Kalmia latifolia / Galax urceolata Woodland Pinus rigida / Schizachyrium scoparium - Sorghastrum nutans - Baptisia tinctoria W oodland Pinus serotina / Cyrilla racemiflora - Lyonia lucida - Vaccinium fuscatum W oodland Pinus serotina / Ilex glabra / Aristida beyrichiana W oodland Pinus serotina / Ilex glabra / W oodwardia virginica W oodland Pinus serotina / Morella cerifera / Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis W oodland Pinus serotina / Sporobolus floridanus - Aristida beyrichiana W oodland Pinus strobus / Kalmia latifolia - (Vaccinium stamineum, Gaylussacia ursina) Forest Pinus taeda - (Pinus echinata) - Quercus alba - Carya alba / Acer barbatum - (Acer leucoderme) Forest Pinus taeda - Chamaecyparis thyoides - Acer rubrum - Nyssa biflora / Lyonia lucida - Clethra alnifolia Forest Pinus taeda - Nyssa biflora - Taxodium distichum / Morella cerifera / Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis Forest Pinus taeda - Quercus hemisphaerica / Osmanthus americanus / Ilex glabra W oodland Pinus taeda - Quercus laurifolia - Chamaecyparis thyoides - (Quercus virginiana) / Vaccinium elliottii Forest Pinus virginiana / Vaccinium pallidum / Schizachyrium scoparium - Carex pensylvanica W oodland Platanus occidentalis - Liriodendron tulipifera - Betula (alleghaniensis, lenta) / Alnus serrulata - Leucothoe fontanesiana Forest Prosopis glandulosa / Acanthocereus tetragonus W oodland Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa / (Celtis pallida, Phaulothamnus spinescens, Ziziphus obtusifolia var. obtusifolia) W oodland Quercus (falcata, stellata) / Quercus marilandica / Gaylussacia (baccata, dumosa) W oodland Quercus (pagoda, phellos, shumardii) - Celtis laevigata / Cornus foemina / Podophyllum peltatum - Hymenocallis occidentalis Flatwoods Forest Quercus (phellos, pagoda, michauxii) / Ilex opaca var. opaca / Clethra alnifolia / Woodwardia areolata Forest Quercus alba - Carya glabra - Fraxinus americana / Acer leucoderme / Vitis rotundifolia Forest Quercus alba - Quercus coccinea - Quercus falcata / Kalmia latifolia - Vaccinium pallidum Forest Quercus alba - Quercus nigra / Ostrya virginiana / Sabal minor Forest Quercus alba - Quercus rubra - Quercus prinus - Tilia americana var. caroliniana / Ostrya virginiana Forest Quercus alba - Quercus stellata - Carya carolinae-septentrionalis / Acer leucoderme - Cercis canadensis Forest Quercus alba / Acer leucoderme - Ostrya virginiana / Solidago auriculata Forest Quercus alba / Kalmia latifolia Forest Quercus arkansana - Quercus incana / Selaginella arenicola ssp. riddellii W oodland Quercus buckleyi - Fraxinus texensis - Quercus muehlenbergii Forest Quercus falcata - Tilia americana var. caroliniana - Magnolia grandiflora / Ilex vomitoria Forest Quercus falcata Flatwoods Forest Quercus fusiformis - (Quercus stellata) / Schizachyrium scoparium Granite W oodland Quercus fusiformis - Persea borbonia Forest Quercus geminata - (Quercus virginiana) / Serenoa repens - Lyonia fruticosa Forest Quercus geminata / Sabal etonia Forest Quercus geminata / Serenoa repens - Ilex vomitoria - (Sideroxylon lanuginosum) Forest Quercus hemisphaerica - Carya glabra - (Quercus virginiana) Forest Quercus hemisphaerica - Carya glabra - Magnolia grandiflora / Sabal etonia Forest Quercus hemisphaerica - Carya glabra / Oxydendrum arboreum / Sebastiania fruticosa / Carex baltzellii Forest Quercus hemisphaerica - Pinus taeda - (Quercus nigra) / Osmanthus americanus var. americanus / Ilex glabra Forest Quercus hemisphaerica - Quercus geminata / Persea borbonia - Osmanthus americanus Forest Quercus laceyi - Juniperus ashei W oodlandQuercus laurifolia - Magnolia virginiana - Nyssa biflora / Chasmanthium ornithorhynchum Forest

Quercus laurifolia - Nyssa biflora / Clethra alnifolia - Leucothoe axillaris Forest Quercus lyrata - Quercus (palustris, phellos) - Liquidambar styraciflua - (Populus heterophylla) Forest Quercus lyrata - Quercus palustris / Acer rubrum var. drummondii / Itea virginica - Cornus foemina - (Lindera melissifolia) Forest Quercus lyrata - Quercus phellos - Ulmus americana / Rhynchospora spp. Forest Quercus lyrata Pond Forest Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium - (Helianthus mollis, Silphium asteriscus, Liatris aspera) W oodland Quercus michauxii - Quercus (nigra, pagoda) - Liquidambar styraciflua - Pinus taeda Forest Quercus michauxii - Quercus pagoda / Clethra alnifolia - Leucothoe axillaris Forest Quercus michauxii / Carpinus caroliniana - Ilex opaca / Leucothoe racemosa Forest Quercus muehlenbergii - (Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana) Unglaciated Bluff Woodland Quercus muehlenbergii - (Quercus sinuata) - Carya spp. / Sabal minor / Carex cherokeensis - Chasmanthium sessiliflorum Forest Quercus muehlenbergii - Juglans major - (Ulmus rubra) / Verbesina virginica Forest Quercus nigra - Quercus geminata / Lyonia ferruginea - Serenoa repens Forest Quercus pagoda - Carya cordiformis / Chasmanthium sessiliflorum - Verbesina virginica Forest Quercus pagoda - Quercus (michauxii, shumardii) - Magnolia grandiflora - (Tilia americana var. caroliniana) / Sabal minor Forest Quercus pagoda - Quercus michauxii - Quercus alba / Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta - Sabal minor / Chasmanthium laxum Forest Quercus pagoda - Quercus phellos - Quercus lyrata - Quercus michauxii / Chasmanthium latifolium Forest Quercus palustris - Quercus bicolor / Viburnum prunifolium / Leersia virginica - Impatiens capensis Forest Quercus palustris Pond Forest Quercus phellos - Quercus alba / Vaccinium fuscatum - (Viburnum nudum) / Carex (barrattii, intumescens) Forest Quercus phellos - Quercus nigra / Sabal minor - Sebastiania fruticosa Forest Quercus phellos / Carex (albolutescens, intumescens, joorii) / Climacium americanum Forest Quercus prinus - Quercus stellata - Carya glabra / Vaccinium arboreum - Viburnum rufidulum Forest Quercus prinus / Cornus florida - Amelanchier arborea / Pityopsis graminifolia var. latifolia W oodland Quercus rubra / Carex pensylvanica - Ageratina altissima var. roanensis Forest Quercus rubra / Rhododendron catawbiense - Rhododendron arborescens Woodland Quercus shumardii - Quercus muehlenbergii - Acer (barbatum, leucoderme, saccharum) / Ostrya virginiana Forest Quercus stellata - (Quercus coccinea) / Quercus marilandica / Vaccinium pallidum - (Vaccinium stamineum) W oodland Quercus stellata - (Quercus marilandica) / Gaylussacia frondosa Acidic Hardpan W oodland Quercus stellata - Carya (carolinae-septentrionalis, glabra) - (Quercus marilandica) / Ulmus alata / (Schizachyrium scoparium, Piptochaetium avenaceum) W oodland Quercus stellata - Carya carolinae-septentrionalis / Acer leucoderme / Piptochaetium avenaceum - Danthonia spicata W oodland Quercus stellata - Pinus taeda Flatwoods Depression Forest Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica var. ashei Interior Highlands Scrub W oodland Quercus stellata - Quercus muehlenbergii / Schizachyrium scoparium - Sorghastrum nutans Black Belt W oodland Quercus stellata - Ulmus alata - (Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana) / Sporobolus clandestinus - Monarda fistulosa var. stipitatoglandulosa W oodland Quercus stellata / Viburnum rufidulum - Forestiera ligustrina / Andropogon gerardii W oodland Quercus stellata / Viburnum rufidulum / Schizachyrium scoparium - (Sorghastrum nutans, Helianthus eggertii) W oodland Quercus virginiana - (Celtis laevigata) / Prunus caroliniana Forest Quercus virginiana - (Juniperus virginiana) - Zanthoxylum clava-herculis / Sideroxylon lanuginosum W oodland Quercus virginiana - (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, Sabal palmetto) / Persea borbonia - Callicarpa americana Forest Quercus virginiana - Carya illinoinensis W oodland Quercus virginiana - Celtis laevigata / Sabal minor Forest Quercus virginiana - Pinus clausa / Carya (glabra, pallida) / Serenoa repens Forest Quercus virginiana - Quercus hemisphaerica - Pinus taeda - Quercus falcata / Persea palustris Forest Quercus virginiana - Quercus hemisphaerica - Pinus taeda / Persea palustris - Ilex vomitoria Forest Quercus virginiana - Quercus nigra - Liquidambar styraciflua / Ilex opaca var. opaca / Viburnum dentatum Forest Quercus virginiana - Quercus nigra / Chasmanthium latifolium Forest Quercus virginiana - Quercus pagoda - Magnolia grandiflora / Cornus florida / Sanicula sp. Forest Quercus virginiana / Ilex vomitoria - Sabal minor / Carex cherokeensis - Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii Forest Quercus virginiana / Vaccinium arboreum - Ilex vomitoria Forest Rhizophora mangle - (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa) / Acrostichum spp. ForestRhizophora mangle - Laguncularia racemosa - Avicennia germinans - Conocarpus erectus / Jacquinia keyensis Forest

Sabal mexicana - Ebenopsis ebano Forest Sabal palmetto - (Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola) W oodland Sabal palmetto - Quercus laurifolia - Quercus virginiana - Magnolia virginiana - Ulmus americana Forest Sabal palmetto - Quercus virginiana - Ulmus americana - Ficus aurea / Acrostichum danaeifolium - Nephrolepis exaltata Forest Salix caroliniana / Bacopa caroliniana - Blechnum serrulatum Forest Salix caroliniana / Decodon verticillatus / Typha latifolia Forest Salix caroliniana / Sacciolepis striata - Boehmeria cylindrica W oodland Salix exigua / Baccharis salicifolia - Baccharis neglecta / Schoenoplectus spp. W oodland Salix gooddingii - Fraxinus velutina Temporarily Flooded W oodland Taxodium ascendens - Cliftonia monophylla - Pinus elliottii var. elliottii - Chamaecyparis thyoides / Hypericum nitidum - Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense Forest Taxodium ascendens / Annona glabra - Cephalanthus occidentalis - Morella cerifera - Salix caroliniana Forest Taxodium ascendens / Annona glabra / Bacopa caroliniana Forest Taxodium ascendens / Aristida palustris Depression W oodland Taxodium ascendens / Chrysobalanus icaco - Ficus aurea - Persea palustris Forest Taxodium ascendens / Cyrilla racemiflora - Zenobia pulverulenta W oodland Taxodium ascendens / Panicum hemitomon - Polygala cymosa W oodland Taxodium ascendens / Paspalum monostachyum - Rhynchospora microcarpa - Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense W oodland Taxodium ascendens / Rhynchospora microcarpa - Schizachyrium rhizomatum - Muhlenbergia filipes W oodland Taxodium ascendens / W oodwardia virginica W oodland Taxodium distichum - Nyssa aquatica - Persea palustris Forest Taxodium distichum - Nyssa biflora - Acer rubrum - Magnolia virginiana Saturated Forest Taxodium distichum - Nyssa biflora - Magnolia virginiana - Fraxinus profunda Forest Taxodium distichum - Nyssa biflora / Berchemia scandens - Toxicodendron radicans / W oodwardia areolata Forest Taxodium distichum - Platanus occidentalis Edwards Plateau Forest Taxodium distichum - Platanus occidentalis Ouachita Foothills Forest Taxodium distichum / Carex hyalinolepis W oodland Taxodium distichum / Persea palustris - Fraxinus caroliniana - Chrysobalanus icaco / Blechnum serrulatum Forest Taxodium distichum / Typha angustifolia W oodland Tilia americana (var. caroliniana, var. heterophylla) - Acer barbatum - Fraxinus americana / Arundinaria gigantea / Tillandsia usneoides Forest Tilia americana var. heterophylla - Fraxinus americana - (Ulmus rubra) / Sanguinaria canadensis - (Aquilegia canadensis, Asplenium rhizophyllum) Forest Tsuga canadensis - Acer rubrum - (Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica) / Rhododendron maximum / Sphagnum spp. Forest Tsuga canadensis - Betula alleghaniensis / Veratrum viride - Carex scabrata - Oclemena acuminata Forest Tsuga canadensis - Halesia tetraptera - (Fagus grandifolia, Magnolia fraseri) / Rhododendron maximum / Dryopteris intermedia Forest Tsuga caroliniana - Pinus (rigida, pungens, virginiana) Forest Tsuga caroliniana / Kalmia latifolia - Rhododendron catawbiense Forest Ulmus crassifolia - Carya illinoinensis - Celtis laevigata / Chasmanthium sessiliflorum - Carex cherokeensis Forest Abies amabilis - Abies concolor / Mahonia nervosa Forest Abies concolor - Chamaecyparis lawsoniana - Pseudotsuga menziesii / (Mahonia nervosa) / Achlys triphylla Forest Abies concolor - Chamaecyparis lawsoniana / Quercus sadleriana / Leucothoe davisiae - Rhododendron macrophyllum Forest Abies concolor - Picea breweriana / Chimaphila umbellata Forest Abies concolor - Picea breweriana / Gaultheria ovatifolia / Orthilia secunda Forest Abies concolor - Picea breweriana / Vaccinium membranaceum / Goodyera oblongifolia Forest Abies concolor - Picea pungens - Populus angustifolia / Acer glabrum Forest Abies concolor - Pinus monticola / Ribes viscosissimum Forest Abies concolor - Pinus ponderosa / Amelanchier alnifolia Forest Abies concolor - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Carex rossii Forest Abies concolor / Carex siccata Forest Abies concolor / Juglans major Forest Abies grandis - Picea engelmannii / Maianthemum stellatum Forest Abies grandis - Thuja plicata / Achlys triphylla Forest Abies grandis - Tsuga heterophylla / Clintonia uniflora ForestAbies grandis - Tsuga heterophylla / Polystichum munitum Forest

Abies grandis / Arctostaphylos nevadensis W oodland Abies grandis / Coptis occidentalis Forest Abies grandis / Holodiscus discolor Forest Abies grandis / Spiraea betulifolia Forest Abies grandis / Taxus brevifolia Forest Abies grandis / Vaccinium caespitosum Forest Abies grandis / Vaccinium membranaceum - Achlys triphylla Forest Abies lasiocarpa - (Pinus contorta) / Lupinus arcticus ssp. subalpinus W oodland Abies lasiocarpa / Carex siccata Forest Acer macrophyllum - Alnus rubra / Polystichum munitum - Tellima grandiflora Forest Acer negundo - Populus angustifolia / Cornus sericea Forest Acer negundo / Equisetum arvense Forest Alnus rhombifolia - Abies grandis Forest Alnus rhombifolia / Sambucus caerulea Forest Celtis laevigata var. reticulata / Pseudoroegneria spicata W oodland Cercocarpus ledifolius / Calamagrostis rubescens W oodland Cercocarpus ledifolius / Symphoricarpos oreophilus W oodland Chamaecyparis lawsoniana - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Lithocarpus densiflorus / Gaultheria shallon Forest Chamaecyparis lawsoniana / Rhododendron occidentale / Carex spp. Temporarily Flooded Forest Cupressus arizonica / Quercus hypoleucoides Forest Cupressus arizonica / Quercus turbinella Forest Cupressus macnabiana Forest Cupressus sargentii W oodland Fraxinus latifolia - Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Rubus spectabilis Forest Fraxinus latifolia / Juncus patens Forest Juglans major / Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens Forest Juniperus occidentalis / Achnatherum thurberianum W oodland Juniperus occidentalis / Cercocarpus ledifolius - Symphoricarpos oreophilus W oodland Juniperus osteosperma / Cercocarpus montanus W oodland Juniperus osteosperma / Pleuraphis mutica W oodland Juniperus scopulorum / Artemisia nova W oodland Juniperus scopulorum / Cercocarpus montanus W oodland Juniperus scopulorum / Purshia tridentata W oodland Juniperus scopulorum / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Larix lyallii / Vaccinium membranaceum / Luzula glabrata var. hitchcockii W oodland Larix lyallii / Vaccinium scoparium / Luzula glabrata var. hitchcockii W oodland Nestegis sandwicensis Lowland Mesic Forest Picea (engelmannii X glauca, engelmannii) / Carex disperma Forest Picea (engelmannii X glauca, engelmannii) / Lysichiton americanus Forest Picea engelmannii / Acer glabrum Forest Picea engelmannii / Carex disperma Forest Picea engelmannii / Packera cardamine Forest Picea engelmannii / Trifolium dasyphyllum Forest Picea pungens / Betula occidentalis W oodland Picea pungens / Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda W oodland Picea pungens / Lonicera involucrata Forest Picea sitchensis / Carex obnupta - Lysichiton americanus Forest Picea sitchensis / Cornus sericea / Lysichiton americanus Forest Picea sitchensis / Sphagnum spp. W oodland Pinus albicaulis - (Abies lasiocarpa) / Carex geyeri Woodland Pinus albicaulis - Pinus contorta var. latifolia / Penstemon laetus ForestPinus albicaulis / Calamagrostis rubescens W oodland

Pinus aristata / Trifolium dasyphyllum W oodland Pinus attenuata / Arctostaphylos nevadensis W oodland Pinus contorta var. contorta - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Cladina spp. Forest Pinus contorta var. contorta / Carex obnupta Forest Pinus discolor / Piptochaetium fimbriatum W oodland Pinus discolor / Quercus hypoleucoides W oodland Pinus discolor / Quercus toumeyi W oodland Pinus edulis - (Juniperus monosperma, Juniperus osteosperma) / Hesperostipa comata W oodland Pinus edulis / Andropogon hallii W oodland Pinus edulis / Muhlenbergia dubia W oodland Pinus leiophylla / Piptochaetium fimbriatum W oodland Pinus monticola - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus vacciniifolia - Lithocarpus densiflorus W oodland Pinus muricata - Arbutus menziesii / Vaccinium ovatum Forest Pinus ponderosa - Populus tremuloides / Carex spp. - (Poa spp.) Forest Pinus ponderosa - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos nevadensis W oodland Pinus ponderosa - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Penstemon fruticosus W oodland Pinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Balsamorhiza sagittata W oodland Pinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Carex geyeri Woodland Pinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus W oodland Pinus ponderosa / (Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium) W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Alnus incana W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Amelanchier alnifolia W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Arctostaphylos patula - Arctostaphylos viscida Forest Pinus ponderosa / Artemisia arbuscula W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana / Poa nervosa W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Calamagrostis rubescens Forest Pinus ponderosa / Elymus glaucus Forest Pinus ponderosa / Juglans major W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Physocarpus malvaceus Forest Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata / Achnatherum occidentale W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata / Carex inops ssp. inops Forest Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata / Carex rossii W oodland Pinus ponderosa / Wyethia mollis W oodland Platanus wrightii - Alnus oblongifolia / Baccharis salicifolia Forest Platanus wrightii - Juglans major Forest Platanus wrightii / Bouteloua curtipendula Forest Populus angustifolia - Juniperus scopulorum W oodland Populus angustifolia / Acer grandidentatum Forest Populus angustifolia / Prunus virginiana W oodland Populus angustifolia / Rosa woodsii Forest Populus angustifolia / Salix drummondiana - Acer glabrum W oodland Populus balsamifera (ssp. trichocarpa, ssp. balsamifera) / Symphoricarpos (albus, oreophilus, occidentalis) Forest Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa - (Populus tremuloides) / Heracleum maximum Forest Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa - Alnus rubra / Rubus spectabilis Forest Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa - Fraxinus latifolia Forest Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa - Picea sitchensis - (Acer macrophyllum) / Oxalis oregana Forest Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Oplopanax horridus - Acer glabrum Forest Populus deltoides (ssp. wislizeni, ssp. monilifera) - Salix gooddingii Forest Populus deltoides (ssp. wislizeni, ssp. monilifera) / Artemisia tridentata W oodland Populus deltoides (ssp. wislizeni, ssp. monilifera) / Distichlis spicata W oodland Populus deltoides (ssp. wislizeni, ssp. monilifera) / Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens ForestPopulus deltoides (ssp. wislizeni, ssp. monilifera) / Sparse Forest

Populus deltoides / Carex pellita Woodland Populus deltoides / Cornus sericea Forest Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera / Bouteloua curtipendula W oodland Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni / Anemopsis californica Forest Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni / Poliomintha incana Forest Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni / Rhus trilobata W oodland Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni / Salix irrorata Forest Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni / Schizachyrium scoparium W oodland Populus fremontii - Fraxinus velutina Woodland Populus fremontii - Platanus wrightii Forest Populus fremontii - Salix gooddingii / Baccharis salicifolia Forest Populus fremontii - Salix gooddingii / Salix exigua Forest Populus fremontii - Salix gooddingii W oodland Populus fremontii / Acer negundo Forest Populus fremontii / Baccharis salicifolia W oodland Populus fremontii / Muhlenbergia rigens Woodland Populus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Pedicularis racemosa Forest Populus tremuloides - Pinus flexilis Forest Populus tremuloides / Amelanchier alnifolia / Pteridium aquilinum Forest Populus tremuloides / Carex obnupta Forest Populus tremuloides / Carex pellita Forest Populus tremuloides / Ceanothus velutinus Forest Populus tremuloides / Ranunculus alismifolius Forest Populus tremuloides / Ribes montigenum Forest Populus tremuloides / Rubus parviflorus Forest Populus tremuloides / Sambucus racemosa Forest Pritchardia martii Lowland W et Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - Quercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus W oodland Pseudotsuga menziesii - Sequoia sempervirens / Polystichum munitum Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - Sequoia sempervirens / Rhododendron macrophyllum / Vaccinium ovatum Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - Tsuga heterophylla / Mahonia nervosa Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - Tsuga heterophylla / Rhododendron macrophyllum - Vaccinium ovatum - Gaultheria shallon Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - Tsuga heterophylla / Rhododendron macrophyllum - Vaccinium ovatum Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii - Tsuga heterophylla / Vaccinium ovatum Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii / Amelanchier alnifolia Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii / Festuca occidentalis Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii / Gaultheria shallon - Holodiscus discolor Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii / Juniperus osteosperma Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii / Paxistima myrsinites Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii / Piptatherum micranthum W oodland Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus rugosa Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii / Rosa gymnocarpa - Holodiscus discolor Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii / Symphoricarpos albus / Hieracium cynoglossoides Forest Quercus emoryi / Piptochaetium fimbriatum W oodland Quercus garryana - (Fraxinus latifolia) / Symphoricarpos albus Forest Quercus garryana - Quercus kelloggii / Toxicodendron diversilobum Woodland Quercus garryana / Ceanothus cuneatus / Festuca idahoensis W oodland Quercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus / Carex inops W oodland Quercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus / Polystichum munitum Forest Quercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus Woodland Quercus garryana / Toxicodendron diversilobum / Elymus glaucus W oodlandQuercus lobata W oodland

Quercus tomentella Forest Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra / Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis W oodland Sophora chrysophylla Subalpine Dry W oodland Thuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Oxalis oregana Forest Thuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / W hipplea modesta Forest Thuja plicata / Adiantum pedatum Forest Thuja plicata / Aralia nudicaulis Forest Thuja plicata / Linnaea borealis Forest Thuja plicata / Taxus brevifolia / Asarum caudatum Forest Tsuga heterophylla / Menziesia ferruginea Forest Tsuga heterophylla / Quercus sadleriana Forest Tsuga heterophylla / Rubus pedatus Forest Tsuga heterophylla / Xerophyllum tenax Forest Tsuga mertensiana / Streptopus amplexifolius ForestCommon Name Confidence Summary GRank Rounded GRank 1 This floodplain forest occurs on rich, moist high-bench floodplains of rivers that flood every few years in coastal British Columbia. The range of this plant community occurs along rivers at lower elevations (0 to 600 m) of coastal British Columbia from the Chilliwack River north to Knight Inlet. Soils are derived from fluvial materials and have a fluctuating water table. This mixed floodplain forest community has a varied overstory of deciduous and coniferous trees, a well-developed, diverse shrub layer, a moderate to well-developed herb layer dominated by <i>Maianthemum dilatatum</i> and <i>Prosartes hookeri (= Disporum hookeri)</i>, and a poorly developed moss layer of leafy mosses. The multi-layered overstory has moderate to high cover of <i>Acer macrophyllum</i>, low to high cover of <i>Populus balsamifera</i> and <i>Picea sitchensis</i>, and low to moderate cover of <i>Alnus rubra</i>. The well-developed shrub layer has moderate cover of <i>Rubus spectabilis</i> and <i>Acer circinatum</i>, low to high c G1G2 G1 1 This linear floodplain community occurs on middle fluvial benches along rivers of coastal British Columbia. These sites may occur at elevations from 0 to 600 m along rivers that flood annually and have prolonged elevated water tables during the growing season. This plant community has a moderately open canopy dominated by <i>Picea sitchensis</i>, poorly developed shrub layer dominated by regenerating conifers, a species-rich herb layer, and a well-developed moss layer with mixed feathermosses and leafy mosses. <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> commonly occurs with moderate cover, and <i>Alnus rubra</i> is consistently present, usually with low cover. Regenerating conifers, such as <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> and <i>Picea sitchensis</i>, are typically in the shrub layer as are <i>Rubus spectabilis</i> and sometimes <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i> at low cover. The herb layer is species-rich with numerous fern, graminoid and lily species but none with very high constancy. A moderate to high cover of <i>Elymus hirsutus</i> w G1G2 G1 1 This small-patch community occurs on Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands of the Strait of Georgia and also may be found in the Puget Sound area and San Juan Islands of W ashington. In British Columbia, it occupies sites on gentle to steep slopes where bedrock outcroppings are common. Soils are usually very dry and may be nutrient poor to medium depending on depth of humus layer and underlying bedrock. Soils are derived from thin colluvial or morainal veneers overlying bedrock. This lowland mixed woodland is characterized by a moderately open canopy of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> with an understory of <i>Quercus garryana</i> occurring in canopy gaps. The shrub layer is sparse, and the herb layer is dominated by abundant <i>Melica subulata</i> with <i>Sanicula crassicaulis</i> and <i>Carex inops</i>. The moss layer is characterized by abundant <i>Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus</i> with some <i>Eurhynchium oreganum</i>. The absence of other conifer species, the sparse shrub layer, and the abundance of <i>Melica su G1 G1 1 This small-patch forest community occurs on sites with strongly fluctuating water tables within the Georgia Basin of coastal British Columbia at elevations from 0 to 150 m and similar sites in pockets of Oregon and W ashington. This community has a closed mixed deciduous and coniferous overstory, moderately shrubby understory dominated by <i>Oemleria cerasiformis</i>, well-developed herb layer characterized by <i>Polystichum munitum</i>, and a moderately well-developed moss layer dominated by <i>Eurhynchium praelongum</i>. Moderate to high cover of <i>Thuja plicata, Acer macrophyllum, Abies grandis</i>, and <i>Alnus rubra</i> comprise the closed overstory. The moderately well-developed shrub layer is characterized by high cover of <i>Oemleria cerasiformis</i> with low cover of <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i>. High cover of <i>Polystichum munitum</i> characterizes the herb layer which also includes low cover of <i>Tiarella trifoliata, Rubus ursinus</i>, and <i>Trillium ovatum</i>. The moderately well-developed moss G1 G1 1 This small-patch forest community occurs on gentle and middle slopes on all aspects within the Georgia Basin of British Columbia and adjacent W ashington. These sites occur at elevations from 0 to 190 m. This plant community is characterized by a closed canopy of mixed conifers and a moderate shrub layer dominated by <i>Mahonia nervosa</i> and/or <i>Gaultheria shallon</i>, herb layer dominated by <i>Polystichum munitum</i>, and moss layer dominated by feathermosses. <i>Thuja plicata, Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, and <i>Abies grandis</i> are usually present with high cover and typically codominate the overstory. The moderately well-developed shrub layer consists primarily of moderate cover of <i>Mahonia nervosa</i> and <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> together with low cover of <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i> and <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i>. <i>Polystichum munitum</i>, and often <i>Achlys triphylla</i> in British Columbia, dominate the moderately well-developed herb layer often with low cover of <i>Trientalis borealis, Rubus ur G1 G1 1 This linear forest plant community occurs on rich, moist, high bench floodplains of rivers that flood every few years in coastal British Columbia. These sites occur at elevations from 0 to 200 m on the lower elevations of the outer coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and on the outer coast of British Columbia from W ells Passage, west of Broughton Island, to Smith Inlet. This community has a moderately developed shrub layer, well-developed forb layer dominated by ferns, and moderately developed moss layer. A high cover of <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> and moderate cover of <i>Picea sitchensis</i> dominate the overstory. A high cover of <i>Rubus spectabilis</i> dominates the shrub layer along with moderate cover of <i>Tsuga heterophylla, Ribes bracteosum</i>, and <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i>. The well-developed herb layer is characterized by moderate to high covers of the ferns <i>Polystichum munitum</i> and <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i>, with moderate cover of <i>Blechnum spicant, Tiarella trifoliata</i>, G1G2 G1 Cape May Lowland Swamp 2 Typically this community occupies the headwaters of streams in coastal southern New Jersey where occurrences probably receive groundwater discharge. Topography is gently rolling with a series of wet depressions alternating with drier islands. Stands generally have high diversity, one occurrence was found to contain 20-25 species of trees and 40 species of shrubs. Typical canopy species include <i>Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Fraxinus profunda</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. <i>Magnolia virginiana</i> and <i>Ilex opaca</i> are frequent subcanopy trees. Characteristic shrubs include <i>Clethra alnifolia, Rhododendron viscosum, Lindera benzoin</i>, and <i>Itea virginica</i>. In addition to these generally 'acid-loving' species a number of typical calcicoles occur in this community including <i>Cirsium muticum, Euphorbia purpurea, Platanthera flava var. flava</i>. Several species with a more southern distribution are also found in this community including <i>Quercus michauxii, Quercus phellos, Quercus n G1 G1 Potomac River Bedrock Terrace Oak - Hickory Forest 2 This dry oak-hickory forest occurs on elevated bedrock terraces above the Potomac River for several miles below Great Falls. These level to gently sloping metamorphic bedrock terraces are 12-15 m (40-50 feet) above the river level and are subject to very rare (30- to 85-year) flood events. The community is a stunted forest dominated by <i>Carya glabra, Quercus alba, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Quercus prinus</i> occurring with <i>Fraxinus americana</i>. Other characteristic woody species include <i>Juniperus virginiana, Ostrya virginiana, Chionanthus virginicus, Viburnum rafinesquianum, Vaccinium stamineum, Vaccinium pallidum</i>, and <i>Ptelea trifoliata</i>. The herbaceous layer is dense to moderately dense, species-rich, and usually dominated by grasses and sedges, especially <i>Piptochaetium avenaceum, Danthonia spicata</i>, and <i>Carex albicans var. albicans</i>. Spring ephemerals, such as <i>Cardamine angustata (= Dentaria heterophylla), Erythronium americanum, Claytonia virginica, Corydalis flavula</i>, G1G2 G1 Long Island Maritime Beech Forest 1 This maritime forest community is currently described from north-facing exposed bluffs and the back portions of rolling dunes on Long Island. The community is dominated by <i>Fagus grandifolia</i>. <i>Quercus velutina</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i> can be present at low densities. Canopy trees exhibit a stunted, multi-stemmed growth form from wind and salt spray; trees are notably taller in more protected dune slacks. A shrub layer is sparse to absent. Vines and herbs such as <i>Aralia nudicaulis, Epifagus virginiana</i>, and <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i> form a sparse ground layer, and moss cover is variable. Soils are well-drained fine sands. This community occurs only in Long Island, New York. G1 G1 Central Appalachian Circumneutral Seepage Swamp 1 This community is a lush, circumneutral, seepage-fed, mixed woodland or forested swamp of the Allegheny Mountains region of W est Virginia. It is a late-successional, small-patch community limited to frost-pocket wetlands on the Mississippian Greenbrier limestone, at elevations between 960 and 1000 m. The community occurs on temporarily to semipermanently flooded, flat headwater basins and backswamps along small streams. Microtopography is characterized by irregular hummocks formed over buttressed tree roots, tip-up mounds, nurse logs, and decaying wood. Soils are poorly drained muck or organic-rich silt loam over mottled or gleyed silty clay. This rich swamp provides habitat for a number of rare shade-tolerant calciphile wetland species. The canopy is open to closed and dominated by stunted, inundation-stressed <i>Abies balsamea, Fraxinus nigra</i>, and <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. The subcanopy is dominated by <i>Abies balsamea</i> with varying amounts of <i>Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis, Tsuga canad G1 G1 Maritime Holly Forest 2 This type represents maritime holly forest of the lee sides of backdunes in New Jersey and Long Island, New York. It occurs in low areas behind backdunes where it is protected from overwash and salt spray. Substrate is sandy loam over coarse sand. The dominant tree is <i>Ilex opaca</i>. Other canopy associates can include <i>Amelanchier canadensis, Amelanchier laevis, Acer rubrum, Celtis occidentalis, Sassafras albidum, Quercus stellata, Quercus velutina</i>, and <i>Prunus serotina</i>. Characteristic shrubs include <i>Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica), Gaylussacia baccata, Rhus copallinum, Vaccinium corymbosum</i>. <i>Sambucus canadensis, Viburnum dentatum</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron vernix</i> can occur infrequently. Vines are particularly abundant, and include <i>Toxicodendron radicans, Smilax rotundifolia, Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>, and <i>Vitis</i> spp. The herbaceous layer is sparsely to moderately developed and includes <i>Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum stellatum (= Smilacina stellata), G1 G1 Central Coastal Plain Basin Swamp 2 This seasonally flooded hardwood forest community occurs in groundwater basins on the Coastal Plain of Maryland and Virginia. The canopy is of variable closure and is dominated by <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Nyssa biflora</i>. Associated canopy species include <i>Quercus lyrata, Quercus laurifolia</i> and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>. The shrub layer is comprised of <i>Leucothoe racemosa</i> and scattered <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>. The herbaceous layer is characterized by <i>Carex joorii, Carex striata, Panicum verrucosum, Fimbristylis autumnalis</i>, and others. G1G2 G1 Pinus resinosa - Quercus rubra / Sibbaldiopsis tridentata / Danthonia compressa - Antennaria virginica / Rhytidium rugosum W oodland 2 This community occurs on west-facing side ridges of Pike Knob, Pendleton County, W est Virginia, at about 1220 m (4000 feet) elevation. The original structure of the vegetation is somewhat uncertain, but probably resembled the current manifestation or was more open. The open to scattered canopy consists of stunted individuals of <i>Pinus resinosa, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Betula lenta</i>. Shrub layer is scattered, and includes <i>Salix humilis, Physocarpus opulifolius, Vaccinium angustifolium, Symphoricarpos albus</i>, and <i>Rosa acicularis</i>. The dwarf-shrub layer is locally dense, consisting of <i>Sibbaldiopsis tridentata</i>. The herb layer is dominated by <i>Danthonia compressa</i> and <i>Antennaria virginica</i>, with other species including <i>Polypodium appalachianum, Hylotelephium telephioides (= Sedum telephioides), Phlox subulata, Potentilla canadensis, Heuchera alba, Campanula divaricata, Fragaria virginiana, Allium allegheniense, Deschampsia flexuosa, Carex pensylvanica, Polygonum tenue, Houst G1 G1 Red Pine / Minniebush Forest 2 This red pine forest association is known from high elevations in Pendleton and Hardy counties, W est Virginia, on steep, north- to northwest-facing slopes near the summit, on sandy acidic soils over sandstone. The canopy is strongly dominated by <i>Pinus resinosa</i>, with canopy associates including <i>Betula lenta, Pinus rigida</i>, and <i>Quercus rubra</i>. Other less frequent canopy species include <i>Pinus strobus, Pinus pungens, Sorbus americana</i>, and <i>Pinus virginiana</i>. A tree subcanopy is comprised of <i>Betula lenta, Amelanchier arborea, Acer pensylvanicum, Hamamelis virginiana</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. The shrub stratum is comprised of <i>Vaccinium angustifolium, Kalmia latifolia</i>, and <i>Menziesia pilosa</i>, with other less frequent shrubs including <i>Rhododendron prinophyllum (= Rhododendron roseum), Gaylussacia baccata, Smilax herbacea</i>, and <i>Ribes</i> spp. The herbaceous layer is sparsely developed and characterized by <i>Polypodium appalachianum, Gaultheria procumbens, Soli G1 G1 Allegheny Pitch Pine - Red Spruce Peat Swamp 2 This coniferous swamp of the Allegheny Mountains of W est Virginia and the Catskills of New York occurs on saturated peat deposits over acidic bedrock. The open dwarfed canopy is characterized by <i>Pinus rigida</i> and <i>Picea rubens</i>. The shrub layers are characterized by <i>Nemopanthus mucronatus, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Vaccinium myrtilloides</i>, and in W est Virginia, <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>. The herbaceous layer supports <i>Gaultheria procumbens, Coptis trifolia, Dalibarda repens, Carex trisperma</i>, and in W est Virginia examples, <i>Eriophorum virginicum, Epigaea repens, Rhynchospora alba</i>, and <i>Vaccinium oxycoccos</i>. The nonvascular layer is well-developed and comprised of <i>Sphagnum</i> species. G1G2 G1 Mesic Pine Barrens 2 This mesic pine barren community is restricted to the eastern portion of the High Allegheny ecoregion. Unlike all other pine barrens associations that occur in xeric habitats, this association occurs on deep, fine-loamy Illinoisan till. The origin of this association is not known definitively, but there is much evidence to suggest that that this community has likely persisted in this environment as a result of frequent fire. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus rigida</i>, with <i>Acer rubrum</i> as a common associate. The understory is characterized by <i>Quercus ilicifolia</i>, with associated heaths <i>Vaccinium angustifolium</i> and <i>Kalmia angustifolia</i>. <i>Rhododendron canadense</i> is the most characteristic shrub of this association. The herbaceous layer is characterized by <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Calamagrostis coarctata (= Calamagrostis cinnoides), Carex pensylvanica, Piptatherum racemosum (= Oryzopsis racemosa)</i>, and <i>Rubus hispidus</i>. Other associates include <i>Amianthium muscitoxicum, G1 G1 Pitch Pine - Reedgrass Savanna 2 Pitch pine saturated woodland known to date only from the New Jersey Pine Barrens. The community is characterized by an open canopy (10-50%) of <i>Pinus rigida</i> with a scattered shrub layer characterized by <i>Gaylussacia dumosa</i>, in association with <i>Gaylussacia baccata, Kalmia angustifolia, Ilex glabra, Vaccinium corymbosum, Chamaedaphne calyculata</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses are common. The herbaceous is characterized by high cover of <i>Calamovilfa brevipilis</i>. Associated herbs are varied in cover and frequency, but may include <i>Andropogon glomeratus, Gentiana autumnalis, Muhlenbergia torreyana, Amphicarpum purshii</i>. The rare lepidoptera <i>Agrotis buchholzi, Spartiniphaga carterae, Crambus daeckellus</i> are associated with this community. G1 G1 Pitch Pine - Blueberry Peat Swamp 2 This northern pitch pine swamp occurs in poorly drained depressions in sand plains of the Great Lakes plain in New York. An impermeable soil horizon formed by iron oxide impedes drainage in areas of the sand plain allowing peat accumulation. The dominant tree in the open canopy is <i>Pinus rigida</i>. Common tree associates include <i>Betula populifolia</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. The shrub layer is well-developed, dominated by <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i>. Lesser amounts of <i>Kalmia angustifolia</i> and <i>Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa)</i> also make up the shrub layer, along with shrubs of more northern distribution, <i>Vaccinium myrtilloides</i> and <i>Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i>. The herb layer is made up of <i>Gaultheria procumbens, Cornus canadensis, Pteridium aquilinum</i>, and <i>Maianthemum canadense</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses make up the bryophyte layer. Although related to pitch pine swamps of pine barrens in the northeast and New Jersey, the presence of the northern species, G1G2 G1 Loblolly Pine Dune W oodland 1 This maritime woodland occurs on large, xeric sand dunes of barrier islands in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Soils in this community are sandy and rapidly drained. It often occurs directly adjacent to actively shifting foredunes and is exposed to salt spray, winds and storms. The community also occurs on unstable sands of protected backdunes. In the denser woodlands, more pine duff accumulates, and herb diversity and cover are generally higher. W here woodlands are more open and trees sparse, growing conditions are harsh, less duff accumulates, and vast areas of exposed white sand are characteristic. Trees are generally characterized by low spreading branches and multiple trunks. A shrub layer is sparse or lacking; herbaceous cover is usually low. <i>Pinus taeda</i> dominates the canopy, but hardwoods such as <i>Quercus falcata, Quercus </i><i>nigra</i>, and <i>Ilex opaca</i> are frequent but have low stature and cover. Younger, smaller pines make up a sparse subcanopy. Tall shrubs are also sparse, althoug G1G2 G1 Chesapeake Bay Tall Maritime Shrubland 2 This association comprises tall, temperate, deciduous maritime shrublands or scrub forests of the mid-Atlantic coast. It generally occurs on the lee side of sand dunes along the coast and is subject to salt spray and winds. The substrate varies from pure sand directly adjacent to the ocean to loamy sands in more sheltered areas of the coast. Although placed within the shrubland class at one time, the physiognomy of this vegetation can be variable and ranges from open woodland to stunted forest to dense nearly impenetrable thicket (this association has been placed back in the forest class). Individual trees tend to be wind-pruned and multi-stemmed. The vegetation is dominated by <i>Prunus serotina, Amelanchier canadensis, Pinus taeda, Sassafras albidum, Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia)</i>, and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i> in varying proportions. <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i> and <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i> may form a subcanopy, but if the community is particularly stunted, this species m G1G2 G1 Piedmont / Central Appalachian River-Scour Woodland 2 This community type is restricted to the active channel shelves of large rivers, at localities where bedrock outcrops constrain flow and produce locally high water velocities during large floods. Average return interval of overbank flooding is less than one year to more than one year, and hydrologic regime is temporarily flooded. W oody vegetation is constantly subjected to mechanical damage from ice and other flood debris. Soils are shallow (7 to >30 cm deep) sandy loams or loamy sands, with many rock fragments and 2-20% of the surface comprised of exposed bedrock or large boulders. Physiognomy is an open woodland of short-statured, flood-battered trees, with <i>Quercus bicolor</i> and <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> the leading overstory dominants in mixed stands. <i>Acer negundo, Diospyros virginiana, Juglans nigra, Platanus occidentalis, Ulmus americana</i>, and other trees are locally important associates. The shrub layer is sparse or absent and consists of saplings of the nominal species and other flood-to G1G2 G1 North Atlantic Coastal Plain Dry Calcareous Forest 2 This dry, open, calcareous forest of the Coastal Plain of Virginia and Maryland is restricted to subxeric to xeric, fertile habitats over unconsolidated, calcareous deposits. These localized habitats are found on southeast- to southwest-facing, usually convex slopes of deep ravines or stream-fronting bluffs that have downcut into Tertiary shell deposits or limesands. Occurrences are small (typically <1 acre) and highly localized in dissected portions of the Virginia inner Coastal Plain and Maryland outer Coastal Plain. <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> is a constant, codominant or dominant canopy tree and is the most characteristic tree of this type. Some stands tend toward a woodland physiognomy, with low-statured, gnarled trees and a very open canopy. The understory includes <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> and <i>Cercis canadensis var. canadensis</i>. The herb layer is usually patchy but contains a diversity of species, including several long-range mountain disjuncts. Particularly abundant or notewor G1 G1 Wh ite Spruce / Grouseberry Forest 1 This white spruce community type is found in the Black Hills region of the United States. It had been found at elevations ranging from 1737-2040 m, where it occurs on calcareous, loamy soils on moderate slopes. The overstory is dominated by successfully reproducing <i>Picea glauca</i> with some mature <i>Populus tremuloides</i> and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> remaining from earlier seral stages. The shrub layer is the most conspicuous understory layer. It is often dominated by <i>Vaccinium scoparium</i>. In some stands other shrubs may be more abundant, with only scattered <i>Vaccinium scoparium</i>. Other shrubs that are typically found are <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus communis, Mahonia repens, Spiraea betulifolia</i>, and <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i>. Major herbaceous species are <i>Achillea millefolium, Galium boreale, Fragaria virginiana, Lathyrus ochroleucus</i>, and <i>Oryzopsis asperifolia</i>. Mosses and lichens are rare to common. G1G2 G1 Cottonwood Dune W oodland 2 This community occurs in dune fields and on the most stable dune ridges in the southern Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, especially around Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The canopy is typically open (25-80% cover) and may even be scrubby due to wind damage. The most common dominant is <i>Populus deltoides</i>, often in association with <i>Juniperus virginiana</i>. <i>Quercus</i> spp. (including <i>Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Quercus velutina</i>) may occur, particularly when there are adjacent oak forests. Shrub and vine species include <i>Cornus drummondii, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Rhus typhina, Salix amygdaloides, Salix exigua, Salix fragilis</i>, and <i>Vitis riparia</i>. <i>Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica)</i> is common at Presque Isle in Pennsylvania. Herbaceous species are scattered, but include <i>Asclepias syriaca, Elymus virginicus, Rumex acetosella, Schizachyrium scoparium</i>, and <i>Strophostyles helvula</i>. G1G2 G1 Cottonwood - Sycamore Forest 2 This cottonwood - sycamore floodplain forest is found in the central Great Plains of the United States. Stands occur on nearly level to undulating soils on floodplains along major rivers and streams. Soils are deep, poorly drained to well-drained, and formed in silty and clayey alluvium. The vegetation structure is open- to closed-canopy forest. Dominant trees include <i>Populus deltoides</i> and <i>Platanus occidentalis</i>. Associates include <i>Acer negundo, Carya illinoinensis, Celtis occidentalis</i>, and <i>Salix nigra</i>. G1G2 G1 Central Midwest W hite Oak - Mixed Oak W oodland 2 This white oak - mixed oak - hickory woodland type is found in the central tallgrass region of the United States. Stands occur on gentle upper and midslopes of hills, ridges and plains, on a variety of aspects or on flatland. Soils are well-drained, moderately deep to deep (>100 cm). The parent material is primarily loess, glacial till, gravel, or deeply weathered bedrock. The tree canopy is moderately tall (20-25 m), somewhat open-grown with low tree densities and somewhat spreading canopies. Canopy cover is 30-80%, but varies with fire regime. The woody sapling layer is variable, typically absent or scattered, but increasing in the absence of fire. Dominant trees include <i>Quercus alba, Carya ovata, Carya ovalis, Carya alba (= Carya tomentosa), Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Quercus velutina</i>. Shrubs and saplings may include <i>Cornus foemina, Corylus americana, Crataegus</i> spp., <i>Malus ioensis</i>, and <i>Rhus aromatica</i>, and, in the absence of fire, <i>Amelanchier arborea, Cornus florida, Ostrya vir G1Q G1 Bur Oak Bottomland W oodland 2 This bur oak - swamp white oak woodland community is found in the midwestern United States. Stands occur on river floodplain terraces. Soils associated with this type are silt loam, with neutral pH. The soil profile has a black A horizon to 95 cm deep, is high in organic matter, has moderate permeability, and is very high in available water capacity. This community contains large-diameter stems (>90 cm dbh) of <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i>, with scattered <i>Quercus bicolor</i> and <i>Celtis occidentalis</i>. Lower terraces of this community can contain subdominants such as <i>Gleditsia triacanthos, Platanus occidentalis</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i>, while higher terraces can contain subdominants such as <i>Juglans nigra, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Ulmus rubra</i>. <i>Euonymus atropurpureus</i> is a common understory shrub. The ground layer is dominated by <i>Elymus virginicus</i> and <i>Laportea canadensis</i>. G1 G1 Western Tallgrass Bur Oak Mesic W oodland 2 This bur oak woodland occurs in the central-western tallgrass prairie region of the United States. Stands occur in river valleys, where soils are deep, fertile, relatively mesic, and with a significant silt component. Drought is common in this community but the sheltered position in the valleys and the presence of a watercourse ameliorate the effects somewhat. The overstory of this community is dominated by short to moderately tall fire-resistant, deciduous trees. In Nebraska, the typical overstory was historically dominated by <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i>. Currently, in the absence of fire typical associates include <i>Carya illinoinensis, Celtis occidentalis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Juglans nigra, Juniperus virginiana, Quercus macrocarpa</i>, and <i>Ulmus</i> spp. There is often a short-shrub layer, but it is rarely extensive. <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i> and small trees make up this layer. The understory is composed of a mixture of woodland and grassland species, including <i>Andropogon gerardii, Panicum G1G2 G1 Bur Oak / Sedge W oodland 2 The <i>Quercus macrocarpa / Carex inops ssp. heliophila</i> type has been provisionally applied to the extensive oak stands in areas underlain by siliceous shales, clay and bentonite on the eastern and northern flanks of the northern Black Hills. Cover of <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i> is quite variable. On the eastern flank of the northern Black Hills, rolling low hills are covered with oak savannas. On the northern flank, slopes are somewhat steeper, and denser stands of oaks are found. In some stands seen during reconnaissance, <i>Carex inops ssp. heliophila</i> was the dominant understory graminoid. G1G2 G1 Post Oak - W hite Oak Dry-Mesic Barrens 2 This post oak - white oak dry-mesic barrens community is found in the Interior Low Plateau of the United States on dry-mesic terraces and midslopes, particularly in the Cretaceous Hills of Illinois, and perhaps elsewhere. This type is restricted to mid and lower slope hillsides and terraces where soils are predominantly thin, well-drained, and gravelly. Canopy closure is incomplete (probably between 10 and 60%, thus varying from savanna to woodland) and is dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i>, along with <i>Quercus alba</i> and <i>Quercus falcata</i>. Mature trees exhibit short trunks and spreading, open crowns. The subcanopy consists of scattered, small oaks (<i>Quercus stellata, Quercus velutina</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i>) and <i>Carya glabra</i>. The shrub layer is dominated by <i>Cornus florida</i>, but <i>Aralia spinosa, Sassafras albidum</i>, and <i>Rhus copallinum</i> are also common. The herbaceous layer is quite dense and dominated by <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>; a diverse assemblage of grasses G1 G1 Western Mayhaw Pond 1 This Gulf Coastal Plain community is comprised of <i>Crataegus</i>-dominated depression forests (5-10 m tall), which often have a scattered emergent canopy of <i>Quercus laurifolia</i>, and to a lesser extent <i>Quercus phellos</i>. This type occurs in upland depressions or poorly drained flatwoods environments in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of eastern Texas and Louisiana, ranging apparently to Mississippi and possibly Alabama. These sites take on the appearance of shrublands since the canopy tends to be much shorter statured than the surrounding areas. <i>Crataegus viridis</i> and <i>Crataegus opaca</i> are characteristic in stands of this type. Most of the individual stems are small diameter with relatively swollen bases, although occasional large-diameter oaks (often <i>Quercus phellos</i>) are present. Herb species are generally sparse and the type is generally low in species diversity. These communities are sometimes known colloquially as 'mayhaw slashes' in Louisiana. G1 G1 Fraser Fir Forest (Evergreen Shrub Type) 1 This community occurs as island-like stands in the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina. It occurs on rocky spurs, steep ridges, and south-facing slopes above 1830 m (6000 feet) elevation, often adjacent to montane shrublands. This forest has a canopy strongly dominated by <i>Abies fraseri</i>, occurring over a shrub stratum dominated by evergreen species, typically <i>Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron carolinianum</i>, or <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>. <i>Abies fraseri</i> in the canopy are 17-23 cm in diameter and 10-11 m tall, giving these forests a stunted appearance. Other species that may occur with low coverage in the canopy or subcanopy are <i>Picea rubens, Sorbus americana, Betula alleghaniensis, Prunus pensylvanica</i>. Herbaceous cover is typically sparse. On steep, rocky, northerly slopes, coverage by mosses, liverworts, and lichens can approach 100%. Bryophyte species include <i>Hylocomium splendens, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Sphagnum</i> spp., and < G1 G1 Fraser Fir Forest (Deciduous Shrub Type) 1 This community occurs as island-like stands in the southern Appalachian Mountains. It occurs on steep ridges and mesic, north-facing slopes above 1830 m (6000 feet) elevation, although it may extend lower on some sites. Occurrences of this community have shallow, rocky soils and are often steep and bouldery with seepage areas. This forest has at least 75% of the canopy coverage composed of <i>Abies fraseri</i>, occurring over a sparse to moderate shrub stratum dominated by deciduous species, a diverse herb stratum, and, typically, a well-developed bryophyte layer. The tree canopy has standing dead stems of <i>Abies fraseri</i> and extensive patches of <i>Abies fraseri</i> saplings in canopy gaps. <i>Oxalis montana, Dryopteris campyloptera</i>, and <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i> are often dominant in the herbaceous stratum. Other characteristic species include <i>Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa (= Sambucus racemosa var. pubens), Rubus allegheniensis, Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus, Oclemena G1 G1 Upper East Gulf Calcareous Bluff Forest 2 This association is known from moist, north-facing, calcareous bluffs in the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama. Canopy species include <i>Acer barbatum, Aesculus glabra, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Carya laciniosa, Carya myristiciformis, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Gleditsia triacanthos, Juglans nigra, Morus rubra, Platanus occidentalis, Populus deltoides, Prunus serotina var. serotina, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus shumardii, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Ulmus alata</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i>. The subcanopy stratum includes <i>Acer rubrum, Asimina triloba, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Cornus florida, Diospyros virginiana, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Maclura pomifera, Ostrya virginiana, Sassafras albidum, Ulmus rubra</i>, and <i>Zanthoxylum clava-herculis</i>. Shrubs and woody vines include <i>Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Arundinaria gigantea, Berchemia scandens, Bignonia capreolata, Cocculus carolin G1G2 G1 Lampasas Cutplain Bigtooth Maple Canyon Forest 2 This association includes mesic canyon forests of the Lampasas Cutplain, in the northeastern Edwards Plateau, in Bell and Coryell counties, Texas. The canopy is dominated by <i>Acer grandidentatum</i>. Other canopy species may include <i>Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus buckleyi, Juglans major, Prunus serotina var. eximia, Fraxinus texensis, Quercus sinuata var. sinuata</i>, and <i>Juniperus ashei</i>. The shrub stratum is diverse, including many species common in the surrounding landscape as well as species more characteristic of this community, such as <i>Lindera benzoin, Styrax platanifolius ssp. platanifolius, Ungnadia speciosa, Frangula caroliniana, Cornus drummondii</i>, and (abundantly in some examples) <i>Croton alabamensis var. texensis</i>. The herb stratum is dominated by <i>Carex edwardsiana</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Bromus pubescens, Festuca versuta, Sanicula canadensis, Aquilegia canadensis, Galium circaezans</i>, and <i>Verbesina virginica var. virginica</i>. Adjacent slopes ar G1 G1 2 This community occurs in canyons of the Chisos Mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas. It is codominated by <i>Acer grandidentatum</i> and <i>Quercus gravesii</i>. Other species sometimes present include the deciduous <i>Ostrya virginiana var. chisosensis, Quercus muehlenbergii</i>, and <i>Quercus graciliformis</i>, and the evergreen <i>Arbutus xalapensis, Cupressus arizonica, Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus flaccida, Pinus cembroides, Quercus grisea, Quercus emoryi</i>, and <i>Quercus rugosa</i>. G1 G1 Montane Floodplain Slough Forest 2 This community occurs in floodplain depressions in the Blue Ridge of North Carolina and possibly Tennessee. Some characteristic and often dominant canopy and subcanopy species include <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i> and <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>. <i>Peltandra virginica</i> is prominent in the herbaceous layer. Other herbaceous species include <i>Carex crinita var. brevicrinis, Sparganium americanum, Leersia oryzoides, Cornus amomum (= ssp. amomum), Carex lupulina, Juncus effusus, Onoclea sensibilis</i>, and the aliens <i>Murdannia keisak</i> and <i>Microstegium vimineum</i>. G1 G1 Pond Apple Slough 1 This short forest occurs in semipermanently flooded (10- to 12-month hydroperiod) depressions filled with well-decomposed peaty soils (mucks). The canopy is strongly dominated by <i>Annona glabra</i>, sometimes also with <i>Salix caroliniana</i>. Epiphytes are abundant, including <i>Tillandsia utriculata, Tillandsia fasciculata</i>, and <i>Tillandsia variabilis</i>. Herbaceous species include <i>Paspalidium geminatum var. paludivagum, Funastrum clausum (= Sarcostemma clausum), Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria lancifolia, Proserpinaca palustris, Bacopa monnieri</i>, and <i>Mikania scandens (= Mikania batatifolia)</i>. G1G2 G1 1 This community occurs in the Chisos Mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas. Evergreen canopy species include <i>Arbutus xalapensis, Quercus grisea, Quercus rugosa, Quercus emoryi, Cupressus arizonica, Juniperus flaccida, Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus monosperma, Pinus cembroides</i>, and <i>Pinus arizonica var. stormiae</i>. Deciduous canopy species include <i>Acer grandidentatum, Quercus gravesii, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus graciliformis</i>, and <i>Ostrya virginiana var. chisosensis</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Salvia regla, Nolina erumpens, Dasylirion leiophyllum</i>, and <i>Agave havardiana</i>. G1 G1 Inland Tropical Hardwood Hammock 2 This association represents south Florida inland hardwood hammocks which were apparently first studied by Harper (1927) and Davis (1943). Examples are dominated by a diverse mixture of hardwood species with tropical affinities; the exact composition varies locally between individual hammocks, and especially between hammocks in three discrete regions of Florida (the Keys, southeastern Big Cypress, and the Miami Rock Ridge). At least 10 or 12 species may occur in roughly equal proportions in the canopy, but the density of the species may be dramatically affected by the successional status of the hammock. Among the species which may be encountered are <i>Bursera simaruba, Ficus aurea</i> (more common in maritime hammocks), <i>Swietenia mahagoni, Lysiloma latisiliquum, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Acoelorraphe wrightii, Quercus virginiana, Quercus laurifolia, Sabal palmetto, Sideroxylon salicifolium, Simarouba glauca, Coccoloba diversifolia, Metopium toxiferum, Nectandra coriacea (= Ocotea coriacea)</i>, and <i>Side G1G2 G1 Atlantic Coastal Plain W et Marl Flatwoods Forest 2 This wet marl forest of the North Carolina Coastal Plain has well-developed tree, subcanopy, and herb layers. Limestone outcrops are present. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus pagoda, Quercus shumardii, Carya myristiciformis, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Acer barbatum</i>. Other typical canopy species include <i>Carya cordiformis, Ulmus americana, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Juglans nigra, Quercus alba, Quercus lyrata, Quercus michauxii, Quercus nigra, Quercus phellos, Carya aquatica, Carya ovata, Carya glabra (= var. megacarpa), Fraxinus americana, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Acer negundo</i>. Typical subcanopy species include <i>Acer barbatum, Asimina triloba, Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Cornus asperifolia, Cornus florida, Morus rubra</i>, and <i>Ostrya virginiana</i>. <i>Sabal minor</i> dominates the shrub layer in many areas (particularly the wetter portions of the community. Other shrubs and woody vines include <i>Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Aescu G1 G1 Florida Keys Coastal Berm Tropical Hammock 1 These are diverse hammock forests of the Florida Keys, developed not on consolidated rock, but on storm-deposited shell hash of biogenic origin, consisting of limestone sand, shell, and calcareous algal fragments. They are variable in height, from 3 m or less on the coastal edge, to 8 m, but are most typically 5-7 m tall. The canopy and subcanopy are diverse, consisting most frequently of mixtures of <i>Guapira discolor, Eugenia foetida, Metopium toxiferum, Pithecellobium keyense, Casasia clusiifolia, Suriana maritima, Conocarpus erectus, Bursera simaruba, Coccoloba uvifera, Eugenia axillaris, Coccothrinax argentata, Reynosia septentrionalis, Sideroxylon celastrinum (= Bumelia celastrina), Piscidia piscipula, Erithalis fruticosa</i>, and the exotic <i>Casuarina equisetifolia</i>. Frequent shorter shrubs and herbs include various species associated with coastal dunes and other shore-associated habitats: <i>Lantana involucrata, Solanum bahamense, Hymenocallis latifolia, Lasiacis divaricata, Alternanthera mariti G1 G1 2 This association is a calcareous coastal fringe forest of the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina and presumably South Carolina. The only well-documented site occurs on an Indian shell midden. The short canopy includes <i>Persea palustris, Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Acer barbatum, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Cornus foemina (= Cornus stricta)</i>, and <i>Ilex vomitoria</i>. Shrubs include <i>Ilex vomitoria, Aesculus pavia var. pavia</i>, and <i>Sabal minor</i>. W oody vines are common, and include <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans, Berchemia scandens</i>, and <i>Smilax</i> spp. The herb stratum is sparse. This community type may extend into the South Atlantic Coastal Plain. G1G2 G1 2 This community occurs along the Rio Grande throughout the floodplain and delta region in southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. The canopy is dominated and characterized by <i>Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Ulmus crassifolia</i>, and <i>Fraxinus berlandieriana</i>. Other canopy species include <i>Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii, Leucaena pulverulenta, Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa</i>, and <i>Taxodium mucronatum</i>. The subcanopy is often open to sparse, including <i>Diospyros texana, Sideroxylon celastrinum, Xylosma flexuosa</i>, and <i>Acacia greggii var. wrightii (= Acacia wrightii)</i>. Lianas are <i>Serjania brachycarpa, Cocculus diversifolius, Clematis drummondii, Urvillea ulmacea</i>, and <i>Cardiospermum halicacabum</i>. The shrub layer is typically open and may include <i>Heimia salicifolia</i>. Epiphytes are typically abundant, including <i>Tillandsia usneoides, Tillandsia recurvata</i>, and (rarely) <i>Tillandsia baileyi</i>. Characteristic herbs and low shrubs are <i>Rivina humilis, Chrom G1G2 G1 2 Wetland hammock islands surrounded by wet prairie, dominated by a 4- to 15-m tall canopy of <i>Conocarpus erectus, Metopium toxiferum, Acoelorraphe wrightii</i>, and <i>Sabal palmetto</i>. Subcanopy and shrub species include <i>Chrysobalanus icaco, Sabal palmetto</i>, and <i>Myrsine floridana</i>. Epiphytes are abundant, and include <i>Tillandsia</i> spp. and <i>Encyclia tampensis</i>. G1? G1 Florida Keys W etland Thornscrub 2 This forest is 3-7 m tall, with a diverse canopy (usually no species with more than 25% cover) codominated by mixtures of <i>Conocarpus erectus, Sideroxylon celastrinum, Erithalis fruticosa, Manilkara jaimiqui ssp. emarginata, Pithecellobium keyense, Eugenia foetida, Metopium toxiferum, Jacquinia keyensis, Coccoloba uvifera, Ximenia americana, Suriana maritima, Reynosia septentrionalis, Guapira discolor</i>. "These sites include the most upslope locations to be inundated in the absence of a major tropical storm. W ater may be ponded for a short time ... when high tides and periods of heavy rain coincide, particularly during the late summer. A recognizable feature of this Unit at any time of year are the very shallow soils, without significant accumulations of organic matter" (Ross et al. 1992). Other characteristic species include <i>Thrinax morrisii, Thrinax radiata, Coccothrinax argentata, Casasia clusiifolia, Maytenus phyllanthoides, Randia aculeata, Eugenia axillaris, Solanum erianthum, Sideroxylon salicif G1 G1 1 This association exhibits a scattered to open canopy of <i>Conocarpus erectus</i> over a grassy herb layer. It is found above normal tidal reach on exposures of Miami Formation oolite. Predominant shrub and herb species include <i>Sporobolus virginicus, Fimbristylis</i> spp., <i>Spartina spartinae, Borrichia frutescens, Borrichia arborescens, Panicum virgatum, Sporobolus coromandelianus (= Sporobolus pyramidatus), Sarcocornia pacifica, Eustoma exaltatum</i>, and others. G1? G1 Atlantic Coast Stiff Dogwood Dune Swale 1 This association represents peaty wetlands developed in old interdune swales along the North Carolina coast. Examples are dominated by a 4- to 10-m canopy of <i>Cornus foemina</i>, generally with dense thickets of <i>Berchemia scandens</i>. A sparse, emergent supercanopy of <i>Pinus taeda</i> is often present. Various marsh grasses and forbs can occur in the herb stratum, including <i>Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Pluchea</i> sp., <i>Bidens</i> sp., and others. G1 G1 Texas Ebony Resaca Forest 2 This evergreen subtropical community once occurred as dense forests with 15-m canopies and large-diameter subtropical trees. Remaining examples are described as having no clear dominant. Larger tree species (both in diameter and height) may include <i>Ebenopsis ebano (= Pithecellobium ebano), Ehretia anacua</i>, and <i>Leucaena pulverulenta</i>. Other characteristic trees and shrubs include deciduous trees more characteristic of floodplain forests, such as <i>Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Fraxinus berlandieriana, Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa</i>, and <i>Ulmus crassifolia</i>. Other characteristic tree and shrub species are of subtropical affinities, such as <i>Adelia vaseyi, Amyris madrensis, Celtis pallida, Chiococca alba, Condalia hookeri, Cordia boissieri, Esenbeckia berlandieri (= Esenbeckia runyonii), Havardia pallens, Malpighia glabra, Phaulothamnus spinescens, Pisonia aculeata, Randia rhagocarpa, Sabal mexicana, Sideroxylon celastrinum (= Bumelia celastrina), Xylosma flexuosa, Zanthoxylum fag G1 G1 East Gulf Coastal Plain Calcareous Bluff Beech - Magnolia Forest 1 This is the most calcareous association of beech - magnolia forest. It occurs over calcareous rock or sediments on flats and slopes. <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> dominate the canopy, with lesser amounts of <i>Ulmus americana, Fraxinus americana, Quercus alba, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Carya glabra, Quercus shumardii, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus michauxii, Juglans nigra</i>, and <i>Pinus glabra</i>. The subcanopy is typically dominated by <i>Acer barbatum</i>, and also includes <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Magnolia ashei, Ostrya virginiana, Persea palustris, Ulmus rubra, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Cornus florida, Morus rubra, Ilex opaca var. opaca</i>, and <i>Quercus nigra</i>. The shrub and woody vine stratum is diverse and generally well-developed, including species such as <i>Aesculus pavia, Hydrangea quercifolia, Sabal minor, Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Euonymus americanus, Styrax grandifolius, Stewartia malacodendron, Halesia</i> sp., <i>Arundinaria G1G2 G1 Southern Loess Hills Hardwood - Pine Forest 1 This association represents the mixed hardwood - pine forests on strongly loess-influenced loam soils in the hills of the western Florida parishes of Louisiana and areas of adjacent southwestern Mississippi, just east of the Tunica Hills upland hardwood forest type. It is similar to CEGL007461 due to the presence of many calciphilic hardwoods, but it is not as rich and diverse in hardwood, shrub and fern species, and lacking the rare disjunct flora. In addition, pines and certain acidophilic mesic/dry-mesic hardwoods are a natural component of this type. Common trees include <i>Fagus grandifolia, Magnolia grandiflora, Quercus alba, Quercus pagoda, Quercus falcata, Quercus nigra, Quercus michauxii, Quercus stellata, Quercus shumardii, Liriodendron tulipifera, Carya glabra, Carya cordiformis, Fraxinus americana, Ulmus alata, Acer barbatum, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Pinus taeda, Pinus glabra, Diospyros virginiana</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. Small trees and shrubs include <i>Morus rubra, Prun G1G2 G1Southern Appalachian Beech Gap (North Slope Tall Herb Type) 1 This association includes stunted beech forests of the southern Appalachians, occurring on north-facing upper slopes and in gaps in scattered, higher elevation (above 1370 m [4500 feet]) sites. This community is a stunted, broad-leaved deciduous forest with a canopy dominated by <i>Fagus grandifolia</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Aesculus flava</i> and <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>. The subcanopy may include small stems of canopy species, as well as <i>Acer spicatum, Acer pensylvanicum, Amelanchier laevis</i>, and <i>Sorbus americana</i>. Typically there is little shrub development (2-10%) with such species as <i>Crataegus punctata, Ribes</i> spp., <i>Viburnum lantanoides, Rubus canadensis, Hydrangea arborescens</i>, and <i>Cornus alternifolia</i>. The herbaceous stratum is moderately dense (40-60% cover), dominated by large herbs and patches of ferns, with lesser amounts of sedges. Typical herbs include <i>Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Eurybia chlorolepis (= Aste G1 G1 Southern Appalachian Beech Gap (South Slope Sedge Type) 1 This association is often referred to as a classic "beech gap" forest and includes vegetation with short-statured canopies dominated by <i>Fagus grandifolia</i>, occurring over a dense, graminoid-dominated herbaceous stratum. This forest is thought to be limited to the range of <i>Picea rubens</i> and <i>Abies fraseri</i> (W hittaker 1956) and occurs on concave slopes, flat ridgetops, or upper south- to southwest-facing slopes, at elevations of greater than 1370 m (4500 feet) in the southern Blue Ridge. The majority of this community is distributed within the mountains of North Carolina, but it also occurs in Tennessee and possibly in Virginia. This community is a broad-leaved deciduous forest with a canopy dominated by stunted, gnarled <i>Fagus grandifolia</i>, often with lesser amounts of <i>Halesia tetraptera var. monticola</i> or <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>. Typically, there are not significant understory or shrub strata, but scattered shrubs such as <i>Hydrangea arborescens</i> may occur. Herbaceous cove G1 G1 Southeast Florida Tropical Maritime Hammock 2 This type includes tropical maritime hammocks of the southeastern coast of Florida. The very diverse canopy can be dominated or codominated by the nominal species, along with other hardwoods with tropical affinities. These communities are distinguished from those in the southwest by two frequently occurring trees, <i>Guapira discolor</i> and <i>Exothea paniculata</i>. In addition, they are substantially richer floristically than southwestern coast hammocks. Other species occurring in eastern coast hammocks but not western coast examples include <i>Nectandra coriacea, Amyris elemifera, Metopium toxiferum, Krugiodendron ferreum, Coccothrinax argentata</i>, and <i>Simarouba glauca</i>. The very diverse canopy can be dominated or codominated by many species not included in the name, including <i>Simarouba glauca, Coccoloba uvifera, Coccoloba diversifolia, Exothea paniculata, Sabal palmetto</i>, and others. Other characteristic species include <i>Guapira discolor, Nectandra coriacea (= Ocotea coriacea), Amyris ele G1 G1 Southwest Florida Tropical Maritime Hammock 2 This association represents tropical maritime hammocks of the southwestern coast of Florida. In comparison to related hammocks of the eastern Florida coast, this type is less species-rich and lacks some species characteristic of the eastern type (such as <i>Guapira discolor, Exothea paniculata, Nectandra coriacea, Amyris elemifera, Metopium toxiferum, Krugiodendron ferreum, Coccothrinax argentata</i>, and <i>Simarouba glauca</i>). However, this type includes some species not found in the east, such as <i>Piscidia piscipula, Acanthocereus tetragonus, Agave decipiens, Conocarpus erectus</i>, and <i>Hymenocallis latifolia</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Acanthocereus tetragonus, Eugenia foetida, Eugenia axillaris, Forestiera segregata var. segregata, Chiococca alba, Randia aculeata</i>, and <i>Sideroxylon celastrinum</i>. G1 G1 Tidal Ash - Elm Forest 2 These are tidal forests, dominated by <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Ulmus americana, Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i>, and including <i>Persea palustris</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. The subcanopy is dominated by <i>Persea palustris</i> and canopy species. The shrub layer is dominated by <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola, Baccharis halimifolia</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans</i>. This community occurs in a repeating and predictable pattern in upper reaches of tidal streams in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. G1G2 G1 Bluegrass Cane W oodland 2 This historic community was restricted to the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. The tree layer was dominated by variable mixtures of <i>Fraxinus quadrangulata, Quercus macrocarpa</i>, and <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i>, with various other species as well, especially <i>Juglans nigra, Aesculus glabra</i>, and <i>Gymnocladus dioicus</i>, and in moister areas <i>Carya laciniosa</i> and <i>Quercus shumardii</i>. <i>Arundinaria gigantea ssp. gigantea</i> was locally dominant, and sometimes very extensive. This type graded locally to <i>Arundinaria</i>-dominated areas with scattered to nearly absent trees [see ~<i>Arundinaria gigantea</i> W ooded Shrubland Alliance (A.794)$$]. Shrubs include <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i>. The herb layer was well-developed in more open areas (probably as a result of fire and bison-browse), with species such as <i>Trifolium stoloniferum, Elymus</i> spp., <i>Ageratina altissima var. altissima, Amphicarpaea bracteata</i>, and possibly <i>Tridens flavus</i> and <i>Poa pratensis</i>?. The p G1 G1 Bluegrass Basin Black W alnut Canebrake Forest 2 This community represents deep-soil vegetation of calcium-rich areas in the Bluegrass Basin of Kentucky, the Nashville Basin of Tennessee, and possibly other states in the Interior Low Plateau. Due to the early and extensive use of these areas for agriculture, intact later-seral examples are extremely rare, if not extirpated. The canopy of higher quality examples is dominated by <i>Juglans nigra, Aesculus glabra var. glabra, Gymnocladus dioicus</i>, and <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i>. Less frequent canopy components would include <i>Celtis occidentalis, Prunus serotina, Carya cordiformis, Carya laciniosa, Acer nigrum, Acer saccharum, Quercus shumardii</i>, and <i>Juglans cinerea</i>. Understory species include <i>Morus rubra, Ulmus rubra</i>, and canopy species. <i>Arundinaria gigantea ssp. gigantea</i> was locally extensive, and canebreaks adjoined this community. This community had variable structure, presumably maintained by fire (perhaps once a decade). Second-growth examples are found on deep soils of woodlot G1 G1 Tidal Red-cedar W oodland 2 Infrequently flooded brackish (oligohaline) woodlands along tidal creeks about 25-35 km by river distance from the ocean. The canopy density is variable, but averages open (from 10-80% closure), and 4-10 m tall, strongly dominated by <i>Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola</i>, with widely scattered emergent <i>Pinus taeda, Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Persea palustris</i>. The shrub layer is open to fairly dense, dominated by <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i>, with less frequent <i>Persea palustris</i> and <i>Baccharis halimifolia</i>. Mucky openings are dominated by <i>Kosteletzkya virginica, Bacopa monnieri, Pluchea rosea, Samolus</i> sp., <i>Eleocharis</i> spp., and <i>Cyperus</i> spp. Other characteristic species include <i>Hydrocotyle</i> sp., <i>Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Typha angustifolia, Lythrum lineare, Solidago sempervirens var. mexicana, Toxicodendron radicans, Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus)</i>, and others. This community occurs in areas G1? G1 Sweetgum Coastal Plain Lakeshore Forest 2 This natural lakeshore forest is dominated by <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>; the subcanopy is dominated by <i>Persea palustris</i>. Their hydrology is saturated, but is influenced by lake level fluctuations. This community is restricted in its habitat to saturated, peaty soils subject to periodic and seasonal flooding. These environments are associated with rare natural lakes in the exceedingly flat tidewater Coastal Plain of east-central and perhaps northeastern North Carolina. G1 G1 Texas Upper W est Gulf Coastal Plain Southern Magnolia Forest 1 This is a mostly evergreen-dominated hardwood forest found along the periphery of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of eastern Texas. It is only known from a very limited area near the western distributional limits of several tree species including <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> on unusually rich soils. The canopy is dominated by <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Quercus nigra, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Quercus pagoda </i>present. Midstory trees are prevalent, with <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana</i> and <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> being most important, and possibly indicative of the rich, high pH soils. A relatively sparse shrub stratum is present, but no species in this stratum are diagnostic of this type. A sparse herbaceous stratum is also present amidst dense hardwood leaf litter. G1? G1 Everglades Bayhead Forest (Shark Slough Type) 2 This bayhead community occurs in the Shark River Slough portion of the Everglades region of southern Florida. It is characterized by a mixture of temperate and tropical species. W hen compared with the related bayhead forest associated with Taylor Slough, this type has lower canopy closure and species richness, and includes a stronger temperate floristic component. The canopy consists primarily of <i>Persea palustris, Ficus aurea, Magnolia virginiana, Salix caroliniana, Annona glabra, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Chrysobalanus icaco</i>, and <i>Ilex cassine</i>. The shrub layer includes <i>Sambucus canadensis (= Sambucus simpsonii), Myrsine floridana, </i>and <i>Psychotria tenuifolia.</i> Herbaceous species include <i>Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Acrostichum danaeifolium, Blechnum serrulatum, Dicliptera sexangularis, Nephrolepis exaltata, Thelypteris kunthii, Rivina humilis, Habenaria odontopetala</i>, and <i>Melothria pendula</i>. Epiphytes are infrequent. G1 G1 1 Similar to tropical bayheads but with an open canopy and a much better developed herbaceous stratum. The canopy contains <i>Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris</i>, and <i>Chrysobalanus icaco</i>. <i>Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense</i> is characteristic in the herbaceous stratum. G1 G1 2 This is an open woodland, the open structure perhaps maintained in part by prescribed burning, growing on exposures of Miami Formation oolite in the Florida Keys. The canopy is short (3-7 m) and is dominated by <i>Metopium toxiferum, Thrinax morrisii</i>, and <i>Byrsonima lucida</i>, with other tropical hammock species. Understory species present include <i>Schizachyrium</i> spp., <i>Flaveria linearis, Croton linearis</i>, and <i>Borrichia frutescens</i>. G1 G1 Water Tupelo Sinkhole Pond Swamp 2 This water tupelo sinkhole pond type is found in the south-central midwestern United States, from southeastern Missouri and Arkansas to the Interior Low Plateau of southeastern middle Tennessee. Stands occur in sinkholes or other natural depressions associated with karst topography or terraces. Some examples are more-or-less permanently flooded, but water volumes can severely diminish in drought years. Tennessee examples may exhibit depths of up to a meter in winter and spring and can become virtually dry in the summer and fall. The tree canopy is variable, depending on water depth, ranging from 50-90% closure, at times forming a zone around an open pond. <i>Nyssa aquatica</i> is the major dominant, with occasional presence of <i>Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Quercus palustris</i>. The shrub layer may contain <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis, Itea virginica, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Nyssa biflora</i>. Typical herbaceous species in Missouri examples include <i>Carex decomposita, Triadenum walteri, Hottonia inflata</i>, a G1? G1 2 This flatwoods pond community is known from the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and possibly Mississippi. The canopy is scattered, with <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> in the wettest areas, and <i>Nyssa biflora</i> in slightly less deeply flooded areas. The herbaceous species occur as a 'flotant,' with species on a fibrous root mat dominated by <i>Ludwigia pilosa</i> and <i>Bacopa caroliniana</i>. Other typical species include <i>Saururus cernuus, Xyris smalliana, Xyris fimbriata, Lachnanthes caroliana, Triadenum walteri, Pluchea rosea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, W oodwardia areolata, Andropogon glomeratus var. hirsutior, Andropogon glaucopsis, Cyrilla racemiflora</i>, and <i>Ptilimnium</i> sp. Hydrology may be altered by impoundment, but this appears to be a community of natural occurrence. G1? G1 2 This vegetation occurs in seasonally flooded upland pools in the lower Piedmont of North Carolina. Vegetation is zoned with an outer ring of trees, a more interior ring of shrubs, herbs and vines, and a central area with or without standing water year round depending on precipitation. Tree species include <i>Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Quercus nigra</i>. The shrub zone is dominated by <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis, Leucothoe racemosa</i>, and <i>Viburnum nudum var. nudum</i>, with <i>Alnus serrulata, Ilex verticillata, Itea virginica</i>, and others. Herbaceous dominants include <i>Smilax laurifolia, Juncus repens, Carex crinita</i>, and <i>Panicum virgatum var. virgatum</i>. G1 G1 2 This vegetation occurs in seasonally flooded upland ponds in the Ridge and Valley and adjacent Cumberland Plateau of Alabama and Georgia (and possibly Tennessee). Vegetation is zoned with an outer ring of trees, a series of interior zones of shrubs, herbs and vines, and a central area with or without standing water year round depending on precipitation. Tree species include <i>Nyssa biflora</i> (which is most abundant and diagnostic), <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum var. rubrum</i> (which are present but not diagnostic). There are two shrub zones, one dominated by <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i> and another slightly higher one dominated by <i>Lyonia lucida</i>. The greenbrier <i>Smilax laurifolia</i> is also present. Herbaceous dominants include <i>W oodwardia virginica</i> and <i>Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis</i> in a fern zone, with <i>Carex glaucescens, Dulichium arundinaceum</i>, and <i>Panicum virgatum (= var. cubense)</i> in a grass-sedge zone. A deeper open-water zone contains <i> G1G2 G1 Maritime Red Bay Shrub Swamp 2 This forest occurs on peaty soils only slightly above sea level, in swales and seepage-fed areas adjacent to sand dunes. The canopy is sometimes open, depending on wetness and recency of disturbance by flooding, hurricane, or storm. <i>Persea palustris</i> is the canopy dominant. <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i> is common in the shrub layer. The herb layer has <i>Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, W oodwardia virginica</i>, and <i>W oodwardia areolata</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. are common. G1 G1 Red Spruce - Fraser Fir Forest (Evergreen Shrub Type) 1 This community is restricted to the highest mountain systems of the southern Appalachians in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. These forests are typically found on moderately steep to steep, convex slopes at elevations between 1550 and 1830 m (5100-6000 feet). This association includes forests of the southern Appalachians, within the range of <i>Abies fraseri</i>, currently dominated by <i>Picea rubens</i> but showing some evidence of the historical presence of <i>Abies fraseri</i> (either standing dead individuals or ample regeneration), over a shrub stratum dominated by evergreen species, typically <i>Rhododendron catawbiense</i> and <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>. Herb coverage is characteristically low, but on moist north-facing sites, mosses, ferns and forbs may be dense beneath the shrub stratum. G1 G1 Red Spruce - Northern Hardwood Forest (Shrub Type) 2 This association occurs in the broad elevational transition zone between spruce-fir and northern hardwoods in the Southern Blue Ridge (approx. 1400-1550 m [4600-5100 feet]). Sites are steep to very steep, slopes often associated with cliff faces, rock outcroppings, or bouldery situations, and subject to disturbance by wind, ice, and landslides. The canopy is comprised of <i>Picea rubens</i> codominating with deciduous species <i>Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia</i>, and <i>Aesculus flava</i>, occurring singly or in combination. At higher elevations, <i>Abies fraseri</i> may be a minor canopy component. The shrub layer is well-developed and dominated by <i>Rhododendron maximum</i> or <i>Rhododendron catawbiense</i>. In the Great Smoky Mountains, <i>Leucothoe fontanesiana</i> can be the dominant shrub. Other minor shrubs include <i>Ilex montana, Viburnum lantanoides, Vaccinium erythrocarpum</i>, and <i>Rubus allegheniensis</i>. The thick, evergreen shrub layer precludes the establishment of seedlings or G1? G1 Appalachian Red Spruce Boulderfield Forest 1 This association includes steep, seepy boulderfields dominated by <i>Picea rubens</i>, found at slightly higher elevations than ~<i>Betula alleghaniensis / Ribes glandulosum / Polypodium appalachianum</i> Forest (CEGL006124)$$. G1 G1 Sand Pine Maritime Hammock 2 This forest occurs in xeric sands in mainland areas near the coast in the Florida Panhandle. The closed canopy (10-20 m high) is composed of <i>Pinus clausa</i>. The subcanopy includes <i>Quercus geminata, Quercus laevis, Quercus virginiana, Quercus hemisphaerica</i>, and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>. The open shrub layer includes <i>Chrysoma pauciflosculosa, Clinopodium coccineum (= Calamintha coccinea), Licania michauxii, Quercus arkansana, Quercus margarettiae, Quercus myrtifolia, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Castanea pumila, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum, Yucca filamentosa (= Yucca flaccida), Serenoa repens, Ilex opaca var. opaca</i>, and <i>Ilex vomitoria</i>. W oody vines are also frequent, and include <i>Smilax auriculata, Vitis rotundifolia</i>, and <i>Bignonia capreolata</i>. The sparse herb layer includes <i>Rhynchospora megalocarpa, Rhynchosia cytisoides, Croton argyranthemus, Silphium compositum, Euphorbia floridana, Eriogonum tomentosum, Smilax pumila, Dichanthelium commutatum, P G1G2 G1 Peninsular Open Sand Pine / Rosemary Scrub 1 This scrub vegetation of the Florida peninsula is characterized by an emergent layer of <i>Pinus clausa</i> above sparse to patchy ground cover, including <i>Ceratiola ericoides</i>. <i>Cladonia</i> species form the ground layer. G1 G1 Panhandle Open Sand Pine / Rosemary Scrub 1 This scrub community of the Florida panhandle coast has an emergent layer of <i>Pinus clausa</i> above a patchy shrub layer dominated by <i>Ceratiola ericoides</i>. Bare soil is common, and herbaceous species are generally absent. Patches of <i>Cladonia</i> species form the ground layer. G1G2 G1 Lake W ales Sand Pine Scrub 1 This Lake W ales Ridge scrub association is limited to Highlands and Polk counties, Florida. It is characterized by an open to widely scattered overstory of <i>Pinus clausa</i> and is distinguished from related scrub communities by the presence of <i>Quercus inopina</i>, instead of <i>Quercus myrtifolia</i> and/or <i>Quercus geminata</i>. In addition, this community may support numerous endemic plants and animals not present in other sand pine scrub communities. G1G2 G1 East Gulf Coastal Plain Shortleaf Pine - Post Oak Forest 2 This <i>Pinus echinata - Quercus stellata</i> community occurs on dry, acid, loamy to clayey uplands in the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi, and possibly elsewhere in the region. The dominant trees are <i>Pinus echinata</i> and <i>Quercus stellata</i>. In natural, or well-burned condition, few other tree species are present. The understory tends to be quite open and herb-dominated, and may be quite species-rich. G1 G1 West Gulf Coastal Plain Shortleaf Pine - Post Oak W oodland 2 This <i>Pinus echinata - Quercus stellata</i> woodland occurs on dry, acid, loamy to clayey uplands in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Texas. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus echinata</i> and <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Other important overstory trees include <i>Quercus falcata, Carya texana</i>, and <i>Carya alba</i>. The understory tends to be quite open and herb-dominated, and may be quite species-rich. Most of the former examples of this woodland have been fire-suppressed resulting in more closed forests, in which <i>Pinus taeda</i> has become an important overstory tree. G1 G1 Piedmont Shortleaf Pine - Oak Mafic Slope Barrens 2 This association includes Piedmont woodlands on soils derived from mafic rock (metavolcanics of the Carolina Slate Belt). The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus stellata, Pinus echinata, Quercus marilandica</i>, and <i>Quercus prinus</i>. Characteristic tree species include <i>Carya alba, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Diospyros virginiana, Pinus virginiana, Quercus velutina, Fraxinus americana</i>, and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. Understory and shrub species include <i>Vaccinium arboreum, Viburnum rufidulum, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Ceanothus americanus, Rhus copallinum, Rhus glabra, Vaccinium tenellum, Vaccinium pallidum</i>, and <i>Cornus florida</i>. The diverse herbaceous stratum is dominated by <i>Andropogon gyrans var. gyrans, Clitoria mariana, Dichanthelium depauperatum</i>, and <i>Phaseolus polystachios</i> with <i>Cunila origanoides, Symphyotrichum dumosum var. dumosum (= Aster dumosus var. dumosus), Symphyotrichum patens var. patens (= Aster patens var. patens), Aureolaria pediculari G1? G1 Ouachita Shortleaf Pine Savanna 2 This upland subxeric woodland community was a matrix forest type in the Ouachita Mountains and, historically, north into parts of the Ozarks. This community occurs on a variety of sandstone and mixed sandstone/shale-derived substrates in the northern and western Ouachita Mountains and on chert/novaculite-derived substrates in the central Ouachitas. On the sharper ridges of the central Ouachitas (novaculite uplift), these woodlands are reduced in extent and bounded by submesic pine - oak forest on lower slopes and xeric oak woodlands on the ridgelines. This is a fire-maintained community where woody succession and canopy closure can be rapid with fire suppression. Virtually extirpated, these woodlands have been restored in part by thinning and prescribed burning. This woodland community has an open canopy dominated by <i>Pinus echinata</i> and a dense, diverse herbaceous layer. Scattered oaks (<i>Quercus alba, Quercus stellata, Quercus velutina, Quercus marilandica</i>) may appear in the canopy or subcanopy. T G1G2 G1 Florida Keys Pine Rockland 1 This community is characterized by a 7- to 13-m open canopy of <i>Pinus elliottii var. densa</i> over a well-developed subcanopy (4 m) of <i>Coccothrinax argentata</i> and <i>Thrinax morrisii</i>. In fire-suppressed areas, hardwood species may form a dense understory, but under a natural fire regime, these species are maintained as low shrubs. Tropical species occur as low, sparse shrubs with scattered grasses, forbs, and bare limestone. Greater than 50% of the ground surface is exposed rock, frequently sharp and jagged, and pitted with numerous solution holes and fissures. Typical shrub species include <i>Acacia farnesiana, Bourreria cassinifolia, Byrsonima lucida, Croton linearis, Lantana involucrata, Psidium longipes, Sideroxylon salicifolium, Chrysobalanus icaco, Ficus aurea, Ficus citrifolia, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Myrsine floridana, Persea borbonia, Randia aculeata, Rhus copallinum, Sabal palmetto, Serenoa repens, Caesalpinia pauciflora, Catesbaea parviflora</i>, and <i>Strumpfia maritima G1 G1 South Florida Pine Prairie 2 This community has estimated hydroperiods of 1-45 days per year, averaging six days per year, though saturated for much longer annual periods. G1G2 G1 Miami Rock Ridge Pine Rockland 1 This community has an open canopy of <i>Pinus elliottii var. densa</i> occurring over a low-shrub layer and a dense herbaceous stratum characterized by a mix of tropical and temperate taxa with a high percentage of endemic species. Vegetation is typically interspersed with large areas of exposed limestone. A hardwood understory will develop under fire suppression with <i>Quercus virginiana</i> and <i>Lysiloma latisiliquum</i> typically present. Shrub layers are quite diverse and vary locally, with tropical species less abundant in the northern part of this community's range. Shrub strata species may include <i>Acacia farnesiana, Ardisia escallonoides, Sideroxylon reclinatum ssp. reclinatum, Callicarpa americana, Chrysobalanus icaco, Dodonaea viscosa, Ficus aurea, Ficus citrifolia, Guapira discolor, Guettarda scabra, Ilex glabra, Lyonia fruticosa, Metopium toxiferum, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Myrsine floridana, Persea borbonia, Quercus minima, Quercus pumila, Quercus virginiana, Randia aculeata, Rh G1 G1 Louisiana W et Spruce Pine - Hardwood Flatwoods Forest 2 This community occurs on hydric, acidic silt loams (Encrow, Gilbert, and Springfield series), on broad, low flats, in small to large depressional areas, and along small, intermittent, ill-defined drainages ('slashes'), on the Pleistocene prairie terraces in the southwestern portion of the Florida parishes of southeastern Louisiana. Characteristic canopy trees include <i>Pinus glabra, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus phellos, Quercus michauxii, Quercus nigra, Quercus pagoda, Quercus virginiana, Pinus taeda, Nyssa biflora, Nyssa sylvatica, Magnolia grandiflora, Salix nigra, Liquidambar styraciflua, Carya glabra, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>. Understory trees and shrubs include <i>Crataegus opaca</i> and <i>Sabal minor</i> (often very abundant or dominant), <i>Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Diospyros virginiana, Cornus foemina, Crataegus viridis, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Ilex decidua, Itea virginica, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Sambucus canadensis, Styrax ame G1G2 G1 Southern Mississippi Claypan Flatwoods 1 This association is a saturated longleaf pine woodland found on sandy soil over an underlying clay layer in the East Gulf Coastal Plain. The very open canopy (10-30%) is a mixture of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i>. Shrubs are sparse, and include <i>Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Ilex vomitoria</i>, and <i>Ilex glabra</i>. Scattered <i>Quercus marilandica</i> are also present. The dense ground layer is herb-dominated, with <i>Muhlenbergia expansa, Scleria georgiana, Dichanthelium longiligulatum</i>, and <i>Ctenium aromaticum</i> forming most of the biomass. The herbaceous flora is a mixture of upland and wetland plant species. These include <i>Lophiola aurea (= Lophiola americana), Rhexia alifanus, Lobelia brevifolia, Anthaenantia rufa, Helianthus heterophyllus, Agalinis filicaulis, Bigelowia nudata, Schizachyrium scoparium, Schizachyrium tenerum, Balduina uniflora, Carphephorus pseudoliatris, Chaptalia tomentosa, Rhynchospora latifolia, Rhynchospora chapmanii, G1? G1 Atlantic Coastal Plain Mesic Longleaf Pine - Little Bluestem W oodland 1 This longleaf pine woodland occurs on upland flats on sandy loam soils of the inner Atlantic Coastal Plain. This community has an open to scattered to mostly closed canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and/or <i>Pinus taeda</i> (the latter because of fire suppression and landscape alteration), a moderate to dense shrub layer dominated by dry-mesic tree species listed above, as well as more typical shrub species, such as <i>Vaccinium stamineum, Gaylussacia frondosa, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Viburnum dentatum, Rhus copallinum</i>, and likely others. The herbaceous dominant is <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>, but other species typical of savanna vegetation are present, including <i>Eupatorium rotundifolium, Chrysopsis mariana, Rhynchosia reniformis, Solidago rugosa, Solidago odora, Seymeria cassioides</i>, and <i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i>. This association is documented in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, in the `wiregrass gap' of central South Carolina. This description is based on degraded stands docum G1 G1 West Gulf Coastal Plain Fire-Infrequent Xeric Sandhill 2 This xeric forest develops on fuel-limited, xeric, deep sands within the range of <i>Pinus palustris</i> in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Texas. A midstory of <i>Quercus incana</i> or <i>Quercus margarettiae</i> is usually present, indicative of the extreme droughtiness of the sites. The short-shrub stratum is patchy to dense and may include <i>Vaccinium arboreum, Ilex vomitoria, Sideroxylon lanuginosum ssp. lanuginosum, Asimina parviflora, Chionanthus virginicus, Stillingia sylvatica, Frangula caroliniana, Hamamelis virginiana</i>, and seedlings of canopy species. The scattered herbaceous layer contains <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Aristida desmantha</i>, and <i>Cnidoscolus texanus</i>. Scattered fruticose lichens (<i>Cladonia</i> spp.) often occur. The ground cover is sparse, due to extreme site conditions. This community generally occurs on uplands surrounded by <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands. G1G2 G1 Atlantic Coastal Plain / W et Ultisol Longleaf Pine Savanna 2 This seasonally saturated longleaf pine - pond pine - loblolly pine woodland association is restricted to wet and moist Ultisols of South Carolina. The open canopy of this association is dominated by a combination of <i>Pinus palustris, Pinus serotina</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. The patchy shrub layer is dominated by <i>Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta (= Arundinaria tecta), Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Vaccinium fuscatum, Magnolia virginiana</i>, and <i>Ilex glabra</i>. The ground layer is dominated by <i>Sporobolus curtissii</i>, with <i>Muhlenbergia expansa</i> codominant or of secondary importance. G1 G1 Georgia Piedmont Longleaf Pine Serpentine W oodland 1 This community is characterized by a 10- to 14-m canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus echinata</i> patchily distributed over low shrubs, grasses, and forbs, with small, scattered rocky outcrops of serpentine in the Piedmont of Georgia. <i>Quercus marilandica</i> is common in the subcanopy. Common herbs and vines include <i>Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium, Baptisia alba, Chrysopsis mariana, Centrosema virginianum, Gelsemium sempervirens</i>, and <i>Manfreda virginica</i>. This community occurs on upper slopes and ridgetops over dry, rocky soils. Soils are classified as Alfisols and are derived from serpentine parent material. This community grades into woodlands dominated by <i>Quercus marilandica</i> on the surrounding lower slopes. G1 G1 1 This community occupies wet flats; this includes flatwoods of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain. Stands are dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Eriocaulon decangulare, Eriocaulon compressum, Lachnocaulon anceps, Ilex glabra, Rhexia alifanus, Sarracenia minor, Lyonia mariana, Serenoa repens</i>, and <i>Xyris caroliniana</i>. G1G2 G1 2 This saturated longleaf pine - slash pine woodland community occurs in pineland swales and is restricted in distribution to the Atlantic Coastal Plain from South Carolina and Georgia. Stands are dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus elliottii</i>. The shrub and herb layers are respectively characterized by the presence or partial dominance of <i>Styrax americanus</i> and <i>Sporobolus floridanus</i>. Additional description to be added from North Carolina Vegetation Survey data. G1 G1 Longleaf Pine / Pond Pine Savanna (W et Ultisol Type) 1 This association is a saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland which is found on wet Ultisols of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The open canopy is dominated by a mixture of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. The shrub layer is sparse to absent. Some characteristic components of the herbaceous stratum include <i>Ctenium aromaticum, Muhlenbergia expansa</i>, and <i>Rhynchospora latifolia</i>. G1 G1 2 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland community occurs in the South Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Stands are dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. The herb layer is characterized by the presence or partial dominance of <i>Ctenium aromaticum, Scleria pauciflora</i>, and <i>Sarracenia flava</i>. More information to be added from North Carolina Vegetation Survey plot data. G1 G1 1 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland community occurs in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina. It is only found on very wet clay soils. Stands are dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. The shrub layer is characterized by the presence of <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>; the herbaceous stratum typically contains <i>Sporobolus teretifolius</i> and <i>Carex striata</i>. G1 G1 Longleaf Pine Savanna (W et Pleea Flat Type) 1 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is only found on wet flats of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Stands are dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. The herbaceous layer is characterized by the presence or partial dominance of <i>Aristida stricta</i> and <i>Pleea tenuifolia</i>. G1 G1 Atlantic Coastal Plain Very W et Clay Longleaf Pine Savanna 1 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is only found on very wet clay soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina and is one of the most naturally restricted of the longleaf pine communities in the area. The open canopy of this association is dominated by a variable combination of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. Some characteristic herbs include <i>Sporobolus pinetorum, Ctenium aromaticum</i>, and <i>Eriocaulon decangulare var. decangulare</i>. More information is to be added from North Carolina Vegetation Survey data. G1 G1 Lower Piedmont W et Longleaf Pine W oodland 1 This is a wet longleaf pine community of the lower Piedmont of North Carolina (Moore, Montgomery, and Anson counties). Most of the very few examples remaining are fire-suppressed and their original composition and structure are somewhat hypothetical. The canopy is open to closed, and consists of <i>Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda</i>, and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. Under fire-suppressed conditions, <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> is often present as an invader. The shrub stratum includes <i>Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa), Vaccinium fuscatum, Ilex glabra, Lyonia mariana</i>, and <i>Vaccinium crassifolium ssp. crassifolium</i>. The herb stratum is usually dominated by <i>Chasmanthium laxum</i> and <i>Panicum virgatum</i>, though <i>Aristida stricta</i> may rarely be present and common. Other herbs include <i>Eupatorium</i> spp., <i>Solidago odora var. odora, Rhynchospora</i> spp., and <i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i>. G1 G1 Longleaf Pine Savanna (Lumbee Type) 1 This saturated longleaf pine - loblolly pine - pond pine woodland occupies wet-mesic savannas on loamy soils in the middle Coastal Plain of southeastern North Carolina. It is now almost extinct owing to conversion to agriculture, drainage, and fire suppression. The pine-dominated open canopy of stands includes <i>Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda</i>, and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. The subcanopy contains <i>Quercus marilandica</i> and <i>Quercus pumila</i>. <i>Aristida stricta</i> is a characteristic or dominant component of the herbaceous stratum. G1 G1 Pinus palustris / Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta - Liquidambar styraciflua / Andropogon glomeratus - Sarracenia minor W oodland 2 The open canopy of this association is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>. The woody understory may contain <i>Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta</i> and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. Some characteristic herbs include <i>Andropogon glomeratus</i> and <i>Sarracenia minor</i>. More detailed information to be added from North Carolina Vegetation Survey plot data. G1 G1 2 The open canopy of this association is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>. The woody understory may contain <i>Clethra alnifolia, Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa)</i>, and <i>Quercus pumila</i>. The perennial grass <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> is a typically dominant herb. More information to be added from North Carolina Vegetation Survey data. G1 G1 1 This association is an upland longleaf pine community occurring on rolling, clay-based hills and upland flats in the East Gulf Coastal Plain, within the distribution of <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. Occurrences contain widely spaced pines with a few understory shrubs and a dense ground cover of grasses and herbs. The canopy of undisturbed examples is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>, the subcanopy by scattered <i>Quercus falcata</i> (some possibly reaching the canopy). In forests that have been fire-managed, the midstory is sparse, providing an open, park-like appearance to this community. Shrubs and trees in this stratum include <i>Quercus incana, Quercus hemisphaerica, Cornus florida, Sassafras albidum, Prunus serotina, Castanea pumila, Ilex glabra, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Serenoa repens, Rhus copallinum, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium elliottii</i>, and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>. The herbaceous understory is dominated by <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. In addition, this stratum includes <i>So G1G2 G1 Western Upland Longleaf Pine Forest (Stream Terrace Sandy Woodland Type) 1 This community occurs on fine-sandy stream terraces in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Texas. The open canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>, although examples in eastern Texas may also include <i>Pinus echinata</i> or <i>Pinus taeda</i>. The subcanopy includes scattered <i>Quercus incana, Quercus stellata</i>, and <i>Quercus marilandica</i>, with <i>Quercus margarettiae</i> also present in Texas examples. Shrubs include <i>Sassafras albidum, Erythrina herbacea</i> and <i>Yucca louisianensis</i>. Herbs include <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Liatris elegans, Opuntia humifusa, Palafoxia texana var. ambigua, Gaillardia aestivalis, Tridens carolinianus, Pityopsis graminifolia, Monarda punctata, Chrysopsis mariana</i>, and <i>Tetragonotheca ludoviciana</i>. G1?Q G1 Eastern Louisiana Xeric Longleaf Woodland 1 This xeric <i>Pinus palustris</i> association occurs in the Florida parishes of eastern Louisiana and may range into adjacent areas of southern Mississippi. This area represents a western attenuation of East Gulf Coastal Plain longleaf pine sandhills, beyond the natural range of a number of taxa distributed farther eastward. In addition, sites in this region tend to have siltier, less coarse-textured soils than are typically found in Florida (Peet and Allard 1990). Stands of this type are dominated by an open canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. A subcanopy containing <i>Quercus incana</i> indicates the presence of finer-textured, siltier soils. <i>Sporobolus clandestinus</i> is a typical herbaceous component. Other characteristic species include <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Commelina erecta, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Ilex ambigua, Pityopsis graminifolia, Vaccinium arboreum</i>, and <i>Zornia bracteata</i>. G1G2 G11 This xeric longleaf pine sandhill community occurs on xeric ridges in north-central peninsular Florida and on river-associated dunes in Georgia. It is drier than many sandhills and is characterized by the presence of some scrub components, including <i>Ceratiola ericoides</i> and <i>Trichostema suffrutescens</i>. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>. The subcanopy is dominated by <i>Quercus laevis</i>, with <i>Quercus geminata, Quercus margarettiae</i>, and <i>Persea borbonia</i>. Epiphytic <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> may be abundant. Herbs include <i>Aristida beyrichiana, Balduina angustifolia, Carphephorus corymbosus, Pityopsis</i> sp., <i>Bulbostylis warei, Eupatorium compositifolium, Eriogonum tomentosum, Cnidoscolus stimulosus, Tephrosia chrysophylla, Stillingia sylvatica, Trichostema suffrutescens, Chrysopsis linearifolia</i>, and <i>Liatris</i> sp. G1G2 G1 Longleaf Pine / Scrub Oak Sandhill (Northern Type) 1 This association is a longleaf pine / scrub oak sandhill community north of the range of <i>Aristida stricta</i> and many of the other species typical of more southern <i>Pinus palustris</i> communities. The presettlement nature of these communities is somewhat obscure, because so few examples remain, and none of which are in very good condition. <i>Pinus palustris</i>, sometimes with <i>Pinus taeda, Pinus serotina</i>, and/or <i>Pinus virginiana</i>, dominates the open canopy. The scrub oak layer consists of varying combinations of <i>Quercus laevis, Quercus incana, Quercus margarettiae</i>, and <i>Quercus marilandica</i>. The shrub layer is often dense, consisting of <i>Gaylussacia frondosa, Gaylussacia baccata, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Vaccinium tenellum, Vaccinium stamineum, Kalmia carolina, Gaultheria procumbens</i>, and <i>Polygonella polygama</i>. The herb layer is often sparse and consists typically of <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum, Andropogon virginicu G1 G1 Sandstone/Gravel Longleaf Pine W oodland 1 The open to scattered canopy consists of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. A sparse scrub oak layer consists of <i>Quercus laevis</i>. The shrub layer is diverse and includes the juxtaposition of species normally widely separated ecologically by moisture, from pocosin species to xeric sandhill species. Dominant shrubs include <i>Leiophyllum buxifolium, Cyrilla racemiflora, Clethra alnifolia, Vaccinium tenellum</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa)</i>. Other shrubs include <i>Hypericum lloydii, Vaccinium crassifolium ssp. sempervirens (= Vaccinium sempervirens), Kalmia latifolia, Lyonia mariana</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa)</i>. Herbs are few and include <i>Liatris</i> sp. and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>. This community occurs on sandstone outcrops and gravel beds on exposed ridge situations in a landscape of longleaf pine sandhills. Occurrences of this community are small and are limited to rare and localized edaphic situations, where sandstone, gravel, and kaolinite outcrops provide s G1 G1 West Gulf Coastal Plain Calcareous Clay Longleaf Pine Glade 1 This small-patch <i>Pinus palustris</i> community is associated with outcroppings of calcareous and/or high calcium clay soils in the inner Coastal Plain on Tertiary terraces of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Texas. Edaphic limitations produce a widely spaced, even stunted woodland canopy that contrasts strikingly with surrounding open <i>Pinus palustris</i> woodlands on deeper soils. A continuous herbaceous cover is present. The most abundant ground flora species in Texas are <i>Coelorachis rugosa, Eryngium yuccifolium, Andropogon gyrans</i>, and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>. <i>Silphium laciniatum</i> is a good indicator species of this community. G1 G1 Louisiana Longleaf Pine Fleming Glade 1 This sparse woodland is dominated by a scattered, somewhat stunted <i>Pinus palustris</i> canopy; <i>Quercus marilandica</i> forms a patchy stunted subcanopy. <i>Pinus taeda</i> may be abundant in fire-suppressed examples. <i>Schizachyrium tenerum</i> and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> are dominants in the usually dense herbaceous layer. Herbs typical of both upland <i>Pinus palustris</i> woodlands and wetter <i>Pinus palustris</i> flatwoods occur, along with more calciphilic species (e.g., <i>Neptunia lutea, Delphinium carolinianum, Silphium laciniatum, Packera obovata (= Senecio obovatus)</i>). This community contains a highly unusual combination of species, primarily due to the close interdigitation of distinct soil and hydrologic conditions, that in turn reflect the mixed geological character of the environment. This woodland is known from the Dough Hills Member of the Fleming Formation, and is thought to occur primarily on Anacoco and Kisatchie-Anacoco soils which are inclusions in areas mapped as Vaiden G1 G1 Atlantic Coastal Plain / W et Ultisol Longleaf Pine Savanna 2 This seasonally saturated longleaf pine - pond pine - loblolly pine woodland association is restricted to wet and moist Ultisols of the wiregrass gap region of South Carolina. The open canopy of this association is dominated by a combination of <i>Pinus palustris, Pinus serotina</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. The ground layer is dominated by <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Muhlenbergia expansa, Ctenium aromaticum, Setaria parviflora</i>, and <i>Eryngium yuccifolium</i>. Several species thought to be indicative of shallow lime bedrock (i.e., coquina limestone) occur commonly in this association, including <i>Setaria parviflora, Panicum virgatum, Arnoglossum ovatum, Plantago sparsiflora</i>, and <i>Apocynum cannabinum</i>. However, the stand in Francis Marion National Forest, South Carolina, on which the present description is primarily based, occurs on a W ahee loam, an Ultisol not evidently associated with shallow limestone. The stand is directly adjacent to a hardwood-dominated drainage, however, so there may be so G1? G1 Western W et Longleaf Pine Savanna (Prairie Terraces Sodic Silt Loam Type) 1 This association is a W est Gulf Coastal Plain wetland longleaf community, occurring on saline soils (Brimstone silt loam, a Glossic Natraqualf) of the Pleistocene prairie terrace, with an open canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Important herbaceous species include <i>Andropogon capillipes</i> ('wetlands variant'), <i>Andropogon glaucopsis, Arnoglossum ovatum, Bigelowia nuttallii, Chaetopappa asteroides, Dalea candida var. candida, Dichanthelium</i> spp., <i>Echinacea sanguinea, Eupatorium leucolepis, Evolvulus sericeus, Hedyotis nigricans, Iva angustifolia, Liatris acidota, Liatris punctata, Liatris pycnostachya var. lasiophylla, Marshallia caespitosa, Muhlenbergia capillaris, Neptunia lutea, Panicum virgatum, Paspalum floridanum, Physostegia virginiana ssp. praemorsa, Rhexia lutea, Rhexia virginica, Rhynchospora colorata (= Dichromena colorata), Rhynchospora divergens, Rhynchospora elliottii, Rhynchospora glomerata, Rhynchospora gracilenta, Rhynchospora plumosa, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Rudbeckia texana, Saba G1 G1 1 This is a mesic longleaf pine-dominated association, with few oaks. It occurs on relict terraces along deeply entrenched rivers in the Fall-line Sandhills of North Carolina. The canopy is open and consists of <i>Pinus palustris</i>, sometimes with an admixture of <i>Pinus taeda</i>. In fire-suppressed examples, <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum, Quercus nigra</i>, and scrub oaks may form a subcanopy. The shrub layer is diverse and includes <i>Vaccinium elliottii, Vaccinium arboreum, Clethra alnifolia, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa), Ilex glabra, Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana</i>, and <i>Lyonia mariana</i> as important species. The herb layer is dominated by <i>Aristida stricta</i> and is extremely diverse (often 140 species per 0.1 ha), with unusual mixtures of wetland and upland plants. Typical herbaceous species include <i>Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum, Eupatorium semiserratum, Eupatorium</i> spp., <i>Andropogon</i> spp., <i>Panicum virgatum, Pa G1 G1 Southern Blue Ridge Ultramafic Outcrop Barrens (Pitch Pine W oodland Type) 1 This community includes open woodland vegetation dominated by stunted <i>Pinus rigida</i> and <i>Quercus alba</i>, occurring over a cespitose graminoid-dominated understory with little shrub cover. Although the relative basal area for the two canopy species is the same, <i>Pinus rigida</i> is twice as dense as <i>Quercus alba</i>. Other canopy and subcanopy trees may include <i>Tsuga canadensis, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Oxydendrum arboreum</i>. The dense herbaceous stratum is dominated by <i>Andropogon gerardii, Sporobolus heterolepis</i>, and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>. Common forbs include <i>Packera plattensis (= Senecio plattensis), Hexastylis arifolia var. ruthii</i>, and <i>Thalictrum macrostylum</i>. This community occurs on shallow, rocky soils associated with outcrops of serpentinized olivine in the Southern Blue Ridge. It is a unique community with a restricted range and few known occurrences. G1 G1 Southern Blue Ridge Ultramafic W oodland (Prairie Type) 1 This association represents upland ultramafic woodlands of the Southern Blue Ridge of Virginia. Examples are typified by an open canopy dominated by <i>Pinus rigida, Quercus stellata, Pinus strobus</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Prunus serotina var. serotina</i>. Dry rocky openings which support grassland vegetation are scattered throughout. Dominants include <i>Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Packera paupercula (= Senecio pauperculus)</i>, and <i>Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum</i>. Other species include <i>Spiraea alba var. latifolia (= Spiraea latifolia), Sorghastrum nutans, Ceanothus americanus, Zigadenus leimanthoides, Liatris pilosa (= Liatris graminifolia), Sanguisorba canadensis, Asclepias verticillata, Thalictrum revolutum, Zizia aptera</i>, and <i>Cladonia</i> spp. G1 G1 1 This woodland occurs in association with large peat domes in the tidewater region of North Carolina and Virginia. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus serotina</i>, and canopy closure varies from woodland structure to a nearly closed canopy. Historic accounts suggest that these communities were once much more common than now, and formerly had more open canopy [see ~<i>Pinus serotina / Arundinaria gigantea</i> ssp. <i>tecta</i> W ooded Shrubland (CEGL003851)$$ in III.A.2.N.j ~<i>Arundinaria gigantea</i> Saturated W ooded Shrubland Alliance (A.804)$$]. G1 G1 Low-Elevation Blue Ridge Serpentine Woodland 1 This community includes pine-oak woodlands over serpentine, olivine, dunite, and other ultramafic rocks, at elevations from 550 to 950 m (1800-3100 feet), in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains of North Carolina and extreme northern Georgia. The open canopy is typically dominated by <i>Pinus virginiana, Pinus rigida, Pinus strobus, Quercus stellata, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Quercus falcata</i> (lower elevations only), with other species including <i>Sassafras albidum, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Betula lenta, Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Oxydendrum arboreum</i>. Typical shrub and woody vine species are <i>Ceanothus americanus, Cornus florida, Kalmia latifolia, Castanea pumila, Gaultheria procumbens, Gaylussacia baccata, Lyonia ligustrina var. ligustrina, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Pyrularia pubera, Rhododendron calendulaceum, Rhododendron maximum, Smilax rotundifolia</i>, and <i>Vaccinium stamineum</i>. The herb layer can be very well-developed or patchy, and in more open examples can be G1 G1 Crowley's Ridge Mesic Oak Forest 2 This mesic oak forest occurs on rich, loessal soils of southern Crowley's Ridge on narrow ridgetops and side slopes. Examples are dominated by a variable combination of <i>Quercus alba, Quercus rubra,</i> and <i>Quercus velutina. </i>Drier stands on the southern portion of Crowley's Ridge, as indicated by the presence of<i> Quercus falcata </i>and <i>Quercus stellata, </i>are covered by other associations [see CEGL004064, CEGL004068]. <i>Acer barbatum </i>and<i> Asimina triloba</i> are diagnostic species of this forest. The former is typically dominant in the subcanopy and the latter is abundant in the shrub layer. G1G2 G1 Piedmont Diabase W hite Oak W oodland 2 This is a fire-maintained woodland of the Piedmont of Virginia, occurring on soils derived from diabase rock. Although the fire frequency is abnormally high in known sites (on Fort Pickett), this community may be quite similar to some pre-settlement Piedmont communities. Canopy dominants include <i>Quercus alba, Quercus velutina, Quercus falcata, Quercus coccinea, Carya alba, Carya glabra, Carya ovalis, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i>. The subcanopy includes <i>Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida</i>, and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. Shrubs and woody vines include <i>Rhus copallinum, Rhus michauxii, Rhus glabra, Diospyros virginiana, Ulmus alata, Sassafras albidum, Toxicodendron radicans, Viburnum rafinesquianum</i>, and <i>Fraxinus americana</i>. The herb layer includes <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Helianthus divaricatus, Salvia urticifolia, Parthenium auriculatum (= Parthenium integrifolium var. auriculatum), Chrysogonum virginianum, Ageratina aromatica, Desmodium laevigatum, Desmodi G1? G1 Southern Crowley's Ridge Dry-mesic Oak Forest 2 This dry-mesic oak forest occurs on rich, loessal soils of the southern portion of Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas, on middle and upper slopes and undulating narrow finger ridges. Examples are dominated by <i>Quercus alba</i> and <i>Quercus falcata</i>, with a significant component of <i>Quercus velutina.</i> The subcanopy includes the overstory species as well as <i>Ostrya virginiana, Cornus florida, Carya alba, Liriodendron tulipifera, </i>and <i>Magnolia acuminata. </i>A number of species may be present in the herbaceous layer. G1G2 G1 Piedmont Granitic W hite Oak - Black Oak Savanna 2 This is a fire-maintained woodland of the Piedmont of Virginia and South Carolina, occurring on soils derived from granitic rock. It may also persist in a slightly altered state due to particularly rigorous mowing regimes. Although the fire or mowing frequency is abnormally high at known sites (on Fort Pickett), this community may be quite similar to some presettlement Piedmont communities. Canopy dominants include <i>Quercus alba, Quercus velutina, Quercus stellata, Quercus falcata, Quercus coccinea, Carya alba, Carya glabra</i>, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i>. The subcanopy may include <i>Cornus florida</i> and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, but can also be fairly open. Shrubs and woody vines include <i>Rhus copallinum, Rhus michauxii, Rhus glabra, Diospyros virginiana, Ulmus alata, Sassafras albidum, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum, Hypericum hypericoides ssp. multicaule (= Hypericum stragulum), Toxicodendron pubescens, Vitis rotundifolia</i>. The herb layer is dominated by <i>Schizachyrium sc G1? G1 Ouachita Mountains Dwarf W hite Oak Forest 1 This community is characterized by a nearly continuous canopy of gnarled <i>Quercus alba</i>, 2.5-5.0 m tall, in the highest elevations of the Ouachita Mountains (above 790 m [2600 feet] on Mount Magazine, and above 730 m [2400 feet]) on Rich and Black Fork Mountains, and other locations, in Arkansas and Oklahoma). <i>Quercus rubra, Quercus stellata, Carya texana, Quercus marilandica</i> may occur as minor components of the canopy. The understory is relatively open in areas, but on north-facing slopes shrubs are abundant. Ground cover is generally sparse and may have a mosaic of sedge-dominated and lichen/moss-dominated areas. Associated woody species of minor importance include <i>Amelanchier arborea, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Sassafras albidum, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum, Rubus</i> spp., <i>Nyssa sylvatica, Hamamelis virginiana, Rhus copallinum, Rhus glabra, Pinus echinata, Chionanthus virginicus, Ulmus alata, Smilax</i> spp., and <i>Rubus</i> spp. Herbaceous species include <i>Carex pensylvanic G1 G1 Southern Blue Ridge Ultramafic Outcrop Barrens (Deciduous Forest Type) 1 This community includes <i>Quercus alba</i>-dominated forest vegetation occurring in association with serpentine geology in the Southern Blue Ridge. <i>Quercus alba</i> makes up 50-75% of the canopy, with lesser amounts (less than 25%) of <i>Pinus rigida</i> and <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. The subcanopy is primarily <i>Acer rubrum, Amelanchier arborea</i>, and <i>Magnolia acuminata</i>. Shrub cover can exceed 80% or be as low as 15%. <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> is a typical shrub, but other common shrubs include <i>Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Vaccinium stamineum</i>, and <i>Physocarpus opulifolius</i>. The herbaceous stratum is dominated by <i>Packera plattensis (= Senecio plattensis)</i>. Other typical herbs include <i>Hexastylis arifolia var. ruthii, Polygala paucifolia, Epigaea repens, Mitchella repens, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Thalictrum macrostylum, Poa saltuensis, Phlox stolonifera, Andropogon gerardii</i>, and <i>Zizia aptera</i>. This community occurs on rocky soils associated with serpenti G1 G1 Bluegrass Basin Swamp W hite Oak Forest 2 This swamp forest is a high-fertility wetland, which is restricted in its distribution to the Inner and Outer Bluegrass regions of Kentucky. It is described from Lee's Branch Swamp, W oodford County, Kentucky. The forest consists of "almost a pure stand of <i>Fraxinus</i> with some stands of <i>Quercus bicolor</i> mixed in. There are a few sycamores scattered within. There is no <i>Acer rubrum</i> or <i>Quercus palustris</i> there" (M. Evans pers. comm.). Herbs are few and include <i>Carex lupulina, Leersia oryzoides</i>, and <i>Ranunculus longirostris</i>. G1G2 G1 Atlantic Coastal Plain Mixed Deciduous Maritime Forest 2 This community and related deciduous-dominated communities occur on the most sheltered sites on barrier islands. They are protected from the most extreme stresses of the maritime environment, such as storm waves and intense salt spray, by high dune ridges and distance from the beach. In addition to <i>Quercus falcata, Pinus taeda, </i><i>Fagus grandifolia</i>, and <i>Quercus nigra</i>, the canopy may include <i>Carya glabra, Carya pallida</i>, and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. The subcanopy may include <i>Persea palustris</i><i>, Carpinus caroliniana, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Cornus florida, Vaccinium arboreum, Ostrya virginiana, Juniperus virginiana, Sassafras albidum, </i><i>Amelanchier canadensis</i><i>, </i><i>Oxydendrum arboreum</i><i>, </i><i>Castanea pumila</i>, and <i>Hamamelis virginiana</i>. Shrubs and vines include <i>Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa), Arundinaria gigantea, Callicarpa americana, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Rhus copallinum, Vaccinium stamineum, </i><i>Vaccinium pallid G1 G1 Oak - Sabal Tropical Hydric Hammock 2 This association includes slightly higher hammock islands surrounded by wet prairies of southern Florida. This wetland hammock association occurs in southern Florida, but its range is north of most other tropical hardwood hammocks. The canopy is dominated by warm temperate species <i>Quercus laurifolia</i> and <i>Sabal palmetto</i>. Tropical species, e.g., <i>Myrsine floridana</i> and <i>Psychotria nervosa</i>, are prominent in the subcanopy and shrub strata. These communities often form `tree islands,' surrounded by wet prairies. G1? G1 Sinking Pond Overcup Oak Swamp 2 This forest is found in an apparently unique isolated upland depression of the Eastern Highland Rim of Tennessee. The only example of this seasonally flooded forest community is known from Sinking Pond, Coffee County, Tennessee; it is inundated for 6 months of the year in winter and spring. The water may be up to 4.5 m deep at its greatest depth. Soils are Fragiaquults of the Guthrie series. In areas of 1 m or greater depth, <i>Quercus lyrata</i> (up to 130 cm dbh) forms a nearly single-species community. In shallower areas other species may be found; these include <i>Quercus phellos, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa aquatica, Nyssa biflora, Betula nigra, Acer rubrum, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Styrax americanus, Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia)</i>, and <i>Campsis radicans</i>. No herbaceous ground layer exists. Mosses, lichens and epiphytic <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana</i> can often be found on tree trunks. G1 G1 Alabama Ketona Dolomite W oodland 1 This association covers woodlands over Ketona dolomitic limestone, in Bibb County, Alabama, associated with Bibb County glades. Dominant species of the open (though variable) canopy are <i>Quercus muehlenbergii, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i>, with other species including <i>Quercus shumardii, Quercus sinuata</i> (which may be in any woody stratum), <i>Fraxinus americana, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Gleditsia triacanthos, Ulmus rubra</i>, and <i>Tilia americana var. caroliniana</i>. In addition, <i>Quercus velutina, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Ulmus alata, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, Pinus echinata, Carya glabra</i>, and <i>Carya pallida</i> may be present in some examples. Dominant understory trees may include <i>Ostrya virginiana, Ulmus rubra, Acer barbatum, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Acer leucoderme</i>, and <i>Cercis canadensis</i>. Other members of this stratum may include <i>Ulmus alata, Carya glabra, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Viburnum rufidulum, G1 G1 Highland Rim Upland Depression Flatwoods 2 This association included forests in upland karst depressions over Fort Payne Formation cherty limestone in the Eastern Highland Rim of Tennessee. These depressions are flooded 2-10 dm deep in winter and dry or nearly so by late summer. Deepest occurrences have both <i>Nyssa biflora</i> and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus phellos</i> with lesser amounts of <i>Quercus nigra</i> and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. Present in the relatively sparse subcanopy are <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Nyssa biflora</i>, which are more often prominent in the subcanopy. The wetter the substrate, the sparser the shrub and herb layers are. The former may be comprised of <i>Vaccinium fuscatum, Rhododendron canescens</i>, and <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i> (which can be widespread in some instances). The drier the site, the denser the herbaceous layer which may contain <i>Chasmanthium laxum, Saccharum baldwinii, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Osmun G1? G1 Appalachian Calcareous Oak - W alnut Forest 2 This association represents forests on sheltered dolomite slopes in the Southern Blue Ridge with canopies dominated by <i>Quercus</i> spp., <i>Juglans nigra</i>, and <i>Magnolia acuminata</i>. However, a small amount of the canopy and understory is always composed of calciphilic canopy species more characteristic of areas west of the Blue Ridge, including <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> and <i>Juglans cinerea</i>. The dominant shrub is <i>Hamamelis virginiana</i>, but other shrubs include <i>Calycanthus floridus, Cornus alternifolia</i>, and <i>Hydrangea arborescens</i>. The herbaceous layer is lush and diverse, with typical species including <i>Impatiens</i> spp., <i>Hybanthus concolor, Polymnia canadensis, Laportea canadensis, Aquilegia canadensis, Adiantum pedatum, Sanguinaria canadensis</i>, and <i>Asarum canadense</i>. G1Q G1 2 This mesic calcareous upland woodland community occurs in areas of deep, moist soil usually on nearly level terrain or possibly in topographically protected areas in the Upper W est Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas. These communities are typically bordered by dry-mesic blackland prairie. Fire plays a role in the formation and maintenance of the community as <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> readily invades and suppresses the herbaceous vegetation. The trees are of medium height (to 45 feet). Dominant tree species include <i>Quercus shumardii</i> and <i>Carya myristiciformis</i> with <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> and <i>Quercus stellata</i> as occasional. <i>Berchemia scandens, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Fraxinus americana, Juglans nigra, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Frangula caroliniana (= Rhamnus caroliniana), Smilax bona-nox</i>, and <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i> occur as occasional sapling, shrub, and woody vine species. The herbaceo G1 G1 Keiffer Prairie Margin Oak-Ash-Hickory Forest 2 This W est Gulf Coastal Plain calcareous forest is currently known only from the Keiffer Prairie Research Natural Area on the Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana, but related vegetation may also be present on the Fleming geological formation in eastern Texas. It is described as the 'typical' Keiffer forest surrounding open pockets of Keiffer Prairie herbaceous vegetation. This type is known only from soils mapped as Hollywood silty clay loam or Oktibbeha silt loam. The hardwood canopy is dominated by <i>Carya myristiciformis, Fraxinus americana</i>, and a strong woody vine stratum. Other associated species include <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Ulmus alata, Quercus shumardii, Quercus stellata, Pinus taeda, Frangula caroliniana, Cornus florida, Cornus drummondii, Cercis canadensis, Toxicodendron radicans, Berchemia scandens, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Sanicula canadensis, Dichanthelium commutatum (= Panicum commutatum), Trepocarpus aethusae</i>, and <i>Galium circaezans</i>. G1Q G1 Jackson Formation Calcareous Forest 2 This mesic forest community is restricted to calcareous soils associated with the Jackson Formation in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana, and related areas of the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi. The dense canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus shumardii, Quercus pagoda, Fraxinus americana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Magnolia acuminata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus phellos, Quercus michauxii, Acer barbatum, Quercus muehlenbergii, Platanus occidentalis</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. The subcanopy is open to fairly dense, and consists of <i>Ostrya virginiana, Cornus florida, Acer barbatum, Asimina triloba, Ulmus alata, Frangula caroliniana, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Zanthoxylum americanum, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Hamamelis virginiana</i>, and <i>Sideroxylon lanuginosum</i>. The sparse shrub and woody vine layer includes <i>Bignonia capreolata, Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Rhus aromatica, Frangula caroliniana, Euonymus atropurpureus, Cocculus carolinus, Berchemia scandens</i>, and <i>Ar G1 G1 Calcareous Oak - Hickory High Bottomland Forest 2 This W est Gulf Coastal Plain forest occurs on calcareous Alligator clay in Caldwell Parish (and possibly also Catahoula Parish), Louisiana. Typical species include <i>Quercus similis, Carya myristiciformis, Quercus oglethorpensis, Quercus phellos, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus pagoda, Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ulmus alata, Carya ovata, Carex cherokeensis, Lithospermum tuberosum</i>, and <i>Cardamine bulbosa</i>. G1 G1 Dry-Mesic Copenhagen Calcareous Forest 2 This upland forest community is known only from dry-mesic slopes associated with Jackson Calcareous Prairies in Louisiana. The open to closed canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus sinuata var. sinuata, Quercus shumardii, Quercus muehlenbergii, Fraxinus americana, Acer barbatum</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. The open subcanopy consists of canopy species. The open to dense shrub layer includes <i>Rhus aromatica, Cornus drummondii, Ilex decidua, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Frangula caroliniana, Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Crataegus spathulata, Viburnum rufidulum</i>, and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>. The herb layer is characteristically dominated by <i>Melica mutica</i> and <i>Carex cherokeensis</i> but also includes <i>Echinacea purpurea, Phlox pilosa, Carex microdonta</i>, and species from the nearby prairie openings. G1 G1 Piedmont Basic Hardpan W oodland (Northern Type) 2 This community consists of one of two prairie-like woodlands associated with diabase in the Carolina Piedmont, representing the north-central North Carolina Piedmont type. Examples often have a canopy dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i> and <i>Pinus echinata</i> (often some <i>Pinus taeda</i> as well because of fire suppression), a <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> understory (reduced or eliminated by fire), and grass/forb-dominated openings with numerous calciphilic prairie components dominating. Open conditions are maintained to some degree by shallow soils, shrink-swell clays, and perhaps by magnesium toxicity, but disturbance by fire is required for long-term persistence. Other characteristic species include <i>Acer barbatum, Sorghastrum nutans, Baptisia australis var. aberrans (= Baptisia minor var. aberrans), Silphium terebinthinaceum, Oligoneuron album, Oligoneuron rigidum, Symphyotrichum parviceps (= Aster parviceps), Eryngium yuccifolium var. yuccifolium, Hypericum virgatum, Marshallia</i> G1 G1 Piedmont Basic Hardpan W oodland (Southern Type) 2 This community consists of one of two prairie-like woodlands associated with diabase in the Carolina Piedmont, representing the south-central North Carolina Piedmont and adjacent South Carolina type. This community has very variable structure and species composition, depending on land-use history and local fire regime. Historically, this community is believed to have been herbaceous-dominated with a widely scattered, open canopy of trees and patches of shrubs and fire-sprouting overstory species. Due largely to fire suppression, most known examples occur as a dense woody growth with generally closed canopy. A few examples which are being restored have a more typical, stunted woodland structure, with canopy cover ranging from 40-70%. High-quality examples are expected to have an open grass-dominated herb layer, and an overstory dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i>, often with some component of <i>Pinus echinata, Quercus marilandica</i>, and <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i>. Common subcanopy species G1 G1 East Texas Catahoula Barrens Post Oak W oodland 2 This community is found along margins and along broad intermittent drainages associated with Catahoula Barrens in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of eastern Texas. <i>Quercus stellata</i> is the dominant tree; others may include <i>Carya texana</i> and <i>Quercus marilandica</i>. The shrub stratum is now currently dense but was probably formerly open because of fire and includes <i>Ilex vomitoria, Forestiera ligustrina, Vaccinium arboreum, Crataegus marshallii, Crataegus spathulata, Crataegus brachyacantha, Gelsemium sempervirens</i>, and <i>Cissus trifoliata (= Cissus incisa)</i>. The herb stratum is sparse to dense becoming increasingly sparse in the absence of fire and the consequent build-up of hardwood leaf litter. The herb layer is dominated by <i>Chasmanthium sessiliflorum</i>. <i>Ranunculus fascicularis</i> may be abundant in the springtime. G1 G1 Southern Crowley's Ridge Dry Post Oak Forest 2 This forest appears to be the driest upland community present in the loessal region of southern Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas. Stands occur in high landscape positions on narrow ridges of very limited size and extent. The most diagnostic feature of this forest is dominance of <i>Quercus stellata</i> in the overstory, along with a significant component of <i>Quercus falcata</i>. <i>Quercus velutina</i> may also be present. <i>Quercus alba</i> is typically uncommon or absent (found more frequently on dry-mesic locations, typically downslope). <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> is common in the subcanopy, as it is in nearly all upland forests on this portion of Crowley's Ridge. <i>Carya pallida</i> and <i>Sassafras albidum</i> are also indicative of this type, and are generally lacking from other southern Crowley's Ridge forests. The density and composition of the herbaceous layer of this forest varies according to management history, but can be quite lush and fairly diverse. G1 G1 Upper W est Gulf Coastal Plain Prairie Periphery Oak W oodland 2 This subcalcareous or circumneutral vegetation of the Upper W est Gulf Coastal Plain is dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Other species indicative of high pH and/or high nutrient status are also present, such as <i>Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus shumardii</i>, or <i>Ulmus crassifolia</i>. <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i> is also a characteristic species of this habitat in at least parts of the region; it is typically lacking from both calcareous prairies and acid forests. A thick layer of <i>Crataegus</i> spp. is also often present. Sedges, especially <i>Carex cherokeensis</i> and <i>Carex albicans</i>, are abundant in the understory. Grass cover and composition are highly variable in part due to the openness of the stands and the influence of fire. This woodland community may occur in relatively narrow bands (50-200 feet wide) or ecotones between forested uplands (usually pine-dominated) on neutral to slightly acidic soils and alkaline prairies. The location and size of the community appear to be depende G1G2 G1 Gulf Coast Salt Dome Hardwood Forest 2 This association includes upland forests on loess-derived silt loams of coastal salt domes of Louisiana and upland forests on salt domes of coastal Texas on soils not derived from loess. The canopy in Louisiana occurrences is dominated by <i>Quercus virginiana, Magnolia grandiflora, Quercus pagoda, Ulmus americana, Celtis laevigata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Carya glabra</i>. <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> is absent. A sparse shrub layer of <i>Sabal minor, Vitis rotundifolia, Smilax rotundifolia</i>, and the alien <i>Ardisia crenata</i> is present. <i>Quercus virginiana</i> typically codominates the closed canopy of this community in Texas. Other codominants can include <i>Carya illinoinensis</i> and <i>Celtis laevigata</i>, while <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> is typically present but in smaller amounts. The epiphyte <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides (= Polypodium polypodioides)</i> is quite common in canopy trees. The patchy to dense understory consists of <i>Prun G1 G1 Virginia Beach Xeric Dune Forest 2 This maritime woodland occurs primarily on back dunes that are somewhat protected from regular salt spray along the southeastern Virginia coast. Stands are codominated by <i>Quercus virginiana</i> and <i>Quercus incana</i>. Minor canopy species include <i>Pinus taeda, Sassafras albidum, Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Prunus serotina var. serotina</i>. G1 G1 2 This community occurs on low moist to wet flats, near the conceptual line between upland and saturated hydrologies. These sites never receive overland flooding from rivers or streams. <i>Quercus virginiana</i> and <i>Quercus pagoda</i> dominate the canopy; other canopy and subcanopy species may include <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus nigra, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus phellos, Magnolia grandiflora, Ulmus americana, Ulmus alata</i>, and <i>Celtis laevigata var. laevigata</i>. <i>Sabal minor</i> forms a dense shrub layer, often intermixed with substantial <i>Ilex vomitoria</i> and <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera)</i>. W oody vines are common and include <i>Berchemia scandens, Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans, Campsis radicans</i>, and <i>Bignonia capreolata</i>. Herbs are few but may include <i>Chasmanthium laxum, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum</i>, and <i>Juncus coriaceus</i>. <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> and <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana</i> are common epiphytes. Some are G1G2Q G1 2 This forest occurs on mesic to dry-mesic bluffs in the outer Coastal Plain of southeastern South Carolina. The canopy is dominated by <i>Carya glabra, Quercus virginiana, Quercus pagoda</i>, and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Quercus nigra</i> and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. The subcanopy is open and is dominated by <i>Ilex opaca</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Pinus glabra, Cornus florida</i>, and <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana</i>. The shrub layer is open, with <i>Ilex vomitoria, Vaccinium elliottii, Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Symplocos tinctoria, Callicarpa americana, Juniperus virginiana, Sabal minor, Berchemia scandens</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans</i>. Herbs are few, though <i>Chasmanthium laxum</i> and <i>Chasmanthium sessiliflorum</i> may be patchily common. G1Q G1 Everglades Bayhead Forest (Taylor Slough Type) 2 This bayhead community occurs in the Taylor Slough portion of the Everglades region of southern Florida. It is characterized by a mixture of temperate and tropical species. W hen compared with the related bayhead forest associated with Shark River Slough, this type has greater canopy closure and species richness, including a stronger tropical floristic component. Canopy species frequently present in this type (but lacking from CEGL007015) include <i>Rhizophora mangle, Taxodium distichum, Conocarpus erectus, Metopium toxiferum</i>, and <i>Sabal palmetto</i>. Typical shrub species include <i>Eugenia axillaris, Eugenia foetida</i>, and <i>Sideroxylon reclinatum</i>. The understory overlaps considerably with other bayhead forests of the region, but more commonly supports <i>Apteria aphylla</i>. G1 G1 2 This association represents a wet swamp hammock forest of southern Florida. The sparse supercanopy is dominated by 30- to 40-m tall <i>Roystonea elata</i>. The canopy consists of <i>Roystonea elata, Taxodium distichum, Quercus laurifolia</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum var. rubrum</i>. The subcanopy includes <i>Annona glabra, Celtis laevigata, Ficus aurea, Fraxinus caroliniana, Myrsine floridana, Persea palustris, Magnolia virginiana, Sabal palmetto</i>, and <i>Salix caroliniana</i>. The shrub stratum includes <i>Callicarpa americana, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cornus foemina, Myrsine floridana</i>, and <i>Psychotria nervosa</i>. W oody vines are common, and include <i>Apios americana, Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>. Epiphytes are abundant and include <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides</i> and <i>Tillandsia</i> spp. Herbs include <i>Nephrolepis</i> spp., <i>Thelypteris</i> sp., <i>Boehmeria cylindrica, Hydrocotyle</i> sp., <i>Ludwigia repens, Sagittaria lancifolia, Pontederia cordata, Pluc G1 G1 1 Tropical maritime hammocks of the southwestern coast of Florida, less well-developed and diverse than higher hammocks. Characteristic and common species are <i>Sabal palmetto, Coccoloba uvifera</i>, and <i>Piscidia piscipula</i>. G1 G1 2 This community occurs on similar sites to <i>Pinus elliottii var. densa</i> communities but with more frequent fire (2- to 3-year return time) favoring <i>Sabal</i> and <i>Serenoa</i>. G1G2 G1 South Florida Indian Midden Hammock 2 This hardwood hammock community occurs on Indian middens in southern Florida. These forests are closely related to other hardwood hammocks of the region but may be differentiated most easily by their occurrence on anthropogenic midden piles. Because these middens are topographically higher than the immediately surrounding landscape, they apparently lack a true hydroperiod and consequently develop larger trees than some other hammocks. Many of the nominal species may also be encountered in inland hammocks of the region. Perhaps the most distinctive vegetation feature of these stands is the persistence of species cultivated by the aboriginal inhabitants. G1Q G1 South Florida Madeira Hammock 2 This tropical hammock type occurs in the southern coastal portions of Everglades National Park. <i>Swietenia mahagoni, Piscidia piscipula</i>, and <i>Colubrina arborescens</i> are prominent components of the canopy. This hammock type occurs on ridges of shoreline- or storm-deposited marl and/or sand. Hammocks further inland (and north) replace <i>Swietenia</i> with <i>Lysiloma</i> to some extent. G1Q G1 West Florida Coat-Rack Cypress Savanna 2 This dwarf pond-cypress savanna is a highly unusual association, which is dominated by a rather open, essentially monospecific canopy of dwarfed <i>Taxodium ascendens</i>. A shrub layer (typically below 1.5 m. in height) is dominated by <i>Hypericum chapmanii</i> with <i>Ilex myrtifolia, Cliftonia monophylla, Cyrilla racemiflora</i>, and <i>Stillingia aquatica</i>. The herbaceous stratum is dominated by <i>Rhynchospora harperi</i> and is more prominent and dense than the shrubs. Other forbs noted include <i>Eriocaulon compressum, Xyris stricta, Sabatia bartramii, Scleria baldwinii, Aristida</i> spp., <i>Hypericum</i> sp., <i>Rhexia</i> sp., <i>Lycopodiella alopecuroides</i>, and <i>Pinguicula planifolia</i>. Numerous epiphytes on the <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> include <i>Epidendrum conopseum, Pieris phillyreifolia, Osmanthus americanus, Ilex glabra, Asplenium platyneuron, Thelypteris kunthii</i>, and foliose or fruticose lichens. These dwarf pond-cypress savannas are the result of a rather unique geologic sett G1 G1 Gulf Coast Pond-cypress Dune Swale 2 This community is found in interdune swales on barrier islands along the Alabama Gulf coast. <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> dominates the closed canopy. <i>Magnolia virginiana</i> dominates the open to closed subcanopy. <i>Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense</i> dominates the closed herb stratum. In addition to the nominals, other characteristic species include <i>Cyrilla racemiflora, Persea palustris, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i>, and <i>Rhynchospora miliacea</i>. Herbaceous components can include the ferns <i>W oodwardia virginica</i> and <i>Osmunda regalis</i>. G1 G1 Blackwater Lake Shoreline Forest 2 This association covers deciduous forests on mineral soils on the edge of blackwater lakes in the Tidewater region of northeastern North Carolina. <i>Taxodium distichum</i> dominates the canopy of stands, with a variable admixture of hardwoods, including <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Platanus occidentalis, Quercus michauxii</i>, and <i>Quercus pagoda</i>. The dominant understory species is <i>Asimina triloba</i>. The hydrology is seasonally flooded, with occasional flooding events throughout the season caused by high rainfall and lake wind events. G1? G1 Atlantic Coastal Plain Cypress Lakeshore 2 This natural lake shoreline community of the Outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina has an open (locally closed) to very sparse canopy of <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> and <i>Taxodium distichum</i> over a sparse to moderate tall-graminoid, emergent herb layer and low forb-graminoid emergent and aquatic herb layer. <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> and <i>Taxodium distichum</i> dominate the canopy layer. <i>Panicum hemitomon</i> and <i>Cladium mariscoides</i> are the dominant tall graminoids in the herb layer. <i>Eleocharis olivacea, Sclerolepis uniflora</i>, and <i>Centella erecta</i> are frequent patch dominants among the low herbs. <i>Boltonia asteroides</i> and <i>Ludwigia sphaerocarpa</i> are important, as well. G1 G1 Lake Drummond Pond Shore 2 This community occurs on the sandy and peaty, seasonally flooded shores of Lake Drummond (Great Dismal Swamp National W ildlife Refuge) and Outer Coastal Plain vernal ponds in Virginia. <i>Taxodium distichum</i> forms an open canopy (averaging about 50% cover). The shrub stratum is dominated by <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i> and seedlings of <i>Taxodium distichum</i>, with <i>Clethra alnifolia, Leucothoe racemosa, Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i> also present. Herbaceous species typical of forested swamps, such as <i>Triadenum walteri, Bidens discoidea</i>, and <i>Cuscuta compacta</i>, occupy the peaty bases of trees and shrubs. Larger areas of exposed sand support <i>Juncus repens, Eleocharis quadrangulata, Panicum verrucosum, Fuirena pumila, Cyperus polystachyos var. texensis, Cyperus odoratus, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Lindernia dubia, Echinochloa muricata</i>, and <i>Panicum dichotomiflorum</i>. G1? G1 Mid-Atlantic Tidal Cypress W oodland 2 This community is known from the Northwest River, Virginia. It occurs on oligotrophic, somewhat quaking peat at the upland edge of an extensive low marsh, where frequently flooded by wind tides. It retains standing water for most of the growing season and may receive groundwater seepage from adjacent uplands. Fire may also be important in the maintenance of this community. <i>Taxodium distichum</i> forms an open, stunted canopy. Shrubs dominate the upland edge, and are dominated by <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Clethra alnifolia, Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosiflora</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans</i>. Away from the upland edge, <i>Eleocharis rostellata, Eleocharis fallax</i>, and <i>Carex canescens ssp. disjuncta</i> are the spring dominants. By late summer, <i>Zizania aquatica</i> and <i>Eryngium aquaticum var. aquaticum</i> are the aspect dominants. Other noteworthy herbaceous species include <i>Cladium mariscoides, Rhynchospora glomerata, Nymphaea odorata, Pogonia G1Q G1 Fan Palm Hammock 2 Coastal berm vegetation of extreme southern peninsular Florida. <i>Thrinax radiata, Casasia clusiifolia</i>, and <i>Erithalis fruticosa</i> are characteristic canopy components. G1Q G1Southern Appalachian Northern W hite-cedar Slope Woodland 2 This is essentially a mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland of the southern and central Appalachians, with each component contributing approximately 50% of the canopy cover. <i>Thuja occidentalis</i> and <i>Pinus strobus</i> are codominant in these samples, with <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> a less abundant associate. A variety of hardwoods co-occur, the most constant and abundant of which are <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus alba</i>, and <i>Quercus rubra</i>. Habitats are on moderately steep to steep (mean = 31 degrees), convex, west-northwest-facing slopes at relatively low elevation (mean = 521 m (1710 feet)). These slopes, situated in major stream and river valleys, are geomorphic products of long-term stream incision. Bedrock parent material at one site is interbedded limestone and sandstone of Silurian age; at another site is underlain by Ordovician limestone. Soils at both sites are evidently colluvial and have a neutral pH. The soil moisture regime was assessed as mesic at both sites, but tends toward the G1G2 G1 Eastern Hemlock / Catawba Rhododendron Forest 2 This community type is known only from seven locations in the northern Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley regions of west-central Virginia. It occurs in a narrow elevation range from 900-1170 m (3000-3840 feet). Sites are located on mesic to locally wet-mesic, lower slopes and terraces bordering small perennial streams and seeps in hollow-head concavities and ravines. Most sites for this community have a southerly aspect, and slopes are gentle. The overstory is dominated by <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>, with locally codominant <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i> and <i>Quercus rubra</i>. <i>Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, Fagus grandifolia, Magnolia acuminata, Nyssa sylvatica, Prunus serotina</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i> are minor overstory and understory associates. Young <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> tends to dominate the lower tree layers. <i>Rhododendron catawbiense</i> dominates the shrub layer in moderately dense to very dense colonies. <i>Ilex montana</i> and <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> are constant, low-cover shrub associates. Few G1? G1 Cumberland Plateau Mesic Hemlock - Hardwood Forest 2 This association represents acidic forests dominated by <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> and mesic hardwood species, occurring in the Cumberland Plateau of Alabama. These forests occur in steep mesic ravines associated with thick to massive bedded sandstone formations where <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> and <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> usually codominate. Common associates include <i>Magnolia macrophylla, Ilex opaca, Carya glabra, Carpinus caroliniana, Ostrya virginiana, Oxydendrum arboreum, Liriodendron tulipifera</i>, and <i>Betula lenta</i>. The understory ranges from open to closed, and may include <i>Arundinaria gigantea, Lindera benzoin, Kalmia latifolia, Hydrangea quercifolia, Viburnum acerifolium, Symplocos tinctoria, Styrax grandifolius</i>, and <i>Hamamelis virginiana</i>. <i>Xanthorhiza simplicissima</i> is often present in the streamside areas of this association. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse. Herbaceous components may include <i>Carex picta, Dryopteris marginalis, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Polystichum G1G2 G1 Carolina Hemlock Forest (Mesic Type) 2 This association encompasses <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i> forests on valley bottoms, gorge slopes, or other protected landforms. <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> or <i>Pinus strobus</i> may share the canopy with <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i>. The shrub stratum is typically dense and dominated by <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>. <i>Galax urceolata</i> is a common understory component. G1G2 G1 Ulmus americana - Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Celtis laevigata / Glyceria striata - (Carex cherokeensis) Riparian Blackland Woodland 2 This riparian mesic blackland woodland community occurs in deep soils on relatively level terrain, typically as narrow communities bordering ephemeral streams and dry-mesic and mesic blackland prairie. Fire plays a role in its formation and maintenance. Dominant tree species include <i>Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, and <i>Celtis laevigata var. laevigata</i>. Other woody vegetation includes <i>Acer negundo, Ampelopsis arborea, Berchemia scandens, Campsis radicans, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Diospyros virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Platanus occidentalis, Toxicodendron radicans</i>, and <i>Vitis cinerea</i>. Dominant herbaceous species include <i>Glyceria striata</i> and/or <i>Carex cherokeensis</i>, with <i>Arisaema dracontium, Arundinaria gigantea, Helianthus grosseserratus, Juncus effusus</i>, and <i>Leersia oryzoides</i>. Temporarily high water tables probably strongly influence herbaceous community and moderately influence woody species composition. G1? G1 1 This association occurs at moderate elevations of 1285-1420 m (4220-4650 feet) on northerly aspects in southwestern Oregon. The soil remains cold late into the growing season inhibiting water uptake. As the soil warms it also quickly dries and moisture becomes limiting. Moss covers more than 90% of the forest floor. Rocks on the ground surface are common, and the topsoil is coarse. This association is usually found on granodiorite substrates at the lower one-third of the slope, although it can occasionally be found on midslope benches. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> is seral on all sites and <i>Pinus lambertiana</i> and <i>Pinus monticola</i> occur in most stands. All of the tree species are well represented in the regeneration layer. <i>Quercus vacciniifolia</i> is the dominant shrub with an average cover of 40%. <i>Quercus sadleriana</i> shrubs are also common. <i>Mahonia nervosa (= Berberis nervosa)</i> and <i>Arctostaphylos nevadensis</i> occur in all stands at low cover. The most common herbs are <i>Arnica G1 G1 1 This is a coastal, coniferous forest known only from the southwestern Oregon coastal zone, and is the only association in which <i>Abies grandis</i> and <i>Picea sitchensis</i> codominate. These forests were formerly widespread in a narrow (approximately 5 km wide) strip along the ocean from Cape Blanco to the California border. Very few remnants of this community are left, and the description represents the range from dry site to moist site. These might have been (if they had not all been clearcut) otherwise split into <i>Abies grandis - Picea sitchensis / Rubus spectabilis, Abies grandis - Picea sitchensis / Gaultheria shallon - Vaccinium ovatum</i>, and <i>Abies grandis - Picea sitchensis / Polystichum munitum</i> associations. These forests are found on all slopes and aspects, but most remaining sites are on the relatively level terrace above the ocean, or on ocean-facing, western aspect, slopes. Coastal fog, salt-spray, and wind are the primary ecological drivers of this community. The dense canopy of th G1 G1 2 This mixed conifer association occurs on the eastern slope of the Oregon Cascades and is most often found on north-facing slopes between 1025-1350 m elevation. The moderate elevation make sites warmer and drier than most other <i>Abies grandis</i> associations. Soils are derived from volcanic ash and basalt parent materials and the surface layers are especially deep fine, sandy loams. The tree canopy is codominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Abies grandis</i>, each of which attain about 22% cover. <i>Abies grandis</i> trees have grown in older stands following the advent of fire suppression earlier this century. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> is also common but averages only 15% cover. <i>Pinus contorta</i> is abundant in fire initiated stands less than 100 years of age. The north-facing aspects moderate the moisture and temperature enough to allow occasional individuals of <i>Larix occidentalis</i> an <i>Pinus monticola</i> to grow despite being near the limits of their physiological tolerance. The domin G1 G1 2 This closed to open forest occurs in the east Cascades of W ashington near Mount Adams. This association occurs between 884 and 1128 m (2900-3700 feet) elevation and primarily on north to east aspects. <i>Abies grandis</i> dominates the canopy that occasionally contains <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla</i>, or <i>Pinus monticola</i> trees. Shrubs are a common feature of the undergrowth with a combined cover exceeding 30%. <i>Cornus nuttallii</i> is the most abundant tall shrub or short tree that is often joined by <i>Corylus cornuta</i> and <i>Acer glabrum</i>. Shorter deciduous shrubs include <i>Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus parviflorus, Vaccinium membranaceum, Mahonia nervosa</i>, and <i>Symphoricarpos hesperius</i>. <i>Paxistima myrsinites</i> and <i>Chimaphila umbellata</i> are common short evergreen shrubs. Graminoids are unusual. Forbs are diverse but infrequently display high cover. High constancy forbs are <i>Linnaea borealis, Clintonia uniflora, Goodyera oblongifolia</i>, and <i>Trientalis boreal G1 G1 2 This high-elevation forest is dominated by <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i>. <i>Picea engelmannii</i> is not present. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Populus tremuloides</i> are major serial species in the forest canopy. <i>Abies concolor</i> may be a minor serial species. Shrub cover is high, dominated by <i>Jamesia americana</i> (diagnostic) with <i>Ribes pinetorum, Rubus idaeus, Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (= Sambucus melanocarpa)</i>, and <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i>. Herbaceous cover is sparse and patchy, with graminoids essentially absent and forb diversity low. <i>Vicia americana</i> is most common with traces of <i>Aquilegia</i> spp., <i>Galium</i> spp., <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Orthilia secunda (= Ramischia secunda), Senecio</i> spp., <i>Viola canadensis</i>, and <i>W oodsia</i> spp. This association is restricted to cold-mesic, steep, talus northern slopes near the summit of Mt. Lemmon in the Santa Catalina Mountains in southeastern Arizona. G1 G1 2 This association is known from the northern Oregon Coast Range, and is assumed to be extirpated from the adjacent W illapa Hills in southwestern W ashington. It occurs on isolated peaks, found at lower elevations (2200 feet) by the ocean, and between 3000-4000 feet further inland. Soils are deep, moderately stony and moist but well-drained, generally colluvium. It occurs on ridges and upper slopes generally, with a few occurrences from mid slopes. Canopy closure of mature trees averages 82%. <i>Abies procera</i> dominates the canopy, but <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla</i>, and <i>Abies amabilis</i> are occasionally found in the overstory and understory. Some <i>Abies procera</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> trees are very large, easily reaching giant conifer status, but generally the stands are shorter. Sampled stands ranged from 80 to 211 years old. Shrubs have limited cover, with <i>Rubus spectabilis</i> and <i>Ribes lacustre</i> often present at 1% cover. <i>Oxalis oregana</i> dominates the G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 In Colorado these riparian woodlands grow in narrow, sandstone box canyons of western Colorado. Stands are dominated by a medium-tall (2.5-5.5 m) broad-leaved, deciduous tree canopy. This woodland appear to be a very unusual combination, and is considered a rare plant association. <i>Acer negundo</i> dominates the overstory with 40-70% cover. The shrub layer is dominated by 25-80% cover of <i>Betula occidentalis</i>. Other shrub species include 0-30% cover of <i>Salix exigua</i> and 0-10% cover each of <i>Forestiera pubescens</i> and <i>Clematis ligusticifolia</i>. Herbaceous undergrowth is sparse. Information on stands that occur outside Colorado will be added later. G1G2 G1 1 This plant association is described from data collected in the Snake and Salmon river corridors, within the Blue Mountains ecoregional section. The plant association occurs within a relatively discrete elevational band (350-640 m [1150-2100 feet] and 550-760 m [1800-2500 feet], respectively) in the deeply incised terrain of the Snake and Salmon canyons. The association occurs on stable and unstable stream channel substrates. In this region of west-central Idaho, <i>Betula occidentalis</i> is usually found at elevations higher than <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i>. These species do co-occur near the upper elevational limit of <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i> on tributaries with fair to good stream channel stability ratings. This implies that <i>Betula occidentalis</i> occupies sites with less frequent disturbance, and with cold air drainage from higher elevations. This forest plant association is dominated by broad-leaved, deciduous tree species. <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i> is codominant with <i>Betula occidentalis</i>, both occ G1 G1 1 This riparian plant association is described from data collected in the Snake and Salmon river corridors, within the Blue Mountains ecoregional section. The association is described as occurring within a relatively discrete elevational band (275-655 m [900-2150 feet] and 430-655 m [1400-2150 feet], respectively) in the deeply incised terrain of the Snake and Salmon river canyons. The plant association occurs on stable and unstable riparian substrates. The broad-leaved, deciduous forest stands are dominated by <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i>. <i>Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (= Celtis reticulata)</i> is consistently present. <i>Prunus virginiana</i> and <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> may also be associated. Associated understory shrub species include <i>Cornus sericea, Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (= Ribes irriguum), Rosa woodsii, Philadelphus lewisii, Sambucus caerulea, Amelanchier alnifolia</i>, and <i>Frangula purshiana (= Rhamnus purshiana)</i>. G1? G1 1 This riparian plant association is known from data collected in the Snake and Salmon river corridors, within the Blue Mountains ecoregional section. The association occurs on unstable stream channels within an elevational band of 275-850 m (900-2800 feet), in the deeply incised terrain of the Snake River Canyon. Stands of this forest plant association are dominated by broad-leaved, deciduous tree species. <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i> is dominant, and occurs with high cover. The understory broad-leaved deciduous shrub layer is dominated by <i>Philadelphus lewisii</i>. Other deciduous shrub species commonly present, include <i>Crataegus douglasii, Prunus virginiana, Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (= Ribes irriguum)</i>, and <i>Salix exigua</i>. Occasional colonies of the introduced shrub <i>Rubus discolor</i> are present. The herbaceous component of this association is composed of species indicative of disturbance. No other information is available on species composition. G1 G1 1 This riparian plant association is reported from data collected in the Snake and Salmon river corridors, within the Blue Mountains ecoregional section. The association occurs on stable stream channels within an elevational band of 595 to 715 m (1950-2350 feet), in the deeply incised terrain of the Salmon River Canyon. Stands of the forest plant association are dominated by broad-leaved, deciduous tree species. <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i> is codominant with <i>Prunus virginiana</i>. Dispersed individuals of <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> are also present. <i>Philadelphus lewisii, Sambucus caerulea, Crataegus douglasii, Acer glabrum, Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (= Ribes irriguum), Lonicera utahensis</i> and <i>Holodiscus discolor</i> are often associates of the broad-leaved deciduous shrub understory. Characteristic forbs include <i>Galium aparine, Claytonia perfoliata (= Montia perfoliata), Stellaria media, Dryopteris filix-mas, Claytonia sibirica (= Montia sibirica), Maianthemum stellatum, Fr G1? G1 1 This plant association is described from data collected in the Snake and Salmon river corridors, within the Blue Mountains ecoregional section. The association is described as occurring on very unstable stream channels within an elevational band of 275-610 m (900-2000 feet), in the deeply incised terrain of the Snake River Canyon. This is a depauperate forest association, dominated by the broad-leaved, deciduous tree <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i>. The canopy is not as dense as other <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i> associations in this region. The shrub layer, also broad-leaved deciduous, is dominated by <i>Rosa woodsii</i>. No other tall-shrub species are present. The herbaceous component of this association is characterized by many species indicative of disturbance. No other information is available on species composition. G1 G1 1 <i>Alnus rubra / Adiantum pedatum</i> is an early-seral community type that occurs on well-drained, moderate to steep mid to lower slopes and toeslopes at 490 to 915 m (1600-3000 feet) elevation. Sites are usually influenced by cold-air drainage. The community type occurs within the warmest extreme of the inland maritime climatic regime. Sites occur within a region of rugged topography. A history of repeated natural mass-wasting and alluvial deposition is apparent in these steep v-shaped valleys. These mass-wasting disturbance events occur with sufficient frequency to maintain the early-seral <i>Alnus rubra</i>-dominated stands. <i>Alnus rubra / Adiantum pedatum</i> stands are typically the result of the rapid establishment and domination by <i>Alnus rubra</i> following stand-replacing disturbance (such as an intense wildfire or a landslide). The even-aged <i>Alnus rubra</i> form a single-layered, dense deciduous forest canopy. Understory shrub associates include <i>Acer glabrum, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus parvif G1 G1 2 Found only along two streams on the northwestern slope of the Blue Mountains of Oregon and W ashington and reported in another drainage in the Clearwater Mountains of Idaho, this riparian forest community typically appears on streamsides and wet seeps in the grand fir zone. Elevations range from 610 to 1070 m (2000-3500 feet). This riparian association is dominated by <i>Alnus rubra</i>, typically the sole tree species in a closed canopy. <i>Abies grandis</i> or <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> dominate the forests on adjacent uplands. This association is floristically diverse and characterized by high cover of <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i> plus other moist sites species, such as <i>Asarum caudatum, Glyceria striata, Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata</i>, and <i>Carex deweyana</i>. It may have a tall deciduous shrub layer dominated by <i>Physocarpus capitatus</i> and/or <i>Cornus sericea</i>. G1 G1 1 Found only along a few streams on the northwest slope of the Blue Mountains of Oregon and W ashington, this riparian forest community usually has <i>Alnus rubra</i> as the sole tree species in a closed canopy. This community types typically lines "V-shaped" valleys with moderate gradient (2-7%) along 5- to 50-foot wide streams between the elevations of 610 to 1070 m (2000-3500 feet). Individual <i>Abies grandis</i> or <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> trees may be seen on long stabilized terraces. The community is floristically characterized as having a tall deciduous layer dominated or containing <i>Physocarpus capitatus</i> and/or <i>Philadelphus lewisii</i> although <i>Cornus sericea</i> or <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> can be dominant. Characteristic herbaceous species are <i>Maianthemum stellatum, Heracleum maximum, Mitella pentandra, Osmorhiza berteroi</i>, and <i>Angelica arguta</i>, although <i>Petasites frigidus var. palmatus, Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata, Carex deweyana</i>, or <i>Cinna latifolia</i> G1 G1 2 This is a riparian shrubland or short woodland community known only in the vicinity of the common border of Oregon, W ashington, and Idaho along the Snake River and tributaries. This type is typically found on upper stream terraces, although it can occur on toeslopes or in the active floodplain. Generally this association follows the distribution of <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i> but extends into drier climates and riparian sites than <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i>. Incomplete surveys indicate this association may occur or occurred in the dry end (east) of the Columbia River Gorge in W ashington. Short <i>Celtis laevigata var. reticulata</i> trees, 3 to 6 m (10-20 feet) tall, form a dense to open canopy with shrubby undergrowth with <i>Philadelphus lewisii</i>. Shrub layer often contains <i>Sambucus caerulea (= Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea), Rosa woodsii</i>, or <i>Rosa nutkana</i>. <i>Toxicodendron rydbergii</i> is more abundant on moist sites and with more sampling may represent a different association. Exotic herbaceous G1 G1 2 This association is described from stands located on the slopes of Germer Peak, Idaho, within the Challis Volcanics ecoregional section, within an area known as the Challis Endemics region, (an area of high plant species endemism). This plant association occurs on quartzite cliffs around Germer Peak, at elevations from 2075 to 2320 m (6800-7600 feet). No other information is available, but it can be assumed that slopes are steep, and sites are rocky. Soils are probably poorly developed, shallow, and coarse-textured (loamy sands to sandy loams). Little information is available regarding the structure and composition of this association. <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i> forms an open, low-density, woodland canopy. <i>Holodiscus dumosus</i> forms a dense understory shrub canopy. G1G2 G1 2 This coastal forest is restricted to marine terraces along the southern Oregon and potentially extreme northern California coasts. It is a diverse forest, with <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> and <i>Picea sitchensis</i> as the primary canopy and understory trees, but with both <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> found. These forests have a dense (often impenetrable) shrub understory dominated by <i>Vaccinium ovatum, Rhododendron macrophyllum</i>, and <i>Gaultheria shallon</i>. <i>Morella californica (= Myrica californica), Rubus spectabilis, Rhododendron occidentale</i> are also not uncommon shrubs. These forests have only been found on relatively flat marine terraces, within 5 miles of the ocean. No old-growth stands remain. In addition, an introduced root rot (<i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>) is killing mature <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> trees in all stands, which causes them to be generally more open than most coastal forests. G1 G1 1 This coniferous forest association is found in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California between 720-980 m elevation. Stands normally occupy serpentine soils on convex sideslopes or gently rolling ridge positions between drainages. Soils are derived from ultramafic parent material. This association forms large forest patches in a matrix with other terrestrial communities. The mature tree canopy attains 85% cover, and is dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, often with some <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. More light filters through the canopy than one would expect because the ultramafic parent materials decreases crown vigor. The shrub stratum is highly variable, well developed in some areas and nearly absent in others. The average cover of the shrub layer is 30%, much lower than most other <i>Chamaecyparis</i> associations. The dominant shrubs include <i>Lithocarpus densiflorus, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Gaultheria shallon</i> and <i>Mahonia nervosa (= var. nervosa)< G1 G1 2 This conifer forest association is found on mesic sites between 450-700 m elevation on sedimentary substrates in southwestern Oregon. Substrates are derived from sedimentary parent materials. Canopy cover averages 84% and is dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> with a significant component of <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. These trees are the only ones that occur with consistency in this association. Occasional individuals of <i>Abies grandis</i> are also present. Immature conifer cover averages 33%, while seedlings and saplings have the lowest density of any <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> association. The shrub layer is very well-developed with 93% cover with <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> and <i>Rhododendron macrophyllum</i> dominating. Other shrubs which show maximal development are <i>Mahonia nervosa (= var. nervosa), Vaccinium ovatum, Mahonia aquifolium, Corylus cornuta</i>, and <i>Acer circinatum</i>. The herbaceous layer is poorly developed, though <i>Polystichum munitu G1 G1 1 This giant conifer association grows on mesic sites between 300-800 m elevation in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. Stands are found on moist benches and well-watered slopes up to 35%. Soils are well developed, gravelly silt loams of comparative depth. The tree canopy is dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. <i>Abies grandis, Alnus rubra, Acer macrophyllum</i>, and <i>Lithocarpus densiflorus</i> are common associates. The vigorous immature conifer layer averages 47% cover and is dominated by <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. The shrub stratum is poorly developed, attaining an average of only 9% cover. <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> and <i>Mahonia nervosa (= var. nervosa)</i> are common in the low-shrub stratum, while <i>Lithocarpus densiflorus</i> dominates the tall-shrub layer. The dense herbaceous layer is dominated by <i>Polystichum munitum</i> and <i>Oxalis oregana</i> which make up 80% of the herbaceous cover. Moss cover averages 39%. The h G1 G1 2 This is an open-canopy, coniferous forest found on metamorphic substrates, primarily serpentine and gneiss, in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. It is found along the coast in Del Norte County, California, and adjacent Curry County, Oregon. These forests occur on toeslopes, lower slopes and stream terraces between 2500-3950 feet in elevation. The forests are old, approaching giant conifer status, although are less productive than most coastal Port Orford-cedar stands, with only moderate softwood volumes (the highest being about 10,000 cubic feet per acre). <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> dominate most stands. <i>Pinus lambertiana</i> and <i>Lithocarpus densiflorus</i> are present in most stands, but with fairly low cover. The understory is characterized by shrubs, with an average of 24% cover of <i>Rhododendron occidentale</i>. Other shrubs include <i>Gaultheria shallon, Gaultheria humifusa, Mahonia nervosa, Corylus cornuta, Quercus vacciniifolia</i>, and <i>Rub G1 G1 1 This naturally rare, edaphically specialized, coniferous forest is extremely limited in range. Only a few stands are known from southwestern Oregon, but it possibly occurs in adjacent California. Stands average about 150 m elevation, and only grow upon the Blacklock Soil Series which contains an ironpan. This soil limits the size of individuals and diversity of species. The tree canopy is dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> which approaches 60% cover in the densest areas, but averages much less. Saplings of <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Tsuga heterophylla</i>, and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> have an accumulative cover of nearly 100%, but the many dead and dying saplings reduce the actual cover to 65%. The shrub layer is well-developed and strongly dominated by <i>Vaccinium ovatum</i> with <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> and <i>Morella californica (= Myrica californica)</i> also well-represented. Accumulative cover of the shrubs approaches 200%, and actual cover is about 90%. Scattered herbs grow beneath th G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 This mid-seral association occurs on floodplains along the middle reaches of the lower Columbia River in Oregon and W ashington, and perhaps other large rivers in western W ashington. It was probably widespread on bottomlands between Longview and Skamania, and may have also occurred in the W illamette Valley. Soils are hydric silt loams and are subject to extended winter flooding and midsummer drying. Topography is flat with broad depressions. Historically these sites were inundated for half the summer, but now only deeper depressions retain water until late spring or early summer. <i>Fraxinus latifolia</i> is the dominant tree, with few or no <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> present. The herb and shrub layers are sparse and reflect the long residence time of seasonal floodwater. <i>Urtica dioica, Carex leptopoda (= Carex deweyana ssp. leptopoda)</i>, and <i>Carex obnupta</i> dominate the understory. G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 1 This association occurs along the Pacific coast between northern California and Tillamook Bay, Oregon. Stands of this association occur along the landward edge of the coastal dune sheet, where dunes have been stabilized for several hundred years and are remote from salt spray. In all cases, stands are contiguous with forest extending inland into the Coast Range. Mid to lower slopes and interdunal valleys are the most common locations, with all aspects represented. The association does not occur on tree islands, or in areas with more recent sand movement. The litter and humus layer varies from 1-6 inches deep, averaging 4 inches. The canopy is dominated by <i>Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, or <i>Picea sitchensis</i>. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> or <i>Picea sitchensis</i> may be entirely absent, but <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> is always present with at least 5% cover. The canopy is moderately dense, with cover ranging from 30-95%, averaging 73%. Basal area is high, averaging 28.7 m2 per ha. <i>Ps G1 G1 1 This plant association is found only on hill slopes adjacent to the Stikine River Delta, Alaska. W indblown silt is deposited on these sites at least annually, and the soils are deep and well- to moderately well-drained silts. Elevation is less than 150 m (500 feet). The overstory, typically about 60% cover, consists of <i>Picea sitchensis</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> and regeneration is common. Average shrub cover is 60% and <i>Oplopanax horridus</i> dominates the tall-shrub layer, sometimes codominating with <i>Rubus spectabilis</i>. Low shrubs are absent. The forb layer averages 25% cover and <i>Circaea alpina</i> dominates. Fern cover averages 60% including <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i> and <i>Gymnocarpium dryopteris</i>. Grasses and sedges are lacking. G1 G1 1 This woodland association occurs discontinuously along the Pacific coast between northern California and Tillamook Bay, Oregon. It occurs on all aspects on dry, partially stabilized sand dune ridges, slopes, and flats, between open sand and the edge of the forest. Habitat requirements appear to be minimal sand movement and well-drained sites. Burial by windblown sand occurs in some areas. These woodlands are dominated by <i>Pinus contorta</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, forming an open canopy with 20-55% cover. Pines in mature stands are between 80-130 years old. The shrub layer is dominated by <i>Arctostaphylos columbiana</i> and <i>Vaccinium ovatum</i> averaging 6 feet tall, with 45-95% cover. The ground layer is sparse, with small ericaceous plants such as <i>Monotropa hypopithys, Hemitomes congestum</i>, and <i>Allotropa virgata</i> (pinesap, Gnome-plant and candystick) occasionally found. The lichen flora on the shrub layer is diverse, with many cyanolichens, including several G1 G1 1 These woodlands are found discontinuously along the coast between northern California and southwestern W ashington. This woodland association occurs on all aspects on dry, partially-stabilized sand ridges, slopes, and flats, between open sand and the forest edge. Stands also occur on dry deflation plains. Requirements seem to be minimal sand movement, and well-drained, exposed sites. <i>Pinus contorta var. contorta</i> dominates the very open canopy, with stunted trees averaging 31% cover. Young <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> or <i>Picea sitchensis</i> trees can occasionally be found. All stands are dominated by conspicuous mats of <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i>, reindeer lichens and mosses. Common species of lichens and mosses include <i>Cladina portentosa ssp. pacifica, Cladonia cervicornis ssp. verticillata, Racomitrium ericoides, Polytrichum juniperinum</i> and <i>Polytrichum piliferum</i>. These cryptogams form thin, fragile mats growing over bare sand, with very little organic matter. <i>Arctostaphylos uva G1 G1 1 This association occurs on flat to depressional topography with impeded drainage, usually on ancient marine terraces. The predominant Blacklock soil series is nutrient-poor and is underlain by impervious hardpan that inhibits drainage. Seasonal standing water and limited rooting depth stunts tree growth and have caused these stands to be called 'pygmy forest.' Vegetation is mostly stunted <i>Pinus contorta var. contorta</i> with a dense understory of <i>Ledum glandulosum, Vaccinium ovatum</i>, and <i>Rhododendron macrophyllum</i>. Characteristic openings among the shrubs, usually flooded seasonally, have <i>Carex obnupta, Deschampsia caespitosa, Vaccinium uliginosum (= ssp. occidentale), Sanguisorba officinalis, Xerophyllum tenax, Hypericum anagalloides, Sisyrinchium californicum, Calamagrostis nutkaensis, Drosera rotundifolia</i>, reindeer lichens (various species of <i>Cladina</i> and <i>Cladonia</i>), and several species of <i>Sphagnum</i> moss. Some areas where the shallow soil was burned or washed away h G1 G1 1 G1G2 G1 2 This Madrean conifer woodland has been documented only from the Animas Mountains in extreme southwestern New Mexico, but likely occurs elsewhere in the 'Borderlands' in adjacent southeastern Arizona and northern Mexico. It occurs in the foothills zone at the upper limits of the pinyon pine zone (roughly 2440 m elevation), on moderately steep to steep slopes (25%). The stand on the Gray Ranch is on a northerly mid-slope that receives warm upslope airflow. <i>Pinus discolor</i> has been described as occurring primarily on northerly slopes elsewhere in the southwestern U.S. Soils are gravelly and derived from rhyolite and tuff. This woodland association has an open tree canopy that is dominated by the small needle-leaved evergreen tree <i>Pinus discolor</i>. Scattered individuals of the broad-leaved evergreen oak <i>Quercus rugosa</i> may occur in the tree canopy. The tall, broad-leaved deciduous shrub layer is codominated by <i>Quercus gambelii</i> and <i>Cercocarpus montanus</i> with scattered individuals of < G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 This woodland association is known from stands located on recent, relatively unweathered mafic lava flows of the Great Rift System, within the Snake River Basalt ecoregional section. The plant association occurs in a semi-arid climatic region, on relatively recent mafic volcanic flow substrates. The area has an average annual precipitation of 17 inches, with a peak in winter. Most precipitation occurs as snow. Temperatures are typically hot in summer and cold in winter. The association occurs on weathered cinder deposits and fractured mafic lava flows. The best stand development occurs on the highly fissured and mounded olivine pahoehoe basalt. The undulating terrain consists of alternating lava pressure ridges and valleys created through the collapse of lava tubes. Soils are poorly developed and consist of wind-blown sand or decomposed plant litter. The surface of the pahoehoe basalt is hot and dry. However, ameliorating effects of the thick basalt slabs on soil moisture and temperature may result in relativ G1? G1 1 Average elevation for this association is 930 m (3050 feet); aspect is variable, though generally not north. Slopes average 32%, with a range of 15-65%. Slope position ranges from mid-slope to ridgetop. Parent materials are composed of andesite, basalt, mixed ultramafics, schist and diorite. Surface texture is loam, with 20-40% gravel and cobbles. Subsurface texture is loam with 60% cobbles. This mixed conifer association is dominated by <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, both with low cover, averaging 16% and 17%, respectively. <i>Pinus lambertiana</i> is a constant canopy associate found at low cover. The regeneration layer is dominated by <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>, with <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> frequently occurring. <i>Pinus lambertiana, Calocedrus decurrens, Abies concolor</i>, and <i>Quercus chrysolepis</i> also commonly occur in the regeneration layer. <i>Arbutus menziesii, Quercus garryana, Chrysolepis chrysophylla</i>, and <i>Acer macrophyllum</i> are rarely present. <i>Toxicode G1 G1 2 This association is found in bogs or poor fens in the central and northern Puget Lowlands of W ashington. Soils are wet to saturated and composed of sphagnum, fibrous and heath peat with woody material. The association is dominated by evergreen broad-leaved <i>Ledum groenlandicum</i>, which forms a tall semi-open to dense shrub layer. <i>Spiraea douglasii</i> is also present consistently in smaller amounts. Known existing examples have a scattered tree layer of 10-30% cover of <i>Pinus monticola</i>, though historically there were probably many woodlands. The moss layer generally has 20-90% cover of <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. G1 G1 2 This is an open woodland or savanna with widely spaced <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Quercus garryana</i> (and rarely <i>Quercus kelloggii</i> or <i>Arbutus menziesii</i>) trees. Patches of chaparral, dominated by <i>Ceanothus cuneatus</i> and occasionally <i>Arctostaphylos viscida</i>, occur in openings. Native grasses dominate undisturbed sites, with <i>Danthonia californica</i> found on areas with clay soils, northern slopes, or areas with some spring moisture. <i>Achnatherum lemmonii (= Stipa lemmonii), Festuca idahoensis</i>, and <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> all can be found in drier or better drained sites, while <i>Festuca californica</i> and <i>Melica geyeri</i> are the dominant species in the shade. <i>Toxicodendron diversilobum</i> is found as a shrub and vine throughout these areas. This woodland association requires periodic fire to maintain its woodland character at most sites. W ithout fire, these woodlands first become forests of oak and pine, and eventually support Douglas-fir forests. If fir G1 G11 This is a Ponderosa pine woodland known from interior valleys in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. This association consists of a physiognomic mosaic of patches dominated by evergreen shrubs and, alternatively, grasses. It primarily occurs on southern and southwestern aspects between 1040 and 1710 m (3400-5600 feet) elevation. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> is the only dominant tree, but individuals of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> or <i>Abies grandis</i> can occasionally be found. <i>Arctostaphylos patula</i> and <i>Ceanothus velutinus</i> are the dominant shrubs, although <i>Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla)</i> (which can be a tall shrub or a tree) may gain importance on western and southwestern exposures. Important grasses include <i>Carex inops, Bromus orcuttianus, Festuca idahoensis</i> and <i>Elymus elymoides</i>. <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i> is one of many forbs or ferns which are found in this community. G1 G1 1 These woodlands are open, sparse woodlands on isolated sand dunes and sandy flats. There are only two known occurrences, from the northern Great Basin, one in Oregon and one in California. They represent isolated <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> forests in sagebrush habitats, which are apparently Pleistocene relicts from a more mesic environment. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> at fairly low cover (averaging 4% canopy cover), making this a shrubland with scattered trees. On the margins, occasional <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> individuals represent the only other tree found, and in patches these can be codominant. The majority of the shrub cover is from <i>Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis</i> and <i>Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus</i>. Dominant grasses are <i>Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Poa secunda</i>, and <i>Elymus elymoides</i>. This is the only <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> association with <i>Art G1 G1 2 This open woodland association has been described from the eastern side of the Cascades Range, a mountainous region in the rain shadow of the Cascade crest. Sites are hot and dry, and occur on steep, south- or southwest-facing slopes below 1070 m elevation. Soil parent material is colluvium derived from serpentine, and may contain some basalt. Soils are very stony and gravelly, usually shallow, poorly developed and with low water-holding capacity. These patchy woodlands are dominated by trees that are widely spaced with total canopy cover often less than 30%. The evergreen, needle-leaved tree <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> dominates the tree canopy with occasional <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> trees present in favorable microsites. Occasional <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> seedlings and saplings can be found scattered throughout the stand. Shrubs are few to absent. The herbaceous layer has moderate cover, averaging 40-45%, and is dominated by the perennial bunchgrass <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> (20-30% cover). Common forbs G1 G1 2 G1 G1 1 This association includes <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> stands generally on coarse-textured soils with few or no shrubs and an herbaceous layer dominated by <i>Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Achnatherum lemmonii (= Stipa lemmonii), Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis), Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana)</i>, or <i>Aristida purpurea var. longiseta</i> (30-60% cover). The association is defined primarily by sandy soils and the absence of <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> and/or trace only amounts of <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i>. There are 13 native bunchgrass species (35-100% cover), 51 (49 native) perennial forbs (1-20% cover), 19 (11 native) annuals (1-20% cover), 3 shrubs in trace amounts, 7 dwarf-shrubs (1-9% cover). This is differentiated from other <i>Pinus ponderosa / Stipa</i> associations in the eastern Cascade that usually contain <i>Purshia tridentata</i>. G1 G1 1 <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> dominates the tree layer of this open woodland. Scattered individuals of <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> and occasional patches of dense <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> saplings can occur. The poorly developed understory is dominated by <i>Purshia tridentata</i> (4% cover). Trace amounts of <i>Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus</i> and <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> are present. The herbaceous layer is very sparse and dominated by perennial bunch grasses that total about 5%. Grasses can include <i>Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Poa secunda, Festuca idahoensis, Elymus elymoides</i>, and <i>Stipa</i> sp. Perennial forbs contribute less than 1% cover. G1 G1 2 This is a montane woodland or forest type found on mesic sites on the eastern flank of the Bighorn Mountains of north-central Wyoming at moderate elevations of 1650 to 1800 m (5400-5900 feet). This association occupies easterly slopes that are somewhat steep to steep (23-28 degrees). Soils are sandy loams, derived from granitic parent materials. The overstory is formed by <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>, and the understory is a mixture of low shrubs, grasses, and forbs dominated by the low shrubs <i>Spiraea betulifolia</i> and (often) <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i>. Conspicuous by their absence are <i>Rhus trilobata, Physocarpus monogynus</i>, and <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata (= Elymus spicatus)</i>. The herbaceous layer is a mix of perennial forbs and graminoids, averaging 25-30% cover. Important grasses include <i>Festuca idahoensis, Leucopoa kingii (= Festuca kingii)</i>, and <i>Poa palustris</i>. Common forbs include <i>Balsamorhiza sagittata, Clematis columbiana, Galium boreale, Lupinus argenteus</i>, and <i>Maianthem G1G2 G1 2 This association is a forest dominated by <i>Pinus radiata </i>found on marine terraces and headlands of the Monterey Peninsula and vicinity in the zone of marine fog incursion. It is found from sea level to 305 m (1000 feet) elevation. <i>Pinus radiata</i> is the sole or dominant species in the canopy. <i>Quercus agrifolia</i> may be important. Stands are variable but may include <i>Pinus muricata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus attenuata, Sequoia sempervirens</i>, and <i>Arbutus menziesii</i>. Understories are quite variable, depending on substrate. The composition of the shrub layer varies with substrate, but common associates include <i>Arctostaphylos tomentosa, Vaccinium ovatum, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Diplacus aurantiacus ssp. aurantiacus</i>, and <i>Symphoricarpos mollis</i>. G1 G1 2 <i>Pinus washoensis</i> is the sole or dominant tree in the canopy. <i>Pinus contorta var. murrayana, Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus ponderosa, Abies magnifica, Pinus monticola</i>, and/or <i>Abies concolor</i> may be present. Trees are <25 m, and the canopy is intermittent or open. Shrubs are sparse but may include <i>Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Arctostaphylos patula, Ceanothus velutinus, Cercocarpus ledifolius</i>, and <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>. The ground layer is grassy. This association can occur on all slopes but is most extensive on upper slopes. Soils are granitic or volcanic derived. G1? G1 2 G1 G1 2 This riparian woodland has an extremely limited distribution in western Colorado. Historically, it was more widespread and common in broad river valleys. Overutilization by livestock and alterations in the river flow regime have caused a decline in its distribution. Stands have an open, broad-leaved deciduous tree canopy dominated by <i>Populus angustifolia</i> with a broad-leaved deciduous shrub layer codominated by <i>Salix ligulifolia</i> and <i>Shepherdia argentea</i>. G1 G1 2 G1 G1 1 This riparian forest of the Columbia Basin grows on stream terraces between 400-750 m of elevation. W inters are cool and receive the bulk of the area's 50 cm of annual precipitation. Summers are warm to hot with very little precipitation. The occurrences are generally patchy along streams, but in some locations line the floodplain. The canopy is locally dominated by <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i>, while <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i> can codominate in places where the valleys are broad enough for more extensive floodplains. <i>Cicuta douglasii</i> is the dominant forb in the understory. No other information is available on the species composition of this type. G1 G1 2 This mid-seral association occurs on floodplains along the middle reaches of the lower Columbia River in Oregon and W ashington, and perhaps other large rivers in western W ashington. Soils are anoxic silt loams and are subject to daily freshwater tidal inundation and seasonal riparian flooding. Stands are laced with dendritic tidal creeks and sloughs that enable daily tidal flooding into the interior of stands. Topography is flat to undulating, with local microrelief caused by logs, stumps, and soil interspersed among seasonally to permanently flooded pools. <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> is the dominant and often the only tree, with lesser amounts of <i>Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra</i> and <i>Fraxinus latifolia</i>. The often nearly impenetrable shrub layer is dominated by <i>Cornus sericea, Rubus spectabilis</i>, and <i>Rubus ursinus</i>. The somewhat sparse herb layer is dominated by <i>Impatiens capensis</i>, sometimes codominated by <i>Carex leptopoda (= Carex deweyana ssp. leptopoda)</i> or < G1 G1 1 This riparian forest association occurs along tributaries to the Grande Ronde River in the foothills zone of the W allowa Mountains of northeastern Oregon. Stands may also occur in the adjacent regions of southeastern W ashington and west-central Idaho along the smaller tributaries of the Snake and Grande Ronde rivers. These forests occur in riparian zones of moderate-sized streams and rivers. Soils are derived from stream-deposited alluvium and are shallow and rocky. Depth to the water table is usually less than 60 cm, and during spring averages 18 cm. The vegetation composition and structure of this association are poorly described, but it is apparently structurally diverse. The tree canopy is dominated by the broad-leaved deciduous <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i>, with the needle-leaved evergreen species <i>Abies grandis</i> and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> occurring as scattered individuals. There is a tall-shrub layer composed primarily of the broad-leaved deciduous shrubs <i>Crataegus douglasii</i> G1 G1 2 This association occurs on alluvial deposits along rivers and perennial streams in habitats which are seasonally flooded and saturated. It generally occurs in wider river valleys or terraces, with patches of <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> dominating forest or woodland patches while <i>Salix exigua</i> dominates a continuous shrub canopy, <7 m in height. Few examples of this type occur in pristine condition, so most commonly <i>Poa pratensis, Bromus tectorum</i>, and <i>Verbascum thapsus</i> are widespread in this community. In a few remnants, the open understory can have <i>Artemisia ludoviciana</i> and <i>Leymus cinereus</i> along with some native forbs. G1 G1 2 This uncommon <i>Populus tremuloides</i> forest association is found in a mountainous region east of the Continental Divide in central Colorado. Stands may also occur in north-central New Mexico where, if present, the association is seral to conifer forests with <i>Acer glabrum</i>-dominated understories. This association commonly occurs on north- to northeast-facing, moist-wet slopes and alluvial terraces from 2500 to 2930 m (8200-9600 feet) elevation, but it is also reported from easterly to southerly slopes. Slopes are moderately steep (generally 5-13%) and undulating. Soils are saturated or poorly drained and range from silty clay loams to sandy loams, often with high organic matter content in the top 10 cm (4 inches) of the soil profile. Species richness is moderately high for aspen associations. This association is characterized by a nearly closed canopy of the broad-leaved deciduous tree <i>Populus tremuloides</i>. <i>Populus balsamifera</i> or <i>Populus angustifolia</i> may be present in some stands. G1G2 G1 2 This is a valley bottom, riparian forest known only from the W allowa River valley in northeastern Oregon. The forests are found along the northern boarder of the Wallowa Mountains, in a limestone area known as Alder Slope, extending from Ruby Peak to Mount Howard. All the sites are extremely wet, with limestone substrates and numerous springs. The forest canopy is mixed <i>Populus tremuloides</i> and <i>Alnus incana</i>, which is almost a tree in these stands. The stands have a very diverse understory, dominated by <i>Betula nana</i> at 10-20% cover, but which also includes <i>Ribes</i> species, <i>Rosa woodsii, Cornus sericea (= Cornus stolonifera)</i>, and <i>Salix</i> species. The shrub understory is patchy, interrupted by small <i>Deschampsia caespitosa</i> or <i>Carex</i> openings, streams, and occasional bogs. Occasionally, individuals of <i>Picea engelmannii</i> or <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> can be found, but these are both rare. Forbs, including <i>Corydalis caseana, Urtica dioica, Dicentra cucullari G1 G1 O'ahu Diverse Lowland Mesic Forest 2 G1 G1 Kaua'i Diverse Lowland Mesic Forest 2 G1 G1 Lana'i Diverse Lowland Mesic Forest 2 G1 G1 East Maui Diverse Montane Mesic W oodland 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 2 This forest association occurs only near sea level in a small area of the northeastern Olympic Peninsula and the San Juan Islands, W ashington, and possibly in adjacent British Columbia. Stands occur on slightly dry to mesic sites that are not too steep, in the driest climatic region in western W ashington where annual precipitation averages 18-29 inches. These forest patches typically occur near or directly adjacent to prairies or extensive herbaceous bald areas where pre-settlement fires were frequent, indicating that this type is likely a relict of indigenous burning practices. This evergreen needle-leaved forest is dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and codominated by <i>Abies grandis</i>. Tree regeneration is dominated by <i>Abies grandis</i>. The understory has a variable deciduous broad-leaved shrub layer typically dominated by <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> and/or <i>Holodiscus discolor</i>, with <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i> prominent and the evergreen dwarf-shrub <i>Mahonia nervosa</i> occasionally codom G1? G1 1 G1G2Q G1 1 This open woodland association has been described from the eastern side of the Cascades Range, a mountainous region in the rain shadow of the Cascade crest. Stands occur on very steep, southerly slopes below 760 m elevation. Sites are outcrops of serpentine. Soil parent material is colluvium derived from serpentine, mixed with either basalt or granite. The mixed colluvium probably partially explains the presence and dominance of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. Soils are very stony and gravelly, and probably unstable due to the steep slopes. The upper vegetation canopy is often patchy and is dominated by the needle-leaved, evergreen tree <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, with a few individuals of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> is the only tree species regenerating in the understory. Several broad-leaved, low shrubs common to low-elevation forests are present (with low cover), including <i>Spiraea betulifolia, Mahonia aquifolium</i>, and <i>Prunus emarginata</i>. The moderately dense herbaceous G1 G1 2 This association occurs below 180 m (600 feet) elevation primarily in the northern portion of the Puget Lowland, W ashington (Clallam, Jefferson, San Juan, Island, Skagit), and in the Gulf Islands (and possibly southeastern Vancouver Island), and very rarely in the southern Puget Lowland. This is an evergreen needle-leaved forest, or occasionally woodland, dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, with other tree species absent or in small amounts. Deciduous broad-leaved shrubs dominate the understory. A well-developed tall-shrub layer 2-6 m tall is dominated by <i>Holodiscus discolor</i>. A shrub layer 0.5-1.5 m tall is dominated by <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> and to a lesser extent <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i>. An often diverse herbaceous layer usually has <i>Bromus vulgaris, Festuca occidentalis, Melica subulata, Galium aparine, Fragaria vesca, Clinopodium douglasii (= Satureja douglasii), Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis), Sanicula crassicaulis</i>, and <i>Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Triental G1 G1 2 This broad-leaved evergreen woodland association occurs in the southern Animas Valley in the "Borderlands" area of southwestern New Mexico. The only known occurrence is found on the edge of an old playa lake bottom, at the base of the Animas Mountains foothills. The site receives runoff moisture from the uplands. The substrate is sandy alluvium, which has resulted in a relatively dry soil with little structure or pedogenic development. However, deep, subsurface moisture must be available to support the large oaks. Tall <i>Quercus emoryi</i> trees, similar to individuals growing in riparian areas, dominate the open woodland canopy. Scattered <i>Juniperus deppeana</i> individuals may also be present in the canopy. The moderately dense herbaceous layer is composed of drought-tolerant grasses and forbs, the most abundant of which are the perennial grasses <i>Sporobolus flexuosus</i> and <i>Bouteloua parryi</i>. This association can be distinguished from other <i>Quercus emoryi</i> woodlands by an open tree canopy G1 G1 2 This is a deciduous woodland association found along lower treeline in the eastern Cascades near the Columbia River gorge. These sites are generally found on slopes or ridgetops between 610 and 945 m (2000-3100 feet) elevation. The existing vegetation is characterized by an open <i>Quercus garryana</i> layer occasionally with scattered individual <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> or <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> trees. The tree canopy is mostly open and only rarely approaches being a closed stand where clones of <i>Quercus garryana</i> merge. <i>Ceanothus velutinus</i> and/or <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> may form a sparse shrub layer with only a few other shrub species. The herbaceous layer is patchy and graminoid-dominated primarily by <i>Carex geyeri</i> and <i>Calamagrostis rubescens</i>. G1G2 G1 2 This is a deciduous riparian woodland association found below lower timberline in the eastern Cascades near the Columbia River gorge, and in interior valleys of northern California. These sites occur along streams generally between 400 and 915 m (1300-3000 feet) elevation. The existing vegetation is characterized by an open to closed <i>Quercus garryana</i> layer occasionally with scattered taller <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> or <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> trees. <i>Rosa woodsii</i> or <i>Prunus virginiana</i> may be present often in patches but are never in abundance. The herbaceous layer is graminoid-dominated primarily of <i>Elymus glaucus</i>. The exotics <i>Poa pratensis</i> or <i>Bromus tectorum</i> can be abundant in disturbed stands. G1G2 G1 Oregon W hite Oak / Fescue Sparse W oodland 2 This association is based on field observations and six releves. The association mostly occurs at lower conifer treeline within and below the <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> zone. It typically occurs as small balds in <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, and rarely <i>Abies grandis</i>, forests on xeric sites, and on open, northerly slopes within communities in the <i>Festuca idahoensis - Hieracium cynoglossoides</i> steppe zone. These communities are shrub-free with only scattered <i>Ceanothus integerrimus</i> or <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> in moist variants or <i>Purshia tridentata</i> in dry/hot variants. <i>Quercus garryana</i> trees are scattered with cover of 10-65%; conifers may be found singly or as invaders. <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> is the dominant grass with 10-50% cover between the oaks while <i>Elymus glaucus</i> predominates under the oaks. Other graminoids include <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata, Carex geyeri, Koeleria macrantha, Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)</i>, and <i>Poa</i> spp. Forb diversity G1? G1 1 This is a deciduous woodland association found along lower treeline in the eastern Cascades near the Columbia River gorge, primarily in W ashington. This type appears on slopes or ridgetops that are the driest and hottest sites supporting trees. They generally are found between 610 and 760 m (2000-2500 feet) elevation. The existing vegetation is characterized by an open <i>Quercus garryana</i> layer occasionally with a few individual <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> trees. The tree canopy is mostly open and only rarely approaches being a closed stand when <i>Quercus garryana</i> clones merge. <i>Purshia tridentata</i> may be present but is never dominant. The herbaceous layer is graminoid-dominated primarily by <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> and <i>Bromus tectorum</i>. G1G2 G1 1 This forest association occurs only at low elevations in a small area of southwestern W ashington and adjacent Oregon, including the southern Puget Lowland and the northernmost W illamette Valley. Stands are primarily associated with basalt bedrock or talus on shallow, stony, or bouldery soils. These are dry sites that tend to be on southern or western aspect slopes. Periodic pre-European settlement fires probably helped maintain the dominance of oak over conifers on many sites. This deciduous broad-leaved forest or woodland is dominated by <i>Quercus garryana</i> and frequently has significant amounts of the evergreen conifer <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> in the canopy or subcanopy (mean 11% cover when present). The species-rich understory is dominated by multiple layers of deciduous broad-leaved shrubs and woody vines, the shortest being <0.5 m tall and the tallest typically about 3 m tall. The typical codominant shrubs are <i>Viburnum ellipticum, Toxicodendron diversilobum</i> (a woody vine), <i>Symphoricarpo G1 G1 2 This riparian woodland association is highly diverse floristically being on a transition zone between the Mojave and Great Basin deserts in addition to large elevation gradients. The most common trees of the upper canopy are <i>Populus fremontii, Fraxinus velutina</i> and Salix laevigata. Other common trees include <i>Acer negundo, Quercus gambelii, Salix gooddingii, Salix lasiolepis, Juniperus osteosperma</i>, and <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i>. Shrubs are diverse with <i>Baccharis salicifolia (= Baccharis glutinosa), Artemisia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Rhus trilobata, Salix exigua, Tamarix ramosissima</i>, and <i>Rosa woodsii</i> being most prevalent. G1G2 G1 2 G1 G1 2 G1 G1 1 This forest association occurs primarily in the Puget Sound Basin in northwestern W ashington and adjacent British Columbia. Stands are relatively small in area and are restricted to very specific environments in the rainshadow of the Olympic Mountains and Vancouver Island. The climate is drier than surrounding coastal mountain areas, with average annual precipitation ranging from as low as 46 cm in the San Juan Islands to 90 cm in the Puget Lowlands, with a pronounced summer dry season. Valleys where these forests are found are protected from the dry summer winds and have relatively low summer temperatures. Soils are loamy sands to sandy loams, with weakly developed profiles, and soil moisture is high most of the year. These tall conifer forests are dominated by <i>Thuja plicata</i> and <i>Abies grandis</i>. <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> is also common, occurring in most stands, but in less abundance and does not regenerate. Tree regeneration is relatively sparse, with the dominant trees each averaging 64 sapling G1G2 G1 1 This association occurs primarily on north-facing slopes of the San Juan Islands, and on easterly slopes of the Olympics. Elevations are less than 215 m. In these sheltered sites, winds are slight, temperatures are cooler, and summer soil moisture is higher. This is an evergreen needle-leaved tall forest dominated by <i>Thuja plicata, Abies grandis</i>, and/or <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. <i>Abies grandis</i> is present in 83% of stands, and <i>Thuja plicata</i> in 61% of stands. W hen <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> is present, it has less than 5% cover. The broad-leaved deciduous tree <i>Salix scouleriana</i> is often present in the lower canopy with low cover, along with the needle-leaved evergreen <i>Taxus brevifolia</i>. Tree regeneration is dominated by <i>Thuja plicata</i> or <i>Abies grandis</i>. The dense shade of the canopy results in a patchy and sometimes open understory typically lacking an herbaceous layer. The low broad-leaved evergreen shrub <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> dominates the understory, and th G1G2 G1 2 This association is found in bogs, primarily in the central and northern portion of the Puget Lowlands in W ashington. It typically occurs on deep sphagnum peat with the water table below the surface. The closed evergreen conifer tree canopy is dominated by <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. Trees are over 200 years in age and growing very slowly. The understory is sparse with small amounts of <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> or <i>Ledum groenlandicum</i> present. <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. are present. This association is distinguished by the closed canopy of <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>, the sparse understory with <i>Sphagnum</i> spp., and sphagnum peat soil. G1 G1 2 This mid-seral to climax association occurs on perennially saturated or flooded peat soils adjacent to open mire and shrub swamps. Restricted to coastal Oregon, this vegetation is distinguished from similar associations farther north by the dominance of <i>Ledum glandulosum</i> instead of <i>Ledum groenlandicum</i>. The tree layer is dominated by <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> with up to 60% cover. <i>Thuja plicata</i> is the second most abundant species of tree, but most specimens are suppressed in the waterlogged soils, older ones are dying, and no old-growth is evident. Other species present in lesser amounts are <i>Picea sitchensis</i> and <i>Pinus contorta var. contorta</i>. The dense shrub layer is dominated by <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> and <i>Ledum glandulosum</i>, both with a constancy of 100% and cover up to 40%. <i>Vaccinium ovatum, Vaccinium parvifolium</i>, and <i>Morella californica (= Myrica californica)</i> are present in lesser amounts. Both trees and shrubs favor elevated microsites on decaying lo G1 G1 2 G1 G1 1 This linear forest plant community occurs on rich, moist high-bench floodplains of rivers that flood every five or more years in coastal British Columbia. The range of this plant community occurs along rivers at lower elevations of the Queen Charlotte Ranges and the outer coast of British Columbia from Smith Inlet to Portland Canal. Large well-spaced trees are characteristic, as is a moderately developed understory and well-developed moss layer. The overstory is dominated by <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> and <i>Picea sitchensis</i>. The sparse shrub layer consists primarily of regenerating <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>, and the sparse herb layer is characterized by low cover of <i>Blechnum spicant</i> and <i>Dryopteris expansa</i>. The well-developed moss layer is dominated by <i>Rhytidiadelphus loreus</i> and <i>Hylocomium splendens</i>. G2G3 G2 1 This small-patch coniferous forest community occurs on rocky headlands and beachplains along shorelines where they are exposed to salt spray on the coast of British Columbia. These sites occur at elevations from 0 to 650 m. The range of this plant community is the outer coast of British Columbia including Vancouver Island. This coniferous forest community has a moderately open <i>Picea sitchensis</i> canopy, with a well-developed shrub layer dominated by <i>Gaultheria shallon</i>, a moderately to poorly developed herb layer dominated by <i>Maianthemum dilatatum</i>, and a moderately well-developed moss layer dominated by <i>Eurhynchium oreganum</i>. The moderately open canopy has high cover of <i>Picea sitchensis</i>, sometimes with low to moderate cover of <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. The well-developed shrub layer is characterized by high cover of <i>Gaultheria shallon</i>, with moderate to high cover of regenerating <i>Picea sitchensis</i>, and low cover of <i>Rubus spectabilis</i>, regenerating <i>Tsuga het G2G3 G2 1 This small-patch coniferous forest community occurs along the backshore of estuaries and tidal sloughs along coastal British Columbia. The range of this plant community occurs on western and northern Vancouver Island and along the outer coast west of the Coast Mountains and Kitimat Ranges of British Columbia. Soils are usually loamy or sandy and are usually derived from fluvial materials, often with a thin organic cap. This small-patch coniferous forest community has an open overstory growing on mounds, a moderate to well-developed shrub layer dominated by <i>Malus fusca</i> and <i>Rubus spectabilis</i>, a moderate herb layer characterized by <i>Carex obnupta</i> and <i>Lysichiton americanus</i>, and a moderate moss layer dominated by leafy mosses. <i>Picea sitchensis</i> dominates the overstory, with low cover of <i>Thuja plicata</i>. Moderate to high cover of <i>Rubus spectabilis</i> and <i>Malus fusca</i> with moderate cover of <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> characterize the shrub layer. The herb layer is usual G2G3 G2 1 This matrix forest community occurs on zonal and near-zonal sites within the Coastal Douglas-fir moist maritime biogeoclimatic unit (CDFmm) of the Georgia Basin of British Columbia and adjacent W ashington. Known sites occur at elevations from 0 to 150 m in British Columbia and to 390 m in W ashington, on level to steep (mostly gentle) middle to upper slopes on all aspects where sandy loamy soils are common. This plant community has a moderately open to closed coniferous overstory typically dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> with a well-developed shrub layer dominated by <i>Mahonia nervosa</i> and/or <i>Gaultheria shallon</i>, sparse herb layer, and well-developed moss layer dominated by <i>Eurhynchium oreganum</i>. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> may codominate the overstory with <i>Thuja plicata</i>. <i>Thuja plicata</i> and/or <i>Abies grandis</i> tend to dominate smaller size class trees. The well-developed shrub layer is dominated by high cover of <i>Mahonia nervosa</i> and/or <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> G2 G2 1 This matrix forest community occurs on a variety of mesic to submesic sites with medium to poor soil-nutrient regimes within submaritime and subcontinental areas of southwestern British Columbia at elevations of 0 to 1350 m. It occurs on gentle to steep slopes on all slope positions and all aspects. This coniferous forest plant community has moderately open to closed forest canopies, a poorly developed shrub layer with scattered regenerating conifers and other shrubs, a poorly developed herb layer with scattered forbs, and a moderately well-developed moss layer dominated by feathermosses, particularly <i>Hylocomium splendens</i>. The moderately open to closed canopy is characterized by a high cover of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> with moderate cover of <i>Thuja plicata</i>. The poorly developed shrub layer has low cover of regenerating <i>Thuja plicata</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> with low cover of <i>Paxistima myrsinites</i> and <i>Vaccinium membranaceum</i>. The poorly dev G2G3 G2 Douglas-fir / Douglas Maple / Stepmoss W oodland 1 This small-patch plant community is restricted to mid and upper slope positions of steep south- and west-facing slopes. Sites are dry and soils are usually coarse-textured, developed on colluvial and morainal materials. The mature forest canopy is moderately open and dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and occasionally includes scattered <i>Picea engelmannii X glauca</i> and <i>Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa</i>. Tree regeneration is also dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. Shrub and herb layers have a large diversity of species and high ground cover. Shrubs include <i>Acer glabrum var. douglasii, Mahonia aquifolium, Amelanchier alnifolia, Shepherdia canadensis</i>, and the more common <i>Rosa acicularis</i> and <i>Spiraea betulifolia</i>. The herbaceous layer includes <i>Prosartes trachycarpa (= Disporum trachycarpum), Lathyrus ochroleucus</i>, Asteraceae spp., and <i>Oryzopsis asperifolia</i>. The moderate moss layer is dominated by <i>Pleurozium schreberi</i> and <i>Hylocomium splendens</i> G2 G2 1 This small-patch community occurs along the southern mainland coast and adjacent islands of British Columbia. It is restricted to crests and upper steep slopes where soils are very shallow and exposed bedrock is present. This very dry, lowland evergreen woodland is characterized by scattered, stunted <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and, sometimes, small amounts of <i>Pinus contorta var. contorta</i> and <i>Thuja plicata</i> which are restricted to deeper pockets of mineral soil in the underlying fractured bedrock. <i>Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor</i>, and <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i> are the most common species in the sparse shrub layer. Herbs are also sparse and include <i>Festuca occidentalis, Polypodium glycyrrhiza</i>, and <i>Aira praecox</i>. The abundant moss layer is dominated by <i>Racomitrium canescens</i> and <i>Pleurozium schreberi</i>. The paucity of <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> and abundance of <i>Racomitrium canescens</i> and <i>Pleurozium schreberi</i> serve to differentiate this associatio G2G3 G2 1 This small-patch forest community occurs on rich, mesic or subhygric sites in coastal British Columbia at elevations from 0 to 650 m. The range of this plant community occurs at lower elevations on coastal British Columbia and north to Hardwicke Island, in lower elevation drainages of the Fraser River near Chilliwack, and in the eastern Coast Mountains. This plant community is characterized by a closed canopy with mixed conifers and a moderate shrub layer dominated by <i>Acer circinatum</i>, moderate herb layer dominated by <i>Polystichum munitum</i>, and sparse moss layer dominated by feathermosses with some leafy mosses. Overstories are closed and dominated by high cover of <i>Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla</i>, and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. The moderately well-developed shrub layer is dominated by moderate cover of <i>Acer circinatum</i> and low cover of <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i> and regenerating <i>Thuja plicata</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. The moderately well-developed herb layer is domin G2G3 G2 1 This community is found along the mainland coast adjacent to and sparingly on the northern half of Vancouver Island, northward to Portland Canal and including the windward Queen Charlotte Islands. The distribution of this community is below 600 m above sea level in the outer coast, and closer to below 400 m nearing the windward western slopes of the Coast Mountains. This highly productive coniferous forest community is situated on mainly lower slope or toeslope positions. W ith the exception of the Queen Charlotte Islands where <i>Abies amabilis</i> is absent, <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> and <i>Abies amabilis</i> are the dominant trees in the frequently patchy open canopy, accompanied by variable coverage of <i>Picea sitchensis</i> and <i>Thuja plicata</i>. The shrub layer is normally dominated by <i>Oplopanax horridus</i>, followed in cover by <i>Rubus spectabilis, Vaccinium</i> spp., and <i>Menziesia ferruginea</i>. The herb layer is often well-developed, featuring <i>Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris expansa</i>, G2G3 G21 This closed-canopy forested community occurs at lower elevations on the south coast of British Columbia and adjacent islands, at lower elevations and major valleys along east Vancouver Island north to Kelsey Bay (0-700 m), and at lower elevations on the western Olympic Peninsula of W ashington. It occurs as small to medium patches on sites with soils that are moist for a significant part of the growing season. Overstories are closed and dominated by high cover of <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>, with frequent and variable cover of <i>Thuja plicata</i> and/or <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. The moderately well-developed shrub layer is dominated by moderate cover of regenerating <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> and <i>Thuja plicata</i>, often together with <i>Gaultheria shallon</i>. <i>Polystichum munitum</i> predominates in the herb layer, with <i>Blechnum spicant</i> usually present with low to moderate cover. The moderately well-developed moss layer consists primarily of a high cover of <i>Hylocomium splendens</i>. G2G3 G2 1 This moist, submaritime coniferous community is found at higher elevations in drainages of the climatically transitional eastern side of the Coast Mountains in southwestern British Columbia and north to the lower Kimsquit River valley near the headwaters of Dean Channel. The slope positions are variable from middle to upper and lower to level, with mainly moderate slope gradients. In the mature to old-forest stage <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> often has leading coverage in the canopy, followed by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata</i>, and <i>Abies amabilis</i>. The shrub layer features <i>Vaccinium</i> spp., <i>Paxistima myrsinites, Abies amabilis</i>, and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. The most common herb layer species are <i>Orthilia secunda, Linnaea borealis, Goodyera oblongifolia, Chimaphila umbellata, Clintonia uniflora</i>, and <i>Cornus canadensis</i>. <i>Hylocomium splendens</i> and <i>Rhytidiopsis robusta</i> are leading species in the moss layer, followed by <i>Pleurozium schreberi</i> and <i>Rhytidi G2G3 G2 1 This moist maritime coniferous community is found along the leeward Vancouver Island Ranges from approximately 400 to 1050 m above sea level, on the Straight of Georgia side. The slope positions are variable from upper to lower, with gradients that are normally not steep. W ell-drained, slightly dry and comparatively rich loamy soils are characteristic. <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> and <i>Abies amabilis</i> normally dominate the main canopy. There is a potential presence of large old <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> in the uppermost canopy. <i>Thuja plicata</i> also forms a minor component in the canopy. The moderately developed shrub layer is largely occupied by <i>Abies amabilis, Tsuga heterophylla, Vaccinium</i> spp., and <i>Mahonia nervosa</i>. Although the herb layer does not have heavy coverage, it can have good species diversity. A number of richer site indicators, including <i>Achlys triphylla, Tiarella trifoliata, Polystichum munitum</i>, and <i>Trillium ovatum</i>, are frequently present. <i>Rhytidiopsis ro G2 G2 1 This small-patch forest community occurs on rich circum-mesic sites in the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia at elevations from 0 to 350 m on the leeward side of the Queen Charlotte Ranges. It is characterized by a moderately closed canopy dominated by <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>, a sparse understory of shrubs and herbs, and a well-developed moss layer dominated by feathermosses with some leafy mosses. The forest canopy is dominated by high cover of <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> with moderate cover of <i>Picea sitchensis</i>. A moderate cover of regenerating <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> with low cover of <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i> and <i>Menziesia ferruginea</i> characterizes the shrub layer. The poorly developed herb layer includes low cover of <i>Blechnum spicant, Athyrium filix-femina, Tiarella trifoliata, Dryopteris expansa, Maianthemum dilatatum, Huperzia haleakalae</i>, and <i>Moneses uniflora</i>. The well-developed moss layer is dominated by high cover of <i>Rhytidiadelphus loreus</i> with moderate G2G3 G2 1 This community is distributed within the Southern Very W et Hypermaritime Coastal W estern Hemlock Variant (CW Hvh1), on the outer west coast of Vancouver Island from the Port Renfrew area northward, into the lowlands of northern Vancouver Island and the adjacent outer mainland coast northward to near Rivers Inlet. The elevational range of the CW Hvh1 is 200 m in the south, to about 650 m above sea level in the north, but most sample sites for this association have been located between 10 and 100 m above sea level. These highly productive coniferous forests are situated on lower and toeslope seepage sites. <i>Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis</i>, and <i>Abies amabilis</i> are the dominant trees in the moderately open canopy (10-80% open). Regeneration of <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> is prominent in the shrub and seedling layers. Other prominent species in the shrub layer include <i>Rubus spectabilis</i> and <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i>. The herb layer features <i>Polystichum munitum, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris G1G3 G2 Tsuga heterophylla - Pseudotsuga menziesii - Thuja plicata - (Abies amabilis) / Achlys triphylla - Gymnocarpium dryopteris Forest 1 This moist maritime coniferous community may be found roughly between 400 to 700 m above sea level along the leeward Vancouver Island Ranges from near Jordan River in the south to Sayward in the north, and including Quadra to W est Thurlow islands. The slope positions are variable from middle to lower, with gradients that are normally gentle. W ell- to moderately well-drained, fresh and comparatively rich medium-textured soils are normal for these sites. In the mature to old-forest stage, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla</i>, and <i>Thuja plicata</i> characteristically dominate the canopy. <i>Abies amabilis</i> may also have minor presence in the canopy. The moderately developed shrub layer features <i>Tsuga heterophylla, Vaccinium parvifolium, Vaccinium alaskaensis, Mahonia nervosa, Abies amabilis, Rubus spectabilis</i>, and <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i>. There are a number of richer site indicators, such as <i>Achlys triphylla, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Tiarella trifoliata</i>, and <i>Polystichum munitum< G2 G2 1 This coniferous forest community is found in the climatically transitional middle to leeward eastern valley systems of the Coast Mountains from approximately 75 km north of Bella Coola to near Chilliwack in the Fraser Valley. The slope positions are variable, from upper slope to toeslope and level, with mainly moderate slope gradients. Rapidly to moderately well-drained, slightly dry to fresh and nutrient-rich soils are normal for these sites. In the mature to old-forest stage, <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> often has leading coverage in the canopy, followed by <i>Thuja plicata, Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, and <i>Abies amabilis</i>. Among other species, the diverse shrub layer features <i>Tsuga heterophylla, Vaccinium parvifolium, Vaccinium alaskaensis, Menziesia ferruginea, Thuja plicata, Abies amabilis, Oplopanax horridus</i>, and <i>Paxistima myrsinites</i>. Common herb-layer species which help identify this as richer sites include <i>Tiarella trifoliata, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Streptopus lanceolatus, Polystic G1G3 G2 1 This small- to large-patch forest community occurs on nutrient-poor, coarse sandy or skeletal soils on upper slopes or ridge crests or on gravelly glaciofluvial outwash in coastal British Columbia. These sites occur at elevations from 10 to 1000 m on the eastern slopes of the Coast Mountains north of Knight Inlet and in the Hazelton Mountains from upper Kitlope to Alice Arm. <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> dominates the overstory which sometimes has low to moderate cover of <i>Pinus contorta</i> and <i>Thuja plicata</i>. The poorly developed shrub layer is dominated by moderate cover of regenerating <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>, often with low cover of <i>Thuja plicata</i> and <i>Vaccinium alaskaensis</i>. The sparse, poorly developed forb layer is variable but often has low to very low cover of <i>Cornus canadensis</i> and <i>Orthilia secunda</i>. The moss layer is well-developed and is dominated by high cover of <i>Hylocomium splendens</i> and <i>Pleurozium schreberi</i>. This community is distinguished from similar G2G3 G2 Balsam Fir - Red Spruce - Oatgrass - Peatmoss Swamp 1 This acidic conifer woodland or forested swamp occurs on moist to saturated soils in headwater basins in the Allegheny Mountains region of W est Virginia, at elevations between 960 and 1130 m. It is a small-patch community fed by slow seepage and rainfall. It occupies gently sloping land (1- to 10-degree slopes) along small headwater streams and in mixed wetland mosaics, often at the base of upland slopes. Microtopography is characterized by irregular hummocks formed over tree roots, tip-up mounds, nurse logs, and decaying wood. Soils are moderately to poorly drained loamy soils with mottling in the upper 20 cm and occasional gleyed horizons. The canopy is open to closed and dominated by <i>Abies balsamea</i> and <i>Picea rubens</i>, with occasional presence of <i>Prunus serotina var. serotina</i>. The subcanopy is dominated by <i>Abies balsamea</i> with smaller amounts of <i>Picea rubens, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis</i>. The tall-shrub layer is also dominated by <i>Abies G2 G2 Balsam Fir - Red Spruce - W interberry - Peatmoss Swamp 1 This acidic conifer woodland swamp occurs on temporarily to semipermanently flooded soils in frost-pocket headwater basins in the Allegheny Mountains region of W est Virginia, at elevations between 980 and 1120 m. It is a small-patch community fed by seepage, occasional overflow from low-gradient headwater streams, and rainfall. It occupies flat to very gently sloping land (0- to 3-degree slopes) along small headwater streams, often in mixed wetland mosaics. Microtopography is characterized by interfingering of wetter and drier areas, with irregular hummocks formed over tree roots, tip-up mounds, nurse logs, and decaying wood. The community is influenced by beaver activity, and there is evidence of migration of the balsam fir populations, possibly in response to fluctuating hydrology. Soils are poorly to very poorly drained clayey or mucky soils with mottling in the upper 20 cm and occasional gleyed horizons. The canopy is open and dominated by stunted, inundation-stressed <i>Abies balsamea</i> and <i>Picea ru G2 G2 Coastal Plain Calcareous Seepage Swamp 2 This calcareous seepage swamp occurs on the Virginia Coastal Plain on groundwater-saturated stream bottoms in ravines that have cut into Tertiary shell deposits or limesands. Braided streams and hummock-and-hollow microtopography are characteristic of the environmental setting. Soils are highly calcareous with pH values up to 7.4 and calcium levels that range up to 6000 ppm. The tree canopy is consistently codominated by <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i> with a few other species locally important. The shrub layer is typically open and contains <i>Lindera benzoin, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Carpinus caroliniana</i>, and <i>Cornus foemina</i>. Vines are often abundant, especially <i>Decumaria barbara</i>. The herb layer is dense, lush, and clearly divisible into two relatively discrete assemblages that occupy hummocks and mucky hollows, respectively. The most constant patch-dominants of the relatively well-drained hummocks are <i>Packera aurea (= Senecio aureus)</i> and <i>Carex br G2 G2 Freshwater Tidal Woodland 2 This freshwater tidal woodland occurs on tidal rivers in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey. It is found on larger rivers with gradual slopes and is flooded by diurnal tides. The substrate is very wet. The canopy is characterized by <i>Acer rubrum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, with <i>Ulmus rubra</i> and <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i> being frequent associates and with <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides, Thuja occidentalis</i>, or <i>Quercus bicolor</i> occurring locally in some occurrences. The shrub layer is characterized by <i>Ilex verticillata, Alnus serrulata, Clethra alnifolia, Rhododendron viscosum, Vaccinium corymbosum, Lindera benzoin, Cornus racemosa, Cornus amomum, Cornus sericea, Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>, and others. The herbaceous layer is a very diverse mixture of freshwater tidal marsh species and palustrine species and is characterized by <i>Peltandra virginica, Pontederia cordata, Impatiens capensis, Leersia oryzoides, Onoclea sensibilis, Pilea pumila, Polygonum punctatum, Polygonum G2 G2 Pine Barrens Riverside Shrub Savanna 2 This woody herbaceous community occurs in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey on the low terrace floodplains of Outer Coastal Plain rivers and streams. It is often found in small patches or long, linear expanses, forming the ecotone between graminoid savanna and Atlantic white-cedar swamp or pitch pine - hardwood swamp. Microtopography is hummocky, with dwarf-shrubs and shrub forms of tree species on the tops of hummocks, and herbaceous and bryophyte species on the sides of hummocks and in the hollows. Although this community is apparently stable in undisturbed sites, it can be successional in historically disturbed sites where, with time, it may become Atlantic white-cedar swamp. The canopy is open (10-25%) and trees are widely scattered. Dominant species include <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides, Pinus rigida, Gaylussacia dumosa</i>, and <i>Andropogon glomeratus var. glomeratus</i>. Associated woody species include <i>Ilex glabra, Kalmia angustifolia, Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica), Clethra alnifolia</i>, G2G3 G2 Atlantic W hite-cedar / Great Rhododendron Swamp 2 Saturated peatland forest dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> with a dense shrub layer dominated by <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>. Associated canopy trees may include <i>Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Tsuga canadensis</i>, or <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. Associated shrubs are generally few and of low cover but may include <i>Kalmia latifolia, Vaccinium corymbosum, Rhododendron viscosum, Ilex verticillata, Nemopanthus mucronatus</i>, and <i>Kalmia angustifolia</i>. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse due to the dense shade cast by shrubs, but may include <i>Trientalis borealis, Carex collinsii, Osmunda cinnamomea</i>. Typical <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses include <i>Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum fimbriatum, Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum recurvum</i> (Karlin 1988).This association occurs in southern New Hampshire, southern Rhode Island and Connecticut, southeastern New York and northern New Jersey. G2G3 G2 Traprock Ridge 2 This traprock ridge open woodland is known from mountainous sites in New England, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and may occur in southeastern New York. The vegetation occurs primarily on exposed outcrops of basaltic rock in the Connecticut Valley of New England and the Piedmont physiographic province in New Jersey. W hile most sites are on igneous rock, along the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, it occurs on conglomerates of the Shawangunk Formation. Sites supporting this community are upper slopes of basalt, diorite, or conglomerate ridges from 365-1050 m elevation, characteristically south- or west-facing and range in slope from 5-30 degrees. Most sites have minimal soil development. Tree cover is sparse, ranging from 5-30% cover (average 20%) with <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> being the most constant canopy tree. Other woody species sometimes present include <i>Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra, Quercus prinus, Ostrya virginiana</i>, and <i>Carya glabra</i>. The actual canopy composition refle G2G3 G2 Red-cedar Rocky Summit 2 This calcareous rocky summit community occurs in New England and in the northeastern portion of the Great Lakes ecoregion. Soils are generally thin, and exposed rock is common. The open canopy is dominated by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i>. Associated canopy species include <i>Ostrya virginiana, Fraxinus americana, Quercus alba, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Carya ovata</i>, plus <i>Thuja occidentalis</i> occasionally. In some examples, <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> occurs as a prominent shrub. The herbaceous layer is characterized by <i>Carex eburnea</i>. Other associates include <i>Minuartia michauxii (= Arenaria stricta), Linum sulcatum, Monarda fistulosa, Asplenium platyneuron, Symphyotrichum patens (= Aster patens), Symphyotrichum undulatum (= Aster undulatus), Oligoneuron rigidum (= Solidago rigida), Solidago nemoralis, Solidago bicolor, Danthonia spicata, Clematis occidentalis, Schizachyrium scoparium</i>, and <i>Houstonia longifolia</i>. G2G3 G2 Maritime Red-cedar Woodland 2 This maritime woodland community dominated by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> occurs on sand dunes, upper edges of salt marshes, and less commonly on rocky headlands of the northern and mid-Atlantic coast. The physiognomy of this association is variable, ranging from dense tall-shrub thickets to open woodlands; trees are generally shorter than 4 m. Canopy trees are stunted and salt-pruned. <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> may form pure stands, but more often grows in association with <i>Pinus rigida, Quercus stellata, Prunus serotina, Amelanchier canadensis, Ilex opaca, Celtis occidentalis</i>, or <i>Quercus velutina</i>, which tend to have low percent cover. In the southern portion of the range <i>Pinus taeda, Quercus falcata, Sassafras albidum, Diospyros virginiana</i>, and <i>Quercus phellos</i> can be infrequent canopy associates. A shrub layer may be well-developed where the canopy is more open and include <i>Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica), Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i> (at the southern e G2 G2 Swamp Forest - Bog Complex (Spruce Type) 2 This spruce-hemlock wetland forest of the central and southern Appalachian Mountains occurs on relatively flat terrain in poorly drained bottomlands of small streams at high elevations (above 1067 m [3500 feet] elevation in the Southern Blue Ridge to above 610 m [2000 feet] in the Central Appalachians). Small patches of this community also occur in the High Alleghany Plateau of Pennsylvania and New York. It historically occurred in Tennessee. Soils are seasonally to semipermanently saturated due to a high water table or seepage from adjacent slopes. The tree canopy is dominated by <i>Picea rubens</i> or mixtures of <i>Picea rubens</i> and <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. Other tree species that may occur in the canopy or subcanopy include <i>Tsuga canadensis, Betula alleghaniensis, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Taxus canadensis</i>, and <i>Amelanchier arborea</i>. This forest often has a dense shrub layer dominated by <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>, with other associates often including <i>Kalmia latifolia, Ilex verticillata G2? G2 High Allegheny Red Spruce Peat W oodland 1 This acidic conifer woodland swamp occurs on saturated and temporarily flooded organic soils in headwater basins of the Allegheny Mountains region of W est Virginia, at elevations between 1000 and 1430 m. It is a small-patch community that occupies flat to very gently sloping land (0- to 2-degree slopes) along the margins of open peatlands, forming narrow "spits," fingers, or islands. It also occurs in peaty depressions within high plateau spruce forests. Microtopography is characterized by a mix of rounded peat hummocks and irregular moss-covered hummocks formed over tree roots, woody stem clusters, tip-up mounds, nurse logs, and decaying wood. Bedrock is typically sandstone or occasionally shale, and may be encountered at less than 20 cm depth. Soils are poorly drained muck, peat, or organic-rich silt/clay loam. Depth of organic soil varies greatly from 5-120 cm. Soil pH averages 3.5. The community is characterized by an open canopy of <i>Picea rubens</i> and fairly sparse shrub layer growing on irregular hu G2 G2 Red Spruce / Heath / Peatmoss W oodland Swamp 1 This saturated acidic conifer woodland occurs in the Allegheny Mountains region of West Virginia and eastern Pennsylvania. It occurs in headwater basins at higher elevations, ranging between 860 and 1300 m in W est Virginia examples. Microtopography is characterized by a mix of rounded peat hummocks and irregular moss-covered hummocks formed over tree roots, woody stem clusters, and decaying wood. Soils are moderately to very poorly drained peat, underlain by clay-rich deposits. The community is characterized by an open canopy of stunted, inundation-stressed trees with a diverse shrub and herb layer growing on hummock-forming bryophytes. The canopy is dominated by <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> and <i>Picea rubens</i>, occasionally including low cover of <i>Acer rubrum</i> or <i>Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis</i>. Canopy height is less than 15 m and sometimes as low as 5 m, essentially at the transition between woodland and shrubland physiognomy. The tall-shrub layer includes the canopy species and <i>Rhod G2G3 G2 Red Spruce - Highbush Cranberry - Peatmoss High-Elevation Swamp 1 This acidic conifer woodland or forested swamp occurs on saturated and temporarily flooded soils in headwater basins of the Allegheny Mountains region of West Virginia, at elevations between 1140 and 1400 m above sea level. It is a small-patch community maintained by slow seepage, low-energy overflow inundation, and rainfall. It occupies gently sloping land (0- to 6-degree slopes) on the margins between upland spruce forest and open beaver-influenced headwater wetlands, and in alluvial bottoms along high-elevation meandering streams. Standing snags are common, the result of inundation stress during wet years and beaver-influenced water table fluctuations. Microtopography is characterized by irregular hummocks formed over tree roots, tip-up mounds, decaying wood, and around woody stem clusters. Soils are somewhat poorly to poorly drained peat, muck, or organic-rich mottled silt loam, generally underlain by clay. The canopy is open to closed and strongly dominated by <i>Picea rubens</i>. The subcanopy is also d G2 G2 Mid-Successional Pine - Oak W oodland 2 This mid-successional pitch pine woodland occurs in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, with small outliers in New York. Pines are dominant, but the characteristic presence of tree oaks (<i>Quercus alba, Quercus coccinea, Quercus velutina, Quercus prinus, Quercus stellata</i>) forming up to 35% of the canopy is an indication of a fire frequency that is less than that of the classic pine barrens type <i>~Pinus rigida / Quercus (marilandica, ilicifolia) / Pyxidanthera barbulata</i> W oodland (CEGL006051)$$. The presence of a well-developed shrub oak layer (<i>Quercus ilicifolia, Quercus marilandica</i>, sometimes <i>Quercus prinoides)</i> indicates a fire frequency greater than that of oak-dominated forests of the New Jersey Pinelands and environs. The ground layer is characterized by heaths, generally <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i> and <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i>. Herbs are sparse and may include <i>Gaultheria procumbens, Pteridium aquilinum</i>. <i>Pinus virginiana</i> may contribute significant cover in areas affected by G2? G2 Pine Barrens Pine - Oak W oodland 2 This pitch pine - oak woodland of dry sandy soils occurs in portions of the New Jersey Pine Barrens and the Cape May peninsula, with outliers occurring south of the Delaware Bay on the Maryland inner Coastal Plain. Dominant trees include <i>Pinus rigida</i> mixed with tree oaks, most frequently <i>Quercus falcata</i> and <i>Quercus coccinea</i>. Other associated oaks include <i>Quercus velutina</i> and <i>Quercus alba</i>. <i>Pinus virginiana</i> sometimes occurs, and in New Jersey, <i>Pinus echinata</i> may be an associate. Maryland occurrences may also include <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> in the canopy. The tall-shrub layer is characterized by <i>Quercus marilandica, Quercus prinoides, Ilex opaca, Sassafras albidum</i>, and occasionally <i>Kalmia latifolia</i>. Maryland occurrences also support <i>Castanea pumila, Lyonia mariana</i>, and <i>Vaccinium fuscatum</i> in this layer. A short-shrub layer is dominated by <i>Gaylussacia frondosa</i><i>, Gaylussacia baccata</i> and <i>Vac G2G3 G2 Coastal Pitch Pine Rocky W oodland 1 This pitch pine woodland community occurs primarily on near-coastal acidic rock outcrops of southern Maine. The open canopy of short and often twisted trees overlies a well-developed heath shrub layer. Herbs and tall shrubs are sparse. The bryoid layer is patchy, but may be well-developed, and lichens are prominent. The dominant tree is <i>Pinus rigida</i> (<i>Pinus banksiana</i> is dominant in one northern occurrence). Associated canopy species of low cover include <i>Quercus rubra, Betula papyrifera, Picea rubens, Pinus strobus, Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum</i>, and occasionally <i>Thuja occidentalis</i> or <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. A low-shrub layer is characterized by <i>Corema conradii, Vaccinium angustifolium, Gaylussacia baccata, Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia), Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa), Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica), Kalmia angustifolia, Comptonia peregrina, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i>, and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. <i>Corema</i> is diagnostic. Other G2 G2 Pitch Pine Dune W oodland 2 This maritime pitch pine woodland occurs on coastal sand dunes from southern Maine to Cape Henlopen, Delaware. The community occurs on stabilized backdunes influenced by wind and salt spray. Substrate is dry, acidic, nutrient-poor sand. Active sand movement occurs with storm activity, causing the boundaries of the community to migrate over time. There is generally significant cover of bare sand, but where more stabilized, species diversity tends to increase. <i>Pinus rigida</i> dominates the canopy. Canopy associates are few but include <i>Juniperus virginiana</i>, and occasionally <i>Sassafras albidum</i>, with scattered individuals of <i>Quercus velutina</i> in the northern part of the range, and <i>Quercus falcata</i> and <i>Pinus virginiana</i> to the south. The shrub layer, if present, may include <i>Hudsonia tomentosa, Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica), Gaylussacia baccata, Gaylussacia frondosa, Vaccinium pallidum</i>, and occasionally <i>Hudsonia ericoides</i>, or <i>Viburnum nudum var. cass G2G3 G2 New Jersey Pitch Pine / Scrub Oak Barrens 1 This pine barrens community is restricted to the New Jersey Pine Barrens. It is a highly fire-dependent community, occurring most frequently on warmer microclimates of knoll crests and slopes where it is least effected by cold air drainage. The open canopy is strongly dominated by <i>Pinus rigida</i>, with very low cover of deciduous trees. Oaks, when present, may include <i>Quercus stellata</i> or <i>Quercus velutina</i>. The understory is dominated by <i>Quercus marilandica</i>, with lesser cover of <i>Quercus ilicifolia</i>. A low heath shrub layer is dominated by <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i> and <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i>. The herbaceous layer is of variable cover, depending on fire frequency and intensity. <i>Pyxidanthera barbulata</i> is characteristic of the type, although may not be present in all stands. Other herbaceous associates include <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Andropogon virginicus, Carex pensylvanica, Minuartia caroliniana, Gaultheria procumbens, Pteridium aquilinum, Tephrosia virginiana, Helian G2 G2 Coastal Plain Mesic Pine Barrens 2 Mesic pine barrens vegetation dominated by <i>Pinus rigida</i> with a shrub layer dominated by <i>Quercus ilicifolia</i>. The presence of mesic species such as <i>Kalmia angustifolia, Ilex glabra, Lyonia mariana, Leucothoe racemosa, Clethra alnifolia, Vaccinium corymbosum</i> indicate more mesic conditions such as the higher clay content of the soils, the position adjacent to a wetland, or a water table below the soil surface. Other associates include <i>Pyxidanthera barbulata, Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica), Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa), Gaultheria procumbens, Carex pensylvanica</i> and <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>. In New Jersey, <i>Xerophyllum asphodeloides</i> and <i>Calamovilfa brevipilis</i> are also found in this vegetation. G2? G2 Inland Pitch Pine / Scrub Oak Barrens 1 This pitch pine - scrub oak barren community occurs on northeastern sand plains, generally on outwash plains, sand dunes and glacial till. Soils are typically sandy, well-drained and nutrient poor. A local history of fire is essential to the maintenance of the community. An open canopy (30-70%) of <i>Pinus rigida</i> over a variable tall-shrub layer (25-95%) of <i>Quercus ilicifolia</i> or <i>Quercus prinoides</i> forms the characteristic structure of this community. In places the canopy may also contain <i>Populus tremuloides, Prunus serotina, Prunus pensylvanica</i> or <i>Betula populifolia</i>. A short-shrub layer of <i>Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium angustifolium, Gaylussacia baccata, Comptonia peregrina</i> and <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i> is usually present. Characteristically, small grassy openings dominated by <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>, occur within the woodland matrix. These grassy patches are rich in herbaceous species such as <i>Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, Lespedeza capitata, Polygal G2 G2 Northern Pitch Pine / Scrub Oak Barrens 1 This northernmost pitch pine - scrub oak barren community occurs on flat glacial outwash plains. Soils are typically sandy, well-drained and nutrient poor. A local history of fire is essential to the maintenance of the community. An open canopy, 30-70%, of <i>Pinus rigida</i> over a dense, patchy, tall-shrub layer (25-95%) of <i>Quercus ilicifolia</i> forms the characteristic structure of this community. In places the canopy may also contain <i>Quercus rubra, Pinus strobus, Betula populifolia</i> and occasionally <i>Picea rubens</i> or <i>Abies balsamea</i>. A short-shrub layer of <i>Vaccinium angustifolium, Comptonia peregrina, Pteridium aquilinum</i> and <i>Gaultheria procumbens</i> is usually present. Herbaceous species are scattered and generally more dense where the scrub oak is discontinuous. Characteristic herbs include <i>Piptatherum pungens (= Oryzopsis pungens), Oryzopsis asperifolia, Carex lucorum, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata</i> and <i>Danthonia spicata</i>. Occasional specie G2 G2 Dry River Bluff 2 This dry sandy riverbluff community occurs on the Merrimack and Soucook rivers in New Hampshire, and may occur elsewhere in New England. The steeply sloping bluffs of glacial sand deposits derived from glacial Lake Merrimack are kept open by the erosion of the base of the bluff by the river flow. The physiognomy of this community is variable, but on average is an open tree canopy characterized by one or more of the following trees: <i>Betula populifolia, Pinus strobus, Populus tremuloides</i>, and <i>Betula papyrifera</i>. <i>Comptonia peregrina</i> is typically present in the sparsely distributed shrub layer, and <i>Quercus ilicifolia</i> may also occur. The herbaceous layer is dominated by <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Polygonella articulata, Lechea</i> spp., and <i>Lespedeza capitata</i>. <i>Hudsonia ericoides</i> and <i>Lupinus perennis</i>, although not present in all occurrences, are particularly characteristic. G2 G2 Mid-Atlantic Coastal Maritime Forest 2 This mid-Atlantic coastal upland loblolly pine forest occurs on the Outer Coastal Plain and on barrier islands in sheltered backdunes protected from salt spray and overwash. The substrate is rapidly drained, nutrient-poor sands or sandy loams. This community is dominated by <i>Pinus taeda</i>, which can be the sole canopy component or can be associated with <i>Quercus falcata, Prunus serotina var. serotina, Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Sassafras albidum</i>. The tall-shrub layer, when present, is composed of <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i> and <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i>. Vines and lianas are nearly always present in abundance; <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i> is most common, but <i>Toxicodendron radicans, Smilax rotundifolia, Smilax glauca</i>, and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i> are often present in abundance as well. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse, particularly if shrubs and vines are dense, but <i>Chasmanthium laxum</i> may be fairly abundant in this community. Other herbs include <i>Panicu G2 G2 Central Appalachian / Piedmont Bedrock Floodplain W oodland 2 This community is restricted to the Ridge and Valley and Piedmont sections of the Potomac River floodplain, where it occurs on scoured shorelines in high-gradient reaches where there is a combination of control by bedrock and alluvial processes. Stands are usually on the active channel shelf but have some aspects of depositional bars. Sites are flooded annually and inundated about 3 to 7% of the year, mostly during the dormant season, and often but probably irregularly in the early growing season. Surface substrate is variable, averaging >10% cover of bedrock and boulders in 14 plot samples. Two intergrading phases have been recognized and are described according to perceived differences in net rates of sediment erosion/accretion. In the eroding phase, the channel shelf surface is actively eroding along low channels often filled with cobbles and other coarse material, with finer soil being retained around tree bases. In the stable phase, vegetation holds finer sediments in place and provides an equilibrium be G2? G2 Sinkhole Pond Floodplain Forest 2 This sinkhole pond floodplain forest of northwestern New Jersey occurs in solution sinkholes that developed on Allentown Dolomite bedrock with glacial till / bedrock surficial deposits. Soils are shallow silt loam or silty clay loam over bedrock and somewhat poorly drained. The closed-canopy deciduous forest is dominated by <i>Platanus occidentalis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i>. Other associates may include <i>Carya alba (= Carya tomentosa), Carya cordiformis, Celtis occidentalis</i>, or <i>Quercus bicolor</i>. The most common shrub is <i>Cornus sericea</i>, with associates including <i>Ilex verticillata</i> and <i>Spiraea alba var. latifolia</i>. Vines include <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> and <i>Vitis riparia</i>. The herbaceous layer is characterized by <i>Scutellaria lateriflora, Symphyotrichum racemosum (= Aster racemosus), Lysimachia ciliata, Boehmeria cylindrica</i>, and <i>Carex granularis</i>. Associated herbs include <i>Acalypha rhomboidea, Carex bebbii, Carex pellita, Ment G2G3 G2 Successional Maritime Forest 2 This maritime forest community of the North Atlantic Coast Ecoregion occurs on sheltered backdunes, bluffs, or more interior coastal areas not directly influenced by overwash but affected by salt spray and wind-pruning. Vegetation in these sheltered areas is sometimes referred to as "sunken forest." This name refers to the topographic position of these examples, which are found in large depressions, lower in elevation (by 1-3 m) than the interdunes. These examples are shielded from strong prevailing winds and salt spray, which permits lush growth of broadleaf shrub and vine species. Soils are coarse, well-drained sand subject to considerable shifting during coastal storms, or till and sand deposits of terminal moraines. Physiognomy is variable and ranges from closed-canopy forest to open woodland to dense tall shrubland, and may be more accurately called scrub. Trees found in this community are usually stunted and flat-topped; the canopy may be only 3-7 m tall. Dominant trees vary locally and include <i>Prunu G2G3 G2 Ridge and Valley Dolomite Glade 2 This community type is a dolomite woodland of the Ridge and Valley of Virginia. It is physiognomically variable, often containing patch-mosaics of semi-closed, forb-rich woodlands, shrub thickets, and small grassy openings. The average expression appears to be an open to very open woodland with a sparse layer of somewhat stunted trees 6-10 m tall and scattered emergent trees 10-15 m tall. Mean stratum cover for each tree stratum is 15% in the four plots analyzed here. However, because plots were often placed in the most open portions of these woodlands, mean cover in tree strata may be somewhat understated. <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> is the most constant and abundant tree. <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> and, more locally, <i>Pinus strobus</i> are its most frequent associates. <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Fraxinus americana</i>, and <i>Magnolia acuminata</i> are occasional components of the 6- to 10-m tall tree layer. <i>Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Cornus florida, Juniperus virginiana var. G2 G2 Piedmont / Coastal Plain Eastern Hemlock - Hardwood Forest 2 This association is known from steep, north-facing sites along rivers and large streams in the Piedmont, and rarely the inner Coastal Plain, of Virginia and Maryland. It typically occurs on steep, sheltered bluffs, slopes, and ravines with northerly aspects and infertile soils weathered from acidic or intermediate metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Composition is usually that of a mixed forest, with overstory codominance by <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>, which is most abundant, and several hardwoods, most frequently <i>Fagus grandifolia, Quercus alba</i>, and/or <i>Quercus prinus</i>. <i>Tsuga canadensis, Fagus grandifolia</i>, and <i>Quercus prinus</i> are most constant, with <i>Tsuga</i> and <i>Fagus</i> typically having high cover in the understory and shrub, as well as overstory layers. <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus rubra, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> are constant but minor overstory associates. <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> also occur commonly in the understory. <i>Quercus G2G3 G2 Paper Birch / Hazel Forest 2 This paper birch / beaked hazelnut forest type is found in the northwestern Great Plains and Black Hills of the United States. Stands occur on nearly level ground to steep north-facing slopes with silt loam soil. This community has a predominantly closed canopy dominated by <i>Betula papyrifera</i>. Other trees that may contribute significantly to the canopy are <i>Quercus macrocarpa, Populus tremuloides</i>, and, in the Bear Lodge Mountains, <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>. <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> may be present, especially as small trees or saplings. There is a tall-shrub layer that usually reaches 2 m or more. The most abundant shrub is <i>Corylus cornuta</i>. Other species found in this layer are <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> and <i>Prunus virginiana</i>. There is a low-shrub layer that consists of <i>Symphoricarpos</i> spp., <i>Spiraea betulifolia, Shepherdia argentea</i>, and <i>Ribes</i> spp. Common herbaceous species include <i>Actaea rubra, Maianthemum canadense, Carex</i> spp., <i>Aralia nudicaulis, Apo G2G3 G2 Paper Birch / Beaked Hazel W oodland 2 This paper birch / beaked hazelnut woodland is found in the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. Stands occur on slopes or rolling topography. In the southwest of its range, in the Killdeer Mountains of North Dakota, it is restricted to the top of steep north-facing slopes. In other parts of its range, it occurs on a variety of aspects. The overstory of this woodland community is dominated by <i>Betula papyrifera</i>. Other associates include <i>Populus tremuloides, Quercus macrocarpa</i>, and, less frequently, <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>. There is a vigorous shrub layer that is typically 1-2 m tall. <i>Corylus cornuta</i> is the most abundant species in this stratum. Other typical species include <i>Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Prunus virginiana</i>, and <i>Rosa woodsii</i>. The herbaceous layer has several species with northern affinities, such as <i>Galium boreale, Aralia nudicaulis, Clematis occidentalis, Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum canadense, Pyrola elliptica</i>, and <i>Linnaea bo G2G3 G2 Beech - Hardwoods Till Plain Flatwoods 2 This community is found in the central midwestern United States and possibly adjacent Canada. Stands occur on flat to undulating till or clay plains with imperfectly to poorly drained and aerated soils. This community is dominated by trees that can be found in both upland and lowland sites. Among the most common are <i>Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Quercus bicolor, Quercus macrocarpa</i>, and <i>Ulmus rubra</i>. Associates include <i>Carya ovata, Carya cordiformis, Celtis occidentalis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus rubra, Quercus shumardii</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i>. Typical shrub species include <i>Asimina triloba, Euonymus obovatus</i>, and <i>Lindera benzoin</i>. The herbaceous layer includes <i>Arisaema triphyllum (= Arisaema atrorubens), Actaea pachypoda, Circaea X intermedia (= Circaea canadensis), Galium</i> spp., and <i>Pilea pumila</i>, among others. G2G3 G2 Beech - Maple Glaciated Forest 1 This upland forest is found in the southern Great Lakes area of the United States and Canada. Stands occur on flat to rolling topography. In the southern parts of its range, it is more likely to be found on steeper slopes than in the northern portion. The soils are predominantly silt loam, loam, or sandy loam and develop over glacial till of W isconsin age. The community is characterized by a dense to moderately dense canopy of deciduous trees, an absent to sparse shrub layer, and a moderately to well-developed herbaceous layer. The canopy is composed primarily of <i>Acer saccharum</i> and <i>Fagus grandifolia</i>. <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> is sometimes codominant, and <i>Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus americana, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus rubra, Tilia americana</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i> are often present in the canopy or subcanopy. <i>Diervilla lonicera, Euonymus obovatus, Lonicera canadensis, Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa (= Sambucus pubens)</i>, and <i>Viburnum</i> spp. are typical shrubs. The G2G3 G2 Beech - Mixed Hardwood Floodplain Forest 2 This beech - hardwoods floodplain forest community is found in the central United States and adjacent Canada. Stands occur on high terraces of small stream floodplains. Soils are well-drained and at least partially alluvial in origin, flooding only occasionally. The closed, deciduous tree canopy has a mixed set of species, with few dominants. Typical constants include <i>Acer saccharum, Carya cordiformis, Celtis occidentalis, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus americana, Juglans nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus rubra, Tilia americana, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Ulmus rubra</i> among the more typical upland species, and <i>Acer negundo, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, and <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> among the more typical bottomland species. Perhaps the more dominant include <i>Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Liriodendron tulipifera, Platanus occidentalis</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i>. The tall shrubs, subcanopy trees, and vine species include <i>Carpinus caroliniana, Hamameli G2G3 G2 Green Ash - Elm W oody Draw 2 This community type occurs in the northwestern Great Plains of the United States. Stands occur in upland ravines and broad valleys or on moderately steep slopes. They also occurs along small permanent or ephemeral streams, including deep mesic ravines and canyon bottoms that are not flooded or saturated. On these sites, soil and topography permit greater than normal moisture. The soils are clay loams, sandy clay loam, and sandy loam, dry to moist, and moderately well-drained. The parent material is typically colluvium or alluvium. This community is an open- to closed-canopy woodland dominated by <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>. <i>Ulmus americana</i> or <i>Acer negundo</i> sometimes achieve codominance. In undisturbed stands, the understory is composed of two layers. The taller and more conspicuous layer is a shrub layer 2-3 m tall. This layer is dominated by <i>Prunus virginiana</i> with smaller amounts of <i>Symphoricarpos occidentalis</i> or more rarely <i>Ostrya virginiana</i>. The lower layer is dominated G2G3 G2 Central Tamarack - Red Maple Rich Swamp 2 This community is found in the central Great Lakes region, including southern Ontario, Canada and the northern parts of the central United States. Stands occur in minerotrophic conditions on glacial outwash drainages, stream headwaters, and kettle depressions. Tree canopy varies from open to closed canopy (25-100% canopy). <i>Larix laricina</i> is the dominant species, with at least 50% cover. Other canopy associates include <i>Acer rubrum, Fraxinus nigra, Betula alleghaniensis</i> and <i>Pinus strobus</i>. The shrub layer contains a diverse mix of species, including <i>Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa), Ilex verticillata, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda), Rhamnus alnifolia</i>, and <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i> (in the eastern parts of its range). <i>Alnus incana, Lindera benzoin, Toxicodendron vernix</i>, and <i>Viburnum lentago</i> may also be present. The herbaceous layer is also diverse, and includes <i>Carex</i> spp. (including <i>Carex stricta</i>), <i>Calamagr G2G3 G2 Wh ite Spruce / Twinflower Forest 1 This white spruce community type is known only from the Black Hills in the United States. It is on northwest- to northeast-facing slopes with loamy soils. It has been found at elevations ranging from 1768-1958 m. The canopy is closed and dominated by <i>Picea glauca</i>. <i>Populus tremuloides</i> and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> may also be present. There is a prominent shrub layer over a less dense herbaceous layer. Mosses and lichens are common. <i>Linnaea borealis</i> is the dominant understory species. <i>Juniperus communis, Mahonia repens, Rosa acicularis, Shepherdia canadensis</i>, and <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> are common shrub associates. In the herbaceous layer <i>Galium boreale, Hedysarum alpinum, Lathyrus ochroleucus</i>, and <i>Viola adunca</i> are common. G2G3 G2 Wh ite Spruce Alluvial Black Hills Forest 1 The white spruce alluvial forest type is only known from the Black Hills of the United States. In the Hills, it is restricted to higher elevations in the Central Core and on the Limestone Plateau. It occurs in both narrow high-gradient drainages, and in broader lower-gradient drainage bottoms. The type is characterized by somewhat open to closed canopies dominated by <i>Picea glauca</i>. The understory is highly variable. Smaller spruce and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>, as well as <i>Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera</i> and <i>Acer negundo</i>, may form a subcanopy. The understory may be sparse, with shrub and herbaceous cover each less than 25%. At other sites, the understory consists of species typical of riparian shrubland and wet meadow types, including <i>Salix bebbiana, Betula occidentalis, Cornus sericea, Calamagrostis canadensis</i>, and <i>Carex nebrascensis</i>. G2G3 G2 Mixed Conifer / Common Juniper Alvar Woodland 1 The mixed conifer / common juniper alvar woodland type occurs scattered through the Great Lakes region in the United States and Canada, from southern Ontario and northern Michigan, to northern New York. Stands occur on shallow soils over flat limestone or dolostone outcrops (pavements). The trees form a partial canopy with 25-60% cover. The tree canopy consists of a variable mixture of <i>Picea glauca, Thuja occidentalis, Pinus banksiana, Abies balsamea</i>, and <i>Pinus strobus</i>. The understory of this woodland is a mosaic of shrubby patches, exposed pavement, and grassy patches. The most abundant shrub is <i>Juniperus communis</i>; other characteristic shrubs include <i>Juniperus horizontalis, Shepherdia canadensis</i>, and <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i>. Characteristic herbs include <i>Isanthus brachiatus (= Trichostema brachiatum), Carex crawei, Packera paupercula (= Senecio pauperculus), Carex eburnea, Carex richardsonii</i>, and <i>Sporobolus vaginiflorus</i>. Areas of exposed limestone or dolostone G2? G2 Shortleaf Pine / Little Bluestem W oodland 2 This shortleaf pine rock outcrop woodland type is found in the Interior Highlands region of the United States. Stands occur on shallow rocky soils, especially on south-facing slopes and cliffs. Characteristic tree species include <i>Pinus echinata, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Quercus marilandica</i> and <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Shrubs and vines include <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. Herbaceous species include <i>Antennaria parlinii</i> and <i>Danthonia spicata</i>. This community type has been much reduced in extent. G2G3 G2 Wh ite Pine - (Red Pine) Driftless Bluff Forest 2 This pine bluff forest occurs on steep sandstone or, rarely, limestone bluffs in the Driftless Area of the upper midwestern United States. Stands occur in small patches 0.1-2 ha in size. The soils are shallow, poorly developed, and often acidic. Runoff and leaching are severe due to the slope and the porous nature of the bedrock. <i>Pinus strobus</i> typically dominates the overstory, with <i>Pinus resinosa</i> and <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> either present or locally dominant. Other hardwood associates include <i>Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Quercus alba, Quercus velutina, Ostrya virginiana</i>. The composition of the understory is variable but typically contains herbs and shrubs with more northerly distributions, such as <i>Diervilla lonicera, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Chimaphila umbellata, Gaultheria procumbens, Lycopodium obscurum, Mitchella repens, Pyrola americana (= Pyrola rotundifolia)</i>, and <i>Trientalis borealis</i>, as well as some prairie species G2G3 G2 Driftless W hite Pine - Northern Hardwoods Forest 2 This pine-hardwoods community is found in the 'Driftless Region' of southeastern Minnesota, United States. Stands occur on moist, steep north-facing slopes with thin soils, and are usually associated with cliffs, talus slopes, and bedrock outcrops. The tree canopy includes any combination of <i>Abies balsamea, Betula alleghaniensis</i>, and <i>Pinus strobus</i>. The shrub layer contains <i>Acer spicatum, Taxus canadensis</i>, and <i>Viburnum opulus var. americanum (= Viburnum trilobum)</i>. Characteristic herbaceous species include <i>Allium cernuum, Equisetum scirpoides, Streptopus lanceolatus var. longipes (= Streptopus roseus)</i>, and, more rarely, <i>Cornus canadensis</i>. G2? G2 Cottonwood / Switchgrass Floodplain Woodland 2 This community is found in the central and southern Great Plains of the United States. Stands occur in floodplains and along banks of permanent rivers or streams that flood periodically. Soils are deep, moderately poorly drained to somewhat well-drained, and vary from fine sandy loams to silty clay. A sparse to locally dense canopy of <i>Populus deltoides</i> dominates the open tree canopy, with <i>Salix amygdaloides</i> also present at many sites. The shrub layer is also poorly developed to nearly absent, with at most a sparse layer of <i>Shepherdia argentea</i> and <i>Symphoricarpos occidentalis</i>. The herbaceous understory is dominated by tall grasses 1-2 m tall, primarily <i>Panicum virgatum</i> and <i>Spartina pectinata</i>. Other graminoids frequently present include <i>Carex nebrascensis</i> and <i>Carex pellita</i>. In drier sites, the mid grasses <i>Bouteloua curtipendula, Pascopyrum smithii</i>, and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> may be common. Forb species present in W yoming stands include <i>Amb G2 G2 Cottonwood / W estern Snowberry Woodland 1 This riparian woodland community is found in the northwestern Great Plains of the United States on medium to coarse-textured alluvial soils on the floodplains of major rivers. The floodplains are both seasonally inundated and subirrigated. It is found more rarely at higher elevations in the mountains of eastern W yoming and western South Dakota. This community is dominated by a single deciduous tree species, <i>Populus deltoides</i>. In some stands other species, such as <i>Acer negundo</i> and <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, may contribute to the canopy. The tallest trees exceed 15 m. The shrub layer is typically 0.5-1 m tall. It is dominated by <i>Symphoricarpos occidentalis</i> and commonly includes <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> and <i>Rosa</i> spp. In W yoming, <i>Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)</i> is present and increases with heavy grazing. The herbaceous layer usually includes <i>Pascopyrum smithii</i>. W eedy species such as <i>Melilotus officinalis, Taraxacum officinale</i>, and <i>Poa sec G2G3 G2 Wh ite Oak - Post Oak / Bluestem Ozark W oodland 2 This white oak - post oak woodland community is found in the Ozarks and adjacent regions of the United States. Stands occur on gentle to steep hills, plains, ridges, and flats of all aspects. The soils are well- to very rapidly drained, and very shallow to deep (0-100 cm). The parent material is chert, sandstone, or igneous with areas of bedrock or rock residuum present at the surface. This woodland community has 20-60% tree canopy cover, which is short to medium in height (7-20 m) and dominated by species such as <i>Crataegus</i> spp., <i>Pinus echinata, Quercus alba, Quercus marilandica, Quercus stellata</i>, and <i>Quercus velutina</i>. The trees are often limby or shrubby in areas of sparse cover where bedrock is exposed. W hen an understory is present it is variable, consisting of a mosaic of scattered shrubs or groups of small trees. Shrubs include <i>Rhus aromatica, Vaccinium arboreum</i>, and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. The ground cover is dominated by grasses such as <i>Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyri G2G3 G2Lakeplain Mesic Oak W oodland 2 This community is found in the southern Great Lakes lakeplain of the United States and Canada, particularly in southwestern Michigan and southwestern Ontario. Stands occur on undisturbed sand ridges and raised areas in poorly drained glacial lakeplains. The soils are very loamy sands or sometimes sand. The pH is typically 5.0-7.2. Oaks (<i>Quercus alba, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus palustris</i>, and <i>Quercus velutina</i>) dominate the canopy, while the ground layer is dominated by <i>Amphicarpaea bracteata, Andropogon gerardii, Apios americana, Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex pensylvanica, Galium boreale</i>, and <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>. G2 G2 Western Tallgrass Bur Oak W oodland 2 This bur oak woodland community is associated with the floodplains of rivers and streams in the central-western tallgrass region of the midwestern United States. Stands occur on gentle to steep slopes with silt or loam soils. Soils are well-drained to moderately well-drained, sometimes shallow (0-40 cm), and formed from loess or glacial till. The overstory of this community is open and dominated by <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i>. <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> can be a common associate. Shrubs are absent to common, and include <i>Cornus drummondii, Ceanothus herbaceus (= Ceanothus ovatus), Corylus americana, Prunus americana, Rhus glabra, Ribes missouriense, Symphoricarpos occidentalis</i>, and <i>Zanthoxylum americanum</i>. The herbaceous stratum can be similar to dry prairie. It includes the grasses <i>Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus heterolepis</i>, and <i>Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)</i>, as well as <i>Maianthemum stellatum, Monarda fistulosa</i>, and <i>Sol G2G3 G2 Northwestern Great Plains Bur Oak Woodland2 This bur oak / beaked hazelnut is found in the north-central Great Plains of the United States and possibly adjacent prairie provinces in Canada. Stands occur on level to gentle lower slopes of isolated buttes and hills. The soils are sandy loams, with pH 7.0-7.5. The overstory of this community is dominated by deciduous tree species, especially <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i>, but including <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Populus tremuloides</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i>. <i>Prunus virginiana</i> may be present in the tree subcanopy, while the shrub layer may contain species such as <i>Amelanchier alnifolia, Corylus americana, Corylus cornuta</i>, and <i>Ribes missouriense</i>. The herbaceous contains species such as <i>Apocynum androsaemifolium, Aralia nudicaulis, Galium boreale</i>, and <i>Viola canadensis</i>. G2G3 G2 Bur Oak / Hophornbeam Forest 2 This bur oak community type is found in the Black Hills of the western United States. Stands occur at elevations of 1067-1400 m (3500-4600 feet) on gentle to moderately steep (14-47%) northerly slopes. Most occurrences are on upland slopes but some are along streams and gullies. The occurrences of this type along streams are often more floristically diverse than upland examples. The soils are sandy loams and loams with pH of 5.8-7.4. This community is dominated by closely spaced small trees of <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i>. In some areas across the range of this type <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> and <i>Prunus virginiana</i> may be present. <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> is present in the tree subcanopy. The shrub layer may contain <i>Prunus virginiana var. virginiana, Ribes</i> spp., and <i>Symphoricarpos occidentalis</i>. The herbaceous layer is moderately diverse. Species include <i>Carex siccata (= Carex foenea), Carex saximontana, Carex sprengelii, Elymus virginicus, Mahonia repens, Maianthemum stellatum, Phlox gr G2G3 G2 Chinquapin Oak - Bur Oak Ravine Woodland 2 This chinquapin oak - bur oak woodland community is found in the central tallgrass prairie region of the United States. Stands occur in dry-mesic ravines and valleys of rivers and major streams. This wooded community is found in a landscape that is primarily prairie. The canopy is not completely closed; it is thought to range from 25-80% cover. The tree layer is dominated by <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> and <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i>. <i>Cercis canadensis</i> and <i>Ulmus</i> spp. are common associates. There is usually a prominent shrub layer. The two most common shrubs are <i>Cornus drummondii</i> and <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i>. <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> and <i>Ulmus</i> spp. are often in the shrub layer, especially on sites that have not been burned recently. Herbaceous dominants include <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> and <i>Panicum virgatum</i>. Periodic fire is necessary to maintain the relatively open, woodland character. In the absence of fire this community soon begins to succeed to other, more G2 G2 Pin Oak - Post Oak Lowland Flatwoods 2 This pin oak - cherrybark oak bottomland or flatwoods forest community type is found in the central United States, principally in the Ohio and Mississippi River plains and tributaries. Stands occur on poorly drained terrace flats that are seasonally wet (mostly during winter and early spring and dry in late summer and early fall). Soils are slowly to very slowly permeable due to a high clay content or the presence of a fragipan. This results in a shallow, perched water table during the rainy season (winter and spring) and dry conditions during the summer and fall. Soils are silt loam to silty clay loam, deep, heavy, strongly acid (pH 5.1-5.5), and poorly drained. Dominant canopy species are <i>Quercus palustris</i> and <i>Quercus pagoda</i>. Other trees often encountered include <i>Ulmus americana, Fraxinus</i> spp., <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus shumardii</i>, and <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Severe floods due to dams may have eliminated <i>Quercus stellata</i> from most occurrences of this community. <i>Q G2G3 G2 Northern (Great Lakes) Flatwoods 2 This pin oak - swamp white oak flatwoods is found in the midwestern United States and adjacent Canada near Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. Stands occur on poorly drained uplands or in depressions on level glacial lakeplains or outwash plains. There is a layer of acidic sand over a layer of impermeable or nearly impermeable clay resulting in a shallow, perched water table. Ponding is common during the wet seasons and droughts in the summer, leading to a complex of forest upland and wetland species. Deciduous hardwoods and softwoods predominate. Diagnostic species include <i>Quercus bicolor, Quercus ellipsoidalis, Quercus palustris</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Other associates include <i>Ilex verticillata</i> and <i>Ulmus americana</i>. The herbaceous layer, which can be sparse, contains <i>Carex muskingumensis, Glyceria striata, Maianthemum canadense, Mitchella repens</i>, and <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i>. G2G3 G2 Pin Oak - Swamp W hite Oak Sand Flatwoods 2 This pin oak - swamp white oak sand flatwoods community is found in the midwestern United States and adjacent Canada. Stands occur on poorly drained uplands or in depressions on level glacial lakeplains or outwash plains. A perched water table over an impermeable clay layer leads to ponding in spring and droughts in summer. Deciduous hardwoods and softwoods dominate the tree canopy. Dominants include several oaks, <i>Quercus palustris</i> and <i>Quercus bicolor</i>, as well as <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. The shrub layer may contain <i>Ilex verticillata, Spiraea tomentosa</i>, and <i>Vaccinium angustifolium</i>. Herbaceous species include <i>Maianthemum canadense, Mitchella repens, Osmunda cinnamomea</i>, and <i>Osmunda regalis</i>. G2? G2 Post Oak - Blackjack Oak / Bluestem Sand W oodland 2 This post oak - blackjack oak woodland community is found in the alluvial sand terraces of the Upper Mississippi River Delta and lower W abash River regions of the United States. Stands on Crowley's Ridge occur on dry rolling hills and plains, and on knolls and ridges on terraces. It is associated with well-drained to rapidly drained soils derived from alluvial or eolian deposits. This woodland is part of a forest - woodland - grassland mosaic in which fire and wind play an important role. Periodic fires prevent woody vegetation from excluding the grasses and associated shade intolerant plants, while winds deposit and move the sandy substrate. The vegetation is an oak or mixed hardwood woodland complex with variable tree cover ranging from 10-60%. It is open-grown and often limby with natural pruning by fire. The tree canopy is short to medium in height (7-20 m) and dominated by <i>Quercus stellata, Quercus marilandica</i>, and <i>Quercus falcata</i>. A woody understory is generally absent; when present it is G2 G2 Ozark/Ouachita Post Oak - Blackjack Oak / Little Bluestem W oodland 2 This post oak - blackjack oak woodland type occurs in the central United States, particularly in the Interior Low Plateau and Interior Highlands region. Stands occur on gentle to steep hills and plains, bluff escarpments, and broad ridges and flats with any aspect, but primarily south- and west-facing slopes. Soils are rapidly to very rapidly drained, shallow, and strewn with boulders, cobbles, gravel, and sand. Soil pH is neutral to slightly acid. Bedrock can be sandstone, chert, or igneous rock and is often exposed. The tree canopy is short to medium (7-20 m), spreading, open, and limby. Dominant species include <i>Quercus stellata</i> and/or <i>Quercus marilandica</i>. Other species may form a minor canopy component, scattered in the canopy, and include (e.g., <i>Quercus velutina, Quercus rubra, Quercus alba</i>, and <i>Carya alba</i>). The understory is very poorly developed, consisting of a few widely scattered shrubs and small trees, including, in addition to the dominant trees, <i>Ulmus alata</i> and < G2G3 G2 Post Oak Flatwoods 2 This dry post oak flatwoods type is found in the central midwestern United States. Stands occur on both glaciated and unglaciated areas, with the majority of the range over glacial till of Illinoisan age, to the north of the Ohio River. Stands occur on level or nearly level sites. Soils contain a well-developed subsurface hardpan that is impermeable or nearly impermeable, causing a shallowly perched water table. The soil moisture fluctuates widely throughout the growing season. Depressions may form seasonal or ephemeral (vernal) ponds. The vegetation contains a dominant tree layer with an average canopy cover of 80% or more. Trees may be stunted due to the unfavorable soil conditions. The canopy is typically strongly dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i>, but may include <i>Quercus alba, Quercus bicolor, Quercus falcata, Quercus marilandica</i>, and, more rarely, <i>Quercus palustris</i>. In Illinois, the shrub and woody vine strata may contain <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Rosa carolina, Rubus allegheniensi G2G3 G2 Northern W hite-cedar - Yellow Birch Forest 2 This upland white-cedar - hardwood forest is found in the northern Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, and portions of central Canada. Stands occur on poorly drained lowland soils, occasionally bordering on wet, organic soils. The soil is typically moderately acidic, sandy clay with a thin litter layer. The canopy of this community is dominated by <i>Thuja occidentalis</i> and a variety of hardwoods, most typically <i>Betula alleghaniensis, Betula papyrifera</i>, and <i>Populus tremuloides</i>, but occasionally <i>Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum</i>, and <i>Fraxinus nigra</i>. Associated conifers include <i>Abies balsamea, Picea glauca</i>, and, rarely, <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. The understory usually contains a well-developed shrub/sapling layer, including <i>Abies balsamea, Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Linnaea borealis, Ribes triste, Rubus pubescens</i>, and <i>Taxus canadensis</i>. Herbaceous species include <i>Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), G2Q G2 Appalachian Cliff W hite-cedar Woodland 2 This white-cedar cliff woodland type is found in the Appalachian and Allegheny Plateau region of the United States. The type extends to near the southern limit of <i>Thuja occidentalis</i>, in the southeastern Highland Rim of Kentucky and Tennessee, where it tends to increase its distinctiveness from more northern communities. Stands occur on north-facing bluffs or cliffs of dolomite or limestone, where dip slopes provide slight seepage and maintain humidity higher than the regional average, or provide a cooler-than-normal microclimate. In Ohio it occurs as pure isolated patches on steep calcareous cliffs. It is also found as mixed stands on the uplands above the cliffs. Stands are dominated by coniferous trees but can have a significant amount of deciduous species. The structure of this association can vary from a stunted, very open canopy of <i>Thuja</i> to a mixed conifer-deciduous woodland approaching a forest structure. Canopy species other than <i>Thuja occidentalis</i> vary with geography. The most abu G2G3 G2 Hemlock - Sugar Maple Relict Forest 2 This hemlock forest type occurs in the 'Driftless Region' of southern W isconsin, of the United States. Stands occur on steep north-facing, thin soil slopes and cool protected ravines that are associated with cliffs in the unglaciated part of W isconsin. The tree canopy is tall and dominated by <i>Acer saccharum</i> and <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>, with <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i> always present. Other associates may include <i>Carya cordiformis, Fraxinus americana, Pinus strobus, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Tilia americana</i>. The shrub/sapling layer is not well-developed and contains <i>Acer spicatum, Hamamelis virginiana, Ostrya virginiana, Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa (= Sambucus pubens)</i>, and occasional <i>Acer rubrum</i>. The herbaceous layer contains a mix of southern and northern species; southern species include <i>Circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis (= Circaea quadrisulcata), Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (= Hepatica acutiloba), Hydrophyllum virginianum, Osmorhiza claytonii</i>, and <i>Podophyllum pelta G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Xeric Post Oak W oodland 2 This woodland occurs on narrow, topographically isolated, convex ridgetops and interstream divides in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain within a landscape heavily dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>. The canopy is strongly dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i> with lesser amounts of <i>Pinus palustris, Quercus incana</i> and <i>Quercus marilandica</i> present. <i>Pinus palustris</i> stems although not usually dominant, may be much taller than the hardwoods. The sparse to patchy understory includes some species indicative of xeric moisture status in the region, such as <i>Stylisma pickeringii, Tradescantia reverchonii, Tragia urticifolia, Croton argyranthemus, Froelichia floridana</i>, and <i>Cnidoscolus texanus</i>. G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Dry Post Oak W oodland 2 This woodland occurs on narrow, topographically isolated, convex ridgetops and interstream divides on the W est Gulf Coastal Plain within a landscape heavily dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>. The canopy is strongly dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Lesser amounts of <i>Carya texana, Pinus palustris</i>, and <i>Quercus marilandica</i> are present in most examples. <i>Pinus palustris</i> often occurs in the canopy and, although not usually dominant, may be much taller than the hardwoods which are present. A fairly well-developed midstory is present, with <i>Quercus marilandica, Pinus taeda, Cornus florida, Carya texana</i>, and a variety of shrubs, including <i>Callicarpa americana, Ilex vomitoria, Sassafras albidum, Viburnum rufidulum, Persea borbonia</i>, and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>. This community most often occurs as inclusions within a matrix of ~<i>Pinus palustris / Schizachyrium scoparium - Rudbeckia grandiflora</i> var. <i>alismifolia</i> W oodland (CEGL003572)$$. G2 G2 Sandhill/Pocosin Ecotone 1 This community occurs in narrow bands between various sandhill communities and streamhead pocosins, in the Fall-line Sandhills of North Carolina and South Carolina. In floristic composition it typically resembles Outer Coastal Plain savannas and flatwoods, but lacks some of the Outer Coastal Plain species, and has some species (often from the adjacent sandhill and streamhead pocosins) not present in Outer Coastal Plain savannas and flatwoods. The fire dynamics of this community are also different, since it occurs in narrow bands between peaty wetlands and xeric sandhills, rather than in large, flat expanses. Many of the plant species in this community occur in no other community in the landscape. Species found in this association which are more prevalent in this community than in Outer Coastal Plain savannas and flatwoods include <i>Oxydendrum arboreum, Calamovilfa brevipilis, Chasmanthium laxum, Doellingeria sericocarpoides (= Aster sericocarpoides), Glyceria obtusa</i>, and <i>Hexastylis minor</i>. Species G2 G2 Mesic Mixed Mount Magazine Forest 2 This association is known from moist, north-facing, calcareous lower slopes of Mount Magazine (Arkansas River Valley, Magazine Mountain Subsection, Logan County, Arkansas); it ranges into the Boston Mountains, and possibly in areas of the Ouachita Mountains. Canopy species include <i>Acer barbatum, Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, Juglans nigra, Carya cordiformis, Tilia americana (var. americana</i> and/or <i>Tilia americana var. caroliniana), Celtis laevigata, Gleditsia triacanthos, Ulmus alata, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Ulmus rubra</i>. Forests of this alliance are typically not oak-dominated, but <i>Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, Quercus shumardii</i>, and <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> may be present at low frequency or in areas transitional to stands of greater oak dominance. The subcanopy stratum may include <i>Acer barbatum, Acer saccharum, Aesculus glabra var. glabra, Asimina triloba, Carpinus caroliniana, Cercis canadensis, Morus rubra</i>, and <i>Ostrya virginiana</i>. Shrubs and woody vines may in G2 G2 Southern Edwards Plateau Bigtooth Maple Canyon Forest 2 This association includes mesic canyon forests of the southern Edwards Plateau, from Kendall County west to Real County, Texas. The canopy is dominated by mixtures of <i>Acer grandidentatum, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus buckleyi, Quercus laceyi, Juglans major, Prunus serotina var. eximia, Fraxinus texensis, Juniperus ashei</i>, and (locally) <i>Tilia americana var. caroliniana</i>. The shrub stratum is diverse, including many species common in the surrounding landscape, as well as species more characteristic of this community, such as <i>Lindera benzoin, Philadelphus texensis, Styrax platanifolius ssp. stellatus, Ungnadia speciosa, Frangula caroliniana</i>, and <i>Cornus drummondii</i>. The herb stratum is dominated by <i>Carex edwardsiana</i>; other species include <i>Aquilegia canadensis</i> and <i>Verbesina virginica var. virginica</i>. <i>Chaetopappa effusa</i> and <i>Tragia nigricans</i> are characteristic and distinguish this type from the related ~<i>Acer grandidentatum - (Quercus muehlenbergii) / Ca G2 G2 2 This forest occurs in the most mesic canyons of the Guadalupe Mountains in the Trans-Pecos of Texas. It is dominated by the two nominal species. Other species which may occur in small numbers are the deciduous <i>Ostrya knowltonii</i> and the evergreen <i>Arbutus xalapensis, Juniperus deppeana, Pinus edulis, Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum</i>, and <i>Quercus grisea</i>. The shrub and herb strata are relatively sparse. This forest occurs in the most sheltered habitats, on upper stream terraces and canyonheads. This community grades to slightly less mesic mixed evergreen-deciduous forests and woodlands. G2? G2 Piedmont Streamside Seepage Swamp 2 This streamside seepage vegetation is found in the southeastern Piedmont of North Carolina. It occurs along small, low-gradient streams. Sites are intermittently flooded, and nearly permanently saturated by water from the streambed as well as from upland runoff. Soils often have some silt content and usually have a clay layer at approximately one foot that inhibits infiltration. Characteristic canopy species include the nominals as well as <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica, Magnolia virginiana, Diospyros virginiana</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i>. The understory contains <i>Ilex opaca var. opaca, Ilex verticillata, Euonymus americanus, Itea virginica, Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Alnus serrulata, Amelanchier arborea, Cyrilla racemiflora</i>, and <i>Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia)</i>. The herbaceous layer is dominated by <i>Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Scutellaria integrifolia, Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Smilax laurifolia</i>, and <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i> G2G3 G2 Sandstone Seepage Forest/Woodland 2 This acidic seepage forest community occurs on nearly level sandstone plateaus of Mount Magazine, Arkansas, where intermittent streams meander through oak forests. The canopy is open to closed and is characterized by <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i> and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>, although other tree species characteristic of surrounding forests (such as <i>Quercus alba</i> and <i>Carya alba</i>) may also occur. Shrubs are few, but <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i> may form thickets. Herbs include <i>Rhexia mariana var. interior, Lobelia puberula, Juncus effusus, Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, Agrostis hyemalis, Dichanthelium dichotomum var. dichotomum, Scutellaria elliptica, Eupatorium perfoliatum</i>, and <i>Deschampsia flexuosa</i>. <i>Sphagnum lescurii, Sphagnum</i> sp. (section <i>Sphagnum</i>), and <i>Polytrichum commune</i> are common. This community has much more depauperate floristic composition compared to ~<i>Acer rubrum</i> var. <i>trilobum - Liquidambar styraciflua - Magnolia tripetala / Osmunda regalis - (Cypri G2? G2 Interior Forested Acidic Seep 2 This forested acid seep occurs at the base of steep to moderate slopes where water percolates out through Cretaceous or Pennsylvanian sands and gravels. Stands are known primarily from the northern part of the Upper Coastal Plain of Kentucky and Tennessee, but it is also reported from Kentucky's Shawnee Hills. Soils are deep, and often gravelly or sandy. Common or characteristic trees include <i>Acer rubrum, Betula nigra, Liquidambar styraciflua, Fagus grandifolia, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Quercus pagoda</i>. Small trees and shrubs characteristic of the seeps include <i>Styrax americanus, Rhododendron canescens, Ilex opaca, Carpinus caroliniana, Photinia</i> spp. (= <i>Aronia</i> spp.), <i>Cornus foemina, Itea virginica, Viburnum nudum var. nudum</i>, and <i>Vaccinium</i> spp. (including <i>Vaccinium fuscatum</i>). The ground cover consists of herbaceous species such as <i>Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, W oodwardia areolata, Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens, Carex</i> spp., <i>Jun G2G3 G2 Cumberland Open Acidic Seep 2 This association includes open acid seeps found on broad sandstone ridges in the Appalachian Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee. This open woodland seep association has a very open canopy containing <i>Acer rubrum, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Oxydendrum arboreum</i>, and <i>Kalmia latifolia</i>. Some areas lack a canopy and are dominated by shrubs or herbs. Shrubs include <i>Alnus serrulata, Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa), Ilex verticillata</i>, and <i>Itea virginica</i>. Ferns and sedges are locally dominant and <i>Sphagnum</i>-dominated pockets are common with <i>Sphagnum palustre</i> typical. Herbs include <i>Carex atlantica, Carex stricta, Carex bromoides ssp. bromoides, Carex leptalea, Chasmanthium laxum</i> (on margins), <i>Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Thelypteris noveboracensis, W oodwardia areolata, Lygodium palmatum, Scirpus cyperinus, Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum, Rhexia</i> spp., <i>Mimulus</i> spp., <i>Eupatorium fistulosum</i>, and <i>Lycopodiella a G2G3 G2 Acer rubrum var. trilobum / Morella caroliniensis - Gaylussacia frondosa / Andropogon glomeratus - (Sarracenia flava) W oodland 2 Seasonally saturated, open-canopied, acid seeps in the Uwharrie Mountains portion of the Piedmont of North Carolina, where they are part of a hillside seepage bog complex. The vegetation is patchy with areas of open canopy and areas with no canopy. Shrubs may be sparse to dense. Canopy species include <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica, Oxydendrum arboreum, Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa biflora, Pinus palustris</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. <i>Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa), Vaccinium formosum, Viburnum rufidulum, Alnus serrulata</i>, and <i>Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia)</i> occur in the shrub layers. The herb layer may contain <i>Andropogon glomeratus, Calamovilfa brevipilis, Symphyotrichum dumosum var. dumosum (= Aster dumosus var. dumosus), Danthonia spicata, Eupatorium leucolepis var. leucolepis, Eupatorium rotundifolium, Hypericum setosum, Osmunda cinnamomea var. cinnamomea, Panicum virgatum, Pogonia op G2 G2 Cayur - Mangle Boton / Acrostichum Bosque 1 G2G3 G2 1 This community occurs in most of the ranges of the Trans-Pecos; composition differs from range to range. Additional information is needed to separate the community associations occurring in various ranges (Davis Mountains, Guadalupe Mountains, Glass Mountains, Sierra Vieja). Typical evergreen components include <i>Arbutus xalapensis, Quercus grisea, Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus pinchotii, Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum</i>, and <i>Pinus edulis</i>. Typical deciduous components include <i>Acer grandidentatum, Quercus muehlenbergii, Ostrya knowltonii</i>, and <i>Juglans microcarpa</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Nolina texana, Dasylirion leiophyllum</i>, and <i>Agave parryi ssp. neomexicana (= Agave neomexicana)</i>. G2? G2 Southern Appalachian Hardwood Rich Boulderfield Forest 1 This association includes boulderfield forests of the southern Appalachians, with abundant <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>, but in habitats that allow for more diverse canopies, including other species such as <i>Aesculus flava, Betula lenta</i>, and <i>Tilia americana var. heterophylla</i>. This community occurs in a cool, humid climate, on steep, rocky, northwest- to northeast-facing, middle to upper concave slopes, or in saddles between ridges, at moderate to high elevations (610-1220 m [2000-4000 feet]) of the Blue Ridge and possibly ranging into the Cumberland Mountains and adjacent Ridge and Valley and Appalachian Plateau provinces. It grows on bouldery talus and is often associated with small streams and seepage. <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i> in the canopy are often stunted and gnarled, with roots that may have grown to encircle the boulders. The canopy is much more open than the surrounding forest and tree windthrow is common, leaving patches of exposed mineral soil and gaps in the canopy. A woody layer o G2G3 G2 Southern Appalachian Boulderfield Forest (Currant and Rockcap Fern Type) 1 This association includes high-elevation boulderfield forests of the southern Appalachians, strongly dominated by <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>, with few or no other species in the canopy, and with other species indicative of high elevations. This community occurs in a cool, humid climate, on steep, rocky, northwest- to northeast-facing, middle to upper concave slopes, or in saddles between ridges, at elevations of 1370-1615 m (4500-5300 feet). It is known from the high elevations of the Blue Ridge from W est Virginia south to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. This forest is distinguished by a closed to somewhat open canopy dominated by <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>, occurring over angular rocks (0.25-1 m diameter) covered by thin soil, lichens, mosses or vines. The rocks may be almost totally covered by moss. <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i> in the canopy are often stunted and gnarled, with roots that may have grown to encircle the boulders. Tree density is typically less than that of the surrounding fo G2G3 G2 Central Appalachian High-Elevation Boulderfield Forest 2 This community is known from high elevations of the northern Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, and Allegheny Mountains in Virginia and W est Virginia. It occupies steep, boulder-strewn slopes at elevations from 975 m (3200 feet) to over 1250 m (4100 feet). The type is most frequent and extensive on straight or concave, middle to upper slopes with northerly aspects, but is found occasionally on slopes with other aspects. Surface substrate is characterized by a surface cover of angular boulders weathered from granite, metabasalt (greenstone), quartzite, or sandstone. This vegetation type has a closed to open canopy overwhelmingly dominated by <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>. The canopy trees are usually stunted and gnarled, exhibiting the effects of frequent ice and wind damage. Tree density is typically less than that of the surrounding forests. <i>Sorbus americana</i> and <i>Prunus pensylvanica</i> are minor canopy associates. Small tree and shrub densities are variable; <i>Sorbus americana</i> and <i>Acer spicatum</ G2 G2 Montane Basic Hardwood - (Red-cedar) Woodland 2 These montane woodlands of the Southern Blue Ridge are currently known from the lower mountains of North Carolina, Georgia and Virginia, at 750-1150 m (2500-3800 feet) elevation, on sites with biotite gneiss geology with veins of base-rich hornblende gneiss. They have open and stunted canopies (3-8 m tall), with or without gnarly <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> and various deciduous species, typically <i>Carya glabra, Fraxinus americana, Quercus prinus, Ostrya virginiana</i>, and <i>Chionanthus virginicus</i>. Occurrences are often physiognomic complexes of woodland, grassland, and rock outcropping, and are often associated with southern or eastern exposures on granitic domes or rocky summits. Some occurrence lack <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> but retain the same suite of species that are indicative of high base status rock. Shrubs are scattered or locally abundant and may include <i>Ptelea trifoliata, Physocarpus opulifolius, Hypericum prolificum, Vaccinium stamineum, Vaccinium pallidum, Lonicera f G2 G2 Blue Ridge Calcareous Shale Slope Woodland (Shrubby Type) 2 These deciduous or mostly deciduous edaphically maintained woodlands are known from the Southern Blue Ridge of Tennessee and Virginia, possibly ranging into the adjacent Ridge and Valley. These woodlands occur as small openings on steep slopes, below 3000 feet elevation, on outcrops with mixtures of calcareous shales, siltstones, and sandstones. These xeric woodlands have canopies typically dominated by <i>Carya glabra, Fraxinus americana</i>, and <i>Quercus prinus</i>. In addition, <i>Ulmus alata, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Quercus rubra</i> and <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> may also be present in the canopy. Shrub cover can be sparse to moderately dense. Typical shrubs include <i>Philadelphus hirsutus</i> and <i>Ostrya virginiana</i>. Other shrubs and small trees may include <i>Acer leucoderme, Cornus florida, Celtis tenuifolia, Staphylea trifolia, Cercis canadensis, Chionanthus virginicus, Ulmus rubra, Ptelea trifoliata</i>, and <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i>. The ground cover is spa G2 G2 Pignut Hickory - Southern Basswood - Southern Sugar Maple / Mottled Trillium Forest 2 This association is a mesic to dry-mesic forest occurring on calcareous or other base-rich or circumneutral soils in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina and possibly adjacent states. Stands are dominated by a mixture of calciphilic deciduous trees, including <i>Acer barbatum, Carya glabra, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus americana, Quercus pagoda, Quercus shumardii, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Ulmus rubra</i>. Calciphilic small trees, shrubs, and herbs dominate, including such species as <i>Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Arundinaria gigantea, Carex basiantha, Carex godfreyi, Cercis canadensis, Cornus asperifolia, Dichanthelium boscii, Elytraria caroliniensis, Fleischmannia incarnata (= Eupatorium incarnatum), Frangula caroliniana, Morus rubra, Ostrya virginiana, Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Sabal minor, Sanicula canadensis var. canadensis (= Sanicula canadensis var. floridana), Smallanthus uvedalius</i>, and <i>Trillium maculatum</i>. This association is currently broadly defined and needs G2G3 G2 Gulf Coastal Plain Catalpa - W illow Forest 2 This sandbar community occurs along small rivers and large creeks in the Red Hills of Alabama (East Gulf Coastal Plain), and apparently also in adjacent portions of the East Gulf Coastal Plain. This forest / woodland / shrubland has a variable physiognomy in height and canopy closure, from 4-20 m in height, and from open to closed canopy. <i>Catalpa bignonioides</i> and <i>Salix nigra</i> are the dominant trees. <i>Brunnichia ovata</i> is abundant and forms tangles and festoons over trees and shrubs. <i>Eupatorium serotinum</i> is a characteristic herbaceous species. G2G3 G2 Sandhills Atlantic W hite-cedar Streamside Forest 1 This forest, found along streams or at seepages in the Fall-line Sandhills, is usually dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>, but possesses a mixed-species canopy with <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> usually present. It is found in the Sandhills area of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, but is possible on the outer coastal terraces of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The ground surface has little exposed soil. The community is not flood-prone, nor exposed to frequent fire. It occurs at seepage areas where water infiltration is impeded by an impervious clay layer and therefore flows out where the hardpan intersects the soil surface, usually on a slope and often creating a streamhead. The community also occurs at streamsides of small blackwater streams. Soils are generally acidic and saturated throughout the year and often are of the Torhunta (Typic Humaquept) and Johnston (Cumulic Humaquept) series. The canopy contains <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>, with <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, P G2 G2 Gulf Coastal Plain W hite-cedar Swamp 2 This forest is dominated by a mixed <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides - Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i> canopy which typically ranges between 65 and 80% cover. A subcanopy of <i>Nyssa biflora</i> and <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i> is present. <i>Sabal palmetto</i> and <i>Serenoa repens</i> are abundant on hummocks. This community occurs in large, constantly saturated basins or poorly drained flats which are inundated under several feet of water during the high precipitation/low evapotranspiration period of spring. The sandy subsoil is overtopped by thick peat and muck. Fire is an infrequent event. G2 G2 Central Florida Atlantic W hite-cedar Hydric Hammock 1 This association includes hydric hammock forests found in the central peninsula of Florida. These forests are dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides, Sabal palmetto</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>, with <i>Quercus nigra, Persea palustris, Gordonia lasianthus</i>, and <i>Pinus serotina</i> at lower cover values. The subcanopy additionally has <i>Ilex cassine, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Nyssa biflora</i>. Shrubs are prominent, dominated by <i>Sabal palmetto, Serenoa repens, Ilex coriacea, Ilex cassine, Illicium parviflorum, Chamaecyparis thyoides, Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Agarista populifolia</i>, and <i>Lyonia lucida</i>. This association occurs in saturated, high-pH areas along streams in north-central Florida. It is documented along Mormon Branch on Ocala National Forest. G2 G2 Steephead W hite-cedar Woodland 1 This community is associated with "steephead streams" in the Florida Panhandle and adjacent Alabama, and shows some floristic, landscape, and conceptual similarities to streamhead Atlantic white-cedar forests of the Carolina Sandhills. Occurrences are normally linear, from 30-100 m wide, and extend along streams in saturated, highly acidic, coarse-sandy situations. This wetland community is a saturated sparse woodland with 5-50% canopy of scattered <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>, often with <i>Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana</i>, and <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i>. The shrub layer is fairly open to very dense, and may contain <i>Cyrilla racemiflora, Cliftonia monophylla, Lyonia lucida, Ilex coriacea, Ilex glabra</i>, and <i>Serenoa repens</i>. The herb stratum includes species such as <i>Rhynchospora</i> spp., <i>Carex lonchocarpa, W oodwardia areolata</i>, and <i>Sarracenia rubra ssp. gulfensis</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. are often common. G2? G2 Gulf Coastal Plain Streamside W hite-cedar Swamp 1 This association, of the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi, occurs along small blackwater or spring-fed streams not subject to much flooding or siltation. This community is an uneven-aged mixed forest consisting of a <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> canopy often overtopping the <i>Magnolia virginiana - Cliftonia monophylla</i> subcanopy. Other tree species which may be present include <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i> and <i>Nyssa biflora</i>. The shrub stratum (<i>Clethra alnifolia, Cyrilla racemiflora, Ilex coriacea, Lyonia lucida</i>) and herbaceous stratum (<i>Orontium aquaticum, Mitchella repens, Drosera</i> sp., <i>Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis</i>) are both well-developed. This community occurs in isolated populations in northeastern Florida and in more extensive but discontinuous stands along the northern Gulf coast from the central Florida panhandle through Alabama to Mississippi. Some northeastern Florida examples may lack <i>Cliftonia</i>. Soils m G2G3 G2 Peatland Atlantic W hite-cedar Forest 2 <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides / Persea palustris / Lyonia lucida - Ilex coriacea</i> Forest is found in flat, non-alluvial peatlands, on organic soils that are permanently saturated. Its range is the Atlantic Coastal Plain in southern Virginia, North Carolina and possibly South Carolina. Typical occurrences have a canopy strongly dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>, with scattered <i>Acer rubrum, Nyssa biflora</i>, and <i>Persea palustris</i> in the canopy and subcanopy. An open to dense shrub stratum typically contains <i>Persea palustris, Lyonia lucida, Clethra alnifolia, Ilex glabra, Ilex coriacea, Smilax laurifolia, Vaccinium formosum, Magnolia virginiana</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa)</i>. The herb stratum is generally very sparse, but may include <i>W oodwardia areolata, W oodwardia virginica</i>, and <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> spp., other mosses, and lichens are common on exposed peat and rotting wood. Establishment follows fire with a return time of 25-100+ years. G2 G2 1 This community is a short woodland or tall shrubland community of subtropical Florida, with canopy height ranging from 2.5-8 m. Canopy closure averages 50-65% providing "an ideal habitat for most of the sun-adapted bromeliads" (Hilsenbeck et al. 1979). The canopy consists of <i>Conocarpus erectus, Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans, Metopium toxiferum, Persea palustris, Sabal palmetto</i>, and <i>Taxodium ascendens</i>. Epiphytes present include <i>Tillandsia utriculata, Tillandsia X smalliana, Tillandsia balbisiana, Tillandsia fasciculata, Tillandsia paucifolia, Tillandsia flexuosa, Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana, Phlebodium aureum, Encyclia tampensis</i>, and <i>Vanilla barbellata</i>. G2 G2 Eastern Mayhaw Pond 1 This community occurs in sinkholes and other isolated upland depressions of the South Atlantic and East Gulf coastal plains of Georgia and Florida. It is strongly dominated by trees and large shrubs of <i>Crataegus aestivalis</i>. There are generally few or no herb species present. G2G3 G2 Rufous Mayhaw Pond 1 This association accommodates isolated seasonal depression ponds dominated by <i>Crataegus rufula</i>, which occur in southwestern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and Panhandle Florida. Few other plants are present other than scattered <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>. G2G3 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Beech - Magnolia Forest 1 This W est Gulf Coastal Plain beech-magnolia forest displays a well-developed three-layered structure; a closed upper canopy of <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> with occasional representatives of <i>Magnolia grandiflora, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i>. Midstory trees are prevalent, with <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana</i> and <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> being most important, although <i>Ilex opaca var. opaca, Cornus florida</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> are also common components. The relatively sparse shrub stratum is dominated by <i>Ilex vomitoria, Callicarpa americana, Hamamelis virginiana, Frangula caroliniana, Styrax americanus</i>, and <i>Vaccinium elliottii</i>. The woody vine <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i> can be abundant. An herbaceous stratum of species typical of mesic, acid, hardwood forests of the region is sparsely present amid dense hardwood leaf litter. G2 G2 2 This association includes beech-magnolia forests of small perennial stream bottoms within the range of <i>Pinus palustris</i>; it is described from the central and eastern Florida parishes of Louisiana. This forest is found on knolls and broad flats over acidic silt/sand loams in floodplains of small streams, where it is subject to regular but brief flooding events (typically 1-5 floods each year, lasting from 1-3 days each). These floods usually result from late-winter and early-spring rains. Canopies are diverse, with a mixture of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved trees. Some pines (sep. <i>Pinus taeda</i>) may be present. The shrub layer is also diverse. G2G3 G2 Atlantic Coastal Plain Acidic Loam Beech - Magnolia Forest 1 This forest occurs in ravines, protected coves, and sometimes on broad upland flats protected from fire in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. These are upland sites which are not subject to flooding, or sometimes in temporarily flooded situations. Intact examples are closed canopy consisting of <i>Fagus grandifolia, Magnolia grandiflora, Pinus glabra, Quercus alba, Quercus hemisphaerica</i>, and <i>Carya glabra</i>. The subcanopy includes <i>Ilex opaca, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Cornus florida</i>, and <i>Persea borbonia</i>. The shrub stratum includes <i>Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta, Callicarpa americana, Euonymus americanus, Hamamelis virginiana, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Symplocos tinctoria, Vaccinium elliottii</i>, and <i>Vaccinium virgatum</i>. The herb stratum is very open, and may contain <i>Mitchella repens, Hexastylis arifolia var. arifolia, Polystichum acrostichoides</i>, and <i>Scleria triglomerata</i>. The vascular epiphytes <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana</i> and <i>Tillan G2G3 G2 Red Hills Beech - Magnolia Forest 1 This is a generally circumneutral beech - magnolia association which occurs on slopes in the Alabama Red Hills area. It occurs in mesic conditions on slopes of various aspects. <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> are canopy dominants in most stands, with <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> generally more abundant. Other canopy dominants include <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Fraxinus americana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Magnolia macrophylla, Quercus pagoda, Ostrya virginiana, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i>. <i>Carya carolinae-septentrionalis</i> is a characteristic but not constant species, which occurs in many stands of this association in the Alabama Red Hills, but does not occur in Florida, or west of the Mississippi River. The subcanopy can be dominated by <i>Magnolia grandiflora, Ostrya virginiana, Halesia diptera, Ilex opaca, Magnolia macrophylla, Fagus grandifolia</i>, and/or <i>Cornus florida</i>. Also of interest are <i>Magnolia py G2? G2 Woodville Karst Plain Hardwood Forest 1 This mixed mesic forest is found between the lower W akulla River and the St. Marks River, over large flat areas where limestone is close to the surface. This region is locally known as the W oodville Karst Plain. The canopy is typically dominated by <i>Fagus grandifolia, Pinus glabra</i>, and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>. In addition, <i>Quercus laurifolia</i> is also a component. <i>Serenoa repens</i> is a typical shrub. Depressions in this community contain individuals of <i>Sabal palmetto</i> which extend into the canopy. More information is needed on the total floristics of this association. G2G3 G2 Gulf Coastal Plain Loess Bluff Beech - Oak Forest (Northern Type) 2 This forest, dominated by <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> and <i>Quercus </i>spp., occurs on deep loess soils in the Gulf Coastal Plain region of Arkansas, northern Mississippi, western Tennessee, and western Kentucky. Examples are diverse mesic hardwood forests found on southern Crowley's Ridge (Arkansas) and related loess bluffs east of the Mississippi River. These forests have a rich species composition of mesic flora, including some species restricted, or nearly so, to this habitat in the region. <i>Fagus grandifolia </i>and <i>Quercus alba</i> and/or <i>Quercus rubra</i> may be the most important species in the canopy, although <i>Fagus</i> is often the single most dominant tree (other locally mesic stands dominated by oaks rather than <i>Fagus</i> would be accommodated by ~<i>Quercus (rubra, alba, velutina) / Acer barbatum / Asimina triloba</i> Forest (CEGL004069)$$). The presence of <i>Quercus rubra</i> is an important component of these stands and helps to distinguish this association from related types (gen G2G3 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Beech - W hite Oak Forest (Subcalcareous Type) 2 This mesic, subcalcareous forest of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of eastern Texas and western Louisiana is typically dominated by an uneven-aged canopy of <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> and <i>Quercus alba</i>. It is further characterized by a rich, vernal understory flora and the presence of a number of species which indicate both mesic and calciphilic habitats in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain, such as <i>Acer leucoderme, Acer barbatum, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Hamamelis virginiana, Solidago auriculata, Lithospermum tuberosum, Cynoglossum virginianum, Uvularia perfoliata, Dioscorea villosa</i>, and <i>Smilax pumila</i>. This type remains incompletely documented and understood due to relatively recent recognition of the existence of <i>Acer leucoderme</i> in eastern Texas. <i>Viburnum dentatum, Viburnum acerifolium, Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Asimina triloba, Ostrya virginiana, Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Cornus florida</i>, and <i>Styrax grandifolius</i> are also indicative G2G3 G2 Piedmont Beech / Heath Bluff 2 This association includes heath bluffs on steep north-facing slopes in the lower Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Virginia, and other southeastern states. Disjunct examples of this type are found in northern Alabama and may occur in Georgia and/or South Carolina. Generally, these communities occur in areas of thin and rocky soils but may also occur in areas of soft material exposed by undercutting by a stream. These sites experience a combination of dry conditions caused by shallow, well-drained soils and cool, moist microclimates caused by northern aspects. Sites may be heterogeneous with dry microsites intermixed with wet seepage areas. These communities are dominated by a dense shrub layer of <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> (most common), <i>Rhododendron catawbiense</i> or <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>. Other shrubs may include <i>Hamamelis virginiana, Symplocos tinctoria</i>, and <i>Vaccinium</i> spp. The tree canopy is open to very sparse, with trees such as <i>Fagus grandifolia, Quercus alba, Q G2G3 G2 Central Appalachian Basic W oodland 2 This association is a woodland dominated by <i>Fraxinus americana</i> and <i>Carya glabra</i>, occurring in dry, rocky, fertile soils derived from metabasalt of the Catoctin Formation and, less frequently, phyllite or metasiltstone of the Harpers and W eaverton formations. Stands are found from 60 to 950 m (250-3000 feet) in elevation in the central Blue Ridge and upper Piedmont. Less constant and important canopy species include <i>Carya ovalis, Quercus prinus, Quercus rubra var. rubra, Juniperus virginiana</i>, and <i>Pinus virginiana</i>. Subcanopy species include <i>Celtis tenuifolia, Celtis occidentalis, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Ostrya virginiana</i>, and <i>Ulmus rubra</i>. The shrub stratum includes <i>Rhus aromatica var. aromatica, Ptelea trifoliata, Viburnum rafinesquianum (= var. rafinesquianum), Rhus typhina, Toxicodendron radicans</i>, and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. Typical species of the herb stratum include <i>Muhlenbergia sobolifera, Helianthus divaricatus, Pycnanthemum incanum, Elymus G2 G2Piedmont Granitic Dome W oodland (Basic Type) 2 Woodlands dominated by <i>Fraxinus americana</i> and <i>Carya glabra</i>, occurring in nutrient-rich soils apparently derived from plagioclase-rich granitic rocks in the Piedmont of North Carolina and Georgia. Other canopy species include <i>Quercus prinus, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Ulmus alata, Carya pallida</i>, and <i>Pinus virginiana</i>. Shrub species include <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Rhus aromatica var. aromatica, Ptelea trifoliata, Spiraea betulifolia var. corymbosa, Vaccinium stamineum, Vaccinium arboreum, Viburnum rufidulum, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i>, and <i>Chionanthus virginicus</i>. Typical herb species include <i>Piptochaetium avenaceum, Arabis laevigata, Arabis canadensis, Arabis hirsuta var. pycnocarpa (= Arabis hirsuta var. adpressipilis), Anemone virginiana, Anemone berlandieri, Asplenium platyneuron, Melica mutica, Tradescantia ohiensis, Packera obovata (= Senecio obovatus), Allium cuthbertii, Phlox nivalis ssp. hentzii, Aquilegia canadensis, Cunila origanoide G2 G2 2 This association is a mesic to dry-mesic calcareous forest occurring over limestone in the Florida Panhandle. It has floristic affinities to calcareous forests of the interior South, but also has many species of the southeastern Coastal Plain, including the palms <i>Sabal minor</i> and <i>Rhapidophyllum hystrix</i>. The canopy is dominated by <i>Fraxinus americana, Juglans nigra, Ulmus rubra, Celtis laevigata, Quercus shumardii, Quercus muehlenbergii, Acer barbatum</i>, and <i>Tilia americana var. caroliniana</i>. The subcanopy is dominated by <i>Acer barbatum</i> and <i>Ostrya virginiana</i>, but also contains <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Cercis canadensis, Morus rubra</i>, and canopy species. Shrubs and woody vines include <i>Ptelea trifoliata, Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Hydrangea quercifolia, Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Sabal minor, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Decumaria barbara, Frangula caroliniana, Forestiera ligustrina, Matelea</i> sp., <i>Toxicodendron rad G2 G2 Tropical/Subtropical Popash Slough 1 This type is restricted to tropical/subtropical southern Florida. <i>Fraxinus caroliniana</i> is the dominant tree. Tropical species (e.g., <i>Annona glabra</i>) may be present. This community is associated with natural or anthropogenic disturbance. G2G3 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Carolina Ash Swamp 2 This wetland depression of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain is typified by a nearly monospecific, dense stand of <i>Fraxinus caroliniana</i>; most individuals have swollen bases. Relative to surrounding vegetation, this woody vegetation has much lower stature and smaller diameter, thus appearing almost shrub-like. This forest is found in topographic depressions on fairly broad Pleistocene terrace flatwoods. Species diversity is quite low. A rooted herbaceous layer may be absent to sparse, and floating aquatics may or may not be present. G2G3 G2 Columbia Bottomlands Ash Flat 2 This community occupies shallow depressions on Vertisols that exhibit strong gilgai microtopography. The soils formed over Holocene alluvium and are located in the present-day drainage basins of Caney Creek and the Colorado, San Bernard, and Brazos rivers in the Outer Coastal Plain of Texas. It also occurs as a fringe around larger depressions in the same area. The dominant overstory species is <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> which forms a slightly open canopy; <i>Carya aquatica</i> is usually present and may codominate the overstory in some occurrences. The sparse to locally dense understory provides an open aspect, with understory dominants including <i>Sabal minor, Forestiera acuminata</i> and <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>. Ground cover vegetation may be banded along moisture and microtopographic contours; it is generally dense and continuous, but the deepest parts can be devoid of vegetation during dry seasons, exposing bare, cracked, fine-textured soil. It depends on seasonal inundation due to local rai G2? G2 Macon Ridge Green Ash Pond 2 This association is only known from ponds on Macon Ridge in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain of northeastern Louisiana. The canopy is generally closed and consists of <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> and <i>Populus heterophylla</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Ulmus americana</i> (mostly in the less flooded portions), <i>Quercus texana</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum var. drummondii</i>. Typical shrubs are <i>Styrax americanus, Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>, and <i>Ilex decidua</i>. These ponds occur in depressions in an upland ridge and do not receive alluvial flooding. G2? G2 Atlantic Coastal Plain Green Ash Slough Forest 2 This forest occurs on somewhat poorly drained to poorly drained silty clay loam soils in temporarily flooded sloughs in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The mostly closed to closed canopy of this community is dominated by <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>. Other typical canopy species include <i>Ulmus americana, Acer negundo</i>, and <i>Carya aquatica</i>. The well-developed subcanopy may contain the same species as the canopy; additional species in this stratum include <i>Planera aquatica, Celtis laevigata, Ilex decidua, Ulmus alata, Crataegus phaenopyrum</i>, and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>. The single occurrence on which this description is based had no shrub cover. The herbaceous layer is typically of moderate density and dominated by <i>Leersia lenticularis, Boehmeria cylindrica</i>, and <i>Carex lupulina</i> with <i>Saururus cernuus</i> and <i>Polygonum setaceum</i>. The vine coverage is moderate, and species present include <i>Smilax tamnoides (= Smilax hispida), Vitis rotundifolia, Campsis radicans, Toxicodend G2G3 G2 Eastern Knobs Ledge/Cliff Glade W oodland 2 This community occurs on Mississippian limestones of the Eastern Knobs and Mississippian Plateaus regions of Kentucky. It is documented from the western portion of the Stanton Ranger District of the Daniel Boone National Forest (Grassy Knob Ridge System, Estill County), as well as along the South Fork of the Cumberland River in Pulaski County (Cain Branch Point). The vegetation is described as being an 'open forest' found on narrow limestone ridges dominated by <i>Juniperus virginiana, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Quercus muehlenbergii</i>, and <i>Ostrya virginiana</i>. Scattered shrubs include <i>Physocarpus opulifolius, Rosa carolina, Zanthoxylum americanum, Ptelea trifoliata</i>, and <i>Rhus aromatica</i>. Other shrubs include <i>Symphoricarpos albus, Frangula caroliniana, Viburnum rufidulum</i>, and <i>Celtis tenuifolia</i>. The presence of these shrubs help floristically distinguish this association from related vegetation of the Inner Bluegrass (e.g., ~<i>Juniperus virginiana</i> var. <i>virginiana - Fraxinu G2 G2 2 This community is a saturated forest dominated by <i>Gordonia lasianthus</i>. Other trees present in the canopy and subcanopy include <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Persea palustris</i>. Shrubs, including <i>Itea virginica</i> and <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>, occur primarily on downed logs, stumps and <i>Osmunda</i> hummocks. The herb layer is generally dominated by <i>W oodwardia virginica</i>. Other herbs include <i>Peltandra virginica, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis</i>, and <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i>. <i>Sphagnum macrophyllum</i> occurs in water-filled depressions. This forest occurs along poorly developed drainageways or in outer edges of floodplains, associated upslope with pinelands. G2G3 G2 1 <i>Juniperus ashei</i> woodlands in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma (Johnston, Marshall, Murray, and Pontotoc counties). Other characteristic species include <i>Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua rigidiseta, Engelmannia peristenia (= Engelmannia pinnatifida), Forestiera pubescens</i>, and <i>Fraxinus texensis</i>. G2G3 G2 Ozark Ashe's Juniper Glade W oodland 1 This community is found in the Ozarks region of the United States. It occurs on gently sloping exposures of dolomite (or possibly sometimes limestone). Soils are very rapidly drained and very shallow (0-40 cm). The canopy is open to closed (>25% cover), stunted (4-10 m tall), and dominated by <i>Juniperus ashei</i>. Other species which form a minor component of the canopy are <i>Quercus muehlenbergii, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Quercus stellata, Sideroxylon lanuginosum (= Bumelia lanuginosa)</i>. The understory consists of <i>Cotinus obovatus, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis</i>, and canopy species. <i>Rhus aromatica var. serotina, Ilex decidua, Hypericum prolificum, Diospyros virginiana, Frangula caroliniana, Celtis tenuifolia, Chionanthus virginicus, Berchemia scandens, Smilax bona-nox</i>, and <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i> are common shrubs. The dominant herb is <i>Carex eburnea</i>, which forms dense mats. Other herbs, especially present in small openi G2? G2 Ozark Ashe's Juniper Clifftop W oodland 1 This association includes <i>Juniperus ashei</i> woodlands occurring on rimrock bluffs and cliffs composed of dolomite (or possibly limestone) in the Ozark Highlands of the United States. These woodlands generally have a pure <i>Juniperus ashei</i> canopy with little other associated vascular flora. Lichens may be abundant on rocks and covering the ground. These woodlands are less diverse than the mixed <i>Juniperus ashei</i> woodlands that occur as glade complexes on less extreme sites in the Ozarks. G2? G2 South Atlantic Coastal Shell Midden W oodland 2 This calciphilic community occurs on calcareous coastal sands, shell hashes, Amerindian shell middens, and natural shell deposits, from mid-peninsular Florida (Cape Canaveral) north to South Carolina (southern Atlantic Coast), in maritime-influenced landscapes. The canopy consists of <i>Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola, Sabal palmetto, Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Quercus virginiana, Osmanthus americanus</i>, and other species. Shrubs are prominent and may include <i>Ilex vomitoria, Yucca aloifolia, Sageretia minutiflora, Forestiera segregata, Frangula caroliniana, Opuntia humifusa var. austrina</i>, and others. Composition is very variable from site to site, depending on environmental conditions and accidents of establishment and persistence. G2? G2 Black Belt Prairie Cedar W oodland 2 This short-stature forest of the Black Belt of Alabama and Mississippi has a typically closed canopy, usually strongly dominated by <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i>. Other woody associates are <i>Celtis laevigata, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Crataegus engelmannii, Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus americana, Ilex decidua, Prunus angustifolia, Sideroxylon lycioides</i>, and <i>Ulmus alata</i>. Herbs are few, though the moss <i>Thuidium delicatulum</i> can form a carpet. Prairie forbs and grasses may persist in small openings and in edge situations. G2 G2 Bluegrass Ledge/Cliff Glade W oodland 2 This community occurs on Middle Ordovician Limestone of the Inner Bluegrass region of Kentucky. The canopy also contains <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i>. The herbaceous stratum entirely lacks <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> and <i>Sporobolus</i> spp., typical of many related communities, including ~<i>Fraxinus quadrangulata - Juniperus virginiana</i> var. <i>virginiana / Schizachyrium scoparium - Lithospermum canescens</i> W oodland (CEGL007994)$$ of the Eastern Knobs region. Some other herbs which are apparently common to both of these associations include <i>Carex eburnea</i> (which may be locally dominant), <i>Houstonia canadensis, Minuartia patula, Allium cernuum</i>, and <i>Pellaea atropurpurea</i>. The presence of <i>Clematis viorna</i> and <i>Phlox bifida</i> may help distinguish this association from CEGL007994. Slightly moister, shadier areas support <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides, Danthonia spicata, Schizachne purpurascens, Carex pensylvanica, Cerastium arvense, Aquilegia canadensis</i>, and <i>Solidago sph G2 G2 2 This community occurs as small (less than one acre) depressions scattered in low oak flats in the Outer Coastal Plain of southeastern South Carolina, northeastern Florida, and possibly adjacent Georgia. <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i> are the constant dominants, sometimes with an admixture of <i>Nyssa biflora</i>. Scattered shrubs may occur, usually on logs, including <i>Itea virginica, Vaccinium formosum</i>, and <i>Leucothoe racemosa</i>. <i>W oodwardia areolata</i> dominates the herb layer, at least in the marginal portions of the pond where water is ponded more shallowly and for shorter periods of time; deeper ponds have a ring of <i>W oodwardia</i>, while shallower ponds are <i>Woodwardia</i>-dominated all the way across. G2G3 G2 2 This <i>Maclura pomifera</i>-dominated riparian mesic blackland community occurs in deep soils on level terrain, typically as relatively narrow communities bordering ephemeral streams. The community is very similar to ~<i>Ulmus americana - Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Celtis laevigata / Glyceria striata - (Carex cherokeensis)</i> Riparian Blackland W oodland (CEGL007778)$$, except for the dominance of <i>Maclura pomifera</i> and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>. Native Americans used <i>Maclura</i> extensively and may have planted it in many of the lowlands of the blackland prairie region. These communities may be remnants of that historical practice. Dominant tree species include <i>Maclura pomifera</i> and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i> with <i>Acer negundo, Ampelopsis arborea, Berchemia scandens, Campsis radicans, Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Vitis cine G2? G2 East Gulf Coastal Plain W estern Bayhead 2 This plant association comprises small ravine-bottom seepage-fed bayheads of the western part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain. The canopy is dominated by <i>Magnolia virginiana, Nyssa biflora, Magnolia grandiflora</i>, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i>. The shrub stratum is dominated by <i>Ilex coriacea</i> and <i>Viburnum nudum var. nudum</i>, and also contains <i>Persea palustris, Illicium floridanum, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Leucothoe racemosa, Lyonia lucida</i>, and <i>Itea virginica</i>. Principal herbs are <i>Solidago patula var. strictula (= Solidago salicina), W oodwardia areolata, Osmunda cinnamomea, Viola X primulifolia</i>, and <i>Carex leptalea</i>. Other herbs may include <i>Carex lurida</i> and <i>Peltandra sagittifolia</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> sp. may be abundant. G2G3 G2 Florida Panhandle Steephead Seepage Forest 2 Stands of this association are seepage-fed saturated forests found at the base of steepheads and the upper reaches of seepage streams. The canopy is dominated by <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>, sometimes with <i>Persea palustris</i> and <i>Gordonia lasianthus</i>. <i>Acer rubrum, Cliftonia monophylla</i>, and <i>Quercus nigra</i> may also occur in the canopy and subcanopy. <i>Illicium floridanum</i> is the most striking and characteristic feature of this community; it may be very abundant, sometimes reaching high into the subcanopy. G2 G2 Lower Keys Rockland Hammock 1 This community is a low (4-7 m in height), xeric forest with occasional emergent trees, occurring over limestone. Vegetation is dense with an abundance of low, branching stems. The tallest trees are typically <i>Thrinax morrisii, Metopium toxiferum, Conocarpus erectus, Pinus elliottii var. densa</i> and <i>Guapira discolor</i>. Other common trees include <i>Manilkara jaimiqui ssp. emarginata, Piscidia piscipula, Eugenia foetida, Eugenia axillaris, Jacquinia keyensis</i>, and <i>Myrsine floridana</i>. Canopy species, as well as <i>Erithalis fruticosa, Byrsonima lucida, Ernodea littoralis, Chiococca parvifolia</i>, and <i>Randia aculeata</i> may also occur as shrubs in the understory. Only a few shade-tolerant herbs are found beneath the dense forest cover. G2 G2 Upper Keys Rockland Hammock 1 This community is a dense, tropical, broad-leaved, evergreen forest with an open understory, occurring on areas of elevated rock. Canopies are typically 9-12 m and composed of trees 10-20 cm in diameter with scattered individuals that are up to 100 cm in diameter. Common canopy species include <i>Metopium toxiferum, Krugiodendron ferreum, Swietenia mahagoni, Guapira discolor, Bursera simaruba, Coccoloba diversifolia, Lysiloma latisiliquum, Sideroxylon salicifolium (= Bumelia salicifolia, = Dipholis salicifolia), Sideroxylon foetidissimum (= Mastichodendron foetidissimum)</i>, and <i>Ficus aurea</i>. W ell-developed subcanopies contain smaller individuals of canopy species and <i>Eugenia axillaris, Eugenia foetida, Gymnanthes lucida, Thrinax radiata, Thrinax morrisii, Amyris elemifera, Drypetes diversifolia, Canella winteriana, Bourreria succulenta (= Bourreria ovata), Sapindus saponaria, Guajacum sanctum</i>, etc. Species that occur as shrubs include <i>Psychotria nervosa, Ardisia escallonoides, Guettarda elli G2 G2 Swamp Blackgum Floodplain Seepage Forest 2 This community occurs in floodplain edges of brownwater floodplains in the South Atlantic and Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plains, in situations that are very rarely flooded by alluvial waters, but which receive regular seepage from adjacent upland slopes. The hydrology is constantly saturated, and soils are acid and organic. The canopy is strongly dominated by <i>Nyssa biflora</i>, with some <i>Acer rubrum, Quercus michauxii, Magnolia virginiana, Liriodendron tulipifera</i>, and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. The subcanopy has abundant <i>Ilex opaca</i>, with some <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. The shrub layer is dominated by <i>Leucothoe axillaris</i>, with <i>Itea virginica, Clethra alnifolia, Persea palustris</i>, and <i>Arundinaria gigantea</i> also present. W oody vines such as <i>Decumaria barbara, Toxicodendron radicans</i>, and <i>Vitis</i> sp. are locally common. The herb layer is well-developed and is dominated by species such as <i>Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea, Carex bromoides s G2G3 G2 Nyssa biflora - Acer rubrum var. trilobum - Liriodendron tulipifera / Magnolia virginiana - Asimina triloba / Clethra alnifolia Forest 2 This nonriverine swamp forest of the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain has a closed canopy dominated by <i>Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i>, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i>, with scattered <i>Taxodium distichum</i> and <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>. Characteristic subcanopy species include <i>Magnolia virginiana, Asimina triloba</i>, and <i>Persea palustris</i>. <i>Clethra alnifolia</i> patchily dominates the shrub stratum. Herbaceous species in this community include <i>Dryopteris intermedia</i> and <i>Dryopteris carthusiana</i>. The species composition suggests a higher nutrient status than other associations in this alliance. G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain High Terrace W ooded Flatwoods Pond 2 This community type occurs in isolated ponds in a longleaf pine landscape in the high Pleistocene terraces of central to western Louisiana and has been tentatively attributed to related sites in eastern Texas. A widely scattered supercanopy can be present; it may include <i>Nyssa biflora</i> or <i>Pinus taeda</i>. An open to fairly dense stratum of stunted trees or large tree-like shrubs may include <i>Nyssa biflora, Crataegus opaca, Fraxinus caroliniana, Quercus laurifolia, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. Smaller shrubs include <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Ilex coriacea, Diospyros virginiana, Ilex amelanchier</i> (rare but can be locally abundant), and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. The moderately dense to dense herb stratum is characterized by <i>Amsonia tabernaemontana var. tabernaemontana (= Amsonia glaberrima), Aristida palustris, Carex glaucescens, Coelorachis rugosa, Dichanthelium</i> sp., <i>Eleocharis</i> G2? G2 Nonriverine Swamp Forest (Sweetgum Type) 2 In this nonriverine swamp forest, <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa biflora</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i> are the constant and dominant species, with lesser amounts (and lower constancy) of <i>Ulmus rubra, Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Nyssa aquatica, Populus heterophylla, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus pagoda, Quercus shumardii, Quercus lyrata, Taxodium distichum</i>, and <i>Taxodium ascendens</i>. Subcanopy species can include <i>Ilex opaca, Fraxinus caroliniana</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. <i>Clethra alnifolia</i> is the characteristic shrub species, and often grows densely. Typical herbs (none with high cover) are <i>Carex gigantea, Carex louisianica, Lobelia inflata</i>, and <i>Saururus cernuus</i>. This association occurs at Roquist Pocosin, near the mouth of the Roanoke River, and in other wet nonriverine flats. the species composition suggests a higher nutrient status than some other nonriverine swamp associations. G2? G2 2 These saturated forests occur in seepage-influenced areas adjacent to small streams in southern portions of the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama and possibly Mississippi. The open tree canopy is typically dominated by <i>Nyssa biflora</i>, with some combination of <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. In addition, <i>Pinus taeda</i> may be present in some stands. The subcanopy (and possibly the canopy in some examples) contains substantial <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>; this stratum may also contain <i>Ilex opaca var. opaca</i> and <i>Cornus foemina</i>. Canopy cover in these seeps is not complete, and the shrub and herbaceous layers may be well-developed. The shrub stratum contains <i>Ilex opaca var. opaca, Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Hamamelis virginiana</i>, and <i>Itea virginica</i>, which may be dominant. Other shrubs present include <i>Viburnum dentatum, Ilex decidua, Cornus foemina, Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta</i>, and others. The herbaceous layer includes <i>Osmunda regalis va G2G3 G2 St. Marks Freshwater Tidal Swamp Forest 2 This association represents one of several freshwater tidal swamp forests found in the Florida portion of the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is apparently dominated by <i>Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana, Sabal palmetto</i>, and <i>Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola</i>. This type is known from the St. Marks rivermouth and may occur elsewhere in the region. More information is needed to determine the full extent of this type and its relationship to other freshwater tidal swamps of the region. G2 G2 Lafayette-type Freshwater Tidal Swamp Forest 2 This association represents one of several freshwater tidal swamp forests found in the Florida portion of the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is apparently dominated by <i>Nyssa biflora</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>, over a layer of <i>Cyrilla racemiflora</i>. This type is known from the Lafayette rivermouth and may occur elsewhere in the region. More information is needed to determine the full extent of this type and its relationship to other freshwater tidal swamps of the region. G2 G2 East Gulf Coastal Plain Blackgum Dome Swamp 2 This dome swamp community occurs in the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Alabama and the South Atlantic Coastal Plain of Florida and possibly Georgia. The canopy is strongly dominated by <i>Nyssa biflora</i>, often with scattered <i>Taxodium ascendens</i>, and sometimes low-canopy <i>Ilex myrtifolia</i>. The subcanopy is poorly developed and consists of <i>Ilex myrtifolia</i> and <i>Cyrilla parvifolia</i>. <i>Magnolia virginiana</i> and <i>Persea palustris</i> may be present. Shrubs are typically not present or, at least, not abundant, but may include <i>Lyonia lucida, Clethra alnifolia, Hypericum chapmanii, Hypericum brachyphyllum, Smilax laurifolia</i>, and <i>Smilax walteri</i>. The herbaceous layer includes <i>Eriocaulon compressum, Eriocaulon decangulare var. decangulare, Carex glaucescens, Lycopodiella alopecuroides, Coreopsis nudata, Juncus repens, Sabatia bartramii, Rhynchospora</i> spp., <i>Rhexia</i> spp., <i>Xyris</i> spp., <i>W oodwardia virginica</i>, and <i>Erigeron vernus</i>. <i>Tillandsi G2G3 G2 Sandhills Ogeechee Tupelo Depression 2 This association is dominated by <i>Nyssa ogeche</i>, with some <i>Nyssa biflora</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. It occurs in poorly developed sinkhole depressions in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia, and is flooded long enough to preclude the presence of a significantly developed herb layer. G2? G2 South Atlantic Coastal Plain Flatwoods Ogeechee Tupelo Pond 2 Depressional sinkhole wetlands dominated by <i>Nyssa ogeche</i>, occurring in a matrix of pine flatwoods, not associated with river floodplains, in the outer southeastern Coastal Plain of South Carolina and Georgia. <i>Nyssa ogeche</i> is generally strongly dominant, although <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> can also be present. <i>Ilex myrtifolia</i> is often common as a small tree or large shrub. Typical herbaceous species are <i>Carex striata, Carex glaucescens, Carex verrucosa</i>, and <i>W oodwardia virginica</i>. This community is influenced by fire that burns into or through it during drought periods from adjoining pine flatwoods. G2? G2 Red Spruce - Fraser Fir Forest (Deciduous Shrub Type) 1 This community is restricted to the highest mountain systems of the southern Appalachians in eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and southwestern Virginia. It is found on all topographic positions and is best developed between 1680 and 1990 m (5500-6200 feet) elevation. This association includes forests of the southern Appalachians, within the range of <i>Abies fraseri</i>, dominated by <i>Picea rubens</i>, with or without <i>Abies fraseri</i>, occurring over deciduous shrubs, herbs, and bryophytes. This community has a characteristic understory of southern Appalachian endemic species and a conspicuous bryophyte layer. The tree canopy may have standing dead stems of <i>Abies fraseri</i> and extensive patches of <i>Abies fraseri</i> seedlings in canopy gaps. Characteristic species include <i>Sorbus americana, Acer spicatum, Viburnum lantanoides, Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Eurybia chlorolepis (= Aster chlorolepis), Rugelia nudicaulis, Houstonia serpyllifolia, Solidago glomerata, Ptilium cri G2 G2 Red Spruce - Northern Hardwood Forest (Herb Type) 1 This association occurs in the broad elevational transition zone between spruce-fir and northern hardwoods in the Southern Blue Ridge at approximately 1400 to 1555 m (4600-5100 feet) elevation. This association occurs on steep slopes and protected ridges, over shallow, stony soils. The canopy is comprised of <i>Picea rubens</i> codominating with the deciduous species <i>Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia</i>, and <i>Aesculus flava</i>, occurring singly or in combination. At higher elevations, <i>Abies fraseri</i> may be a minor canopy component. The shrub stratum is open to absent. <i>Viburnum lantanoides</i> is a common shrub, and <i>Acer pensylvanicum</i> and <i>Amelanchier laevis</i> often occur as small trees. The herbaceous stratum is lush and diverse. Typical herbs include <i>Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Carex pensylvanica, Dryopteris campyloptera, Dryopteris intermedia, Maianthemum canadense, Oxalis montana, Solidago glomerata</i>, and <i>Rugelia nudicaulis</i> (in the Great Smoky Mou G2 G2 Red Spruce Forest (Protected Slope Type) 1 This association includes moist slope forests of the central and southern Appalachians. <i>Abies fraseri</i> is a minor component or entirely absent. These communities can occur on high-elevation boulderfields, ridges and steep slopes, as well as sheltered lower slopes above 945 m (3100 feet). This association occurs in the lower elevations of the range of <i>Picea rubens</i>, primarily on protected landforms such as steep to gentle slopes but also on ridges at least in parts of its range. In the southern and central Appalachians these are closed-canopy conifer forests dominated by <i>Picea rubens</i>, with associates <i>Tsuga canadensis, Acer pensylvanicum, Amelanchier</i> spp., <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>, and <i>Sorbus americana</i>. This concept includes protected slope forests in the Great Smoky Mountains, as well as in W est Virginia in which <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> is codominant. The variable shrub layer is dominated by <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>, with associates of <i>Ilex montana, Kalmia latifolia, G2G3 G2 Red Spruce Forest (Central Appalachian Upland Type) 1 This association occurs on both gentle slopes bordering high-elevation valley floors and on more exposed ridge crests and rocky summits in the high Allegheny Mountains of W est Virginia, Virginia, and possibly Maryland and Pennsylvania. Sites range from mesic to submesic and are characterized by cold winter microclimates, frequent fog, and high annual precipitation. Stands are dominated by <i>Picea rubens</i>, which is characteristic. <i>Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Prunus serotina</i>, and <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> are usually minor canopy associates but may be codominant locally, particularly on disturbed sites. In well-developed stands, young <i>Picea rubens</i> is plentiful in understory layers, along with <i>Acer rubrum</i> and scattered <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. Shrub layers are normally very sparse. Herb layer composition varies with soil moisture and light regimes. <i>Maianthemum canadense, Carex debilis var. rudgei</i>, and <i>Dryopteris intermedia</i> are frequent herbs throughout, while <i>Lycop G2 G2 1 Stands of this association occur on canyon slopes at high elevations (above 5000 feet) in the Chisos Mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas and possibly adjacent Mexico. Characteristic canopy dominants include the evergreen <i>Pinus cembroides</i> and <i>Juniperus flaccida</i> with the deciduous <i>Quercus gravesii.</i> Other evergreen <i>Pinus</i> spp. (<i>Pinus arizonica</i>), evergreen <i>Juniperus</i> spp. (<i>Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus coahuilensis</i>), deciduous <i>Quercus</i> spp. (<i>Quercus graciliformis</i>), as well as evergreen <i>Quercus</i> spp. (<i>Quercus grisea, Quercus tardifolia</i>) may be present. Characteristic herbs include <i>Salvia regla </i>and<i> Piptochaetium fimbriatum</i>. G2? G2 1 This community occurs at moderate to high elevations in the Chisos Mountains, in relatively moist situations. The open canopy consists of 4- to 15-m <i>Pinus cembroides, Quercus grisea, Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus flaccida</i>, and <i>Juniperus coahuilensis (= Juniperus erythrocarpa)</i>. The shrub layer is open, and consists of <i>Agave havardiana, Dasylirion leiophyllum, Nolina erumpens</i>, and <i>Salvia regla</i>. The herbaceous stratum is dominated by <i>Muhlenbergia emersleyi</i>, but is diverse and also includes <i>Bothriochloa barbinodis (= var. barbinodis), Lycurus</i> sp., <i>Muhlenbergia rigida, Eragrostis</i> sp., and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. neomexicanum)</i>. G2? G2 1 This community occurs in lower to moderate elevations in the Chisos Mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas. It may also range into the mountains of northern Coahuila, Mexico. The canopy is open to fairly closed, and is dominated by <i>Pinus cembroides, Quercus grisea, Quercus emoryi</i>, and <i>Juniperus flaccida</i>. <i>Salvia regla</i> and <i>Agave havardiana</i> are prominent components of the shrub stratum. <i>Bouteloua curtipendula</i> is the dominant grass. G2? G2 1 This Mexican pinyon - oak community type occurs at relatively low-elevation valleys and flats in the Davis Mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas. It may occur in other mountain ranges in the vicinity. The open to very open canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus cembroides, Quercus grisea</i>, and <i>Quercus emoryi</i>. <i>Mimosa dysocarpa</i> forms patchy to extensive thickets. The herbaceous stratum is dense, with <i>Bouteloua gracilis</i> as the dominant grass. G2? G2 1 This is a very dry <i>Pinus cembroides - Quercus grisea</i> woodland, occurring on igneous rock in the Chisos Mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas. Cover is sparse. Other species include <i>Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus flaccida, Fouquieria splendens, Dasylirion leiophyllum, Rhus trilobata, Opuntia</i> spp., <i>Heteropogon contortus</i>, and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. neomexicanum)</i>. G2? G2 1 Higher elevations in the Davis Mountains. G2? G2 Peninsular Sand Pine Forest 2 This closed-canopy forest occurs in the Florida peninsula. The canopy (10-20 m high) is composed of <i>Pinus clausa</i>. The subcanopy includes <i>Quercus geminata, Quercus myrtifolia</i>, and <i>Quercus laevis</i>. G2 G2 Panhandle Sand Pine Dune Scrub 1 <i>Pinus clausa (= var. immuginata)</i> dominates the open and variable canopy of this scrub association. <i>Quercus geminata</i> and <i>Quercus myrtifolia</i> are dominant scrub oaks, though others, such as <i>Quercus virginiana</i>, may be present. Some examples may exhibit an almost closed canopy. <i>Conradina canescens</i> is a common shrub; other coastal indicators sometimes present include <i>Clinopodium coccineum (= Calamintha coccinea)</i> and <i>Chrysoma pauciflosculosa</i>. Other typical shrubs include <i>Licania michauxii</i> and <i>Polygonella polygama</i>. This association is restricted to the Panhandle of Florida and adjacent southern Alabama. It occurs near the coast, but can grade into a shrubland community on coastal terraces in very near-coastal situations. Many species present in the several peninsular Florida sand pine scrub communities are lacking from this association, such as <i>Ilex opaca var. arenicola, Sabal etonia, Quercus inopina, Osmanthus americanus var. megacarpus, Persea humili G2 G2 Inland Sand Pine Scrub 1 This inland peninsular scrub consists of a low-statured, emergent <i>Pinus clausa</i> canopy over a dense shrub stratum. Typical shrub layer components include evergreen scrub oaks (<i>Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus chapmanii, Quercus geminata, Quercus inopina</i>). The herb layer is generally sparse and frequently dominated by lichens (<i>Cladonia leporina, Cladonia prostrata, Cladina evansii</i>, and <i>Cladina subtenuis</i>). The light-colored sandy soils are extremely well-drained and infertile. This is an interior scrub association, not restricted to coastal situations. G2 G2 Upper Piedmont Mafic Shortleaf Pine - Oak W oodland 2 This Upper Piedmont association occurs on moderate to steep slopes over soils derived from mafic rock. Bedrock is often visible at the surface. The canopy is typically open but can be closed in some occurrences. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus echinata</i>. Other canopy species may include <i>Quercus stellata, Quercus marilandica, Quercus velutina, Quercus alba, Carya glabra, Carya pallida</i>, and <i>Pinus virginiana</i>. Members of the characteristically open shrub layer include <i>Vaccinium arboreum, Chionanthus virginicus, Diospyros virginiana, Prunus serotina, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Vaccinium pallidum</i>, and <i>Hypericum hypericoides ssp. hypericoides</i>. The diverse and typically dense herbaceous stratum may include mafic rock indicators such as <i>Cirsium carolinianum, Oligoneuron album, Salvia urticifolia, Tragia urticifolia, Silphium compositum</i>, and <i>Liatris squarrosa</i>, along with <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Pteridium aquilinum, Tephrosia virginiana, Euphorbia corollata, G2? G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Shortleaf - Loblolly - Mixed Oak Forest 2 This forest association of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain and Upper W est Gulf Coastal Plain ecoregions is codominated by <i>Pinus echinata</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i> with some combination of the nominal oaks, <i>Quercus alba, Quercus falcata</i>, and <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Stands assigned to this type should have near-equal proportions of at least two of the nominal oak species; stands which are more obviously dominated by a single species are covered by other associations. These are apparently natural forests that may occur both within and beyond the range of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. They tend to occur on slopes and in nonriverine flatwoods environments. They generally occupy sites of intermediate moisture status somewhat drier than typical <i>Pinus taeda</i> communities, and somewhat more mesic than typical <i>Pinus echinata</i> or <i>Pinus palustris</i> communities. G2G3 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Xeric Upland Shortleaf Pine - Oak W oodland 2 This shortleaf pine-oak forest/woodland occurs on xeric sandy uplands west of the Mississippi River in the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain and less frequently in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain ecoregions. Many examples may appear to be short-statured woodlands of <i>Quercus incana, Quercus margarettiae</i>, and <i>Quercus stellata</i> with a sparse, emergent canopy of <i>Pinus echinata</i>. The ground cover ranges from patchy to sparse, due to the xeric conditions and the variable effects of fire management. Relative density of herbs may be quite low, but those present are often found almost exclusively on such sites in the region. Such characteristic species include <i>Opuntia humifusa, Cnidoscolus texanus, Eriogonum longifolium, Eriogonum multiflorum, Penstemon murrayanus, Polanisia erosa, Polygonella americana, Polygonella polygama</i>, and <i>Zornia bracteata</i>. Many examples may contain scattered patches of fruticose lichens (<i>Cladonia</i> spp.) and possibly spike-moss (<i>Selaginella arenicola ssp. ridde G2 G2 Pinus echinata - Quercus (marilandica, stellata) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Silphium terebinthinaceum - Oligoneuron album W oodland 2 This mixed evergreen - deciduous sparse forest association consists of prairie-like woodlands occurring over stiff calcareous clay soils derived from weathered shale and limestone of the Conasauga Group. It ranges along the Coosa River Valley in northwestern Georgia and into northeastern Alabama. Pristine examples are difficult to locate, as much of the habitat for this association has been converted to agriculture or silviculture, and many remaining examples include a significant component of <i>Pinus taeda</i>. Most surviving stands occur as woodland vegetation surrounding small prairie-like openings containing disjunct Midwestern grassland species and narrow endemics such as <i>Marshallia mohrii</i> and <i>Helianthus X verticillatus</i> [see ~S<i>chizachyrium scoparium - Andropogon gerardii - Silphium terebinthinaceum</i> Coosa Valley Barren Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL004757)$$ and ~<i>Andropogon gerardii - Bouteloua curtipendula - Echinacea simulata</i> Coosa Valley Barren Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL00404 G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Shortleaf Pine - Oak Rich Mesic Forest 2 This mesic to dry-mesic forest of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain is typified by an overstory of both <i>Pinus echinata</i> and <i>Quercus alba</i>. In high-quality examples, <i>Pinus taeda</i> is rare to absent as would have been expected in most areas of the presettlement landscape. <i>Quercus alba</i> may be more important than <i>Pinus echinata</i> in some examples, possibly those which have received the least amount of disturbance. These are normally closed forests above a well-developed subcanopy of mixed hardwoods. The density and composition of the shrub and herbaceous layers vary greatly depending upon a number of factors, including the range of moisture and potential nutrient conditions which are possible in stands assigned to this type. <i>Viburnum dentatum</i> and <i>Viburnum acerifolium</i> are listed as nominals suggesting the most mesic stands of this type; somewhat less mesic examples may lack these species. G2G3 G2 Piedmont Pine - Oak Heath Bluff 2 This Piedmont woodland occurs on upper slopes, often west-facing, with extreme exposure that results in extreme xeric conditions. The dominant overstory species are <i>Pinus echinata, Pinus virginiana</i>, and <i>Quercus prinus</i>. <i>Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus alba, Quercus coccinea var. coccinea, Quercus velutina</i>, and other species may be present. There is a subcanopy of <i>Oxydendrum arboreum</i> and <i>Acer rubrum var. rubrum</i> over a dense shrub layer of <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> and <i>Symplocos tinctoria</i>. Other shrub species include <i>Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium formosum, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa)</i>, and <i>Lyonia mariana</i>. The herbaceous layer is sparse and contains <i>Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus (= Andropogon tenuispatheus), Danthonia spicata, Danthonia sericea, Iris verna var. verna, Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum, Smilax glauca</i>, and <i>Tephrosia virginiana</i>. The substrate is very rocky. G2? G2 Pine-Oak Virginia Shield Barrens 2 'Shield barrens' of sandstone areas in southwestern Virginia. These are fire-maintained shortleaf pine - oak woodlands found on edaphically extreme sites. The natural woodland condition is uncommon. The canopy of this association is dominated by <i>Pinus echinata, Quercus prinus</i>, and <i>Quercus stellata</i>. A dominant shrub is <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. <i>Pityopsis graminifolia var. latifolia</i> is a characteristic herb. G2? G2 Ozark/Ouachita Shortleaf Pine - Oak Dry W oodland 1 This shortleaf pine - oak woodland is found in the Ozark/Ouachita region of the United States. Stands occur along ridges and on upper south- to southwest-facing slopes. The vegetation contains an open canopy dominated by <i>Pinus echinata</i> codominating with <i>Quercus stellata</i> and <i>Quercus marilandica</i>, either singly or in combination. <i>Pinus echinata</i> may form an emergent canopy over the oaks. Common woody associates include <i>Carya texana, Quercus velutina</i>, and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>. Grassy openings are dominated by <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>. Other abundant herbs include <i>Baptisia bracteata, Helianthus hirsutus, Liatris aspera, Solidago nemoralis, Solidago petiolaris</i>, and <i>Tephrosia virginiana</i>. This type represents the driest shortleaf pine - oak communities in the Ozarks. G2G3 G2West Gulf Coastal Plain Xeric Stream Terrace Shortleaf Pine W oodland 2 This xeric stream terrace forest/woodland of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain occurs on very well-drained Pleistocene terraces and low, broad ridges on deep, acidic sandy soils. The open canopy consists of <i>Pinus echinata</i> (sometimes with some <i>Pinus taeda</i> as well). An open to dense subcanopy consists of <i>Quercus margarettiae, Quercus incana</i>, and <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i>. The patchy to open shrub stratum may include <i>Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Vaccinium arboreum (= var. glaucescens), Frangula caroliniana, Asimina parviflora, Chionanthus virginicus, Stillingia sylvatica, Vitis aestivalis var. lincecumii (= Vitis lincecumii)</i>. Due to xeric conditions, graminoids and forbs are very sparse in this community, and patches of exposed sand are common. Typical herbs include <i>Selaginella arenicola ssp. riddellii, Opuntia humifusa var. humifusa, Cnidoscolus texanus, Aristida desmantha, Tephrosia virginiana, Cyperus grayoides</i>, and <i>Carex tenax</i>. Lichens (<i>Cladonia</i> spp.) and spike-moss G2Q G2 East Gulf Coastal Plain Blackwater Levee Forest 2 This association is documented from a high sandy levee in the Styx River, Baldwin County, Alabama. It is a temporarily flooded levee forest occurring on a blackwater river. The dominant trees in the canopy are <i>Quercus nigra, Pinus elliottii, Taxodium ascendens</i>, and <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>. The important subcanopy trees are <i>Quercus nigra, Ilex opaca</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. The shrub layer is dense and dominated by <i>Cyrilla racemiflora, Vaccinium elliottii, Vaccinium arboreum</i>, and <i>Serenoa repens</i>. The most abundant herbaceous species is <i>Mitchella repens</i>. G2 G2 Central Florida Slash Pine Flatwoods 2 This community is restricted to the central Florida peninsula. Stands have canopies dominated by <i>Pinus elliottii var. densa</i>. The shrub layer includes <i>Serenoa repens, Lyonia lucida</i>, and other species typical of flatwoods. <i>Panicum abscissum</i> is the most typical and diagnostic herbaceous component. G2? G2 Big Cypress Palm Pine Rockland 2 Upland <i>Pinus elliottii var. densa</i>-dominated vegetation of southern Florida. Occurrences may be flooded 0-6 days per year; fire frequency typically with a 3- to 7-year return time. Canopy closure may be variable, perhaps exceeding 60%, but all examples are placed here. G2? G2 Big Cypress Coco-plum - Dahoon Pine Rockland 2 G2? G2 Maritime Slash Pine Upland Flatwoods 1 This maritime-influenced, upland <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i> woodland occurs on barrier islands and near-coastal areas of the East Gulf Coastal Plain and adjacent South Atlantic region. In addition to <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i>, stands sometimes contain an admixture of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. In the past, canopy structure in natural stands was open, but now it varies to a more closed structure. A subcanopy is sometimes present and can include <i>Quercus virginiana, Quercus geminata, Quercus hemisphaerica</i>, and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>. Typical understory species include <i>Ilex vomitoria, Serenoa repens</i>, and <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i>. Other common shrubs and woody vines are <i>Smilax bona-nox, Smilax auriculata, Smilax laurifolia, Rhus copallinum var. leucantha, Vitis rotundifolia, Vaccinium arboreum</i>, and <i>Persea borbonia</i>. The herb stratum is typically poorly developed but may include <i>Solidago odora var. odora</i> and <i>Tragia urens</i>. On a sout G2G3 G2 Pinus elliottii var. elliottii - (Pinus serotina) / Aristida beyrichiana - Rhynchospora oligantha - Sarracenia (flava, minor, psittacina) W oodland 1 These are slash pine flatwoods of the lower East Gulf Coastal Plain, with open canopy of <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i>, and sometimes <i>Pinus serotina</i>. The shrub stratum is open and consists of <i>Ilex glabra, Cliftonia monophylla, Smilax laurifolia, Gaylussacia mosieri, Nyssa biflora</i>, and <i>Ilex myrtifolia</i>. The diverse and dense herb stratum is dominated by <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i> and <i>Rhynchospora oligantha</i>, and includes <i>Sarracenia</i> spp., <i>Aletris lutea, Pogonia ophioglossoides, Eriocaulon decangulare, Ctenium aromaticum, Eurybia chapmanii (= Aster chapmanii), Aristida palustris, Rhynchospora latifolia, Lophiola aurea (= Lophiola americana), Rhexia alifanus, Polygala lutea, Chaptalia tomentosa</i>, and <i>Sabatia macrophylla</i>. G2? G2 East Gulf Coastal Plain Slash Pine Bayhead Swamp 2 This bayhead community of the East Gulf Coastal Plain has a closed canopy (or nearly so) of <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, Magnolia virginiana, Taxodium ascendens, Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus laurifolia</i>, and <i>Quercus nigra</i>. Understory trees, shrubs, and vines include <i>Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia), Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta, Cyrilla racemiflora, Gaylussacia mosieri, Gelsemium rankinii, Hypericum galioides, Ilex coriacea, Ilex glabra, Ilex opaca, Itea virginica, Lyonia lucida, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Persea palustris, Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans</i>, and <i>Viburnum nudum var. nudum</i>. Typical herbaceous species include <i>Polygala cymosa, Carex glaucescens, Eriocaulon compressum, Viola X primulifolia, W oodwardia areolata</i>, and <i>Xyris fimbriata</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. are abundant. This community grades to slightly less wet sites with greater fire frequency, which ha G2G3 G2 South Atlantic W et Slash Pine Flatwoods 2 This wet flatwoods of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain in Georgia is typified by a canopy which ranges from open to scattered, and is dominated by mixtures of <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i> and <i>Taxodium ascendens</i>. Scattered subcanopy trees are sometimes present, and may include <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Persea palustris</i>, and <i>Nyssa biflora</i>. The shrub stratum is typically well-developed, and includes <i>Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia), Clethra alnifolia, Hypericum brachyphyllum, Hypericum crux-andreae (= Hypericum stans), Ilex glabra, Ilex myrtifolia, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Persea palustris, Smilax laurifolia, Styrax americanus (= var. pulverulentus), Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans</i>, and <i>Viburnum nudum var. nudum</i>. Characteristic herbs are <i>Andropogon glomeratus var. hirsutior, Anthaenantia rufa, Aristida palustris, Oclemena reticulata (= Aster reticulatus), Balduina atropurpurea, G2? G2 Gulf Coast W et Slash Pine Flatwoods 2 This wet flatwoods of the western portion of the East Gulf Coastal Plain has a mixed canopy characterized by <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i> and <i>Taxodium ascendens</i>. Other canopy trees may include <i>Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. The understory is typically diverse and includes many species which occur as well in wet <i>Pinus palustris</i> savannas, but the community described here is apparently wetter. Shrubs and woody vines include <i>Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta, Hypericum galioides</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans</i>. Typical herbaceous species include <i>Andropogon mohrii, Anthaenantia rufa, Aristida purpurascens var. virgata, Carex glaucescens, Centella erecta, Chaptalia tomentosa, Dichanthelium leucothrix, Dichanthelium scabriusculum, Eragrostis refracta, Erigeron vernus, Eriocaulon compressum, Ludwigia pilosa, Lycopodiella alopecuroides, Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Panicum verrucosum, Panicum virgatum, Proserpi G2? G2 East Gulf Coastal Plain Slash Pine - Titi Swamp 1 This association presumably represents swamps of the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida (and possibly Mississippi and Alabama) with overstory canopy dominated by <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i>. In addition, <i>Pinus serotina</i> may be present but not abundant. These swamps may occur on strongly acid, infertile, often peaty soils which are either shallowly inundated or waterlogged during wet seasons. They may be associated with blackwater areas and are usually isolated from more fire-prone flatwoods. In contrast to examples with a strong component of <i>Pinus serotina</i>, this association may inhabit deeper portions of acid swamps. The midstory is strongly dominated by <i>Cliftonia monophylla</i> and <i>Cyrilla racemiflora</i> which tend to exclude invasion of other species, and which strongly suppress herbaceous understory species. Other evergreen species, such as <i>Lyonia lucida</i> and <i>Ilex coriacea</i>, may be common. Overall, species richness is quite low. G2G3Q G2 South Atlantic Swamp Island 2 This community occurs on isolated ridges surrounded by swamps in the floodplains of large Coastal Plain rivers, such as the Altamaha River, Georgia. The canopy is composed of <i>Quercus virginiana, Pinus glabra, Carya glabra, Quercus austrina</i>, and <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i>. The subcanopy consists of <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Diospyros virginiana, Ilex opaca</i>, and <i>Halesia diptera</i>. Prominent shrubs and woody vines include <i>Vaccinium arboreum, Serenoa repens</i>, and <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i>. Herbs are few, including <i>Chasmanthium sessiliflorum</i>, but can have substantial cover. <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> and <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana</i> are typical epiphytes. G2G3 G2 Peninsular Florida Scrubby Flatwoods 2 This scrubby flatwoods association of the southern peninsula of Florida is typified by an open to very open canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and/or <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i>. The moderately dense to very dense shrub layer consists of <i>Quercus chapmanii, Quercus myrtifolia, Serenoa repens, Hypericum reductum</i>, and <i>Ilex ambigua (= Ilex buswellii)</i>. Important herb species are <i>Aristida beyrichiana, Chrysopsis subulata, Bulbostylis ciliatifolia, Chapmannia floridana, Agalinis filifolia</i>, and <i>Polygonella ciliata</i>. G2G3 G2 1 This pine flatwoods community occurs in eastern Georgia. The open (to fairly closed) canopy is characterized by <i>Pinus palustris</i>, although <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i> can be present as well. Depending on fire regime, the ground layer can be shrub-dominated or herb-dominated, but composition does not change greatly. Typical shrubs include <i>Ilex glabra, Gaylussacia tomentosa (= Gaylussacia frondosa var. tomentosa), Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Serenoa repens, Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia), Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Kalmia hirsuta</i>, and <i>Vaccinium myrtilloides</i>. The grass layer is typically dominated by mixtures of <i>Sporobolus pinetorum</i>, sometimes with admixtures of <i>Sporobolus curtissii, Ctenium aromaticum</i>, or <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Andropogon glaucopsis (= Andropogon glomeratus var. glaucopsis), Andropogon glomeratus var. hirsutior, Aristida spiciformis, Oclemena reticulata (= Aster G2 G2 Wet Longleaf Pine Flatwoods (Northern Type) 1 <i>Pinus palustris</i> (and sometimes <i>Pinus taeda</i> or <i>Pinus serotina</i>) dominates the open canopy of this Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain flatwoods. The shrub layer is often dense, dominated by <i>Gaylussacia frondosa, Ilex glabra, Gaylussacia baccata, Clethra alnifolia, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Lyonia mariana</i>, and <i>Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Vaccinium crassifolium, Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum</i>, and <i>Pyxidanthera barbulata</i>. This community is poorly understood, since few examples remain, and these are in poor condition. These communities are moist to wet longleaf pine flatwoods north of the range of <i>Aristida stricta</i>. G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Fire-Infrequent Mixed Longleaf Pine Forest/Woodland 2 This sandy upland <i>Pinus palustris</i> woodland of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain occurs on topographically isolated ridgetops or other dry sites naturally prone to reduced fire frequencies. Due to infrequency of natural fires and proximity to mesic habitats, the overstory supports a natural mixture of <i>Pinus palustris, Pinus echinata</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. A well-developed, fairly diverse layer of hardwoods is also present in the subcanopy and midstory. The most typical hardwood species are <i>Quercus falcata</i> and <i>Carya texana</i>. The short-shrub stratum is patchy to dense and may include a number of species, at least some of which are indicative of sandy, yet not xeric conditions. G2G3 G2 East Gulf Coastal Plain Lorman Soil Longleaf Pine W oodland 1 This longleaf pine woodland is described from the hilly and ruggedly dissected uplands of the Homochitto National Forest of Mississippi, where it is apparently restricted to the Lorman soil. The canopy of this community is dominated by some mixture of <i>Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda</i>, and/or <i>Pinus echinata</i>. The precise proportion depends on stand history and current management. In some examples, <i>Pinus taeda</i> is codominant with <i>Pinus echinata</i> limited or absent. Typical subcanopy species include <i>Quercus falcata, Quercus marilandica, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>. In managed stands, these hardwoods may be reduced to presence in the tall- or low-shrub strata, along with <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Other shrubs which are typically present include <i>Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium elliottii, Ilex decidua, Ilex vomitoria, Ilex opaca, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Rhus copallinum, Crataegus marshallii, Baccharis halimifolia</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. G2G3 G2 Montane Mixed Longleaf Woodland 1 This is one of several associations representing longleaf pine stands of interior regions of the southeastern United States, including the Piedmont, Cumberland Plateau, and Southern Ridge and Valley. This type occurs at moderate elevations (to 600 m) in mountainous regions and have been previously called montane longleaf. Other longleaf pine stands found at Pine Mountain, Georgia, on serpentine soils, or wet Piedmont soils are covered by other community types [see Similar Associations]. Examples of this type occur on steep, often rocky ridges comprised of various rock types, including sandstone, quartzite, phyllite, mica schists, and gneiss. Vegetation structure and species composition are variable and depend on previous disturbance and the frequency of fire. The canopy ranges from open to closed and may be dominated solely by <i>Pinus palustris</i>, or support a mixture of other pines and oaks, although stands in northern Alabama with nearly equal mixtures of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Quercus prinus</i> G2 G2 1 This association occurs on Leon soils on barrier islands, with 30-40% pine cover and 100% shrubby oak cover (nearly impenetrable). The natural fire frequency is believed to be from 20-30 years. The open canopy of this association is dominated by a combination of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>, with <i>Quercus chapmanii, Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus geminata</i>, and <i>Lyonia ferruginea</i> in the subcanopy or shrub layers. Other characteristic species include <i>Serenoa repens</i>. This naturally rare type is restricted to the barrier islands of Georgia and Florida, such as Big Talbot Island, Florida, and probably Sapelo Island, Georgia. G2? G2 Atlantic Coastal Plain W et Ultisol Longleaf Pine Savanna 1 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is restricted to wet and moist Ultisols of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina. The open canopy of this association is dominated by a combination of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. <i>Pinus taeda</i> may also be present. <i>Ilex glabra, Clethra alnifolia</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia frondosa</i> are common in the shrub layer. <i>Sporobolus pinetorum, Aristida stricta</i>, <i>Ctenium aromaticum</i>, and <i>Eryngium integrifolium</i> are in the herbaceous layer. <i>Sporobolus pinetorum</i> may dominate, with <i>Ctenium aromaticum</i> of secondary importance. Some stands in the wiregrass gap of South Carolina (e.g., Francis Marion National Forest) will not have <i>Aristida stricta</i> present. G2 G2 Carolina Coastal Longleaf Pine Sandhill 1 This community occurs on xeric sands within several miles of the coast in southeastern North Carolina and South Carolina. The canopy is sparse, and consists of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. The sparse to dense scrub oak subcanopy/shrub layer is dominated by <i>Quercus geminata, Quercus hemisphaerica, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Quercus laevis</i>, (sometimes) <i>Quercus virginiana</i>, and <i>Vaccinium arboreum</i>. <i>Aristida stricta</i> dominates the herbaceous layer, with often abundant <i>Cladina evansii, Cladina</i> spp., and <i>Cladonia</i> spp. Other characteristic species include <i>Diospyros virginiana, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. pumila), Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Ilex vomitoria, Rhynchospora megalocarpa</i>, and <i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i>. Soils are usually Kureb (Typic Quartzipsamment) and Mandarin (Typic Haplohumod). G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Clayey Longleaf Pine Forest 2 This upland <i>Pinus palustris</i> woodland of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain occurs in limited areas primarily north of the main contiguous belt of pure <i>Pinus palustris</i> vegetation. Sites on which this type occurs are believed to have a clay lens in the soil. Most known examples occur in a matrix of loamy <i>Pinus palustris</i> uplands. These areas were likely not subject to the most frequent fires typically associated with <i>Pinus palustris</i> vegetation. Due to infrequency of natural fires and soil conditions, the overstory may support a natural mixture of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus echinata</i> and to a lesser extent, <i>Pinus taeda</i>. The presence of <i>Quercus marilandica</i> is characteristic of this type. Typically absent are species of xeric and very dry environments of the region. G2G3 G2 Atlantic Coastal Plain Mesic Longleaf W oodland 1 This is a mesic longleaf pine community, without scrub oaks, occurring on mesic soils in the middle and outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina and South Carolina. <i>Pinus palustris</i> dominates the open to fairly dense canopy (rather often exceeding 60% canopy closure). Typical species are <i>Andropogon ternarius, Andropogon gyrans var. gyrans, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Panicum virgatum, Tephrosia florida, Lespedeza capitata, Amorpha herbacea var. herbacea</i>, and <i>Rhexia alifanus</i>. Topographically, this community occurs in fairly large flat expanses in a flatwoods landscape, and sometimes occurs in a matrix with wetter longleaf pine savanna communities. W hen fire-suppressed, <i>Quercus falcata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum, Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> may invade. G2G3 G2 Fall-line Mesic Longleaf Pine W oodland 1 This is a mesic longleaf pine community, without scrub oaks (or with very few individuals of <i>Quercus marilandica</i>), occurring in small areas in sandhill landscapes in the Fall-line Sandhills of North Carolina and South Carolina. <i>Pinus palustris</i> dominates the open to fairly dense canopy (rather often exceeding 60% canopy closure). Typical species are <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Andropogon gyrans var. gyrans, Anthaenantia villosa, Sorghastrum nutans, Ionactis linariifolius, Gymnopogon brevifolius, Panicum virgatum, Lespedeza capitata, Lespedeza hirta</i>, and <i>Desmodium tenuifolium</i>. Topographically, this community tends to occur in a sandhill landscape, in low moist areas or in small swales on ridgetops or in broad incipient drainages. The boundary between this community and several associated communities which do have scrub oaks is often very sharp. W hen fire-suppressed, <i>Quercus falcata, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Quercus marilandica</i> may invade. G2G3 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain W et Longleaf Pine Savanna (High Terraces Type) 1 This is a saturated longleaf pine woodland community of central to west-central Louisiana, presumably ranging into adjacent or related areas of Texas. The <i>Pinus palustris</i> canopy in frequently burned, relict stands is typically open. Shrubs are absent to patchy. The herbaceous layer in this woodland is well-developed and very species-rich. Dominants include <i>Ctenium aromaticum</i> (within its range, east of the Sabine River), <i>Muhlenbergia expansa, Rhynchospora plumosa, Rhynchospora globularis, Rhynchospora glomerata, Rhynchospora</i> spp., <i>Panicum virgatum, Eriocaulon decangulare, Eryngium integrifolium, Rhexia lutea</i>, and <i>Eupatorium</i> spp. Residual stands of this community are known from intermediate and high Pleistocene terraces. Soils are poorly drained to very poorly drained, acidic, silt loams and also perhaps fine sandy loams. Average fire-return time historically was believed to be 1-3 years, few remaining examples are subject to such frequencies. This community is geographically G2G3 G2 Wet Pine Flatwoods (Leiophyllum Type) 1 This community is very restricted in range, occurring only in Brunswick County, North Carolina, where it is the main wetland <i>Pinus palustris</i> community in an region of perhaps 200-300 square km. <i>Pinus palustris</i> dominates the open canopy. The shrub layer is strongly dominated by <i>Leiophyllum buxifolium</i>, or <i>Vaccinium crassifolium ssp. crassifolium</i> may codominate. Other shrubs, such as <i>Ilex glabra</i>, may also be present. <i>Aristida stricta</i> is sparse to dense. <i>Pleea tenuifolia</i> is often an herb-layer dominant. Other typical species include <i>Polygala</i> spp., <i>Rhexia</i> spp., <i>Xyris jupicai</i>, and <i>Drosera intermedia</i>. G2? G2 Munson Sandhill, Bluejack Oak Phase 2 This <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated community occurs on dry, sandy, well-drained soils in the East Gulf Coastal Plain of north Florida, where this type has been considered "some of the most spectacular high pineland" on the Apalachicola National Forest (Clewell 1971). The open canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>; a subcanopy is typically absent. <i>Quercus incana</i> and <i>Quercus margarettiae</i> sprouts dominate the short-shrub stratum and can vary in density depending on fire history. The herb layer is dominated by <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>, along with other grasses such as <i>Panicum virgatum, Schizachyrium scoparium</i>, and <i>Sporobolus junceus</i>. Related sandhill types of the region often support <i>Quercus laevis</i> in the subcanopy, often with a shrub layer component of <i>Serenoa repens</i> which is completely lacking in this type. G2? G2 Central Florida Longleaf Island 1 This central Florida sandhill is dominated by an open canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. This community typically lacks a well-developed subcanopy, especially in contrast to surrounding <i>Pinus clausa</i> scrub vegetation. However, the shrub layer may be well-developed, even under frequent fire conditions, and appears to be dominated by sprouts of <i>Quercus laevis</i> and <i>Quercus myrtifolia</i>. A rich herbaceous layer is present. Characteristic species in this stratum are <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i> and <i>Licania michauxii</i>. In addition, a number of species found primarily in central Florida may also be present, among the most frequent of which is <i>Chapmannia floridana</i>. Other geographically limited species may include <i>Sabal etonia, Polygonella ciliata</i>, and <i>Arnoglossum floridanum</i>. G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Xeric Longleaf Pine Sandhill 1 This xeric woodland of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain is dominated by an open to fairly closed <i>Pinus palustris</i> canopy. <i>Pinus palustris</i> is usually the only overstory tree present in high-quality, well-burned examples. <i>Quercus margarettiae</i> and <i>Quercus incana</i> are the next most important woody species, along with <i>Sassafras albidum</i>. The presence of <i>Pinus echinata</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i> in the canopy indicate lower quality examples. <i>Quercus margarettiae</i> and <i>Quercus incana</i> are the next most important woody species, along with <i>Sassafras albidum</i>. The herbaceous layer may be fairly sparse, yet distinguished by several W est Gulf Coastal Plain endemics, and local xeric fidels. Considerable lichen cover (<i>Cladonia</i> spp. and <i>Cladina</i> spp.) may exist along with patches of exposed sand. This type exists in a matrix of pyrogenic <i>Pinus palustris</i> communities and experiences average fire-return intervals of 2-10 years. G2G3 G2 South Atlantic Sandhills Subxeric Longleaf Pine W oodland 1 This association occurs in subxeric habitats of the sandhills and inner South Atlantic Coastal Plain of eastern and central Georgia and adjacent South Carolina. <i>Pinus palustris</i> forms an open to closed canopy. A scrub oak stratum of <i>Quercus incana, Quercus marilandica</i>, and less typically <i>Quercus laevis</i> can be present as a subcanopy or shrub layer depending on fire regime, and occasional individuals may reach the canopy. The subcanopy may also contain <i>Carya alba</i>. The shrub layer can be sparse to dense and may contain <i>Diospyros virginiana, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum, Sassafras albidum, Toxicodendron pubescens, Hypericum hypericoides</i>, and scrub oak sprouts. Dominants of the herbaceous stratum include <i>Aristida beyrichiana, Nolina georgiana, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Gelsemium sempervirens</i>, and <i>Tephrosia virginiana</i>. <i>Carphephorus bellidifolius</i> may be present in some examples, especially to the G2G3 G2 1 This association occurs in eastern Georgia on sandy loam soils. <i>Pinus palustris</i> forms an open to closed canopy. A scrub oak stratum of <i>Quercus incana, Quercus stellata, Quercus margarettiae</i>, and (less typically) <i>Quercus laevis</i> can manifest itself as a subcanopy or as a shrub layer, depending on fire regime, and occasional individuals may reach the canopy. The shrub layer can be sparse to dense, and contains <i>Castanea pumila, Ceanothus microphyllus, Diospyros virginiana, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Lyonia mariana, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. pumila), Serenoa repens, Vaccinium myrsinites</i>, and scrub oak sprouts. Dominants of the herbaceous stratum include <i>Sporobolus curtissii, Aristida beyrichiana</i>, and <i>Sporobolus junceus</i>. Other characteristic herbs include abundant and diverse legumes, <i>Sericocarpus tortifolius (= Aster tortifolius), Symphyotrichum walteri (= Aster walteri), Baptisia perfoliata, Cnidoscolus stimulosus, Crotalaria rotundifolia, Desmo G2G3 G2 1 This association occurs in sandhill landscapes of North Carolina and South Carolina and is found more mesic situations such as upland slopes, flats, and shallow swales with loamy or otherwise more mesic soils, such as the W agram series (Arenic Paleudult). <i>Pinus palustris</i> dominates the open canopy. The dominant scrub oak is <i>Quercus incana</i>, though <i>Quercus margarettiae, Quercus laevis</i>, and <i>Quercus marilandica</i> may be present. <i>Aristida stricta</i> dominates the herb layer. Other typical species include <i>Andropogon gyrans var. gyrans, Schizachyrium scoparium, Aristida purpurascens var. purpurascens, Paspalum bifidum, Anthaenantia villosa, Liatris</i> sp., <i>Ionactis linariifolius, Rhynchospora</i> spp., <i>Solidago odora var. odora, Paspalum laeve, Gymnopogon brevifolius, Sorghastrum nutans, Sorghastrum elliottii</i>, and <i>Tridens carolinianus</i>. G2G3 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Subxeric Longleaf Pine Sandhill 1 This subxeric woodland of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain is dominated by an open to fairly closed <i>Pinus palustris</i> canopy. <i>Pinus palustris</i> is usually the only overstory tree present in high-quality, well-burned examples. <i>Quercus incana</i> is the other most diagnostic and important woody species. Unlike more xeric sites, the herbaceous layer is fairly continuous and dominated by <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> with patches of lichen cover (<i>Cladonia</i> spp. and <i>Cladina</i> spp.) with patches of exposed sand encountered only infrequently. This community is further characterized by the presence of many species typical of very dry/subxeric sites of the region, such as <i>Croton argyranthemus, Tragia urticifolia, Tragia smallii</i>, and <i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i>. Indicator species of the most extreme xeric sites in the region (<i>Stylisma pickeringii, Cnidoscolus texanus, Eriogonum longifolium</i>, etc.) may be present but in relatively low levels. G2G3 G2 South Carolina Central Longleaf Woodland 1 This association of the Fall-line Sandhills region of South Carolina has an open canopy dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>. This type is found in the "wiregrass gap" south of the distribution of <i>Aristida stricta</i> and north of the distribution of <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. Sandhill oak species are typically present, especially <i>Quercus laevis</i> and sometimes also <i>Quercus incana, Quercus margarettiae</i>, and less commonly <i>Quercus laevis</i> and sometimes also <i>Quercus incana, Quercus margarettiae</i>, and less typically <i>Quercus marilandica</i>. Typical shrub components are <i>Vaccinium tenellum, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum, Hypericum hypericoides, Hypericum lloydii</i>, and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>. Typical herbs are <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Sporobolus junceus, Aristida purpurascens, Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum, Carphephorus bellidifolius, Galactia regularis, Eriogonum tomentosum, Bulbostylis ciliatifolia var. coarctata, G2 G2 Atlantic Coastal Fringe Longleaf Sandhill Scrub 1 These are xeric longleaf pine sandhills, occurring in the Outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina and South Carolina, on Kureb (Spodic Quartzipsamment) and Mandarin (Typic Haplohumod) soils. The canopy consists of an open (and sometimes very sparse) canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Quercus laevis</i> is the predominant scrub oak, and <i>Quercus geminata, Quercus hemisphaerica, Quercus incana</i>, and <i>Quercus margarettiae</i> may also be present. <i>Aristida stricta</i> may be sparse to dense depending upon tree cover. Other typical species include <i>Rhynchospora megalocarpa, Cladina evansii, Cladonia</i> spp., <i>Cnidoscolus stimulosus, Stipulicida setacea, Euphorbia ipecacuanhae, Selaginella acanthonota (= Selaginella arenicola ssp. acanthonota)</i>, and <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. pumila)</i>. This community often occurs in a mosaic with <i>Pinus palustris / Quercus hemisphaerica - Quercus geminata / Aristida stricta / Cladina evansii - Cladonia</i> spp. W oodland, which occupies less e G2? G2 South Atlantic Xeric Longleaf Pine Sandhill 1 This association occurs in the xeric habitats of the sandhills and inner South Atlantic Coastal Plain of eastern and central Georgia and adjacent South Carolina and northeastern Florida. <i>Pinus palustris</i> forms an open to closed canopy. A scrub oak stratum of <i>Quercus laevis, Quercus incana</i>, and less typically <i>Quercus margarettiae</i> can manifest itself as a subcanopy or as a shrub layer, depending on fire regime, and occasional individuals may reach the canopy. The shrub layer can be sparse to dense and may contain <i>Diospyros virginiana, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Vaccinium stamineum, Sassafras albidum, Toxicodendron pubescens, Hypericum hypericoides</i>, and scrub oak sprouts. Dominants of the herbaceous stratum include <i>Aristida beyrichiana, Schizachyrium scoparium, Gelsemium sempervirens</i>, and <i>Tephrosia virginiana</i>. Other characteristic herbs may include <i>Baptisia perfoliata, Cnidoscolus stimulosus, Dichanthelium</i> sp., <i>Eriogonum tomentosum, Euphorbia</i> sp., < G2G3 G2 Atlantic Coastal Plain Xeric Sandhill Scrub 1 These are extremely xeric longleaf pine sandhills, typically with a very sparse <i>Pinus palustris</i> canopy (5-25%). The scrub oak layer is sparse to dense, consisting of <i>Quercus laevis</i>, also often with <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i> or <i>Quercus geminata</i>. Some occurrences may have <i>Quercus myrtifolia</i> or <i>Quercus margarettiae</i>. Stands of this type are so xeric that <i>Aristida stricta</i> (in more northern examples) and <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i> (in more southern examples) are absent, very sparse, or restricted to moist mesic microsites, such as in associated moist depressions [see, for instance, ~<i>Hypericum reductum / Aristida stricta</i> Dwarf-shrubland (CEGL003954)$$]. The herb layer consists primarily of extreme xerophytes such as <i>Stipulicida setacea, Cnidoscolus stimulosus, Aristida purpurascens var. purpurascens, Aureolaria pectinata, Rhynchospora megalocarpa, Minuartia caroliniana, Dichanthelium ovale var. ovale, Galactia regularis, Euphorbia ipecacuanhae</i> (in more nort G2 G2 1 This is one of the driest longleaf pine types on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, north of central South Carolina. It is the typical xeric sandhill <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated association, within the range of <i>Aristida stricta</i>. Fire frequencies are naturally low in this vegetation because of lack of fuel. G2G3 G2 1 To be added from North Carolina Vegetation Survey data. G2G3 G2 East Gulf Coastal Plain Subxeric Longleaf Pine Sandhill 1 This East Gulf Coastal Plain community is characterized by a canopy of widely spaced <i>Pinus palustris</i> with a sparse subcanopy of <i>Quercus laevis</i>, above a well-developed shrub layer dominated by <i>Serenoa repens</i>. Openings between <i>Serenoa</i> cover have bare sand with scattered shrubs and herbs. Common herbaceous species include <i>Aristida beyrichiana, Clinopodium coccineum, Schizachyrium scoparium, Galactia regularis, Pityopsis graminifolia, Rhynchosia cytisoides</i>, and <i>Cyperus retrofractus</i>. G2 G2 South Atlantic Coastal Plain Dry Longleaf Pine Sandhill 2 This sandhill community occurs on dry, sandy, well-drained soils in the Coastal Plain of eastern Georgia and northeastern Florida. The open canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Quercus laevis</i> dominates the scrub oak stratum, and can vary from dense to sparse and from shrub sprouts to small trees, depending on fire history. The herb layer is dominated by <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. Other constant species are <i>Andropogon gyrans var. gyrans, Andropogon virginicus var. virginicus, Aureolaria pectinata, Commelina erecta, Dichanthelium acuminatum, Diospyros virginiana, Eupatorium compositifolium, Euphorbia exserta, Licania michauxii, Opuntia humifusa, Quercus incana, Serenoa repens, Tephrosia virginiana, Tillandsia usneoides</i>, and <i>Vaccinium stamineum</i> (low clonal variety). G2G3 G2 2 Sandhill community of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, occurring on deep, excessively drained white sand soils, mapped as Troup, Lucy, and Eustis-Lakeland complex. It is restricted in extent due to the limited size of the sand deposits which are usually surrounded by more mesic pine stands. Camp Shelby examples contain stunted, widely spaced trees with a well-developed understory of oaks above a sparse ground cover of lichens and mosses and bare white sand. The open canopy consists of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. The subcanopy consists of <i>Quercus laevis, Quercus hemisphaerica, Quercus incana</i>, and <i>Quercus margarettiae</i>. The shrub stratum consists of <i>Serenoa repens, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Vaccinium arboreum, Ilex vomitoria, Ilex opaca var. opaca</i>, and <i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i>. The herb layer consists of <i>Aristida condensata, Andropogon ternarius, Sorghastrum secundum, Chrysopsis gossypina ssp. hyssopifolia, Bulbostylis ciliatifolia</i>, and <i>Pityopsis aspera</i>. G2 G2 2 This is a subxeric <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodland of the Outer Coastal Plain of South Carolina, found on well-drained (but not xeric) sandy soils, including the Chipley series. <i>Pinus palustris</i> dominates the open canopy of stands of this association. The subcanopy contains <i>Quercus margarettiae</i> and <i>Quercus incana</i>, in preference to <i>Quercus laevis</i> (which would be typical of more xeric sites). Some <i>Quercus falcata</i> may also be present. <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> is a typical herbaceous component; wiregrasses (<i>Aristida</i> spp.) are not typically found, as this association is restricted to the wiregrass gap of central South Carolina. <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i> is also common, particularly under certain fire regimes. G2? G2 Altamaha Grit Longleaf Pine W oodland 1 This community is known from Broxton Rocks in south-central Georgia (Coffee County); it is a characteristic community of the Altamaha Grit, associated with sandstone outcrops. In addition to the nominal species, characteristic species of this association are <i>Andropogon ternarius, Sericocarpus tortifolius (= Aster tortifolius), Eryngium yuccifolium, Gelsemium sempervirens, Penstemon dissectus, Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum, Schizachyrium scoparium, Smilax glauca, Tephrosia virginiana, Vaccinium elliottii, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum</i>, and <i>Yucca filamentosa</i>. G2 G2 Atlantic Longleaf Pine - Blackjack Oak W oodland 1 This longleaf pine/scrub oak association is distributed primarily in the Fall-line Sandhills of south-central North Carolina and north-central South Carolina, and also occurs in more scattered areas in the middle and outer Coastal Plain of southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. <i>Pinus palustris</i> dominates the open canopy. <i>Quercus marilandica</i> is the dominant scrub oak, with smaller amounts of <i>Quercus laevis, Quercus incana</i>, and <i>Quercus margarettiae</i> (all of varying stature and density depending on fire history). <i>Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa)</i> and <i>Vaccinium tenellum</i> are often common. Aristida stricta dominates the herb layer. Other typical species include <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Andropogon ternarius, Andropogon gyrans var. gyrans, Tephrosia virginiana, Silphium compositum, Pityopsis graminifolia, Scleria triglomerata, Rhynchosia reniformis, Symphyotrichum walteri (= Aster walteri), Ionactis linariifolius, Tragia urens, Toxicodendron pubescens, G2G3 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Clayey Longleaf Pine W oodland (Dry Type) 1 This W est Gulf Coastal Plain woodland is comprised of an open to very open, typically somewhat stunted, <i>Pinus palustris</i> canopy (averaging 16-20 m in height). The hardwood subcanopy, comprised largely of <i>Quercus marilandica</i>, is also open to very open, and often occurs in scattered clumps. This type may be quite shrubby, even under frequent burning. This stratum may be strongly dominated by <i>Ilex vomitoria</i> (which is often the only species present in this stratum in Louisiana), along with <i>Callicarpa americana, Rhus copallinum, Vaccinium arboreum</i>, sprouts of <i>Quercus marilandica</i>, and sometimes <i>Quercus stellata</i>. <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> is the dominant herbaceous species, but a number of other herbs are present, some of which suggest the dry character of this type (for example, <i>Pityopsis graminifolia var. graminifolia</i> and <i>Oligoneuron nitidum (= Solidago nitida)</i>). G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Clayey Longleaf Pine W oodland (Moist Type) 1 This W est Gulf Coastal Plain association is comprised of an open to very open, typically stunted, <i>Pinus palustris</i> canopy above a very open hardwood subcanopy, comprised largely of <i>Quercus marilandica</i>. This type tends to have an open, herbaceous-dominated understory in which shrubs occur only sporadically. <i>Panicum virgatum</i> is the dominant herbaceous species, which along with other grasses (<i>Sporobolus</i> sp., <i>Dichanthelium</i> spp.) form a nearly continuous grassy ground cover. A number of other herbaceous species are present which are suggestive of mesic but not particularly dry conditions, especially <i>Stenanthium gramineum</i>. G2 G2 Mississippi Loam Hills Longleaf Forest 1 This association occurs on rolling upland hills, on ridges and slopes of all exposures and slopes, but is more common on east, southeast, and southern exposures, in southern Mississippi and possibly elsewhere in the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain. It is typically associated with well-drained upland soils, including McLaurin loamy sand, Benndale sandy loam, and Heidel sandy loam. On the Conecuh National Forest, this association may be found on the Troup, Mablis, Dothan, Orangeburg, and Florala soil series, which are sandy loams. This association is characterized by a floristic mixture of species typical of upland longleaf pine communities and of pine flatwoods. It is characterized as an upland longleaf pine community, lacking wiregrass, with floristic composition of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>. The subcanopy consists primarily of <i>Quercus marilandica</i> and <i>Quercus incana</i>, with occasional <i>Quercus stellata, Quercus margarettiae, Carya glabra</i>, an G2G3 G2 Fall-line Sandhills Longleaf Pine - Blackjack Oak W oodland 1 This community occupies topographically high positions in the Fall-line Sandhills of North Carolina and South Carolina. Plinthite and sandstone outcrops are usually present, as well as reddish clay. An open canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i> occurs. Typically, <i>Quercus marilandica</i> is the primary scrub oak, though others may be present. Shrubs, subshrubs, and woody vines (some of them indicative of moister soils than the topographic situation would indicate) include <i>Vaccinium crassifolium, Lyonia mariana, Cyrilla racemiflora, Pyxidanthera brevifolia, Galax urceolata, Clethra alnifolia, Kalmia latifolia, Nyssa sylvatica, Symplocos tinctoria, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Gelsemium sempervirens</i>, and <i>Vaccinium tenellum</i>. Herbs include <i>Aristida stricta, Tephrosia virginiana</i>, and others. The combination of moist and xeric indicator species is distinctive. G2? G2 2 This is the drier portion of the longleaf pine woodlands of the South Carolina "wiregrass gap" with <i>Quercus pumila</i>. Stands typically have an open canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i> with a low-shrub stratum composed of low-stature oaks such as <i>Quercus pumila</i>. Ericaceous shrubs are present, including <i>Gaylussacia dumosa, Vaccinium tenellum, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium crassifolium</i>, and <i>Lyonia mariana</i>. Graminoids and forbs are diverse and abundant, with <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> being prominent in the stand.</i> G2? G2 1 This association is an upland longleaf pine community occurring in the East Gulf Coastal Plain on well-drained sandy soils with clay layers in the B horizon. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>. The subcanopy consists of an occasional <i>Quercus falcata</i>. Shrubs are diverse but dominated by <i>Quercus pumila</i> (dominant at 25-35% cover). Herbs include <i>Aristida beyrichiana, Schizachyrium tenerum, Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum, Tephrosia virginiana, Sorghastrum secundum, Andropogon</i> spp., and others. G2G3 G2 Western W et Longleaf Pine Savanna (Prairie Terraces Acidic Silt Loam Type) 1 This is apparently the southernmost wetland longleaf community of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain, occurring on non-saline soils of the Prairie and Intermediate Terraces of Louisiana and related areas of Texas, with an open canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Typical soils include Kinder (Typic Glossaqualf), Caddo (Typic Glossaqualf), and Guyton (Typic Glossaqualf). Typical species include <i>Ctenium aromaticum, Muhlenbergia expansa, Aristida palustris, Dichanthelium scabriusculum, Dichanthelium</i> spp., <i>Eleocharis tuberculosa, Rhynchospora elliottii, Panicum rigidulum, Scleria georgiana, Scleria pauciflora, Centella erecta, Helenium drummondii, Rhynchospora gracilenta, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Rhynchospora elliottii, Rhynchospora pusilla, Rhynchospora latifolia, Rhynchospora plumosa, Asclepias longifolia, Chaptalia tomentosa, Aletris aurea, Polygala ramosa, Arnoglossum ovatum, Eryngium integrifolium, Eupatorium leucolepis, Marshallia caespitosa var. caespitosa, Marshallia graminifolia var. cynanthera (= Marsha G2G3 G2Western East Gulf Coastal Plain Silt Loam Longleaf Pine W oodland 1 This association occurs on finer-textured, loess-influenced soils in eastern Louisiana and is likely also in adjacent southwestern Mississippi. Characteristic herbaceous species include <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Coreopsis tripteris, Baptisia bracteata var. leucophaea, Symphyotrichum patens (= Aster patens), Symphyotrichum adnatum (= Aster adnatus), Quercus falcata, Quercus marilandica, Quercus stellata, Schizachyrium tenerum, Salix humilis var. tristis, Pteroglossaspis ecristata, Chamaecrista fasciculata, Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, Tephrosia</i> spp., <i>Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Vaccinium darrowii, Liatris squarrosa, Liatris pycnostachya, Rhexia alifanus, Paspalum floridanum</i>, and <i>Callirhoe papaver</i>. Legumes are abundant and diverse. <i>Quercus incana</i> can be scattered. This association occurs on Tangi (Typic Fragiudult), Ruston, and Smithdale soils, all fine-textured, loamy soils, with loess influence. G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Mesic Upland Longleaf Pine W oodland 1 This mesic longleaf pine woodland occurs in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain. It is dominated by a generally open canopy of mature, tall <i>Pinus palustris</i> (20-25 m in height). The herbaceous layer is extremely diverse and is dominated by graminoids, legumes, and composites. This community occurs on gently rolling topography over moderately well-drained silt loams and fine sandy loams, typically downslope from 'tableland' flatwoods which occur on broad flat ridgetops. This community occurs west of the Mississippi River in west-central Louisiana and eastern Texas, particularly on the Pleistocene Intermediate and High Terraces, and also possibly on the Fleming Formation. This is a pyrogenic community with fire-return intervals of 2-5 years (Bridges and Orzell 1989a, Martin and Smith 1991, 1993). G2G3 G2 Florida Parishes Coastal Terrace Longleaf Pine Flatwoods 1 This association occurs on upland rises in the lowest terrace of coastal flatwoods in the Florida parishes of Louisiana. Examples typically support an open canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Shrub and midstory layers are generally absent in high-quality, well-burned examples. The understory has a well-developed herbaceous layer dominated by grasses. Typical herbaceous species are <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Muhlenbergia expansa, Helianthus radula, Schizachyrium tenerum, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Lobelia brevifolia, Chaptalia tomentosa, Xyris caroliniana, Carphephorus odoratissimus, Aristida purpurascens var. virgata, Pityopsis graminifolia, Solidago rugosa, Solidago odora, Symphyotrichum adnatum (= Aster adnatus), Tephrosia onobrychoides, Eryngium yuccifolium</i>, and <i>Aletris aurea</i>. G2? G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Dry-Mesic Upland Longleaf Pine W oodland 1 This dry-mesic longleaf pine woodland of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain is dominated by a 20- to 25-m tall <i>Pinus palustris</i> canopy with generally open cover. <i>Pinus echinata</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i> may occasionally occur in the canopy but are never dominant. The herbaceous layer is abundant and diverse and dominated by graminoids, legumes, and composites. This community primarily occurs on rolling to gently rolling topography over acidic, well-drained sandy loams. This community occurs west of the Mississippi River in west-central Louisiana and eastern Texas, particularly on the Pleistocene High Terraces; where it was historically the primary matrix community. Typical soil types on which this association occurs are Ruston (fine sandy loam) and Smithdale (fine sandy loam). This is a pyrogenic community with fire-return intervals of 2-5 years. G2G3 G2 Western Upland Longleaf Pine Forest (Messer Pimple Mound Type) 1 This mesic <i>Pinus palustris</i> woodland of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain occurs on pimple mounds of the Pleistocene Prairie Terraces, typically on Messer soils (Haplic Glossudalf). Stands are dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i> with <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Schizachyrium tenerum</i>, and <i>Silphium gracile</i>. In addition to the nominals, typical species include <i>Liatris acidota, Liatris pycnostachya, Tephrosia onobrychoides, Euphorbia corollata, Tragia smallii, Rhexia alifanus, Stylosanthes biflora, Vernonia texana, Eupatorium leucolepis, Xyris caroliniana, Solidago odora var. odora, Dichanthelium aciculare (= Dichanthelium angustifolium), Quercus marilandica, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Vaccinium stamineum, Helianthus angustifolius, Gymnopogon</i> sp., and <i>Eupatorium rotundifolium</i>. This community occurs in an interdigitated complex with ~<i>Pinus palustris / Rhynchospora elliottii - Lobelia flaccidifolia - Platanthera nivea - (Helenium drummondii)</i> W oodland (CEGL007802)$$. G2 G2 Longleaf Pine / Saw Palmetto Flatwoods 1 This broadly defined community is a moderately to poorly drained longleaf flatwoods community, widespread in Florida, and extending north through Georgia to southeastern South Carolina, and probably west to southern Alabama and southern Mississippi. <i>Pinus palustris</i> dominates the open to fairly dense canopy. The shrub layer is characteristically dense, with <i>Serenoa repens</i> and Ilex glabra usually dominating; other shrubs include <i>Lyonia fruticosa, Lyonia lucida, Vaccinium myrsinites, Gaylussacia mosieri</i>, and <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i>. The herb layer is poorly developed in this association, but patches of herbaceous cover may occur and are often dominated by <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. This community generally occurs on Spodosols; a spodic horizon is associated with seasonally saturated conditions. G2G3 G2 South Atlantic Coastal Plain Longleaf Flatwoods 1 This <i>Pinus palustris</i> flatwoods community is found in the South Atlantic Coastal Plain of northeastern Florida and southern Georgia, ranging into southern South Carolina. It is typified by a very open or naturally sparse canopy of <i>Pinus palustris.</i> Some stands have relatively minor amounts of <i>Pinus elliottii</i> present as well. <i>Sporobolus curtissii</i> is diagnostic of this type, at least relative to other <i>Pinus palustris</i> flatwoods in northern Florida. <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i> is also common. The shrub layer is well-developed and often dense, usually dominated by some combination of <i>Serenoa repens, Vaccinium myrsinites, Gaylussacia tomentosa (= Gaylussacia frondosa var. tomentosa), Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Ilex glabra, Lyonia lucida, Quercus minima</i>, and lesser amounts of <i>Quercus pumila</i>. In some sites, the herb layer is poorly developed and not very diverse; in other areas <i>Sporobolus curtissii</i> and <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i> are abundant and other he G2G3 G2 2 This forest occurs at high elevations in the mountain ranges of Trans-Pecos Texas. Dominant canopy species are <i>Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum</i> and <i>Pinus strobiformis</i>. Other canopy species sometimes present include <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca</i> and <i>Pinus edulis</i>. Subcanopy can include <i>Quercus gambelii</i>. Herbs and shrubs are sparse, but may include <i>Piptochaetium fimbriatum, Lonicera albiflora, Holodiscus discolor, Carex geophila, Bromus anomalus, Amelanchier utahensis</i> and <i>Mahonia repens</i>. In grassy openings, typical species include <i>Muhlenbergia dubia, Koeleria macrantha, Festuca arizonica</i>, and <i>Bouteloua curtipendula</i>. It intergrades with various woodlands, including <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>-dominated woodlands. G2? G2 Papershell Pinyon - Ashe Juniper W oodland 2 This community occurs in the Edwards Plateau of central Texas. The open canopy consists of <i>Pinus remota, Juniperus ashei, Quercus fusiformis</i>, and <i>Quercus vaseyana (= Quercus pungens var. vaseyana)</i>. The shrub layer may contain <i>Acacia berlandieri, Acacia roemeriana, Mahonia trifoliolata (= Berberis trifoliolata), Condalia viridis, Diospyros texana, Forestiera reticulata, Jatropha dioica, Rhus virens, Salvia ballotiflora</i>, and <i>Sophora secundiflora</i>. Graminoids include <i>Bouteloua curtipendula, Carex planostachys, Dichanthelium pedicellatum, Erioneuron pilosum, Poa bigelovii</i>, and <i>Vulpia octoflora</i>. G2G3 G2 2 This community occurs at moderate elevations in the Sierra Madera of Trans-Pecos Texas. <i>Pinus remota</i> dominates the 4- to 10-m high canopy. <i>Quercus mohriana</i> and <i>Juniperus pinchotii</i> dominate the shrub stratum, with other species including <i>Yucca elata</i>. The herb layer is dominated by <i>Bouteloua curtipendula</i>, with <i>Bouteloua gracilis</i> and <i>Agave lechuguilla</i> also present. G2G3 G2 Blue Ridge Table Mountain Pine - Pitch Pine W oodland (High-Elevation Type) 1 This high-elevation (1220 to 1555 m [4000-5100 feet]) woodland is dominated by <i>Pinus rigida</i> with a dense, ericaceous shrub stratum and occurs on narrow ridge crests in the Southern Blue Ridge. Other tree species can include <i>Quercus rubra, Tsuga canadensis, Picea rubens</i> (rarely), and <i>Populus grandidentata</i> (rarely). Typical shrubs include <i>Kalmia latifolia, Leucothoe recurva, Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron calendulaceum, Gaylussacia baccata</i>, and <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i>. <i>Galax urceolata</i> is often dominant in the herbaceous stratum, but other species may be present. Characteristic herbs include <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Epigaea repens</i>, and <i>Melampyrum lineare</i>. Fire-suppressed examples tend to have coverage of <i>Pinus strobus, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. This community is distinct from the more typical ~<i>Pinus pungens - Pinus rigida - (Quercus prinus) / Kalmia latifolia - Vaccinium pallidum</i> W oodland (CEGL007097)$$ because of the presence G2 G2 Hi Lewis Pitch Pine Barrens 2 This association includes dry woodlands of the Cumberlands of Kentucky and possibly Virginia on steep, south- to southwest-facing slopes. This community is known from the Kentucky side of Pine Mountain, in the Cumberland Mountains (on the Virginia-Kentucky stateline). It has a canopy strongly dominated by <i>Pinus rigida</i>, also with some <i>Pinus virginiana</i> (around rock outcrops) and scattered <i>Quercus prinus</i> and sometimes <i>Quercus marilandica</i>. Canopy coverage varies from 10-80%. Scattered shrubs are present. <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> and <i>Sorghastrum nutans</i> dominate the herb layer, and <i>Baptisia tinctoria</i> is also very abundant. This vegetation is fire-maintained, but also strongly influenced by dry conditions. G2? G2 Small Depression Pocosin 1 Small Depression Pocosins occurring in small depressions in sandy upland landscapes, differing in floristic composition, use by animal species, and community dynamics (such as fire) from more expansive pocosins occurring in other landscapes. The open canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus serotina</i>. The shrub layer is characteristically dominated by <i>Cyrilla racemiflora, Lyonia lucida</i>, and <i>Vaccinium fuscatum</i>. G2G3 G2 Central Florida Pond Pine Shrubby Flatwoods 1 These are wet flatwoods of <i>Pinus serotina</i> with a small amount of <i>Pinus elliottii</i>. The shrubs <i>Ilex glabra, Quercus minima</i>, and <i>Quercus pumila</i> occur along with nearly complete coverage of <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. <i>Amphicarpum muehlenbergianum</i> is also an important grass. G2G3 G2 1 <i>Pinus serotina</i> is dominant or codominant with <i>Acer rubrum</i> in the canopy stratum. <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i> are typically the most important subcanopy trees. Shrub densities are variable, from more than 80% cover to less than 50%. W hile not always dominant, <i>Ilex glabra</i> is a common and characteristic shrub in this type. Other common shrubs include <i>Lyonia lucida, Clethra alnifolia, Smilax laurifolia, Leucothoe racemosa, Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa), Vaccinium formosum, Persea palustris, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera)</i>, and <i>Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosiflora</i>. Herbaceous diversity is very low, but <i>W oodwardia virginica</i> and <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i> can be locally common. Other herbaceous plants include <i>W oodwardia areolata, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis</i>, and <i>Listera australis</i>. Mosses, including <i>Sphagnum</i> spp., are often abundant in the saturated hummock-and-hollow microtopography. This community is G2? G2 Pond Pine Peat Dome Pocosin (Strange Nutrient-rich/Tidal? Type) 1 This natural community is found on the margins of large peat domes and with some tidal or nutrient-rich groundwater influence. It occurs with associated tidal wetlands in riverine systems and bay shores in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Virginia and North Carolina, south to approximately Carteret County, North Carolina. The open canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus serotina</i>. The shrub layer is characteristically dominated by <i>Morella cerifera</i>, with <i>Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Osmunda cinnamomea</i>, and <i>W oodwardia virginica</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Ilex glabra</i>, and <i>Juncus roemerianus</i>. G2? G2 East Gulf Coastal Plain Pond Pine / Herbaceous W oodland 1 These are linear pond pine woodlands occurring along seepage-fed transition zones in the Florida Panhandle. They are dominated by an open overstory of <i>Pinus serotina</i> with a little <i>Pinus palustris</i>. A floristically diverse herbaceous layer is typical, dominated by <i>Sporobolus floridanus, Aristida beyrichiana</i>, and <i>Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta (= Arundinaria tecta)</i>. Scattered shrubs are present, including <i>Lyonia mariana</i> and <i>Lyonia lucida</i>, the density of which may be greatly affected by fire history. G2 G2 Southern Appalachian W hite Pine Forest 1 This association includes natural stands of forest vegetation with a canopy dominated by <i>Pinus strobus</i>. This community occurs at lower elevations (below 900 m) in the Southern Blue Ridge region of the southern Appalachians on upper slopes and ridgetops protected by higher landforms. Other minor canopy species may include <i>Pinus rigida, Quercus coccinea</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. These forests often have open subcanopies composed of <i>Oxydendrum arboreum, Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Cornus florida</i>. The shrub stratum is patchy to continuous and dominated by ericaceous species, typically <i>Gaylussacia ursina</i>, or <i>Vaccinium stamineum</i>, and <i>Kalmia latifolia</i>. Other common species in the shrub/sapling stratum may include <i>Gaylussacia baccata, Vaccinium pallidum, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Castanea dentata</i>. Typical herbaceous species include <i>Galax urceolata, Chimaphila maculata, Goodyera pubescens, Epigaea repens, Medeola virginiana, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Uvularia G2G3 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Subcalcareous Pine - Hardwood Slope and Stream Bottom Forest 2 This mixed forest of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain occurs in a fairly narrow geographic zone on both sides of the Sabine River where it is confined to rich, mesic, calcareous slopes and stream bottoms. The canopy of this forest is dominated by both <i>Pinus taeda</i> and mixed hardwoods; these include <i>Quercus alba, Fraxinus americana, Carya alba, Quercus shumardii, Carya texana</i>, and sometimes some <i>Fagus grandifolia</i>. The tall-shrub stratum is patchy and includes canopy saplings and <i>Ilex opaca, Ilex longipes, Ilex vomitoria, Acer leucoderme, Acer barbatum, Crataegus marshallii, Crataegus spathulata, Ostrya virginiana, Carpinus caroliniana</i>, and <i>Styrax grandifolius</i>. The patchy short-shrub stratum includes seedlings of canopy and tall-shrub species, plus <i>Viburnum dentatum</i> and <i>Viburnum acerifolium</i>. The herbaceous stratum is typically sparse but includes spring ephemerals and species dependent on mesic conditions. This type may have been most common in a vegetation matrix domi G2G3 G2 2 This type includes nonriverine swamps of the Outer Coastal Plain (embayed or tidewater region) of North Carolina, occurring on very large flats with a high water table. Soils are generally organic, such as Typic Medisaprists and Terric Medisaprists. The canopy is dominated by variable mixtures of <i>Pinus taeda, Pinus serotina, Chamaecyparis thyoides, Taxodium distichum, Taxodium ascendens, Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i>, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i>. Many examples are dominated by <i>Nyssa biflora</i>, with <i>Taxodium</i> (of ambiguous species) and <i>Pinus taeda</i> as substantial minorities in the best examples. <i>Acer rubrum</i> is common in logged examples. <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> is less common, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i> are present in small numbers in only a few examples. The subcanopy is open to dense and consists of <i>Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris</i>, and <i>Cyrilla racemiflora</i>. The shrub layer is often well-developed, thoug G2G3 G2 Wi nd-Tidal Cypress - Gum Swamp 2 This community occurs on relatively firm, poorly decomposed, fibrous and root-rich peat, which usually overlies soupy, well-decomposed peat at depths of about 0.5-1.0 m. Microtopography frequently exhibits a strong hummock-and-hollow pattern, with hollows retaining standing water through much of the year. Flooding by wind tides is frequent, and habitats may be inundated to depths of 0.5 m or more by occasional powerful wind tide events. This community may have complex long term dynamics, related to inlet closing and opening. <i>Nyssa biflora</i> and <i>Taxodium distichum</i> dominate the canopy in variable proportions. <i>Pinus taeda</i> is also present and is diagnostic of this type in Virginia. <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> may also be important, especially in the subcanopy stratum. <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera)</i> is characteristically dominant in the shrub layer, sometimes reaching subcanopy heights (6-10 m). Other small tree and shrub components include <i G2? G2 Loblolly Pine - Sand Laurel Oak W oodland 2 This community consists of pine-oak woodlands on sandy swamp islands isolated from fire, or on levees and creek banks where fire is limited. The open to closed canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus taeda</i> and <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i>. The subcanopy includes <i>Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Persea palustris, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i>. The shrub layer is characteristically open, and dominated by <i>Ilex glabra</i>; other species may include <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i> and <i>Lyonia lucida</i>. In Florida, <i>Serenoa repens</i> is important. G2 G2 Atlantic Coastal Plain Loblolly Pine - Oak - Atlantic W hite-cedar Blackwater Stream Forest 2 These forests occur along sandy blackwater streams, and on low, sandy terraces and levees, on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus taeda, Quercus laurifolia</i>, and <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>. The canopy of some stands will contain <i>Quercus virginiana</i>. Other canopy species that may be present include <i>Quercus lyrata, Quercus phellos, Quercus nigra, Acer rubrum, Pinus taeda</i>, and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. The understory may contain <i>Acer rubrum, Persea palustris, Ilex opaca</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. The often dense shrub layer may contain <i>Itea virginica, Cyrilla racemiflora, Clethra alnifolia</i>, and <i>Vaccinium elliottii</i> among other species. <i>Arundinaria gigantea</i> is also common in these forests. G2? G2 Blue Ridge Acidic Shale W oodland 2 This community occurs on steep, shaly slopes in the southern Appalachians and has an open to closed, stunted canopy and sparse herb and shrub strata characterized by species able to grow in loose shale fragments. It is known from the Hot Springs W indow, in the Blue Ridge Mountains, and occurs elsewhere in the southern Appalachians, such as the Chauga Basin, South Carolina, and from Chilhowee Mountain, Tennessee. The canopy (5-25 m tall, 25-75% cover) is dominated by <i>Pinus virginiana</i>, with <i>Quercus prinus</i> and <i>Quercus rubra</i> sometimes present in substantial numbers in less extreme habitats. The shrub layer is very sparse, and may include scattered individuals of <i>Kalmia latifolia, Vaccinium stamineum</i>, and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. The herb layer is very sparse to patchy, and is dominated by <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Carex pensylvanica, Danthonia spicata, Dichanthelium linearifolium</i>, with scattered individuals of <i>Coreopsis major, Houstonia longifolia (= Houstonia tenuifolia), H G2 G2 Appalachian Montane Alluvial Forest 2 This association covers alluvial forests of Southern Blue Ridge and nearby portions of the inner Piedmont. This type is associated with narrow, rocky floodplains and islands in medium-sized rivers, typically at elevations below 915 m (3000 feet). It is more frequent below 610 m (2000 feet). Examples are known from the Nantahala Gorge, Slickrock Creek, the South Toe River, and the Black and Craggy Mountains. Canopy composition of stands is variable but typical dominants are <i>Platanus occidentalis, Liriodendron tulipifera, Fraxinus americana, Betula alleghaniensis</i>, and <i>Betula lenta</i>. <i>Platanus</i> is characteristic, but not necessarily dominant in stands of this association. Other canopy/subcanopy trees can include <i>Carpinus caroliniana, Betula nigra, Acer rubrum, Pinus virginiana, Pinus strobus</i>, and <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. In contrast to montane alluvial forests on the margins of the Southern Blue Ridge or on larger rivers, <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> is rare to absent in this type. The G2? G2 Coastal Mesquite / Cactus W oodland 2 This woodland occurs on upland (but subirrigated) saline soils near the coast of southern Texas. <i>Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa</i> is the dominant tree. The cactus <i>Acanthocereus tetragonus (= Acanthocereus pentagonus)</i> forms tangled thickets and dominates the shrub stratum. Other prominent shrubs include <i>Condalia hookeri, Celtis pallida, Castela erecta, Zanthoxylum fagara, Lycium berlandieri</i>, and <i>Sideroxylon celastrinum</i>. G2? G2 Tamaulipan Mesquite Brushland 2 This deciduous woodland association occurs on non-saline, coarse- and fine-textured Beaumont Formation strata in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Tamaulipas, Mexico. It is characterized by a scattered to open (or nearly closed) canopy emergent over a dense and diverse shrub layer with openings supporting grasses and forbs. <i>Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa</i> typically dominates the emergent canopy. Other canopy species include <i>Acacia greggii var. wrightii (= Acacia wrightii), Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Celtis pallida, Ebenopsis ebano (= Pithecellobium ebano), Havardia pallens (= Pithecellobium pallens)</i>, and <i>Sideroxylon celastrinum (= Bumelia celastrina</i>). The shrub layer is very dense and diverse, including <i>Acacia berlandieri, Acanthocereus tetragonus (= Acanthocereus pentagonus)</i> (in eastern portion of lower Rio Grande delta only), <i>Adelia vaseyi, Aloysia gratissima, Amyris madrensis, Amyris texana, Bastardia viscosa, Borrichia frutescens</i> (in openings), <i>Capsic G2? G2 Southeastern Highland Rim Blackjack Oak Barrens 2 This woodland occurs on flat dry uplands of the southeastern Highland Rim in Tennessee. The open canopy consists primarily of <i>Quercus falcata</i> and/or <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Subcanopy species include <i>Quercus stellata</i>, along with <i>Quercus marilandica</i> and in some cases <i>Oxydendrum arboreum</i> and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. <i>Vaccinium arboreum</i> and <i>Vaccinium fuscatum</i> often occur in the tall-shrub layer, which can be very sparse (7% cover of a 20x20-m plot) or dense (70% of a 20x20-m plot). The low-shrub layer is dominated by <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i> and/or <i>Gaylussacia dumosa</i>. Other vascular plants are few; these include In some examples, <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Smilax glauca</i>, and scattered <i>Andropogon</i> spp., including <i>Andropogon virginicus, Andropogon glomeratus</i>, and <i>Andropogon ternarius</i>. <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i> may be prominent, approaching 10% cover in some areas. The relation of this community to past fire history is unknown; however, at Arnol G2G3 G2 Southern Ridge and Valley Calcareous Flatwoods Forest 2 These seasonally inundated wet hardwood forests occur on gently rolling or flat terrain along small streams and sometimes on shallowly depressed upland flats in the Great Valley subsection of the Ridge and Valley of Georgia and Alabama. These communities are typically located within a few miles of the major rivers of this region. Known examples occur along the Conasauga, Coosawattee, Oostanaula and Coosa rivers. In Georgia, these sites are locally known as "flatwoods." The substrate for this association is deep, stiff calcareous clays derived from weathered shale and limestone of the Conasauga Group. They are very poorly drained and seasonally inundated by winter rain and then subjected to extreme drying and cracking during the summer growing season. This results in a canopy that tends to be somewhat stunted and open allowing for a very well-developed and diverse herbaceous layer that includes many calciphilic species. Characteristically these forests are a mosaic of wetland depressions interspersed with scat G2? G2 Chesapeake Bay Nonriverine W et Hardwood Forest 2 This association occurs in the central and northern Virginia Coastal Plain on extensive, flat terraces and very wide, ancient floodplains that are no longer subject to alluvial processes. Its hydrology is seasonally to nearly permanently saturated, with occasional ponding or groundwater sheetflows, and is maintained by a high water table rather than riverine or estuarine flooding. The overstory of relatively undisturbed examples contain variable mixtures of hydrophytic oaks, most commonly <i>Quercus phellos, Quercus pagoda</i>, and <i>Quercus michauxii</i>. Associated canopy species varying from site to site can include <i>Quercus alba, Quercus palustris, Quercus lyrata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum, Pinus taeda, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>. The subcanopy layers are usually dominated by <i>Ilex opaca var. opaca</i> and also contain <i>Magnolia virginiana</i> and recruitment of the overstory trees. The shrub layer varies from open to dense. and most characteristically contain G2? G2 Piedmont Rocky Mafic Forest 2 This forest occurs on mafic rocky soils with some occurrences in Piedmont "boulder gardens." There are areas with large outcrops of mafic rock that extend to 8 m in height. Topographic settings range from flats to upper slopes and ridgetops; soils are xeric to submesic. Some occurrences may have up to 40% of the surface covered by boulders with most of the rest of the surface covered by leaf litter. The relatively open to closed canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus alba, Quercus prinus, Quercus rubra var. rubra</i> and <i>Carya glabra</i> with scattered <i>Fraxinus americana</i> over a well-developed, approximately 4-8 m tall, subcanopy of <i>Acer leucoderme</i>. Other species in the canopy and subcanopy include <i>Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Chionanthus virginicus, Prunus serotina var. serotina, Acer rubrum, Cornus florida, Diospyros virginiana, Nyssa sylvatica, Pinus echinata, Quercus marilandica, Quercus stellata, Celtis tenuifolia, Cercis canadensis</i>, and <i>Quercus velutina</i>. The vine layer is we G2? G2 Appalachian Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low-Elevation Xeric Type) 2 This association includes dry, deciduous forests of low elevations (below 915 m [3000 feet]) in the Southern Blue Ridge, associated with sandy, dry soils derived from granitic gneiss and other acidic substrates. This association is known as a matrix forest type in the area of Brevard, North Carolina, where it occurs on open slopes and broad ridges, in a landscape of a low, rolling plateau. It may extend south into South Carolina. These forests have canopies dominated by <i>Quercus alba, Quercus coccinea, Quercus falcata</i>, and sometimes <i>Quercus prinus</i>, although other species can be present, including <i>Pinus rigida</i>. This forest is characterized by having associated species more typical of lower, non-montane areas, such as <i>Quercus falcata, Schizachyrium scoparium, Silphium compositum, Baptisia tinctoria, Piptochaetium avenaceum</i>, and by the absence of species more typical in mesic, montane oak forests (<i>Medeola virginiana, Maianthemum racemosum, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Athyrium filix- G2G3 G2 Upper W est Gulf Coastal Plain Subcalcareous W hite Oak - Dwarf Palmetto Forest 2 This community occurs on mesic, circumneutral slopes in eastern Texas. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus alba, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Quercus nigra</i> with lesser amounts of <i>Tilia americana var. caroliniana (= Tilia caroliniana)</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i> present. The subcanopy is dominated by <i>Ostrya virginiana, Ilex opaca, Platanus occidentalis</i>, and <i>Morus rubra</i>. <i>Sabal minor, Forestiera ligustrina</i>, and <i>Arundinaria gigantea</i> are the dominant shrub species. The understory includes <i>Polystichum acrostichoides, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Cocculus carolinus, Bignonia capreolata, Berchemia scandens, Sanicula canadensis, Passiflora lutea, Elephantopus tomentosus, Dichanthelium boscii, Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius (= Oplismenus setarius), Smallanthus uvedalius</i>, and <i>Thelypteris kunthii</i>. G2G3 G2 Piedmont Rocky Mesic Mafic Forest 2 This Piedmont forest often occurs in moderately protected situations on lower slopes of escarpments, on alluvial terraces, in ravine bottoms, or in rocky streambeds, and possibly in other situations in which the surface is very rocky and the substrate is basic. Many occurrences are on mafic rocks. The mixed canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus alba, Carya alba, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Quercus rubra var. rubra, Fraxinus americana, Quercus prinus, Liquidambar styraciflua</i> and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i>. The subcanopy is dominated by <i>Ostrya virginiana, Carpinus caroliniana</i>, and <i>Cornus florida</i>. Other common species in the canopy and subcanopy include <i>Acer barbatum, Acer leucoderme, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Platanus occidentalis, Oxydendrum arboreum, Juglans nigra, Prunus serotina var. serotina, Aesculus sylvatica, Quercus phellos, Quercus nigra, Sassafras albidum</i>, and <i>Ulmus alata</i>. Shrubs of this community include <i>Viburnum rufidulum, C G2G3Q G2 Piedmont Mafic Dry Oak - Hickory Forest (Post Oak Type) 2 This Piedmont forest occurs on soils derived from mafic rocks, in the Carolina Slate Belt and possibly elsewhere. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus alba</i> and <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Also present and diagnostic of this type are woody species indicative of rich, circumneutral, or mafic conditions in the region, especially <i>Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Ostrya virginiana, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Acer leucoderme, Fraxinus americana</i>, and <i>Ulmus alata</i>. Other woody species may include <i>Carya glabra, Carya alba, Pinus echinata, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Cornus florida, Quercus phellos, Acer rubrum var. rubrum</i>, and <i>Ilex decidua</i>. Shrubs and woody vines include <i>Vaccinium arboreum</i> and <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i>. The herb stratum is sparse and has scattered individuals of species such as <i>Danthonia spicata, Clitoria mariana, Chimaphila maculata, Scleria</i> sp., and <i>Asplenium platyneuron</i>. G2G3 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Subcalcareous W hite Oak Forest 2 This <i>Quercus alba</i>-dominated forest occurs on steep, moist slopes, over slightly calcareous or subcalcareous substrates west of the Mississippi River. The subcanopy is characterized by high levels of <i>Acer leucoderme</i> and <i>Ostrya virginiana</i>. Diagnostic herbaceous species include <i>Spigelia marilandica</i> and <i>Solidago auriculata</i>. Both the subcanopy and herbaceous species listed above are believed to indicate the rich nutrient or high pH and moisture status of this community. G2? G2 Southern Blue Ridge High-Elevation W hite Oak Forest 2 This community comprises <i>Quercus alba</i>-dominated forests on exposed, rocky ridges and convex upper slopes at high elevations (>915 m [3000 feet]). The shrub stratum is dominated by <i>Kalmia latifolia</i>, occurring as patches or with continuous cover (>25%). In some parts of this forest's range, <i>Gaylussacia ursina</i> is dominant in the often dense low-shrub stratum. Herbaceous cover is typical of xeric <i>Quercus</i>-and-<i>Carya</i>-dominated forests in the area, with <i>Carex pensylvanica, Chimaphila maculata, Euphorbia corollata, Galax urceolata, Galium latifolium, Goodyera pubescens, Hexastylis shuttleworthii, Iris verna var. smalliana, Medeola virginiana</i> typical. The shrub/sapling stratum often has a high coverage of <i>Castanea</i> stump sprouts and also includes <i>Castanea pumila, Sassafras albidum, Oxydendrum arboreum</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. G2Q G2 Upper W est Gulf Coastal Plain Xeric Sandhill Complex (Arkansas Oak Type) 2 This xeric woodland is characterized by a low (<12 m), open canopy often dominated by <i>Quercus arkansana</i> and <i>Quercus incana</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Quercus margarettiae, Quercus stellata</i>, and <i>Pinus echinata</i>. Canopy species occur as small groves or in more-or-less uniform stands, along with some dense patches of shrubs and woody vines. Areas with woody vegetation are interspersed with open areas dominated by grasses, bare sand, or a sparse combination of component herbs, often with patches of <i>Selaginella arenicola ssp. riddellii</i>. The herbaceous species serve as particularly good indicators of xeric conditions; many species are both fidel to this habitat in the region and endemic to the W est Gulf Coastal Plain. G2 G2 Arbuckle Mountain Texas Oak Forest 1 This forest occurs on xeric to mesic rocky slopes over conglomerate or limestone in the Arbuckle Mountains (Carter and Murray counties, Oklahoma). Stands are dominated by <i>Quercus buckleyi, Fraxinus texensis</i>, and <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i>. The canopy and subcanopy may also contain <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Other typical associates include <i>Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua rigidiseta, Engelmannia peristenia (= Engelmannia pinnatifida)</i>, and <i>Forestiera pubescens</i>. G2G3 G2 Atlantic Coast Calcareous Fringe Hardwood Forest 2 This community is a mid-Atlantic near-coastal forest that occurs on the North Carolina and South Carolina mainland on dry-mesic to mesic soils with a substantial shell component. The canopy is diverse, with <i>Quercus hemisphaerica, Liriodendron tulipifera, Tilia americana var. caroliniana</i>, and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> dominant. Subcanopy species are <i>Persea palustris, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Nyssa sylvatica, Acer barbatum</i>, and <i>Cornus florida</i>. Shrubs include <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Sabal minor, Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Ilex vomitoria</i>, and <i>Callicarpa americana</i>. W oody vines are abundant and diverse. Common herbs include <i>Mitchella repens, Polystichum acrostichoides, Scleria triglomerata, Dichanthelium boscii</i>, and <i>Galium</i> spp. Similar sites may occur south of North Carolina and northern South Carolina, but are probably not common. One site in North Carolina (Colkin's Neck) is described as <i>Quercus falcata - Magnolia grandiflora - Tilia americana var. G2G3 G2 Southern Red Oak Flatwoods Forest 2 This southern red oak flatwoods forest is found in parts of the Interior Low Plateau and adjacent areas of the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of the southern United States. Stands occur on somewhat poorly drained sites. The vegetation is dominated by <i>Quercus falcata</i>. It is perhaps marginally a wetland and is better drained than <i>Quercus phellos</i> flatwoods. The canopy may also contain some <i>Quercus alba</i> and <i>Quercus stellata</i>, and possibly <i>Carya alba</i>. The ground cover is predominantly leaf litter and most occurrences are thought to be fire-suppressed. At Shiloh National Military Park (Tennessee) <i>Chasmanthium laxum, Krigia dandelion</i>, and <i>Carex complanata</i> were the most abundant herbaceous plants. It is known historically from the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of western Kentucky (eastern Gulf Coastal Plain on tertiary terraces), western Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi (the "flatwoods belt"), as well as the Shawnee Hills and the Knobs region of Kentucky. G2? G2 2 This woodland is stunted (2-15 feet tall) and occurs on the rocky granite slopes of Quartz Mountain (northwestern Comanche County), where it is found in association with <i>Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica</i>-dominated woodlands. It also occurs at other locations in the W ichita and Quartz mountains of Oklahoma (Comanche, Greer, and Kiowa counties). In these areas, <i>Quercus fusiformis</i> is thought to be associated with areas that are not as extreme as those dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i> and <i>Quercus marilandica</i>. More information is needed on the relationship of this association to associations occurring in central Texas. G2? G2 Texas Coastal Bend Live Oak - Redbay Forest 1 The natural forms of this community consist of closed to open canopy <i>Quercus fusiformis</i> [see comments on oak taxonomy below] forests on deep, hummocky sands, mostly on the Ingleside barrier-strandplain along the Texas Gulf Coastal Bend. Three variants of this community have been described. One type, the maritime variant, occurs on stabilized dunes composed of deep sand that stretch along San Antonio Bay. This variant is characterized by a relatively tall (8-12 m) forest dominated by <i>Quercus fusiformis</i>. Other trees that reach the canopy include <i>Persea borbonia</i> and <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i>. The midcanopy is dominated by <i>Persea borbonia</i> and <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i> with <i>Celtis laevigata</i> and <i>Quercus marilandica</i> occurring as occasional associates. The understory includes <i>Ilex vomitoria</i> and <i>Callicarpa americana</i>. A characteristic member of the sparse ground layer is <i>Scleria triglomerata</i>. On the backside of the dunes, the canopy becomes more open, G2? G2 Southeastern Florida Maritime Hammock 1 This association represents xeric maritime hammocks of the central eastern coast of Florida and adjacent areas in southern Georgia. The overstory is dominated by <i>Quercus geminata</i>; <i>Quercus virginiana</i> may also be present, along with <i>Quercus myrtifolia</i>. The dense shrub layer includes <i>Serenoa repens, Lyonia fruticosa, Lyonia ferruginea, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Persea borbonia</i>, and <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i>. An understory of <i>Sabal palmetto</i> may also be present. In northeastern Florida, at the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, dead and dying <i>Persea borbonia</i> indicate that these maritime hammocks are being affected by laurel wilt, which is caused by a vascular wilt fungus that is transmitted to species in the Lauraceae family via the non-native redbay ambrosia beetle (<i>Xyleborus glabratus</i>). G2? G2 Lake W ales Ridge Xeric Hammock 1 This association occurs on xeric hammocks of Florida's Lake W ales Ridge on deep coarse sands. These forests are dominated by <i>Quercus geminata</i> with <i>Sabal etonia</i> as an important shrub. Other characteristic species include <i>Quercus myrtifolia, Serenoa repens, Lyonia ferruginea, Garberia heterophylla, Vaccinium stamineum, Cladina evansii</i>, and <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i>. Lichens are also important. G2G3 G2 1 Xeric maritime hammocks of the panhandle of Florida and possibly adjacent Alabama. G2? G2 Northern Gulf Xeric Hammock 2 This is a poorly understood and documented hardwood association found in the outer portions of the East Gulf Coastal Plain. It is best known in Florida where examples are dominated by <i>Quercus nigra, Magnolia grandiflora, Carya glabra</i>, and <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i>, with<i> Quercus hemisphaerica </i>usually dominant (A. Johnson pers. comm.), but is also found rarely in Mississippi (R. W ieland pers. comm.) and possibly in Alabama (A. Schotz pers. comm.). Related hardwood forests or hammocks of the region with <i>Quercus geminata</i> are covered by another association. This community occurs on dry upper slopes with reduced fire frequencies. More information is needed on the floristic composition of this type. G2G3? G2 Central Florida Sand Laurel Oak Hammock 2 These are dry-mesic to xeric hammocks of central Florida dominated by <i>Quercus hemisphaerica, Carya glabra</i>, and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> in the canopy, and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> and <i>Carya glabra</i> in the understory. This association includes what would be considered beech-magnolia forests, south of the range of <i>Fagus grandifolia</i>. <i>Sabal etonia</i> and <i>Serenoa repens</i> are important shrub components. G2? G2 Florida Steephead Forest 2 These forests occur on steep slopes of steepheads and spring-run streams of the Florida Panhandle. The canopy is usually closed (though sometimes somewhat open because of the steep slope), and is typically strongly dominated by <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i>, though other species, such as <i>Carya pallida, Carya glabra, Quercus virginiana</i>, and <i>Pinus palustris</i> (on upslope ecotone) can occur. The open to closed subcanopy consists of <i>Oxydendrum arboreum, Cornus florida, Quercus arkansana, Magnolia ashei, Magnolia grandiflora, Quercus margarettiae, Ilex opaca var. opaca</i>, and <i>Tilia americana var. caroliniana</i>. The often dense shrub layer is diverse, including <i>Sebastiania fruticosa, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum, Yucca filamentosa (= Yucca flaccida), Halesia diptera, Sideroxylon lanuginosum (= Bumelia lanuginosa), Illicium floridanum, Asimina parviflora, Hypericum hypericoides, Chionanthus virginicus, Osmanthus americanus, Symplocos tinctoria, Clethra alnifolia, Diospyros virginia G2G3 G2 Atlantic Coastal Plain Swamp Island Forest 2 This association is found on swamp islands in the outer and middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The canopy is characteristically dominated by <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i> with <i>Pinus taeda</i>. Some stands may contain <i>Quercus nigra</i>. Some typical small trees or shrubs include <i>Osmanthus americanus var. americanus</i> and <i>Ilex glabra</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Persea palustris, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Vitis rotundifolia</i>, and <i>Lyonia lucida</i>. G2G3 G2 Sand Laurel Oak - Sand Live Oak Hammock 2 This forest occurs on fire-protected islands of high ground surrounded by riverine swamps, and on slopes and bluffs where protected from fire. The canopy consists of <i>Quercus hemisphaerica, Quercus geminata, Pinus taeda, Carya glabra</i>, and <i>Carya pallida</i>. The subcanopy typically includes substantial <i>Persea borbonia</i> and <i>Osmanthus americanus</i>, and occasionally <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. Typical shrubs and woody vines include <i>Hamamelis virginiana, Serenoa repens, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium elliottii, Bignonia capreolata, Symplocos tinctoria, Callicarpa americana, Gelsemium sempervirens</i>, and <i>Ilex vomitoria</i>. Herbs are sparse, but may include dense patches of <i>Carex dasycarpa</i>. <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana</i> and <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> are common epiphytes. G2G3 G2 Lacey Oak - Ashe's Juniper W oodland 2 This woodland is dominated by <i>Quercus laceyi</i> and <i>Juniperus ashei</i>. The canopy is 6-12 m high and dominated by <i>Quercus laceyi</i> with lesser amounts of <i>Juniperus ashei</i>, which becomes more important in the understory. <i>Quercus buckleyi, Ulmus crassifolia, Quercus muehlenbergii</i>, and <i>Quercus fusiformis</i> may occur as minor components in the canopy, while <i>Ilex vomitoria, Callicarpa americana, Ptelea trifoliata, Ungnadia speciosa, Ilex decidua</i>, and <i>Cornus drummondii</i> may be variously present in the understory. This open woodland occurs as small stands, generally less than 10 ha, and is often interspersed with grassy openings. This community occurs on rocky canyon slopes or on shallow soils that have developed over limestone. G2 G2East Gulf Coastal Plain Blackgum Bayhead Forest (Clayey Type) 2 This saturated forest association is found in the East Gulf Coastal Plain from Louisiana to Alabama in bayheads over sticky clay or silt loam soils. In Alabama, it is reported from Mobile County near the origin of small, low-gradient streams. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus laurifolia, Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum var. rubrum</i>. Subcanopy species are <i>Magnolia virginiana, Acer rubrum var. rubrum</i>, and <i>Fraxinus caroliniana</i>. Common components of the open shrub stratum are <i>Cyrilla racemiflora, Vaccinium elliottii, Leucothoe racemosa, Rhododendron viscosum, Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Toxicodendron radicans, Chionanthus virginicus</i>, and <i>Lyonia lucida</i>. The herb stratum is sparse and composed of <i>Chasmanthium ornithorhynchum, Carex glaucescens, Carex intumescens, Carex lonchocarpa</i>, and <i>Carex venusta var. minor</i>. <i>Carex gigantea, Rhynchospora cephalantha, Xyris laxifolia var. iridifolia, W oodwardia virginica</i>, and scattered <i>Sabal minor G2? G2 2 This forest occurs in wetter sloughs associated with <i>~Quercus michauxii - Quercus pagoda / Clethra alnifolia - Leucothoe axillaris</i> Forest (CEGL007449)$$, on extensive flats with a high water table providing seasonally to semipermanently saturated (and rarely flooded) conditions. This forest is believed to occur from Virginia to Georgia, in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus laurifolia</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Nyssa biflora</i> and <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i> often present as well. <i>Clethra alnifolia</i> and <i>Leucothoe axillaris</i> are typical shrubs. Herbs including <i>Osmunda regalis, Saururus cernuus</i>, or <i>W oodwardia areolata</i> may be more abundant than the shrubs. G2G3 G2 Interior Oak - Swamp Cottonwood Pond Forest 2 This upland swamp association is found in the Highland Rim (Pennyroyal Karst Plain) of Tennessee and Kentucky. In addition to the nominal species, the canopy also contains <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer rubrum, Populus deltoides, Diospyros virginiana</i>, and <i>Nyssa biflora</i>. <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis, Itea virginica, Campsis radicans, Vitis rotundifolia, Bidens</i> spp., and <i>Saururus cernuus</i> are found in the understory. <i>Populus heterophylla</i> may be more prevalent in the understory than in the canopy. In some examples, <i>Quercus lyrata</i> may dominate a wetter portion of a pond, with <i>Quercus palustris</i> and/or <i>Quercus phellos</i> present on the drier margins. G2G3 G2 Mixed Oak - Hardwood Sand Pond Forest 2 This mixed oak - hardwood sand pond forest is found in the western edge of the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain of the United States, in Missouri and Arkansas. Stands occur in wet depressions in eolian sand deposits in a matrix of dry upland sandhill vegetation. Examples of this type tend to have a closed canopy while the surrounding uplands tend to be relatively open due to xeric conditions. The wettest areas within the ponds are dominated by <i>Quercus lyrata, Quercus palustris</i>; <i>Diospyros virginiana</i> is present, rarely also <i>Taxodium distichum</i>. Other canopy taxa include <i>Carya aquatica, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Fraxinus profunda, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ulmus americana</i>, and an occasional <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. <i>Acer rubrum var. drummondii</i> is abundant in the midstory. <i>Lindera melissifolia</i> is concentrated in this zone, but is not restricted to it. W here it is abundant, it may exclude other shrubs except for an occasional <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>. A G2? G2 Red River Pimplemound Terrace Depression Oak Forest 2 This community occurs in seasonally flooded depressions in old meander scars on second terraces of ancient Red River alluvial valleys. Microtopographic highs and lows (pimple mounds) are sometimes present. In these situations, this association occurs in the low areas between the mounds. It is not subject to riverine flooding. Characteristic canopy species include <i>Quercus lyrata, Quercus phellos, Ulmus americana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus nigra, Diospyros virginiana, Quercus stellata, Ulmus alata, Fraxinus caroliniana</i>, and, less frequently, <i>Salix nigra</i> and <i>Gleditsia aquatica</i>. Herbaceous species are <i>Polygonum hydropiperoides, Cardamine bulbosa, Amsonia tabernaemontana, Physostegia intermedia, Carex</i> spp., <i>Rhynchospora</i> spp., <i>Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. lasiocarpos, Chasmanthium laxum, Pluchea</i> sp., <i>Bidens aristosa, Juncus</i> sp., <i>Panicum</i> spp., <i>Lycopus virginicus</i>, and <i>Hypericum hypericoides</i>. G2G3 G2 Overcup Oak Pond Forest 2 This overcup oak pond forest is found in the south-central United States in southern Missouri and Arkansas. Stands occur in basins of sinkholes or other isolated depressions on uplands. Soils are very poorly drained, and surface water may be present for extended periods of time, rarely becoming dry. W ater depth may average close to 0.5 m in depth. Soils may be deep (100 cm or more), consisting of peat or muck, with parent material of peat, muck or alluvium. These forests are <i>Quercus lyrata</i>-dominated and occur in seasonally flooded ponds in upland situations. These ponds may also have <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> and <i>Nyssa biflora</i> in the canopy. These canopy species also occur in the shrub layer with <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Herbaceous species, such as <i>Eleocharis obtusa</i>, can be present in the center of the pond, along with hummocks of <i>Sphagnum</i>. W hen these ponds draw down, leaf litter can comprise 60-70% of the ground cover, with only scattered herbs on the <i>Sphagnum</i> hummocks and G1G3 G2 Western Highland Rim Blackjack Oak Barrens2 These barrens are found on flat exposed ridgetops of the Western Highland Rim (Lewis County, Tennessee), and are dominated by a great variety of grasses and forbs. Scattered <i>Quercus marilandica</i> are characteristic. Among the dominant grasses, <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> is most abundant, with <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> and <i>Sorghastrum nutans</i>; <i>Carex complanata</i> and <i>Dichanthelium</i> spp. are also present. Forbs present include <i>Liatris aspera, Liatris spicata, Silphium asteriscus, Monarda fistulosa, Mimosa microphylla, Tephrosia virginiana, Lobelia puberula, Eryngium yuccifolium, Euphorbia corollata, Porteranthus stipulatus, Symphyotrichum patens (= Aster patens), Sericocarpus linifolius (= Aster solidagineus), Eupatorium hyssopifolium, Eupatorium rotundifolium, Eupatorium serotinum, Eupatorium sessilifolium, Parthenium integrifolium, Solidago odora, Helianthus hirsutus, Hypericum virgatum (= Hypericum denticulatum var. acutifolium)</i>, and <i>Lysimachia tonsa</i>. In addition, this G2 G2 2 This association is a hardwood - loblolly pine forest found in Louisiana's East Gulf Coastal Plain on flats of the Pleistocene Prairie Terrace that are overlain by loess. It is usually associated with the drier community ~<i>Quercus pagoda - Quercus (michauxii, shumardii) - Magnolia grandiflora - (Tilia americana var. caroliniana) / </i><i>Sabal minor</i> Forest (CEGL007712)$$ in a complex of wetland and non-wetland forests occurring on interdigitated microtopographic highs and lows. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus michauxii</i> with <i>Quercus nigra, Quercus phellos, Quercus pagoda, Quercus laurifolia, Liquidambar styraciflua, Pinus taeda, Pinus glabra, Magnolia grandiflora, Acer rubrum, Carya glabra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica, Prunus serotina</i>, and others. <i>Quercus alba, Fagus grandifolia, Gleditsia triacanthos</i>, and <i>Fraxinus americana</i> are present in small amounts. The subcanopy and shrub strata include canopy species in addition to <i>Magnolia virginiana, Diospyros virgi G2G3 G2 2 This forest occurs on extensive interstream flats with fine-textured mineral soils. Hydrology is seasonally to nearly permanently saturated, with occasional ponding, and is maintained by a high water table rather than riverine or estuarine flooding. This community generally occurs in association with large peatlands, for example in the Great Dismal Swamp of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda, Quercus laurifolia, Liquidambar styraciflua</i> (especially in logged examples), <i>Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> (on mesic microsites). Typical understory species are <i>Persea palustris, Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Asimina triloba, Ilex opaca var. opaca</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. The shrub layer is often dense and typically has species such as <i>Clethra alnifolia</i> and <i>Leucothoe axillaris</i> as dominants. <i>Vaccinium formosum, Itea virginica, Leucothoe racemosa, Sabal minor, Lindera benzoin var. benzoin</i>, and <i>Arundinar G2 G2 2 This forest community occurs on the edges of brownwater floodplains in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, in situations that are very rarely flooded by alluvial waters, but which receive regular seepage from adjacent upland slopes. The hydrology is constantly saturated, and soils are silty clay with organic matter present. This association has a closed canopy and moderate to sparse subcanopy, shrub, herbaceous, and vine/liana strata. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus michauxii</i>. <i>Pinus taeda</i> and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> are typical in the canopy. The subcanopy is dominated by <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i>. Other species that may occur in the canopy or subcanopy include <i>Nyssa sylvatica, Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris, Quercus pagoda, Acer rubrum, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Ulmus alata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Carya alba, Cornus foemina, Ilex decidua, Ilex opaca, Quercus phellos, Carya cordiformis</i>, and others. <i>Leucothoe racemosa</i> is the dominant and characteristic shrub sp G2G3 G2 Chinquapin Oak Unglaciated Bluff Woodland 2 This chinquapin oak bluff woodland occurs primarily on bluffs of rivers in the southern unglaciated Interior Low Plateau of the United States. Stands occur in scattered areas along steep south- to southwest-facing bluffs or steep slopes, for example on the Green River of Kentucky. The underlying soils and bedrock presumably have a calcareous or circumneutral influence. Stands contain an open tree layer, with <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> as the characteristic dominant, and <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> as a common associate. Scattered individuals of <i>Quercus alba</i> and <i>Quercus velutina</i> may be present. <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> may be present in any or all woody strata. Shrubs are often of sparse cover and may include <i>Rhus aromatica, Ulmus alata, Sideroxylon lycioides</i>, and. <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i>, which may be relatively abundant as a low shrub. The herb layer is very open (usually <40% stratum cover) and somewhat diverse, with characteristically calciphilic and light-d G2G3 G2 South Atlantic Coastal Plain Limestone Forest2 This mesic, calcareous oak-hickory forest is known from the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Georgia in sheltered sites and in small stream bottoms in a rolling landscape that includes blackland prairies. The substrate for these forests is a complex of calcareous rock including Ocala and Suwannee limestone, as well as Copper marl. Canopy composition is variable, but dominant tree species usually include <i>Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus pagoda, Quercus shumardii, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Carya cordiformis</i>, and <i>Carya glabra</i>. Other less frequent species in the canopy or subcanopy include <i>Tilia americana var. heterophylla, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus americana, Juglans nigra, Morus rubra, Quercus alba</i>, and <i>Quercus velutina</i>. <i>Quercus sinuata</i> (rare in Georgia) varies considerably in abundance (sometimes dominant) but is indicative of this type. <i>Acer barbatum</i> and <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> are often dominant subcanopy and understory species. Other understory and tall-shrub specie G2 G2 Edwards Plateau Moist Limestone Slope Forest 2 This association occurs on mesic limestone slopes in the Edwards Plateau of Texas. <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> dominates the canopy; other canopy species may include <i>Quercus buckleyi, Carya illinoinensis, Juglans major, Fraxinus texensis, Tilia americana, Ulmus crassifolia</i>, and <i>Ulmus rubra</i>. Subcanopy species may include <i>Morus microphylla</i> and <i>Juniperus ashei</i>. A diversity of shrubs and woody vines may include <i>Garrya ovata ssp. lindheimeri, Aesculus pavia, Frangula caroliniana, Ilex decidua, Viburnum rufidulum, Cornus drummondii</i>, and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>. Herbaceous species include <i>Carex edwardsiana, Carex planostachys, Galium texense, Brickellia cylindracea, Desmodium paniculatum, Geum canadense, Verbesina virginica var. virginica, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Tripsacum dactyloides, Packera obovata (= Senecio obovatus), Chaetopappa effusa</i> (within its range), and <i>Elymus</i> spp. G2G3 G2 1 This type includes evergreen oak hammocks of Florida Panhandle riverbanks that are dominated by <i>Quercus nigra, Quercus geminata, Lyonia ferruginea</i>, and <i>Symplocos tinctoria</i> in the canopy and tall-shrub strata. <i>Serenoa repens</i> is the dominant low shrub. G2? G2 Atlantic Coastal Plain Mesic Cherrybark Oak - Hickory Forest 2 This mesic forest or woodland is described from the South Carolina Coastal Plain. It is associated with soils derived from calcareous materials. The canopy and subcanopy of the stand contains two distinct layers, with large emergent <i>Pinus taeda, Quercus pagoda, Carya cordiformis</i>, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> overtopping a denser subcanopy of <i>Carya</i> spp., <i>Cornus florida</i>, and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. A dominant shrub is <i>Callicarpa americana</i>. In addition to grasses, primarily <i>Chasmanthium sessiliflorum</i> and <i>Tridens flavus</i>, the herb layer codominance of tall <i>Verbesina</i> species (<i>Verbesina occidentalis, Verbesina virginica</i>) is striking. Other characteristic herbs (of higher nutrient conditions) include <i>Anemone virginiana, Agrimonia pubescens</i>, and <i>Pycnanthemum pycnanthemoides</i> (with high cover). G2? G2 Louisiana East Gulf Coastal Plain Pleistocene Prairie Terrace Forest 2 This is a loess forest of the essentially flat to very gently rolling Pleistocene Prairie Terraces of Baton Rouge, Livingston, and Ascension parishes of the Louisiana East Gulf Coastal Plain. It is often associated with the wetter community ~<i>Quercus michauxii - Quercus (nigra, pagoda) - Liquidambar styraciflua - Pinus taeda</i> Forest (CEGL007715)$$ in a complex of wetland and non-wetland forests occurring on interdigitated microtopographic highs and lows. In higher quality examples, the overstory is typically dominated by <i>Quercus pagoda, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Quercus nigra</i>, but <i>Platanus occidentalis, Magnolia grandiflora, Fagus grandifolia, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Quercus michauxii</i> are common primary associates, and various of these may be locally dominant. Other canopy species often present include <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus shumardii, Tilia americana var. caroliniana (= Tilia caroliniana), Morus rubra, Acer rubrum, Carya glabra, Ulmus alata, Prunus caroliniana</i G2? G2 Quercus pagoda - Quercus michauxii - Quercus alba / Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta - Sabal minor / Chasmanthium laxum Forest 2 This oak flat forest occurs on moist to wet flats in interstream divides in regions of very subdued topographic relief in the outer Coastal Plain of South Carolina and likely Georgia. These communities never receive overland flooding from streams or rivers, though they may be affected by hurricane events. <i>Quercus pagoda</i> and <i>Quercus michauxii</i> are two of the most common canopy trees and characterize the community. Other canopy trees are <i>Quercus alba, Quercus virginiana, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum, Pinus taeda</i>, and <i>Pinus glabra</i>. The subcanopy is not a well-developed stratum. The shrub stratum varies from dense to scattered and is characterized by <i>Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta</i> and <i>Sabal minor</i>, which may dominate alone or in combination, but both are almost always present. Other shrubs include <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Symplocos tinctoria, Bignonia capreolata</i>, and sometimes minor amounts of <i> G2? G2 Piedmont Triassic Basin Oak Bottomland Forest 2 This association covers Piedmont bottomland forests which occur in broad, flat floodplains of Triassic basins. The diverse canopy is characteristic, composed of species which often are normally sorted out along a hydrologic gradient in the larger floodplains of the Coastal Plain. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus pagoda, Quercus phellos, Quercus michauxii, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Celtis laevigata</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Quercus shumardii, Quercus palustris, Acer barbatum, Carya ovalis, Carya cordiformis</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. In addition, <i>Quercus lyrata</i> is present in abandoned sloughs and oxbows, which are inclusions in this association. Subcanopy trees are <i>Ilex decidua, Carpinus caroliniana, Aesculus sylvatica, Asimina triloba</i>, and <i>Acer barbatum</i>. Shrubs and woody vines are <i>Lindera benzoin, Bignonia capreolata, Toxicodendron radicans, Smilax rotundifolia</i>, and others. The herb stratum includes <i>Chasmanthium lat G2? G2 Pin Oak - Swamp W hite Oak Seasonal Pond 2 This wetland forest community is nearly endemic to hardpan soils of the Culpeper Basin in northern Virginia and Montgomery County, Maryland, with a few known outliers elsewhere in the Piedmont and the Ridge and Valley of both states. Habitats are shallow, seasonally flooded upland basins and wet, elongated bottoms along sluggish small streams with little or no active alluvial deposition. These habitats are characterized by shallow seasonal flooding induced by perched groundwater. Moderate hummock-and-hollow microtopography is often present, and maximum flooding depth is usually <25 cm (10 inches). A-horizon soils are dark brown to blackish, loamy clays which typically exhibit pronounced orange and white mottling and have moderate base status. This type is most common on areas underlain by diabase but also occurs on some soils weathered from siltstone and other metasedimentary substrates. The vegetation is an open forest or woodland dominated by <i>Quercus palustris</i>, mixtures of <i>Quercus palustris</i> an G2 G2 Ozark Pin Oak Pond Forest 2 This association includes small, isolated, <i>Quercus palustris</i>-dominated seasonally flooded ponds in upland situations in the Ozarks of Arkansas. These ponds may also have <i>Quercus lyrata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> in the canopy. These canopy species also occur in the subcanopy and shrub layers with <i>Acer rubrum, Diospyros virginiana, Gleditsia triacanthos, Ulmus alata</i>, and possibly other species. In some occurrences, the shrub stratum is dominated by moderate coverage of <i>Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosiflora</i>; <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i> is also common. <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i> is common in the shrub layer and may be dominant. Herbaceous species that occur include <i>Carex crinita, Carex lurida, Bidens aristosa, Helenium autumnale, Muhlenbergia</i> sp., <i>Polygonum</i> sp., <i>Eleocharis obtusa, Paspalum</i> sp., <i>Lycopus</i> sp., and <i>Sagittaria</i> sp. <i>Sphagnum lescurii</i> provides dense coverage in the nonv G2 G2 Highland Rim Barrens Depression W illow Oak Forest 2 This association encompasses forests of poorly drained shallow upland depressions on very flat landscapes of loess soils overlying Fort Payne Formation cherty limestone in the Eastern Highland Rim of Tennessee. These shallow depressions, often found at streamheads, are seasonally wet (mostly during winter and early spring) with a shallow, perched water table but tend to be dry in late summer and early fall. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus phellos</i> and <i>Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i> in varying amounts depending on position. Also present are <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. The subcanopy is composed of the canopy species, with <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i> being the most prominent. The shrub stratum is characteristically dense (ranging from 20-90% cover in a 20x20-m plot), with <i>Vaccinium fuscatum, Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia), Rhododendron canescens</i>, and <i>Hypericum hypericoides</i>. G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Oak / Dwarf Palmetto Rich Bottomland Forest 2 This oak-palmetto bottomland forest is found in limited areas in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain. Possibly the most characteristic feature of the community is the dense, almost continuous understory cover of <i>Sabal minor</i>. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus phellos</i> and <i>Quercus nigra</i>, typically with an admixture of species such as <i>Quercus michauxii, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. The subcanopy is dominated by <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana</i>. In addition to the dense layer of <i>Sabal minor</i>, the shrub stratum includes <i>Sebastiania fruticosa, Ilex vomitoria, Arundinaria gigantea, Crataegus marshallii, Ilex decidua, Toxicodendron radicans, Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>, small stems of <i>Quercus phellos</i>, and <i>Campsis radicans</i>. The herbaceous stratum tends to be sparse below the dense layer of <i>Sabal minor</i>, but may include <i>Chasmanthium laxum, Carex louisianica, Justicia ovata</i>, and <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. G2G3 G2 Atlantic Upland Depression W illow Oak Swamp Forest 2 This association represents upland depression swamps found in the Piedmont of the Carolinas, Virginia, and the Potomac Valley region of Maryland. It also occurs in limited areas of the adjacent inner Coastal Plain of the Carolinas. Examples are usually dominated by an almost pure canopy of <i>Quercus phellos</i>, sometimes with codominant <i>Quercus lyrata</i> or <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>; scattered individuals of other tree species may be present. Shrubs are generally sparse and not particularly diagnostic of this community. The most characteristic component of the understory are wetland sedges such as <i>Carex albolutescens, Carex intumescens</i>, and <i>Carex joorii</i>, but a number of other species may also be encountered. <i>Sphagnum lescurii, Climacium americanum</i>, and <i>Polytrichum</i> spp. are important moss species. These ponds are important amphibian breeding areas. G2G3 G2 Mafic Xeric Piedmont Oak Forest 2 This is an oak-hickory forest of the Piedmont which is found on various mafic volcanic substrates, including amphibolite. These forests may occur as a matrix surrounding herbaceous glades. The canopy of stands typically contains <i>Quercus prinus, Carya pallida, Quercus stellata, Quercus marilandica, Carya glabra</i>, and <i>Pinus echinata</i>. The subcanopy may contain <i>Carya pallida, Quercus marilandica, Cercis canadensis</i>, and <i>Cornus florida</i>. Shrubs include <i>Rhus copallinum, Ptelea trifoliata, Viburnum rufidulum, Asimina parviflora, Styrax grandifolius, Vaccinium arboreum</i>, and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. The rare shrub <i>Amorpha schwerinii</i> may be present within its limited range. Some woody vines which may be present include <i>Cocculus carolinus</i> and <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i>. Some typical herbs (all of which may have low cover values) may include <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Tragia urticifolia, Dichanthelium</i> sp., <i>Piptochaetium avenaceum, Coreopsis major, Tephrosia virginian G2? G2 2 This woodland is apparently restricted to xeric sandstone and acid shales of Cumberland ridges. Its canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus prinus</i>. The understory consists of <i>Cornus florida, Amelanchier arborea, Quercus</i> spp., <i>Carya glabra, Carya alba</i>. The shrub layer is not strongly ericaceous, but does have <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. <i>Pityopsis graminifolia var. latifolia</i> is prominent in the herb layer. G2? G2 High-Elevation Red Oak Forest (Tall Herb Type) 1 This community includes forest vegetation, with a closed to very open canopy, where <i>Quercus rubra</i> makes up at least 75% of the tree canopy and with less than 20% shrub cover. Canopy trees may be gnarled and stunted, especially on ridge crests. Other canopy species may include <i>Acer rubrum, Crataegus punctata, Crataegus flabellata, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula lenta</i>, and, at high elevations, <i>Picea rubens</i>. An open subcanopy contains canopy species plus <i>Hamamelis virginiana, Amelanchier arborea, Acer pensylvanicum, Halesia tetraptera</i>, and <i>Ilex montana</i>. Herbaceous cover is dense and diverse, composed of sedges, ferns, and tall herbs, with dominance varying within and between occurrences. Typical herbaceous dominants include <i>Carex pensylvanica, Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Eurybia chlorolepis (= Aster chlorolepis), Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus)</i>, and <i>Laportea canadensis</i>. This type occurs on most G2 G2 Southern Blue Ridge Heath Bald Oak Woodland 1 This association consists of open woodlands dominated by stunted red oaks, over a dense layer of ericaceous shrubs in the high elevations (greater than 1200 m [4000 feet]) of the Southern Blue Ridge. The canopy is usually dominated by <i>Quercus rubra</i>, but significant amounts of <i>Quercus alba</i> are also typically present. <i>Amelanchier laevis</i> and <i>Sorbus americana</i> occur over a dense shrub layer of <i>Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron arborescens, Rhododendron calendulaceum, Rhododendron maximum, Menziesia pilosa, Gaylussacia ursina, Leucothoe recurva, Vaccinium simulatum</i>, and <i>Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i>. G2 G2 Shumard Oak - Chinkapin Oak Mesic Limestone Forest 2 This deciduous forest association accommodates mesic forests dominated by <i>Quercus shumardii</i> and <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i>, with one of several related <i>Acer</i> spp. (e.g., sugar maples - <i>Acer barbatum, Acer leucoderme, Acer saccharum</i>), depending on where the stand is located. The canopy composition varies considerably with geography. This forest occurs on soils derived from limestones, dolomites or other basic substrates, on sloping to steeply sloping topography on middle to lower slopes. In addition to the nominal species, the canopy may also contain various <i>Carya</i> spp. (including <i>Carya alba, Carya glabra, Carya ovalis, Carya ovata</i>, and/or <i>Carya carolinae-septentrionalis</i>) and other basophilic and/or mesic hardwood species, including <i>Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus quadrangulata</i> (within its range), <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>, and <i>Ulmus</i> spp. (including <i>Ulmus alata, Ulmus americana, Ulmus rubra</i>, and/or <i>Ulmus serotina</i>). Other oaks, including <i>Qu G2G3 G2 Southeastern Highland Rim Post Oak - Blackjack Oak W oodland 2 These woodlands dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i> and <i>Quercus coccinea</i> occur in the southeastern Highland Rim of Tennessee. The canopy is from 7-20 m in height and can also include <i>Quercus falcata</i>. The subcanopy contains smaller individuals of the canopy species along with <i>Quercus marilandica, Carya alba</i>, and occasionally <i>Acer rubrum</i>. <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> is often found in the tall-shrub layer, which can reach 6-6.5 m in height. <i>Vaccinium arboreum</i> may be a tall-shrub component and may form dense patches. Other ericaceous shrubs make up the majority of the open to dense low-shrub stratum; these may include <i>Gaylussacia baccata, Vaccinium pallidum</i>, and <i>Vaccinium stamineum</i>. The prevalence of <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i> and <i>Vaccinium stamineum</i> in the low-shrub layer helps distinguish this association from the ~<i>Quercus (falcata, stellata) / Quercus marilandica / Gaylussacia (baccata, dumosa)</i> W oodland (CEGL004922)$$. <i>Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumo G2G3 G2 Piedmont Acidic Hardpan W oodland 2 This association occurs on acidic clay pans in flat terrain of the Piedmont. The canopy is closed to fairly open and is dominated by <i>Quercus stellata, Quercus alba</i>, and <i>Quercus falcata</i>. Other canopy trees include <i>Pinus echinata, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus marilandica</i>, and <i>Quercus coccinea</i>. The subcanopy is not distinctive. The shrub layer is characteristically well-developed and consists of short deciduous heaths, including <i>Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa), Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosiflora, Vaccinium stamineum, Vaccinium tenellum</i>, and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. The herb layer is poorly developed. Some environments are referred to as highly acid (pH 3.7-4.0). This association is also reported from the Carolina Slate Belt (Subsection 231Af), on acidic soils such as the Meisenheimer and Zion series. G2 G2 Piedmont Montmorillonite W oodland 2 This community occurs most commonly on mafic igneous rocks found in the Triassic basins in the Piedmont of the southeastern United States. Examples may be found on flat uplands where diabase (and related rocks such as gabbro) form dikes or sills close to the surface and subsequent soil development has been affected. Typically, these areas develop dense subsurface "hardpans" and shrink-swell properties that limit plant rooting depth. Thus, vegetation often has a somewhat stunted and open canopy dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i> and <i>Quercus marilandica</i>. Other typical canopy species include <i>Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Carya glabra, Fraxinus americana, Quercus alba, Quercus phellos, Pinus virginiana, Pinus echinata</i>, and others. Typical understory species include <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Diospyros virginiana, Vaccinium arboreum, Ulmus alata</i>, and <i>Chionanthus virginicus</i>. Shrubs may be sparse or dense, with <i>Viburnum rafinesquianum G2G3 G2 Piedmont Basic Hardpan Forest (Rocky Type)2 Piedmont woodlands of dry, upland, montmorillonitic clay soils derived from mafic volcanic rocks. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i> and <i>Carya carolinae-septentrionalis</i> with <i>Ulmus alata, Fraxinus americana, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Carya glabra</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum var. rubrum</i>. Other characteristic tree species include <i>Quercus alba, Quercus velutina</i>, and <i>Quercus prinus</i>. The sparse understory contains <i>Cornus florida, Acer leucoderme, Crataegus uniflora, Crataegus marshallii, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Diospyros virginiana, Rosa carolina, Vaccinium stamineum, Vaccinium arboreum</i>, among other species. Characteristic species in the herbaceous layer include <i>Piptochaetium avenaceum, Danthonia spicata, Galium circaezans, Gelsemium sempervirens, Scleria triglomerata, Smilax bona-nox, Smilax glauca</i>, and <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i>. G2 G2 West Gulf Coastal Plain Post Oak - Loblolly Flatwoods 2 This association is found in the W est and Upper W est Gulf Coastal Plain ecoregions of eastern Texas and possibly adjacent areas of western Louisiana and Arkansas. Stands occur in slight topographic depressions or shallow ponds on Pleistocene high terraces. These forests are considered to be seasonally flooded since during average years they hold water for a portion of the growing season, albeit for very short duration. These areas may be best thought of as "flatwoods" as the source of the water in the depressions results from precipitation. These areas are dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i> with average canopy cover of 80% or greater. No other tree species have been documented in the canopy of known examples. The understory is very open to sparse and contains <i>Chasmanthium sessiliflorum</i> and <i>Chasmanthium laxum</i> and relatively few additional species. G2G3 G2 Post Oak Interior Highlands Scrub W oodland 2 This association consists of stunted (1.5-4 m tall) oak woodlands occurring on summits of the higher elevations of the Ouachitas Mountains (Mount Magazine) of Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma (above 790 m [2600 feet]). The canopy consists of open to closed stands of <i>Quercus stellata</i> and <i>Quercus marilandica var. ashei</i> (near the eastern edge of its distribution), sometimes also with <i>Quercus rubra</i> and <i>Quercus alba</i>. Although canopy trees are short-statured and almost shrubby in appearance, individual stems have well-developed trunks. Stunting of the canopy is maintained by ice storms, fog, shallow soils over rock, and periodic severe drought. Other large shrubs and small trees, such as <i>Chionanthus virginicus, Ostrya virginiana, Vaccinium arboreum, Carya alba, Amelanchier arborea, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Prunus angustifolia</i>, and <i>Sassafras albidum</i>, can also reach the canopy or occur as a slightly shorter 'subcanopy.' <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i> often forms a very o G2 G2 Black Belt Post Oak W oodland 2 This Black Belt woodland has an open canopy dominated by <i>Quercus stellata, Quercus muehlenbergii</i>, and <i>Quercus marilandica</i>. Other typical canopy species include <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Quercus falcata, Fraxinus americana, Carya alba</i>, and <i>Carya glabra</i>. Canopy closure is highly variable, ranging from open or even scattered, to closed. Presumably this association was more open in the past, with more frequent burning. Typical shrubs include <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> and <i>Frangula caroliniana</i>. <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> and <i>Sorghastrum nutans</i> are the principal herbs. This community occurs in the Black Belt (Selma Chalk) area of Alabama and Mississippi. G2G3 G2 Post Oak Novaculite W oodland 2 This woodland is known from outcrops of novaculite (and other substrates) in the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma and possibly Arkansas. Stands have a variable structure (often patchy, with some areas of dense canopy, and also with grassy open patches). Typical canopy dominants are <i>Quercus stellata, Ulmus alata, Quercus marilandica, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Pinus echinata, Carya texana</i>, and <i>Fraxinus americana</i>. Common herbaceous species are <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Eupatorium altissimum, Helianthus hirsutus</i>, and <i>Sporobolus clandestinus</i>. Other species include <i>Delphinium carolinianum, Dichanthelium oligosanthes, Dichanthelium linearifolium, Elymus virginicus var. virginicus (= Elymus glabriflorus var. australis), Glandularia canadensis, Hedyotis nigricans, Lespedeza virginica, Monarda fistulosa var. stipitatoglandulosa (= Monarda stipitatoglandulosa), Solidago nemoralis, Solidago petiolaris, Streptanthus maculatus ssp. obtusifolius (= Streptanthus obtusifolius), Yucca ar G2 G2 Nashville Basin Post Oak W oodland 2 This woodland is restricted to the Inner Nashville Basin of Tennessee, where it occurs in association with Limestone Cedar Glades, in deeper soils than those of the annual grass zone. The prevalent tree is <i>Quercus stellata</i>. The open subcanopy may contain <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i>. Shrubs include <i>Forestiera ligustrina, Hypericum frondosum, Rhus aromatica</i>, and <i>Viburnum rufidulum</i>. Fire suppression in these sites may lead to dense undergrowth of <i>Juniperus</i>. Graminoids present may include <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> and/or <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>. Some other herbaceous species include <i>Baptisia australis var. aberrans (= Baptisia minor var. aberrans), Comandra umbellata, Eryngium yuccifolium, Hypoxis hirsuta, Lithospermum canescens, Parthenium integrifolium</i>, and <i>Viola pedata</i>. The state-listed <i>Echinacea simulata, Liatris cylindracea</i>, and <i>Polygala boykinii</i> are also found here. G2? G2 Western Highland Rim Post Oak Barrens 2 These woodlands are dominated by <i>Quercus stellata</i>; a scattered to dense subcanopy of <i>Juniperus virginiana </i><i>var. virginiana</i> may be present. This community occurs as open patches (10x30 m or larger) on droughty mid to upper slopes in the unglaciated Interior Low Plateau, including on shaly siltstones of the Fort Payne Formation in the dissected escarpment of the W estern Highland Rim of Tennessee, and related sites at Mammoth Cave National Park (Kentucky). The soils in Tennessee examples are mapped as Bodine; this is a droughty, excessively well-drained soil from which calcium ions have been removed by leaching, making it more acidic. The vegetation most frequently occurs on south- to southwest-facing slopes at an elevation of 150-260 m (500-850 feet) msl but may occur on other aspects as well. This community provides habitat for <i>Helianthus eggertii</i>. W hile fire undoubtedly played a role in its maintenance, local edaphic conditions function to maintain this distinctive vegetation. The p G2G3 G2 Texas Gulf Coast Live Oak - Sugarberry Forest 1 This association includes woodlands occurring along the upper Gulf Coast of Texas north of Galveston Bay on the Ingleside barrier-strandplain, a Pleistocene barrier ridge. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus virginiana</i>. The patchy understory contains <i>Ilex vomitoria</i>, and <i>Prunus caroliniana</i> which may also reach into the canopy. <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> grasslands are often intermixed with these woodlands. G2G3 G2 Gulf Coast Shell Midden W oodland 2 These are supratidal communities occurring on shell middens of Gulf Coast maritime areas; they receive storm tides and are often surrounded by marsh. The plants often form a dense, almost impenetrable shrub thicket or woodland. Little zonation is evident, except at the periphery of the midden area. Saline marsh edge species (<i>Baccharis halimifolia, Borrichia frutescens, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Iva frutescens</i>) rim the shell middens. Some plants are sculpted and damaged by the prevailing southeasterly winds and coastal storms. The shell midden vegetation stands above and contrasts with the surrounding saline marsh. The most common trees are <i>Quercus virginiana</i> and <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i>. Other trees include <i>Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Diospyros virginiana, Morus rubra</i>, and <i>Zanthoxylum clava-herculis</i>. The understory is shrub-dominated and contains caliciphilic species such as <i>Aesculus pavia, Sideroxylon lanuginosum ssp. lanuginosum, Erythrina h G2G3 G2 Maritime Live Oak Hammock 2 This forest of barrier islands and related habitats has a low to moderately high tree canopy, often stunted and pruned by salt spray into streamlined shapes. The canopy is mostly closed with well-developed subcanopy and shrub layers and a sparse herb layer. Along the seaward edge of this community, the canopy tends to be quite low in stature with shrub species grading smoothly into the dominant canopy species. Vines are often an important component. This community ranges from Smith Island complex, Brunswick County, North Carolina, south to mid-peninsula, Atlantic Coast Florida (Cape Canaveral); the concept also includes temperate maritime hammocks of the northeastern and Panhandle coasts of Florida. The species composition varies along a latitudinal gradient throughout the geographic limits of its range. In general, from Cape Fear, North Carolina (Bald Head Island), south to mid-South Carolina, the canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus virginiana</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i> occurring with <i>Sabal palmetto</i>. Fa G2 G2 Live Oak - Pecan W oodland 1 This woodland of the upper Coastal Prairie region of Texas occurs within a matrix of coastal grassland. It is characterized by an open, patchy canopy with grass-dominated openings. The overstory is dominated by <i>Quercus virginiana</i> and <i>Carya illinoinensis</i> with lesser amounts of <i>Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Quercus stellata</i>, and <i>Ulmus alata</i>. The understory typically includes <i>Ilex vomitoria, Crataegus</i> spp., <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>, and <i>Sideroxylon</i> sp. Common herbaceous species include <i>Paspalum plicatulum, Axonopus</i> spp., and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>. This community occurs over heavy-textured, neutral or basic soils on elevated areas within the coastal prairie. It is found in floodplains, but is rarely flooded. G2 G2 Coastal Louisiana Chenier Forest 2 This association includes forests of cheniers (old isolated beach ridges surrounded by marsh) of coastal Louisiana. Soils are silty clay loams, and there is sometimes a substantial shell hash component. The 6- to 15-m tall closed canopy is comprised of <i>Quercus virginiana, Celtis laevigata, Gleditsia triacanthos, Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i>. The subcanopy consists of <i>Crataegus viridis, Quercus nigra, Ilex decidua</i>, and canopy species. The open to dense shrub layer includes <i>Sabal minor, Ilex vomitoria, Diospyros virginiana, Ampelopsis arborea, Toxicodendron radicans, Vitis mustangensis, Campsis radicans</i>, and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>. Herbs include <i>Oplismenus hirtellus</i> and <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i>. This type lacks many species typical of related types, such as <i>Magnolia grandiflora, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Viburnum dentatum</i>. G2 G2 Florida Panhandle Maritime Live Oak Hammock 2 These maritime hammocks occur in small parcels along the shoreline of the northern Gulf of Mexico in western Florida. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus virginiana, Carya pallida, Carya glabra, Quercus hemisphaerica, Quercus geminata</i>, and <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>. Other typical canopy trees are <i>Persea borbonia, Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola</i>, and <i>Pinus clausa</i>. Shrubs are often dense and composed of the canopy species, as well as <i>Vaccinium stamineum, Ilex opaca, Ilex vomitoria, Morus rubra, Osmanthus americanus, Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Serenoa repens, Callicarpa americana, Aesculus pavia, Amelanchier arborea, Asimina parviflora, Clinopodium coccineum (= Calamintha coccinea)</i>, and <i>Quercus myrtifolia</i>. Herbs are sparse and include <i>Smilax pumila, Mitchella repens, Desmodium</i> spp., <i>Erythrina herbacea, Galactia microphylla</i>, and <i>Chasmanthium sessiliflorum</i>. The epiphytes <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> and <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides (= Polypodium polypodioid G2Q G2 Atlantic Coastal Fringe Evergreen Forest 1 These generally closed forests of the mainland coastal fringe of the Atlantic Coast have diverse canopies and well-developed shrub strata. Examples of this association resemble maritime forests of the region, but can be distinguished by a lack of salt pruning due to their occurrence along low, often moist, coastal areas protected from the most constant maritime influences. In addition, examples of this forest are also somewhat more diverse than typical maritime forests of the region and may support species typically lacking from maritime forests, such as <i>Quercus falcata</i> and <i>Carya glabra</i>. Vines are often conspicuous and abundant, but the herbaceous stratum is typically sparse and low in diversity and shares much in common with maritime forests. Canopies are dominated by <i>Quercus virginiana, Quercus hemisphaerica</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda.</i> Possibly the most constant and characteristic understory species is <i>Persea palustris</i>, although others may also be present. G2 G2 Atlantic Coast Maritime Evergreen Forest 1 This community is a low- to moderate-stature, broad-leaved evergreen forest that is often, though not always, sculpted into streamlined forms by wind-borne salt spray due to proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, especially on barrier islands. This type ranges from southeastern Virginia to South Carolina (and possibly Georgia). Canopies are dominated by <i>Quercus virginiana</i> and <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i> with lesser amounts of <i>Pinus taeda</i> and <i>Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola</i>. Subcanopy and shrub layers are well-developed and vines are typically abundant. The herb layer is sparse and low in diversity. Typical understory components include <i>Persea borbonia, Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola, Cornus florida, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Ilex opaca var. opaca</i>, and <i>Zanthoxylum clava-herculis</i>. Shrub species include <i>Ilex vomitoria, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Sabal minor</i>, and <i>Callicarpa americana</i>. Dominant vine G2 G2 2 This forest occurs in the outer Coastal Plain of Louisiana, on natural levees and terraces of the former channels of the Mississippi River, closely associated with the more upland forest type, ~<i>Quercus virginiana - Quercus pagoda - Magnolia grandiflora / Cornus florida / Sanicula</i> sp. Forest (CEGL007469)$$. This forest occurs in lower, wetter portions of these flats, where water pools following rains. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus nigra, Celtis laevigata, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Quercus pagoda</i>. The open understory consists of <i>Ilex opaca var. opaca</i> and <i>Morus rubra</i>. The shrub stratum is locally dense, and dominated by <i>Viburnum dentatum</i>, with other shrubs and woody vines including <i>Ampelopsis arborea, Ilex decidua, Berchemia scandens, Toxicodendron radicans, Callicarpa americana</i>, and <i>Sambucus canadensis</i>. Herbs are few, except epiphytic <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana</i>. G2G3 G2 Water Oak - Live Oak Forest 2 This bottomland hardwood forest occurs along small rivers and streams within the historic coastal prairie matrix, now mostly in agriculture or pasture, that once covered the large parts of the Pleistocene terraces of the Beaumont, Lissie and possibly W illis formations of the upper Texas coast. It also occurs within the large bottomland hardwood system that spans the lower reaches of the Colorado, San Bernard and Brazos rivers (Columbia Bottomlands), where they traverse this historic coastal prairie matrix. The canopy may be codominated by <i>Quercus virginiana</i> and <i>Quercus nigra</i> or dominated solely by <i>Quercus nigra</i>. Other trees that may be present include <i>Carya illinoinensis, Ulmus americana, Ulmus crassifolia, Celtis laevigata</i>, and <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> within its range. Understory components include <i>Ilex vomitoria, Crataegus</i> spp., and <i>Ilex decidua</i>. The patchy herbaceous layer may include <i>Calyptocarpus vialis, Chasmanthium latifolium, Elephantopus carolinianus, G2G3 G2 2 This forest occurs in the outer Coastal Plain of Louisiana, on extensive flats, closely associated with the more wetland forest type, ~<i>Quercus virginiana - Quercus nigra - Liquidambar styraciflua / Ilex opaca</i> var. <i>opaca / Viburnum dentatum</i> Forest (CEGL007476)$$. This forest is near the upland/wetland conceptual boundary; it is constantly moist and sometimes has a high water table. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus virginiana, Magnolia grandiflora</i>, and <i>Quercus pagoda</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> and <i>Quercus nigra</i>. The open understory consists of <i>Cornus florida, Ilex opaca var. opaca</i>, and <i>Ilex decidua</i>. W oody vines are abundant, especially <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans</i>, and <i>Campsis radicans</i>. The herb layer is well-developed and includes species such as <i>Asplenium platyneuron, Sanicula</i> sp., <i>Elephantopus carolinianus</i>, and <i>Thelypteris kunthii</i>. G2G3 G2 Upper Texas Coast Live Oak Forest 2 This forest occurs along small rivers and streams within the historic coastal prairie matrix, now mostly in agriculture or pasture, occupying the Pleistocene terraces of the Beaumont, Lissie and possibly W illis formations of the upper Texas coast. It also occurs within the large bottomland hardwood system that spans the lower reaches of the Colorado, San Bernard and Brazos rivers (Columbia Bottomlands), where they traverse this historic coastal prairie matrix. <i>Quercus virginiana</i> is the dominant canopy tree, and other, more minor canopy components can include <i>Ulmus crassifolia, Quercus shumardii, Carya illinoinensis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, and <i>Celtis laevigata var. laevigata</i>. In addition to overstory components, the midstory also includes <i>Sapindus saponaria</i>. The understory is usually open and dominated by <i>Ilex vomitoria</i> and <i>Sabal minor</i>. <i>Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii (= Malvaviscus drummondii)</i> and <i>Carex cherokeensis</i> are a conspicuous part of the lo G2G3 G2 Xeric Live Oak Hammock 2 This association represents one of two inland (not immediately adjacent to the coastline) hammocks or oak domes with a dominant or significant canopy component of <i>Quercus virginiana</i>. It occurs from Alabama to Florida and north to Georgia and South Carolina. This type is the more xeric of the two and is characterized by a relatively pure overstory of <i>Quercus virginiana</i>. Somewhat more mesic stands with more diverse canopy components, such as <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i> and <i>Quercus nigra</i>, are accommodated by ~<i>Quercus virginiana - Quercus (hemisphaerica, nigra) / Serenoa repens</i> Forest (CEGL004408)$$. Stands are dominated by <i>Quercus virginiana</i>, sometimes with <i>Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola</i> present in the canopy. <i>Ilex vomitoria</i> and <i>Vaccinium arboreum</i> are present in the shrub layer. Frequently small <i>Cladina/Cladonia</i>-dominated openings are present. Other characteristic species include <i>Scleria triglomerata, Paronychia baldwinii, Cladina evansii, G2G3 G2 1 Mangrove forests in island interior depressions, with significant understory development, in the Florida Keys and southern peninsular Florida. Mangrove canopy usually 7-12 m high, closed, and a variable mixture of <i>Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa</i>, and <i>Conocarpus erectus</i>. <i>Ficus aurea</i> may be present. The understory includes <i>Acrostichum</i> spp. and <i>Batis maritima</i>. G2G3 G21 This is a non-tidal, seasonally flooded mangrove community, occurring over deep organic soils containing marine marls and freshwater peats. The 3-7 m tall canopy is dominated by <i>Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans</i>, and <i>Conocarpus erectus</i>. Subcanopy and shrub species include <i>Jacquinia keyensis, Sideroxylon celastrinum, Lycium carolinianum</i>, and <i>Rhabdadenia biflora</i>. Herbs include <i>Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense</i> and <i>Ipomoea violacea</i>. Epiphytes are very abundant and diverse, and include <i>Tillandsia flexuosa, Tillandsia paucifolia, Tillandsia fasciculata, Tillandsia balbisiana, Tillandsia X smalliana, Tillandsia utriculata, Encyclia tampensis</i>, and <i>Vanilla barbellata</i>. G2? G2 Subtropical Texas Palmetto W oodland 2 This community is a subtropical, evergreen forest dominated by a mixture of subtropical and temperate riverine species with scattered <i>Sabal mexicana</i>. In addition to <i>Sabal mexicana</i>, the 15-m canopy may include <i>Fraxinus berlandieriana, Celtis laevigata, Ulmus crassifolia, Ebenopsis ebano (= Pithecellobium ebano), Leucaena pulverulenta</i>, and <i>Ehretia anacua</i>. <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> may occur as an epiphyte in the canopy. Undergrowth may be absent to dense, with a tangle of vines, shrubs, and fallen trees. Typical shrubs include <i>Havardia pallens, Sideroxylon celastrinum (= Bumelia celastrina), Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii (= Malvaviscus drummondii)</i>, and <i>Celtis pallida</i>. This community occurs on the silts and clays of the Rio Grande River floodplain. Fire and periodic flooding of adjacent resaca channels are thought to be critical factors to maintain <i>Sabal mexicana</i> forests. This community has an extremely limited distribution and exists as fragmented stands G2 G2 Cabbage Palmetto W oodland 2 This community consists of pure to mixed, open stands of <i>Sabal palmetto</i>, often with <i>Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola</i>. Shrub and herb species can include <i>Yucca aloifolia, Rhus copallinum, Ilex vomitoria</i>, and <i>Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)</i>. This community is described from the outer South Atlantic Coastal Plain of Georgia and South Carolina, where it occurs in exposed situations on marsh hammock islands. This, or related vegetation, could occur in the adjacent Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, East Gulf Coastal Plain and/or Florida Peninsula. More information is needed on the range and variability of this type. G2? G2 Temperate Hydric Hammock 2 This association represents temperate hydric hammocks of Florida and adjacent Georgia. Although this type extends into central Florida, where it may be best developed, examples lack tropical flora. These hydric hammocks typically form where deep groundwater seeps slowly from limestone outcrops. This vegetation is characterized by a moderately diverse canopy, usually composed of <i>Sabal palmetto, Quercus virginiana, Quercus laurifolia, Magnolia virginiana, Ulmus americana (= var. floridana)</i>, and sometimes also <i>Pinus taeda, Acer rubrum, Quercus nigra, Celtis laevigata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, and others. Typical understory species can include <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Cornus foemina, Diospyros virginiana, Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris, Nyssa biflora</i>, and canopy species. Typical shrubs and woody vines include <i>Sabal minor, Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Viburnum obovatum, Berchemia scandens, Callicarpa americana, Ampelopsis arborea, Persea palustris</i> G2G3 G2 Subtropical Hydric Hammock 2 This plant association comprises hydric hammocks of coastal peninsular Florida, with some tropical components. Hydric hammocks typically form where deep groundwater seeps slowly from limestone outcrops. This vegetation is characterized by a diverse canopy, usually composed of a combination of temperate elements (e.g., <i>Sabal palmetto, Quercus virginiana, Quercus laurifolia, Magnolia virginiana, Ulmus americana</i>, etc.) with tropical ones such as <i>Ficus aurea</i>. Some characteristic tropical understory components include <i>Acrostichum danaeifolium</i> and <i>Nephrolepis exaltata</i>. G2? G2 South Florida W illow Thicket 2 This wetland community of the southern Florida Everglades region is a dense thicket dominated by <i>Salix caroliniana</i>. These thickets occupy deep muck, peat, or peaty marl soils at the edges of seasonal ponds, alligator holes, and other depressions. This community is most often embedded in marshes but also may be found in wet prairies, and is often associated with tree islands. They often have a characteristic dome-shaped appearance when found in open marshes, however, they may also appear circular or roughly rectilinear when associated with tree islands. <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i> and <i>Annona glabra</i> are often present as well. Herbaceous species include <i>Bacopa caroliniana, Blechnum serrulatum, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Crinum americanum, Eleocharis cellulosa, Ludwigia peruviana, Ludwigia repens, Pontederia cordata, Proserpinaca palustris, Sagittaria</i> spp. G2? G2 Central Florida W illow Thicket 2 This seasonally flooded willow community occurs in peaty depressional wetlands. <i>Salix caroliniana</i> is the monodominant small tree. Associated species are <i>Decodon verticillatus, Typha latifolia, Boehmeria cylindrica, Saccharum giganteum</i>, and <i>Hydrocotyle</i> spp. An example of this community at Canaveral National Seashore occurs along the edge of a larger, linear marsh and is dominated by <i>Salix caroliniana</i> in both the canopy and tall-shrub layers, with a sparse herb layer of <i>Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Sagittaria lancifolia</i>, and <i>Acrostichum danaeifolium</i>. G2G3 G2 Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Carolina W illow Dune Swale 2 This association occupies swales in forest-dominated dune fields, with scattered <i>Salix caroliniana</i> and some overhanging <i>Quercus virginiana</i> and <i>Sabal palmetto</i> (but not generally rooted in community). It can cover areas up to one hectare. Other characteristic species include <i>Sacciolepis striata, Panicum rigidulum var. rigidulum (= Panicum rigidulum var. condensum), Ampelopsis arborea</i>, and <i>Carex hyalina</i>. It was initially described from coastal North Carolina and presumably ranges into South Carolina. Its full range extent is not known. G2? G2 Chihuahuan Desert W illow Dune Depression 2 This association occupies interdune ponds in quartz sand dunes, with seasonal flooding. Following flooding soils remain relatively saturated. <i>Salix exigua</i> is the only tree, and forms an open to locally closed canopy 4-10 m high. <i>Baccharis neglecta</i> and <i>Baccharis salicifolia</i> form a usually dense shrub layer. Herbs include <i>Schoenoplectus maritimus (= Scirpus maritimus), Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus tabernaemontani), Eustoma exaltatum, Pluchea odorata var. odorata, Xanthium strumarium</i>, and the rare species <i>Cyperus onerosus</i>. Drier interdune depressions have ~<i>Baccharis salicifolia - Baccharis neglecta / Eustoma exaltatum</i> Shrubland (CEGL004590)$$. G2? G2 2 This deciduous riparian woodland has an open, 5- to 7-m canopy dominated by small-diameter <i>Salix gooddingii</i> and <i>Fraxinus velutina</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii, Juglans microcarpa</i>, or <i>Celtis laevigata var. reticulata</i>. <i>Populus fremontii</i> may occur as scattered individuals, emerging from the main tree canopy. Shrub and ground vegetation are highly variable in this disturbed, flood-prone habitat, with no clear dominants in either stratum. Annuals and short-lived perennials are characteristic of the herbaceous vegetation that grows among large rocks and boulders. G2 G2 Northern Gulf Tidal Pond-cypress Forest 2 This vegetation of floodplains is found near mouths of rivers just inland from coastal salt marshes in the East Gulf Coastal Plain. This vegetation is a mosaic of stunted forest and open marshlands. The forested areas contain <i>Taxodium ascendens, Cliftonia monophylla, Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i>, and <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>, along with <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. Associated marshes with more open canopies contain <i>Hypericum nitidum</i> and <i>Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense</i>, with <i>Rhynchospora microcarpa, Rhynchospora filifolia, Nymphaea odorata, Eriocaulon decangulare, Lophiola aurea (= Lophiola americana), Sagittaria lancifolia</i>, and <i>Polygala cymosa</i>. Soils are in the Bohicket and Handsboro series. This community grades upstream into floodplain swamp, and downstream into estuarine tidal marshes. G2? G2 South Florida Cypress Strand 2 This association represents cypress strands of the south Florida Everglades region, where they are apparently somewhat uncommon communities. These <i>Taxodium ascendens</i>-dominated communities occur in linear bands which follow a north-south gradient. Soil composition is generally organic including various peaty marls, peats, or even mucks. Hydroperiod ranges from 4-10 months. Overstory density ranges from quite open to approximately 80% canopy closure. Epiphytes (bromeliads, orchids, ferns) may be abundant, including <i>Thelypteris reticulata</i> and <i>Campyloneurum latum</i>, along with a diverse understory that includes a number of taxa with tropical affinities. G2? G2 South Florida Cypress Dome (Pond Apple Type) 2 Dome-shaped <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> communities, generally with abundant epiphytes. Traditionally separated from cypress strands by their round rather than linear shape, and by hydrologic differences, i.e. little flow; and with floristic differences as well. Cypress domes tend to have longer hydroperiods (8-12 months) and denser canopies than cypress strands. This community is associated with bedrock depressions; the larger trees in the center are in deeper water, but deeper soil as well, and their greater size is more due to the greater productivity of the site than to greater age, though damaging fires enter domes from adjacent prairie vegetation and are more likely to kill or damage the less flooded, smaller, peripheral trees. G2? G2 Atlantic Coastal Plain Pond-cypress Depression (Longleaf Three-awn Type) 2 This depression woodland is found in Carolina bays and swales in coastal South Carolina. <i>Taxodium ascendens</i>, and at a times <i>Pinus serotina</i>, sparsely populate these meadows. <i>Aristida palustris, Andropogon</i> spp. (<i>Andropogon capillipes, Andropogon glaucopsis, Andropogon virginicus</i>), and <i>Panicum rigidulum var. combsii </i>dominate the herb layer. <i>Amphicarpum muehlenbergianum, Panicum verrucosum</i>, and <i>Rhynchospora careyana</i> are also common graminoids in this type. At times an outer zone of this type may be present and exhibit a hybrid habitat between the pond-cypress and longleaf pine wet savannas. <i>Sarracenia flava</i> is common to these drawdown zones. G2G3 G2 South Florida Cypress Dome (Coco-plum Type) 2 Characteristic species include <i>Magnolia virginiana, Annona glabra, Ilex cassine</i>. G2? G2 Coastal Plain Small Depression Swamp (Pocosin Shrub Type) 2 This association includes clay-based Carolina bays and other seasonally flooded depressions, dominated by an open to closed canopy of <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> (or sometimes <i>Nyssa biflora</i>), with a dense shrub layer of <i>Cyrilla racemiflora, Zenobia pulverulenta</i> (white form), <i>Lyonia lucida, Vaccinium fuscatum, Vaccinium formosum</i>, and <i>Ilex amelanchier</i>. G2 G2 Atlantic Coastal Plain Pond-cypress Savanna 2 This community type occurs in seasonally flooded depressional wetlands, especially in clay-based Carolina bays. The canopy is open (to closed, or scattered) and dominated by <i>Taxodium ascendens</i>. The herbaceous stratum is normally dense, and extremely variable in dominance from site to site, spatially within each site, and from year to year (depending on hydrologic conditions). Typical dominants include <i>Panicum hemitomon, Panicum verrucosum, Panicum rigidulum var. combsii, Leersia hexandra, Rhynchospora filifolia, Rhynchospora perplexa, Rhynchospora careyana, Dichanthelium erectifolium, Dichanthelium wrightianum, Scleria georgiana, Scleria reticularis, Polygala cymosa, Boltonia asteroides, Eriocaulon compressum, Lachnanthes caroliana, Eupatorium leucolepis, Pluchea rosea, Euthamia caroliniana, Rhexia aristosa</i>, and <i>Coelorachis rugosa</i>. G2G3 G2 2 Stands of this association (which is restricted to southern tropical and subtropical Florida) exhibit a stunted, scattered canopy (1.7-6 m tall) of <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> (varying locally to less than 10% cover), with a graminoid herb layer dominated by <i>Paspalum monostachyum, Rhynchospora microcarpa</i>, and <i>Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Rhynchospora divergens, Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Rhynchospora tracyi, Panicum tenerum, Cassytha filiformis, Cirsium horridulum, Solidago stricta, Rhynchospora colorata, Panicum virgatum, Aristida purpurascens var. virgata (= Aristida virgata), Ludwigia simpsonii, Symphyotrichum dumosum (= Aster dumosus), Symphyotrichum tenuifolium (= Aster tenuifolius), Sabatia bartramii, Centella erecta, Agalinis linifolia, Oxypolis filiformis</i>, and <i>Hymenocallis palmeri</i>. G2G3 G2 2 This southern tropical Florida association is characterized by a stunted, scattered canopy (1.7-6 m tall) of <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> (varying locally to less than 10% cover). Other characteristic species include <i>Rhynchospora tracyi, Setaria parviflora (= Setaria geniculata), Rhynchospora inundata, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Rhynchospora divergens, Ludwigia microcarpa, Pluchea rosea, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Bacopa caroliniana</i>, and <i>Eleocharis cellulosa.</i> G2G3 G2 Pond-cypress Savanna 2 This open-structured savanna or woodland encompasses very acid, species-poor communities in which <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> dominates the open canopy. The subcanopy stratum is usually poorly developed. <i>Nyssa biflora, Pinus taeda, Pinus serotina, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and other wetland trees or shrubs may or may not be present. The shrub stratum is usually poorly developed as well, though scattered to moderately dense shrubs sometimes occur. Shrubs include <i>Ilex amelanchier, Leucothoe racemosa, Cyrilla racemiflora</i>, and <i>Lyonia lucida</i>. The herb stratum is dominated by <i>W oodwardia virginica</i>. G2? G2 Apalachicola River Tidal Swamp Forest 2 This association represents one of several freshwater tidal swamp forest types found in the Florida portion of the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is apparently dominated by <i>Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora</i>, and <i>Persea palustris</i>. This type is known from the Apalachicola rivermouth and may occur elsewhere in the region. More information is needed to determine the full extent of this type and its relationship to other freshwater tidal swamps of the region. G2 G2 Bald-cypress - Swamp Blackgum Basin Swamp 1 Stands of this forest are dominated by <i>Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. It is known in Florida from Big Gum Swamp W ilderness, Osceola National Forest and farther east at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve and may also occur directly to the north at Pinhook Swamp, Osceola National Forest and Okefenokee Swamp National W ildlife Refuge. There it occurs in a large, poorly drained flat area, with some poorly defined creeks which are tributaries of the Middle Fork St. Mary's River. The site is along the flat divide between the Atlantic drainage (St. Mary's River) and Gulf drainage (Suwannee River)At Timucuan it occurs along the Thomas Creek tributary of the Nassau River. This forest is dominated by <i>Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. The subcanopy is composed of <i>Acer rubrum, Magnolia virginiana</i>, and <i>Persea palustris</i>. Shrubs are <i>Lyonia lucida, Morella cerifera, Persea palustris</i>, and <i> G2G3 G2 2 This association represents tidal rivermouth swamp forests of the northern Gulf of Mexico. This type is known from the Suwannee River, which is often considered to be a blackwater-type river. The canopy is dominated by <i>Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana</i>, and <i>Fraxinus profunda</i>. G2 G2 Bald-cypress - Swamp Blackgum Nonriverine Swamp Forest 2 This forest community is dominated by <i>Taxodium distichum</i> and <i>Nyssa biflora</i>, with less frequent <i>Populus heterophylla, Nyssa aquatica</i>, and <i>Fraxinus profunda</i>. Disturbed examples of this community may exhibit a dominance of <i>Nyssa aquatica</i>. The subcanopy includes <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Ilex opaca</i>. The shrub stratum includes infrequent <i>Viburnum nudum</i>. W oody vines and lianas are frequent and include <i>Berchemia scandens, Campsis radicans, Smilax rotundifolia, Vitis rotundifolia, Toxicodendron radicans</i>, and <i>Decumaria barbara</i>. The herb stratum is not well-developed but includes <i>W oodwardia areolata</i>. Surface water stands in low spots in the winter, but overall the hydrology is probably best considered to be saturated. G2G3 G2 Edwards Plateau Bald Cypress - Sycamore Gallery Forest 2 This open forest is dominated by <i>Taxodium distichum</i> with <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> usually occurring as the second most important species. Large individuals of <i>Taxodium distichum</i> are typical. There is no significant midstory, but <i>Salix nigra, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Celtis laevigata var. reticulata, Amorpha fruticosa</i>, and <i>Sabal minor</i> may occur as tall shrubs or small trees. The ground layer is highly disturbed by flooding and may have areas of standing water. This community occurs as narrow (5-25 m) strips along floodplains of perennial streams that run through steep-sided canyons. Deep, alluvial soils are usually saturated and periodically inundated during flood events. Forests and woodlands dominated by <i>Quercus buckleyi, Quercus laceyi</i>, and <i>Juniperus ashei</i> occur on adjacent canyon slopes. G2 G2 2 These open forests dominated by <i>Taxodium distichum</i> and <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> occur along rocky banks of the lower Mountain Fork of the Red River in the Ouachita Mountain foothills. These forests are also known from the Saline and Maumelle rivers, and perhaps in other small rivers that flow into the Arkansas River. Other trees include <i>Betula nigra, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and less commonly <i>Carya aquatica, Ulmus</i> spp., <i>Celtis</i> spp., and <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>. These forests occur in a complex with shrublands dominated by <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Ilex vomitoria, Cornus obliqua</i>, and <i>Salix caroliniana</i> and open grasslands with <i>Calamovilfa arcuata, Panicum virgatum</i>, and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>. More information is needed to better name this association. Alliance placement must also be examined. G2Q G2 Bald-cypress / Shoreline Sedge Woodland 2 This community occurs in narrow bands along the fringes of wind-tidal marshes on the Northwest River and North Landing River in southeastern Virginia, and likely occurs in northeastern North Carolina as well. It also occurs on the Pocomoke River of Maryland, where it is influenced by lunar, rather than wind tides. Substrates are poorly decomposed to moderately decomposed, root-rich peats. These sites are frequently flooded by wind tides or lunar tides and have some standing water throughout the growing season. This community usually develops in narrow ecotones between water-fringing marshes and tidal swamp forests, but may also occur between marshes and upland forests. <i>Taxodium distichum</i> dominates the open to sparse canopy. Other less common tree species may include <i>Nyssa biflora, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. <i>Fraxinus profunda</i> and occasional <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> also occur in Maryland examples. The sparse to moderately dense shrub layer is dominated by <i>More G2? G2 2 These are seasonally flooded tropical <i>Taxodium distichum</i> swamps, with a tropical/temperate understory. Stands may contain <i>Persea palustris, Fraxinus caroliniana</i>, and <i>Chrysobalanus icaco</i>. One common herb is the tropical fern <i>Blechnum serrulatum</i>. G2? G2 Mid-Atlantic Tidal Freshwater Cypress Marsh 2 Stands of this association typically consist of large, scattered <i>Taxodium distichum</i> over a graminoid-dominated, tidally flooded, freshwater marsh. G2G3 G2 Alabama Red Hills Mesic Hardwood Bluff Forest 1 This community is found on mesic, north-facing bluffs in the Alabama Red Hills of the East Gulf Coastal Plain and on the first terrace of the Chattahoochee River in Russell County, Alabama (Fort Benning), Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain. This association is a deciduous hardwood forest dominated by <i>Tilia americana var. caroliniana</i>, with <i>Fraxinus americana, Acer barbatum</i>, and sometimes <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, or <i>Fagus grandifolia</i>. In the Chattahoochee River drainage, <i>Tilia americana var. heterophylla</i> can replace the typical southern <i>Tilia americana var. caroliniana</i>. Other less abundant canopy trees are <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus alba, Carya alba, Pinus taeda, Carya cordiformis, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Carya ovalis, Carya glabra, Quercus rubra, Quercus pagoda, Platanus occidentalis</i>, and <i>Quercus shumardii</i>. The most common subcanopy species are <i>Carpinus caroliniana, Fagus grandifolia, Acer barbatum, Ostrya virginiana, G2G3 G2 Southern Appalachian Cove Forest (Rich Foothills Type) 2 Forests of steep, protected coves and slopes at the lower elevations (below 610 m [2000 feet]) of the southern Appalachians and upper Piedmont, containing a significant component of species associated with high-base status substrates. These forests share species in common with other southern Appalachian cove forests, but are distinguished by occurring at relatively low elevations ((305-760 m [1000-2500 feet])) and by the presence of strongly calciphilic species such as <i>Asplenium rhizophyllum, Aquilegia canadensis, Cystopteris protrusa, Diplazium pycnocarpon, Trillium simile, Trillium discolor</i>, and <i>Collinsonia verticillata</i>. Common canopy species include <i>Tilia americana var. heterophylla, Liriodendron tulipifera, Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Aesculus flava</i>. Other species in the canopy and subcanopy include <i>Ulmus rubra, Juglans nigra, Betula lenta, Carya cordiformis, Halesia tetraptera</i>, and <i>Cornus florida</i>. <i>Acer saccharum</i> is generally not a constant compo G2G3 G2 Swamp Forest-Bog Complex (Typic Type) 2 This palustrine forest has a closed or open canopy and an open to dense shrub layer, interspersed with small <i>Sphagnum</i>-herb dominated depressions. These forests are found throughout the Southern Blue Ridge, and in the Cumberland Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, at elevations below 1200 m (4000 feet), in poorly drained bottomlands, generally with visible microtopography of ridges and sloughs or depressions. It often occurs near streams and is undoubtedly occasionally flooded. The canopy is composed of various mixtures of evergreen and deciduous species, often dominated by <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i>, and less often by <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica, Pinus strobus</i>, or <i>Pinus rigida</i>. The dominant shrubs are usually <i>Rhododendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia</i>, and <i>Leucothoe fontanesiana</i>, but other shrubs include <i>Salix nigra, Alnus serrulata, Ilex montana, Cornus amomum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron vernix</i>. Herbs in <i>Sp G2 G2 High-Elevation Hemlock - Yellow Birch Seepage Swamp 2 This community is currently known from scattered sites in the northern Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley provinces of Virginia. Similar communities have been observed in the high Allegheny Mountains of Virginia and W est Virginia, the Maryland Blue Ridge, and the Ridge and Valley of east-central W est Virginia. Occurrences in Pennsylvania also seem likely. The type appears to be limited to higher-elevation montane wetlands in a portion of the central Appalachians where <i>Rhododendron maximum</i> is infrequent to absent. Sites are usually located in high-elevation valleys or slope concavities, in diffuse stream headwaters and lateral, groundwater-saturated flats along larger streams. Occasionally, stands occupy gentle depressions or basins influenced by seasonally perched groundwater but without flowing streams. Elevation ranges from 670-1170 m (2200-3840 feet), though most occurrences are above 900 m (3000 feet). Habitats are flat to moderately sloping and typically have >20% surface cover of boulders and stones G2 G2 Southern Appalachian Acidic Cove Forest (Silverbell Type) 1 This association includes forests dominated by <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> and <i>Halesia tetraptera var. monticola</i>, occurring in restricted montane areas of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. This forest is found on protected, lower slopes and coves at elevations of 854 to 1403 m (2800-4600 feet). The most important canopy trees are <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> and <i>Halesia tetraptera var. monticola</i>, although <i>Magnolia fraseri</i> or <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> can have high canopy coverage in some examples. Some occurrences have dense, tall-shrub strata dominated by <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>, while other occurrences have a more open shrub stratum with greater herbaceous cover, often dominated by <i>Dryopteris intermedia</i>. Other subcanopy/shrub species may include <i>Acer pensylvanicum, Acer saccharum, Acer rubrum, Amelanchier laevis, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula lenta</i>, and <i>Prunus pensylvanica</i>. Other common herbaceous species include <i>Mitchella repens, Medeola virginiana, Polyst G2 G2 Carolina Hemlock Forest (Pine Type) 2 This association is known from shallow soils over sedimentary and metasedimentary rock strata on exposed ridges and southwest-facing slopes above 610 m (2000 feet) elevation in the Southern Blue Ridge and upper Piedmont of North Carolina and Tennessee. This xeric forest community is dominated by a mixture of <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i> and any or all of the following pine species: <i>Pinus rigida, Pinus virginiana</i>, and/or <i>Pinus pungens</i>. Additional canopy species may include <i>Quercus prinus, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Carya glabra</i>. The structure of the canopy varies from closed to open depending on disturbance history and environment. The patchy to open shrub layer of Tennessee occurrences is characterized by <i>Buckleya distichophylla</i> and <i>Rhododendron minus</i> in the upper shrub layer, and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i> and <i>Gaultheria procumbens</i> in the lower shrub layer. The patchy to open herbaceous layer is characterized by <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>. As much as 25% of the ground G2 G2 Carolina Hemlock Forest (Typic Type) 2 These forests occur with canopies dominated by <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i>, without admixtures of <i>Pinus</i> species, although <i>Quercus prinus</i> may be present as a minor component. Shrub strata tend to be dense and dominated by ericaceous species such as <i>Kalmia latifolia, Rhododendron catawbiense</i>, and <i>Rhododendron minus</i>. Other minor components may include <i>Pinus virginiana, Pinus rigida, Pinus pungens, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Quercus coccinea</i>. Other characteristic species can include <i>Xerophyllum asphodeloides, Leucothoe recurva, Polypodium appalachianum, Smilax rotundifolia</i>. This forest occurs in the upper Piedmont and Southern Blue Ridge, on narrow ridges and upper north-facing rocky slopes. G2 G2 Sugarberry - Cedar Elm Calcareous Floodplain Forest 2 This community occurs on older, low-gradient river floodplains primarily in the Gulf Coast Prairies and Marshes Ecoregion of Texas and possibly Louisiana; it may also occur in the Crosstimbers and Southern Tallgrass Prairie Ecoregion. The canopy is dominated by mixtures of <i>Ulmus crassifolia, Carya illinoinensis, Celtis laevigata, Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus shumardii</i>, and, less typically or on slight rises, <i>Quercus virginiana</i>. The vegetation of these rises, often old natural levees, is typically classed as a separate association, ~<i>Quercus virginiana / Ilex vomitoria - Sabal minor / Carex cherokeensis - Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii</i> Forest (CEGL007830)$$. Slightly wetter and lower areas may be characterized by a predominance of <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>. Typical subcanopy trees include the canopy species, with the addition of <i>Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii</i> and <i>Crataegus</i> spp. A scattered shrub stratum is composed of <i>Sabal m G2G3 G2 2 This giant conifer forest community occurs in the Cascades of southern Oregon where it thrives on flat or convex sites at elevations of 1340-1525 m (4400-5000 feet). Parent material of basalt and andesite are most common. Snowfall accumulations average 1.2-1.5 m (4-5 feet) annually. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Abies concolor</i> dominate the overstory while <i>Abies amabilis</i> and <i>Abies concolor</i> dominate the understory. A shrub layer, averaging 40%, is characterized by <i>Mahonia nervosa (= var. nervosa)</i> and <i>Vaccinium membranaceum</i>. Herbaceous cover varies widely and averages 45% with common associates <i>Maianthemum stellatum (= Smilacina stellata), Achlys triphylla</i>, and <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>. Grass cover is depauperate. G2G3 G2 1 This giant coniferous forest association is codominated by <i>Abies concolor, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i>, and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. Stands are found on valley bottoms and along stream courses in southwestern Oregon and adjacent northern California. Average elevation is 1280 m. These forests are usually found on moist, moderately developed, well-drained colluvial soils with the coarsest texture of any <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> association. These soils are usually derived from metavolcanics or granitics which limits their fertility and water holding capacity. For these reasons canopy closure averages only 75%. The canopy is dominated by <i>Abies concolor</i> (5% cover),<i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> (17% cover), and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (45% cover), with some individuals of <i>Abies magnifica, Taxus brevifolia, Picea breweriana</i>, and/or <i>Chamaecyparis nootkatensis</i> sometimes present. The shrub stratum averages 38% cover, but can be quite variable. Younger stands tend to be dense G2 G2 1 This giant coniferous forest association occurs in narrow draws and streamsides in southwestern Oregon and possibly northern California at an average elevation of 1000 m. All known stands are within the Silver Creek drainage, southwest of Galice, Oregon. This is one of the rare locations where <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> occurs inland from the Coast Ranges with <i>Abies concolor</i> also present. The geology within the range of this forest type is very complex. Most stands of this association seem to grow upon coarse grained, colluvium, or colluvium mixed with alluvium derived from granitic to gabbroic rocks, sometimes mixed with ultramafics. The soils are shallow with an average depth to the C horizon of 43 cm. This is a fairly dense forest community, with tree canopy cover averaging 86%. The tree canopy is codominated by <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Tsuga heterophylla</i>, and <i>Abies concolor</i>, often with a significant component of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. This association often contains a significa G2 G2 2 This highly variable coniferous forest association is found in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California between 1170-1525 m elevation. Stands grow on westerly and southwesterly aspects, on granitics, gabbro, and mixed metamorphic substrates. This association is more open than other associations in the area with large amounts (19%) of surface rock and bare ground (8%). This type is characterized by <i>Abies concolor</i> and <i>Picea breweriana</i> in the overstory with the <i>Abies concolor</i> attaining roughly 15% cover, and <i>Picea breweriana</i> about 5%. <i>Pinus lambertiana</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> are both usually present in larger percentages than either of the indicator species. Total tree overstory canopy cover averages 75% cover. There seem to be two phases to this association: a warm phase and a cool phase. These phases are primarily differentiated by the tree understory species. Cooler sites contain <i>Abies concolor, Abies X shastensis (= Abies magnifica var. shastensis), Chry G2 G2 2 This association is a rare, mixed-conifer community located on cool, wet sites and codominated by the regional endemic <i>Picea breweriana</i>. This association is restricted to the Klamath-Siskiyou region at elevations of 1220-1525 m (4000-5000 feet). Aspects are variable with slopes ranging from 16-47%. Sites are characterized by concave topography on schist and mixed metamorphic parent material. <i>Abies concolor, Picea breweriana</i>, and <i>Pinus lambertiana</i> codominate the tree canopy with 17%, 17%, and 11% cover, respectively. <i>Gaultheria ovatifolia, Chimaphila umbellata</i>, and <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i> are important understory components, each supporting about 8% cover. G2 G2 2 This association has been described only from southwestern Oregon, on the Illinois Valley and Applegate Districts of the Siskiyou and Rogue River national forests. It possibly occurs in the adjacent region of northern California, but has not been documented from there. The association is most common on northern aspects occurring within a narrow elevational band from 1220 to 1525 m (4000-5000 feet). Sites are usually concave, relatively cool and moist. This is a structurally diverse coniferous forest, with a continuous vertical structure difficult to categorize as layers. The canopy is dominated by <i>Abies concolor, Picea breweriana</i>, and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. An important subcanopy dominant is <i>Quercus sadleriana</i>. The dominant shrubs are <i>Vaccinium membranaceum</i> and <i>Chimaphila umbellata</i>. The herbaceous layer has moderate cover (25%), with only the perennial <i>Goodyera oblongifolia</i> present in all stands. There is a nonvascular ground cover of mosses, with 18% cover. Graminoid G2 G2 2 This evergreen forest association is a rich, mixed conifer-deciduous forest occurring on active floodplains and streambanks of montane valley floors. The presence of <i>Abies concolor</i> distinguishes this community from the more common ~<i>Populus angustifolia - Picea pungens / Alnus incana</i> W oodland (CEGL000934)$$ and is indicative of the southern-most mountains in Colorado. G2 G2 2 This association is only known from the W arner Mountains of south-central Oregon and northeastern California. It is found on the mid and upper northerly slopes of moderate (10-30%) steepness. Elevations are between 1980 and 2260 m (6500-7400 feet). Soils are typically rocky loams over basalt or rhyolite parent material. <i>Abies concolor</i> is usually dominant, but <i>Pinus monticola</i> and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> are also important in contributing to a mostly closed tree canopy. <i>Ribes viscosissimum</i> is common on most sites, but is occasionally absent. Common understory herbs are <i>Hieracium albiflorum, Poa wheeleri</i>, and <i>Carex inops ssp. heliophila</i>. After fires, <i>Pinus monticola</i> regenerates well, especially at higher elevations. G2 G2 2 The association is found in south-central Oregon and possibly northeastern California, in mountains between 1525 and 1830 m in the Modoc Plateau - East Cascades ecoregion. These are open forests or occasionally woodlands characterized by large, widely spaced, <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> trees. They occur on all aspects, slopes between 5-55%, primarily on flats or sideslopes. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> dominates the open canopy, with between 2-50% cover. <i>Abies concolor</i> ranges from 0-30% cover, while <i>Calocedrus decurrens</i> accounts for 0-10% of the cover. All three species are always found in the understory. Shrubs occupy 20% of the cover, with <i>Amelanchier alnifolia, Ceanothus prostratus</i> and <i>Mahonia repens</i> generally present, and with <i>Ceanothus velutinus</i> locally important. <i>Poa wheeleri (= Poa nervosa var. wheeleri)</i> is the most important understory grass, but <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> and <i>Arnica cordifolia</i> may also be important. This association can be distinguished by the co G2 G2 2 This minor forest association has been described from the southern Rocky Mountains in northern Colorado and New Mexico and possibly Arizona. Stands are found on gentle to typically steep (5-65%), north- to northwest-facing slopes with shallow, coarse-textured, well-drained colluvium at elevations of 1670-2930 m. Stands are recognized by the moderately dense tree canopy dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, although <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> may be present with nearly equal cover. The short-shrub layer is sparse and represented by widely scattered <i>Juniperus communis</i> and <i>Physocarpus monogynus</i>. <i>Carex </i><i>rossii</i> is the only significant graminoid (4-15% cover), although <i>Carex inops, Carex occidentalis, Koeleria macrantha, Leucopoa kingii (= Festuca kingii)</i>, and <i>Poa fendleriana</i> may be present. Common forbs include <i>Achillea millefolium</i><i> var. occidentalis (= Achillea lanulosa), Campanula rotundifolia, Cystopteris fragilis, Fragaria virgi G2? G2 2 This high-elevation forest is codominated by <i>Abies concolor</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> with infrequent <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i>. Shrub cover is usually low, but <i>Acer glabrum</i> can be common on moister sites. The ground is covered by a dense sod dominated by <i>Carex siccata (= Carex foenea)</i> often with <i>Bromus ciliatus var. richardsonii (= Bromus richardsonii), Poa pratensis, Carex rossii</i>. Common forbs include <i>Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis (= Achillea lanulosa), Campanula rotundifolia, Fragaria virginiana ssp. glauca (= Fragaria ovalis), Geranium richardsonii, Hymenoxys hoopesii (= Helenium hoopesii), Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus (= Lathyrus lanszwertii var. arizonicus), Pteridium aquilinum, Pseudocymopterus montanus, Senecio wootonii</i>, and <i>Vicia americana</i>. G2 G2 1 This is a montane forested riparian association found in higher elevation drainages along the Mogollon Rim and in the Sierra Ancha of the central highlands of Arizona across to the Mogollon Mountains of southwestern New Mexico, and also in the Sacramento Mountains of south-central New Mexico. It likely occurs in adjacent Mexico. Elevations range from 1950-2440 m (6400-8000 feet), and sites are typically found adjacent to streams on river terraces, or on immediate sideslopes. Soils are usually alluvial Aquents and tend to be silty in a matrix of boulders and rocks. The overstory is characterized by the dominance of <i>Abies concolor</i>, with <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> as possible minor associates. There is a diverse subcanopy composed of a mixture of <i>Acer negundo, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Juglans major</i>, or <i>Quercus gambelii</i>. The shrub layer is minor; <i>Mahonia repens (= Berberis repens)</i> is the most common shrub species present. The herb stratum is luxuriant with < G2G3 G2 2 This mixed-conifer forest occurs locally on Mount Hood National Forest in Oregon and in California. Stands occur at the upper elevational limits for <i>Abies grandis</i>, on moist, cold sites at elevations of 1220-1370 m (4000-4500 feet). A variety of aspects and slopes are possible, but relatively flat and concave sites are common. Soils are generally deep sandy loams of textured ash surface layers over basalt parent material. The tree canopy is codominated by <i>Abies grandis</i> (23%) and <i>Picea engelmannii</i> (20%), with <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (9%), and <i>Pinus contorta</i> (4%). The subcanopy species <i>Acer glabrum var. douglasii</i> and <i>Acer circinatum</i> each average 15% cover. Important forbs include <i>Achlys triphylla</i> (6%), <i>Campanula scouleri</i> (14%), <i>Maianthemum stellatum (= Smilacina stellata)</i> (2%), and <i>Orthilia secunda</i> (2%). G2 G2 2 This is a conifer forest association with a rich forb undergrowth. It is located near stream bottoms in the eastern Cascades near the Columbia River gorge. These sites are generally found between 730 and 1010 m (2400-3300 feet) and sites are generally free of prolonged snow accumulation. The existing vegetation is characterized by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Abies grandis</i> trees codominating the tree canopy, with <i>Thuja plicata</i> also frequent in the canopy and in regeneration layers. The shrub layer is fairly sparse with patches of tall <i>Acer circinatum</i> and shorter <i>Rosa gymnocarpa, Mahonia nervosa</i> and <i>Symphoricarpos mollis</i>. The herbaceous layer is patchy with <i>Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Achlys triphylla</i> and other moist forest forbs. G2 G2 1 This herb-rich coniferous forest association is found on the eastern slope of the Oregon Cascades. Stands are found around 1000 m elevation near streams or in areas where cool, moist air flows down from above. The canyon topography coupled with the lower slope position favored by this association assures a moist, cool environment with low fire risk. Precipitation averages 135 cm annually. Soils are fine, sandy loams derived from Breccia or ash over basalt parent material. The tree canopy averages nearly 90% cover and is dominated by <i>Abies grandis</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> with substantial (up to 20%) cover of <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. Additional conifers present in the overstory may include <i>Thuja plicata, Taxus brevifolia, Larix occidentalis</i>, and/or <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>. The shrub layer is characterized by dense patches of <i>Mahonia nervosa (= var. nervosa), Acer circinatum</i> and <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i>. <i>Symphoricarpos mollis</i> is usually present and may become abundant where gr G2 G22 Giant <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> old-growth trees dominate the overstory of these closed-canopy, valley bottom and river terrace forests. <i>Abies grandis, Tsuga heterophylla</i>, and <i>Thuja plicata</i> are the dominant understory trees, usually with a few individuals in the canopy. Giant (>6 feet tall) <i>Polystichum munitum</i> dominate the understory, usually with over 60% cover. <i>Corylus cornuta, Oemleria cerasiformis, Taxus brevifolia</i>, and <i>Acer macrophyllum</i> can form a subcanopy in moist alluvial soils or rocky areas. <i>Vaccinium parvifolium, Mahonia nervosa (= Berberis nervosa)</i>, and <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> are occasional low shrubs, while <i>Oxalis oregana, Trillium ovatum, Maianthemum dilatatum, Rubus ursinus</i>, and <i>Prosartes smithii (= Disporum smithii)</i> are forbs which can be locally important. In seeps and wet areas along streams, <i>Adiantum pedatum</i> is found. Both fire and flooding are important processes in these habitats, although both occur infrequently. The t G2 G2 1 This is an evergreen conifer woodland association generally found on ridgetops and rocky sites in the eastern Cascades. The name of the type reflects a potential vegetation. The existing vegetation is dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and/or <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> in the main canopy. <i>Abies grandis</i> and <i>Pinus contorta var. latifolia</i> can be important in some stands. The tree canopy is mostly open. The undergrowth is patchy often with rocks exposed among a dwarf-shrub layer. <i>Arctostaphylos nevadensis</i> is nearly always present and can be very abundant especially on glacial outwash or till in cold-air drainages. <i>Paxistima myrsinites, Spiraea betulifolia</i> and several <i>Vaccinium</i> species are present or can be abundant. <i>Arctostaphylos patula</i> is associated in some Oregon stands. The herbaceous layer is sparse, patchy and dominated by graminoids, primarily <i>Calamagrostis rubescens, Carex geyeri</i> and <i>Festuca occidentalis</i>. G2G3 G2 1 This plant association is known from stands located between the South Fork of the Clearwater and Salmon rivers, within the Idaho Batholith ecoregional section. The mountainous region possesses a Pacific maritime-influenced climatic regime. W inters are mild and moist; summers are dry. The association occurs on steep, north-facing slopes in upper-slope positions at 1585 to 1650 m (5200-5400 feet) elevation. Soils are generally shallow, but may have a significant component of volcanic ash, especially in the upper layers. <i>Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa</i>, or <i>Larix occidentalis</i> often dominate early- and mid-seral stands. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> is often dominant in the forest overstory in late-seral stands. A low-shrub layer is well-developed and dominated by <i>Vaccinium membranaceum (= Vaccinium globulare)</i>, with minor amounts of <i>Rubus parviflorus, Lonicera utahensis</i> and <i>Chimaphila umbellata</i>. The herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial forbs, with <i>Coptis occidentalis</i> G2 G2 2 This is an evergreen conifer forest association restricted to the eastern Cascades near the Columbia River gorge. These are mostly snow free sites generally found on exposed, south-facing slopes or ridgetops between 760 and 1220 m (2500-4000 feet) elevation. The name of the type reflects its potential vegetation. The existing vegetation is dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> often with <i>Abies grandis</i> in the main canopy. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> can be important in some stands, and <i>Quercus garryana</i> and <i>Larix occidentalis</i> can be present. The tree canopy is mostly open and could be considered a woodland in some stands. The undergrowth is characterized by a mid to tall-shrub layer. <i>Holodiscus discolor</i> and <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i> shrubs are always present and often with high cover. <i>Symphoricarpos mollis, Corylus cornuta</i> and <i>Acer circinatum</i> shrubs are present and sometimes abundant. The herbaceous layer is patchy and dominated by forbs, primarily <i>Trientalis borealis ss G2G3 G2 1 This forest association occurs within the maritime-influenced climatic region of the northern Rocky Mountains from northeastern Oregon and Idaho. Ecoregional sections primarily include the Blue Mountains, Idaho Batholith and possibly the Bitterroot Mountains. The association represents the warmest and driest extreme for the occurrence of <i>Abies grandis</i>. Stands occur on gentle to moderately steep, south- to west-facing bench, lower- and upper-slope positions at 975-1950 m (3200-6400 feet) elevation. Soil parent materials are basalt, loess-ash, and (more rarely) granite. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> are often dominant in early- and mid-seral stands. These fire-resistant species persist in the forest overstory and provide important large diameter stem structure in mid- and late-seral stands. Stands are characterized by an open, low-shrub sward dominated by <i>Spiraea betulifolia</i>. <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> is usually well-represented. <i>Calamagrostis rubescens</i> is often G2 G2 1 This is an evergreen conifer forest composed of two distinct tree canopies found mostly in the north-central Rocky Mountains of Idaho and with outlier stands in adjacent W ashington, Oregon and Montana. This late to mid-seral community is dominated by <i>Abies grandis, Picea engelmannii</i>, and/or <i>Larix occidentalis</i> in the tallest canopy and <i>Taxus brevifolia</i> in a 20- to 30-foot tall lower tree canopy. The forest canopy is closed although the upper layer is generally open. The undergrowth is sparse and patchy and follows the pattern of canopy gaps. The most common deciduous shrub is <i>Acer glabrum</i> which can be abundant in disturbed stands. The herbaceous layer is patchy and dominated by mesic site forbs such as <i>Asarum caudatum, Anemone piperi, Clintonia uniflora</i>, and <i>Coptis occidentalis</i>. This association includes the <i>Taxus brevifolia</i> phases of <i>Abies grandis / Asarum caudatum, Abies grandis / Clintonia uniflora</i>, and <i>Abies grandis / Linnaea borealis</i> habitat t G2 G2 1 This plant association is described for the western Idaho Batholith and eastern Blue Mountains ecoregional sections and may occur in the Okanogan Highlands section. The association is restricted to alluvial terraces and glacial outwash, at 1400 to 1675 m (4600-5500 feet) elevation. Sites are located principally in the western Salmon River, W est, and Cuddy mountains of central Idaho and possibly the eastern slope of the Kettle Range in northeastern W ashington. These sites are typically prone to frost pocketing. Published descriptions are for mid-seral stands. Pole- and medium-sized <i>Pinus contorta</i> dominate the overstory of most stands. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea engelmannii</i>, and <i>Larix occidentalis</i> are present in the overstory of late mid-seral stands. Dispersed <i>Abies grandis</i> understory establishment is usually present with <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i>. The open understory is dominated by <i>Vaccinium caespitosum</i> and <i>Calamagrostis rubescens</i>. The association may appear similar G2 G2 1 Endemic to southeastern Cascade Mountains of W ashington, this association is found at higher elevations in the vicinity of the W hite Salmon and Little W hite Salmon River basins (south of Mount Adams). It occurs in a narrow environmental range below the <i>Abies amabilis</i> zone (warmer, less snow) that elsewhere in the Cascades supports <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>- or <i>Thuja plicata</i>-dominated forests. It is often found on north aspects. Two locally described associations, <i>Abies grandis / Vaccinium membranaceum - Clintonia uniflora</i> and <i>Abies grandis / Vaccinium membranaceum - Linnaea borealis</i>, are included in this type. <i>Abies grandis</i> dominates these dense forests that often have <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix occidentalis</i>, or <i>Abies amabilis</i> in the upper canopy. Trees are rarely over 120 feet tall. <i>Abies grandis</i> is by far the most common tree in the subcanopy and seedling layers. A patchy deciduous shrub layer, approximately 1 m tall, occurs with a diverse forb compo G2G3 G2 2 This association occurs only in the northeastern Olympic Mountains of W ashington. Sites occupied are dry, upper slopes and ridgetops on southwestern aspects between 1500 and 1850 m elevation in the driest rainshadow of the Olympic Mountains. This is a needle-leaved evergreen conifer woodland of relatively short stature. <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> is always present and usually codominant or dominant (mean cover 22%). <i>Pinus contorta</i> is often dominant or codominant but can be completely absent (mean cover 42%). <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> occurs about half the time and averages 20% cover when present. The understory is dominated by the forb <i>Lupinus arcticus ssp. subalpinus</i> (mean cover 15%), and occasionally codominated by <i>Arnica cordifolia</i> or the dwarf-shrub <i>Juniperus communis</i>. Other frequent understory species that occur in low abundance are <i>Paxistima myrsinites, Lomatium martindalei, Orthilia secunda, Hieracium albiflorum</i>, and <i>Valeriana sitchensis</i>. This association is di G2 G2 2 This high-elevation forest is codominated by <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> and <i>Picea engelmannii</i> with occasional <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Populus tremuloides</i> trees. Shrub cover is sparse. Herbaceous cover is abundant but patchy near rock outcrops. Cover is dominated by graminoids, mostly <i>Carex siccata (= Carex foenea)</i> with <i>Poa fendleriana</i> or <i>Poa pratensis</i>. Forb cover is relatively low, usually consisting of <i>Campanula rotundifolia, Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus (= Lathyrus arizonicus), Mertensia franciscana, Oreochrysum parryi(= Solidago parryi)</i>, and <i>Vicia americana</i>. G2 G2 2 This association primarily occurs in the Puget Lowlands of W ashington, the northern end of the W illamette Valley of Oregon, and perhaps the Georgia Basin of British Columbia. It is found on steep coastal bluffs that are moist and on landslide deposits. It is probably dependent on occasional landslides or related geomorphic movements. It is a forest dominated typically by deciduous broad-leaved trees, though occasionally it can be mixed deciduous broad-leaved - evergreen needle-leaved in physiognomy. It is dominated by <i>Acer macrophyllum</i> and/or <i>Alnus rubra</i>, the former usually more abundant. The evergreen <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> occurs in many stands but is subordinate in importance. The understory usually has a moderately to very well-developed deciduous shrub layer that varies in composition. Dominant or codominant shrubs can include <i>Rubus spectabilis, Symphoricarpos albus, Holodiscus discolor, Acer circinatum</i>, and <i>Sambucus racemosa</i>. The herbaceous stratum is characterized by a G2G3 G2 2 This western Colorado riparian forest occurs on broad alluvial floodplains with strongly meandering stream channels, where it can form extensive stands. It can also occur in small stands on narrow streams at high elevations. Stands have a 4- to 8-m tall, multi-layered, broad-leaved deciduous tree canopy that is codominated by <i>Acer negundo</i> and <i>Populus angustifolia</i> with a broad-leaved deciduous shrub layer dominated by <i>Cornus sericea</i>. G2 G2 2 This plant association occurs in the Overthrust Mountains of northeastern Utah, in northwestern Colorado and possibly in Idaho and Wyoming. Stands generally occur on the banks of low-gradient streams that experience periodic flooding and scouring that remove non-rhizomatous species. The association occurs in narrow valleys below 2000 m in elevation. Stream gradients are low, terraces slope gently, the water table is high through at least part of the growing season, and soils are generally sandy and derived from alluvium. <i>Acer negundo</i> dominates the open overstory with a dense understory of <i>Equisetum arvense</i>. Canopy cover is at least 20%. Shrubs occur in patches and may include <i>Salix exigua, Salix monticola, Tamarix ramosissima, Rhus trilobata</i>, and <i>Sambucus caerulea (= Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea)</i>. Herbaceous species are mostly crowded out by the <i>Equisetum</i>; there may be occasional stems of <i>Maianthemum stellatum (= Smilacina stellata), Mentha arvensis, Clematis ligusticifol G2? G2 2 G2? G2 2 This plant association is described from the Snake River canyon in western Idaho from sites at 460 to 800 m (1500-2625 feet) elevation. The overstory of stands is dominated by <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i>; dispersed <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, Pinus ponderosa</i>, or <i>Prunus virginiana</i> are often present. The shrub understory is occupied by <i>Sambucus caerulea</i>. No other information is currently available. G2? G2 1 This minor woodland association is described from deep canyon bottoms of the Snake and Salmon rivers in Oregon, W ashington and Idaho, and possibly occurs in similar habitats in California. These woodlands occur as numerous relatively small stands, dispersed and clustered in valley bottoms along riparian margins, on lower slopes of river terraces near seepage lines, and on scree slopes. Aspects are often southerly, especially at higher elevations. Soils are poorly developed and derived from alluvium and colluvium with bedrock outcrops. Vegetation characteristic of this association typically is an open canopy (36% mean cover) of the small cold-deciduous tree <i>Celtis laevigata var. reticulata</i>. On less favorable sites with shallow rocky soils the trees are shorter and bushier, and the stands resemble tall shrublands. The herbaceous layer is dominated by the perennial bunchgrass <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i>. <i>Poa secunda</i> and <i>Aristida purpurea var. longiseta</i> are often present also. Other common G2G3 G2 1 This woodland association is found in eastern Oregon and Idaho. Mean annual precipitation is 56 cm, which falls predominantly as heavy snowfall in the winter. Stands are consistently found on north- or northeast-facing slopes between 1750-1920 m elevation. Slopes are moderate, between 10-40%. Soils are moderately deep varying from gravelly to sandy loams overlying fractured Rhyolitic bedrock. The canopy cover of the woodland/tall shrubland type averages 80%, and is dominated by <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i>. The only other tree that occurs in this association is an occasional <i>Prunus emarginata</i>. The shrub layer is sparse. <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> and <i>Mahonia repens</i> are ubiquitous while <i>Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)</i> and <i>Eriogonum heracleoides</i> are occasional associates. <i>Calamagrostis rubescens</i> is the dominant grass in lightly to moderately grazed stands. In areas which have received heavy grazing <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> or <i G2 G2 2 This association is described for the western portion of the Northwest Basin and Range, and the Owyhee Uplands ecoregional sections. It occurs on moderate, south- to northeast-facing slopes; on upper slope positions, ridgecrests, or mesa tops; often in association with shallow soil or talus of basalt or rhyolite parent materials. Elevation ranges from 1770 to 1890 m (5800-6200 feet). The overstory is dominated by <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i>. <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> may be present. <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Prunus virginiana, Chrysothamnus</i> spp., and <i>Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana</i> are common understory shrub species which occur with varying abundance. <i>Poa secunda, Leymus cinereus (= Elymus cinereus), Festuca idahoensis, Senecio integerrimus</i>, and <i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i> are characteristic understory grass and forb species. G2 G2 1 This conifer forest association occurs very locally in southwestern Oregon and northern California. These forests form open stands with a dense shrub layer. Stands are found between 400-910 m elevation, as strips along perennial streams or on well protected benches with frequent seeps. The tree canopy averages 80% cover, and is dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. <i>Taxus brevifolia</i> and <i>Lithocarpus densiflorus</i> are also common, and there are more species of <i>Pinus</i> found in this association than any other <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> association. <i>Pinus attenuata, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus monticola, Arbutus menziesii, Umbellularia californica, Quercus chrysolepis</i>, and <i>Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla)</i> are all occasionally found in the tree layer. The typically dense shrub layer attains 97% cover and is a diagnostic character of this association. Because of the semi-mesic environments and ultramafic soils that this fo G2 G2 Port Orford-cedar Ultramafic Meadows 1 This is an open-canopy, coniferous forest found on metamorphic substrates, primarily serpentine and gneiss, in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. These forests are found entirely along streams and in wet, serpentine meadows, between 305 and 1525 m (1000-5000 feet) in elevation. The forests are old, but vary widely in appearance, with many of the trees appearing stunted, and the forests not very productive, in spite of the perennial water. <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> is the primary dominant in all stands. In many stands, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> is codominant, although it is absent from the wettest meadows. <i>Pinus jeffreyi</i>, or rarely <i>Pinus attenuata</i> can also be locally important. The understory is characterized by a fairly dense cover of <i>Rhododendron occidentale</i>. Few other shrubs are found, although <i>Quercus vacciniifolia</i> and <i>Arctostaphylos viscida</i> are often present. Since these stands are riparian and wetland habitats, they are often mixed with serpentine G2 G2 2 This forest association is found on slopes and in drainages. Sites tend to be cool and moist with northern or eastern aspects, elevations 1460-1770 m. Dominant trees are <i>Cupressus arizonica, Pinus discolor, Quercus hypoleucoides, Quercus dunnii (= Quercus chrysolepis var. palmeri)</i>, and <i>Quercus arizonica</i>. The shrub layer is heavy and diverse. Common shrubs include <i>Quercus rugosa, Arctostaphylos pungens, Cercocarpus montanus, Fendlera rupicola, Garrya wrightii, Ceanothus fendleri, Nolina microcarpa, Fraxinus anomala</i>, and <i>Prunus virginiana</i>. The herbaceous layer is also diverse with many graminoids such as <i>Bouteloua curtipendula, Poa fendleriana, Carex geophila, Koeleria macrantha, Piptochaetium pringlei (= Stipa pringlei), Elymus elymoides (= Sitanion hystrix), Schizachyrium scoparium, Muhlenbergia longiligula</i>, and <i>Muhlenbergia richardsonis</i>. The forb <i>Packera neomexicana (= Senecio neomexicanus)</i> is typical. Fires may be important for <i>Cupressus arizonica</i> seed G2 G2 2 The distribution of this woodland association includes localized occurrences in southern and southeastern Arizona; also north of Cooke's Peak, New Mexico. This association occurs on moderately steep canyon slopes or alluvial toeslopes with mostly northerly aspects on a variety of parent materials. Elevations range from 1463 to 1768 m (4800-5800 feet). <i>Cupressus arizonica</i> dominates the luxuriant tree canopy that is mixed with <i>Pinus edulis, Pinus monophylla var. fallax (= Pinus edulis var. fallax)</i>, and <i>Juniperus osteosperma</i>. <i>Quercus turbinella</i> dominates the shrub layer which is well-represented in cover and includes <i>Quercus chrysolepis, Arctostaphylos pungens, Arctostaphylos pungens, Garrya wrightii, Ceanothus greggii, Rhus ovata, Cercocarpus montanus</i>, and <i>Rhamnus crocea</i>. The herbaceous layer is scarce due to the dense tree and shrub canopy. G2G3 G2 2 Stands of the <i>Cupressus macnabiana</i> forest occur from 300-800 m elevation in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. The climate of this region is distinctly Mediterranean with droughty summers and moist winters. Annual precipitation varies across the region and with elevation, from roughly 30 cm to 80 cm/year. Stands of this forest type are typically on upper slopes and underlain by a variety of infertile parent materials including basalt, conglomerates, gabbro, greenstone, and ultramafic serpentine. <i>Cupressus macnabiana</i> is the sole or dominant tree. Several other conifers may occur and be codominant, including <i>Pinus attenuata, Pinus sabiniana</i>, and <i>Cupressus sargentii</i>. Broad-leaved trees may also be present, such as the deciduous <i>Quercus douglasii</i> and the evergreen <i>Quercus wislizeni</i>. Shrubs typically include <i>Ceanothus cuneatus</i> and <i>Arctostaphylos viscida</i>, and on serpentine substrates <i>Quercus durata</i> and/or <i>Ceanothus jepsonii</i>. G2 G2 2 Stands of this community typically occur on lower canyon slopes and in ravines from 200-900 m of elevation. Stands are restricted to rocky outcrops and formations of ultramafic serpentine. The climate of this region is distinctly Mediterranean with droughty summers and moist winters. Annual precipitation varies across the region and with elevation, from roughly 30 cm to 80 cm/year. Some sites supporting <i>Cupressus sargentii</i> stands are within the summer fog belt and can receive significant moisture from fog drip. <i>Cupressus sargentii</i> is the sole or dominant tree. Other conifers that may be present include <i>Pinus attenuata, Pinus sabiniana</i>, and <i>Cupressus macnabiana</i>. The height of the trees is typically less than 15 m, and the canopy is intermittent or open. On the most favorable, mesic sites, <i>Cupressus sargentii</i> can reach 25 m in height. Shrubs are common or infrequent, the most common associates being the broad-leaved, evergreen <i>Ceanothus cuneatus, Quercus dumosa</i>, and <i> G2 G2 2 G2 G2 2 G2 G2 2 This mature riparian forest association is known only from the San Francisco River in southwestern New Mexico, although it probably occurs elsewhere in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Preliminary data indicate that sites are on upper terraces at the edge of lowland valley floodplains at elevations from 1660 to 1650 m (4800-5370 feet). Soils are deep, well-drained loams that are relatively dry (Fluventic Ustochrepts and Typic Ustifluvents). <i>Juglans major</i> forms a moderately open canopy (35-50% cover); <i>Acer negundo</i> and <i>Celtis laevigata var. reticulata</i> may be present in the canopy but are poorly represented. The shrub layer is strongly dominated by <i>Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens</i>, with a scattering of other shrubs, including <i>Rhus trilobata</i> and <i>Brickellia californica</i>. The herbaceous layer is low in diversity, with 17 species recorded for the type, and often dominated by annual grasses such as <i>Bromus tectorum</i> and <i>Hordeum pusillum</i>. Perenni G2 G2 2 These are open woodlands or juniper savannas which are restricted to barren, ashy soils in the central Oregon juniper zone. <i>Juniperus occidentalis / Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana)</i> woodlands are found on all aspects and slopes, on elevations between 610 and 1370 m (2000-4500 feet). <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> is the only tree, with the cover ranging from 5-20%. <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> trees can be very large and quite old, with individuals found to be over 1000 years old in similar habitats in central Oregon. <i>Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis</i> is common in some areas and absent from others, with cover from 0-40%. <i>Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Salvia dorrii, Peraphyllum ramosissimum, Purshia tridentata</i>, and <i>Atriplex confertifolia</i> are shrubs that can occasionally be found in this type. The understory is dominated by <i>Achnatherum thurberianum</i>, which is always present, at 2-50% cover. <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> is often codominant G2 G2 1 This association is found on well-drained and moderately deep soils, of gravelly loam over basalt. This association is usually found at elevations around 1800 m on southern to southwestern aspects of 25-30% slope, in desert mountains. It is usually found in the toeslope position. In this association <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> has low cover but 100% constancy. <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i> cover averages 80%. The physiognomy is intermediate between a woodland savanna and a tall shrubland. <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> is generally just over 10 m tall, while <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i> and other tall shrubs average between 5-10 m in height. The common tall shrubs include <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius, Prunus virginiana, Prunus emarginata</i>, and occasionally <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i>. Shorter common shrubs include <i>Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i> and <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>. <i>Elymus elymoides</i> and <i>Poa secunda</i> are codominant graminoids; <i>Car G2 G2 2 This is a low, shrubby woodland type growing on shallow, rocky soils on hogbacks, ridges and colluvial slopes in south-central Wyoming, western Colorado and adjacent Utah. The sites on which this vegetation grows are sometimes classified as the shallow breaks range site (W arren n.d.). <i>Juniperus osteosperma</i> and <i>Cercocarpus montanus</i> occur together in either a wooded shrubland or woodland form, depending on the relative cover of the two dominant species. Occasionally the junipers are stunted and grow no taller than the mountain-mahogany. Sparse grasses dominate the understory, including <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata, Poa secunda, Pleuraphis jamesii</i>, and <i>Hesperostipa comata</i>. G2G3 G2 1 This woodland community is widespread north of the Mogollon Rim, in Arizona and adjacent mountains of New Mexico. This association usually occurs on elevated or valley plains at elevations between 1310 and 1800 m (4300-5900 feet). Soils generally have a heavy clay content, and average annual precipitation is between 43 and 46 cm (17-18 inches) (to 51 cm [20 inches] per year in the <i>Pinus monophylla var. fallax (= Pinus edulis var. fallax)</i> phase). In this juniper savanna, <i>Juniperus osteosperma</i> dominates the tree canopy, but rarely exceeds 10% cover. Other trees present are <i>Juniperus coahuilensis (= Juniperus erythrocarpa)</i> and <i>Pinus monophylla var. fallax</i> (occurs as phase in low sun mild climates). A mesquite phase also occurs in drier areas. Shrubs are common to well represented (especially on heavily grazed sites) and include <i>Prosopis</i> spp., <i>Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Nolina microcarpa, Acacia greggii</i> and <i>Opuntia</i> spp. The herbace G2 G2 2 This <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i>-dominated open woodland has been described from dry rocky ridges and upper slopes in the Pryor Mountains in Montana. Elevation ranges from 1830-1980 m. Sites have shallow, rocky soils derived from calcareous parent materials. Ground surface usually exceeds 50% cover of gravel and rock (combined) with bare soil exceeding 5%. Stands typically have a relatively sparse tree canopy (10% cover) of <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> with scattered <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. The sparse short-shrub layer (15% canopy cover) is dominated by <i>Artemisia nova</i> with scattered <i>Petrophyton caespitosum, Gutierrezia sarothrae</i>, and <i>Ribes cereum</i>. The sparse herbaceous layer (<25% cover) is dominated by the graminoids <i>Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata</i>, and <i>Koeleria macrantha</i>. Forb cover is generally very sparse (<10%) but may be relatively diverse and includes species such as <i>Allium</i> sp., <i>Antennaria microphylla, Eriogonum ovalifolium, Phlox hoodii, Packera c G2? G2 1 This <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i>-dominated open woodland has been described from dry rocky ridges and upper slopes in the foothills and lower montane zone of the northern Front Range of Colorado, and probably occurs in Wyoming and possibly Montana. Elevation ranges from 1900-2290 m. Stands occur on moderate to steep slopes with a variety of exposures, but are primarily found on northern exposures. Sites have shallow, rocky, coarse-textured soils derived from granitic or Fountain Formation parent materials. This association is characterized by a relatively sparse tree canopy (10% cover) of <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> less than 5 m tall with scattered <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and a moderately sparse short-shrub layer (20-25% cover) that is dominated by <i>Cercocarpus montanus</i>. Scattered <i>Ribes cereum, Rubus deliciosus, Rhus trilobata, Purshia tridentata</i>, and the subshrub <i>Artemisia frigida</i> may also be present. The sparse herbaceous layer (<25% cover) is dominated by the graminoids <i>Hespero G2 G2 2 This woodland association has only been reported from north-central Colorado in Rocky Mountain National Park and northern Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest. Stands are found on xeric, steep (50-100%), typically south- to west-facing slopes (one east aspect reported) between 2150 and 2600 m (7050-8520 feet) elevation. Substrates are well-drained, poorly developed, coarsely textured, thin soils derived from colluvial and residual parent materials of granite, gneiss and schist. The ground surface area has 40-50% cover of bare soil, exposed rock, and boulder outcroppings. The vegetation is characterized by an open to moderately dense tree canopy dominated by <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i>. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> may occasionally occur as scattered individuals. <i>Purshia tridentata</i> dominates the short-shrub layer with 15-25% cover. <i>Rhus trilobata, Leptodactylon pungens, Rubus deliciosus, Artemisia frigida</i>, and <i>Opuntia polyacantha</i> are shrubs that may be present with G2 G2 2 This plant association is a `scarp woodland' known from shallow, rocky, calcareous, generally north-facing slopes of the Central Shortgrass Prairie (Ecoregion 27) of northern Colorado, southern Nebraska, and probably Wyoming between 1615-1680 m (5300-5500 feet). It may be considered a relict plant association of a formerly widespread plains woodland. As with most relicts, the composition of individual stands varies considerably. <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> (40-45% cover) is always present in this association. A few stands consist of this species only. More commonly <i>Pinus flexilis</i> (0-20% cover) or <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> (0-20% cover), and often both, occur. The shrub layer in this association is generally poorly developed but may include <i>Rhus trilobata, Ribes cereum</i>, or <i>Prunus virginiana</i>. <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> dominates the herb layer of stands in good condition, with 15-30% cover. <i>Calamovilfa longifolia, Bouteloua curtipendula</i> (2-5% cover),and <i>Bouteloua gracilis</i> (5- G2 G2 2 This association has been described from only the northern Rocky Mountains of Montana and their continuation into Alberta (as the Canadian Rockies). It occurs on mesic to hygric sites at the highest extents of the subalpine zone (6660-7300 feet) on slopes of all degrees of inclination, with moderate to steep (30-70%) lee slopes (east- and north-facing) predominating. Colluvial landforms with well-drained soils are the norm. These sites are hypothesized to be snow-accumulation positions and because of their cool aspects melt-off of the deep snowpack occurs late in the growing season. Stand structure is generally quite open, with the upper tree canopy cover varying from 15% to slightly greater than 50% and tree heights generally not exceeding 40 feet. <i>Larix lyallii</i> is the dominant tree and sometimes only tree represented (considered diagnostic at 5% or greater cover), though common associates are <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> and <i>Picea engelmannii</i>; in the subcanopy <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> may often have G2G3 G2 1 This is a deciduous conifer woodland located above the limits of other conifers. It is found in the high elevations of the northeastern Cascades in W ashington and adjacent British Columbia and possibly in pockets in the northern Rocky Mountains of Idaho, Montana, and adjacent Canada. Sites lie between 1980 and 2290 m (6500-7500 feet) in the Cascades and may extend to 2410 m (7900 feet) in the northern Rockies. Sites are on mid to lower slopes in environments with high winds and moderate to deep snow accumulation. Canopies never close and tree growth is mostly erect, only rarely forming krummholz. The existing woodlands are dominated by <i>Larix lyallii</i> that are occasionally associated with other trees, most frequently <i>Picea engelmannii, Pinus albicaulis, Abies lasiocarpa</i> or <i>Tsuga mertensiana</i>. The undergrowth is a mixture of a dwarf-shrub layer primarily of <i>Vaccinium scoparium</i> and <i>Phyllodoce</i> spp. and a graminoid layer primarily composed of <i>Luzula glabrata var. hitchcockii</i> G2G3 G2 2 G2 G2 2 This association is most prevalent in the Challis Volcanics and Beaverhead Mountains Sections of east-central Idaho, occurring as stream terrace stringers from 1890 to 2380 m (6200-7800 feet). W ithin Montana, it is known from the Beaverhead Mountains Section from the Centennial, East Pioneer and Ruby ranges. It extends northward as far as the Rocky Mountain Front Range (below 1525 m [5000 feet] elevation). Montana occurrences are associated with both stream terraces and side-hill seeps. It extends eastward to Province M331 as sporadic scattered occurrences in the Beartooth, Absaroka, and W ind River ranges, where it occupies stream terraces at the lower fringe of the <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> series, between 2195 and 2410 m (7200-7900 feet). A perennially high water table and consequent deep organic layer (to 18 in.) characterize these sites. These sites often have a single-age structure with <i>Picea</i> (including <i>Picea engelmannii</i> and <i>Picea engelmannii X glauca</i> hybrids) dominant, though <i>Pinus G2Q G2 2 This association occurs in low-elevation valleys, from 760 to 915 m (2500-3000 feet), west of the Continental Divide in the northern Rockies. This association is found in valley bottoms, on level sites with high water tables. Sites are typically adjacent to low-gradient, meandering streams or ponds. Soils are wet throughout the year, with standing water in soil depressions; the water table surface is usually found less than 50 cm below the ground surface. Organic matter content is high, and gleying is occasionally present. Exposed rocks are not present. This is a moderately open, forested wetland association, dominated by <i>Picea engelmannii</i> or <i>Picea glauca</i>, or a hybrid of the two. Other trees present may include the conifers <i>Abies lasiocarpa, Pinus contorta</i>, or <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, but only <i>Picea</i> spp. are successful in dominating these wet sites. Small depressions with standing water are interspersed among the trees. The shrub layer is abundant and dominated by a mix of <i> G2 G2 1 This association is restricted to the higher elevations of the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico and the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona. It occurs on steep mid to upper, north- and east-facing slopes. Elevations range from 2713 to 2896 m (8900-9500 feet). Soils are commonly Dystric Cryochrepts. <i>Picea engelmannii</i> is the dominant tree species, with <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Abies concolor</i> major and minor co-climax associates, respectively. <i>Acer glabrum</i> is well-represented in the undergrowth and is diagnostic. Other shrubs may include <i>Holodiscus dumosus, Lonicera utahensis</i> and <i>Physocarpus monogynus</i>. The herbaceous layer can be sparse to well-represented. The common species are <i>Bromus ciliatus var. richardsonii (= Bromus richardsonii), Erigeron eximius, Fragaria vesca ssp. americana (= Fragaria americana), Ligusticum porteri, Senecio bigelovii</i>, and <i>Viola canadensis</i>. G2 G2 1 This minor coniferous forest association occurs in the mountains of central and eastern Idaho, western Wyoming and northeastern Oregon. Elevations range from 1900-2400 m in the Rocky Mountains and 1500-1650 m in Oregon. Stands occur as small (<0.5 ha) patches or strips along stream terraces near the lower elevational limits of <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i>. Soils are generally acidic, have a deep organic layer and are saturated most of the year. The tree canopy is usually dominated by <i>Picea engelmannii</i>. <i>Picea pungens</i> or, in early seral stands, <i>Pinus contorta</i> and <i>Populus tremuloides</i> may be present to codominant. Occasional <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> trees may be present in drier microhabitats or as seedlings, but they do not thrive or persist. The shrubs <i>Ribes lacustre, Linnaea borealis, Ribes montigenum, Rubus parviflorus</i>, or <i>Alnus incana</i> are often found scattered in the understory. A mat of <i>Carex disperma</i> typically dominates the herbaceous layer. Diverse wet-site speci G2 G2 1 These mixed conifer forests have been described from the W hite Mountains and Blue Mountains of east-central Arizona, and in the Bearwallow and Mogollon mountains in west-central New Mexico. Elevations range from 2590-2865 m. Sites have moderately deep to deep loamy textured soils derived from basalt, and often occur on gentle upland slopes and in drainages. Lower elevations sites are restricted to the more mesic north slopes and drainages. This association has a closed conifer tree canopy often over 30 m tall with an abundant herbaceous layer. The tree canopy is a mixture of late seral species such as <i>Picea engelmannii, Picea pungens, Abies lasiocarpa</i>, or <i>Abies concolor</i>, and the early seral species <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Pinus strobiformis</i> with <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Populus tremuloides</i> often present in disturbed stands. A sparse short-shrub layer composed of <i>Lonicera utahensis</i> and <i>Rubus parviflorus</i> is usually present, but the understory is dominated by G2 G2 2 This association is known only from the Front Range of north-central Colorado. It occurs from 3300-3450 m (10,810-11,320 feet) elevation, just below krummholz timberline, on moderately steep north-facing slopes that are mostly convex to undulating. Sites can be characterized as relatively xeric, cold and exposed. Soils are derived primarily from granitic colluvial parent materials; they are minimally developed Typic Cryorthents: shallow, coarse-textured (sandy loams), and with rocks on the surface. This is a forest association typically dominated by the evergreen needle-leaved tree <i>Picea engelmannii</i>, both in the canopy and as seedlings and saplings in the understory. <i>Abies lasiocarpa, Pinus flexilis</i>, and <i>Pinus aristata</i> are minor components in the canopy and very infrequent in the understory. There is no shrub layer. The herbaceous understory layer is sparse, with total cover averaging <15%. The perennial forbs <i>Trifolium dasyphyllum</i> and <i>Trifolium parryi</i> are the only abundant G2? G2 1 This blue spruce association is known from Colorado, southern Utah possibly northern New Mexico. It is a cool, moist riparian woodland occurring in deep, narrow canyons and alcoves in the foothills of lower montane elevations of 2200-2700 m. <i>Betula occidentalis</i> forms an open to thick band in deep, subirrigated soils along narrow floodplains, streambanks and terraces, with branches overhanging the stream. Mature <i>Picea pungens</i> dominates the canopy (10-60% cover), and <i>Populus tremuloides</i> may be present as well. <i>Betula occidentalis</i> is always present in the shrub understory (20-40% cover), often joined by <i>Alnus incana</i>. Other shrubs include <i>Salix exigua, Salix bebbiana</i>, and <i>Cornus sericea</i>. <i>Equisetum arvense</i> is always present in the sparse or dense herbaceous layer. Common associates may include forbs such as <i>Rudbeckia laciniata, Heracleum sphondylium, Fragaria virginiana, Mertensia ciliata</i>, and the graminoid <i>Calamagrostis canadensis</i>. G2 G2 2 G2G3 G2 2 This association occurs along rivers and streams of the west-central and southwestern slope of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Elevations range from roughly 2285-2625 m (7500-8600 feet). The valleys where it is found are narrow to moderately wide. It occurs on narrow alluvial terraces and benches adjacent to the channel, usually 1-2 m above the high-water mark. Parent materials are gravel and cobble alluvial material, usually within 1 m of the soil surface. Soils are highly stratified due to depositional events. This is a riparian forest association, characterized by a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees in the canopy. <i>Picea pungens</i> codominates, and the most important deciduous tree is <i>Populus angustifolia</i>. <i>Populus tremuloides</i> is present in small amounts. The shrub layer is primarily composed of deciduous species, with both tall and short shrubs abundant. <i>Lonicera involucrata</i> is the most abundant and constant, and <i>Alnus incana</i> commonly lines the riverbanks. Other shrub G2 G2 2 This association occurs along the Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia. It is a wetland type occurring in coastal wetlands, primarily on floodplains adjacent to perennial streams and rivers, but occasionally on depressions between old stabilized dunes. Soils are perennially wet, usually with high organic content. Old-growth stands are rare, because most swamps were readily accessible for logging, and suitable sites were never numerous or extensive. Stands of this type are dominated by <i>Picea sitchensis</i> and <i>Alnus rubra</i>, with <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> occasionally occurring on mounds. W hile <i>Picea sitchensis</i> may reach large diameters typical of those growing in upland sites, growth rates in perennially wet soils are slow, and ages of trees often greatly exceed estimates based on familiarity with upland stands. Shallow root systems, buttressed roots, and reduced crown spread are typical of swamp <i>Picea sitchensis</i> individuals. Large wads of <i>Polypodium scouleri</i> G2G3 G2 2 This mid-seral to climax association occurs on floodplains of rivers and creeks near the Pacific Ocean, from the central coast of Oregon north to W ashington. Soils are anoxic silt loams and mucky peats and are subject to daily freshwater tidal inundation and seasonal riparian flooding also. Stands are laced with dendritic tidal creeks and sloughs that enable daily tidal flooding into the interior of stands. Behind barely perceptible natural levees along the margins of tidal channels, topography is flat with local microrelief caused by logs, stumps, and buttressed roots of spruce trees. <i>Picea sitchensis</i> and <i>Alnus rubra</i> are the most frequent tree species on natural levees or on large woody debris, with a nearly impenetrable shrub layer dominated by <i>Cornus sericea, Rubus spectabilis, Rosa nutkana</i>, and <i>Rubus ursinus</i>. <i>Thuja plicata</i> is present but not abundant, and conditions appear to be too wet for this species to thrive. The somewhat sparse herb layer is dominated by <i>Lysichi G2 G2 2 This plant association is found primarily on peatlands occurring on distal outwash, uplifted tidal flats, and moraines in the rainforests of south-central Alaska and extending into southeastern Alaska. It is a late-seral association that appears relatively stable. Stands are dominated by <i>Picea sitchensis</i> or <i>Tsuga mertensiana</i> and regeneration is common for both conifer species. Trees are typically less than 6 m (20 feet) tall and 13-40 cm (5-16 inches) in diameter. Downed logs are uncommon. The shrub layer is dominated by <i>Myrica gale</i> and <i>Vaccinium</i> species. Common dwarf-shrubs are <i>Empetrum nigrum</i> and <i>Vaccinium oxycoccos (= Oxycoccus palustris)</i>. Common forbs are <i>Cornus canadensis</i> and <i>Rubus arcticus</i>. The two most common sedges are <i>Carex aquatilis var. dives (= Carex sitchensis)</i> and <i>Eriophorum angustifolium</i>. G2G3 G2 1 This central and northern Rocky Mountain woodland association occurs in northwestern Wyoming, western Montana, Idaho and northeastern Oregon. Stands are found in the upper subalpine zone at 2040 to 2865 m (6685-9400 feet) elevation on dry sites that are typically on steep, upper slopes with southerly or westerly aspects or on ridgetops. It also occurs on less exposed, gentle slopes and benches. Substrates are often rocky coarse-textured soils derived from volcanic (pumice), sedimentary, granitic or granitic-gneiss parent materials. The vegetation is characterized by an open tree canopy of <i>Pinus albicaulis</i> that is typically multi-stemmed (and stunted) on exposed, high-elevation sites, sometimes with occasional <i>Pinus flexilis</i> trees. On less exposed sites, the upper canopy may include scattered <i>Pinus contorta</i>, or <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> may be present with <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> or <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> present in the subcanopy and understory. The understory is characterized by a rel G2G3 G2 2 This subalpine woodland is found in Oregon's southeastern Cascades at elevations of 2135-2750 m (7000-9000 feet) and may occur in California. Aspects are variable with slopes 3-20%. Soils are poorly developed gravels and coarse sand over tuffs, breccias, and basalt. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus contorta</i> (5-30% cover) and <i>Pinus albicaulis</i> (1-30% cover). There is a marked absence of shrubs, although <i>Arctostaphylos nevadensis</i> may occasionally appear. The herbaceous layer consists of <i>Carex inops ssp. inops, Poa wheeleri</i>, and <i>Penstemon laetus</i>, all of which average 0-10% cover. <i>Achnatherum occidentale ssp. occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)</i> and <i>Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides (= Sitanion hystrix)</i> are sometimes in the understory. Both pines have moderate resistance to surface fires, but if the canopy is dense, crown fires will kill most trees. G2 G22 This is a conifer woodland found in the high elevations of the northeastern Cascades of W ashington extending into British Columbia. Eastern outliers occur in W ashington's Okanogan Highlands but not in Idaho. Sites appear on upper slopes and ridges on generally southerly aspects between 1740 and 2015 m (5700-6600 feet) elevation. Environments characteristically have little snow accumulation due to high winds and sublimation. Tree canopies rarely close and trees are mostly erect and multi-stemmed. The existing vegetation is dominated by <i>Pinus albicaulis</i> which is occasionally associated with other trees such as <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i>. Two graminoids, <i>Calamagrostis rubescens</i> and/or <i>Carex geyeri</i> characterize the undergrowth. They usually appear with <i>Festuca viridula</i>, lupine species, or <i>Paxistima myrsinites</i>. G2 G2 2 This association is known only from the southern Arapaho National Forest in north-central Colorado, in the Front Range west of Denver. This association occurs from 3430 to 3550 m (11,240-11,645 feet) elevation, just below timberline, on moderate to steep slopes of varying aspects. Sites can be characterized as harsh and xeric, with desiccating winds and broadly fluctuating temperatures. Soils are derived primarily from granitic parent materials. They are minimally developed Typic Cryorthents: shallow, coarse-textured (sandy loams), and with rocks on the surface. This is a woodland association dominated by the evergreen needle-leaved tree <i>Pinus aristata</i>, averaging 40-50% cover. <i>Picea engelmannii</i>, another coniferous tree, is present as scattered individuals. Seedlings and saplings of either species are infrequent and shrubs are absent from most stands. The herbaceous understory layer is moderately sparse, with total cover averaging <20%. The perennial forb <i>Trifolium dasyphyllum</i> clearly domi G2 G2 2 This association is an open, valley bottom or low elevation woodland found on serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon and reported from adjacent northwestern California. These woodlands are generally found on flat, stony, serpentine valley bottoms or terraces <i>Pinus attenuata</i> dominates the tree canopy, although <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Pinus jeffreyi</i> are usually present. <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> and <i>Pinus monticola</i> can occasionally be found. <i>Pinus attenuata</i> and the other associated trees provide an open canopy ranging between 10% and 50% cover, so some stands are more savanna like, while others grade into forests. This vegetation generally has a dense, diverse, evergreen sclerophyllous shrub layer. <i>Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Arctostaphylos X cinerea, Arctostaphylos columbiana</i> and numerous <i>Arctostaphylos</i> hybrids characterize the shrub layer, but <i>Garrya buxifolia, Frangula californica ssp. californica (= Rhamnus californica), Ceanothus velutinus</i>, an G2 G2 2 G2 G2 1 This early to mid-seral association occurs sporadically along the coast between northern California and southwestern W ashington, where it occurs in depressions on deflation plains and on ancient marine terraces. A high water table in winter, or impeded drainage from iron-cemented hardpan, precludes invasion by upland species of shrubs and trees. The depressions fill with 1-3 feet of standing water in winter and early spring, but dry up by early summer. Sand in dried-up depressions may be stained with iron. Peat does not develop at these sites because summer drying oxidizes any organic material. <i>Pinus contorta</i> trees 40-130 years old dominate these stands, although most stands are 30-75 years old. Old-growth stands are rare. Canopy cover is between 70-85%, and <i>Pinus contorta</i> is the only reproducing conifer present. The sparse shrub layer, ranging from 1-25% cover, contains <i>Morella californica (= Myrica californica), Gaultheria shallon</i>, and <i>Vaccinium ovatum</i>, growing on mounds in and a G2 G2 Madrean W oodland 2 This Madrean conifer woodland occurs in the 'Borderlands' of southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and extends into central New Mexico and probably adjacent northern Mexico. Stands are naturally small and patchy in distribution, and limited to moist microsites of canyons or cooler open slopes. It occupies alluvial slopes and benches, upper slopes, drainages and washes, often with cooler northern aspects. Elevation is roughly 1680-2100 m. Stands in the Animas Mountains were on 12%, northwest-facing slopes. The substrate was loam derived from andesite with surface rock and gravel, together averaging 15% cover. Litter dominates the ground cover (72%). The tree canopy has 25-60% cover and is codominated by <i>Pinus discolor</i> and <i>Juniperus deppeana</i> with <i>Quercus grisea</i> or <i>Quercus X organensis [arizonica X grisea]</i> hybrid typically present. Scattered shrubs (<10% cover) are common, often with high diversity, and may include <i>Nolina microcarpa, Rhus trilobata, Cercocarpus montanus, Yu G2 G2 2 This Madrean conifer woodland occurs the Animas, Peloncillo, Chiricahua and Santa Catalina mountains in the 'Borderlands' of southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona, and probably occurs in the mountains of adjacent northern Mexico. Stands are small and patchy and limited to elevated plains, mountain and foothills slopes, and ridgetops. Elevation ranges from 1890-2130 m. Soils are shallow and rocky, often with rock outcrops. This late-successional woodland association has an open tree canopy (>25% cover), codominated by the evergreen trees <i>Pinus discolor</i> and <i>Juniperus deppeana</i>, with occasional <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> or <i>Pinus leiophylla</i> present. The moderately dense to dense shrub layer (>25% cover) is dominated by the broad-leaved evergreen oaks <i>Quercus hypoleucoides</i> and <i>Quercus rugosa</i>, but includes many other shrub species such as <i>Arctostaphylos pringlei, Arctostaphylos pungens, Garrya wrightii, Nolina microcarpa, Agave parryi, Rhus trilobata</i>, and <i>Quercus G2 G2 Madrean Conifer Woodland 2 This Madrean conifer woodland occurs in the 'Borderlands' in southeastern Arizona and extreme southwestern New Mexico (Animas and Peloncillo mountains) and likely occurs in adjacent northern Mexico. Stands are small and patchy in distribution and limited to mountain and foothill slopes at elevations of 1800-1860 m, and are often found within a matrix of <i>Quercus toumeyi</i> chaparral. Soils are derived from rhyolite parent material. This late-successional woodland association has an open to moderately dense tree canopy (20-80% cover) codominated by the evergreen trees <i>Pinus discolor</i> and <i>Juniperus deppeana</i>, with occasional <i>Juniperus coahuilensis (= Juniperus erythrocarpa), Juniperus monosperma, Quercus arizonica</i>, or <i>Quercus emoryi</i> present. The moderately dense to dense shrub layer (>25% cover) is dominated by the broad-leaved evergreen oaks <i>Quercus toumeyi, Quercus toumeyi X grisea</i> hybrid, and includes many other shrub species such as <i>Arctostaphylos pungens, Garrya wrigh G2 G2 2 This woodland association is known from western and south-central Colorado and eastern Utah. Stands occur on a variety of sites from flat or gentle lower slopes, benches, mesatops to steep colluvial slopes to montane alluvial fans. Parent materials are frequently sandstone or shale. This woodland is characterized by the dominance or codominance of <i>Pinus edulis</i> in an open evergreen tree canopy. <i>Juniperus osteosperma</i> or <i>Juniperus monosperma</i> may codominate some stands, and <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> may also be present. The sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer is dominated by the perennial bunchgrass <i>Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)</i>, with <i>Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Koeleria macrantha, Bouteloua gracilis, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)</i>, and <i>Pascopyrum smithii</i> often present to common. Forb cover is generally sparse but may include <i>Heterotheca villosa, Hymenoxys</i> spp., <i>Artemisia dracunculus (= Artemisia dracunculoides), Oxy G2? G2 2 This woodland association occurs locally in the landscape in central and northern New Mexico, where it occurs on valley plains with deep sandy soils. The typical soil is a Typic Ustipsamments. The tree layer is well represented and dominated by <i>Pinus edulis</i> with <i>Juniperus monosperma</i> also present. The understory may be grassy with <i>Andropogon hallii</i> and/or <i>Muhlenbergia pungens</i> common to abundant. Other common species present in the herbaceous layer are <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Bouteloua gracilis, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Sporobolus contractus, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)</i> and <i>Erysimum repandum</i>. The shrub layer is often well represented and includes <i>Artemisia filifolia, Artemisia tridentata, Yucca elata, Rhus trilobata</i> and <i>Chrysothamnus</i> spp. No phases have been described for this association. W here <i>Andropogon hallii</i> grows in large patches, upland birds and small mammals find good environmental protection. Its extensive system of roo G2 G2 2 This association occurs on moderate slopes of predominantly southeastern aspects at elevations from 1830 to 2225 m (6000-7300 feet). The slopes are often slightly to moderately rocky. <i>Pinus edulis</i> dominates the abundant tree layer, with <i>Juniperus deppeana</i> and <i>Juniperus monosperma</i> also present. There is a sparse shrub understory, primarily of <i>Quercus X pauciloba (= Quercus undulata)</i>. The grass layer is abundant to luxuriant and is dominated by <i>Muhlenbergia dubia</i>. Other grasses present are <i>Piptochaetium fimbriatum, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua curtipendula, Schizachyrium scoparium</i> and <i>Andropogon gerardii</i>. This plant association occurs at higher elevations than most of the <i>Pinus edulis</i> series. On north-facing slopes <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> may be common. No phases have been described of suggested for this association. G2 G2 1 This Madrean conifer woodland occurs in the mountains of southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and possibly northern Mexico. Stands are naturally small and patchy in distribution being restricted to flat to gently sloping streamsides and alluvial benches along drainages and washes. Elevation is roughly 1520-1830 m. Soils are fluventic and derived from alluvial sediments. The open to moderately dense (25-60% cover) tree canopy has an overstory of <i>Pinus leiophylla</i> (8% cover), with a subcanopy codominated by <i>Pinus discolor</i> (10%) and <i>Juniperus deppeana</i> (13%) with evergreen oaks present such as <i>Quercus arizonica</i> or <i>Quercus X organensis [arizonica X grisea]</i> hybrid, <i>Quercus hypoleucoides</i>, and <i>Quercus emoryi</i>. Occasional <i>Platanus wrightii, Juglans major, Prunus serotina</i>, and <i>Fraxinus velutina</i> may also occur in the tree canopy. The shrub layer is typically moderately dense (>25%) and is dominated by tree regeneration and shrubs such as <i>Quercus to G2 G2 2 These woodlands are restricted to a very narrow area of serpentine habitat in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. They occur at low to mid elevations, ranging from 610 to 1220 m (2000-4000 feet), generally on rocky, serpentine or rarely hornblende or basalt slopes. Aspects are mostly southeast, but range to south and west. Slope position range from ridgetops to the upper 1/3 slope. This is a woodland dominated by <i>Pinus monticola</i> (17-20% cover), <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (5-8%), and occasionally <i>Pinus attenuata</i> (6%) or <i>Pinus contorta</i> (30%). The shrub cover is fairly high and quite diverse, although <i>Lithocarpus densiflorus</i> (as a tall shrub at 13-16% cover) and <i>Quercus vacciniifolia</i> (23-33% cover) always are dominant. <i>Arctostaphylos nevadensis</i> (5-17%), <i>Vaccinium virgatum (= Vaccinium parviflorum)</i> (8%) are also present in all but a few stands. Other shrubs, including <i>Mahonia repens, Frangula californica (= Rhamnus californicus), Garrya buxifolia< G2 G2 2 G2 G2 1 This is a high-elevation Ponderosa pine association, found between 1680 and 2105 m (5500-6900 feet). It occurs on all aspects and on gentle slopes (2-20%). This association supports lush vegetation adjacent to streambanks in bottoms with internal drainage. The soil surface is wet in spring and early summer, and the water table is near or at the surface year round. This is an open forest association with large <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Populus tremuloides</i> trees and an open understory. In the tree understory <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> is common, with occasional <i>Pinus contorta var. latifolia</i> and <i>Abies concolor</i>. Shrubs occur at low cover, the most common shrubs include <i>Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Amelanchier alnifolia, Symphoricarpos mollis, Mahonia aquifolium (= Berberis aquifolium)</i>, and <i>Ribes cereum</i>. The herbaceous layer is dominated by <i>Poa nervosa, Achillea millefolium, Elymus elymoides, Festuca idahoensis</i>, and <i>Fragaria virginiana</i>. G2G3 G2 1 Steep, rocky slopes near ridgetops that receive intense solar radiation are typical sites for this association. Aspects generally range from southeastern to western, and slope averages 50%. This association usually occupies small areas that are surrounded by more dense forest stands and unforested ridgetops. The rocky, shallow soils have so little moisture-holding capacity that these sites are effectively very dry for plant growth despite the substantial input of precipitation, which ranges from 147-229 cm (58-90 inches). These sites are exposed to high winds. W ind detracts from soil moisture status by blowing off snow, directly desiccating plants, and eroding soil. Elevation ranges from 1280 to 1400 m (4200-4600 feet) to the north and 1280 to 1555 m (4200-5100 feet) to the south. This association includes sparse, mixed age stands of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. In the northern portion of its range trace amounts of <i>Abies grandis</i> occur. These sites are too exposed and hot for G2 G2 1 Known only from a limited area in the eastern Cascades of W ashington, this association is restricted climatically and to dry rocky soils derived from sandstone or basalt. An open canopy of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> trees with a sparse undergrowth of shrubs and herbaceous plants characterize this association. Shrub and/or herbaceous cover rarely exceed 20%. Hemi-sclerophyllous evergreen shrubs <i>Penstemon fruticosus, Ceanothus velutinus</i>, and <i>Mahonia nervosa</i> characterize this type, although deciduous shrubs <i>Holodiscus discolor</i> and <i>Spiraea betulifolia</i> are usually present but with low cover. <i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i> and <i>Carex geyeri</i> are the most common herbaceous plants. This association is a small- to large-patch type that appears on dry rocky soils within a forest or woodland matrix. G2G3 G2 2 This mixed evergreen-deciduous woodland occupies hot, dry sites between 645-1060 m elevation on the eastern slope of the Oregon Cascades. Stands normally grow on ridges and upper slope positions of south-facing hillsides. Temperatures are very warm during the growing season and precipitation is low. These conditions limit the cover of trees and shrubs. The tree canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Quercus garryana</i> with an occasional <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. Average tree cover is 50%, with <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> slightly more dominant than <i>Quercus garryana</i>. Trees are short and sparse. The shrub layer is also quite sparse, generally confined to small amounts of <i>Ceanothus prostratus, Ceanothus integerrimus</i>, or <i>Symphoricarpos</i> sp. Average cover of shrubs is only about 5%. The herbaceous flora is diverse, with <i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i> the diagnostic species. <i>Lupinus caudatus</i> and <i>Lomatium triternatum</i> are always present and conspicuous. The graminoid la G2 G2 2 This is a mixed conifer - deciduous broad-leaved woodland association confined to the eastern Cascades foothills near the Columbia River gorge. These sites are generally found along lower treeline on slopes or ridgetops between 520 and 945 m (1700-3100 feet) elevation. The existing vegetation is characterized by a tall <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> layer over a shorter <i>Quercus garryana</i> layer. The tree canopy is mostly open and only rarely approaches being a closed stand. <i>Quercus garryana</i> may form clones that are 'closed patches' within a stand. <i>Quercus garryana</i> may dominate a shrub layer which usually has few shrub species. The herbaceous layer is patchy and dominated by graminoids, primarily <i>Carex geyeri</i> with <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> or <i>Bromus tectorum</i>. G2G3 G2 2 This association is an open woodland typified by large fire-resistant trees, found on the eastern edge of the Columbia River Gorge and at drier areas in western Oregon. It has only been found east of the Cascades in Washington and may occur California. Elevations range from 150-1100 m (500-3600 feet). Stands occur on all aspects with slopes averaging 27%. Soils are unknown, but probably well-drained. The tree canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Quercus garryana</i> with 18% and 7% mean cover, respectively. The shrub layer includes sparse cover of <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> (7%) and <i>Purshia tridentata</i> (3%). Mean cover of forbs includes <i>Lupinus</i> spp. (3%) and <i>Collomia grandiflora</i> (2%). G2G3 G2 2 This woodland occurs in the western Black Hills of South Dakota and in the Powder River Basin and Little Missouri drainage of Wyoming and Montana. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> is the only tree in the overstory. Shrubby <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> may occur in the understory. The ground layer is dominated by <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> with <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> and/or <i>Bouteloua curtipendula</i>. This type occurs on warm slopes in Montana, but more mesic sites in drier portions of the Black Hills and W yoming. Soils are well-drained and often derived from sandstone. G2Q G2 2 This coniferous riparian woodland is found along foothill and lower montane canyon bottoms of the southern Rocky Mountains along the Colorado Front Range and may occur in similar habitats in New Mexico and Arizona. Stands occur along rivers and streams on southern aspects that would be too dry for <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>, except for the stream moisture. Sites are flooded for brief periods during the growing season, and the shrubs and trees have access to the water table. Substrates are well-drained, coarse alluvium. Large, mature <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> trees provide an open overstory canopy (25-70% cover) with a narrow band of <i>Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia</i> (10-30% cover) overhanging the generally narrow and steep stream channel. Older <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> trees are usually rooted in well-drained locations at the top of the streambank or farther from the edge of the channel. <i>Betula occidentalis</i> is usually present (5-35% cover ), as are <i>Prunus virginiana, Salix bebbiana</i>, and <i>Salix liguli G2 G2 2 This woodland is a minor association occurring on cool slopes in the foothills of the Bear's Paw Mountains. Stands are often park-like with an open canopy of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>. <i>Amelanchier alnifolia, Prunus virginiana, Spiraea betulifolia</i>, and <i>Symphoricarpos occidentalis</i> form a lush understory. <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> is common in the sparse ground layer. Soils are loamy and slightly acidic. G2 G2 2 This coniferous forest of the Siskiyou Mountains typically grows on south- to southeast-facing slopes between 850 and 1650 m of elevation. W inters are mild and wet, but summers are subject to long periods of heat and drought. The open overstory canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> with minor amounts of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus garryana, Quercus kelloggii</i>, and <i>Arbutus menziesii</i>. At least one species of <i>Arctostaphylos</i> is present, usually <i>Arctostaphylos patula</i> and/or <i>Arctostaphylos viscida</i>. G2Q G2 2 This type is thought to be restricted to isolated ridges in the Blue, Ochoco and W allowa mountains in Oregon. This is an open woodland in which <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> dominates with a sparse canopy along ridges or other shallow soiled areas. They are often indicative of a transition between low sagebrush/bunchgrass communities and ponderosa pine/bunchgrass communities (Johnson and Clausnitzer 1992). <i>Artemisia arbuscula</i> is the dominant shrub, and dominates other associated bunch grasses: <i>Festuca idahoensis, Pseudoroegneria spicata, Poa secunda</i>, and <i>Koeleria macrantha</i>. G2G3Q G2 1 This woodland is reported from the Fremont National Forest in Oregon. Elevation ranges from 1770 to 2135 m (5800-7000 feet). Aspect is south to northwest. Slope is 1-25% and slope position is the lower to upper one-third. The topography is flat to convex and also ridgetops. Soils are ash over basalt, andesite and loess. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> is the most common tree, but <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> is often found. <i>Pinus contorta</i> and <i>Abies concolor</i> occur occasionally. <i>Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana</i> occurs in all stands and <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> and <i>Ribes cereum</i> are common. Common herbaceous species include <i>Poa nervosa, Lupinus argenteus, Achillea millefolium, Elymus elymoides, Carex pensylvanica, Festuca idahoensis, Fragaria virginiana</i>, and <i>Hieracium albiflorum</i>. Fire is important in these forests to maintain the open nature of the forest, with scattered large <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> trees and limited shrub cover. G2G3 G2 2 This association has only been described from central and northeastern Oregon, and adjacent W ashington and Idaho. It is most often found between 1310 and 1830 m (4300-6000 feet) on all aspects with slopes less than 20%. Soils range from sandy or silty loams to silty clay loams and clay. Parent material is residuum and colluvium of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, most with a mantle of ash or loess. This open forest resembles a park-like setting typified by large trees mantling a grassy floor. It usually consists of large-diameter <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> averaging 45% (17-81%) cover, which represents the only tree. Shrub cover is low with the most common associate, <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> having less than 2% canopy cover. <i>Calamagrostis rubescens</i> averages 38% (7-70%) cover and <i>Carex geyeri</i> supports an average of 20% (2-45%) cover. Forbs include <i>Achillea millefolium, Lupinus caudatus, Arnica cordifolia</i>, and <i>Fragaria crinita</i>, all occurring at less than 12%. G2Q G2 2 Topography ranges from undulating to steep slopes ranging from 2-20% with slope position from low to bottom. The aspect is usually southerly, although stands on northern aspects occur. The elevation ranges from 760 to 1525 m (2500-5000 feet). Effective rooting depth of the soil is 50.8-91.4 cm (20-36 inches), up to 121.9 cm (48 inches) in some stands. This is open woodland with 30-40% <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> cover. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> is common, especially on northern slopes, and is increasing with fire suppression. Shrubs are infrequent, with <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> being the most common. <i>Elymus glaucus</i> is the dominant herbaceous species. <i>Achillea millefolium</i> is also common. G2 G2 2 This semi-riparian forest is found on terraces along perennial streams and large washes. The upper canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and the subcanopy by <i>Juglans major</i>. Other subcanopy trees include <i>Acer negundo, Quercus</i> spp., <i>Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus scopulorum, Pinus edulis, Pinus monophylla var. fallax (= Pinus edulis var. fallax)</i>, and <i>Pinus discolor</i>. The shrub layer is moderate with <i>Vitis arizonica, Frangula betulifolia (= Rhamnus betulifolia), Rhus aromatica</i>, and <i>Salix boothii (= Salix pseudocordata)</i>. The herbaceous layer is dominated by the graminoids <i>Poa pratensis, Panicum bulbosum, Bromus ciliatus var. richardsonii (= Bromus richardsonii)</i>, and <i>Pascopyrum smithii</i>. Forbs can be diverse. The most common are <i>Geranium caespitosum, Galium mexicanum ssp. asperrimum, Pteridium aquilinum, Thalictrum fendleri</i>, and <i>Potentilla</i> spp. G2 G2 1 This plant association is known from stands within the Idaho Batholith, Bitterroot Mountains, and Palouse Prairie ecoregional sections. The association is found on moderately steep northwest- to northeast-facing slopes, below 915 m (3000 feet) elevation. The natural fire disturbance regime is one of frequent, low intensity fire events. <i>Pinus ponderosa / Symphoricarpos albus</i> is adjacent on hotter, drier south-facing slopes. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii / Physocarpus malvaceus</i> is adjacent on more moist sites. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> occurs with a structurally and compositionally diverse understory shrub layer. <i>Symphoricarpos albus, Spiraea betulifolia</i>, and <i>Mahonia repens</i> form an understory low-shrub canopy. <i>Physocarpus malvaceus</i> or <i>Holodiscus discolor</i> dominate the understory tall-shrub layer; <i>Ceanothus sanguineus, Philadelphus lewisii, Prunus virginiana</i>, and <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> are often associated. Highly consistent herbaceous species include <i>Galium boreale, G2 G2 2 This is an open woodland found on pumice or ash in the East Cascades and Modoc Plateau in southern Oregon and northern California. Oregon sites are associated with Mount Mazama pumice. California sites are from the Medicine Lake Highlands. This association developed with frequent, low intensity fire, although most stands have been excluded from fire for the last 80 years. W ith fire, these stands were probably more open and park-like, and had much lower shrub cover. Most stands are on flats and sideslopes, with an average slope of only 8%. The upper elevational range is 1720 m. In California it occurs down to 1460 m, in Oregon down to 860 m, probably because pumice occurs at lower elevations in Oregon. The community was described from 31 plots over a 100-km range in Oregon, and from 6 plots from northern California. However, very few remnants of this community are left with old-growth <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> trees. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> is generally the only tree found in the overstory and understory. In a few G2 G2 2 This forest is endemic to the eastern Cascades of central Oregon. It is found on a narrow elevational belt between 1500-1800 m (4900-5900 feet) on level slopes (1-10%) of all aspects. Soils are loamy coarse sand to sandy loams which are well-drained. It is possible that it occurs in deep, recent pumice outcrops in northern California, but it has not been documented there. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> (10-40% cover) and <i>Pinus contorta</i> (1-20% cover) partially shade an understory of <i>Purshia tridentata</i> (7-40% cover), <i>Achnatherum occidentale ssp. occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)</i> (trace-10% cover), and the diagnostic species, <i>Carex inops ssp. inops</i>. Other plants which may be present include <i>Arctostaphylos patula, Ceanothus velutinus, Carex rossii, Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides (= Sitanion hystrix), Achillea millefolium, Eriogonum umbellatum</i>, and <i>Machaeranthera canescens (= Aster canescens)</i>. This association is well-adapted to periodic fires. G2 G2 1 This woodland is found in the southern Blue Mountains, the Ochoco Range, and southeastern Oregon Cascades. Elevations are between 1020-1980 m (3350-6500 feet) with generally low steepness (0-50%) and a variety of aspects, but favoring southerly exposures in the Blue Mountains. Soils are sandy loams, silt, and loamy sand. The overstory is dominated by <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> (25-53% cover) with occasional <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> (0-4% cover). The shrub layer is characterized by <i>Purshia tridentata</i> (5-37% cover) and occasional <i>Mahonia repens</i> (0-36% cover). The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by <i>Carex rossii</i> with 10-46% cover. Other herbaceous species include <i>Achnatherum occidentale ssp. occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)</i> (3-10% cover) and <i>Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides (= Sitanion hystrix)</i> (5-10% cover). Occasionally, <i>Achillea millefolium</i> and <i>Fragaria virginiana</i> are present. This association is well-adapted to periodic surface fires which promote regen G2G3 G2 2 This is an open woodland found in the eastern Cascades ecoregion in south-central Oregon. This association occurs at elevations between 1525 and 1950 m (5000-6400 feet) in eastern Oregon. Slopes vary from 5-40%. Sites are usually on convex topography over andesite, basalt, or rhyolite. Soils are gravelly silt loams to gravelly clay, and are well-drained. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> is the major tree cover, varying from 5-50%. <i>Abies concolor</i> often occurs at the upper elevational phases of this association but remains <10% cover. <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> may occur at <10% cover. <i>W yethia mollis</i> occurs at <30% cover except in recently disturbed sites where it may be over 50% cover. Other shrubs usually found are <i>Purshia tridentata</i> and <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> usually exist at low cover values. <i>Achillea millefolium</i> is usually found up to 10% cover. A number of other forbs and grasses can be found. No single grass species (<i>Elymus elymoides</i> and <i>Poa nervosa</i>) covers more t G2Q G2 1 This is a lowland forested riparian association known from the Gila River watershed in New Mexico and potentially occurs elsewhere in southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona. This association is known to occur at elevations ranging between 1650-1750 m (5380-5750 feet), along rivers that have moderate gradients (1.2%), and coarse bouldery/cobbly riverbeds. The community often occurs on younger terraces and elevated sidebars that are above the active channel (discharge ratios range from 3.0-4.3), with variable flooding frequencies that range from yearly to every 50 years. Streamflows are either intermittent or perennial and fed by springs or snowmelt. Channels are often deeply incised within narrow valleys. Soils are coarse, well-drained, and moderately or poorly stratified. They are sandy at the surface, and generally remain coarse-textured throughout the profile. Cobbles and rock are also present on the surface or buried near the surface and at lower depths. Soils are primarily moist, poorly developed Ae G2 G2 2 This riparian forest is found along perennial and seasonally intermittent streams in the foothills zone of isolated desert mountain ranges in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Stands occur in narrow stream valleys and on gently sloping alluvial terraces. Elevations range from 1240-1700 m. This association requires reliable surface flow during the winter-spring months, is periodically inundated during spring runoff and generally occurs along small, perennial streams. The Gray Ranch stand in southwestern New Mexico occurs on gravelly alluvium deposited among boulders derived from rhyolite alluvium parent material. These depositional soils are silty loam in texture. The tree canopy is codominated by the broad-leaved trees <i>Platanus wrightii</i> and <i>Juglans major</i>. Total canopy cover is over 70%, and is usually composed of a few large <i>Platanus wrightii</i> dominating the stand, with larger numbers of smaller <i>Juglans major</i> trees. Height of the canopy is typically 18-23 m. Other br G2 G2 2 This riparian woodland association is known from southwestern New Mexico, but it likely occurs in southeastern Arizona. Provisional data indicate that it is found in scattered stands on terraces along perennial and intermittent streams at elevations from 1300 to 1600 m (4300-5300 feet). <i>Platanus wrightii</i> forms open to closed canopies with occasional <i>Juglans major</i> or <i>Celtis laevigata var. reticulata</i>. The understory is characterized by abundant <i>Bouteloua curtipendula</i> and an assortment of other grasses such as <i>Elymus elymoides</i> and <i>Setaria grisebachii</i>. Shrubs can also be well-represented but are variable and include <i>Ericameria laricifolia, Vitis arizonica</i>, and <i>Brickellia californica</i>. G2G3 G2 1 This semi-riparian woodland association occurs in north-central Wyoming, western Colorado and northern New Mexico on terraces or slopes of gorges, ravines, and moderate-sized intermittent or perennial drainages between 1740 and 2400 m (5725-7875 feet) elevation. This type usually occurs on high, dry stream terraces with level slopes and a sandy surface soil texture. Stands are infrequently flooded (10- to 100-year recurrence intervals). The vegetation is characterized by moderately open canopies (25-60% cover) dominated by <i>Populus angustifolia</i>, with <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> or occasionally <i>Juniperus monosperma, Betula occidentalis</i>, or <i>Pinus edulis</i> in the subcanopy. An open grassy understory with abundant <i>Sporobolus cryptandrus</i> is characteristic, although other grasses such as <i>Carex geyeri, Juncus balticus, Leymus cinereus</i>, and <i>Poa fendleriana</i> may also be present. In disturbed stands the native grasses may have been replaced by exotic species such as <i>Bromus inerm G2G3 G2 2 This plant association occurs on gently to moderately sloping stream terraces at elevations between 1500 and 2000 m. The overstory is usually dominated by <i>Populus angustifolia</i> with occasional codominance by <i>Acer negundo</i>. <i>Acer grandidentatum</i> creates a low tree layer. Shrubs are typically sparse and may include <i>Mahonia repens, Paxistima myrsinites</i>, or <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i>. Herbaceous cover is variable and common species include <i>Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis), Maianthemum stellatum (= Smilacina stellata), Elymus glaucus</i>, and the exotic grass <i>Poa pratensis</i>. G2G3 G2 2 This is a riparian woodland of low-elevation (1600-2500 m [5240-8200 feet]) foothills in Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming, along the western edge of the Great Plains and in the intermountain basins. Stands of this association occur in narrow to moderately broad stream valleys and narrow canyons in the foothills on narrow, elevated, or steeply sloping streambanks and benches. On these higher terraces, stands are infrequently flooded (10- to 100-year estimated recurrence interval). Stream channels are broad, low- to medium-gradient, and slightly sinuous. Soils are typically shallow sandy clay loams with many fine layers from fluvial deposition. The vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense (>50% cover) overstory canopy dominated by <i>Populus angustifolia</i> (or in some stands <i>Populus X acuminata</i>) with a moderately dense to very dense shrub layer dominated by <i>Prunus virginiana</i>. Other trees occasionally present with low cover include <i>Juniperus scopulorum, Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga m G2Q G2 2 This deciduous riparian forest occurs on stream terraces and adjacent floodplains in the LaSal and Abajo mountains in southeastern Utah, the west slope of the W asatch Range in central Utah, in western Wyoming, and in various mountain ranges in Nevada. It may also occur in Colorado. Elevation ranges from 1780-2300 m. Substrates are moderately well-drained alluvial soils derived from sandstone or other sedimentary rock. The community is one of the drier <i>Populus angustifolia</i> plant associations. This association has a closed upper tree canopy that is dominated by <i>Populus angustifolia</i>. Other tree species may include <i>Quercus gambelii, Populus tremuloides</i>, and an occasional <i>Juniperus osteosperma</i> or other upland tree species. <i>Prunus virginiana</i> and <i>Salix bebbiana</i> may form a tall-shrub layer, especially streamside. A dense short-shrub layer dominated by <i>Rosa woodsii</i> or <i>Rosa nutkana</i> is diagnostic of this type. <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i> is often present and o G2G3 G2 2 This riparian plant association is a lush deciduous forest occurring on an active alluvial floodplain of Sand Creek in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of southern Colorado (1800-2000 m elevation). It is characterized by a relatively sparse to dense overstory of <i>Populus angustifolia</i> and <i>Salix drummondiana</i> (20-80% cover) along the immediate streambank and scattered <i>Acer glabrum</i> (5-20% cover) and other willows. Tall and medium-sized <i>Populus angustifolia</i> dominate the upper canopy. Other trees present may include <i>Abies concolor, Populus tremuloides</i>, and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. <i>Rosa woodsii</i> was present in all sampled stands with 5-30% cover. Other shrubs include <i>Alnus incana, Jamesia americana, Salix lucida</i>, and <i>Prunus virginiana</i>. Herbaceous cover is generally low (10-15% cover), including <i>Orthilia secunda, Maianthemum stellatum, Pyrola asarifolia</i>, and <i>Oxypolis fendleri</i>. G2? G2 1 This association is known from the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, through the Columbia Basin to the Cascades of eastern W ashington, into central and northern Idaho, western Wyoming, and north to the mountains of southern British Columbia. This late-seral association typically occurs at low elevations from 579 to 2040 m (1900-6693 feet) in broad mountain valleys and canyons of low- to moderate-gradient streams and rivers. The association occupies alluvial terraces with deep silty loam soils (over cobble and gravel) on infrequently flooded sites well above the average high-water line and summer water table. Tall and mature <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> form the open to closed overstory canopy, with occasional understory asexual reproduction and conifers present. Conifer species, especially <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, may indicate the potential successional pathway on these relatively dry terrace sites. The shrub layer is clearly dominated by one species of <i>Sympho G2 G2 2 This association has been described from the foothills of the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in northwestern Montana. It is found on the bottoms of narrow mountain valleys, intra- and inter-morainal depressions, areas possibly underlain by clay lenses, and fringing kettle lakes, from 1372-1678 m (4500-5500 feet) elevation. These sites have gentle slopes and occur on all aspects. Sites on southerly aspects are typically moist mountain slopes where soil moisture is probably augmented by subsurface flow. Soils are derived from alluvium (some deposited by slopewash), colluvium, or aeolian materials derived from sedimentary rock types and layered over morainal drift. Soils are seasonally saturated and have relatively high organic matter. This forest association is dominated by the broad-leaved deciduous tree <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (= Populus trichocarpa)</i>, with <i>Populus tremuloides</i> usually present. W here both species are present, <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> has at le G2 G2 2 This association occurs on well-developed floodplains of lowland rivers in western Oregon, western W ashington, and coastal British Columbia. It is flooded periodically, but typically not every year, by overbank floods, upon which its long-term persistence in the landscape is probably dependent. Soils are alluvium that are well-drained. The relatively closed deciduous tree canopy is dominated in the uppermost layer by <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> up to about 50 m tall. A subcanopy layer of <i>Alnus rubra</i> is present and variable in percent cover. Scattered conifers are sometimes present, especially in lower layers (e.g., <i>Abies grandis, Thuja plicata</i>). The understory is dominated by the deciduous shrub <i>Rubus spectabilis</i>, which can be quite dense. Several other shrubs may be present in lesser amounts. The herb layer is variable in quantity and composition. Some typical species include <i>Tolmiea menziesii, Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae, Athyrium filix-femina, Circaea alpina, C G2G3 G2 2 G2Q G2 1 This association is apparently limited to the western Olympic Peninsula, W ashington, where it occurs in valley bottoms of major rivers. It is possible that it occurs farther south in coastal W ashington or Oregon, though it would be rare there. It is found on fluvial terrace landforms, typically where riverine flooding appears to be currently infrequent (middle to upper terraces). Existing stands most often have a mixed broad-leaved deciduous-needle-leaved evergreen canopy, though some stands are dominated by the deciduous component with few evergreens. The canopy is a variable mixture of <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> (always present in tallest layer), <i>Picea sitchensis</i> (always present), <i>Acer macrophyllum</i>, and in smaller amounts <i>Alnus rubra</i>. Understory trees are mostly <i>Picea sitchensis</i>. The understory is characterized by the constant presence and typical abundance of the forb <i>Oxalis oregana</i>. The deciduous broad-leaved shrub layer varies from sparse to well-develo G2G3 G2 2 This minor streambank forest occurs in narrow, very steep valleys along perennial and ephemeral streams between 793 and 1128 m (2600-3700 feet) elevation in northeast Washington. Sites are typically cold and wet, along A or intermittent channels on streambanks. <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> dominates an open overstory occasionally with other hardwoods, <i>Populus tremuloides</i> or <i>Betula papyrifera</i>, but is more frequently associated with conifers, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> or <i>Thuja plicata</i> with low cover. <i>Oplopanax horridus</i> dominates the shrub layer and may codominate with <i>Acer glabrum var. douglasii</i>. Either <i>Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia</i> or <i>Philadelphus lewisii</i> may be present. Forb cover is low and is composed of species such as <i>Streptopus amplexifolius, Viola glabella, Prosartes hookeri (= Disporum hookeri)</i>, or <i>Actaea rubra</i>. Graminoids are unusual, although <i>Cinna latifolia</i> is often present. <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i> is usually G2 G2 1 This mature riparian forest association is found in the middle Pecos and Rio Grande basins of New Mexico and extreme southwestern Colorado. It occurs along low-gradient rivers of wide lowland valleys at elevations from 990 to 1630 m (3250-5350 feet). Stream gradients are generally low (<1%), and riverbeds tend to be mostly sandy. Gravels and cobbles are more frequent as the gradient increases. Sites typically are elevated sidebars and low terraces that are situated above the active channel (discharge ratios range from 2 to 6). Flooding frequency ranges widely, from as low as every two years on lower bars to more than 50 years on elevated terraces. Soils of young fluvial landforms are poorly developed Entisols. Soils may be coarse-loamy throughout or overlain by a sandy layer. Gravels and cobbles are generally scattered throughout the profile. Soils are dry within 1 m but, upon approaching the groundwater, become moist, particularly during seasonal flooding events. Middle-aged to mature stands of <i>Populus de G2G3 G2 2 This mature riparian forest association is found in the San Juan River drainage in northwestern New Mexico and adjacent southeastern Utah. It is probably present in northeastern Arizona. It occurs along low-gradient rivers of wide lowland valleys at elevations from 1640 to 1840 m (5375-6025 feet). Stands are located on high terraces well above the active channel (discharge ratio >5), and flooding is infrequent (50- to 100-year recurrence intervals). Soils have coarse loamy profiles throughout and are mostly young and undeveloped Entisols, although Inceptisols can occur on higher terraces where soil development has not been disrupted by flooding. Mature <i>Populus deltoides</i> canopies are generally open, with <i>Juniperus scopulorum, Elaeagnus angustifolia</i>, and <i>Salix amygdaloides</i> in the subcanopy. The shrub layer is dominated by <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> with other upland species associates such as <i>Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)</i> and <i>Rhus trilobata</i>. The presence of G2G3 G2 Cottonwood / Saltgrass Floodplain Woodland 2 This riparian woodland association is described from major river systems of eastern Colorado, primarily the South Platte and Arkansas rivers and their major tributaries in the plains. It also occurs in the floodplains of the Yampa and Green rivers in northwestern Colorado. Stands may also occur in western Nebraska, New Mexico, eastern W yoming and northeastern Utah. Sites are floodplains of major streams and rivers at elevations ranging from 1000 to 1700 m (3280-5600 feet). The floodplains of these rivers are typically wide and flat with a variety of depositional features present. Stands occur on higher terraces away from the active floodplain, where the soil surface is drier, but trees are able to tap the deeper water table. Flooding is infrequent on these terraces. Soils are well-drained, alkaline, poorly developed and typically derived from alluvium, eolian deposits and shale. A relatively open canopy of the broad-leaved deciduous tree <i>Populus deltoides</i> characterizes these woodlands, with cover varyi G2 G2 1 This mature riparian forest association is found in the San Juan and Rio Grande watersheds in northern and central New Mexico, the Animas River watershed in southwestern Colorado, and is likely present in the Pecos drainage farther to the east. It occurs along low-gradient rivers of wide lowland valleys at elevations from 1530 to 1800 m (5000-5900 feet). Sites range from relatively dry, elevated terraces that are rarely flooded, to more frequently flooded mid-elevation sidebars and island bars of low-gradient rivers. Soils are moist or dry, poorly developed Entisols or, where some soil development has occurred on older terraces, Inceptisols. Soil textures are coarse-loamy throughout the profile, or with sandy layers overlain by finer loam or silt. All soils have high plant-available water (8.5% on average), and the water table is usually within 2 m of the surface during the growing season. This community type is characterized by mature, often dense and closed canopies of <i>Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni</i G2 G21 This mature riparian forest association is found in the middle Rio Grande basin in north-central New Mexico and probably elsewhere in northern New Mexico including the Pecos drainage. It is known from lowland river valleys at elevations that range from 1525 to 1770 m (5000-5800 feet). Sites range from sidebars and islands within channels that are frequently flooded (two-year return interval), to higher terraces that are infrequently flooded (50 years). Soils range from coarse-loamy to sandy-skeletal with wetness (hydric) indicators in the form of gray mottles within 100 cm of the surface (Oxyaquic Ustifluvents and Fluventic Ustochrepts). This type is characterized by open to moderately closed canopies of mature <i>Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni</i>, with a sparse undergrowth. Species diversity is moderate (55 species), but variable from stand to stand, and represented by scattered bunches and individuals. <i>Salix exigua, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Glycyrrhiza lepidota</i>, and <i>Melilotus officinalis</i> are G2G3 G2 1 This woodland plant association occurs sporadically on clayey soils along broad, braided channels in low-lying swales and overflow channels in the lower South Platte River of northeastern Colorado (Central Shortgrass Prairie, Ecoregion 27). It likely occurs in Nebraska, Wyoming and Kansas. Mature <i>Populus deltoides</i> dominates the canopy (50-80% canopy cover), while <i>Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)</i> forms a dense ground cover. Tree canopy may also include <i>Salix amygdaloides</i> (31-61% cover). There is no consistent shrub canopy, though <i>Prunus virginiana, Celtis laevigata</i>, and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i> may be present. Other herbs include <i>Elymus lanceolatus, Bromus inermis, Muhlenbergia asperifolia</i>, and <i>Phalaris arundinacea</i>. This is a late-seral community, requiring first scouring floods for <i>Populus deltoides</i> establishment, then cessation of scouring floods for <i>Carex pellita</i> establishment. G2 G2 2 This association is found in the Great Plains of central and eastern Montana, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and possibly western North Dakota, generally between 550 and 1100 m in elevation. It occurs primarily in the floodplains of major alluvial streams and rivers but may also occur around the margins of lakes and ponds. This is a seral community associated with fluvial processes such as flooding and substrate deposition. It colonizes moist, freshly deposited alluvium and in the absence of further flood disturbance will often develop into <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>- or <i>Acer negundo</i>-dominated associations. <i>Populus deltoides</i> dominates the overstory, forming an open to closed canopy (average cover is 60%). <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, Populus angustifolia</i>, and <i>Salix amygdaloides</i> may be present as subordinate canopy species. The shrub layer is diverse and well-established. <i>Cornus sericea</i> is the diagnostic species, and its cover value may vary from 1-90%. G2G3 G2 2 This association is found in the Canadian River and Pecos basins in northeastern New Mexico, probably elsewhere in northern New Mexico, and potentially in southern Colorado. Preliminary data indicate the type occurs in lowland valleys and canyons on dry terraces at low elevations ranging roughly from 1340 to 1590 m (4400-5200 feet). The terraces are situated well above the active channel as indicated by discharge ratios over 7.5 and are rarely flooded (25- to 100-year recurrence interval). Soils are moderately well-drained, poorly developed Entisols composed of deep sands, or sands mixed with gravel and cobble overlain by a coarse-loamy or clayey layer (or Oxyaquic, coarse-loamy Ustifluvents, or Typic, coarse-loamy over sandy-skeletal Ustifluvents). Mature <i>Populus deltoides</i> dominate the moderately open canopy, with scattered <i>Juniperus monosperma</i> and <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> in the understory. <i>Populus deltoides</i> reproduction occurs primarily by root suckering. The undergrowth is characte G2G3 G2 2 This association is found in the Rio Grande basin in central New Mexico. This mature forest association is found within the floodplain of large, lowland river valleys at elevations from 1450 to 1550 m (4780-5080 feet). Sites are moist depressions in riverbars and terraces, or possibly filled side channels that are flooded relatively frequently (2- to 5-year recurrence interval). Soils are deep, weakly developed, sometimes poorly drained and often saturated, coarse-loamy Aquic Ustifluvents. This type may have been more widespread in the past. Mature <i>Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni</i> dominate the upper canopy, although <i>Elaeagnus angustifolia</i> may also be a dominant subcanopy tree. Other shrubs such as <i>Tamarix ramosissima</i> may be prevalent, but the dominant understory species is <i>Anemopsis californica</i> which forms large mats along the soil surface. Other herbs include <i>Sporobolus airoides, Panicum capillare</i>, and <i>Ambrosia artemisiifolia</i>. As a keystone species, the reproduction G2 G2 2 The type is known only from gypsum dunelands of the Tularosa Basin in south-central New Mexico at elevations around 1220 m (4000 feet). In interdune areas water accumulates during the summer rainy season, and the water table remains near the surface (0.5 m). <i>Populus deltoides</i> establish in these intermittent wetlands and then are buried by shifting gypsum dunes. W hen mature, <i>Populus deltoides</i> trees form very open canopies (30% or less cover) and may be partially to deeply buried with only the upper portions of the trees exposed. Scattered to well-represented <i>Poliomintha incana</i> typifies the understory, along with an occasional <i>Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)</i>. Herbs are low in diversity (5 species) and cover and include scattered bunches of <i>Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)</i> and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium (= Schizachyrium neomexicanum)</i>. Large, open, bare areas are common. G2G3 G2 2 This woodland association is documented from the Colorado, Yampa and San Miguel/Dolores river basins in western Colorado and northeastern Utah below 1680 m (5500 feet) in elevation. An ecologically similar association with a different subspecies of cottonwood, <i>Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera</i>, is known from southeastern Colorado. Both of these associations represent a late-seral stage of maturing cottonwoods. The trees are usually large and widely spaced with thick patches of <i>Rhus trilobata</i> in between and underneath the overstory canopy. <i>Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni</i> with a <i>Rhus trilobata</i> understory form this late-seral plant association. <i>Populus angustifolia</i> becomes an important overstory component at higher elevations in the Colorado River basin. Other shrubs commonly present are <i>Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata, Cornus sericea, Chrysothamnus linifolius, Symphoricarpos</i> spp., <i>Shepherdia argentea, Tamarix ramosissima</i> (an exotic), and <i>Salix exigua</i> G2 G2 2 This lower-montane riparian association is known from small tributaries of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico. It occurs on narrow valley bottom alluvial sediments with low to moderate gradients. Flooding is estimated to happen on a 10-year return interval or less. Elevations range from 1525 to 1900 m (5000-6250 feet). Stands are dominated by <i>Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni</i> with moderately open canopies along with scattered <i>Acer negundo, Juniperus scopulorum</i>, and <i>Juniperus monosperma</i>. The undergrowth is characterized by thickets of <i>Salix irrorata</i> and a diverse complement of grasses and forbs. As a keystone species, the reproduction of <i>Populus deltoides</i> after flooding (and sufficient subsequent base flows) is critical to the sustainability of this community. G2G3 G2 2 This type is known only from interdune swales of gypsum dunelands of the Tularosa Basin in south-central New Mexico at elevations around 1220 m (4000 feet) and may also occur in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. In the interdune areas, water accumulates during the summer rainy season, and the water table remains near the surface (0.5 m). Mature <i>Populus deltoides</i> trees form very open canopies (30% or less cover) with a grassy understory dominated by the gypsophile <i>Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium (= Schizachyrium neomexicanum)</i> along with <i>Sporobolus airoides</i> as a common associate. Scattered <i>Baccharis salicina</i> and <i>Tamarix ramosissima</i> are often present in the shrub layer. Although overall diversity is relatively low (29 species), there are six wetland indicators and only one exotic. G2G3 G2 2 This is a lowland forested riparian association known from central and southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and southwestern Utah. Elevations range from 1200-1550 m. Sites are typically rocky or sandy banks of moderate-gradient streams (1.5%) that are frequently flooded (two-year recurrence interval). Soils have been reported as coarse-loamy over fragmental Typic Torrifluvents, and as cobbly riverwash, reflecting the coarse substrates of sites. <i>Populus fremontii</i> and <i>Fraxinus velutina</i> codominate young, moderate to dense canopies (>50% cover). <i>Acer negundo, Salix gooddingii, Juglans major, Alnus oblongifolia</i>, and <i>Celtis laevigata var. reticulata</i> are occasional canopy or subcanopy associates. Undergrowth is moderately diverse, but cover is low. In the shrub layer there are usually scattered individuals of <i>Baccharis salicifolia</i> and <i>Amorpha fruticosa</i>. The herbaceous layer has sparse to moderate cover. Common associates may include <i>Juncus saximontanus, Sphenopho G2G3 G2 2 This is a lowland forested riparian association known from the Gila River watershed in New Mexico and has been reported from southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona. It occurs in lowland river valleys at elevations ranging between 1180-1570 m (3875-5150 feet). The stream gradients are typically low, and channel substrates are gravelly or finer, but with pockets of cobbles. Typically, this type occurs as mature stands on older river terraces that are elevated several meters above the present riverbed and affected by only the largest flood events (25- to 100-year intervals). Occasionally the type occurs on lower bars that are more frequently flooded. Soils range from weakly developed Entisols on lower bars to more developed Inceptisols (deep, well-drained, stratified soils comprised of sandy, loamy surface soils underlain by finer silt layers) on the upper terraces. Cobbles and rock may be present on the surface, or buried at lower depths. The soils tend to be dry on the surface most of the year, but may b G2 G2 1 This is a lowland forested riparian association known from the Gila River watershed in New Mexico and potentially occurs elsewhere in southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona. It occurs in lowland river valleys at elevations ranging from 1220 to 1410 m (4000-4625 feet). Stream gradients are moderate (0.3-0.9%), and channel substrates gravelly or finer. Occurring on low- to mid-elevation bars within and along channels, flood-recurrence intervals vary widely, but typically range between two and five years. Some site are considerably higher in the floodplain and are rarely flooded (25-100 years). Soils are young, weakly developed Entisols that are commonly sandy with a cobbly matrix. Others, particularly those of higher terraces, are sandy or loamy throughout. The soils are generally dry on the surface most of the year, but they may be periodically moist within the rooting zone (40-150 cm). The vegetation of this association is characterized by young to middle-aged stands of <i>Populus fremontii</i> and <i>S G2 G2 2 This community type occurs in lowland river valleys of the southwestern watersheds of the Gila River Basin of New Mexico and possibly Arizona at elevations ranging between 1370 and 1525 m (4500-5000 feet). The stream gradients are low to moderate (0.3% on average), and channel substrates tend to be sands and gravels. Typically, it occurs on low- to mid-elevation bars within and along channels that are at bankfull discharge or just above and hence flooded from every one to five years. Soils are moist, well-drained Entisols that are either sandy throughout or sandy underlain by a gravelly matrix. They tend to be dry on the surface most of the year but are usually moist within the rooting zone of most species, particularly during spring runoff. This type is characterized by young to middle-aged stands of <i>Populus fremontii</i> and <i>Salix gooddingii</i>, with a shrubby understory dominated by <i>Salix exigua</i>. Stands are moderately open to closed (40-85% cover). Saplings of <i>Alnus oblongifolia, Platanus G2 G2 2 This community occurs as small isolated stands or as linear bands that parallel stream channels in the Trans-Pecos region of western Texas, in southwestern New Mexico, southeastern Arizona, and south into northern Mexico. It has also been reported from isolated tributary drainages in southern Utah. The vegetation is dependent upon a subsurface water supply and varies considerably with the height of the water table. Major flood events and consequent flood scour, overbank deposition of water and sediments, and stream meandering are important factors that shape this community. Soils are typically stratified sands, loams, and gravels. This deciduous woodland typically towers above the surrounding vegetation. <i>Populus fremontii</i> and <i>Salix gooddingii</i> may be nearly equal in abundance, or either may dominate. Individuals of <i>Populus fremontii</i> are scattered or occur in groves and may reach 30 m in height and 2 m in diameter. Other species that may occur in the canopy/subcanopy include <i>Populus delt G2 G2 2 This forested riparian association is known from canyon bottoms in southwestern New Mexico and southern Utah, but it is likely to occur in Arizona, Nevada and California. Stands occur on gently sloping, lower riparian terraces associated with perennial streams. These are sites that flood periodically but not annually. The principal species depend on the water table being within 1 meter of the surface throughout the growing season in order to become established. Once established, both <i>Populus fremontii</i> and <i>Acer negundo</i> are capable of persisting as terraces become isolated from the water table. Soils are coarse, sandy and generally are poorly developed. In this association, <i>Populus fremontii</i> and <i>Acer negundo</i> form moderate to dense canopies, usually accompanied by <i>Juglans major</i> as a codominant in the southern part of the range. There is no structural information for New Mexico occurrences, but other associated woody species in southern New Mexico include <i>Ptelea trifoliata va G2Q G2 2 This lowland riparian woodland is described from central and southern coastal interior ranges of California, southwestern Utah and southwestern New Mexico, and may possibly occur along the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona. Elevations are below 1580 m in New Mexico, below 1300 m in Utah, and between 85 and 1275 m (279-4182 feet) in California. Stands typically occur along lower-elevation reaches of streams and on the main stem of rivers. Sites are on low- to mid-elevation terraces and bars that have shallow water tables and are flooded for brief periods during the growing season. Soils are shallow and coarse-textured, composed of sand, gravel or cobbles derived from alluvium. Diagnostic of this riparian woodland is the tree canopy dominated by <i>Populus fremontii</i> with <i>Baccharis salicifolia</i> dominating the shrub layer. <i>Fraxinus velutina, Platanus wrightii</i> and <i>Salix gooddingii</i> may be present but are not well-represented (<5% cover). The shrub layer is composed primarily of <i>Bacc G2 G2 1 This open riparian woodland is found generally along small, perennial and seasonally intermittent streams in the foothills zone of isolated desert mountain ranges in extreme southwestern New Mexico and possibly southeastern Arizona. These woodlands occur in narrow stream valleys, on gently sloping alluvial terraces, and are periodically inundated during spring runoff. The stand from Gray Ranch in the Animas Mountains was described from an east-facing alluvial terrace at approximately 1700 m elevation. The parent material is gravelly rhyolite alluvium, deposited among boulders. This woodland has an open tree canopy with a grassy understory. The broad-leaved deciduous trees <i>Populus fremontii</i> and <i>Salix gooddingii</i> dominate the canopy layer with 10-20% cover. Scattered <i>Baccharis salicifolia</i> and <i>Dalea</i> spp. may be present in the poorly developed shrub layer. The perennial bunchgrass <i>Muhlenbergia rigens</i> is the only abundant species in the herbaceous layer, with 20% cover. Total herb G2 G2 2 This forest type has been described from the southern parts of the Wyoming and Salt River mountain ranges in western Wyoming. Most stands are found on cool, moderately steep, northerly slopes and are surrounded by conifer forests The vegetation consists of a tree overstory codominated by <i>Populus tremuloides</i> and <i>Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa</i>, with a sparse undergrowth dominated by <i>Pedicularis racemosa</i>. <i>Picea engelmannii</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca</i> may also grow in the overstory. Traces of <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Shepherdia canadensis, Paxistima myrsinites, Arnica cordifolia</i>, and <i>Carex rossii</i> also may grow beneath the trees. This seems to be a seral type that is replaced by <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> forest. G2 G2 2 This mixed deciduous-and-evergreen woodland occurs on mountain slopes from western Wyoming south to southern Utah and west to eastern Nevada. Stands generally grow on fairly steep, south-facing slopes with a variety of geologic substrates, at altitudes above 2650 m (8700 feet). <i>Populus tremuloides</i> dominates the tree overstory, and <i>Pinus flexilis</i> contributes substantial cover. Other conifers may be present, but <i>Pinus flexilis</i> clearly contributes more cover. The composition of the undergrowth varies widely among stands, and no species is present in all stands. The large amount of <i>Pinus flexilis</i> in the overstory, relative to other conifers, sets this association apart from other <i>Populus tremuloides</i> - conifer associations. G2G3 G2 2 This deciduous forest occurs on primarily on northerly and easterly exposures but has been seen on southeastern and southern exposures as well. It occurs at relatively low elevations in the mountains of northern Utah and western Wyoming. It is know from 2135 to 2193 m (7000-7195 feet) elevation. Soils are primarily derived from sandstone. It occurs on mid to lower slopes on up to 34% grades. The tree layer is almost exclusively <i>Populus tremuloides</i>. <i>Abies concolor</i> or <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> may be present in the tree layer or as seedlings, but not in such abundance as to suggest eventual replacement of aspen dominance in the overstory. The tall-shrub stratum is dominated by <i>Acer grandidentatum, Prunus virginiana</i>, or <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i>, or any combination of those species. Low shrubs, such as <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Rosa woodsii</i>, or <i>Mahonia repens</i>, are also often present, sometimes in substantial amounts. The most distinctive feature is the abundance of <i>Pteridi G2G3 G2 2 According to Christy (2004), the single known occurrence of this association in Oregon is in a seasonally flooded depression on shallow-soiled basalt scabland. It may be a relict of a type that was more widespread historically. Seasonal flooding is from precipitation, but summer drying precludes formation of peat. The tree layer is dominated by <i>Populus tremuloides</i> with up to 50% cover. The shrub layer includes <i>Spiraea douglasii</i> and Salix <i>hookeriana</i> with covers of 80 and 10%, respectively. The sparse herb layer is dominated by only <i>Carex obnupta</i> with very low cover. The moss layer has up to 98% cover by <i>Sphagnum mendocinum</i>. Large expanses of swamp vegetation once occurred in the northern W illamette and Tualatin valleys, and this association may have been part of it. <i>Populus tremuloides</i> still occurs in a number of low-elevation sites in Clackamas, Multnomah and W ashington counties, Oregon, but most are on uplands that do not support wetland vegetation; it becomes very r G2 G2 1 This association is a wide-ranging, linear or small-patch community type, found in eastern W ashington and Oregon in the Columbia Basin, Okanogan Highlands, and the Blue Mountains. It is associated with ephemeral depressions, wetland sites, organic soils, shallow water tables, and with low-gradient headwater streams. Elevations range from 549 to 1647 m (1800-5400 feet). This is an open forest dominated by <i>Populus tremuloides</i> occasionally with <i>Pinus contorta var. latifolia</i> or <i>Betula papyrifera</i> in the northern portions of its range or with <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> in Oregon or <i>Betula occidentalis</i> in the Columbia Basin. The understory is graminoid-dominated. <i>Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)</i> is indicative of this community type with high cover (well over 25% cover) in higher condition sites. <i>Carex microptera, Carex nebrascensis, Calamagrostis canadensis, Elymus glaucus</i>, and <i>Poa pratensis</i> are low cover sedge-grass associates. Forbs are frequent but rarely abundant. S G2 G2 2 This association occurs on the slopes of ridges and mountains in northwestern Wyoming and western Colorado. Elevations range from 2225-2680 m (7300-8800 feet). These forests occur on north to northeast slopes in Colorado and southern slopes in Wyoming. Soils vary from very well-drained, non-skeletal sandy loam and loam to very coarse rocky colluvium, and may be shallow to deep. Stands are often located at the middle to upper portions of the slope; slopes range from level to more than 100%. <i>Populus tremuloides</i> makes up a pure, but often open, tree canopy, while the shrub layer consists of a variable mix in which <i>Ceanothus velutinus</i> is usually dominant. Other common shrub species include <i>Mahonia repens, Paxistima myrsinites, Rosa woodsii, Rubus parviflorus, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Amelanchier alnifolia, Spiraea betulifolia</i>, and <i>Sorbus scopulina</i>. The herbaceous layer is diverse and may include <i>Eucephalus engelmannii (= Aster engelmannii), Eurybia glauca, Lathyrus lanszwertii, Lu G2 G2 2 Stands of this localized forest type are found in moist depressions at high elevations in western Wyoming. Sites supporting this type are moist depressions along streams or around seeps. Soils are silts or clays and have high water tables that restrict the distribution of <i>Abies</i> and shrubs to hummocks. The canopy is formed by <i>Populus tremuloides</i>, often of mixed size classes. Scattered <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> often are present. Scattered shrubs (especially <i>Lonicera involucrata</i> and <i>Ribes montigenum</i>) may be present but the stand contains no distinct shrub layer. <i>Ranunculus alismifolius</i> dominates the herbaceous layer. Grazing may help to create stands of this association. G2? G2 2 This minor riparian forest association is found east of the Continental Divide in a mountainous region of south-central Colorado. Stands occurs along moist streamsides, on wet toeslopes or stream bottoms, between 2900 and 3200 m elevation. Slopes are gentle and straight or concave. Soils are wet. The tree canopy is characterized by a nearly closed canopy of the broad-leaved deciduous tree <i>Populus tremuloides</i>. The understory is very lush, with a moderately dense shrub layer (55% mean cover) and a dense herbaceous layer of over 100% cover. <i>Ribes montigenum</i> dominates the shrub layer with few other shrubs. The dense herbaceous layer is dominated by a mix of perennial grasses and forbs. <i>Bromus ciliatus, Carex siccata (= Carex foenea)</i> and <i>Festuca thurberi</i> are the most important of the graminoids. Dominant forbs include <i>Equisetum arvense, Fragaria virginiana, Geranium richardsonii</i>, and <i>Polemonium pulcherrimum</i>, but many other species contribute to the high cover of the herbac G2 G2 1 This rare but widespread forest occurs on slopes at high elevations in the mountains of western Wyoming, southeastern Idaho, northeastern Utah, and northwestern Montana. Stands of this type have been documented from 2440 to 2835 m (8000-9300 feet) elevation, on the upper and middle portions of fairly steep slopes with a variety of aspects and parent materials. <i>Populus tremuloides</i> forms the tree overstory, and <i>Rubus parviflorus</i> strongly dominates the shrub layer. The herbaceous layer consists primarily of low-growing forbs. G2 G2 2 G2G3 G2 2 G2 G2 1 This is a seral, fire-dependant association, which did not cover an important part of the presettlement landscape until fire suppression. These oak forests became quite widespread over the last 100 years, but are now rapidly declining due to secondary succession, development and other threats. They are currently found along river and stream terraces, at moist sites along the valley floor, and on northern slopes on interior hills or on the foothills of the W illamette Valley. These range from woodlands to semi-closed canopy forests dominated by <i>Quercus garryana</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. In most stands, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> seedlings and saplings are more common than <i>Quercus garryana</i> seedlings, and in many the conifers are beginning to overtop the oaks. <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> is a dominant understory shrub in all communities. Native shrubs (<i>Corylus cornuta, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Oemleria cerasiformis, Holodiscus discolor, Rosa nutkana, Rubus parv G2G3 G2 1 This giant conifer forest is found near the northern distributional limit of <i>Sequoia sempervirens</i>. <i>Sequoia sempervirens</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> dominate the tall canopy of these coastal fog-belt forests. This association occurs on intermediate to mesic sites, usually with a northern or eastern aspect. Slopes are relatively low (5-10 degrees). Tree cover is 55-75%. Soils are fine-textured, with good moisture-holding capacity, well-drained and relatively deep, derived from silt or sandstone. Individuals of <i>Sequoia sempervirens</i> tend to be highly scattered except in the most moist sites where it is dominant to <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. <i>Sequoia sempervirens</i> often supports most of the basal area on a site. <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> very rarely codominates. Shrub cover is variable (10-80%) and consists primarily of <i>Vaccinium ovatum</i>. Herb cover varies from 30-70% and is most often characterized by <i>Oxalis oregana, Trillium ovatum, Polystichum munitum</i>, and <i>Galiu G2 G2 2 These giant conifer forests are found in the coastal fog zone of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. They occupy steep slopes and ridges of coastal mountains, below 500 m in elevation (900 m in California). The canopy of these forests is dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Sequoia sempervirens</i> trees which are often greater than 60 m tall. There is almost always a subcanopy of <i>Lithocarpus densiflorus</i>, usually between 10-30 m tall, occasionally codominant with <i>Umbellularia californica</i>. <i>Lithocarpus densiflorus</i> (1-70%) also dominates the shrub layer with both <i>Rhododendron macrophyllum</i> (2-60%) and <i>Vaccinium ovatum</i> (10-70%). <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> and <i>Mahonia nervosa (= Berberis nervosa)</i> are often found, and in moist pockets <i>Polystichum munitum</i> and <i>Oxalis oregana</i> can be found. Other forbs include <i>Lotus crassifolius, Arnica cordifolia</i> and <i>Xerophyllum tenax</i>. This was the dominant forest community along the coastal f G2 G2 2 This association occurs at lower elevations in the rain shadow of coastal mountains where mean annual precipitation ranges from 85-150 cm. It typically occurs on residual or glacial till parent materials that are relatively shallow to bedrock or a hardpan, and tends to occur on upper slope and ridgetop positions. Most often it is found at elevations of 245-760 m (800-2500 feet), less commonly lower. The relatively dense forest canopy is dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> or a mixture of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. Tree regeneration is dominated by <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. The understory is dominated by the low shrub, <i>Mahonia nervosa</i>. The forb layer is relatively depauperate. <i>Festuca subuliflora, Festuca occidentalis</i>, and <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i> are frequent and help distinguish this association from closely related montane associations. G2 G2 1 This association occurs below 460 m (1500 feet) elevation in west-central portions of the Puget Lowland of W ashington, including the Kitsap Peninsula, W hidbey Island, and the northeastern Olympic Peninsula (Mason, Kitsap, Island, Jefferson, Clallam counties). This is an evergreen needle-leaved forest dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>, the former usually taller and more abundant, the latter usually dominating tree regeneration. <i>Thuja plicata</i> is usually present and sometimes codominant, and <i>Pinus monticola</i> is present in about half the plots. The understory is dominated by the evergreen broad-leaved shrubs <i>Rhododendron macrophyllum</i> (2-4 m tall), <i>Vaccinium ovatum</i>, and <i>Gaultheria shallon</i>, and may be sparse or dense depending on tree density. Other frequent species are <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Mahonia nervosa</i>, and <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i>. Herbaceous species are typically found in very small amounts. This association typically occurs on G2 G2 2 This giant conifer forest association is found in a narrow band along the coast of central Oregon. It occurs primarily on steep, low-elevation slopes and ridges on the Mapleton District of the Siuslaw National Forest. It has been described from steep, low-elevation ridges and slopes in the extreme western edge of the western hemlock zone, adjacent to the Sitka spruce zone. It occurs in areas of relatively poor soils, averaging 48 inches deep, as well as on stabilized sand dunes. Near the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, these forests are found on sandy soils, and on steep, excessively drained or deep clay soils, with an effective rooting depth of only 32 inches. W hile not as productive as other coastal forest types, this forest type still averages over 15,000 cubic feet/acre, with mean basal area of 510 cubic feet/acre. All known stands in Oregon are dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> in the overstory (56% cover), with <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> and <i>Thuja plicata</i> in the canopy of about oneG2 G2 1 This association occurs below about 300 m (1000 feet) elevation in central portions of the Puget Lowland of W ashington, and in portions of the Gulf Islands, British Columbia. This is an evergreen needle-leaved forest typically dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>, the former usually taller and more abundant, the latter usually dominating tree regeneration. <i>Thuja plicata</i> is usually present and occasionally codominant; <i>Pinus monticola</i> is present in about half the plots, and <i>Pinus contorta</i> is occasionally prominent in young stands. The well-developed 0.8- to 2.0-m tall understory is dominated by the evergreen broad-leaved shrubs <i>Vaccinium ovatum</i> and <i>Gaultheria shallon</i>. Other frequent species are <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Mahonia nervosa</i>, and <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i>. Herbaceous species are typically found in very small amounts. This association typically occurs on slightly dry to mesic, nutrient-poor sites, mainly on gravelly glacial til G2 G2 2 This association has been reported from colluvial slopes, ridges, mountains and canyon walls in northwestern Colorado, northwestern Wyoming and central Montana. In the northern part of its range, stands occur on warm, southerly slopes, whereas in Colorado the type is restricted to cold north-facing slopes. Slopes range from moderate to very steep (over 100%); elevations range from 1220 m in Montana to more than 2250 m in Colorado (4000-8350 feet). Soils are gravelly loams and sandy loams derived from granite or sandstone and often are very rocky. Litter and duff cover much of the unvegetated ground surface. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> dominates the tree canopy of this association with at least 20% cover, except in Montana, where cover may be as low as 5%. Other trees, such as <i>Pinus albicaulis, Pinus flexilis, Pinus ponderosa, Populus tremuloides</i>, or <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i>, may be present to codominant. In younger stands, these species may have higher cover than <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. <i>Ab G2Q G2 2 This association has only been described from the eastern portions of the Mount Hood National Forest in the Barlow Ranger District. This area is on the east flank of the Cascades near the W ashington border. This is a low-elevation, dry forest, found mostly on lower slopes and flats, with slight northern exposures, and an average slope of 21%. Elevations range from 710-965 m (2330-3160 feet), with an average of 825 m (2700 feet). The sites average 33 inches of rain a year and are typically found on low-nutrient, ash-laden soils. In good condition, the stands are grass-rich, open forests or closed woodlands dominated by large, widely spaced <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (38% cover) and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> (13% cover) trees. <i>Quercus garryana</i> is found at low cover in the overstory in 75% of the plots. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus garryana, Abies grandis</i>, and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> can all be found in the understory at low cover values. Shrubs are a minor component, with <i>Symphoricarpos</i> spp G2 G2 2 This association occurs from sea level to about 610 m (2000 feet) elevation in the Puget Lowland, W ashington, and in the Georgia Basin of British Columbia. This is an evergreen needle-leaved forest dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>; other tree species are absent or present in small amounts, <i>Pinus contorta</i> being the most frequent. The understory is dominated by a relatively continuous layer of the evergreen broad-leaved shrub <i>Gaultheria shallon</i>, typically 0.5-1 m tall. The deciduous broad-leaved <i>Holodiscus discolor</i> is usually present and forms an open layer 2-5 m tall, sometimes codominated by <i>Corylus cornuta</i>. Herbaceous species typically occupy little cover. Other frequent species include <i>Rosa gymnocarpa, Mahonia nervosa, Goodyera oblongifolia, Polystichum munitum, Festuca occidentalis, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus ursinus</i>, and <i>Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia)</i>. This association occurs on dry, nutrient-poor sites, with soils that are sh G2G3 G2 2 G2? G2 2 This association occurs on rocky, steep to very steep (20-65 degrees), relatively dry, north- to northwest-facing slopes. Soils are usually of sedimentary origin, typically shallow, sandy loam, and often on scree covered slopes. According to the literature this association consists of stands of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> with the low-shrub <i>Paxistima myrsinites</i> as the dominant species (cover 12-24%) in the undergrowth. It is in one of the coolest habitats of the ~<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> Forest Alliance (A.157)$$ and commonly is found adjacent to the subalpine forest zone. Elevations range from 2425-3024 m (7960-9920 feet). This association tends to be located in the montane zone above <i>Quercus gambelii</i>-dominated communities and elevationally below the range of <i>Picea engelmannii - Abies lasiocarpa</i> habitats. Other tree and shrub species can include <i>Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa, Populus tremuloides, Quercus gambelii, Amelanchier alnifolia, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Mahonia re G2G3 G2 2 <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii / Piptatherum micranthum</i> W oodland occurs in the Missouri River Breaks south of the Little Rocky Mountains in Phillips County, north-central Montana. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> is the climax tree species, and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> is common in seral stands. <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> and <i>Symphoricarpos occidentalis</i> are common in the understory. <i>Piptatherum micranthum (= Oryzopsis micrantha)</i> and species of moss are common in the ground layer. This vegetation is found only on cool, moist slopes. Soils are presumably derived from shales and sandstones. G2Q G2 1 This minor conifer forest association occurs in mid-elevations of mountain ranges of southwestern New Mexico (Animas Mountains) and southeastern Arizona (Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, and Huachuca mountains with outliers in the Mogollon Mountains), and likely occurs in adjacent Texas and northern Mexico. Stands are found in rugged, steep topography and restricted to cool, dry-mesic sites from 1980-2285 m elevation on northerly aspects and from 2285-2440 m on warmer aspects. Soils are shallow and very rocky and are derived from rhyolite and granite parent materials. Rock outcrops are common. At higher elevations the association occurs on steep, mid and upper slopes with convex topography and windy exposures. Stands can also occur as a topo-edaphic climax at lower elevations in ravines and canyons, which have significant cold-air drainage. These sites have deeper soil, but remain cool. The tree canopy is dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> with <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> or <i>Pinus arizonica</i> often codomina G2 G2 2 This association occurs from sea level to about 1220 m (4000 feet) elevation in the northern portion of the Puget Lowland and the far northeastern Olympic Mountains, W ashington (Clallam, Jefferson, San Juan, Skagit, W hatcom counties), and in adjacent British Columbia, especially the Gulf Islands and southeastern Vancouver Island. This is an evergreen needle-leaved forest, or occasionally woodland, dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. The broad-leaved deciduous <i>Acer macrophyllum</i> occasionally occurs as a prominent subcanopy. A variable-density tall-shrub layer 2-6 m tall is usually present and dominated by the deciduous broad-leaved <i>Holodiscus discolor</i>, though is absent under heavy browsing pressure on some islands. Shorter shrubs are also variable in their cover and always include the deciduous <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i>; the evergreen dwarf shrubs <i>Mahonia nervosa</i> and <i>Mahonia aquifolium</i> are usually present, the former sometimes codominant. The herbaceous layer is typically dominat G2G3 G2 2 This forest association is known from the eastern side of the Cascades around Mount Hood and is reported from three sites in the Columbia River Gorge. It is indicative of hot and dry conditions. It occurs between the moist <i>Abies grandis</i> zone at higher elevations and the dry <i>Pinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana</i> below. Soils are fairly deep loams and fine sandy loams. It is found at elevations between 723 and 930 m (2370-3050 feet) on slopes between 2 and 36%. Aspects are most commonly northern or eastern. It can be described as a fairly dense assemblage of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> contributing an average of 58% canopy cover. <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> occurs sporadically (8%). Both <i>Quercus garryana</i> and <i>Abies grandis</i> support 4% and 3% cover, respectively, in about half the plots. Understory plant cover is sparse with <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> accounting for most cover at 4%. Another common shrub is <i>Mahonia repens (= Berberis repens)</i> (2%). <i>Osmorhiza</i> sp. (3%) is the only G2 G2 2 This Madrean semi-riparian woodland occurs in the "Borderlands" area of southwestern New Mexico and possibly extends into southeastern Arizona, western Texas and the northern Sierra Madre Occidentale of Mexico. Stands are naturally small, being restricted to elevated alluvial stream terraces on mesic aspects. This association has only been documented from one site in the Animas Mountains at 1770 m elevation. The stand occurs in a narrow valley on a north-facing terrace near an intermittent stream channel. The site is gently sloping (4%) with a sandy alluvium substrate. There is high cover (96%) of plant litter. These late-successional woodlands are dominated by broad-leaved evergreen trees with a sparse shrub layer and a moderately sparse herbaceous layer(<25% cover). The tree canopy is generally between 25-60% cover and is codominated by <i>Quercus emoryi</i> and <i>Quercus arizonica</i> with scattered <i>Juniperus deppeana</i>. The shrub layer consists of scattered shrubs (<10% cover) and often has high div G2 G2 1 This forest association occurs in the southern Puget Lowland of western W ashington, the W illamette Valley and the Umpqua Valley of western Oregon, at low elevations. Sites occupied are the drier portions of relatively level riparian areas or transition zones surrounding wetlands within landscapes that currently or formerly supported grasslands (prairies). These may occasionally be flooded in the winter or early spring, but during most years would not be flooded with surface water. They are, however, strongly influenced by subsurface water associated with adjacent wetlands or streams. In pre-European settlement times, they were likely influenced by anthropogenic fires from adjacent prairies, but the frequency and severity of such fires are unknown. This deciduous broad-leaved forest, or less commonly woodland, is dominated by <i>Quercus garryana</i>, that infrequently has significant amounts of conifer in the canopy or subcanopy as well, mostly <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (mean 10% cover when present). <i>Fra G2 G2 2 This a mixed woodland occurs in northern California and southwestern Oregon. Large stands of this community are rare. Generally it is found on valley bottoms or south-facing slopes in a mixed conifer- hardwood matrix. This association is dominated by <i>Quercus garryana</i> and <i>Quercus kelloggii</i>. Many stands show some invasion of conifers, primarily <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>, but in no stands of this community are conifers found in the canopy. <i>Arbutus menziesii</i> can be codominant in stands, and is occasionally included in the association name. Canopy varies from very open to fairly closed woodlands (15-70%). In high-quality stands, the trees are large and fairly widely spaced. W ith extended fire suppression, trees become more dense and smaller. The shrub layer is dominated by <i>Toxicodendron diversilobum</i>. On flats and moister aspects, <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> and <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i> can be found, in some areas with introduced <i>Rubus</i> species. Grasses G2 G2 1 G2 G2 2 This woodland association occurs in the Puget Lowland of western Washington and the Georgia Basin of southwestern British Columbia at low elevations. Sites occupied are relatively dry and range from deep, gravelly glacial outwash plains to soils that are shallow to bedrock. In pre-European settlement times, this association was probably strongly influenced by anthropogenic fires, and sites occupied today may have had a very different species composition in the past. Fires helped maintain the dominance of oak over conifers, but also probably kept the shrub layer from dominating the understory on the sites where the type now exists. This deciduous broad-leaved woodland or forest is dominated by <i>Quercus garryana</i> and frequently has significant amounts of the evergreen conifer <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (mean 8% cover when present) in the canopy or subcanopy. The understory is dominated by deciduous shrubs, mostly <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> 0.5-1.0 m tall (mean 44% cover), with significant amounts of the G2 G2 2 G2 G2 2 This is a deciduous woodland association with a deciduous shrub undergrowth. It is generally associated with streams near lower timberline in the eastern Cascades in south-central W ashington. These riparian sites are generally found between 490 and 1070 m (1600-3500 feet) elevation. The existing vegetation is characterized by an open <i>Quercus garryana</i> layer occasionally with scattered taller <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> or <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> trees. <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> is the most common shrub often with <i>Quercus garryana</i> in the shrub layer. The herbaceous layer is poorly represented by a mix of graminoids and forbs. G2G3 G2 1 Stands range from open woodlands to closed canopy forests dominated by <i>Quercus garryana</i>. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> seedlings and saplings are present in most stands, and in many the conifers are beginning to overtop the oaks. Native low shrubs, primarily <i>Toxicodendron diversilobum</i> provide much of the understory cover in the shady areas, averaging 40% of the cover. Other native shrubs (<i>Symphoricarpos albus, Rubus ursinus</i>) and introduced shrubs (<i>Rosa eglanteria</i>) can occasionally be found. <i>Elymus glaucus</i> grows through the shrubs and in partial shade throughout the habitat in the more open areas, along with other native (<i>Festuca roemeri, Festuca californica, Danthonia californica</i>) and introduced (<i>Holcus lanatus, Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata</i>) grasses. Grasses characterize good condition stands, although non-native grasses are predominant at most sites. Native forbs (<i>Galium</i> spp., <i>Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis)</i>) are a minor component G2 G22 These woodlands are found in California's Coast Ranges, the Great Central Valley, the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the Cascades and the Klamath Range. Elevation ranges from sea level to 775 m. Stands occur on valley bottoms and gentle slopes and requires intermittently flooded or seasonally saturated soils. The soils are deep and alluvial or residual, and the water must be fresh. Periodic, low intensity floods help maintain this vegetation. Stands are usually found outside the immediate zone of high energy flood waters, in the lower-energy margins of the floodplain. The vegetation is a sclerophyllous evergreen woodland that forms a sparse to dense tree canopy less than 30 m in height. The tree canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus lobata</i>. Other trees in the canopy may include <i>Quercus kelloggii, Quercus douglasii, Quercus agrifolia, Platanus racemosa</i>, and <i>Fraxinus latifolia</i>. A sparse shrub layer (10-25% cover) is present and may include <i>Frangula californica ssp. californica</i>, and <i>Toxi G2? G2 2 This association is known only from the larger of the Channel Islands off the coast of southern California: Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina and San Clemente. These islands are characterized by a highly maritime climate with mild temperatures which fluctuate only slightly during the year. The islands are essentially frost-free. Annual precipitation is roughly 30 cm, most falling as rain during the fall and winter months. The summer dry season is ameliorated somewhat by frequent fog, high humidities, and/or low clouds, especially on the windward sides. Strong westerly or northwesterly winds are an important factor. Occurrences of these oak forests are found from sea level to 100 m elevation, on north-facing slopes, in ravines or narrow valleys. Sites are sub-riparian, with relatively deep and somewhat rocky soils derived from sandstone and with sandy textures. This is a poorly described type, with little known about its floristic composition. It is composed of a mixture of mostly evergreen, small to medi G2? G2 2 According to Christy (2004), the habitat for this association is shrub swamp around shallow lakes and ponds, and along low-gradient streams and river channels in western Oregon and Washington. Stands are usually surrounded by <i>Fraxinus latifolia</i> forest but occur at lower elevations that are too wet for <i>Fraxinus</i>. <i>Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra</i> is the primary tree in this association, with cover averaging 67%. In some stands it may not exceed shrub height. Other shrub species are patchy and include <i>Cornus sericea, Sambucus racemosa</i>, and <i>Salix sitchensis</i>. Because of a history of grazing and proximity to agricultural and urban areas, the herb layer is usually dominated by exotic cultivars of <i>Phalaris arundinacea</i>. Sites with seasonal inundation may have a higher component of native species in the herb layer such as <i>Impatiens capensis, Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis, Bidens frondosa</i>, and <i>Leersia oryzoides</i>. Many sites are associated with shallow ponds and associated m G2 G2 2 G2 G2 2 This association occurs on the western slope of the southern Cascade Mountains and northern Klamath Mountains of Oregon. This association occurs from roughly 670 to 1300 m (2200-4250 feet) elevation, on variably moderate to occasionally very steep slopes of northeasterly aspects. Sites are typically cool bottoms, moist, and often occur near watercourses. The influence of maritime air masses from the west is moderated by the presence of the Siskiyou Mountains along the Pacific coast. Parent materials are basalt or andesite, with a few stands occurring on pumice or ash. Soils are typically deep (over 102 cm [40 inches]) and fertile, with the exception of those formed from pumice or ash. These are usually shallow, sterile and fragile. Over 90% of the forest floor is covered by plant litter, including rotting logs, and moss typically covers over 20% of the floor. This is a structurally diverse forest association, with a thick canopy of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (dominates most stands), <i>Thuja plicata</i>, an G2 G2 1 This association is characteristically found on primarily eastern aspects, on the upper to middle third of the slope, and occasionally on the lower third. Parent material is commonly andesite or basalt and occasionally tephra that has been redeposited by wind and water. The environment is mild, evapotranspirational demand is low, summer temperatures are warm, not hot, and moisture stress is low. Soils are rarely frozen. Elevation ranges from 685 to 990 m (2250-3250 feet). <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> is the dominant tree species, usually with about 50% canopy cover. <i>Thuja plicata</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> are common in the overstory, but stands of this association may contain neither of these two species. <i>Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, and <i>Acer macrophyllum</i> are common in the regeneration layer. <i>Abies concolor, Calocedrus decurrens</i>, and <i>Taxus brevifolia</i> are also common in the understory. <i>Acer circinatum, W hipplea modesta, Gaultheria shallon</ G2G3 G2 1 This association is described based on data collected on 30 plots located in northern Idaho in the Clearwater River watershed. The association occurs on moist, low to moderately sloped sites in mid, lower, to toeslope positions at moderately low elevation (generally <915 m [3000 feet]) between the St. Joe and Selway rivers, Idaho. Stands are characterized by a lush understory dominated by <i>Adiantum pedatum</i> and <i>Polystichum munitum</i>. <i>Adenocaulon bicolor, Asarum caudatum, Clintonia uniflora</i>, and <i>Coptis occidentalis</i> and many other species form a rich herbaceous layer. W et-site species such as <i>Trautvetteria caroliniensis</i> and <i>Senecio triangularis</i> may occur with low abundance but are characteristically less abundant than on adjacent <i>Thuja plicata / Athyrium filix-femina</i> sites. <i>Thuja plicata</i> is typically dominant in late-seral stands. <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> is present in some stands. <i>Abies grandis</i> is often the dominant tree in early and mid-seral stands. G2? G2 1 This is a late-seral evergreen conifer forest found in the mid elevations in the Okanogan Highlands east of the Kettle Mountain crest in W ashington and British Columbia, with outliers in Montana. It appears on stream terraces representing xero-riparian conditions and on lower slopes and benches, mostly below 1065 m (3500 feet) in W ashington and 1220 m (4000 feet) in Montana. Its name reflects a potential vegetation. The existing vegetation is dominated by a closed canopy of <i>Picea engelmannii, Thuja plicata</i>, and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> trees. The undergrowth can contain scattered tall deciduous shrubs such as <i>Acer glabrum</i> and <i>Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata</i>. The short and dwarf-shrub layers have both greater diversity and cover than the tall-shrub layer, with <i>Linnaea borealis</i> and <i>Cornus canadensis</i> being the most constant and having appreciable coverages. The herbaceous component is characterized by a rich assortment of mesic site forbs, such as <i>Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia G2 G2 2 This evergreen forest association is found on the west slope of the Oregon Cascades, on the east slope of the Cascades near Mount Hood, and possibly extending into W ashington. Stands generally occur along stream margins between 1100-1400 m elevation on all aspects. Upland stands are usually indicative of a perched water table. Soils are fine, sandy clay loams with weak subangular, blocky structure. The tree canopy is dominated by <i>Thuja plicata</i>, averaging between 30-50% cover. <i>Abies grandis</i> and <i>Picea engelmannii</i> are common tree associates. Occasionally <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (= Populus trichocarpa)</i> and/or <i>Populus tremuloides</i> may be conspicuous associates. <i>Linnaea borealis</i> is always present though cover values rarely exceed 5%. Other shrubs may include <i>Acer circinatum, Ribes lacustre, Mahonia nervosa</i>, and <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i>. The most common forb is <i>Maianthemum stellatum</i>. A rich and varied assortment of other shrubs and forbs is usua G2 G2 1 This plant association occurs within the Pacific maritime-influenced climatic regions of the northern Rocky Mountains in the northern Idaho Batholith and Bitterroot Mountains ecoregional sections, within the Clearwater River sub-basin of Idaho. The association occurs on warm, moist, gentle north- to east-facing slopes at 915-1525 m (3000-5000 feet) elevation. These highly productive sites often support rapidly growing, large-diameter <i>Abies grandis</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. Giant <i>Thuja plicata</i> are prominent in mid- to late-seral stands. The association is characterized by the abundance of <i>Taxus brevifolia</i> in the understory tall-shrub or low-tree canopy. <i>Paxistima myrsinites</i> and <i>Lonicera utahensis</i> are often present. Associated herbaceous species include <i>Anemone piperi, Asarum caudatum, Clintonia uniflora, Coptis occidentalis, Goodyera oblongifolia, Maianthemum stellatum (= Smilacina stellata), Tiarella trifoliata, Trillium ovatum</i>, and <i>Viola orbiculata</i>. G2 G2 1 This regionally endemic plant association is described as a unit of potential natural vegetation from stands located in the Selkirk Mountains of W ashington and Idaho, within the eastern-most portion of the Okanogan Highlands ecoregional section. The association occurs between 1370 and 1585 m (4500-5200 feet) elevation on cool, moist sites on gentle, south-facing slopes and ridgelines. It is the highest elevation <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> association; frost and high snowpacks are common. Soils are silt loams to loams; in the Okanogans derived from volcanic ash over mixed colluvium or glacial till. The structure of stands of this evergreen, needle-leaved forest can vary greatly, depending on stand age. Mature stands will generally have an open appearance, with 75-95% canopy cover and large <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> dominating. Younger, seral stands are codominated by dense canopies of <i>Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii</i> and <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. The understory is very species-poor, consisting of a d G2 G2 2 This mixed-conifer/hardwood association occurs locally in southern Oregon and possibly northern California. Elevations range from 760-1220 m (2500-4000 feet). Soils are well-drained sandy loams, sandy clay loams, and silt loams underlain by granitic, dioritic, or sandstone parent material. The dominant overstory trees are <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus lambertiana</i>, and <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> with 35%, 14%, and 25% cover, respectively. Understory trees include <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> (5%), <i>Abies concolor</i> (5%), and <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> (5%). Important shrubs are <i>Quercus sadleriana</i> (33%), Gaultheria shallon (51%), and <i>Rhododendron macrophyllum</i> (32%). Typical herbs are <i>Linnaea borealis</i> (10%) and <i>Chimaphila menziesii</i> (1%). G2 G2 2 This is an old-growth evergreen conifer forest restricted to the Pend Oreille River drainage in northeastern Washington. It is associated with upper elevation stream terraces, benches and gentle lower slopes at elevations between 1220 and 1525 m (4000-5000 feet). Soils are humic and highly acid, have an abundance of large woody debris, and are covered with mosses and lichens. Stands are dominated by <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> and often with <i>Thuja plicata</i> trees that form a complex vertical canopy. The undergrowth is a mixture of sparse, scattered deciduous shrubs such as <i>Vaccinium membranaceum, Menziesia ferruginea</i> and <i>Lonicera utahensis</i>, with a rich assortment of cool wet site low shrubs, ferns and forbs, such as, <i>Rubus pedatus, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Clintonia uniflora</i> and <i>Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata</i>. G2 G2 1 This association has only been described from a small area of the Olympic Mountains, on some of the driest and coldest sites capable of supporting <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. A few stands have been documented for eastern W ashington and northern Idaho. These forests occupy topographically dry sites, on steep, straight, mid to upper slopes, with cold soils. Elevations average 925 m in the Olympics and 1460 m in northern Idaho. Parent materials in the Olympics are stony, metabasaltic colluvium. Soils are shallow (bedrock at <1 m), gravelly loams, gravelly silt loams and gravelly sandy loams, with low organic matter and nitrogen. They are well-drained and highly permeable; rock outcrops are common. <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> are codominant in the Olympics, while stands in the Okanogan Highlands and northern Idaho have little to no <i>Pseudotsuga</i>. Other important conifers can include <i>Thuja plicata, Pinus monticola, Abies lasiocarpa</i>, and <i>Picea engelmannii</i>. The shrub G2 G2 1 This plant association is described from sites located primarily in the upper Clearwater River drainage, within the central region of the Bitterroot Mountains ecoregional section. The plant association occurs in a mountainous region characterized by a Pacific maritime climatic regime. Sites are cool, wet, north-facing toeslopes or narrow stringers of streamside terraces at 1525 to nearly 1830 m (5000-6000 feet) elevation. At the lower elevation range stands are characterized by earlier snowmelt and runoff. At the higher elevation range (described as the <i>Luzula glabrata var. hitchcockii (= Luzula hitchcockii)</i> phase) snowpacks are often deep and persistent. Parent materials are metamorphic rocks. Soils are seasonally saturated, with high gravel content throughout the profile. Textures range from sandy loams, silt loams to silts. The evergreen needle-leaved forest association is dominated by a variable composition of <i>Tsuga mertensiana, Abies lasiocarpa</i> and <i>Picea engelmannii</i>. All three of the G2 G2GRank Review Date GRank Reasons Nations Subnations 6/2/2005 This floodplain community is uncommon within a limited range of coastal British Columbia, Canada. It has experienced intensive harvesting in the past with a decline of more than 75% of original area of occupancy. Harvesting pressures may be somewhat reduced in future due to recent management guidelines. CA BC 9/19/2005 This coniferous floodplain forest is uncommon within its range and has been extensively harvested in the past. It has continued to decline in recent decades. CA BC 4/11/2006 This community type is sparsely distributed within a very small range (confirmed to occur only in southern coastal mainland and islands of British Columbia and within the Puget Sound islands of W ashington). Few known occurrences are confirmed. It occurs within a highly urbanized landscape and has experienced significant decline over the long term from development and changes in fire regime. Pressures from residential development activities are ongoing. CA, US? BC, WA? 4/11/2006 This forested wetland is extremely rare within its range (confirmed to occur only in southern British Columbia coastal mainland and islands and Puget Trough islands of W ashington) and has undergone a very large decline since European settlement as a result of harvesting, agricultural conversion and urban development. Its entire range has been mapped, and very few locations have been confirmed within its range, most of these in poor to fair condition. The few known occurrences in Washington and Oregon are also in poor to fair condition. CA, US BC, OR, WA 4/11/2006 This forested plant community was not common within its range (southern British Columbia coast, San Juan Islands and Olympic Peninsula of W ashington) and has experienced a large decline in the past 50 to 150 years as a result of extensive harvesting and conversion to agriculture and urban/rural residential and commercial development. CA, US BC, WA 9/20/2005 This coniferous floodplain forest is uncommon within its range and has been extensively harvested in the past. It has continued to decline in recent decades. CA BC 11/18/1997 This swamp forest community is confined to southern New Jersey, found only on Cape May. The habitat, stream headwaters of the Cape May geologic formation, is naturally of limited extent. There are only 3 known occurrences, with a low expectation for other discoveries. Occurrences range in size from 50-100 acres. Cape May faces extensive development pressures as a popular vacation spot. US NJ 1/24/2005 This type appears to be endemic to a portion of the Potomac Gorge in Maryland and Virginia that is geomorphically unusual and has a near-unique combination of environmental characteristics and natural disturbance regimes. The global extent of this community type is estimated to be less than 100 ha, and invasive introduced plants pose a significant threat to some of these stands. However, all known occurrences of the type are protected on National Park Service lands. US MD, VA 1/30/2007 This community is restricted to maritime bluffs and backdunes dominated by American beech. It is naturally restricted by available habitat on Long Island, New York. There are fewer than five known examples, although a few others may be discovered through additional inventory. The size of an occurrence is about 5-10 acres, with the total known acreage falling below 25 acres. This community is severely threatened by housing development, golf course expansion, and other human uses. It is also vulnerable to size decrease imposed by coastal storms. US NY 11/10/1997 This is a small-patch type that is restricted in known distribution to seven patches (two occurrences) in a single high-elevation headwater basin in Tucker County, W est Virginia. It is limited by its requirement for a circumneutral seepage flow in flat, frost-pocket headwater basins. The community is further limited in extent by the range of <i>Abies balsamea</i>, which is disjunct and reaches its southern range limit in W est Virginia and Virginia. The expected range has been searched in W est Virginia, and additional occurrences are not expected to be found, although one possible historic occurrence is now under partial protection and may recover to this type. Similar vegetation occurs on the unglaciated High Allegheny Plateau, in northeastern McKean County, Pennsylvania (G. Podniesinski pers. comm.), shares many of the same diagnostic species. Additional data are required to determine the classification of the Pennsylvania occurrence. US MD?, PA?, WV 3/1/2002 US NJ, NY 11/20/1997 This community is limited to small seasonally flooded depressions of the coastal plain of Maryland and Virginia. The community is naturally small in size, reaching no more than 25 acres and on average is less than this size. The greatest threat to this community is incompatible human use of surrounding lands, generally agriculture with insufficient buffers to protect from pesticide and fertilizer use. Since this community depends on intact hydrology, another major threat is altered hydrology from ditching or over-pumping of groundwater. US DE, MD, VA 11/15/1997 This community is known only from W est Virginia, where it is restricted to west-facing side ridges of Pine Knob in Pendleton County. There are fewer than 5 occurrences, with a total size of less than 20 acres. At least one site is well protected. US WV 12/8/1998 This community occurs in fewer than five locations rangewide, with total rangewide acreage of less than a few hundred acres. Additional occurrences are not expected to be discovered, as natural forests dominated by red pine in the central Appalachians are notably disjunct from similar communities of this alliance. There is little available habitat (high-elevation sloping acidic sandstone bedrock) that remains unexplored. US PA?, WV 5/21/2007 This vegetation is restricted to the Allegheny Front in W est Virginia and to the Catskill Mountains of New York. The likelihood of the discovery of many new occurrences is low, as the habitat and range of this type are naturally restricted; however, similar habitat in the adjacent New Jersey Highlands (also naturally restricted) may support this vegetation. The habitat along the Allegheny Front in W est Virginia has been thoroughly searched, and it is unlikely that additional occurrences will be found. US NY, WV 12/9/1998 There are fewer than 6 occurrences of this type rangewide, and these are restricted to two pine barrens landscape complexes: the Long Pond Barrens in Pennsylvania and the Shawangunk Ridge in New York. This community has probably always been rare. Some acreage has been lost to development and road construction. US NY, PA 3/22/1999 US NJ 11/9/1998 This community is restricted to areas of impeded drainage within northern sandplains. Only one occurrence is currently documented, but there may be others in sandplains of northern New England. The likelihood of the discovery of many new occurrences is low, however, as the habitat and range of this type are naturally restricted. US NY 12/2/1998 This maritime woodland community is restricted to major coastal dune systems of the mid-Atlantic region. Only 10-20 occurrences are estimated or known from Maryland, Virginia, and Delaware. Size ranges from about an acre to perhaps 30 acres. The community occurs on a restricted habitat, on back dunes protected from the direct influence of wind and salt spray. This community is threatened by many of the same threats common to coastal dune systems: dune stabilization, commercial and residential development, and road expansion. US DE, MD, VA 11/18/1997 This maritime shrubland community is restricted to a narrow range on coastal dunes of barrier islands on the mid-Atlantic coast. It does not occur north of southern New Jersey or south of Virginia. Occurrences are naturally small (a few acres), confined to the oceanward portion of barrier islands. Potential or historic habitat has been reduced by extensive human development such as residential or commercial building, recreation, or road expansion. US DE, MD, NJ, VA 1/25/2005 The type occurs in a limited geographic area and is restricted to special habitat conditions within high-gradient river stretches. The total known acreage of the type is probably less than 100 ha, and the integrity of all stands is threatened by invasive introduced weeds. However, all known occurrences are protected on National Park Service lands along the Potomac River and possibly the Shenandoah River at Harpers Ferry. US DC, MD, WV? 2/15/2007 This community is restricted to dry, calcium-rich, shell-containing soils of the eastern Virginia and Maryland Coastal Plain. This community is naturally rare and restricted to a specialized edaphic situation that is regionally restricted and extremely rare within this region. Despite relatively intensive inventory, fewer than 30 scattered occurrences totaling less than 20 hectares are known. About 25% of the known patches are located on public lands, but many of these occur in a poor landscape context and are subject to encroachment by invasive weeds. US DC?, MD, VA 6/22/1998 There may be fewer than 20 occurrences in the Black Hills, its only known location. US SD, WY 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 60 occurrences rangewide. Occurrences tend to be small, averaging less than 20 acres, so there is probably less than 1000 acres rangewide. This community is restricted to shores of the eastern Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. There has been a significant decline in occurrences due to residential development along the shores of the eastern Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. The community requires stabilized sand dunes along these large lakes. CA, US IN, MI, NY, OH, ON, PA, VT 2/27/2000 There are probably fewer than 20 occurrences in Kansas, the only state from which this community is reported. Currently there are 557 acres documented in 8 sites in Kansas, most under 100 acres. This community is restricted to floodplains, and is currently known from a restricted range in four ecoregion subsections from six counties in Kansas. Most of the documented occurrences are at least somewhat degraded or disturbed. US KS 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 20 high quality occurrences for a type that has a relatively restricted range. Only one occurrence, a 10 acre tract of fair quality, is currently documented from Missouri; this community also occurs in Iowa and probably in central Illinois. In northern Missouri and southern Iowa alone, there are 100s, if not 1000s of low quality examples. Historical trends are unknown. Condition of the known occurrence is fair. US IA, IL, MO 6/22/1998 No sizeable examples of an intact rich soil savanna or woodland are known to exist in Illinois or W isconsin. Most have been destroyed or converted to closed-canopy forests. Grazing has influenced composition and structure in all known W isconsin stands. Small remnants of this type do occur in Missouri. US IL, MO, W I 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 20 occurrences of this community rangewide. This type has a somewhat restricted distribution in a predominantly prairie landscape; it occurs in river valleys on deep, fertile, and fairly mesic soils. It is reported from eastern Kansas (where it is ranked SU) and eastern Nebraska (SU), and it may also occur in Oklahoma. No occurrences are currently documented. Probably many occurrences have been destroyed by conversion to agriculture, or degraded by overgrazing and fire suppression. US KS, NE, OK? 10/24/2002 This community type has a very restricted distribution on the northern and eastern flanks of the Black Hills. Surveys of this type have been restricted to reconnaissance and mostly from roadsides. Most of the habitat is privately owned. US SD, WY 6/22/1998 This is an unusual community. Few examples remain because the soils usually support forests and succession has extirpated many examples of this type. Agricultural clearing and development may also have either eliminated most occurrences of the type or removed the open woody layer. US IL, KY?, MO? 12/11/1998 This association occurs as scattered wetland inclusions in a predominantly upland flatwoods environment, which in most parts of its range are subjected to intensive forest management practices. Because occurrences are usually small in area (<0.5 ha) and may only be seasonally wet, they are often overlooked as a distinct community. Major threats include forest type conversion, alteration of hydrological regimes by road construction, seismic surveying, or well-drilling, increased windthrow and microclimate modification caused by intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, herbicide use, and vegetation damage by feral hogs. US AL?, LA, MS, TX 1/4/2000 This community has a naturally restricted distribution, occurring only on the highest elevation peaks of the southern Appalachian Mountains. It exists in only a small portion of its original range due to the impact of early 20th century, post-logging fires and the ongoing outbreak of balsam woolly adelgid, an exotic pest that infests and kills mature <i>Abies fraseri</i>. W ell-developed, undisturbed examples of this community are extremely rare. Most remaining examples of this community exist as patches of dense young trees or dense <i>Rubus</i> thickets beneath forests of dead snags or tangles of fallen logs. US NC, TN 7/15/1994 This community occurs as island-like stands in the southern Appalachian Mountains. It has a naturally restricted distribution and exists in only a small portion of its original range due to the impact of early 20th century, post-logging fires and the ongoing outbreak of balsam woolly adelgid (<i>Adelges piceae</i>). W ell-developed, undisturbed examples of this community are extremely rare. US NC, TN, VA 1/31/2001 The complete range of this association is not known. It is presumably restricted to calcareous bluffs of the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain, this being a specialized and scarce habitat. Stands are vulnerable to the effects of canopy removal and subsequent soil erosion. No examples are known to be protected, and some are highly threatened by timber removal and development. Other threats include windthrow, microclimate modification from intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, herbicide use, and vegetation damage by feral hogs. US AL, LA?, MS 12/14/1998 As currently delimited, this relictual hardwood-dominated forest is restricted to a few mesic limestone canyon systems in Bell and Coryell counties in the Lampasas Cutplain of central Texas. These forests are closely related to, but separated by more than 200 kilometers from, the nearest examples of <i>Acer grandidentatum - Quercus laceyi - Juglans major - Prunus serotina var. eximia</i> Forest of the southern Edwards Plateau. Characteristic of its understory are two rare endemic shrubs, <i>Croton alabamensis var. texensis</i> (G3T1) and <i>Styrax platanifolius ssp. platanifolius</i> (G3T3) as well as species of eastern affinities such as <i>Lindera benzoin</i>. Large, high-quality examples are found only on Fort Hood Military Reservation. US TX 10/15/1996 US? TX? 1/31/2001 This floodplain depression forest occurs at very few sites in the floodplains of rivers in the Blue Ridge physiographic province. It is naturally very limited in extent. Many examples have been destroyed by alteration of floodplains, and all remaining examples have been altered by timber harvest, hydrologic alteration, and exotic species. US NC, TN? 1/10/1998 At the turn of the century, a monospecific stand of pond-apple (<i>Annona glabra</i>), some 3 miles wide, was found along the southern border of Lake Okeechobee (Davis 1943). This large occurrence was destroyed; only small and very limited occurrences remain, and those in private lands are threatened by urban expansion. US FL 10/15/1996 MX?, US TX 1/10/1998 This community is of restricted extent and range and is threatened by exotic species. US FL 1/23/2000 This community is known definitely from a single site of about 10 square kilometers in Pender County, North Carolina. It is possible that this community also occurs in South Carolina or Georgia, where marl approaches the surface closely enough to influence soil chemistry, though even the discovery of additional sites would not likely change the global rank, owing to intrinsic threats to such moist calcareous sites in the Southeastern Coastal Plain. The single site has been badly fragmented by highway construction and is additionally vulnerable to changes in hydrology caused by development, highway construction, and nearby mining of limestone. Invasive exotic plants appear to be a problem, with <i>Lonicera japonica, Ligustrum sinense</i>, and others being present. US NC 1/10/1998 Estimated extent in United States is about 120 hectares (300 acres). This community has been reduced by coastal development in the Florida Keys. US FL 1/31/2001 This community type is apparently very rare, and restricted to calcareous soils or shell hash in the maritime situations on the south Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina and South Carolina. Very few examples are known, and all are of very limited extent. US NC, SC 12/11/1998 This association is restricted to the Lower Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas and adjacent Mexico, containing subtropical elements not found farther north. Much of the forest in this area has been cleared for agriculture, but many large remnant examples of this association are protected, at least from direct destruction, within the Lower Rio Grande Valley NW R. A long-term threat to the viability of these examples is the disruption of natural hydrologic regimes by upstream flood-control structures and irrigation systems. MX, US MXTM, TX 9/13/1997 US FL 9/13/1997 US FL 9/13/1997 US FL 1/23/2000 This community type appears to occur only at Buxton W oods, Dare County, North Carolina, where it occurs as a recurring community in a series of wetland interdune swales locally called "sedges." Total acreage is probably about 200 hectares (500 acres); portions of the site are protected, while others are still subject to development and degradation. All occurrences are subject to freshwater withdrawal from a shallow aquifer, altering hydrology. US NC 10/2/1998 This community is known from a few sites in the lower Rio Grande valley of Texas, in Cameron and Hidalgo counties, and apparently ranged (at least historically) into Tamaulipas, Mexico. Much of the original acreage of this community has been cleared for row crops and pasture. It is estimated that 98 percent of the lush, subtropical region of the Rio Grande delta has been cleared in the United States. MX, US MXTM, TX 9/14/2006 This type is distributed at low frequency from Alabama to Georgia and Florida in the East Gulf Coastal Plain. It is not abundant anywhere. This community is susceptible to urban/residential development and logging. Excessive foot traffic, logging and feral hog activity are threats to the diverse herbaceous understory and may cause erosion. Undisturbed sites are rare, although there are a few excellent examples on protected lands in Florida. US AL, FL, GA, MS 12/28/2000 This community is restricted to the western Florida parishes of eastern Louisiana and areas of adjacent southwestern Mississippi. It is thought to be floristically and environmentally distinct from related vegetation either in the Tunica Hills to the west, or in the eastern Florida parishes of Louisiana. Its occurrence is restricted to slopes and deep soils, and it is threatened by timber removal, site conversion, and erosion. Many high-quality examples have been eliminated or degraded. Most of the few remaining examples of this association are now limited to steep slopes and isolated ravines which are difficult to enter with logging or farm machinery. Current threats include increased erosion, windthrow, microclimate modification from intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, herbicide use, and vegetation damage by feral hogs. Some examples have the potential to be protected in the Homochitto National Forest of Mississippi. US LA, MS11/1/2002 This community has a very restricted range with scattered occurrences of small acreage. Many occurrences have been, and continue to be, severely damaged by the European wild boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>). Grazing and soil disturbance by this animal reduces understory herb cover to 10-30 percent of undisturbed levels and may affect tree growth and nutrient cycling (Singer et al. 1984). Beech bark disease, a complex made up of the Beech scale insect (<i>Cryptococcus fagisuga</i>) and a closely associated fungus (<i>Nectria coccinea var. faginata</i>) poses a serious threat to this community. Another potential threat to this high-elevation community is atmospheric deposition of air pollutants, which may result in tree growth decline. Most all of the beech gap communities in the Great Smoky Mountains had succumbed to the beech bark disease or a combination of the beech bark disease and pollution by 2002 (R. W hite pers. comm.). Presumably this trend is being seen throughout the southern Appalachians, resulting in the p US GA?, NC, TN, VA? 11/1/2002 This community has a very restricted range with scattered occurrences of small acreage. Many occurrences have been, and continue to be, severely damaged by the European wild boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>). Grazing and soil disturbance by this animal reduces understory herb cover to 10-30 percent of undisturbed levels and may affect tree growth and nutrient cycling (Singer et al. 1984). Beech bark disease, a complex made up of the Beech scale insect (<i>Cryptococcus fagisuga</i>) and a closely associated fungus (<i>Nectria coccinea var. faginata</i>) poses a severe threat to this community. Most all of the beech gap communities in the Great Smoky Mountains had succumbed to the beech bark disease or a combination of the beech bark disease and pollution by 2002 (R. W hite pers. comm.). Presumably this trend is being seen throughout the southern Appalachians, resulting in the possible extinction of this community in the next few years. Therefore, this community was assigned a rank of G1. US NC, TN, VA? 1/10/1998 This community was naturally rare, but has also been greatly reduced in extent by urban development, with a estimated remaining extent of 985 hectares (2435 acres). The few remaining examples also have serious problems with exotic plant and animal species. US FL 10/23/2002 This community was naturally rare, but has also been reduced in extent by urban development, with an estimated remaining extent of 1485 hectares (3669 acres). This type is not well represented in public ownership with only a few stands found on Cannon Island, Pine Island Sound, Cayo Costa State Park, and others (Johnson and Muller 1993a). The few remaining examples also have serious problems with exotic plant and animal species, especially invasion and competition with Australian pine (<i>Casuarina</i> sp.). US FL 10/20/1996 This community is probably very rare. US NC, VA 12/14/1998 This community type is nearly historic; there are no known examples remaining in natural condition. It was formerly a widespread type in the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, where bison grazing and fire were important processes responsible for its maintenance. US KY 12/18/2000 This community is restricted to deep-soil, calcium-rich, habitats in the Bluegrass Basin of Kentucky, the Nashville Basin of Tennessee, and possibly other states in the Interior Low Plateau. Due to the early and extensive use of these areas for agriculture, intact later-seral examples are extremely rare, if not extirpated. Some examples have been conserved at the Lexington-Bluegrass Army Depot (J. Campbell pers. comm., M. Evans pers. comm.). This association would possibly be globally extirpated if not for these examples. An equivalent second-growth forest has been described as ~<i>Juglans nigra - Celtis occidentalis</i> Forest (CEGL004693)$$. US KY 1/23/2000 This distinctive community is documented only from a few locations in estuarine areas of eastern North Carolina. Known occurrences are up to 40 hectares (100 acres), but total areal coverage of this community is less than 500 hectares (1200 acres). Dynamics are poorly understood. US NC 1/23/2000 This community appears to be endemic to saturated, peaty soils subject to periodic and seasonal flooding, associated with rare natural lakes in the exceedingly flat tidewater Coastal Plain of east-central and perhaps northeastern North Carolina. The few known examples are not fully protected, and are vulnerable to hydrologic alteration and logging. The dynamics and composition of this community need additional study. US NC 2/11/2004 At present this community is known only from a single site in eastern Texas, and few additional sites are likely. The natural range of this type is believed to be confined to the periphery of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain in a small region where several typically southeastern or eastern species have dropped out of the flora. This community is further restricted to rich mesic habitats with calcareous influence. It is threatened by a number of factors such as forestry operations both within and adjacent to the stand itself. The mesic microclimate of this type could be subject to deterioration if surrounding stands of vegetation are disturbed, and the stand could become more susceptible to the invasion of non-native species. US LA?, TX 1/10/1998 This community is restricted to the Everglades of southern Florida. It is affected by altered hydrology and fire regimes. US FL 12/1/1997 US FL 1/30/2001 This association is limited to exposures of Pleistocene Limestone (oolite) of the Miami Formation in the Florida Keys. The only definite occurrences known are on Big Pine Key, in the Key Deer National W ildlife Refuge. It is unlikely that substantial additional occurrences are in existence. W hile naturally rare, occurrences of this community type have also been destroyed and degraded. This community type is endangered by urban growth and difficulty of maintaining a prescribed fire regime. US FL 6/20/1997 There are probably fewer than 20 occurrences rangewide. Currently 4 occurrences have been documented from Missouri (where it is ranked S2). This community may also occur in Arkansas. There are probably fewer than 100 acres rangewide; currently 8 acres have been documented from 4 Missouri locations. This community is documented from two ecoregion subsections in the Ozark Highlands of southeastern Missouri. Also known from Arnold Air Force Base, Coffee County, Tennessee, where it is found at W estall Swamp and Sinking Pond State Natural Area. The global rank reflects its limited distribution. Several examples are disjunct from the bulk of the range of <i>Nyssa aquatica</i>. US AR?, MO, TN 11/30/1999 Though this community occurs in natural drainages, its hydrology is not fully understood because the hydrology of the one known occurrence has been altered and the water table may be artificially elevated. Threats include hydrological alterations, logging, conversion of drier portions and adjacent areas to commercial forest plantations or agriculture, industrial and residential development, and suppression of the natural fire regime. The rank is theoretically correct, based on best judgment and available information, but this type remains poorly documented and understood, and further research is needed to clarify the degree of naturalness and other data gaps. US LA, MS? 1/17/2001 This community type is very limited in potential occurrence. It occurs only in isolated upland depression ponds in the Piedmont, which are very rare. Total acreage of this community is very likely less than 100 acres, and all examples have likely been altered to a degree. Known occurrences on the Uwharrie National Forest are in the context of fire-maintained longleaf pine communities, and it is likely that fire is an important factor in maintaining the structure and composition of this community, which would burn in drought periods. Controlled burning at known occurrences in the Uwharries is maintaining appropriate conditions, but occurrences on private land are unlikely to receive fire management. US NC 5/23/2005 This community type is very limited in potential occurrence. It occurs only in isolated upland depression ponds in the Ridge and Valley (and possibly the adjacent Cumberland Plateau). All examples are very restricted in their distributions. Many examples have been altered, both compositionally and hydrologically. US AL, GA, TN? 11/26/2007 Known only from two protected sites on North Carolina's Outer Banks (Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain), this wetland forest is extremely rare and vulnerable. Hurricane disturbance is a threat, as there are so few sites, and severe hurricane damage could convert this forest into a shrubland or other kind of non-forested vegetation. If there are any additional unknown and unprotected sites, they would be under significant threat. US NC, SC 2/23/1999 This community has a naturally restricted distribution and has been subject to major acreage reduction during the early part of the 20th century and rapid condition decline in the past 30 years. Modern threats include atmospheric pollution deposition and damage by the exotic balsam woolly adelgid (<i>Adelges piceae</i>). W ell-developed, undisturbed examples of this community are extremely rare. US NC, TN 4/30/1998 The community is geographically and environmentally restricted to the highest elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge. Very few occurrences are known to exist, and it has only been described from the Great Smoky Mountains. US NC?, TN, VA? 12/31/1997 This community has a highly restricted range, occurring only within the spruce-fir zone of the southern Appalachians. It is restricted to steep periglacial coves at high elevations. The total acreage of this community is small, and individual occurrences are generally less than five acres. This community occurs in areas that are generally inaccessible to logging operations and is currently relatively stable. US NC, TN?, VA? 1/10/1998 This community is restricted to near-coastal areas in the Florida Panhandle. Few occurrences are known. US FL 11/9/1997 This sand pine woodland association is restricted to a particular soil type and topographic situation along the coast of peninsular Florida. It is only found in a very limited range and only on specialized deep sand habitats (near-coastal sand ridges) within this range. Most of the remaining examples are highly threatened by development and alteration of fire regimes; they are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression and conversion to retirement housing and agriculture (including citrus groves). In addition, all remaining examples are vulnerable to disturbance, particularly by vehicle traffic. An appropriate fire regime is necessary to control ground vegetation and promote the reproduction of sand pine. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are highly fragmented due to coastal development. US FL 6/23/1997 This sand pine woodland association is restricted to a narrow band of the outer Gulf Coastal Plain of Panhandle Florida. W ithin this very limited range it is only found on specialized deep sand habitats. This association was never common; much of its historic extent has been destroyed, and most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. Most of the remaining examples are highly threatened by timber removal, development, or alteration of natural processes; they are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression (although the sand pine of the Panhandle can reproduce without fire), over-grazing, or conversion to retirement housing or commercial forest plantations. Storms provide an important component of the natural processes, but sand pine is vulnerable to damage from salt spray. An appropriate fire regime is necessary to control ground vegetation and promote the reproduction of sand pine. US FL 12/31/1997 This sand pine woodland association is restricted to a particular soil type and topographic situation in the southern portion of the Lake W ales Ridge in Highlands and Polk counties, Florida. It is found only in a very limited range and only on specialized deep sand habitats within this range. Most of the remaining examples are highly threatened by development and alteration of fire regimes; they are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to retirement housing, commercial forest plantations or agriculture (including citrus groves). An appropriate fire regime is necessary to control ground vegetation and promote the reproduction of sand pine. Most occurrences have been destroyed, and those few remaining are severely degraded. US FL 6/15/2004 As currently understood, this community is confined to the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi. No rangewide inventories have been conducted for this type, and it could occur in adjacent states where, if present, it is not likely to be abundant. W ithin the known occupied range, this type appears to be largely confined to specific sites that have allowed this vegetation to perpetuate, and it may never have been a widespread community. Many of the narrow ridgetops formerly occupied by this type have been heavily altered by the placement of roads which have left only narrow strips of relictual vegetation on either side of the road bed. In addition, the dominant species of this community are notoriously slow-growing and of little commercial value. Many sites have been converted to other vegetation types. The vegetation is believed to have been maintained to some extent by fire which is rarely used on the modern landscape outside national forests, and even then may be applied at different return intervals US AL, FL?, GA?, MS, TN? 5/15/2002 There are probably fewer than 20 high-quality occurrences of this community throughout its natural range; it is reported from western Louisiana and eastern Texas. High-quality examples of this community are rare throughout its range. Most occurrences have been chronically fire-suppressed, resulting in greater canopy closure and have apparently been replaced by more closed-structured stands with a greater abundance of <i>Pinus taeda</i>. This type is also impacted by midstory reduction and/or removal of hardwoods for management of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker (<i>Picoides borealis</i>). It is unclear whether such removals are restoring historically accurate structure and composition or simply creating management artifacts. This community is threatened by fire suppression, forest type conversion, forest management, and residential, agricultural, and commercial development. US LA, TX 10/22/2002 This community is associated with exposures of fractured mafic metavolcanics of the Carolina Slate Belt, a rare edaphic situation. It is apparently very rare, only definitely known from the Uwharrie National Forest, though it may also occur in adjacent portions of the North Carolina (and possibly South Carolina) Piedmont. It is vulnerable to logging, development, invasion by exotic plant species, and fire exclusion. The final resolution of its rank and its rarity depends on the determination of its total global range. It is vulnerable to logging, development, invasion by exotic plant species, and fire exclusion. Shortleaf pine (<i>Pinus echinata</i>) populations seem to have undergone rangewide declines in the vigor and extent. Stands of this association are threatened by the effects of continued fire suppression, which would inhibit the reproduction of <i>Pinus echinata</i> and cause the grass-dominated herbaceous layer to deteriorate. US NC 10/23/2002 These open <i>Pinus echinata</i> woodlands were more common historically. Currently few mature, high-quality examples of this community exist, and they are dependent on management with prescribed fire. Restoration efforts are underway on public lands in Arkansas and Missouri. Shortleaf pine (<i>Pinus echinata</i>) populations seem to have undergone rangewide declines in vigor and extent. This phenomenon is primarily due to changes in fire regime and to depredations of the Southern Pine Beetle (<i>Dendroctonus frontalis</i>). Stands are threatened by the effects of continued fire suppression, which would inhibit the reproduction of <i>Pinus echinata</i>. US AR, MO, OK 1/10/1998 This community is endemic to southern Florida, occurring in the lower portion of the Florida Keys and ranging from the National Key Deer Refuge and Big Pine Key, south to Key W est. It is critical to the survival of many rare and endangered plant species and is highly threatened by clearing for residential development, fragmentation by roads, invasion by exotic species, and fire suppression. US FL 1/10/1998 This community is restricted to the southwestern tropical tip of the Florida peninsula. Though highly restricted in distribution and extent, the community is relatively secure within Big Cypress National Preserve. US FL 1/10/1998 This community occurs in Dade County, Florida, ranging from Biscayne Bay, south through the Long Pine Key area of Everglades National Park. Much of the original acreage of this community has been eliminated by development, leaving small isolated tracts. Other threats include invasion by exotic species, fire suppression, and recreational pressures. US FL 12/2/1999 Known occurrences of this community are restricted to fire-sheltered, poorly drained flatwoods of the coastal plain of the southwestern portion of the Florida Parishes of Louisiana. It is not known from Mississippi but may occur elsewhere in the East Gulf Coastal Plain. The major factors threatening this association are logging and conversion to commercial forest plantations; other factors include hydrological alterations and conversion to commercial and residential developments. Further study is needed to clarify the degree of uncertainty in the rank. The relationship of this community to similar communities needs clarification. US LA 10/10/1997 This saturated longleaf pine woodland association is apparently restricted in distribution to southern Mississippi. This community is apparently naturally rare, being restricted to unusual soil conditions. These low productivity sites are found on the broad flat ridges between stream headwaters; the trees grow very slowly. The sites are saturated in the winter, drying in the summer and fall; the community is placed in saturated because of the substantial wetland component of the flora. It depends on frequent, low intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated saturated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. The full range and variability of this type are incompletely known. US LA?, MS 1/31/2001 This woodland is maintained by fire. Attempts should be made to reconstruct a more natural fire frequency and periodicity. This community is rare due to lack of natural fire. Some poor-quality, but restorable examples are conserved on the Congaree Swamp National Monument, South Carolina. The more 'natural' condition would consist of greater dominance by <i>Pinus palustris</i>, with the presence of <i>Pinus taeda</i> being a result of its encroachment from adjacent stands with subsequent fire suppression. The relative dominance of oaks and other hardwoods in the understory will be reduced through management. Highly managed or recently burned stands will have reduced canopy closure. W ith lack of fire management, stands could revert to vegetation dominated by <i>Pinus taeda</i> and <i>Quercus falcata</i>, with more dense and shrub-dominated understories. US SC 12/4/1999 This association only occurs west of the Mississippi River in west-central Louisiana and possibly eastern Texas. It is naturally restricted to extreme xeric conditions found only on deep sands. This association is a component of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain. It is threatened by fire suppression, forestry and agricultural land conversion, and mechanical disturbance caused by off-road vehicles. Most of those natural occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. This type remains poorly documented and understood, and further study is needed to clarify the degree of uncertainty in the rank. US LA, TX 4/19/2004 This longleaf pine association is apparently restricted to an area of approximately 70 square km centered on Jameston, South Carolina, on the northern edge of the Francis Marion National Forest, where it is further restricted to wet Ultisols. W ithin that area only approximately 50 to 100 ha are receiving regular prescribed burns, and only a fraction of that area is undisturbed by past forestry activities. As a result, only a small area of less than 20 ha remains in a pristine, fire-maintained condition. Like most longleaf pine communities, this type has become seriously imperiled because of past and present conversion to other land uses, and exclusion of fire, a critical natural process for maintenance of this community. It remains susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, even where apparently conserved on public lands. Any examples on private land (if they existed) would be vulnerable to over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. The few remaining examples represent a US SC 2/17/2004 This association is apparently endemic to Georgia where it is known from only one location at Burks Mountain, Columbia County. This site is one of the few known serpentine areas south of Maryland and probably the only known serpentine or serpentine-like substrate within the range of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. This vegetation depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US GA 10/10/1997 This saturated longleaf pine - slash pine woodland association is found only in a restricted range and under a specific set of habitat conditions. It occupies wet flats and is restricted in distribution to Florida, Georgia, and possibly South Carolina, within the range of <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US FL, GA, SC? 10/10/1997 This saturated longleaf pine - slash pine woodland community occurs in pineland swales and is restricted in distribution to the Atlantic Coastal Plain from South Carolina and Georgia. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US GA, SC 10/10/1997 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is naturally rare, restricted both in range and in the substrate on which it occurs. It is only found in the Atlantic Coastal Plain from North Carolina to Florida, on wet Ultisols. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US GA, NC, SC 12/31/1997 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is restricted both in range and in the substrate on which it occurs, being found only in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US SC 12/31/1997 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is restricted both in range and in the substrate on which it occurs. It is naturally rare and probably never existed at more than a few occurrences, these of small acreage; its entire extent probably never comprising more than 1000 acres. It is only found on very wet clay soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina, and is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States. It depends on frequent to infrequent, variable-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences w US NC 12/31/1997 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is restricted both in range and in the substrate on which it occurs. It is only found on wet flats of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent to infrequent, variable-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC 12/31/1997 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is restricted both in range and in the substrate on which it occurs. It is only found on very wet clay soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina and is one of the most naturally restricted of the longleaf pine communities in the area. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC 12/31/1997 This saturated longleaf pine community is restricted in distribution to the lower Piedmont of North Carolina (Moore, Montgomery, and Anson counties). It has an extremely limited natural range and an equally limited potential extent. It has been severely impacted by fire exclusion and suppression. Most of the very few examples remaining are fire-suppressed and their original composition and structure are somewhat hypothetical. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. The few good quality examples that remain are on U.S. Forest Service land on the Uwharrie National Forest, where they are currently m US NC, SC? 12/31/1997 This longleaf pine - loblolly pine - pond pine woodland occupies wet-mesic savannas on loamy soils in the middle Coastal Plain of southeastern North Carolina. This community is now almost extinct owing to conversion to agriculture, drainage, and fire suppression. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC, SC? 10/16/1997 This saturated longleaf pine woodland association is restricted to South Carolina. It is naturally rare and limited to small occurrences. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated saturated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US SC 12/31/1997 This saturated longleaf pine woodland association is restricted to South Carolina. A naturally rare and restricted community type, this longleaf pine woodland has been further impacted by the catastrophic decline of the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated saturated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US SC 12/20/1999 This association is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem that was once dominant in the southeastern coastal plain and which has suffered greater than 98% loss of original habitat since time of European settlement (Mac et al. 1998). Restricted to, and once widespread within, the East Gulf Coastal Plain ecoregion, the <i>Pinus palustris / Quercus falcata / Cornus florida / Aristida beyrichiana</i> W oodland has suffered large-scale forest conversion. It occurs on fertile upland soils (loamy sands with sandy clay loam subsoil) and has been heavily altered by agriculture, grazing, conversion to commercial pine plantations, urban development, and fire exclusion. It depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. Many occurrences that have not been destroyed have been severely degraded, except for a few examples on public lands that have been maintained with frequent fire and that have US AL, FL, GA 2/4/1999 This longleaf pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions and is susceptible to forest conversion. It is limited to fine-sandy stream terraces in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and possibly Texas. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US LA, TX 1/22/1998 This longleaf pine woodland association represents a type of sandhill scrub and is restricted to xeric sandy sites in the East Gulf Coastal Plain. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded, except for managed examples on public lands, or those on military lands where incidental burning has maintained more-or-less natural fire regimes. US LA, MS?10/10/1997 This xeric longleaf pine sandhill woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It occurs only on xeric ridges in north-central peninsular Florida and on river-associated dunes in Georgia. It is drier than many sandhills and is characterized by the presence of some scrub components. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US FL, GA 1/19/1999 This woodland community is restricted to the range of longleaf pine north of the distribution of <i>Aristida stricta</i>. It is only found in northeastern North Carolina and adjacent southeastern Virginia. Very few examples remain, and none of them are in very good condition. This obscures the pre-settlement nature of these communities. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC, VA 12/14/1998 This community is limited to areas of sandstone outcropping in the sandhills of South Carolina. It is very limited in extent, occurring in a matrix of other imperiled longleaf pine communities. Most examples have been severely degraded by fire exclusion. The only known high-quality example remaining is on Peachtree Rock preserve, owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy. US SC 1/31/2002 This peculiar <i>Pinus palustris</i> woodland community has a very restricted distribution, known only from a few sites associated with outcroppings of calcareous clays in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Texas. It occupies very small acreages and was never common. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US LA, TX 12/31/1997 This longleaf pine woodland is an extremely rare community with a restricted distribution, being known only from northern Rapides Parish of the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana. The historic fire frequency is estimated to be three to four years, and along with edaphic conditions including rock layers near but not at the soil surface, fire is believed to play a role in maintaining the open physiognomy. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed ar US LA, TX? 4/20/2004 This association is restricted to wet Ultisols of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina, particularly the wiregrass gap region, where it is naturally highly restricted to a few occurrences of small acreage. Pineland plantain (<i>Plantago sparsiflora</i>) is an indicator species for a very rare type of fire-maintained marl savanna or flatwoods with acidic surface soils, but underlain by coquina limestone. This community appears to be more or less extirpated given the fact that pineland plantain is almost never seen in anything approximating a natural habitat, the species generally being observed along roadsides and in ditches adjacent to its original fire-suppressed habitat (W eakley 1997). The stand in Francis Marion National Forest, upon which this description is based, is the only example we have ever seen of a high-quality fire-maintained example of a flatwoods-savanna community with <i>Plantago sparsiflora</i> and other marl savanna indicators (Glitzenstein and Streng 2004). The rarity of this parti US SC 12/31/1997 This saturated wetland longleaf pine association is restricted to the W est Gulf Coastal Plain. It only occurs on rare saline soil types of the Pleistocene prairie terrace, and has an open canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. This type was naturally rare and has been further impacted by the many strong forces which have reduced the extent and vigor of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States. It depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US LA, TX? 12/31/1997 This mesic longleaf pine woodland is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It is restricted to relict terraces along deeply entrenched rivers in the Fall-line Sandhills of North Carolina. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded, except for examples on military lands, where incidental burning has maintained more or less natural fire regimes. US NC 10/22/2002 This community occurs on shallow, rocky soils associated with outcrops of serpentinized olivine in the Southern Blue Ridge. It is a unique community with a restricted range and few known occurrences. There is little or no potential for the discovery of additional occurrences. Periodic fire is needed to help maintain the graminoid-dominated understory. Fire should be applied with the objective of maintaining a physiognomic complex of woodland, forest, and grass-dominated areas. US NC, TN 1/23/2000 This community type is documented only from The Glades, Grayson County, Virginia. It is restricted to an unusual edaphic situation, outcrops of ultramafic rock in the Southern Blue Ridge, and is unlikely to be found to be more common. Total area covered by this community is less than 40 hectares (less than 100 acres). Known examples are not protected and are vulnerable to alteration or destruction. US TN, VA 12/31/1997 This saturated pond pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It occurs only in large peat domes in the tidewater region of eastern North Carolina. It may have once ranged into southeastern Virginia. The canopy closure varies from woodland structure to a nearly closed canopy. Historic accounts suggest that these communities were once much more common than now and formerly had a more open canopy. This community depends on frequent growing-season fires to maintain the cane understory and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus serotina</i>. <i>Pinus serotina</i>-dominated saturated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations. Remaining examples are highly threatened by land use conversion and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed have been degraded by reduction in the natural fire regime. US NC, SC?, VA 10/22/2002 This serpentine woodland is described from a small number of sites at low elevations in the Southern Blue Ridge of Georgia and North Carolina. Serpentine (or other ultramafic) lithology is necessary for development of this community type, and there are very limited exposures of suitable rocks in the Southern Blue Ridge. Several of the known locations where this community occurred have been destroyed by mining or altered by logging. None of the known locations have protected status, although one site is located in the Chattahoochee National Forest (Georgia). US GA, NC 12/4/2003 As currently understood and documented, this forest type is restricted to loess soils of Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas, a very limited natural range. However, there are still questions about the full extent of its global distribution and its relationship to related types. It is possible this type may range into Missouri, and related vegetation likely occurs in Mississippi. If confirmed in either of these areas, the rank would likely be increased to G2. Stands have likely been impacted by logging operations with unknown effects, which could include reduction of the most valuable timber species. Stands continue to be potentially threatened by forestry and possibly by fire management (or the lack thereof). US AR, MO? 1/30/2001 This community is currently restricted to Fort Pickett, Virginia, so far as is currently known, where it is maintained by frequent fires set by military training. It is believed, though, that this community may approximate communities which formerly occurred on mafic rock sites of the Piedmont under conditions of more frequent fire. The former distribution may have extended south from central Virginia through North Carolina and into South Carolina. Current acreage of this community is less than 1000 acres. US VA 12/4/2003 As currently understood and documented, this forest type is restricted to loess soils of Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas, a very limited natural range. However, there are still questions about the full extent of its global distribution and its relationship to related types. It is possible this type may range into Missouri, and related vegetation likely occurs in Mississippi. If confirmed in either of these areas, the rank would likely be increased to G2. Stands have likely been impacted by logging operations with unknown effects, which could include reduction of the most valuable timber species. Stands continue to be potentially threatened by forestry and possibly by fire management (or the lack thereof). US AR, MO?, MS?, TN? 3/26/2003 This community is currently restricted to Fort Pickett, Virginia, and Cowpens National Battlefield in upstate South Carolina, where it is maintained by frequent fires set by military training (VA) and mowing (SC). It is believed, though, that this community may approximate communities which formerly occurred on felsic rock sites of the Piedmont under conditions of more frequent fire. The former distribution may have extended south from central Virginia through North Carolina and into South Carolina and Georgia. Current acreage of this community is less than 5000 acres. US NC?, SC, VA 12/15/1994 This community occurs over sandstone on dry ridges and south-facing slopes in the highest portions of the Ouachita Mountains. This community has a very restricted distribution, and few occurrences are known. The known examples include Blackfork Mountain (Polk County, Oklahoma), Castle Rock Vista on Talimena Drive (LeFlore County, Oklahoma), W inding Stair Mountain (Latimer County, Oklahoma). These sites are within the Ouachita National Forest and are threatened by heavy recreational use. Additional small occurrences are thought to be scattered in the Ouachitas. This community is thought to be a topo-edaphic climax and occurrences are estimated to be greater than 200 years old. US AR, OK 12/31/1997 This community has a very restricted range and only a few small occurrences are known to exist. It is associated with serpentine, dunite and peridotite, all rock types with restricted occurrence in the Southern Blue Ridge ecoregion. There is little or no potential for the discovery of additional occurrences. US NC 12/20/1999 This high-fertility wetland forest is restricted to the Bluegrass Basin of Kentucky as defined. It needs to be closely compared with related Midwestern forests, and its rank and distribution adjusted accordingly. As defined, there are probably few remaining examples. It has moderate environmental specificity, a regional endemic range, and there are few high-quality remaining EOs. This needs to be reviewed and accordingly adjusted if the concept and range are altered. US KY 6/10/2008 EO Rank Estimator v.6.03 was used to assess the global rank. This community is known from only five sites (two of them very small) in extreme southeastern Virginia and on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, where requisite geomorphological conditions (large relict dune systems) allow a largely deciduous forest to develop in a maritime setting. The Virginia occurrence at Cape Henry (First Landing/Seashore State Park and Fort Story) covers an estimated 350 hectares. The North Carolina occurrences (at Nags Head W oods, Kitty Hawk W oods, and two other small sites) cover an estimated 825 hectares. W hile additional occurrences further south are possible, they are likely to be small. This association is naturally rare and all remaining examples are to some degree threatened (directly or indirectly) by coastal development. US NC, VA 9/13/1997 US FL 10/11/2000 The global rank reflects that this community, as defined, is likely endemic to Coffee County, Tennessee. This is near the edge of the range of the primary nominal oak (<i>Quercus lyrata</i>). This type was very likely always rare, as it occurs in a very rare geologic feature, a compound sink in the karst landscape of the Barrens of Coffee County, Tennessee (W olfe 1996). Rank changed from G1? to G1 MP 2000-10-11. US TN 12/14/1998 This rare association is restricted to the Ketona Formation in Bibb County, Alabama, where it occurs in association with rare dolomite glades, which contain many endemic species (Allison and Stevens 2001). It is vulnerable to logging and suppression of natural fires which were likely an important ecological force which helped maintain this community. The total acreage occupied by this association is very limited. US AL 12/31/1997 The global rank reflects that this community is likely endemic to the southeastern Highland Rim of Tennessee (Coffee and adjoining counties). This flat to gently sloping landscape of "The Barrens" was probably affected by frequent fire, which would have carried through these shallow upland depressions. Most remaining high-quality examples are conserved on Arnold Air Force Base, State Natural Areas, and other preserves. Unprotected examples in this rapidly developing landscape are threatened by ditching, draining, and filling, hydrologic alteration of adjacent lands, as well as timber removal and conversion to other land uses, including agriculture or residential development. Until recently, these poorly drained lands were avoided for intensive use, but increased population pressures have put them at risk. US TN 2/25/2004 This community is only known to occur in one location in the vicinity of Linville Caverns on the North Fork of the Catawba River. There are still no documented occurrences elsewhere, although there is still a small possibility that it may exist in adjacent states such as Virginia and South Carolina. Until these range and classification issues are answered this type will continue to be ranked G1Q. Once this is reviewed, the community should most likely continue to be a G1 or be removed altogether, depending upon whether it is a distinct association. US NC, SC?, VA? 1/2/2001 This mesic calcareous upland woodland community is restricted to areas of deep, moist soil usually on nearly level terrain or possibly in topographically protected areas of the Upper W est Gulf Coastal Plain. These communities are typically bordered by dry-mesic blackland prairie. Fire plays a role in the formation and maintenance of the community. <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> readily invades and suppresses the herbaceous vegetation. The complete absence of fire for a prolonged period would cause this woodland to revert to forest. The environment in which this vegetation would occur has been heavily impacted by agricultural conversion, and very few, if any, high-quality examples are likely to remain. No high-quality examples of this community are presently known, although some protectable examples occur at U.S. Army Corps of Engineers lands (Lake Millwood, Arkansas) as well as Terre Noire Natural Area. The largest and highest quality remnants of this community occur on private lands at the Inter US AR, LA?, OK?, TX? 12/4/1999 As described, this forest association is naturally very restricted in range and environmental setting. It is only known from the Keiffer Prairie Research Natural Area on the Kisatchie National Forest in W inn Parish, Louisiana, where it is associated with calcareous prairie openings. Known occurrences are surrounded by agroforestry and pastures and are threatened by feral hogs and agrochemical runoff and drift. Remaining unprotected examples are vulnerable to logging and conversion to agroforestry uses, overgrazing, other land-use changes, and damage from off-road vehicles. The taxonomic relationship between this association and other calcareous forests present in the W est and Upper W est Gulf Coastal Plain needs further study. The rank indicates that if this type were combined with other calcareous forests types, that broader definition may result in the type becoming less rare. US LA, TX? 12/2/1999 This deciduous forest association is naturally very restricted in range and environmental setting. It is only known from fire-protected mesic areas of calcareous soils overlying the Jackson Formation in north-central Louisiana and related areas of the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and possibly Alabama. Unprotected examples are vulnerable to logging and conversion to agroforestry uses, agrochemical drift, overgrazing, and damage from off-road vehicles. US AL?, LA, MS 12/3/1999 This deciduous forest association is naturally very restricted in range and environmental setting. It is only known from clayey calcareous substrates in fire-protected bottomlands in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain. Threats to this association include logging, feral hogs, and agrochemical runoff or drift from adjacent pine plantations. The global rank reflects that this community is likely endemic to the W est Gulf Coastal Plain. High-quality occurrences of this type are rare. US LA 12/2/1999 This deciduous forest association is naturally very restricted in range and environmental setting. It is only known from fire-protected small areas of calcareous soils overlying the Jackson Formation in north-central Louisiana where it is associated with calcareous prairie openings. A few high-quality examples are currently receiving conservation attention, but remaining unprotected examples are vulnerable to logging and conversion to agroforestry uses, fire-suppression, overgrazing, damage from off-road vehicles, and contamination by agrochemical drift from its use in adjacent areas. US LA 12/11/1998 This association occurs only in a very limited area of diabase geology in north-central North Carolina. This was a naturally very rare community, further imperiled by degradation resulting from fire exclusion, timber harvest, encroaching development, and other factors. The highest quality remaining site (Picture Creek Diabase Barrens) is on state land near Butner in Granville County, North Carolina, and fire is being reintroduced as a restoration measure. This only known occurrence is not formally protected and has been degraded in the past by logging, construction of a powerline corridor, and fire exclusion. Total acreage is less than 200. US NC 10/3/2002 This type is restricted to flats developed on montmorillonitic clay (shrink-swell) soils, derived from mafic igneous rocks (primarily diabase or gabbro sills and dikes), in the South and North Carolina Piedmont. This edaphic situation is unusual, and few large and well-developed occurrences are known which have been maintained in an open enough condition by soil conditions or fire to maintain a grassy, herbaceous dominance. Fire suppression has resulted in the loss or degradation of many sites. Additionally, urbanization and fragmentation afflict known occurrences. The best remaining sites are near Rock Hill (York County, South Carolina). US NC, SC 2/1/2001 This type has an extremely narrow geographic range (a single county in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain) and is further confined to very rare ecological settings (the margins and intermittent drainages associated with the Catahoula geologic formation on Browndell Series soils). All known examples occur on the Angelina National Forest. This type does not occur in association with all Catahoula Barrens known to occur on the Angelina. It is possible this type may occur on limited private lands within the proclamation boundaries of the National Forest which are known to support Browndell soils. The main site for occurrence of this type is recognized as a special management area by the USFS. The site is an isolated tract of National Forest land bisected by a major highway. It has been negatively affected by past silvicultural operations, including removal of adjacent longleaf pines and attempted reforestation to loblolly pine. Fire has been basically excluded for approximately 20 years, leading to changes in both under US TX 12/4/2003 US AR, MO?, MS?, TN? 1/31/2002 This association is naturally very restricted in range and environmental setting; it is only known from small areas of high pH soils associated with the Fleming Formation in Texas and limited areas of southern Arkansas. Examples are known from Sam Houston National Forest. No known examples are protected and managed for long-term quality. No high-quality examples of this community are known in southwestern Arkansas. No comprehensive assessment of these sites has been undertaken on the Sam Houston National Forest and some additional occurrences may be found. Degraded examples of this type (in CEGL007798 condition) also occur in Polk and Newton counties and possibly other areas on private land. US AR, OK?, TX 12/8/1998 This community is very restricted in its area of occurrence, known only from a few salt domes in southern Louisiana and southern Texas. Potential other occurrences are few. Texas occurrences are generally degraded by the presence of invasive exotics such as <i>Ligustrum sinense, Triadica sebifera, Lonicera japonica</i>, and <i>Stenotaphrum secundatum</i>. US LA, TX 6/10/2008 This maritime woodland is restricted to xeric dunes in extreme southeastern Virginia. Its limited habitat is threatened by coastal development. Only one occurrence of very small acreage is known, and it is unlikely that additional occurrences will be found. US VA 12/29/1998 This community type appears to be very rare and limited in distribution and occurrence. Some areas supporting this community were in row-crop agriculture in the early eighteenth century, and the origin and naturalness of this community are somewhat uncertain. US GA?, SC 12/29/1998 US GA?, SC 10/20/1996 US FL 10/20/1996 US FL 1/10/1998 This community is of very limited extent and is restricted to extreme southern Florida. US FL 9/13/1997 US FL 1/30/2003 All south Florida hardwood hammocks are rare and extremely geographically confined. As currently defined, this community is even more restricted in distribution and extent than other tropical hammocks and is limited only to former Indian middens. Hilsenbeck et al. (1979) point out that these middens are favorite locations for hunt camps. The concentration of such activities is likely to degrade the quality of the existing vegetation. A "Q" has been applied to the rank to indicate the close relationship of this community with other inland hardwood hammocks of south Florida. More information is needed to determine the floristic distinctiveness of this type. US FL 1/10/1998 This is a very restricted tropical hardwood hammock type, and is restricted to estuarine shoreline situations. It has been reduced in extent, and has been altered by cutting of mahogany. US FL 12/14/1998 This association is related to a particular soil type, Bonsai Mucky Fine Sand; both the soil type and the association are apparently endemic to Franklin County, Florida. The seasonal high water table is at or slightly above the soil surface for two to four months in most years, and within 20 inches of the surface for the remainder of most years. These dwarf pond-cypress savannas are the result of a rather unique geologic setting and the interrelationship of edaphic, hydrologic, and fire regime factors. Intensive industrial forestry has altered or destroyed some occurrences. US FL 1/31/2001 This pond-cypress community is limited to very rare maritime situations which have alkaline chemistry. Total known acreage of this community is less than 1000 acres. Protected examples occur at Bon Secour National W ildlife Refuge, Alabama. US AL, FL? 6/26/2001 This community appears to be endemic to mineral soils on the edge of blackwater lakes in the exceedingly flat Tidewater region of northeastern North Carolina. A few examples in State Parks receive some protection, but all are vulnerable to hydrologic alteration. Those that have no protection are vulnerable to logging and other disturbances. The dynamics and composition of this community need additional study. US NC 10/4/2004 This association is limited to natural lake shorelines of the Outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina, a very limited habitat. The best known and probably largest example is 70 acres, protected on NC State Parks land. Other examples are probably much smaller and, if on private land, would be threatened by clearcutting, eutrophication, and drainage. US NC 12/31/1997 The rank of this association reflects its extremely limited habitat. The rank of this association reflects its extremely limited habitat. Fewer than five occurrences, covering less than a hectare, are known (G.P. Fleming pers. comm. 2004). US VA 6/25/1997 US VA 1/10/1998 This community is extremely limited in range and extent, occurring in only a few small examples in the Florida Keys. It has been affected by coastal development in the Florida Keys. US FL1/31/2001 This community type is limited to rare edaphic situations in the southern Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, Tennessee, and possibly Kentucky and W est Virginia. Occurrences are small, and some have been altered by timber harvest. Despite the rarity of this type, its conservation status is apparently fairly stable. US KY?, TN, VA, WV? 6/25/2001 The known geographic range of this community type is very limited, and occurrences are small and restricted to a narrow range of habitat conditions. All occurrences are highly threatened by the exotic insect pest hemlock woolly adelgid (<i>Adelges tsugae</i>), which causes decline and eventual mortality in <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. US VA 9/29/2004 This forest is restricted to steep gorges of the Alabama Cumberland Plateau, where the <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> represents a relictual disjunct population. Occurrences are subject to compositional modification by outbreaks of hemlock woolly adelgid (<i>Adelges tsugae</i>), an exotic insect pest that causes decline and eventual mortality of <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. The hemlock populations in this part of Alabama are noteworthy, and most examples are either in some formal protection status or receive de facto protection as a result of their location adjacent to stream corridors. Some examples are in the Sipsey W ilderness Area and the Bee Branch Gorge Research Natural Area. US AL 5/15/2002 <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i> communities, in general, have a restricted range, occurring only in the Southern Blue Ridge and upper Piedmont and are probably endemic to North Carolina and Tennessee. Occurrences are typically small and restricted to rocky bluff habitats. All occurrences are threatened by fire suppression and the Hemlock W oolly Adelgid (<i>Adelges tsugae</i>), an exotic pest which causes tree decline and ultimate death in <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> and <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i>. The taxonomy of <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i> communities needs further assessment. US NC, TN 12/14/1998 This riparian mesic blackland woodland community occurs in deep soils on relatively level terrain, typically as narrow communities bordering ephemeral streams and dry-mesic and mesic blackland prairie. Fire plays a role in its formation and maintenance. W oody vegetation succession is rapid during periods of fire suppression, forming almost impenetrable thickets of vines and shrubs. <i>Carex cherokeensis</i> appears to dominate the herbaceous vegetation in more disturbed communities. No high-quality examples of this community are known. A greater understanding of this community type should result with additional fire management. Fire-suppressed remnants of this community type occur at the International Paper Blackland Prairie. The type location is in Clark County, Arkansas. Other examples occur in Hempstead and Howard counties, and it should be found in Little River, Nevada, and Sevier counties, Arkansas. US AR 11/30/1998 This is a rare association due to abiotic requirements. This association is infrequent throughout its range because it occurs on northern slopes with granodiorite soils, at elevations of 4220-4650 feet. The range is limited by the ranges of the two dominants, <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> and <i>Picea breweriana</i>, which are only found in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. The association is threatened by logging, road building, and an introduced root rot. US CA?, OR 10/21/1997 This is one of the rarest plant associations in Oregon. Always naturally restricted due to its limited occurrence in the coastal strip of southwestern Oregon, this type has been almost totally eradicated by logging and coastal development. This plant association is an old-growth forest type, in which stands are generally over 300 years old, and occur in a landscape characterized by natural disturbance from wind, water and fire. There are currently only two known protected sites, with one additional area having possible habitat. Together, these occupy less than 1000 acres out of the more than 50,000 acres originally occupied by this association. US OR 11/14/1997 This is a productive, valuable, mature forest plant association which is largely unprotected. Because of an unusual climate and the distribution of understory and canopy dominants, it is found only in a narrow geographic area, southeast of Mount Hood, in north-central Oregon. This plant association is a mixed conifer forest type, with most of the large trees established during previous fires. They occur in a forested landscape characterized by fairly high natural fire frequencies. Fire suppression in adjacent stands may lead to large, catastrophic fires which would threaten these stands. Reintroduction of fire to the drier pine forests and fuel removal would decrease the risk of catastrophic destruction of these stands. US OR 10/17/2002 This association is a closed-canopy forest that occurs in restricted range in the east Cascades of W ashington near Mount Adams. There may be fewer than 50 occurrences, and fragmentation and changes in forest structure resulting from timber harvesting and roading have degraded this narrow endemic association. It may be threatened by the increase in the number of catastrophic fires and the increasing emphasis on forest health harvesting. US WA 11/13/1997 This plant association is very rare, known only from a 105 m elevational band, below the summit on the northern slopes of Mt. Lemmon in the Santa Catalina Mountains in southeastern Arizona. These relict stands are unique is and are apparently restricted to scree and talus slopes at this high elevation. Catastrophic events such as spruce budworm epidemics and wildfire could threaten the persistence of this association because it is so localized. The road to the observatory may be source for invasion of exotic species. US AZ 10/21/2002 This is a very rare, very local forest community. It is restricted to the northern Oregon Coast Range and is assumed extirpated from southwestern W ashington Coast Range, with most known occurrences on private lands. The few remaining sites are small, and either partially protected or threatened by logging. In addition, they are susceptible to damage from fire and windthrow due to their small size and isolated nature. US OR, WA? 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 11/14/1997 There are less than five known occurrences of this association; it has been documented from the eastern Colorado Plateau (Kittel and Lederer 1993) to the W asatch front in Utah (Padgett pers. comm. 1995). The association is restricted to alluvial terraces of narrow sandstone canyons with natural hydrological regimes at elevations below 6100 feet. However, the stand composition is quite similar to ~<i>Acer negundo / Cornus sericea</i> Forest (CEGL000625)$$ described by Padgett et al. (1989) in eastern Utah, which also contains <i>Betula occidentalis</i> in the understory. It is likely that other occurrences of this association will be documented with targeted riparian surveys in Utah. This association is threatened by livestock grazing, hydrological alteration, and channel degradation over most of its range. US CO, UT 11/2/1997 This plant association is a regional endemic of the Snake and Salmon river canyonlands in Idaho, Oregon, and possibly W ashington. It is described as occurring within a relatively discrete elevational band in the deeply incised terrain of the Snake and Salmon canyons (1150-2100 and 1800-2500 feet, respectively). The distribution and representative quality of the association have declined severely in the last decades due to direct loss of habitat resulting from hydroelectric dam construction and chronic degradation resulting form livestock grazing and the associated alteration of hydrological regimes. Very few high-quality stands are known. Inventory work has not been conducted recently to determined the current number and condition of stands. Few, small stands are represented in protected areas. US ID, OR, WA? 11/14/1997 This regional endemic plant association is described from the deeply incised terrain of the Snake and Salmon river canyons of Idaho and Oregon. The association is described as occurring within a relatively discrete elevational band in the deeply incised terrain of the Snake and Salmon canyons (900-2150 and 1400-2150 feet, respectively). The distribution and representative quality of the association has declined severely in the last decades due to direct loss of habitat resulting from hydroelectric dam construction and chronic degradation of livestock grazing and the associated alteration of hydrological regime. Recent inventory work has not been conducted to determine the number, condition, and trend of stands. No high-quality stands are known. The global rank is revised from G2 to G1? as the range of this plant association has severely declined, no high-quality occurrences are known, and all available information suggests a declining trend. US ID, OR 11/2/1997 This regionally endemic plant association is described from the low-elevation reaches and high canyonland tributaries of the Snake River in Idaho and Oregon. It is described as occurring within an elevational band of 900-2800 feet, in the deeply incised terrain of the Snake River Canyon. The association occurs on unstable stream channels. No high-quality stands are known, although it has been described as "locally common". The distribution and representative quality of stands have declined severely in the last decades due to direct loss of habitat resulting from hydroelectric dam construction and the chronic degradation of livestock grazing and the associated alteration of hydrological regimes. The global rank is revised from G2 to G1? as the range of this plant association has severely declined, no high-quality occurrences are known, all available information suggests a declining trend, and appropriate field inventory work has not been completed to resolve the status of the plant association. US CA?, ID, OR, WA 11/14/1997 This regional to narrow endemic plant association is described from the lower reaches of the Salmon River and associated canyonland tributaries in Idaho and Oregon. It is described as occurring within an elevational band of 1950-2350 feet, in the deeply incised terrain of the Salmon River Canyon. Appropriate inventory work has not been conducted to determine the number, representative quality, and trend of stands. No high-quality stands are known. The distribution and representative quality of the riparian vegetation within the range of this plant association has declined severely in the last decades due to chronic degradation of livestock grazing and the associated alteration of hydrologic regimes. No stands are known to occur within protected areas. US ID, OR 11/2/1997 This regionally endemic plant association is described from low-elevation reaches of the Snake River and associated deeply incised canyonland tributaries in Idaho and Oregon. It is described as occurring within an elevational band of 900-2000 feet, in the deeply incised terrain of the Snake River Canyon, where it occurs on very unstable stream channels. In the past, it may have been found on sites that were flooded by the construction of hydroelectric dams on Snake River. The distribution and representative quality of the plant association has declined in recent decades due to chronic degradation resulting from livestock grazing and the associated alteration of hydrologic regimes. No high-quality stands are known. Appropriate field inventories have not been conducted to determine the current number and condition of stands. US CA?, ID, OR 1/31/2007 This regionally endemic plant community occurs on sites that show a history of chronic mass-wastage, in the warmest region of the inland maritime climatic regime of the North Fork Clearwater, Selway, and Lochsa river drainages of Idaho. The historic extent of the community has declined significantly due to hydroelectric dam construction. Road construction, intensive forest management activities and the use of exotic grass seedings in soil stabilization projects are factors that have/may also contribute to direct loss and fragmentation of stands. Few stands are known to be in a high-quality, representative condition. Inventory work has not been conducted recently to determine the current number and condition of stands and verify the areal extent of the community throughout the range. One stand of 370 acres occurs in Aquarius Research Natural Area on Clearwater National Forest. US ID 10/16/2002 This is a riparian community that occurs in one drainage in one W ashington and one Oregon county and in another drainage in one county in Idaho. It is confined to a narrow climatic zone that supports Cascadian species in the Rocky Mountains. Road development in and along floodplains and upstream effects reduce condition and viability. Sites occur in wilderness, others on USFS land with largest occurrences in a proposed RNA and within a city watershed. Completion of a proposed dam on Mill Creek would threaten the largest occurrences of the type in W ashington and Oregon. US ID, OR, WA 10/16/2002 This riparian community is found in only three drainages in one W ashington county and one Oregon county. It occurs in a narrow climatic zone (100-150 square miles) that supports Cascadian species in the Rocky Mountains. Road development in and along floodplains and upstream effects reduce condition and viability. Sites occur in wilderness, others on USFS lands. The largest occurrence is in a proposed RNA that is a city watershed. Completion of a proposed dam on Mill Creek would threaten the largest occurrences of the type. US ID?, OR, WA 10/17/2002 A narrow endemic association that is known only from tributary streams of the Snake River in Oregon and W ashington. This riparian association appears in a region with abundant exotic plant species that invade and alter native composition and structure. Much of this range is adjacent to reservoir water. Most occurrences are or have been heavily used by livestock and native ungulates for shade and tend to become very weedy with exotic annuals or in some areas invaded by the exotic shrub <i>Rubus discolor</i>. Only isolated small pockets are in good condition. Fewer than 10 locations are known. US ID?, OR, WA 11/30/1998 This association is known only from a small region in central Idaho of unusual geologic substrates combined with relatively dry and cool climatic conditions. The bedrock is a heterogeneous formation of igneous and sedimentary rock known as the Challis Volcanics. At lower elevations along the Salmon River the most common rock types of this formation are tuffs and andesites. A flora endemic to this region occurs on these substrates, and is joined by a flora of species disjunct from drier regions of the Great Basin. This plant association occurs on quartzite cliffs around Germer Peak, at elevations from 6800 to 7600 feet. Rangewide inventory and descriptive work in the <i>Cercocarpus</i> series, however, have not been systematically conducted within the Challis Volcanics ecoregional section. The distribution, abundance, and stand structure and composition of this association are not known. US ID 1/3/2001 This is one of the rarest, most endangered communities in Oregon. All sites have been either destroyed or impacted, with logging and development (for agriculture and coastal housing) continuing. An introduced root rot (<i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>) has infected all known stands, killing mature <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> trees and changing the nature of these stands. There are two small protected examples, in which some recovery is evident. Grazing is still occurring at one of these sites, but overall, there is limited habitat, and no high-quality examples. If <i>Phytophthora lateralis</i> can not be controlled and the <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> is removed from this community, it will have to be ranked as GH (historic). US CA?, OR 11/14/1997 A naturally very restricted range of distribution of <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> and the presence of an introduced disease has caused significant and persistent declines. This community is an old-growth forest type, in which stands are generally over 300 years old. In addition, the serpentine soils have high concentrations of nickel, cadmium, copper and gold, and are valuable for mining operations. There are few known examples (apparently fewer than 5 remaining). <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> is seriously threatened by a root-killing fungus, <i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>, which was recently introduced into the natural range of this tree. Spores of the fungus are carried in water and have been spread in the tires of logging trucks. Many stands have been decimated by this pathogen, and Port Orford-cedar may be considered in the near future for Federal listing as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. US OR 11/14/1997 A naturally very restricted range of distribution of <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> has been compounded by impacts from logging and introduced disease. This community is an old-growth forest type, in which stands are generally over 300 years old, and are highly productive. There are few known examples (fewer than 5 remaining). <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> is seriously threatened by a root-killing fungus, <i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>, which was recently introduced into the natural range of this tree. Spores of the fungus are carried in water, and have been spread in the tires of logging trucks. Many stands have been decimated by this pathogen, and Port Orford-cedar may be considered in the near future for Federal listing as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. US OR 10/14/1997 A naturally very restricted range of distribution of <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> has been compounded by impacts from logging and introduced disease. This community is an old-growth forest type, in which stands are generally over 300 years old, and are highly productive. There are few known examples (fewer than 10 remaining). <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> is seriously threatened by a root-killing fungus, <i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>, which was recently introduced into the natural range of this tree. Spores of the fungus are carried in water, and have been spread in the tires of logging trucks. Many stands have been decimated by this pathogen, and Port Orford-cedar may be considered in the near future for Federal listing as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. US CA, OR 10/21/2002 This association occurs only on northeast slopes, on unique soils, fairly close to the ocean in northern California and extreme southwestern Oregon. It is fairly restricted (about 15 known stands and an estimated 2-5 more) and rare, with stands being very old, and containing exceptionally valuable timber. Most of the forests are threatened with the impacts of <i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>, an introduced root pathogen. This is a water-borne disease, most commonly spread by vehicle tires, including logging trucks. The disease has destroyed many of the remaining forests formerly dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i>. US CA, OR 10/15/1997 This is one of the rarest and most threatened plant associations in Oregon. Always naturally restricted due to the unique confluence of the distribution of <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> on stabilized coastal dunes, this type has been almost totally eradicated by logging, coastal development and introduced disease. This community is an old-growth forest type, in which stands are generally over 300 years old, and occur in a landscape characterized by natural disturbance from wind, water and fire. There is currently only one known site with two stands on adjacent dune islands. The dominant tree, <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> is seriously threatened by a root-killing fungus, <i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>, which was recently introduced into the natural range of this tree and is found throughout the dunes. All known sites but one have been or are being destroyed by this pathogen. Port Orford-cedar may be considered in the near future for Federal listing as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. US CA?, OR 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 10/21/2002 There are 4 known occurrences of this association in Oregon and an estimated 4 in W ashington, thought to cover only 20-100 acres. This association has probably declined 90% since the advent of flood control and grazing. Occurrences are thought to be declining because of the lack of long-term flooding, grazing, and exotic species. No high-quality sites are known. Despite protection at two sites, none are managed appropriately. These stands are very threatened rangewide and may be irreversibly damaged already unless historic flood regimes are restored, which is highly unlikely. US OR, WA 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 10/16/1997 This association occurs on coastal sand dunes between northern California and central Oregon. A well-drained sand substrate, improving moisture-holding capacity, nutrient and humic content of soils, development of robust stand structure, and long-term freedom from burial by shifting sand are requirements for this community to develop on the dunes. Although not under immediate anthropogenic threat, the rarity of known occurrences, the narrow habitat requirements, and the long-term instability of habitat require a high ranking. US CA, OR 12/1/2000 This plant association is ranked G1 because it is found only on low-elevation hill slopes adjacent to the Stikine River Delta, Alaska. W indblown silt is deposited on the sites at least annually, and the soils are deep and well- to moderately well-drained silts. Little effort has gone into locating examples of the plant association, and there are an unknown number of occurrences in southeastern Alaska. Sites supporting this association have rarely been disturbed by humans except, possibly, by timber harvesting. US AK 12/16/2000 This very rare woodland association is restricted to a fairly narrow zone along the Pacific coast. Specific habitat conditions required by this association include a seasonally dry sandy substrate, a coastal Mediterranean climate, and previous stabilization of shifting sand by a specific earlier seral association. There are fewer than 100 occurrences covering about 2000 acres. Remaining stands are very threatened by succession resulting from fire suppression, and recruitment is threatened by competition from the exotic shrubs <i>Cytisus scoparius</i> and <i>Ulex europaeus</i>. Another threat is dune stabilization by <i>Ammophila arenaria</i>. Unprotected sites have been destroyed by off-road vehicles and development. There are only three or four stands in very good condition, all in the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area. US CA?, OR 1/30/2007 This association occurs on stabilized coastal sand dunes distributed discontinuously between northern California and southwestern W ashington. Dry sites, low nutrient status and limited movement of sand are the most important environmental requirements. A combination of off-road vehicles, development, invasion by non-native species, and secondary succession have caused deterioration in the condition of stands. W hile the number of occurrences and extent of this association are relatively large, ongoing man-caused stresses are causing declines in extent and condition, warranting a high rank. US CA, OR, WA 11/30/1998 This association is restricted to a very small area, and continues to decline outside of one occurrence in a state park. There are only a few restricted occurrences (5) known from marine terraces along the southern Oregon and possibly northern California coast. It occurs on flat to depressional topography with impeded drainage, usually on ancient marine terraces. The predominant Blacklock soil series is nutrient-poor and is underlain by an impervious hardpan that inhibits drainage. Seasonal standing water and limited rooting depth stunt tree growth and have caused these stands to be called "pygmy forest." Its shallow water table and sandy soils make it quite fragile for a forest. Threats include logging, conversion (to housing and cranberry bogs), and hydrological changes (draining to promote timber production). US CA?, OR 11/14/1997 This community has a somewhat restricted natural range in portions of the Puget Lowland and Georgia Depression of W ashington and British Columbia. This is a mid-seral forest community that naturally depended upon a relatively specific fire regime or a fire mosaic landscape for its regeneration. Its area has been reduced by industrial forestry practices that emphasize monocultures of Douglas-fir. There are very few if any viable occurrences remaining, at least in W ashington. Fire suppression is a long-term threat that may result in the future extinction of this community type. Management of the community with fire is currently unfeasible because of landscape conditions and societal constraints associated with high-intensity fire. US WA 11/7/1997 This association is probably limited in its distribution to the "Borderlands" of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, and very northern Sierra Madre Occidentale of Mexico. It has only been reported from southwestern New Mexico. Stands are small and are constrained to specific microsites, being found in cool canyon microsites and at the highest elevations of the pinyon zone in the range of <i>Pinus discolor</i>. The association is very high in grass and forb diversity, with a preponderance of Sierra Madrean elements that have a restricted distribution in the United States. Stands continue to be impacted by fuelwood harvest and grazing throughout the association's distribution. MX?, US AZ?, MXCH?, NM 10/21/1997 This association is limited in its distribution to the "Borderlands" of southwestern New Mexico, and possibly southeastern Arizona and very northern Sierra Madre Occidentale of Mexico. Stands are small and reflect the late successional stage of mesic pinyon woodlands, and are limited to relatively high-elevation mountain slopes and canyon microsites. This is a highly diverse association with a preponderance of Sierra Madrean elements that have a restricted distribution in the United States. Stands continue to be impacted by fuelwood harvest and grazing throughout the distribution of this association. MX?, US AZ?, MXCH?, NM 10/21/1997 This association is limited in its distribution to the "Borderlands" of southwestern New Mexico, and possibly southeastern Arizona and the northern Sierra Madre Occidentale. Stands are small and reflect the late successional stage of mesic Sierra Madrean forest. They are very high in grass and forb diversity, with a preponderance of Sierra Madrean elements that have a restricted distribution in the United States. Grazing, and to a lesser degree timber harvest continue to impact the association throughout its range. MX?, US AZ?, MXCH?, NM 11/10/1997 This narrowly endemic plant association occurs in a semi-arid climatic region, on recent, unweathered mafic volcanic flows of the Snake River Plain, Idaho. Several stands of the plant association occur within Craters of the Moon National Monument, with a total mapped coverage of approximately 3800 acres. Most stands are believed to be in a stable, high-quality condition. Changes in stand structure and species composition appear to be due to primary succession. The plant association may, however, be vulnerable to invasion by exotic grass species. Species composition and factors that contribute to the establishment of exotic grass species (e.g., trampling by off-trail hikers) should be monitored. Field inventory work is needed to verify the quality and trend of stands of the association. US ID 11/30/1998 This association occurs across the Siskiyou Mountain in southwestern Oregon. This is a low-elevation, fire dependent plant association, which is found quite rarely on steep southern slopes providing an edaphic climax. There are less than 10,000 remaining acres of old-growth forests of this type with a native understory. In a natural condition, it is an open woodland, dominated by native bunchgrasses which are quite sensitive to grazing. In addition, without fire, poison oak and some evergreen shrubs replace many of the grasses, and white fir dominates the understory. This creates dense fuels which cause the stand to burn catastrophically when exposed to fire. Since the natural fire frequency is less than 20 years in this area, long term fire control is not possible, and some high-quality stands have been destroyed by a fire following 60 years of fire suppression. US CA?, OR 10/17/2002 This association is a nearly extinct type that occupies bogs in a portion of the Puget Lowlands. There are very few occurrences and they are all poor to possibly marginal in viability. There probably were many more occurrences in existence historically. The association has been impacted and continues to be highly threatened by the effects of non-native white pine blister rust, as well as by anthropogenic impacts to bogs in general. There are no occurrences that are protected and being managed appropriately. US WA 11/30/1998 This is one of the rarest and most threatened communities in southwestern Oregon. Logging, cattle grazing, development and fire suppression have led to major declines in this type, and continue to threaten most sites. Remaining occurrences are primarily on private lands, although the BLM does manage a few isolated occurrences. An explosion of rural residential development makes prescribed fire a difficult management tool. Most sites have been excluded from fire for so long that restoration (removal of many young oak and pine saplings and small trees) would be essential before fire could be returned to the habitats. Cattle have maintained a few stands as open woodlands and savannas, but as a result of the grazing, introduced, Mediterranean weeds now largely dominate most of these. US CA?, OR3/29/1999 This is a very rare association (which is actively threatened by development) known from interior valleys in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. W hile the remaining stands are on U.S. Forest Service land, some sites continue to be exchanged with the county for additional schools and development. Occurrences on U.S. Forest Service lands are vulnerable to fire exclusion. Years of suppression have resulted in numerous small-diameter trees (mostly <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>) in the understory which can now threaten older trees. These ladder fuels can transfer fire to the mature pines thus threatening their crowns to scorching. Recreational development has destroyed much habitat of this type. Its occurrence in the only area in the East Cascades with widespread development pressure has resulted in much of the habitat being destroyed. US CA?, OR 3/29/1999 This is a very rare, and unique community, known from only two sites, both on BLM land. The association is restricted to a narrow range of soils and in a unique environment. The unique habitat makes it unlikely to be found in many other places. The sandy habitats are vulnerable to disturbance. W hile receiving some protection from BLM, the occurrences are very isolated, and quite vulnerable to disturbance from ORVs and cattle. US OR 10/1/1997 Three examples of this type are documented. The possible range of sites that can develop examples of the type are restricted to serpentine soils, below 1070 m (3500 feet) elevation, in a narrow geographic range along the eastern slopes of the Cascades of W ashington. This association is a highly variable community that is generally seen in small patches occupying very few acres. This is a naturally rare community. US WA 10/28/2002 US WA 10/9/1997 This community is restricted to a small area in northeastern W ashington and adjacent Idaho and to sandy or other coarse-textured soils. Known examples (fewer than 5) are in fair to poor condition. Fire suppression, livestock grazing, exotic plant species invasion, and urbanization have significantly changed community composition and structure of this type throughout its range. A very small portion (<1000 acres) of the original range remains and that in a very fragmented and altered landscape. The largest example is less than 25 acres and is a variant (<i>Achnatherum occidentale</i>-dominated) of the typical type. The full range of variation of the described type may no longer exist in a semi-natural or natural state. There is nearly no chance of locating a high-quality example of this type. US ID, WA 2/1/1996 This association is known from only one location of 245 hectares in central Oregon on an unusual substrate. However, it is reported to exist in California, although no other information is available for its distribution and abundance in that state. A portion of the Oregon occurrence is contained on the Lost Forest RNA, but only a portion of the stand is protected. US CA, OR 11/30/1998 This association has been described reliably only from the eastern flank of the Bighorn Mountains of north-central W yoming. It may extend north along the Bighorns into Montana, but no information has been found to indicate that. The rank has been changed from G2? to G1G2 to reflect the small range of this association and the small number of known occurrences. US SD, WY 11/1/1997 This association is naturally rare due to the specificity of its climatic and substrate requirements. It is restricted to marine terraces and headlands near Monterey, California, in the zone of marine fog incursion. This forest type occupies approximately half of the acreage it covered historically. The remaining stands are threatened by ongoing development pressures, grazing, fire suppression and disease. MX?, US CA, MXBC? 10/31/1997 This association has a naturally restricted distribution. Disjunct, scattered stands occur along approximately 150 miles of the north/south-trending mountains of northeastern California and adjacent sections of Nevada. <i>Pinus washoensis</i> hybridizes freely with <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and <i>Pinus jeffreyi</i>, making its long-term viability as a type questionable. Logging threatens remaining stands. US CA, NV 12/1/1997 US HI 11/7/1997 This association has an extremely limited range of distribution in the lower montane zone of the western slope of the southern Rocky Mountains, where it occurs on open floodplains of sinuous, low gradient streams and rivers in the Colorado and Gunnison river basins of western Colorado. The broad alluvial valleys where this association occurs have been grazed by domestic livestock for more than a century, and over-utilization has led to losses of stands because of poor regeneration and degradation of channel morphology (Kittel et al. 1995). Habitat for this association has been further decreased by water impoundment and diversion, as well as by the conversion of floodplain soils to irrigated agriculture. All known occurrences of this association are moderately to heavily degraded by over-utilization by livestock, hydrological alterations, or both. Persistence of this association is dependent upon restoration of natural hydrological regimes and control of livestock use. US CO 4/11/2006 This forested wetland is extremely rare within its range (confirmed to occur only in British Columbia, W ashington, and barely reaching into Oregon) and has undergone a very large decline since European settlement as a result of harvesting, agricultural conversion and urban development. Its entire range has been mapped, and very few locations have been confirmed within its range, most of these in poor to fair condition and only one confirmed protected area. CA, US? BC, OR?, WA 10/23/1997 This riparian community is restricted to the east-central portion of the Columbia Basin of W ashington and in adjacent Idaho and Oregon. It is associated with perennial streams with an active floodplain. Few examples are known. Those examples are within a landscape that has been converted to agriculture. Consequently, remaining riparian communities are used by livestock, support naturalizing populations of several exotic grasses and willows, are associated with streams with increased sediment flows, or appear as narrow strips between fields and channels. This is a regional endemic community with only a few, highly degraded occurrences remaining. US ID, OR?, WA 10/21/2002 There are 3 known occurrences in Oregon and an estimated 4 in Washington. Remnant stands probably occupy less than 100 acres. This association was probably never widespread, and losses to pulpwood logging, dredge spoils, and agriculture are estimated to be as much as 90%. Perennially saturated soils and proximity to major riparian flooding are required conditions for this association. These sites are thought to be declining because of cessation of seasonal flooding from flood control dams, and invasion of exotic species. Sites in protected areas are not managed appropriately. These stands will decline and probably survive only as small relicts because of flood control. US OR, WA 10/12/1997 The association has a restricted range of distribution and few high-quality examples have been located in that range. Most stands of this association have been impacted by livestock grazing, which has reduced, or even eliminated, shrub abundance and altered species composition. All stands have abundant introduced species in the herbaceous understory (<i>Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata</i>, and <i>Taraxacum officinale</i>). US ID, OR, WA? 3/29/1999 Wh ile very little is known about the abundance and distribution of this association, it is clear that it is very rare and very threatened. Few examples occupying very limited acreage exist in good condition. Degraded examples are not uncommon. Conversion, grazing, hydro projects, and diversions are all active threats. The community requires regular flooding on streams and rivers. In the Intermountain W est, streams generally either have dams, diversions or both, which decrease the intensity and frequency of floods. This community is particularly susceptible to conversion and change in flood regime. US CA?, ID?, NV?, OR, WA 11/7/1997 This association has only been documented from a small region of the southern Rockies in south-central Colorado. Dams, water diversion, or excessive livestock grazing could detrimentally impact known occurrences of this association. Recreational trails and packstock use are common in the canyons where stands occur and introduction of non-native seed in stock feed presents a threat to the stands. The role of fire and flooding disturbance in the regeneration of this type are unknown. It may prove to be more common than indicated as canyons in the region are more completely surveyed. US CO 1/6/2000 This is a very rare, valley bottom, riparian forest known only from the W allowa River valley in northeastern Oregon. No examples are protected; all are being degraded by grazing, and all sites are likely to be developed for rural residential or recreational housing as development continues to expand in the Wallowas. Agricultural and rural residential development has resulted in declines in this and most other valley bottom vegetation associations. W ater diversions to irrigate drier valley bottom properties continue to result in these very wet habitats drying up and this plant community disappearing. All of these threats continue at the few remaining sites, which are entirely in private ownership. Given the incredible conflicts over water in the valley, protection of these sites and restoration of native flows are going to be exceedingly difficult. The fact that two sites support listed, endangered salmon and steelhead provide a little opportunity, but protection of a significant example of this community is g US OR 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 12/5/2000 This forest association has only 3 known viable occurrences covering about 500 acres in a very restricted range in the Olympic rainshadow of the northern Puget Lowland in W ashington. Stands occur as forest fragments in and around extensive herbaceous balds or former prairies. It may also occur in adjacent British Columbia, where it also is likely to be rare, if present. It has been degraded by logging, fragmentation, development, fire suppression and exotic species invasions , and continues to be threatened. US WA 11/14/1997 This community has a somewhat restricted natural range and occurs in very specific environments in portions of the Puget Lowland and Georgia Depression of W ashington and British Columbia. Residential development in scenic coastal areas has resulted in much conversion and continues unabated. The area occupied has thereby declined substantially. Logging, fragmentation, grazing, or exotic species have resulted in the degradation of the vast majority of remaining examples. Very few good condition examples remain. Also faces possible threats from fungal cankers that weaken or kill Arbutus (medium-term?) and fire suppression (long-term). CA, US BC, WA 11/14/1997 Three to seven examples of this type are documented. The distribution of sites that could possibly develop examples of the type are restricted to serpentine soils from two watersheds along the eastern slopes of the Cascades of W ashington. This is a variable community that is generally observed as a small patch community. It is a naturally rare community. US WA 10/28/1997 This community has a restricted natural range in the rainshadow of the Olympic Mountains of W ashington and occurs in a very specific environment. There are a few occurrences that occupy a small total acreage. Very few of the occurrences are good quality because of logging and fragmentation. There has been significant decline in the area of this community due to conversion to development and agriculture. Threats continue especially in the form of development and fragmentation. US WA 10/21/1997 This association is known only from the southern Animas Valley in the "Borderlands" of southwestern New Mexico. The only known occurrence is found on the edge of an old playa lake bottom, at the base of the Animas Mountains foothills. The substrate is sandy alluvium, which has resulted in a relatively dry soil with little structure or pedogenic development. Deep, subsurface moisture must be available to support the large oaks. Grazing, and to a lesser degree fuelwood harvest continue to impact the association. It is not known whether this association occurs elsewhere in southwestern New Mexico. US NM 11/30/1998 This community has a narrow natural range in the southeastern Cascade foothills in W ashington and perhaps adjacent Oregon. This is a mid- to late-seral community prone to conifer invasion over part of the range. The number of occurrences in W ashington is extrapolated from published descriptions. These indicate that the community is limited on U.S. Forest Service land and reconnaissance indicates it is limited in total areal extent. The number of representative stands throughout its range is around fifty. Although this community is fairly resistant to permanent compositional changes, exotic species invasion and alteration of community structure follow livestock grazing and fire suppression. US WA 11/30/1998 This community has a highly restricted range in the southeastern Cascade foothills in W ashington and adjacent Oregon, and is reported form northern California. This is a riparian community prone to invasion by <i>Poa pratensis</i> and other exotic species. The number of occurrences in W ashington is extrapolated from published descriptions and reconnaissance. This indicates a limited areal extent and a number of representative stands of fewer than one hundred. It is reported to be less common in Oregon than W ashington. Nothing is known of its extent or distribution in California. Exotic species invasion and alteration of community structure follow livestock grazing. It is a relatively rare community with few remaining sites in good or fair condition. US CA, OR, WA 11/14/1997 This type is restricted geographically to the eastern end of the Columbia River Gorge and adjacent foothills of W ashington and possibly Oregon. Fewer than 7 occurrences are known, and those are small with a high component of exotic plant species. Those occurrences represent a fraction of the original extent of the type. It may be more common on the Yakima Reservation or in Oregon where it is unrecognized or unsurveyed. The apparent ecological fragility of the type makes the possibility of locating more, larger or better ecological condition occurrences highly unlikely. US OR?, WA 11/30/1998 This community has a narrow natural range found along the southeastern Cascade foothills in W ashington and adjacent Oregon. This is a xeric woodland community that is prone to invasion by many exotic grass and forb species following disturbance. The number and size of occurrences in W ashington is extrapolated from published descriptions. These support observations that individual sites are small and the number of representative stands is rare throughout its range, probably fewer than 50 total. Exotic species invasion and alteration of community structure follow livestock grazing and fire. This is an unusual community type prone to exotic plant invasion. US OR, WA 11/17/2000 This forest association may have been a naturally rare type. It now has only 4 viable occurrences covering less than 500 acres in a very restricted range in southwestern Washington and adjacent Oregon, where it is confined primarily to basalt bedrock or talus soils on sunny aspects. A portion of one occurrence is protected within Blackwater Islands RNA on Ridgefield National W ildlife Refuge. Stands have been degraded, continue to decline in extent and condition, and are highly threatened through a combination of exotic species invasions, residential development and fragmentation, and conifer invasion with fire suppression. US OR, WA 10/28/1997 These riparian woodlands are restricted to a unique transition zone between the Mojave and Great Basin deserts along three streams originating in the Pine Valley Mountains of southwestern Utah. It is floristically highly diverse. Disturbance from human activities and livestock grazing has altered some of these woodlands. Effects of fluctuating stream flow levels from being dewatered for irrigation to flash flooded also impact these riparian woodlands. US UT 12/1/1997 US HI 12/1/1997 US HI 11/14/1997 This community has a restricted natural range in the rainshadow of the Olympic Mountains and Vancouver Island and occurs in a very specific environment. It was probably never common. There are few occurrences and they occupy a small acreage. Very few of the occurrences are good quality because of logging and fragmentation. There has been significant decline in the area of this community due to conversion to development and agriculture. CA, US BC, OR, WA 11/14/1997 This community has a restricted natural range in the rainshadow of the Olympic Mountains and Vancouver Island and occurs in a specific environment. Very few good-quality occurrences remain because of logging and fragmentation. There has been significant decline in the area of this community due to conversion to development and agriculture, with development threats continuing currently. CA, US BC, WA 1/30/2007 This association is very rare, with very few known occurrences and a very limited area. It probably was previously significantly more numerous prior to wide-scale logging, peat mining, and development. It occurs only in bogs that have succeeded to forest conditions. The existing occurrences are probably threatened by effects of development. There are no known occurrences in adequately managed protected areas. US WA 10/21/2002 his mid-seral to climax association is restricted to the northern coast of Oregon. It was probably never common and may have only occurred at two or three sites historically. The very limited known remnant stands may comprise 30-50% of the original extent of this vegetation type. W hile current remnants are protected, draining and logging have destroyed many stands. Organic soils and permanently saturated to flooded conditions are required for this association to persist. Organic soils are scarce and their extent diminishes rapidly to the south. US OR 2/1/1996 US? ID? 6/2/2005 These riparian communities are restricted to coastal British Columbia, Canada, and occupy a relatively small portion of the landscape (linear systems). They have been targeted for harvesting in the past due to the large trees they contain. Decline is expected to be reduced as a result of current management guidelines. On Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii) they have been heavily impacted by deer browsing with understories significantly reduced. CA BC 9/19/2005 This long-lived coniferous forest occurs as small patches within a very limited distribution (within 20 km of the coastline). Detailed ecosystem mapping indicates a decline in distribution and threats are primarily limited to development of recreational properties in some areas. CA BC 6/2/2005 This plant community is restricted to estuarine systems along the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. Element Occurrences are small and vulnerable to disturbance. It is generally considered to be stable, although the use of estuaries and bays as log dumps and past attempts at farming upland from estuaries have impacted the integrity of some sites. CA BC 1/30/2006 This matrix coniferous forest once dominated the landscape within its range. Old, structurally complex stands with gaps and vertical heterogeneity were common. It has been extensively harvested and the land converted to urban, residential, agricultural and industrial use. Fragmented areas of mature forests are found in the less developed regions; no old forests of any significant size occur. Most of the existing forest is in very young to young seral stages. There is little protected area, and very few stands with good viability can be found. CA, US BC, WA 9/19/2005 This matrix forest community occurs within a limited range. These once extensive old forests have been harvested over much of their range. Harvesting continues. There are no verified occurrences in excellent condition. CA BC 6/3/2004 This association is considered endemic to the central interior of British Columbia. This medium- to large-patch plant community is restricted to a portion of the valley bottoms and lower slopes of the Quesnel and Fraser river valleys. The range and extent of this association are limited to approximately 1000 square km, and there are no confirmed occurrences. Over the long term this community has declined substantially due to harvesting and conversion to agriculture. However, the association potentially occurs within the 24 square km (9 square miles) of protected area within its range. CA BC 6/2/2005 This woodland community has a limited range, occurring only on ridge crests and hilltops on the south coast of British Columbia, Canada, at elevations below 700 m. Although not specifically targeted by forest harvesting, it is sometimes harvested or otherwise impacted by adjacent forest harvesting, road construction and other resource uses. In parts of its range, it is impacted by development pressures and recreational use. Invasive species are a minor concern. This community has experienced a moderate to substantial long-term decline, with the decline less significant in the short term. CA BC 4/11/2006 This forested community forms part of the forest matrix within its range. It is confirmed to occur only in British Columbia. It has experienced a substantial decline in distribution in the last 50 to 150 years due to harvesting of what was extensive old and mature forest stands. Currently, much of the remaining mature stands are from catastrophic fire events in the early part of the 20th century, and these stands are now being harvested. Less than 5% of confirmed sites exist as old forest stands. CA BC 9/19/2005 This productive forest has been harvested in the past and continues to be targeted. The long-term decline is considered to be moderate, but pace has increased in recent decades. W hile it is not uncommon within its range, it is never extensive (detailed ecosystem mapping includes this forest community at less than 1% of mapped area). It is likely that some occurrences are within existing protected areas, but this is not confirmed. CA BC4/11/2006 This forest is confirmed to occur only in coastal British Columbia and W ashington. It is rapidly declining in the short term with substantial decline over the long term. Limited occurrences exist with more than two-thirds of the pre-European landscape altered. Harvesting pressures are ongoing. CA, US BC, WA 9/19/2005 This matrix coniferous old forest has been substantially reduced due to past harvesting. Approximately one-third of these forests have been converted to young seral stages and young forest stands. Harvesting pressures are ongoing. CA BC 9/19/2005 Wi dely distributed but not extensive within its range, this old forested community has experienced a substantial decline over the long term. It continues to be harvested. CA BC 6/2/2005 This community is restricted to the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia, Canada, where it is subject to harvesting and alteration of vegetation composition as a result of intense browsing by introduced black-tailed deer. CA BC 9/19/2005 This forested community is uncommon within its range, and detailed ecosystem mapping indicates a large proportion of this community has been converted to early-seral stages by forest harvesting (sometimes windthrow events). CA BC 9/19/2005 The forested community, a significant component of the matrix forest, occurs within a limited range of the coast-interior transition region of British Columbia. Detailed ecosystem mapping indicates a substantial decline in the once extensive old-growth forests. Approximately 27% of the mapped area represents old forests, and the remainder of the area of expected occurrence is represented by early-seral (herb to pole-sapling) and young forest structural stages. Forest harvesting continues. CA BC 9/19/2005 This small-patch forested plant community has a limited range in the coastal-interior transition of British Columbia. It has been extensively harvested in the past, resulting in a significant decline in what was once typically very old forests. W hether from harvesting or wildfire, recovery to later seral stages may occur within 100 years, but a considerably longer period of time is required to recover old-growth attributes. This community type continues to be harvested. CA BC 9/19/2005 This open forested community is widespread throughout its range but limited to sites with shallow soils or dry glaciofluvial outwash plains. It is in decline due to past forest harvesting and continues to be impacted. CA BC 3/30/2007 This is a small-patch community that is restricted in known distribution to seven occurrences in the Allegheny Mountains region of W est Virginia. It is limited by its requirement for moist or saturated conditions along flat or gently sloping headwater basins between 960 and 1130 m elevation. The community is further limited in extent by the range of <i>Abies balsamea</i>, which is disjunct and reaches its southern range limit in W est Virginia and Virginia. The expected range has been searched in W est Virginia, and more than five additional occurrences are not expected to be found. US WV 3/30/2007 This is a small-patch type that is restricted in known distribution to three occurrences (12 patches) within the Allegheny Mountains region of W est Virginia. It is limited by its requirement for temporarily to semipermanently flooded soil conditions along flat or very gently sloping frost-pocket headwater basins between 980 and 1120 m elevation. It also appears to be limited to shale and limestone bedrock areas, which provide a significant nutrient base. The community is further limited in extent by the range of <i>Abies balsamea</i>, which is disjunct and reaches its southern range limit in W est Virginia and Virginia. The expected range has been searched in W est Virginia, and more than three additional occurrences are not expected to be found. US WV 2/16/2007 Despite considerable efforts to inventory this community over the years, fewer than 50 patches of this vegetation are known covering an aggregate area of perhaps 300 acres. It is likely that quite a few additional patches have yet to be located, but patch-size is small (<10 acres), the habitat is rare, and the region of potential habitat is limited. US MD?, VA 12/3/1998 This freshwater tidal swamp community is restricted to the freshwater tidal portions of rivers in Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey. Size range of individual occurrences is a few acres to 100 acres in the larger examples. The average size is likely to be 5-20 acres. US CT, DE?, MA, NJ, NY 6/8/2004 US NJ 6/10/2004 <i>Rhododendron maximum</i> and <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> overlap in range from New Jersey to New Hampshire. Limited occurrences of this swamp expression occur within this geographic range. US CT, NH, NJ, NY, RI 11/16/1997 There are probably 30-60 occurrences of this community rangewide. At least 19 occurrences have been documented from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with outliers in New Hampshire and southeastern New York. This community is restricted to exposed outcrops of basaltic rock in the Connecticut River valley of New England and the Piedmont and High Allegheny Plateau physiographic province of New Jersey and adjacent Pennsylvania. Most occurrences are small; total acreage is probably less than 500 acres rangewide. CA?, US CT, MA, ME?, NH, NJ, NY, ON?, PA, VT 11/15/1997 This community is known from upstate New York, southwestern Vermont, southeastern Ontario, and Rhode Island. There are probably fewer than 50 occurrences rangewide. This community is restricted to dry, knobby outcrops of limestone. Occurrences are very small in Vermont, usually less than one acre. New York occurrences are somewhat larger, mostly less than 20 acres. The largest occurrences are probably in Ontario on the Bruce Peninsula and on the Napanee Plain near Kingston. Total acreage is probably less than 3000 acres rangewide. Historical acreage is unknown; probably more than 50 percent has been destroyed, and much has been degraded by logging and/or grazing. CA, US CT, MA, NY, ON, RI, VT 11/18/1997 This maritime woodland community is naturally restricted to major coastal dune systems. An estimated maximum of 30 occurrences exist, ranging in size from less than an acre up to a maximum of 100, with an average size of less than 10 acres. The habitat is threatened by many of the same threats common to coastal dune systems: dune stabilization, commercial and residential development. This community is further threatened even on "protected" lands in some cases by a lack of recognition that this vegetation is a unique community. US CT, DE, MA, MD, NJ, NY, VA 12/1/1997 US MD, NC, NY, PA, TN?, VA?, WV 3/30/2007 This is a small-patch community that is restricted in known distribution to six occurrences within the Allegheny Mountains region of W est Virginia. It is limited by its requirement for saturated peat/organic soil conditions along flat or very gently sloping headwater basins between 1000-1430 m elevation. It has a small area of occupancy and high intrinsic vulnerability. US WV 4/4/2007 This is a small-patch type that is restricted in known distribution to six occurrences within the Allegheny Mountains region of W est Virginia and to the Pocono Plateau and northeastern Pennsylvania. It is limited by its requirement for saturated peat conditions along flat or very gently sloping headwater basins at higher elevation. The expected range has been searched in West Virginia, and more than six additional occurrences are not expected to be found. The Pennsylvania state rank for this type is S2S3. US PA, WV 3/30/2007 This is a small-patch community that is restricted in known distribution to five occurrences in the Allegheny Mountains region of W est Virginia. It is limited by its requirement for temporarily flooded or saturated conditions along flat or gently sloping bottomland between 1140 and 1400 m elevation. The community is further limited in extent by the range of <i>Vaccinium erythrocarpum</i>, a southern Appalachian species that reaches its northern range limit in W est Virginia. The expected range has been surveyed in W est Virginia, and more than five additional occurrences are not expected to be found. US WV 4/30/1998 US NJ, NY 1/18/2006 US DC, MD, NJ 1/31/2007 This coastal woodland of acidic rocky outcrops is restricted to southern Maine, with outliers in eastern New York. An estimated 20-30 occurrences exist in sizes ranging from a few acres to several hundred acres. The habitat and range of <i>Corema conradii</i> naturally restrict this community, and remaining occurrences are threatened by residential development. Several known occurrences have been destroyed or severely impacted in recent years. US ME, NY 1/31/2007 This maritime woodland community is restricted to major coastal sand dune systems. It ranges from southern Maine to Cape Henlopen, Delaware; it does not occur in Connecticut or Rhode Island. Occurrences are generally small, ranging from 5 or 10 acres to a few hundred acres at maximum. Rangewide, 25-30 occurrences covering 1000-1200 acres are estimated. This community is threatened by a host of threats common to coastal dune systems in general: dune stabilization, residential and commercial development, and road expansion. US DE, MA, ME, NJ, NY, RI? 1/31/2007 This association has fewer than 20 occurrences, with a total rangewide acreage of fewer than 10,000 acres. The range of this association is restricted to the New Jersey Coastal Plain. The habitat, well-drained to xeric sands, is vulnerable to housing development. US NJ 4/30/1998 US NJ, NY 11/17/1997 There are fewer than 20 occurrences of this community rangewide, and many are severely degraded small remnants. This community is dependent on a regular and frequent fire regime. Many occurrences are fire-suppressed, and unlikely to persist without an active fire management program. Very few occurrences are large enough to support the full assemblage of native fauna (in particular the characteristic lepidoptera). This community has declined substantially from its presettlement acreage; probably less than 10 percent of the original acreage remains. This community is threatened by development pressure, fragmentation, and fire suppression. US CT, MA, NH, NY, PA, RI 12/10/1998 There are fewer than 20 occurrences of this community rangewide; it is only known from southeastern Maine and south-central New Hampshire. Most occurrences are restricted to two large flat glacial outwash plains: the W aterboro Barrens in Maine, and the Ossipee Barrens in New Hampshire. There are probably fewer than 10,000 acres remaining rangewide. This community historically was dependent on a regular fire regime; it is unlikely to persist without an active management program. This community has declined substantially due to development, fragmentation, and fire suppression; about 50 percent of the original acreage remains. US ME, NH 11/19/1997 There are probably fewer than 10 occurrences rangewide. Currently fewer than 5 occurrences are known from New Hampshire, with a total of less than 60 acres. This community is restricted to thick outwash or sand deposits that are undercut by a major river. They occur only on a terrace escarpment on the outer curve of a meander in the river. This community has probably always been rare. US MA, NH 6/10/2008 This coastal forest is limited to the immediate vicinity of the coast in southern New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. EO Rank Estimator v.6.03 was used to assess the global rank. This community has a relatively small geographic range, very narrow environmental specificity, and a substantial overall threat factor from widespread coastal development. Moreover, many existing occurrences have been disturbed by cutting and grazing, and there are relatively few large, protected occurrences. US DE, MD, NJ, VA 10/5/2006 This community is restricted to very specific environmental conditions on high-gradient rivershores with a combination of control by bedrock and alluvial processes. Known examples occur in small patches and are restricted to and scattered along approximately 170 miles of the Potomac River. Although additional occurrences may be found within the Potomac drainage or along other rivers, these are unlikely to dramatically increase the acreage covered by the type. US DC, DE, MD, VA, WV? 10/12/2004 US MD?, NJ, PA? 1/31/2007 This maritime forest community is restricted in range to the coastal areas of seven northeastern states. Average occurrence size is estimated to be 20-100 acres, but many are substantially below this in size. The potential habitat of this community is naturally restricted to areas directly affected by maritime processes, e.g., salt spray and winds. Northeastern coastal areas in general are under significant threat from housing development. US CT, DE, MA, ME?, NH, NJ, NY, RI 11/17/1997 This community is known from the Ridge and Valley physiographic province in west-central Virginia. There are probably fewer than 20 occurrences rangewide. Currently there are 12 occurrences documented in Virginia, with a total of about 100 acres. It is restricted to dolomite bedrock. Historically there were more occurrences; many former occurrences have been destroyed or severely degraded. US VA 5/31/2007 This association occurs in small patches and has high environmental specificity. There are probably fewer than 100 occurrences rangewide, and widespread degradation of stands by adelgid outbreaks raises doubt about long-term viability of the type. US MD, PA, VA, WV 9/9/1999 Currently there are seven occurrences documented from North Dakota; the community is also reported from Wyoming, and possibly South Dakota. The state rank in Wyoming is S1S2. Estimated total number of occurrences is fewer than 25. The total currently documented acreage is less than 300 acres. Most occurrences are smaller than 50 acres, so the total acreage is probably less than 1000 acres. The range may be fairly restricted. Most of the documented occurrences are from one gorge in one county in North Dakota. Most of the documented occurrences are also in good condition. US ND, SD, WY 6/22/1998 Few occurrences have been documented. The range of this woodland community is restricted to slopes and rolling topography in the northern Great Plains. Occurrences may represent a slow succession following fire; if so, then fire suppression could eventually reduce the acreage. CA, US MB, ND, SK 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 25 occurrences of this community rangewide; it is only known from central Indiana, where it is ranked S2, and from southeastern Michigan and northeastern Ohio. Currently 19 occurrences have been documented from Indiana. There are probably fewer than 1000 acres of this community rangewide. Currently over 175 acres have been documented (some sites lack acreage data); the average size documented is 35 acres. Historical acreage is unknown. Many sites have been degraded by grazing and selective logging, and there has probably been some overall reduction in acreage. This community has somewhat restricted environmental requirements: it is found over till plains with imperfectly to poorly drained and aerated soils. The range is somewhat restricted; it is reported from four subsections in one ecoregion province. CA?, US IN, MI, OH, ON? 11/13/2006 There have been 155 occurrences documented: 3 in Illinois (where the community is ranked S4) (but beech-maple is only a small part of the Illinois type to which this global type is crosswalked), 86 in Indiana (S3), 36 in Michigan (S3), and 30 in Ohio (S3). Although no other occurrences have been documented, the community is also reported in Ontario and New York. Sizes of 129 occurrences total 8895 acres. This type was once a widespread matrix forest that now occupies small remnants, often less than 500 acres in size. CA, US IL, IN, MI, NY, OH, ON 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 100 occurrences of this community rangewide. Currently 23 occurrences are documented from Indiana (where it is ranked S1) and Ohio (S?). It is also reported from Pennsylvania (S?), and it may occur in Ontario. There are probably fewer than 1000 acres of this community rangewide. Currently 65 acres are documented from 3 occurrences in Indiana. This community is documented from 12 ecoregion subsections. CA, US IN, KY, MD, OH, ON, PA?, TN? 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 100 occurrences of this community rangewide. It is reported from Montana (where it is ranked S1Q), North Dakota (SU), and South Dakota (SU). Currently 41 occurrences are documented from North Dakota. Historical acreage and trends are unknown. US MT, ND, NE, SD 10/24/2002 This community occurs in isolated patches across the central Great Lakes region, from southern Minnesota east to south-central Michigan and southern Ontario. It is nowhere extensive in this range, requiring a fairly restricted set of conditions under which it thrives; namely, moderately minerotrophic conditions in wetland depressions on a variety of glacial landscapes. This type may have been more extensive historically, and then converted to other land use by draining the wetlands, but more information is needed to document the extent of such conversion on this specific type. Present day stresses include ongoing alteration of drainage patterns of wetlands in which the type occurs. CA, US IN, MI, MN, OH, ON, W I 6/22/1998 There maybe fewer than 100 occurrences in the Black Hills, its only known location. US SD, WY 9/1/1999 This type has only been reported from the Black Hills, where it is locally abundant in higher-elevation streams. Nine A-B quality EOs were identified on Black Hills National Forest land during the survey of the Black Hills, with the preponderance of those with no special protection status (Marriott et al. 1999). Other occurrences are expected in the Hills, but depending on their quality, the rank of this type may need to be increased. US SD 12/31/1998 This type probably occurs scattered through the Great Lakes region in southern Ontario, northern Michigan, and northern New York, but it has not been well-documented. Nine occurrences of this community have been documented, with a total of over 1334 acres (540 ha). CA, US MI, NY, ON 10/23/2002 There may be fewer than 100 occurrences of this community rangewide; it is reported from Missouri (where it is ranked S3 to S4S5), Arkansas (S?), and Oklahoma (S?). Currently no occurrences have been documented; current acreage, condition, and trends are unknown. Shortleaf pine (<i>Pinus echinata</i>) populations seem to have undergone rangewide declines in vigor and extent. This phenomenon is primarily due to changes in fire regime and to depredations of the Southern Pine Beetle (<i>Dendroctonus frontalis</i>). Stands are threatened by the effects of continued fire suppression, which would inhibit the reproduction of <i>Pinus echinata</i>. US AR, MO, OK 6/22/1998 This type has a naturally restricted distribution. McIntosh (1950) mentioned that some of the more accessible stands in his study had been logged. US IA, MN, W I 2/6/2007 There are probably fewer than 20 occurrences from a restricted range. Four occurrences have been documented in two states (Minnesota and W isconsin). Most occurrences are small, and total rangewide acreage is probably less than 1000 acres. Stands occur on cool and often steep slopes in the Driftless Area of Minnesota and W isconsin. Stands are relatively inaccessible, but some may have been degraded by logging. US MN 2/27/2000 The distribution and extent of this community are limited. Sites are prone to invasion by brush and exotic weeds in the absence of flooding or as a result of overgrazing. US CO, KS, NE, OK, SD?, TX 6/22/1998 The total number of occurrences is unknown. Thirteen have been documented in North Dakota, where the community is ranked S1S2?. Although no other occurrences have been documented, the community is also reported from Wyoming (S2), Colorado (S2) and may occur in South Dakota (SP). It is found in three northern Great Plains ecoregional sections. The community occurs on medium- to coarse-textured soils on the floodplains of major rivers. US CO, MT, ND, SD, WY 6/22/1998 Only a few occurrences of this community are known. Most of the original sites have been destroyed by logging, grazing, conversion to forest because of fire suppression, or invasion by exotic species. US AR, IL, IN, MO6/22/1998 This type may have a restricted distribution within the lakeplain of the Great Lakes. Many sites have been converted for agricultural development or have succeeded to forest due to fire suppression. CA, US MI, ON 6/22/1998 This community has been highly degraded in the mesic sites where it occurred historically. Bur oak woodlands and forests have recently spread upslope into drier areas in the absence of fires. Sites do occur in Missouri in association with loess hill prairies, but are not tracked for conservation purposes because of low quality (M. Leahy pers. comm. 1999). US IA, KS, MO, NE, SD 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 50 occurrences of this community rangewide. It has a restricted distribution in a predominantly prairie landscape; it is found on level to gentle lower slopes of isolated buttes and hills. It is reported from the Killdeer Mountains of western North Dakota (where it is ranked S2), and from Saskatchewan (S?). Currently there are less than 12 occurrences documented from North Dakota. CA, US ND, SK 9/9/1999 Most <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i>-dominated stands in the Black Hills are heavily grazed (Hoffman and Alexander 1987). US SD, WY 6/22/1998 This woodland type has a relatively restricted distribution in a predominantly prairie landscape. Remaining occurrences have been logged, grazed, impacted by herbicides, or have begun to succeed to other community types. US IN, KS 3/31/2000 There may be less than 20 occurrences of this community rangewide. It is reported from southwestern Indiana (where it is ranked S1), southern Illinois (S2), and southeastern Missouri (S2); it may also occur in Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky. It has a restricted natural distribution; it is a bottomland community restricted to poorly drained terrace "flats" along major river floodplains. Currently there are 10 occurrences documented from Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. There are probably more examples of this type in earlier successional stages, dominated by <i>Quercus palustris</i> (M. Leahy pers. comm. 1999). US AR, IL, IN, KY?, MO, TN? 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 100 occurrences of this community rangewide. It is reported from Ohio (where it is ranked S3), Indiana (S2), Illinois (S2), Ontario (S?), and Michigan (S?). Currently there are 19 occurrences documented from Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan. This community has moderately restricted environmental requirements. Many sites of this community have been drained or cleared. CA, US IL, IN, MI, OH, ON 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 100 occurrences rangewide. Eighteen occurrences have been documented from 3 states (Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan); it is also reported from Ohio and Ontario. Several occurrences are in good condition. This community is ranked S3 in Ohio (though only one stand has been documented), and S1 in Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. There are probably less than 10,000 acres rangewide, over 1000 acres are currently documented, but several sites are small (less than 20 acres). This flatwoods community is restricted to moist, sandy lake plains. It is documented from 10 subsections in two provinces. CA, US IL, IN, MI, MO, OH, ON 3/31/2000 There are probably fewer than 50 occurrences of this community rangewide. Currently only one occurrence is documented from Missouri. It is reported from southeastern Missouri (where it is ranked S2) and Indiana (S2?); it may also occur in Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, and Louisiana. There are probably fewer than 1000 acres rangewide; currently 10 acres are documented from one occurrence in Missouri. US AR?, IL?, IN?, KY?, LA?, MO 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 100 occurrences rangewide. Currently 29 occurrences have been documented in Missouri where it is ranked S2; the community is also reported from Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Indiana where it is ranked S?, S?, and S1, respectively. This community may also occur in Illinois. There are probably less than 15,000 acres rangewide. Currently there are about 4700 acres documented from Missouri, and most occurrences are less than 1500 acres. This community was once widespread throughout its range. It has been significantly impacted and continues to be threatened by grazing, overseeding with non-native grasses, and conversion to forest due to fire suppression. Some expansion of individual occurrences may have occurred due to extensive logging of pines. About half the currently documented occurrences are ranked A or B, with sizes ranging from 30 to 1200 acres. US AR, IL, IN, MO, OK 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 50 occurrences of this community rangewide. Currently 23 occurrences have been documented in Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. The community is ranked S2 in Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri, and S? in Kentucky; it may also occur in Arkansas. There are probably fewer than 10,000 acres rangewide; currently over 3150 acres have been documented. Some occurrences have been destroyed or degraded by clearing and selective logging, and some have been degraded by grazing. In Missouri most examples have been converted to fescue pastures. This community occurs in a fairly broad range, but it has somewhat restricted environmental requirements. US AR, IL, IN, KY, MO 6/22/1998 There are probably fewer than 100 occurrences of this community rangewide. It is reported from Minnesota (where it is ranked S2), W isconsin (S1), Michigan (S?), and Ontario (S?). Currently there is only one occurrence documented from Minnesota. Minimal data on current acreage are available; the one occurrence documented from Minnesota has 14 acres. It is likely that many stands have been degraded by logging. This community is reported from two ecoregion subsections in the western Lake Superior basin. Several old growth stands have been documented on the Apostle Islands, with the 120 ha stands on Raspberry Island the best developed (E. Epstein pers. comm. 1999). CA, US MI, MN, ON, W I 8/4/1998 There are probably fewer than 50 occurrences of this community rangewide. It is restricted to north-facing calcareous bedrock cliffs and summits in the Ridge and Valley section of the central Appalachians. About 15 occurrences are known in Virginia and W est Virginia, with a total acreage of about 120 acres. It is also known from Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Maryland. Due to their location on small ledges of steep cliffs, these communities are difficult to survey, and few field surveys have been conducted. This community has probably always been rare, and there are no imminent threats. In Ohio, the type has apparently always been restricted to a few stands. US KY, MD, OH, PA, TN, VA, WV 2/6/2007 There may be fewer than 20 occurrences of this community rangewide. It is only known from W isconsin (where it is ranked S2). There are currently 12 occurrences documented from the Driftless Area of southwestern W isconsin. There are probably fewer than 1000 acres of this community rangewide. Currently 290 acres are documented from 10 sites in W isconsin. This community is restricted to steep, north-facing slopes of gorges cut through Cambrian sandstone. The steep slopes make for difficult access for logging, so many occurrences are in very good condition. This community has probably always been rare. US WI 1/31/2002 This longleaf pine woodland community is restricted in range and habitat conditions. It only occurs in eastern Texas and western Louisiana on narrow, topographically isolated, convex ridgetops and interstream divides. It exists in a matrix of pyrogenic <i>Pinus palustris</i> communities but burns less frequently than these surrounding communities. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands on the W est Gulf Coastal Plain are threatened by fire suppression, forestry and agricultural land conversion, and overgrazing. Few high-quality sites remain which have a mature canopy and an intact herbaceous layer. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US LA, TX 1/21/2000 This longleaf pine woodland community is restricted in range and habitat conditions. It only occurs in eastern Texas and western Louisiana on narrow, topographically isolated, convex ridgetops and interstream divides. It exists in a matrix of pyrogenic <i>Pinus palustris</i> communities but burns less frequently than these surrounding communities. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands on the W est Gulf Coastal Plain are threatened by fire suppression, forestry and agricultural land conversion, and overgrazing. Few high-quality sites remain which have a mature canopy and an intact herbaceous layer. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US LA, TX 8/11/1997 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It occurs only in narrow bands between various sandhill communities and streamhead pocosins, and is restricted to the Fall-line Sandhills of North and South Carolina. The fire dynamics of this community are also different from those of the adjacent sandhill and streamhead pocosins, since it occurs in narrow bands between peaty wetlands and xeric sandhills, rather than in large, flat expanses. Many of the plant species in this community occur in no other community in the landscape. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and to maintain natural community structure. Fire exclusion or reduction in frequency results in rapid "scrubbing-up" of this community, resulting in declines in species richness through th US NC, SC 12/11/1998 This mesic forest is restricted in range and occurs only in a specific set of substrate and habitat conditions. It is apparently restricted to moist, north-facing, calcareous lower slopes of Mount Magazine and related areas of the Ouachita Mountains. Except for those on U.S. Forest Service lands, most high-quality examples have been eliminated or degraded. Many of these highly productive sites have been converted to commercial pine plantations, eliminating the original hardwood-dominated community altogether. Once it is removed, this community is not readily restored. Most remaining examples of this association are now limited to steep slopes and ravines which are difficult to enter with logging or farm machinery. Current threats include increased erosion, windthrow, microclimate modification from intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, forest type conversion, herbicide use, and vegetation damage by feral hogs. US AR 12/11/1998 This association is restricted to a few mesic limestone canyon systems in the Boerne area of Kendall County and several locations in Bandera, Real, and perhaps Uvalde counties of the southern Edwards Plateau. Most examples include two relatively rare endemic herbs, <i>Chaetopappa effusa</i> (G3) and <i>Tragia nigricans</i> (G3); some include rare endemic shrubs such as <i>Philadelphus texensis</i> (G2) and <i>Styrax platanifolius ssp. stellatus</i>. One excellent example is conserved at Lost Maples SNA. Effects of browsing animals (native white-tailed deer as well as various exotic ungulates now common in the Texas Hill Country) on regeneration of the tree and shrub components of this association have not been studied in detail; browsing may threaten long-term viability of many sites. US TX 12/21/1999 This association is naturally restricted in range and environmental setting. It is found only in the most mesic canyons in the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas. These canyons provide refugia from the surrounding more xeric conditions, and <i>Acer grandidentatum</i> is believed to be a relictual species from the Pleistocene glaciations. The degree of uncertainty in the rank reflects the need for further inventory to assess the remaining number of occurrences of this type. US TX 1/17/2001 This community type is documented from the south-central North Carolina Piedmont, and appears to be relatively restricted in distribution and extent. Floristic composition consists of a mixture of species with Piedmont affinities and those with Coastal Plain affinities, so potential extent of this type is limited. All examples have been subjected to clear-cutting or selective timber harvest in the past, and adjoining slopes have often been converted to pine plantations. Thus, most examples are reduced in size and quality from their former extent and condition. Some examples receive some level of conservation on Uwharrie National Forest. The current information would warrant a G2 rank, but it is expected that additional occurrences are likely in South Carolina. US NC 1/2/2002 This vegetation is so far known only from sandstones of Mount Magazine in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, where it is restricted to habitats influenced by seepage. US AR 12/16/1999 This community is restricted in its geographic distribution and occurs in a very specific land type and environment. This vegetation occurs at the heads of small streams or on the margins of their floodplains at the interface between upland and wetland. As far as is known, it is limited to the northern part of the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of Kentucky and Tennessee and the adjacent Shawnee Hills of Kentucky. These communities are very limited in extent and are threatened by siltation resulting from upslope timber removal. Adjacent upland development would alter the supply of groundwater and would impact the distinctive hydrology of this community. US IL?, KY, TN 12/8/2000 These Appalachian seeps occupy very small areas (1-10 acres) and are threatened by forest clearing, agricultural effects, residential development, and alterations in natural hydrologic regime. Some examples may be impacted by inappropriate recreational use (e.g., ORV trails). They may also be degraded in quality and condition by fire exclusion. Fire frequency, as well as tree-fall due to saturated soils, may play a role in keeping the canopy open. There are probably between 20 and 50 occurrences of this community rangewide. Some examples occur on public land in the Daniel Boone National Forest and the Big South Fork National River and Recreational Area. US KY, TN 12/14/1998 This community represents rare seepage bogs in the lower Piedmont of North Carolina. These seepage bogs apparently occurred in a landscape of fire-maintained communities and were embedded in Piedmont longleaf pine woodlands. Few examples remain, and nearly all of these are degraded in quality and condition by fire exclusion. US NC 1/13/1998 PR, US FL 12/1/1997 MX?, US TX 1/22/2008 This community is scattered throughout the high mountains but is fairly uncommon. Unlike many other forest types in the Southern Appalachians, this community has not historically been threatened by logging as much as other types because of the stunted nature of the trees and the relative inaccessibility to loggers of these boulderfields. North Carolina, in which most of the examples should be found, estimates to have about 15 occurrences, mostly small ones (M. Schafale pers. comm. 2007). US GA, KY?, NC, TN, VA? 10/27/2003 This community is scattered throughout the high elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge with highly localized outliers also found at the highest elevations of Clinch Mountain in the adjacent Ridge and Valley province. Examples are further confined to boulder strewn substrates which are relatively uncommon. Unlike many other forest types in the southern Appalachians, this community has been less impacted by logging due to the stunted nature of the trees and the relative inaccessibility of these boulderfield sites. As of 2003, North Carolina has 12 (principal) Element Occurrences, and given their proportion of the total occurrences and their protection status, a rank of G2G3 is probably justified (M. Schafale pers. comm.). US GA?, NC, TN, VA, WV 6/21/2001 This is a small-patch community type occupying very restricted habitats within a narrow geographic range. There are less than 20 known occurrences of the type in Virginia. US VA, WV 12/14/1998 This community is limited to regionally uncommon and small exposures of moderately nutrient-rich rock in the Southern Blue Ridge, and is thought to be inherently rare because of its unusual geology and topographic position. Total acreage of this community may be less than 1000 acres. Threats are few, although logging in adjacent areas can cause unnatural disturbance, along with alteration of light and seepage flow. US GA, NC, TN, VA? 10/23/2002 This community is limited to regionally uncommon and small exposures of moderately nutrient-rich rock in the Southern Blue Ridge (and possibly the Ridge and Valley). It is presently only known from a single site in the southern Virginia Blue Ridge and at a related site in Tennessee. Additional occurrences in the Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, or Cumberland Mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky are possible. The total acreage of this community may be less than 1000 acres. Threats are few, although logging in adjacent areas can cause unnatural disturbance or downslope erosion, along with alteration of light levels. US TN, VA 1/23/2000 This community is restricted to high base status soils derived from coquina or other limestone outcrops or more recent shell deposits in the outer South Atlantic Coastal Plain. It is documented only from South Carolina, but probably occurs as well in Georgia. Occurrences are small, and few are protected; many are vulnerable to coastal development. US GA?, SC 6/29/2001 US AL, FL?, GA?, MS? 1/10/2008 This saturated forest association is found along the margins of streams or seepages in the Fall-line Sandhills area of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia and on the outer coastal terraces as well; it was never common historically. It has significantly declined from its original extent and is currently threatened by fire exclusion along with the development and agricultural use of adjacent uplands. Natural fire and hydrologic regimes need to be maintained for successful regeneration and maintenance of this community. It is very susceptible to major disruptions in hydrology; rapid, prolonged change in water depth kills <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> seedlings and stresses or kills mature specimens. Leaf litter and woody debris should not be too dense in order for the shade-intolerant <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> seedlings to survive. In the absence of fire and adequate gap regeneration, succession often leads to development of a bay forest dominated by <i>Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris</i> and < US GA, NC, SC 12/31/1997 This saturated forest association is restricted to the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi, Florida, and possibly Alabama; it occurs in a specialized hydrologic and topographic situation. It has significantly declined from its original extent and is currently being threatened by logging, conversion to agriculture, and residential/industrial development. Peat mining has been a threat in the past and may be so again in the future. Natural hydrologic regimes and fire-return times need to be maintained for successful regeneration and maintenance of this community. It is very susceptible to major disruptions in hydrology; rapid, prolonged change in water depth kills <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> seedlings and stresses or kills mature specimens. Leaf litter and woody debris should not be too dense in order for the shade-intolerant <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> seedlings to survive. In the absence of fire and adequate gap regeneration, Atlantic white cedar forests may be replaced by bay forest dominated by <i>Mag US AL?, FL, MS 5/15/2002 This association is limited to north-central Florida, and a specific saturated, high-pH substrate. US FL 12/31/1997 This saturated sparse woodland is restricted to "steephead streams" in the Florida Panhandle and adjacent Alabama. It has a restricted distribution and is limited to a distinctive habitat with few known occurrences. Occurrences are normally linear, from 30-100 m wide, and extend along streams in saturated, highly acid, coarse-sandy situations. It shows some floristic, landscape, and conceptual similarities to Streamhead Atlantic W hite-cedar Forests of the Carolina sandhills; it typically has a 5-50 percent canopy of scattered Atlantic white-cedar. It has not been common historically. It has significantly declined from its original extent and is currently threatened by clearing of forests, conversion to agriculture, and residential/industrial development. Natural fire and hydrologic regimes need to be maintained for successful regeneration and maintenance of this community. It is very susceptible to major disruptions in hydrology - rapid, prolonged change in water depth kills Atlantic white-cedar seedlings and US AL, FL 11/21/1997 This saturated forest association occurs in isolated populations in northeastern Florida and in more extensive but discontinuous stands along the northern Gulf Coast from the central Florida panhandle through Alabama to Mississippi. It has significantly declined from its original extent and is currently threatened by logging, conversion to agriculture, and residential/industrial development (Laderman 1989). Peat mining has been a threat in the past and may be so again in the future. Natural fire and hydrologic regimes need to be maintained for successful regeneration and maintenance of this community. It is very susceptible to major disruptions in hydrology (Allard 1990); rapid, prolonged change in water depth kills <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> seedlings and stresses or kills mature specimens (Laderman 1989). Leaf litter and woody debris should not be too dense in order for the shade-intolerant <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> seedlings to survive. In the absence of fire and adequate gap regeneration, Atlantic US AL, FL, MS 6/10/1997 This saturated forest association is restricted to the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Virginia, North Carolina, and possibly South Carolina; it occurs in a highly specialized hydrologic and topographic situation. It has significantly declined from its original extent. W hile it is currently threatened by conversion to agriculture and residential/industrial development, logging is the biggest threat. Agriculture and development may have caused big losses in the past but are not extensive threats now. Given the wetness of these sites, logging with regeneration failure, combined with lack of fire, has probably caused most of the historic loss as well. A heart rot disease which causes early mortality may be a significant threat to remaining stands (though the use of disease to justify logging stands appears to be a much bigger threat). W hite-cedar is highly susceptible to windthrow in storms, and many remaining stands have been disrupted in recent years. Peat mining has been a threat in the past and may be so again in US NC, SC?, VA 9/13/1997 US FL 12/11/1998 This mayhaw pond association occurs in sinkholes and other isolated upland depressions of the South Atlantic and East Gulf coastal plains of Georgia and Florida. This vegetation occurs as scattered wetland inclusions in predominantly mesic to dry-mesic uplands, which are typically subjected to intensive forest management practices. Because occurrences are usually small in area (<0.5 ha), they are often overlooked as a distinct community. Most high-quality examples of this community have been drained or impacted through forest type conversion and alteration of the hydrologic regimes. This can occur from road construction, seismic surveying, well-drilling, increased windthrow and microclimate modification caused by intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, herbicide use, and vegetation damage by feral hogs. US FL, GA 3/29/1999 This mayhaw pond association is restricted to isolated seasonal depression ponds found only in southwestern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and Panhandle Florida. These ponds are dominated by <i>Crataegus rufula</i>, which is restricted in range. This vegetation occurs as scattered wetland inclusions in predominantly mesic to dry-mesic uplands, which are typically subjected to intensive forest management practices. Because occurrences are usually small in area (<0.5 ha), they are often overlooked as a distinct community. Except those found on U.S. Forest Service lands, most high-quality examples of this community have been drained or impacted through forest type conversion and/or alteration of the hydrological regimes. This can occur from road construction, seismic surveying, well-drilling, increased windthrow and microclimate modification caused by intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, herbicide use, and vegetation damage by feral hogs. US AL, FL, GA 1/2/2001 Naturally geographically restricted to the W est Gulf Coastal Plain and naturally uncommon, this type was historically found in only small patches in the landscape and was even more rare than the locally related Beech-W hite Oak Forest, ~<i>Fagus grandifolia - Quercus alba / Ilex opaca var. opaca / Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides</i> Forest (CEGL007208)$$. During the early part of the 20th century, much of the landscape within its range was heavily logged and/or converted to agricultural cropland. Like other hardwood slopes of the region, many of these highly productive sites have been converted to commercial pine plantations, eliminating the original hardwood-dominated community altogether. Most remaining examples of this association are now limited to steep slopes and ravines which are difficult to enter with logging or farm machinery. Once the overstory is removed or damaged, this community is not readily restored. The nominals have difficulty regenerating themselves possibly due to inconsistent cool US LA, TX 12/28/2000 This type is restricted to small perennial stream bottoms within the range of <i>Pinus palustris</i>, including the central and eastern Florida parishes of Louisiana, and possibly the Tunica Hills of the western Florida parishes, as well as possibly related environments in Mississippi. Stands of this association are subject to regular but brief flooding events, resulting from late winter and early spring rains. Alterations to local hydrological conditions could negatively affect stands of this type. Many high-quality examples have been eliminated or degraded. Most remaining examples of this association are now limited to isolated areas which are difficult to access for removal of timber. Additional current threats include deposition from increased upslope erosion, windthrow, timber removal, site conversion, microclimate modification from intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, herbicide use, and vegetation damage by feral hogs. An example is protected at The Nature Conservancy's Crain's Creek P US LA, MS? 11/23/1997 US FL?, GA, SC 10/3/2001 This association is only known from a very restricted area in Alabama. US AL 12/19/1997 This community is vulnerable to logging (selective removal of mature <i>Pinus glabra</i>) and fragmentation due to housing development. US FL 2/23/2004 This forest occurs within a narrow geographic range that includes limited portions of western Kentucky, Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and eastern Arkansas. It is further confined to loessal soils and slopes in this area. This environment occurs primarily in a very narrow band along the eastern edge of the Mississippi River (northern portions of Omernik ecoregion 74a) (EPA 2004) and is even more confined in Arkansas. These soils and habitats have been subject to intense disturbance over a long history of human occupation. Surface erosion rates associated with these soils were dramatically increased over presettlement conditions in parts of the region (Knox 2001), and in many areas the forests have not recovered. Many sites formerly occupied by this forest are now occupied by successional stands, and true old-growth stands are exceptionally rare (D. Zollner pers. comm.). Existing stands continue to be threatened by timber removal, site conversion, and erosion, and most historic examples have been eliminated US AR, KY, MS, TN 1/12/2001 This association occurs in a small geographic area and is further limited by the paucity of calcareous / subcalcareous substrate. It has been subjected to many of the same anthropogenic disturbances typically associated with other mesic forests of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain. Intact occurrences of this association have now become relatively rare. During the early part of the 20th century, much of the landscape within its range was logged or converted to agricultural cropland. In addition, many of these highly productive sites have been converted to commercial pine plantations, eliminating the original hardwood-dominated community altogether. Once it is removed, this community is not readily restored. Although most remaining examples of this association are difficult to enter with logging or farm machinery (due to occurrence on steep slopes and ravines), threats include increased erosion, windthrow, and microclimate modification caused by intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, herbicide use, an US AR?, LA, TX 2/22/2007 This heath bluff association is restricted to steep north-facing slopes in the lower Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina and other southeastern states, north to extreme southeastern Virginia. Generally, these communities occur in areas of hard rock but may occur in areas of soft material exposed by undercutting by a stream. These sites experience a combination of dry conditions caused by shallow, well-drained soils and cool, moist microclimates caused by northern aspects. This unusual and specific combination of conditions means that the available habitat for this type is rare. Stands of this association may be affected by removal of more valuable timber species (e.g., <i>Quercus alba</i>). US AL, GA?, NC, SC?, VA 3/30/2004 This community is naturally rare, geographically restricted, and confined to special edaphic habitats, primarily over metabasalt in the Blue Ridge and upper Piedmont of Virginia and Maryland. There are few threats to occurrences of this community. W here trails transect or approach these communities, they receive minor trampling damage and introduction of alien species. US MD, VA, WV12/11/1998 This community is known from only 5-10 sites, where it occurs in areas of 10 to about 250 acres. All known sites are on Piedmont granite domes with apparently nutrient-rich seepage, perhaps related to plagioclase veins. Known locations are in the Brushy Mountains of North Carolina (Alexander and W ilkes counties, North Carolina, such as Joe Mountain, Little Joe Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Pores Knob, and Little Mountain), and on Stone Mountain, Georgia. Some sites have been degraded by logging or pasturing. Joe and Little Joe Mountain is a Nature Conservancy preserve, and Stone Mountain is a state park (though with heavy recreational use). US GA, NC 9/30/2004 This association is restricted to the Florida Panhandle, with possible occurrences in Alabama and Georgia. Very few examples are protected. Disturbed sites may require hundreds of years to recover and reach their full development and attain species compositions representative of later-seral conditions. Silvicultural, agricultural, industrial, and residential developments have already eliminated the vast majority of examples of these communities. These activities are continuing at an accelerated pace in many parts of the region. The few remnant mature examples are in urgent need of protection and proper management (FNAI 1990). US AL?, FL, GA? 8/15/1997 US FL 1/29/2001 This association occurs as scattered wetland inclusions in second bottoms and Pleistocene terraces. It is naturally very restricted in range and environmental setting. Unprotected examples are threatened by forest type conversion, alteration of hydrological regimes, increased windthrow and microclimate modification caused by intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, herbicide use, and vegetation damage by feral hogs. The range in the rank reflects the need for further inventory of this community. The relationship of this community to similar communities needs clarification. This type remains poorly documented, and further research is needed to clarify these data gaps. US LA, TX 11/8/1999 The global range of this association has yet to be clearly delimited. It is thought to be restricted to the Columbia Bottomlands area of the coastal plain of Texas. Similar depression forests may occur elsewhere along the coastal plain in the southeastern U.S., but with different nominal indicators due to geographic range limitations of those species. Information is lacking regarding its possible occurrence elsewhere on the Upper Texas Gulf Coast and in Louisiana. This community is thought to be fairly common within the Columbia Bottomlands, but the forested areas of the Columbia Bottomlands are under constant pressure from urban expansion, timber harvest, and clearing for agriculture. This association is naturally restricted to poorly drained Vertisols. It depends on seasonal inundation due to local rainfall events to maintain moist habitat conditions. Intensive cattle grazing often occurs in this association, and it can affect regeneration success of some species and hence the future species composition of US TX 12/8/1999 This association is known only from upland ponds of the Macon Ridge in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain (MSRAP) of northern Louisiana that do not receive alluvial flooding. Many of these ponds were possibly converted to agriculture during the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. Currently, this association is often surrounded by agricultural fields. Threats include agrochemical runoff and drift and continued conversion to agriculture. Further inventory is needed to verify its absence elsewhere in MSRAP and to clarify the degree of uncertainty in the rank. US AR?, LA 6/8/1998 US SC 12/27/1999 This vegetation has a naturally restricted range of distribution, being limited to dry limestone rocky areas in the Eastern Knobs region of Kentucky. This association occurs on lands which are intermediate in soil depth and available moisture between hardwood forests and glade/barren environments. These areas are very slow to succeed to forest and maintain a <i>Juniperus</i>-dominated aspect. Most examples seen are limited in extent and restricted to a particular habitat type. The effect of fire on this association is not known; some examples are on ridges, isolated knobs, or on slopes where fire might have been less frequent than in flatter areas. US KY 1/31/2001 The extent of this bay forest is poorly understood, but it appears to be rare and of restricted distribution. US FL, GA, SC? 10/3/1996 US OK 12/11/1998 This association is naturally rare, being restricted to specialized edaphic conditions (thin soil over dolomite) on the Springfield Plateau and possibly elsewhere in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas and Missouri. The fire dynamics of this community are not well understood. W here it occurs on private land, it is subject to clearing and grazing. US AR, MO, OK? 1/2/2001 This association is restricted to rimrock bluffs and cliffs in the Ozark Highlands of the United States, ranging from Missouri to Arkansas and Oklahoma. This association is distinct from related woodlands which occur at part of a glade complex (e.g., ~<i>Juniperus ashei / Cotinus obovatus / Carex eburnea - Rudbeckia missouriensis</i> W oodland (CEGL007833)$$), as well as from extremely open dry cliffs on limestone and dolostone (~Limestone - Dolostone Midwest Dry Cliff Sparse Vegetation (CEGL002291)$$). Field data and example locations are still needed to clarify the relationships among these types. This community is restricted to scattered, isolated sites which are probably not vulnerable to logging. Sites on private land could be subjected to quarrying for dolomite or limestone. Some examples are protected in the Mark Twain National Forest of Missouri. US AR, MO, OK 1/16/2001 This community is naturally rare because of the relative rarity of the edaphic conditions on which it depends. Examples on isolated islands remain in excellent to good condition (they may have had <i>Quercus virginiana</i> removed for ship-building or <i>Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola</i> removed for pencil manufacture). Other examples on larger and more accessible barrier islands, spits, or peninsulas have in some cases been destroyed by coastal development. Some examples have been altered by exotics, such as <i>Triadica sebifera</i>. US FL, GA, NC, SC 12/14/1998 This is apparently a natural community, occurring after abnormally long periods of fire exclusion or in especially fire-protected situations in the natural landscape. Alterations in the Black Belt landscape have resulted in general fire exclusion, and this community now occupies situations which were formerly open prairie grassland. Despite its increase at the expense of natural prairies, this community is also threatened by the overall conversion of the Black Belt to agricultural uses. US AL, MS 12/15/1999 This vegetation has a naturally restricted range of distribution, being limited to dry limestone rocky areas in the Bluegrass Basin and related areas of Kentucky. This association occurs on lands which are intermediate in soil depth and available moisture between hardwood forests and glade/barren environments. These areas are very slow to succeed to forest and maintain a <i>Juniperus</i>-dominated aspect. Most examples seen are limited in extent and restricted to a particular habitat type. The effect of fire on this association is not known; some examples are on ridges, isolated knobs, or on slopes where fire might have been less frequent than in flatter areas. US KY, TN 12/29/1998 This community type occurs in small areas and is apparently restricted to more nutrient-rich or siltier portions of the southeastern Coastal Plain. It often occurs in landscapes which are developed for agricultural use, and ditching and landscape alteration degrade it. US FL, GA?, SC 12/14/1998 This <i>Maclura pomifera</i>-dominated riparian mesic blackland community occurs in deep soils on level terrain, typically as relatively narrow communities bordering ephemeral streams. W oody vegetation succession is rapid during periods of fire suppression, forming almost impenetrable thickets of vines and shrubs. No high-quality examples of this community are known. A greater understanding of this community type should result with fire management. Fire-suppressed remnants of this community type occur at the International Paper Blackland Prairie and W oods tract. The type location is Clark County, Arkansas. Other examples are known from Howard and Hempstead counties, and it should be found in Little River, Nevada, and Sevier counties, Arkansas. US AR, TX? 10/20/1996 US AL, LA, MS 1/22/1998 This seepage-fed saturated evergreen forest is restricted in its range and in the topographic situation in which it occurs. It is restricted to the Florida panhandle (East Gulf Coastal Plain), and is only found at the base of steepheads, with seepage and cool microclimate. Occurrences of this type are relatively small (1-10 acres). It is vulnerable to hydrologic alterations and to the effects of timber removal. Some examples may be protected on military lands. US FL 1/10/1998 This community has a restricted distribution with less than 1214 ha remaining (Kruer 1992). Most remaining examples have been impacted by exotic plant invasion or altered by human disturbance through the cutting of trees, burning, or drainage. The primary threats to this community include residential development and exotic plant invasion. US FL 1/10/1998 This community has a restricted distribution with about 2023 ha remaining (Kruer 1992). Most remaining examples have been impacted by exotic plant invasion or altered by human disturbance through cutting of trees, burning, or drainage. The primary threats to this community include residential and commercial development and exotic plant invasion. US FL 1/9/2001 The specialized habitat required for this community is scarce. It is restricted to floodplain edges of brownwater floodplains in the South Atlantic and Mid-Atlantic coastal plains of Georgia and South Carolina. These habitats are very rarely flooded by alluvial waters, but they receive regular seepage from adjacent upland slopes. The hydrology is constantly saturated. This association is threatened by the effects of upslope timber removal and from alterations to the groundwater hydrology. Some stands have probably been impacted by removal of more valuable timber species (e.g., <i>Quercus</i> spp.). This would leave a forest in which earlier successional species (e.g. <i>Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>) were more dominant. Additional current threats include deposition from increased upslope erosion, windthrow, timber removal, site conversion, microclimate modification from intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, herbicide use, and vegetation damage by feral hogs. Some examples are conse US GA, SC 1/31/2001 Nonriverine swamp forests of the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain have been severely impacted by forestry and agricultural conversion. This particular nonriverine forest type is limited to northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. All known examples have been impacted by timber removal, and most or all remaining occurrences have hydrologic impacts. US NC, VA? 2/4/1999 Apparently very rare. US LA, TX? 1/31/2007 This is a nonriverine swamp forest which occurs in a very limited area of habitat in the North Carolina Coastal Plain. It occurs on mineral soils, in contrast to most of the other nonriverine swamp forests. It is very wet, but the mineral soil makes it more convertible (to pine plantations and even cropland) than the others. Few examples of this community remain, and many of these are in degraded condition. Threats include conversion to pine plantation, timber removal and site preparation, grazing, clearing for agriculture, agricultural inputs, and artificial drainage and watershed alteration, including road building and development, all of which can alter the natural hydrologic regime. There are 12 occurrences in North Carolina (NCNHP unpubl. data 2004). Many of these are associated with other nonriverine swamp forests and the acreages are combined, but there are presumed to be less than 1000 acres represented in these occurrence records. There may be an equivalent amount (but not more) that could be locate US NC, VA? 3/29/2001 This association seems to be floristically distinct from related types to the north and south, but its complete range is not known. US AL, MS 6/23/1997 US FL 6/23/1997 US FL 6/19/1997 Hydrologic alterations are the biggest threat to this type. Past ditching and draining have altered many examples. ORV traffic also poses a threat to vegetation and to the integrity of the hardpan underlying dome swamps. Fire is essential for the maintenance of a dome swamp community. W ithout periodic fires, hardwood invasion and peat accumulation can convert the swamp to bottomland forest or bog. Because these communities are typically wetter in the winter, burns during this time of year usually prove ineffective in maintaining this community. US AL, FL, GA? 3/28/2001 This association is restricted to sinkhole depressions in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia. US FL, GA 1/17/2001 This association is naturally rare, being limited to unusual sinkhole ponds in the southeastern Coastal Plain. It occurs in isolated depressional wetlands in a fire-maintained landscape, and some examples have been altered by fire suppression. Total acreage of this association is probably less than 4000 acres. US GA, SC 4/30/1998 This community is restricted to the highest mountain systems of the southern Appalachians in eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and southwestern Virginia. It has a naturally restricted distribution and has been subject to major acreage reduction during the early part of the 20th century and rapid condition decline in the past 30 years. Modern threats include atmospheric pollution deposition and damage by the exotic balsam woolly adelgid (<i>Adelges piceae</i>). W ell-developed, undisturbed examples of this community are extremely rare. US NC, TN, VA 1/4/2000 The community is geographically and environmentally restricted to the highest elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge. Very few occurrences are known to exist. US NC, TN 3/15/2005 This and related vegetation types are environmentally restricted within a somewhat geographically restricted range. Their former extent has been reduced to more-or-less isolated, small patches by logging and subsequent fires (Allard and Leonard 1952, Clarkson 1964, Pielke 1981, Stephenson and Clovis 1983). Grank changed to G2G3 from G2? with merging in of two related associations (March 2005). The range of the combined type is from West Virginia south to North Carolina and Tennessee. US NC, TN, VA, WV 6/26/2001 This vegetation type is geographically and environmentally restricted, and its former extent has been reduced to more or less isolated, small patches by logging and subsequent fires (Allard and Leonard 1952, Clarkson 1964, Pielke 1981, Stephenson and Clovis 1983). US MD?, PA?, VA, WV 10/20/1996 MX?, US MXCO?, TX 12/11/1998 This association is restricted in the United States to higher elevations in the Chisos Mountains in Brewster County, Texas, where all known examples are protected within Big Bend National Park. The range of the association and status of examples in the mountains of adjacent northern Coahuila are unclear. MX?, US MXCO?, TX 12/11/1998 This association is restricted in the United States to higher elevations in the Chisos Mountains in Brewster County, Texas, where all known examples are protected within Big Bend National Park. The range of the association and status of examples in the mountains of adjacent northern Coahuila are unclear. MX?, US MXCO?, TX 1/17/2001 This community type is apparently limited edaphically to a relatively narrow elevational (and moisture) range in the Davis Mountains of western Texas. Total acreage is probably less than 5000 acres. More information is needed to more securely classify and rank this community type. US TX 10/20/1996 MX?, US MXCO?, TX 10/20/1996 US TX 1/10/1998 This community is restricted to the Florida Peninsula. The largest occurrences are found in Ocala National Forest, in central Florida. Fire regimes are critical in maintaining this type. US FL 11/23/1997 This Sand Pine woodland association is restricted to a particular soil type and topographic situation in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Panhandle Florida and southern Alabama, where it occurs on coastal terraces. It is found only in a very limited range, and only on specialized deep sand habitats within this range. Most of the remaining examples are highly threatened by rapid coastal development and alteration of natural processes. An appropriate fire regime is necessary to maintain a natural structure in examples of this community. Storms also play a role in the structural dynamics. This community is susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, conversion to commercial forest plantations, and coastal development. Examples not protected are severely threatened. US AL, FL 11/22/1997 This sand pine woodland association is an interior scrub association of the Coastal Plain of Florida not restricted to coastal situations. It is found only in a very limited range and only on specialized deep sand habitats within this range. Most of the remaining examples are highly threatened by development and alteration of fire regimes; they are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to retirement housing, commercial forest plantations or agriculture (including citrus groves). An appropriate fire regime is necessary to control ground vegetation and promote the reproduction of sand pine. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US FL 10/22/2002 This association is naturally restricted in range and environmental setting to mafic rock outcrops in northern Georgia. The degree of uncertainty in the rank reflects the need for further inventory to assess the remaining number of occurrences of this type. Shortleaf pine (<i>Pinus echinata</i>) populations seem to have undergone rangewide declines in the vigor and extent. This phenomenon is primarily due to changes in fire regime and to depredations of the Southern Pine Beetle (<i>Dendroctonus frontalis</i>). The mafic, rocky habitat of this association may never have been common. Stands of this association are threatened by removal of commercially valuable tree species (e.g., <i>Quercus alba, Quercus stellata, Pinus echinata</i>) and by the effects of continued fire suppression, which would inhibit the reproduction of <i>Pinus echinata</i> and cause the grass- and forb-dominated herbaceous layer to deteriorate. Following the removal of the commercially valuable species, and in the absence of fire, stands co US GA 10/22/2002 This forest remains poorly understood and poorly documented, possibly because it has included a number of different concepts from different geographic areas since its conception. As it is currently understood, this type is believed to represent natural mixed stands which were historically uncommon in the W est Gulf regions (R. Evans pers. comm., T. Foti pers. comm.). For unknown reasons the overstory supports mixtures of <i>Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda</i>, and several oak species; such stands appear to be less common than similar stands dominated by either pine species. It is believed that the range of this type in the East Gulf Coastal Plain will be clarified and eventually accommodated elsewhere. At such a time, the rank may be further revised, likely on the rarer end of the scale. US AR, LA, OK?, TX 6/10/2004 This xeric shortleaf pine forest/woodland is endemic to the Coastal Plain west of the Mississippi River. Although a few examples are known on U.S. Forest Service lands, this type receives very little specific protection or conservation attention. Elsewhere in the region the type has been reported on private lands (Keith pers. comm. 2003), but no element occurrence records currently exist, and these reports need to be verified. This type is confined to extremely rare, deep (Grossarenic) sandy upland soils which are widely scattered in the region but not particularly abundant. Most such sites have been heavily disturbed in the past by various land-use practices that have dramatically altered the species composition and quality of extant examples, and many more have probably been completely eliminated. Restoration may be difficult due to the number of species restricted to this habitat. US AR?, LA, OK, TX 2/11/2004 This prairie woodland is very rare throughout a rather limited range in the Coosa River Valley in northwestern Georgia and northeastern Alabama. Pristine examples are difficult to locate, as much of the habitat for this association has been converted to agriculture or silviculture, and many remaining examples include a significant component of <i>Pinus taeda.</i> Examples in Alabama (e.g., Tom Cat Prairie, Etowah County) have nearly been completely destroyed by conversion to loblolly pine (<i>Pinus taeda</i>) plantations and/or sold for real estate development. Remaining examples in Floyd County, Georgia, have also been largely impacted by conversion to loblolly pine. Joint efforts between The Nature Conservancy, Temple - Inland, Inc., a forest products company, and the Georgia Natural Heritage Program have sought to identify and protect remaining examples. The importance of shortleaf pine would imply that these woodlands require some degree of fire to maintain the presence of this species in the canopy. Some US AL, GA 10/23/2002 As currently defined, this association is restricted the Coastal Plain west of the Mississippi River. In most of the region shortleaf pine forests have declined considerably, possibly exceeding losses of longleaf pine. Further, shortleaf stands which support large amounts of white oak occur in much more limited areas of the landscape due to both natural and anthropogenic factors. This type is best documented in eastern Texas where it appears to be rare. Although it is believed the type also occurs in western Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and possibly southeastern Oklahoma, more information is needed to verify this assumption and to determine their actual extent in these states. If it is determined that this type is reasonably well represented in these states, the rank would be G3. However, if it remains as uncommon as is believed in Texas, a rank of G2 seems more appropriate. US AR, LA, OK?, TX 10/22/2002 This community is associated with upper, often west-facing, slopes with extreme exposure. It is apparently limited in its occurrence. It is definitely known from the Uwharrie National Forest, though it may also occur in adjacent portions of the North Carolina Piedmont. The final resolution of its rank and its rarity depends on the determination of its total global range. It is vulnerable to logging, development, invasion by exotic plant species, and fire exclusion. Shortleaf pine (<i>Pinus echinata</i>) populations seem to have undergone rangewide declines in the vigor and extent. Stands of this association are threatened by the effects of continued fire suppression, which would inhibit the reproduction of <i>Pinus echinata</i> and cause the grass-dominated herbaceous layer to deteriorate. US NC 10/22/2002 The type is known only from one general area on Pine Mountain (in the Cumberland Mountains on the Virginia-Kentucky stateline), where it occurs in association with unusual, edaphic habitats. The final resolution of its rank and its rarity depends on the determination of its total global range. It is vulnerable to logging, development, invasion by exotic plant species, and fire exclusion. Shortleaf pine (<i>Pinus echinata</i>) populations seem to have undergone rangewide declines in the vigor and extent. Stands of this association are threatened by the effects of continued fire suppression, which would inhibit the reproduction of <i>Pinus echinata</i> and cause the grass component of the herbaceous layer to deteriorate. US KY?, VA, WV? 10/22/2002 High-quality examples of this community are rare throughout its range, most sites having been chronically fire-suppressed, resulting in a loss of the characteristic open canopy cover and the grassy understory. This community is also threatened by forest type conversion, and residential, agricultural, and commercial development. The final resolution of its rank and its rarity depends on the determination of its total global range. It is vulnerable to logging, development, invasion by exotic plant species, and fire exclusion. Shortleaf pine (<i>Pinus echinata</i>) populations seem to have undergone rangewide declines in the vigor and extent. Stands of this association are threatened by the effects of continued fire suppression, which would inhibit the reproduction of <i>Pinus echinata</i> and cause the grass-dominated herbaceous layer to deteriorate. US AR, MO, OK10/22/2002 As currently conceptualized, this association differs from most other extremely xeric types of the region due to occurrence on stream terraces. Xeric sites of any type naturally dominated by shortleaf pine are quite rare, while stream terrace habitats necessary for this type are even rarer, and apparently confined to western Louisiana. Although at least one example, "Pearfield," occurs on the W inn District of Kisatchie National Forest, the site has been previously disturbed (Martin and Smith 1991). Given the rarity in Louisiana, which represents the global distribution of this type, all occurrences are important and in need of conservation attention. US AR?, LA, TX? 10/3/2001 This association is restricted to a limited number of large blackwater streams and rivers in western Florida and southern Alabama where <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i> is present and a differentiated levee exists. US AL, FL 11/23/1997 This saturated slash pine woodland association is restricted to the central Florida peninsula. The remaining examples, which are not on public land, are highly threatened by development and alteration of fire regimes; they are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Most remaining high-quality occurrences are on lands of Avon Park Air Force Base. Most examples which have not been destroyed are probably severely degraded due to lack of management, except for examples on military lands, where incidental burning has maintained more-or-less natural fire regimes. US FL 1/10/1998 This community is restricted to the tropical southwestern tip of the Florida peninsula. Though highly restricted in distribution and extent, the community is relatively secure within Big Cypress National Preserve. US FL 1/10/1998 This community is restricted to the southwestern tropical tip of the Florida peninsula. Though highly restricted in distribution and extent, the community is relatively secure within Big Cypress National Preserve. US FL 6/25/1997 This upland barrier island slash pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. This association is restricted to the East Gulf Coastal Plain (and adjacent South Atlantic region) and is only found on barrier islands and near-coastal mainland areas. The canopy may contain some longleaf pine; the canopy structure of natural stands would be more open, but now usually manifests a more closed structure. This vegetation depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of the canopy pines. This native fire-dependent, pine-dominated woodland is susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Nearly all remaining examples have been altered or fragmented by coastal and near-coastal development, as well as by resultant fire exclusi US AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, SC 11/23/1997 Nearly flat seepage areas in landscape of slash pine flatwoods, with open canopy of <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. The range of this association is limited to the Florida Panhandle (and immediately adjacent areas of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi) by the combination of <i>Pinus serotina, Sarracenia leucophylla, Eurybia chapmanii</i>, and others. It depends on frequent to infrequent, variable-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus serotina</i>. <i>Pinus serotina</i>-dominated saturated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US AL?, FL, GA, MS 10/15/1996 US AL?, FL, LA, MS 1/17/2001 This association is naturally restricted to wet flatwoods of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain, and possibly the East Gulf Coastal Plain, of Georgia. It is currently known only from Georgia, where some examples are known from military lands at Fort Stewart. It is a component of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States. Threats include hydrological alterations, logging, conversion of drier portions and adjacent areas to commercial forest plantations or agriculture, industrial and residential development, and suppression of the natural fire regime. The uncertainty in the rank reflects the need for additional inventory for this type. US FL?, GA, SC? 1/24/2000 This association is naturally restricted to wet flatwoods of the East Gulf Coastal Plain. It is currently known only from Louisiana but probably occurs in Mississippi and possibly Alabama. It is a component of the endangered Longleaf Pine ecosystem which once dominated the coastal plain landscape of the southeastern United States. Threats include hydrological alterations, logging, conversion of drier portions and adjacent areas to commercial forest plantations or agriculture, industrial and residential development, and suppression of the natural fire regime. The uncertainty in the rank reflects the need for additional inventory for this type. US AL?, LA, MS 2/1/2001 This saturated <i>Pinus elliottii</i> acid swamp association is restricted to the East Gulf Coastal Plain. The remaining examples which are not on public land are highly threatened by development, and even those on public lands are negatively affected by alteration of fire regimes. Natural fire regimes have almost been completely excluded from this type and related acid swamps, given that they tend to only burn during extreme droughts when prescribed fire is not used or allowed. Due to their isolation, these swamps are less subject to routine disturbances such as grazing or ORV use. However, slash pine was logged from nearly all stands historically (Clewell 1981), and an undetermined amount of this association has been essentially turned into the shrubland form ~<i>Cyrilla racemiflora - Cliftonia monophylla</i> Shrubland (CEGL003847)$$ or converted to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Most examples on private lands which have not been destroyed are probably severely degraded due to almost complete US AL?, FL, MS? 1/10/1998 This community is apparently rare, being restricted to swamp islands. The community has been reduced in extent and quality by logging. Examples are known from Altamaha River, Georgia. US GA, SC? 10/23/2002 This longleaf - slash pine community is restricted to the southern Florida peninsula, where it is documented from Myakka River State Park. Its occurrence elsewhere in the region (i.e., private ranch lands) is likely but unconfirmed. Like most longleaf pine communities, this type is seriously imperiled because of past and present conversion to other land uses and exclusion of fire, a critical natural process for maintenance of this community. This type has also been subject to extensive conversion to citrus groves and retirement developments. US FL 1/24/2000 This longleaf pine woodland association is apparently restricted in distribution to eastern Georgia. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated saturated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, overgrazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US GA 1/19/1999 This community is poorly understood, since few examples remain, and these are in poor condition. These communities are moist to wet longleaf pine flatwoods north of the range of <i>Aristida stricta</i>. US NC, VA 9/3/2002 As with all other longleaf pine types it is believed the areal extent has diminished since European settlement. It is threatened by alteration of fire regimes and conversion to other pine types. This community is known only from very limited areas of eastern Texas, but potentially occurs in western Louisiana. US LA, TX 1/22/1998 The range of this longleaf pine - mixed pine community is limited to the dissected topography of the Southern Loessal Plains (East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi), where it is apparently restricted to the Lorman soil, a distinctive pale soil with a substantial clay fraction in the subsurface horizons. The community is somewhat variable in structure and composition, depending on fire history and management. Examples are known from the Homochitto National Forest, where management to favor the red-cockaded woodpecker (<i>Picoides borealis</i>) has promoted the dominance and reproductive success of <i>Pinus palustris</i> in some stands. The more "natural" condition may be a mixture of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus echinata</i>, with the presence of <i>Pinus taeda</i> being a result of its encroachment from nearby plantings with subsequent fire suppression. The relative dominance of oaks and other hardwoods in the understory is being reduced through management; this will result in highly managed or recent US MS 2/17/2004 This association was never common and has always been restricted to montane areas of the Ridge and Valley Province of Alabama and Georgia and piedmontane regions of Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina. The survival of stands of this type depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. However, most existing stands have been degraded, and few data are available on well-burned stands (Varner et al. 2003a, 2003b). Thus, open-canopy examples with an appropriate grass- and forb-dominated herbaceous layer are rare and, in some parts of its range, are present only as a result of restoration efforts by the U.S. Forest Service or fortuitous wildfire events. Like other fire-dependent, pine-dominated woodlands this association is susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and al US AL, GA, NC, SC? 10/10/1997 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is restricted in range and the substrate on which it occurs. It is a naturally rare type, restricted to the barrier islands of Georgia and Florida, on soils such as the Leon series. Its natural fire frequency is believed to be from 20 to 30 years. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent to infrequent, variable-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. Saturated pine-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US FL, GA 12/31/1997 This saturated longleaf pine - pond pine woodland association is restricted both in range and in the substrate on which it occurs. It is only found on wet Ultisols of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina, where it is naturally highly restricted to few occurrences of small acreage. This community is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC, SC 12/31/1997 The canopy of this mixed pine woodland association is dominated by longleaf pine and loblolly pine. It is found only in a very restricted range and under a specific set of habitat conditions; it only occurs on xeric sands within several miles of the coast of southeastern North Carolina and adjacent South Carolina. Soils are usually Kureb (Typic Quartzipsamment) and Mandarin (Typic Haplohumod). This association depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Native fire-dependent, pine-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those natural occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC, SC 9/3/2002 This community is known only from very limited areas of eastern Texas; as with all other longleaf pine types it is believed the areal extent has diminished since European settlement. It is threatened by alteration of fire regimes and conversion to other pine types. US LA, TX 12/31/1997 This is a mesic longleaf pine woodland community, without scrub oaks, restricted to mesic soils in the middle and outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina and South Carolina. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC, SC 12/31/1997 This is a mesic longleaf pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It lacks scrub oaks and is restricted to the Fall-line Sandhills of North and South Carolina. Topographically, this community tends to occur in small areas in sandhill landscapes, in low moist areas or in small swales on ridgetops or in broad incipient drainages. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. W hen fire-suppressed, <i>Quercus falcata, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Que US NC, SC 8/11/1997 This saturated longleaf pine woodland community occurs in central to west-central Louisiana, possibly ranging into adjacent or related areas of Texas. Soils are poorly drained to very poorly drained acidic fine sandy loams or silt loams. Average fire-return time is one to three years. It is topographically isolated from the larger belt of <i>Pinus palustris</i> flatwoods that occurs in southwestern Louisiana and central eastern Texas. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated saturated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regi US LA, TX? 12/31/1997 This saturated longleaf pine woodland community is very restricted in range, occurring only in Brunswick County, North Carolina, where it is the main wetland <i>Pinus palustris</i> community in a region of perhaps 200-300 square kilometers. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated saturated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC 10/23/2002 This type is much less common than the <i>Quercus laevis</i> types of the same region (Clewell 1971). It is apparently restricted to the Munson Sandhills region of the northeastern Apalachicola National Forest. The adjacent private lands may support remnants of this association, but are highly threatened by development. US FL 10/23/2002 This type presumably occurs in 9 isolated patches or "islands" ranging in size from 60-4000 hectares, surrounded by sand pine-scrub vegetation on the Ocala National Forest, and may not occur elsewhere. Although it has been suggested this is an anthropogenic community, maintained by human-altered fire regimes, it is of high conservation interest. The U.S. Forest Service is maintaining known sites with necessary fire regimes, and the type appears to be stable. US FL 1/31/2002 This longleaf pine woodland community is found only in a restricted range and under a specific set of habitat conditions. It only occurs west of the Mississippi River in west-central Louisiana and eastern Texas, particularly on the W illis, Catahoula, and Carrizo formations. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands on the W est Gulf Coastal Plain are threatened by fire suppression, forestry and agricultural land conversion, and over-grazing. Few high-quality sites remain which have a mature canopy and an intact herbaceous layer. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. US LA, TX 12/17/1998 This longleaf pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and is susceptible to forest conversion. It is limited to the sandhills and inner South Atlantic Coastal Plain of Georgia where it is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem that once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States. It depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Few sizable occurrence of the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem remain in Georgia, and remaining occurrences of this type are generally small and degraded. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded, except for examples on military lands, where i US GA, SC 8/11/1997 This longleaf pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and is susceptible to forest conversion. It is limited to the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Georgia where it is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States. It depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Few sizable occurrence of the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem remain in Georgia, and remaining occurrences of this type are generally small and degraded. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded, except for examples on military lands, where incidental burning has mai US GA 12/31/1997 This longleaf pine woodland association has an open canopy. It is restricted in distribution as well as in the topographic situations in which it occurs. It is only found in sandhill landscapes of North and South Carolina, where it is limited to more mesic situations such as upland slopes, flats, and shallow swales, with loamy or otherwise more mesic soils, such as the W agram series (Arenic Paleudult). It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are s US NC, SC 9/3/2002 As with all other longleaf pine types it is believed the areal extent has diminished since European settlement. It is threatened by alteration of fire regimes and conversion to other pine types. This community is known only from very limited areas of eastern Texas, but potentially occurs in western Louisiana. US LA?, TX 12/31/1997 This woodland community is restricted to the Fall-line Sandhills of South Carolina, a very narrow natural geographic range lying south of the distribution of <i>Aristida stricta</i> and north of the distribution of <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US SC 12/31/1997 This xeric longleaf pine sandhill woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It occurs only in the outer Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina, on Kureb (Spodic Quartzipsamment) and Mandarin (Typic Haplohumod) soils. The longleaf pine canopy is open and sometimes very sparse. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded, except for examples on military lands, where incidental bu US NC, SC 12/17/1998 This longleaf pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and is susceptible to forest conversion. It is limited to the sandhills of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina, Georgia, and northeastern Florida where it is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States. It depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Few sizable occurrence of the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem remain in Georgia, and remaining occurrences of this type are generally small and degraded. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded, excep US FL, GA, SC 10/10/1997 This longleaf pine woodland community is restricted to sites that are so extremely xeric that <i>Aristida stricta</i> (in more northern examples) and <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i> (in more southern examples) are absent, very sparse, or restricted to moist mesic microsites. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US GA, NC, SC 12/31/1997 This xeric longleaf pine sandhill woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It is one of the driest longleaf pine types on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, north of central South Carolina, and occurs only in dry, sandy uplands. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC, SC 12/31/1997 This longleaf pine sandhill woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US GA, SC 12/31/1997 This subxeric longleaf pine woodland community has a restricted distribution and is limited to a specific set of habitat conditions. It occurs on well-drained uplands, over deep, acidic sands, and is known from only a few locations in the De Soto National Forest of southern Mississippi (Harrison RNA, "Saw Palmetto Ridge") and from the Florida Panhandle; it could potentially occur in the lower Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama and Georgia. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. US AL?, FL, GA?, MS 12/31/1997 This xeric longleaf pine sandhill woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It occurs only in dry, sandy, well-drained soils of uplands in the Coastal Plain of eastern Georgia (and possibly elsewhere), only within the range of <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US FL, GA 12/31/1997 This longleaf pine sandhill woodland community has a restricted distribution, being only known from the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi (and perhaps adjacent states). In addition, it is restricted in extent due to the size of the sand deposits which are usually surrounded by more mesic pine stands. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US MS 4/19/2004 This longleaf pine woodland is known only from subxeric situations on upland ridges, knolls, and slopes of the Outer Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Like most longleaf pine communities, this type is seriously imperiled because of past and present conversion to other land uses, and exclusion of fire, a critical natural process for maintenance of this community. In addition, it is threatened by mechanical disturbance caused by off-road vehicles. Most of those natural occurrences on private lands which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. Some examples are conserved on public lands (e.g., national forests, military bases). This type remains poorly documented, but it represents most of the "average" longleaf pine forests (i.e., those that are neither extremely xeric nor on finer-textured soils) in this portion of the Coastal Plain. US SC 10/10/1997 This longleaf pine sandstone outcrop woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It is known only from Broxton Rocks in the inner Atlantic Coastal Plain of south-central Georgia (Coffee County); it is a characteristic community of the Altamaha Grit, associated with sandstone outcrops. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US GA 12/31/1997 This longleaf pine / scrub oak sandhill woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It is distributed primarily in the Fall-line Sandhills of south-central North Carolina and north-central South Carolina, and also occurs in more scattered areas in the middle and outer Coastal Plain of southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. <i>Pinus palustris</i> dominates the open canopy. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurren US NC, SC 12/31/1997 This longleaf pine woodland community is found only in a very localized range and under a specific set of habitat conditions. In addition, it is susceptible to forest conversion. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US LA, TX 10/23/2002 This longleaf pine community is restricted to the W est Gulf Coastal Plain, where it is currently known only from Texas. More information is needed to determine whether or not this type occurs in western Louisiana and if so, how common it is. It is very rare in Texas, only known from the Sabine National Forest on soils with vertic properties which are unusual for longleaf pine. The known examples are being maintained successfully by frequent prescribed fires. However, the sites were heavily logged prior to U.S. Forest Service acquisition in the 1930s, removing nearly all of the existing longleaf pine overstory, while slash pines were replanted and still exist scattered throughout. The understory composition is high quality and seems to be stable under current management. US LA?, TX 10/27/2003 This longleaf pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and under particular habitat and soil conditions. It occurs on rolling upland hills, on ridges and slopes of all exposures and slopes, but is more common on eastern, southeastern, and southern exposures. It is restricted to southern Mississippi as far as is known, but could occur possibly elsewhere in the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain. It is associated with well-drained upland soils, including McLaurin loamy sand, Benndale sandy loam, and Heidel sandy loam. It is an upland longleaf pine community, lacking wiregrass. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantat US AL, MS 12/31/1997 This longleaf pine sandhill woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It is restricted to topographically high positions in the Fall-line Sandhills of south-central North Carolina and north-central South Carolina. In these particular habitats, outcrops of plinthite and sandstone are usually present, as well as reddish clay. The canopy is open and composed of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. A combination of moist and xeric site indicator species is distinctive. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conv US NC, SC 4/19/2004 This saturated longleaf pine woodland association is restricted to South Carolina. A naturally rare and restricted community type, this longleaf pine woodland has been further impacted by the catastrophic decline of the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US SC 10/23/2002 This type is described from Colquitt and W orth counties, Georgia. Like most longleaf pine communities, this type is seriously imperiled because of past and present conversion to other land uses, and exclusion of fire, a critical natural process for maintenance of this community. It is not confirmed from Apalachicola National Forest and may not be protected on any federal lands. US FL?, GA 12/14/1998 This is a W est Gulf Coastal Plain wetland longleaf community, occurring on non-saline soils of the Prairie and Intermediate Terraces of Louisiana and related areas of Texas. Typical soils include Kinder (Typic Glossaqualf), Caddo (Typic Glossaqualf), and Guyton (Typic Glossaqualf). This community has been severely reduced in extent by logging, conversion to agriculture, pine plantation, and developed areas. Most remaining examples have been degraded by fire exclusion. Very few examples are on protected or managed areas. US LA, TX1/22/1998 This longleaf pine woodland community is restricted to the East Gulf Coastal Plain of eastern Louisiana and likely also adjacent southwestern Mississippi, where it occurs on finer-textured, loamy soils with loess influence such as the Tangi (Typic Fragiudult), Ruston, and Smithdale soils. This is a pyrogenic community with fire-return intervals of 2 to 5 years. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands of the East Gulf Coastal Plain are threatened by fire suppression, forestry and agricultural land conversion, and over-grazing. This association is not known to occur on public land, and few high-quality sites remain (those which have a mature canopy and an intact herbaceous layer). In order to maintain the diverse herb layer, control hardwood invasion, and promote <i>Pinus palustris</i> regeneration, growing-season, low-intensity fires should be used approximately every 2 to 5 years to simulate the historic fire regime. US LA, MS? 11/23/1997 This mesic longleaf pine woodland community occurs on gently rolling topography over moderately well-drained silt loams and fine sandy loams and is restricted to areas west of the Mississippi River in west-central Louisiana and eastern Texas. This is a pyrogenic community with fire-return intervals of 2 to 5 years. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands on the W est Gulf Coastal Plain are threatened by fire suppression, forestry and agricultural land conversion, and over-grazing. This was historically one of the most important upland forest types within its range. Few high-quality sites, with a mature canopy and an intact herbaceous layer, remain. In order to maintain the diverse herb layer, control hardwood invasion, and promote <i>Pinus palustris</i> regeneration, growing-season, low-intensity fires should be used approximately every 2 to 5 years to simulate the historic fire regime. If fire suppression occurs for approximately 8 to 12 years, this community will likely become overgrown with <i>Liquidamba US LA, TX 1/30/2003 This longleaf pine association is restricted to coastal terraces of the Florida parishes of Louisiana where it is found on upland rises in flatwoods landscape. This is a pyrogenic community with natural fire-return intervals of 2 to 5 years. This type is threatened by alteration of fire regimes, forestry and agricultural land conversion, and over-grazing. This association is not known to occur on public land, and few high-quality sites remain (those which have a mature canopy and an intact herbaceous layer). In order to maintain the diverse herb layer, control hardwood invasion, and promote <i>Pinus palustris</i> regeneration, growing-season, low-intensity fires should be used approximately every 2 to 5 years to simulate the historic fire regime. US LA, MS? 12/31/1997 This longleaf pine woodland community occurs west of the Mississippi River in west-central Louisiana and eastern Texas, particularly on the W illis and Catahoula formations. It is restricted primarily to upland ridges in highly dissected topography but may also occur on gently rolling topography over acidic, well-drained sandy loams. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. This is a pyrogenic community with fire-return intervals of two to eight years. This was historically one of the most important upla US LA, TX 12/31/1997 This longleaf pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions and is susceptible to forest conversion. It is limited to fine-sandy stream terraces in the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and possibly Texas. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US LA, TX 10/10/1997 This broadly defined saturated longleaf pine woodland association is a moderately to poorly drained longleaf flatwoods, widespread in Florida, and extending north through Georgia to southeastern South Carolina, and probably west to southern Alabama and southern Mississippi. <i>Pinus palustris</i> dominates the open to fairly dense canopy. This community generally occurs on Spodosols; a spodic horizon is associated with seasonally saturated conditions. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. Saturated pine woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most o US AL, FL, GA, MS?, SC 5/3/1997 This longleaf pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It is restricted to sandy, mesic to moderately dry soils with low pH. The open canopy is dominated by longleaf pine and may also contain some slash pine. It is part of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem, which once dominated the Coastal Plain landscape of the southeastern United States, and depends on frequent, low-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus palustris</i>. <i>Pinus palustris</i>-dominated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded, except for examples on military lands, where incidental burning has maintained more-or-less natural fire regimes. US FL, GA, SC 1/21/2000 This association is naturally very restricted in range and environmental setting. It is currently known only from the highest elevations of the Guadalupe and Davis mountains in western Texas. W hile <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> is fairly widespread in the Trans-Pecos mountains, <i>Pinus strobiformis</i> is very restricted, and relatively few examples of this association are estimated to occur. The uncertainty in the rank reflects the need for further inventory for this community. Threats are thought to be relatively minimal. MX?, US TX 12/11/1998 <i>Pinus remota</i> ranges across a four- or five-county area in the southwestern quarter of the Edwards Plateau, but only in a few areas is it a major component of the vegetation. This association occurs in small isolated patches, few of which are offered formal protection. Like all dry slope woodland types containing <i>Juniperus ashei</i>, it is threatened by brush clearing, a practice currently being promoted for watershed conservation. This or a closely related community may occur in adjacent northern Mexico, but details are unavailable. US TX 10/20/1996 MX?, US TX 1/21/2000 This community is endemic to the Southern Blue Ridge where it occurs on high-elevation ridges (over 1220 m [4000 feet]). It is maintained by periodic fire or extreme site conditions. It is only known from a few occurrences in North Carolina, where many examples are in poor condition due to long-term, widespread fire suppression. In recent years, outbreaks of southern pine beetle (<i>Dendroctonus frontalis</i>) have resulted in extensive mortality of the dominant pines and changed physiognomies of some stands to a shrubland condition. US NC, TN?, VA? 10/4/2004 This association is limited to a specific aspect in a small area near the Kentucky-Virginia stateline. Threats include pine beetle damage and succession to hardwood (i.e., <i>Acer rubrum</i>) dominance. Areas not protected could be developed if accessible. ATV traffic could threaten examples as well. US KY, VA? 10/4/2004 This association is limited to a very specific landscape setting, where it occurs in small patches. Threats include drainage and intensive pine forestry management (i.e., bedding, clearcutting, and herbicide treatment). These small wetlands could be included in areas managed as pine plantations. US NC, SC, VA? 1/8/2007 This association is limited to a very specific landscape setting. Threats include drainage and intensive pine forestry management (i.e., bedding, clearcutting, and herbicide treatment). These wetlands could be included in areas managed as pine plantations. US FL 8/11/1997 This saturated pond pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It is restricted to the Dismal Swamp region of North Carolina and Virginia. This community is variable in physiognomy, depending on fire frequency. Originally, most occurrences would have manifested themselves at most times as woodlands, with an open canopy structure. Many occurrences currently have denser canopy, up to and including a closed canopy structure. It depends on frequent to infrequent, variable-intensity, growing season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus serotina</i>. <i>Pinus serotina</i>-dominated saturated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are highly threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC, VA 12/31/1997 This saturated pond pine woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It is a strange type of pocosin, occurring only on the margins of large peat domes and with some tidal or nutrient-rich groundwater influence. It occurs with associated tidal wetlands in riverine systems and along bay shores of the North Carolina-Virginia border, south to approximately Carteret County, NC (M. Schafale pers. comm.). It depends on frequent to infrequent, variable-intensity, growing-season fires to control understory vegetation and for the reproduction of <i>Pinus serotina</i>. <i>Pinus serotina</i>-dominated saturated woodlands are susceptible to the effects of fire suppression, over-grazing, hydrologic alteration, or conversion to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Remaining examples are threatened by development, conversion, and alteration of fire regimes. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US NC, SC?, VA? 5/16/2002 These woodlands are only documented from Apalachicola National Forest. This association may occur at numerous locations on Apalachicola and perhaps Osceola National Forest. US FL 1/4/2000 This community is geographically restricted and uncommon within its range. US GA, NC, SC, TN 7/14/2000 This type has a very narrow geographic range, and is further limited both topographically and edaphically. This type as described should be at least equally ranked with ~<i>Fagus grandifolia - Quercus alba / Acer (barbatum, leucoderme) / Solidago auriculata</i> Forest (CEGL007207)$$ (G3). Arguably this type should be ranked even higher since the pine-dominated forests are under more management pressure. Further, this type receives much less conservation attention than the beech-dominated type. Clearly there are places on the landscape in which successional pine has replaced CEGL007207, but the existence of such a semi-natural type should not be confused with this rare, natural transitional habitat. Given the regionwide decline in upland pine (both shortleaf and longleaf) systems, the overall reduction in fire frequency, and the fairly routine disturbance to pine-dominated slopes, this type is under great threat. US AR?, LA, OK, TX 12/1/1997 US NC, VA? 6/20/1997 US DE, MD?, VA 1/31/2001 This community is apparently rare, being restricted to sites on sandy levees and swamp islands naturally protected from fire by wetter surrounding communities. In addition to being naturally rare, these communities are altered by silvicultural activities and roads. US FL, GA, NC, SC 8/15/1997 US NC, SC 2/19/2004 As defined, this community is limited to the rare outcrops of shale in the Blue Ridge and in the transition between the Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley physiographic provinces in extreme western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. There is some possibility that this type may be somewhat more widespread in the Ridge and Valley of Tennessee, southwestern Virginia, and northern Alabama, although no new locations have been found to date (Feb 2004). It is distinguished from the various shale barren types of western Virginia, eastern W est Virginia, western Maryland, and south-central Pennsylvania by the complete absence of the distinctive endemic flora of that region. Most examples are not highly threatened by development or timber harvesting because of their occurrence on steep slopes and the low value/poor quality timber present. This community type is threatened by the invasive exotic <i>Paulownia tomentosa</i>, which can colonize this community type where it is near a seed source. Although the current condit US NC, SC?, TN 2/23/1999 This community is naturally uncommon in the Southern Blue Ridge. W ell-developed examples are rare due to clearing for agriculture and development. This community is threatened by road building and other disturbances causing hydrologic alteration. US GA?, NC, SC, TN 12/14/1998 This association is limited to heavy saline soils in close proximity to the coast of extreme southern Texas and Tamaulipas. Threats are high, especially brush clearing and heavy grazing. MX, US MXTM, TX 6/12/2001 Only a small percentage of the original acreage of this community remains. Unprotected examples are threatened by residential and industrial development and by conversion to pasture and row crops. The degree of uncertainty in the rank reflects the need for further inventory to assess the remaining number of occurrences of this community and to clarify its relationship to similar communities. MX, US MXTM, TX 1/31/2007 This vegetation has a naturally restricted range of distribution, being limited to The Barrens of the southeastern Highland Rim of Tennessee. Most remaining high-quality examples are conserved on Arnold Air Force Base, state natural areas, and other preserves. Lack of fire in this historically fire-influenced landscape has contributed to the decline of this vegetation type. Lack of fire leads to greater canopy closure. High-quality element occurrences are rare; most of the landscape has either been converted to agriculture or allowed to succeed to more closed-canopy types due to lack of fire. Removal of higher quality timber may also have affected some occurrences. US TN 12/4/2003 This is a very uncommon association, and examples are known only from the Ridge and Valley of Georgia and (presumably) Alabama. Very few sites remain with high-quality examples. No protected occurrences are known from public land and much of the existing habitat has been degraded by grazing or logging. US AL, GA 8/15/1997 This association is restricted to special wetland habitats and was probably never common on the landscape. However, extensive areas of suitable habitat have been lost to agriculture, hydrologic alterations, and conversion of hardwood forests to silvicultural pine plantations. The largest known remaining stands are all on private lands and are not protected. Mature, undisturbed examples of this type are rare. US VA 10/15/1996 US GA?, NC 10/4/2004 This association is known as a matrix forest type in the area of Brevard, North Carolina, where it occurs on open slopes and broad ridges in a landscape of a low, rolling plateau. It may extend south into South Carolina and Tennessee. It does occur on public lands, but since it is on lower elevations, it would be easy to access for logging and/or conversion to other uses (i.e., pine plantations and development on private land). US GA?, NC, SC?, TN? 2/25/2004 This community is restricted to a portion of the W est Gulf Coastal Plain that lies outside or along the natural range limits of several typically southeastern species. As currently understood and documented, it is further confined to rich circumneutral or subcalcareous substrates associated with the Fleming geological formation. The only known example occurs on the Sam Houston National Forest where it is not known to receive any specific protection measures or conservation recognition. Threats include timber and silvicultural operations and possibly alterations to the hydrology of nearby creeks. US LA?, TX 1/31/2001 This forest type is limited to mafic rock substrates in the Piedmont of North Carolina and possibly South Carolina. This type was probably naturally rare, but has been further impacted by Piedmont land use, including agricultural and urban conversion, and timber harvest. US NC, SC? 1/3/2001 This forest is restricted in range, and its occurrences are limited to soils derived from mafic rocks. All known occurrences are on mafic members of `Carolina slate' (metavolcanics). Some occurrences may be protected on the Uwharrie National Forest (North Carolina). High-quality examples are rare; occurrences are threatened by timber removal, land-use conversion, and development. All known occurrences have been altered by timber removal. US AL?, GA, NC, SC 2/25/2004 This community is restricted to the W est Gulf Coastal Plain. At present it is known only from Texas but could occur in Louisiana. The ? on the rank indicates uncertainty on the rank due largely to incomplete information on the distribution of this type. By definition, this type occurs only on rich substrates which further confine the potential natural range. It is currently documented only from the W eches Formation. It is known from, and was originally described from, the Sabine National Forest (NatureServe Ecology unpubl. data) and possibly the Angelina National Forest (where if present it would be quite rare, possibly around an area known as the Bannister Pimpernel site (R. Evans pers. obs.). It has also been reported on private lands in the region (Keith 2003), but this report needs verification. US LA?, TX 12/29/1999 This forest is restricted geographically, and if considered distinct, it is naturally rare within its range. It is floristically related to other, more common associations and may be better considered a subassociation of one of these communities. US GA, NC, SC, TN 12/31/1997 This xeric oak woodland community has a restricted distribution with few known occurrences. It is only known from the W est Gulf Coastal Plain of southwestern Arkansas and northwestern Louisiana (Nevada, Miller, Union, and Ouachita counties in Arkansas; Caddo, Bossier, and W ebster parishes in Louisiana). All remaining examples show evidence of disturbance, particularly by vehicle traffic. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. The role of fire in this community is not well understood, but it is thought to be an important natural disturbance process. US AR, LA, TX? 10/12/1997 US OK 1/31/2001 This calcareous Outer Coastal Plain community is apparently rare and restricted to unusual edaphic sites in coastal areas of North Carolina and South Carolina. W hile naturally limited in number of occurrences and extent, occurrences of this community have also been lost to near-coastal development and other land-use alterations. US NC, SC 1/31/2007 This is an unusual upland wetland community, never abundant in the landscape and severely impacted by agriculture and other intensive land uses. Even historically, it was known only from the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of western Kentucky, western Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi (the "flatwoods belt"), and the Shawnee Hills and Knobs region of Kentucky. Most occurrences are small in size and lack any jurisdictional wetland protection. Most historic occurrences have been cleared, drained and tiled, and the few remaining sites are small and degraded. Fire suppression has also caused degradation of remaining examples. US IN?, KY, MS, TN 11/4/1997 US OK, TX? 5/23/2001 This community is naturally restricted to deep sands of Pleistocene barrier islands in a few counties along the Texas Gulf Coastal Bend. Its shade trees and proximity to the coast have attracted residential and commercial development, which threatens most examples on private land from Corpus Christi northward. Protected examples are found only at Aransas National W ildlife Refuge. US TX 1/10/1998 This community is of very limited extent. It has been strongly affected by coastal development and fire suppression. US FL, GA 5/15/2002 This community is limited to central Florida. US FL 1/22/1998 This xeric maritime hammock community of the Florida panhandle coast (and possibly adjacent Alabama) is of very limited extent. It has been strongly affected by coastal development and fire suppression. It may represent, at least in part, a calcareous shell mound variant. US AL?, FL 2/11/2004 This type is confined to a small natural region of the East Gulf Coastal Plain. It is found in the outer portions of this region relatively close to the coast, although it is not to be confused with more maritime-influenced vegetation. It appears to be most common in north Florida where it may be secure or expanding somewhat due to fire suppression (A. Johnson pers. comm.). However, it appears to be quite rare and limited in Mississippi where it appears to have been largely extirpated with only an estimated 100 acres remaining (R. W ieland pers. comm.). Its status in Alabama is under investigation, but it may occur in Baldwin County at a single site (A. Schotz pers. comm.). US AL?, FL, MS 5/20/2002 This association is limited to slopes in central Florida. US FL 12/1/1999 This dry-to-mesic hardwood forest is dependent upon well-drained slopes of seepage streams and steepheads in the northwestern Florida portion of the East Gulf Coastal Plain Ecoregion. It has narrow ecological requirements, occurring in narrow bands on seepage creek slopes of coarse sand, where soil moistures are slightly greater than the surrounding sandhill. The slopes and greater soil moistures create a fire shadow and cool microclimate where this hardwood forest develops. Because it occurs on slopes of unconsolidated sands, this community is susceptible to erosion caused by urban run-off, silvicultural and agricultural activities in adjacent lands, feral hog disturbance, and excessive human foot traffic on the slopes. Trash dumping and earthen fill in steepheads is also a common threat. This community naturally occurs in small, narrow parcels which are easily damaged or destroyed. These small parcels are naturally rare, widely spaced apart on the landscape, and dependent upon stream slopes of sufficient si US FL, GA? 1/22/1998 This evergreen forest is restricted to fire-sheltered topographic situations, in particular swamp islands in the outer and middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina. It is naturally restricted in range and in the topographic situations where it occurs. It is vulnerable to hydrologic alterations and to the effects of timber removal. US GA, NC, SC 1/4/2001 This forest association is restricted to fire-protected islands of high ground surrounded by riverine swamps, and on slopes and bluffs where protected from fire. It is restricted to the South Atlantic and East Gulf coastal plains. US FL, GA, SC? 12/15/1994 This open woodland occurs as small stands, generally less than 10 ha, and is often interspersed with grassy openings. It is restricted to rocky canyon slopes or on shallow soils that have developed over limestone in the southern and southwestern portion of the Edwards Plateau of central Texas. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus laceyi</i> and <i>Juniperus ashei</i>. It is threatened by conversion to pasture, residential development, the pressures of deer overpopulation, and the overstocking of cattle and other livestock. Grazing by goats and cows prevents reproduction of oak species. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US TX12/10/1999 This naturally rare association is only known from a restricted set of environmental conditions. It is a component of the endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem of the East Gulf Coastal Plain. Threats include hydrological alterations, logging, conversion of adjacent areas to commercial forest plantations or agriculture, and suppression of the natural fire regime. The rank is based on best judgment and available information, but this type remains poorly documented, and further inventory is needed to clarify the distribution of this type. US AL, LA, MS 6/14/2001 Because of drainage of habitat for these forests, they are much less plentiful than they probably were in the past. US GA, NC, SC, VA? 12/16/1999 This association is restricted in distribution to the Pennyroyal Karst Plain of the Highland Rim of Kentucky and Tennessee. This area has largely been converted to agricultural uses, and natural areas are very limited in this landscape. The Pennyroyal Plain contained numerous swamps in the past, but most have been destroyed or severely altered. This community was never a widely distributed or globally common type. The remaining examples are less viable and more poorly buffered than in the past. They are vulnerable to draining, filling, nutrient and chemical inputs from adjacent agricultural lands, and timber removal. The total number of EOs is small, but several are of relatively high quality (e.g., Cedar Hill Swamp, Robertson County, Tennessee). US KY, TN 1/8/2001 This type was always likely rare, given the unique habitat that it is found in. It is restricted to wet depressions in eolian sand deposits, in the western edge of the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain in eastern Missouri and Arkansas. Stands are threatened by timber removal (clearcutting or high-grading), hydrological alteration (ditching and draining), and sand mining. Protected examples are very limited, and much of the landscape in which this association is found has been altered by agriculture. US AR, MO 12/13/1999 This association is only known from second terraces of antecedent courses of the Red River in northwestern Louisiana and possibly Arkansas. Unprotected examples are vulnerable to logging and conversion to agroforestry uses and overgrazing. Further inventory is needed to document the extent of its occurrence in other ancient Red River terrace deposits and to clarify the degree of uncertainty in the rank. US AR?, LA, TX? 1/3/2001 Wh ile incompletely known and defined, this association is restricted to isolated locations at the edge of the range of the primary nominal oak (<i>Quercus lyrata</i>). This type was very likely always rare, as it occurs in a rare geologic feature. This community is a small, isolated, upland feature, occurring in basins of sinkholes or other isolated upland depressions. Examples are threatened by timber removal and hydrological alteration (draining and filling of wetlands), including changes to the surrounding upland landscape (land-use change, development). US AR, MO 10/23/2002 This woodland (formerly wooded herbaceous) association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It only occurs in barrens on flat exposed ridgetops of the W estern Highland Rim of Tennessee (Hickman, Lawrence, and Lewis counties), where winter-wet, summer-dry loessal soils are present. At the one site currently known, scattered blackjack oak is present over a dense cover of a great variety of grasses and forbs. Adjoining areas have been converted to fescue pasture or are in post oak - southern red oak forest. Few examples remain of this community; the soils typically support forests and succession has extirpated many examples. Fire may have been an important factor in maintaining this community; in the absence of fire most sites appear to have converted to forest. Marginal examples remain along roadsides or field margins. Increasingly extensive agricultural development or new housing construction may have eliminated many occurrences. US AL?, KY?, TN 12/4/1999 This relatively rare hardwood-loblolly forest occurs on flats of the Pleistocene Prairie Terrace of the Louisiana East Gulf Coastal Plain. Threats include hydrological alterations, logging, and conversion of drier portions and adjacent areas to commercial forest plantations or agriculture. Further inventory is needed to clarify the degree of uncertainty in the rank. US LA 10/24/2002 This unusual forest association is restricted to areas with saturated rather than temporarily flooded hydrology. It generally occurs in association with large peatlands of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, where small examples are conserved. Few stands of this vegetation type have been studied, and rangewide information is limited. This community and its composition and structure are dependent on local groundwater or sheet flow due to the saturated hydrology. Examples that are not protected would be threatened by removal of commercially valuable species (e.g., <i>Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda, Quercus laurifolia</i>, and <i>Quercus nigra</i>) and changes to the hydrology which could disrupt groundwater volume and seasonality. The high value of the dominant trees, the typical failure of regeneration of the dominant trees after logging, the ease of drainage of the sites, and the relative fertility of the soil makes these communities among the most subject to loss of any wetland community type in the region. US NC, VA 1/3/2001 This is an unusual forested association with saturated rather than temporarily flooded hydrology. The specialized habitat required for this community is scarce (TNC 1998b). Some stands are conserved on the Congaree Swamp National Monument, South Carolina. Few stands of this vegetation type have been studied, and rangewide information is limited. This community and its composition and structure are dependent on local groundwater flow due to the saturated hydrology. Examples that are not protected would be threatened by timber removal and changes to the hydrology which could disrupt groundwater volume and seasonality. US GA?, NC?, SC, VA? 9/5/2008 This association has a relatively restricted range, being limited to the Interior Low Plateau region of the eastern United States. It occurs on large bluffs along major rivers, in linear bands of 2-5 hectares, but some may exceed 10 hectares, depending on local geologic and topographic expression. It is restricted to thin, rocky calcareous soils derived from limestone or dolomite bedrock. Examples are difficult to access and, as a result, many are secure. Some are protected on Mammoth Cave National Park. Further evidence is needed to more firmly establish the rank of this type. US AL?, IN?, KY, TN? 1/31/2008 This association is known only from the Upper Atlantic Coastal Plain of Georgia and is limited to exposures of limestone in a blackland prairie landscape. W hile one large example is potentially protected as public land on the Oaky W oods W ildlife Management Area, the future of this tract is in jeopardy from private development plans. US GA 10/23/1997 US TX 10/21/2003 This community may be of limited extent. Its distribution is not known. US FL, GA? 4/21/2004 US SC 12/13/1999 This association is restricted to slowly permeable, relatively poorly drained silt loam soils overlying loess deposits associated with the Mississippi River in the Florida parishes in southeastern Louisiana. Once more widespread, intact occurrences of this association have now become relatively rare. During the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, many of these highly productive sites were logged and converted to agricultural cropland. Because of the proximity of this association to the Mississippi River growth corridor in south Louisiana, including Baton Rouge, much of it has been cleared for residential, commercial and industrial development. This association is extremely threatened by development in this rapidly growing area. Other threats include invasion by exotic species, including <i>Lonicera japonica, Triadica sebifera</i>, and <i>Ligustrum sinense</i>. The degree of uncertainty in the rank reflects the need for further inventory to assess the remaining number of occurrences of this type. US LA 12/29/1998 This community appears to be rare, being restricted to wet flats in the outer Coastal Plain of South Carolina and possibly Georgia. It was probably never common but has often been converted to agriculture or to intensive silvicultural (pine plantation) uses. More information is needed. US GA?, SC 8/22/1997 This association is restricted in range, being largely restricted to Triassic basins of the Piedmont (Southern Triassic Basins Subsection 231Ao). Some examples are afforded some protection at Jordan Lake Reservoir lands, North Carolina. Threats include fragmentation from powerline corridors and sewer line easements, siltation from land disturbance and development upstream, and anthropogenic flooding from wildlife subimpoundments and other hydrologic enhancements. The exotic species <i>Lonicera japonica, Ligustrum sinense</i>, and <i>Microstegium vimineum</i> may invade stands of this association. US NC, SC?, VA 5/29/2007 In evaluating the global status of this unit, six ranking criteria of approximately equal weight were used: (1) Estimated number of occurrences: <300; (2) Area of Occupancy: 1000 to 10,000 acres; (3) Long-Term Decline: moderate (26-75% of original area remaining); (4) Environmental Specificity: highly specific abiotic and biotic factors required for community to persist; (5) Global Range: regional endemic (100 to 10,000 square miles); and (6) Condition of Remaining Occurrences: few high-quality EOs. This community type has a very limited geographic range and is restricted to wetland habitats with special edaphic conditions. Although there are probably hundreds of occurrences, these tend to be small and degraded to some degree by invasive weeds, agricultural impacts such as grazing and ditching, and poor landscape context. A "large" patch of this association is 10 acres, and most are much smaller (historically, however, stands may have been much more extensive). A significant part of this community's range is US MD, VA 12/14/1998 High-quality occurrences of this type are rare. Many occurrences have been subjected to logging, drainage, and damming. US AR 1/31/2007 This wetland forest type is restricted to the barrens of Tennessee's southeastern Highland Rim, where this vegetation develops in upland depressions over loess where hardpans have formed in the soil. This flat to gently sloping landscape was probably affected by frequent fire, which would have carried through these shallow upland depressions. Most remaining high quality examples are conserved on Arnold Air Force Base, State Natural Areas, and other preserves. Unprotected examples in this rapidly developing landscape are threatened by ditching, draining, and filling, hydrologic alteration of adjacent lands, as well as timber removal and conversion to other land uses, including agriculture or residential development. Until recently, these poorly drained lands were avoided for intensive use, but increased population pressures put them at risk. US TN 2/2/1999 As currently circumscribed, this community type is known only from limited areas of eastern Texas. Although it may occur in Louisiana, it has yet to be documented. For unknown reasons, bottomland forests with this species composition are quite uncommon in the region, although distinctive due to the preponderance of palmetto in the understory. Sites may occur on moderately alkaline soils which are extremely rare in the region. Possibly the most characteristic site for this association is found on the Angelina National Forest in the Upland Island W ilderness Area (Jasper County, TX) where it receives reasonable protection. US AR?, LA?, TX 1/25/2001 This was never a common community. The small size of examples and their poor drainage for development and economic uses make them a bit less susceptible to conversion than most Piedmont communities, but logging and landscape isolation degrade many that are not destroyed. Their isolated hydrology and small size means they often are exempted from wetland regulations. Much of the habitat for this community has undergone drainage and conversion. Two of the occurrences at Congaree Swamp National Monument showed evidence of drainage of the sites (TNC 1998b). Some extensive losses and degradation in the Piedmont are due to urbanization (e.g., in the vicinities of Charlotte and Butner, NC, some of the largest concentrations of this association). US AL, DC?, GA?, MD, NC, SC, VA 5/31/2001 This deciduous forest association is naturally very restricted in range and environmental setting, being restricted to mafic substrates in the Piedmont. Stands are impacted by grazing, timber removal, and conversion to other land uses. Some examples are at least partly and informally protected in USDA Forest Service lands. US GA, NC, SC? 1/2/2001 This deciduous woodland association has a restricted distribution with few known occurrences. It is restricted to xeric sandstone and acid shales of Cumberland ridges, in Kentucky, and possibly some adjacent states. The factors which have led to its creation and maintenance are not fully understood. High-quality examples are extremely rare. Most of the original sites have been destroyed by logging, grazing, or conversion to forest because of fire suppression. Those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. No examples are known which have any protection. US KY, TN?, WV? 4/30/1998 This community is relatively secure within its range, but has a naturally restricted habitat. Red oak decline is affecting occurrences of this community; fire may be needed for stand establishment. US NC, TN, VA? 6/10/2004 This community has a restricted natural range along the southeastern escarpment region of the Southern Blue Ridge of North Carolina and Georgia. More information is needed to ascertain the possible distribution of this type in related areas of South Carolina and Tennessee. The distribution of this community is further narrowed by being restricted to areas of high elevation in association with granitic domes. The environmental conditions that support this community are naturally rare, and the total acreage of this community is very small. US GA, NC, SC?, TN? 6/13/2000 This mesic, basophilic, oak-dominated forest association occurs on soils derived from limestones or other basic substrates, on upper to mid slopes. It is documented from the Interior Low Plateau of Tennessee, the Cumberlands of Alabama, and the Ridge and Valley of Georgia. Some examples may be protected on lands of the TVA, Army Corps of Engineers, and U.S. Forest Service. Most, if not all, high-quality examples have been eliminated or severely impacted by timber removal, grazing, soil erosion, and fire suppression. Other current threats include windthrow, microclimate modification from intensive silvicultural practices on adjacent uplands, forest type conversion, and herbicide use. Some stands have been impacted by removal of more valuable timber species (e.g., <i>Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus shumardii</i>). Removal of the oaks through logging could result in a successional canopy dominated by <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia</i>, etc., in which case the vegetation of these sit US AL, GA, KY, TN 1/31/2007 This vegetation has a naturally restricted range of distribution, being limited to The Barrens of the southeastern Highland Rim of Tennessee. Most remaining high-quality examples are conserved on Arnold Air Force Base, state natural areas, and other preserves. Lack of fire in this historically fire-influenced landscape has contributed to the decline of this vegetation type. Lack of fire leads to a closed canopy and loss of the herbaceous grass-dominated ground layer. High-quality element occurrences are rare; most of the landscape has either been converted to agriculture or allowed to succeed to more closed-canopy types due to lack of fire. Removal of higher quality timber may also have affected some occurrences. US TN 2/6/2001 This type is restricted to very scattered and small sites in the Piedmont of North Carolina. The occurrence of a number of species which are associated with xeric hardpan forest, but which now occur largely in pastures, roadsides, or other chronically disturbed areas, supports the idea of a more naturally open vegetation structure (Schafale and W eakley 1990). Sites are vulnerable to logging. It is also threatened by highway construction and housing development. Fire had a poorly understood but likely important role in this community, and almost all examples have had fire excluded. It is believed that periodic fires once maintained a more open canopy in these communities and could have provided habitat for rare species such as <i>Helianthus schweinitzii</i> and <i>Symphyotrichum georgianum</i> (Oakley et al. 1995). No examples are protected on public land, although the potential for protection exists on the Uwharrie National Forest, North Carolina. US NC, VA? 8/11/2004 This type occurs in areas of mafic lithology in the Piedmont of North Carolina, southern Virginia, Georgia, and South Carolina. Only a small percentage of the Piedmont has potential for this community, and most potential areas are small. Sites are vulnerable to logging. It is also threatened by highway construction and housing development. Fire had a poorly understood but likely important role in this community, and almost all examples have had fire excluded. A few examples are protected on public land. This type should at least be G2G3 due to low probability of natural occurrence (limited habitat) and high threats. Grank was changed to reflect this. US GA, NC, SC, VA 2/7/2001 This type is restricted to very scattered and small sites in the Piedmont of North Carolina and South Carolina. The edaphic situation in which it occurs is uncommon, and potential for its occurrence is therefore limited. Sites are vulnerable to logging. A marginally old-growth example is known from the Uwharrie National Forest, where there is potential for its long-term conservation. Examples on private and U.S. Forest Service lands are subject to logging. Few high-quality examples are known, and even fewer are assured any long-term protection. It is also threatened by highway construction and housing development. Fire had a poorly understood but likely important role in this community, and almost all examples have had fire excluded. Total acreage of this type may be less than 5000 acres. US GA?, NC, SC? 10/24/2002 As currently known, this type is restricted to eastern Texas. More information is needed to determine whether or not it is found in Arkansas and/or western Louisiana. The type occurs in unusual upland depression or "flatwoods." Less than 15 such depressions are known. Most have been adversely affected by hydrologic alterations and logging practices, and none are receiving conservation attention. The range in rank reflects the possibility that more examples will eventually be found in Arkansas or Louisiana at which time a rank of G3 may be more appropriate. If no additional examples are found in these states, a G2 rank should be applied. US AR?, LA?, TX 5/6/1999 This community occurs on only a small number of mountain summits in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma, on the Ouachita and Ozark national forests. US AR, OK 6/20/1997 This woodland association has a canopy dominated by <i>Quercus stellata, Quercus muehlenbergii</i>, and <i>Quercus marilandica</i>. Presumably this association was more open in the past, with more frequent burning. This community is restricted to the Black Belt (Selma Chalk) area of Alabama and Mississippi. It is extremely rare and much reduced from its former extent. Many former occurrences are destroyed or severely degraded. Extant occurrences are threatened and are of limited geographic distribution and of limited extent. Threats include logging, grazing, conversion to forest because of fire suppression, or invasion by exotic species. US AL, MS 3/13/2001 US AR, OK 12/31/1997 This oak woodland is restricted to the Inner Nashville Basin of Tennessee, where it occurs in association with Limestone Cedar Glades, in deeper soils than those of the annual grass zone. Few examples of this highly ranked association have been reported, and these are limited in extent. Many deeper soil areas of the Nashville Basin have been cleared of trees, pastured or cropped, and then allowed to succeed to shrub thicket or forest. Fire suppression in these sites may lead to dense undergrowth of <i>Juniperus</i>. Most of those occurrences which have not been destroyed are severely degraded. US TN 9/5/2008 This woodland association is found in a restricted range and specific set of habitat conditions. It is known from areas of exposed, droughty soils in the unglaciated Interior Low Plateau of the central United States. Fire may have been an important factor in maintaining this vegetation type; in the absence of fire, all but the most droughty sites will probably convert to forest. These remnant woodlands are likely representative of the more typical vegetation structure of the region during periods before extensive fire suppression. US AL?, KY, TN 12/21/1999 As described, this association is naturally restricted to barrier islands and inland beach ridges along the upper Texas coast. These forests are highly threatened by development and grazing. The range in the rank reflects the need for further inventory and description of this community. Its relationship to similar communities needs clarification. US TX 1/24/2000 This association is naturally very restricted in range and environmental setting. It is found only on shell middens located within a matrix of marsh communities along the Gulf Coast. Occurrences are rare and small. It is threatened by coastal development and may also be somewhat ephemeral, being subject to destruction in major storm events. The range in the rank reflects the need for further inventory of this community. US AL, FL, LA, MS, TX? 12/31/1997 This maritime forest association has a low to moderately high tree canopy, often stunted and pruned by salt spray into streamlined shapes. This community is found on xeric to mesic sites from Brunswick County, North Carolina, south to mid-peninsula Atlantic Coast Florida (Cape Canaveral). It often occurs as linear strands behind frontal dunes. The seaward edge of this vegetation is generally found on the leeward side of dune complexes which are capable of providing shelter from excessive salt spray and overwash. The interior of this community occurs on top of relict dune ridges and other areas with xeric to mesic hydrology. The composition varies along a latitudinal gradient throughout the geographic limits of its range. This community has a restricted range, and much of it has been lost as the result of human activity. Historically, animal grazing, land clearing, and fire had significant impacts on barrier island vegetation. However, the greatest damage to this vegetation has occurred in more recent years wi US AL, FL, GA, MS?, NC, SC 12/15/1994 This community has a naturally limited distribution, occurring only within a small area on the Gulf Coast of Texas (Upper Coastal Prairie), on uplands between the Colorado, San Bernard, and Brazos rivers. These upland woodlands are threatened by residential development and conversion to pasture. US TX 12/10/1999 This forest is only found on ancient beach ridges that run parallel to the coast in the Chenier Plain of Louisiana and possibly Texas. Because these areas are higher and drier than the surrounding marshes, they are the first areas to be developed for agriculture, residential, and industrial use. In addition to coastal erosion and subsidence, threats continue to include overgrazing, clearing for agriculture, and residential development. US LA, TX? 12/20/1999 This maritime hammock association has a restricted range, and the majority of this community has been lost or severely damaged by human development. It is confined primarily to small sandy bluffs along the mainland shoreline and barrier islands of the East Gulf Coastal Plain and is vulnerable to destruction due to rapidly expanding urban development and by storm damage in fragmented parcels. Few good quality examples remain on public land, particularly military bases, but even in these lands the maritime hammocks are often used as recreational areas. Research is needed to determine whether this association should be merged with the Gulf Coast Maritime Hammock Association (CEG007032), which was cited as endangered by Patterson et al. (1994). Should these two associations be merged, the rarity ranking should not change, as both are highly restricted in range and subject to severe losses due to human development. These maritime hammocks are also important habitat for migrating neotropical birds in the East Gulf US FL 10/20/1996 This association is naturally restricted in range and in the environmental context in which it occurs, being found only on coastal mainland areas and well-protected areas of large barrier islands in southeastern North Carolina, from Brunswick County north to Carteret County. This vegetation develops only over moist, sandy soils, on low areas of the mainland coast. These areas are protected from the most extreme maritime influences (i.e., salt spray), but are susceptible to high winds and flooding during hurricanes. This community has a very limited distribution and is extremely threatened by coastal and near-coastal development. This community is floristically similar to the evergreen forests that occur on the Mid-Atlantic barrier islands; it differs in that it is more diverse, has species typical of inland forests, and is not as exposed to maritime influences. US GA, NC, SC 10/9/1997 This maritime forest association is a low- to moderate-stature, broad-leaved evergreen forest of Virginia and the Carolinas that is often, though not always, sculpted into streamlined forms by wind-borne salt spray. It is naturally restricted in range and in the environmental context in which it occurs, being found only on sand flats, lower slopes, and on stabilized dunes that are protected from saltwater flooding, where it experiences light to moderate salt spray. This is a naturally rare community that has been substantially reduced due to residential and commercial development on coastal islands. Small clearings created for houses disrupt the streamlined canopy profile, which exposes interior trees and branches to the deleterious effects of salt spray. Such exposure can result in canopy die-back and a shift in the floristic composition of the forest. Remaining unprotected examples exist under threat of destruction or degradation from development. US GA?, NC, SC, VA 12/4/1999 This association is apparently restricted to natural levees of the ancient Mississippi River alluvial floodplain system in the coastal plain of Louisiana. These bottomland hardwood systems have suffered tremendous degradation and habitat loss, and high-quality examples are relatively rare. Continued threats are logging, conversion to agroforestry and agriculture, hydrological alteration, and agrochemical runoff and drift from adjacent areas US LA 2/2/2001 As currently described, this association is limited to the historic and current floodplains of the Brazos, San Bernard and Colorado rivers and their tributaries in the Gulf Coast Prairies and Marshes Ecoregion of Texas. These systems have been highly altered in the past through clearing and intensive cattle grazing. The range in rank reflects the need for further inventory to better define the global range of this association. US TX 12/4/1999 Apparently restricted to natural levees in the ancient Mississippi River alluvial floodplain system in the coastal plain of Louisiana, this community is found on low broad ridges near the upland/wetland conceptual boundary; it is constantly moist and sometimes has a high water table. These bottomland hardwood systems have suffered tremendous degradation and habitat loss, and high-quality examples are relatively rare. Because they are higher and drier than the surrounding bottomlands and swamps, they are the first areas to be developed for agricultural, residential and industrial use. Continued threats are logging, conversion to agroforestry and agricultural, hydrological alteration, and agrochemical runoff and drift from adjacent areas. US LA 1/3/2001 As currently described, this association is limited to the historic and current floodplains of the Brazos, San Bernard and Colorado rivers in the Gulf Coast Prairies and Marshes Ecoregion of Texas. Most examples occur in a mosaic with wetland communities, offering some protection from residential development that continues to threaten adjacent higher ground. Some sites have been converted to other forest types or to agricultural cropland and pasture. Intensive cattle grazing can affect regeneration success of some species, especially herbs and hardwood seedlings, and hence the future species composition of the community. The range in rank reflects the need for further inventory to better define the global range of this association. US TX 2/19/2004 This xeric hammock community occurs in scattered locations along the Outer Coastal Plain of the South Atlantic and East Gulf Coastal Plain. The exact distribution of this type is poorly known and documented. Known occurrences are small, and many are impacted by off-road vehicles and trash dumping. More information is needed on the extent of this community type. US AL, FL, GA, SC 8/14/1997 US FL12/1/1997 US FL

10/2/1998 Though never widespread, this community once extended 129 km inland from the mouth of the Rio Grande and south along the Mexican coast (Jahrsdoerfer and Leslie 1988). Largely because of agricultural clearing, occurrence of this community in the United States is limited to 3-6 small groves in southern Texas. It has also apparently been severely impacted in adjacent Mexico. Remaining examples have been impacted by the disruption of the natural flooding and fire regime, inputs of fertilizers and biocides, and invasion by exotic plants. Recreational use and agricultural development are the primary threats to this community. MX, US MXTM, TX 1/31/2001 This community appears to be rare and restricted, but is poorly understood and circumscribed. As defined, its occurrence is limited to barrier island and barrier spit situations, where it is negatively affected by coastal development. It is also affected by natural disturbances in the form of hurricanes, which probably help maintain this community's structure and composition, as <i>Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola</i> and <i>Sabal palmetto</i> are favored by hurricane disturbance relative to other coastal woody species. US FL?, GA, SC 5/20/2002 This association is restricted to temperate Florida and adjacent Georgia. Species richness in hydric hammocks is generally favored by the absence of fire, salt, timber harvest, excessive drydown, and flooding (Vince et al. 1989). Some threats include alteration of hydrologic regime, timber removal (particularly of commercially valuable components including <i>Quercus</i> spp. and <i>Juniperus</i>). Dominance of <i>Sabal palmetto</i> and <i>Quercus virginiana</i> may reflect the bypassing of these less valuable species by commercial forestry. If hydric hammocks are clearcut, they are frequently replanted with <i>Pinus taeda</i>. The repeated grazing of cattle and hogs may also affect these communities. Some limited stands are conserved on the Ocala National Forest. US FL, GA 8/15/1997 US FL 12/1/1997 US FL 8/15/1997 US FL 1/30/2001 This community is apparently very rare, but additional information is needed to solidify its taxonomy and circumscription. This additional information may change its conservation status. US NC, SC? 10/20/1996 US TX 10/25/1997 This community occurs as isolated pockets in mesic desert canyons and along rocky floodplains of small, intermittent streams and is often associated with seeps and springs. This community has a limited distribution with few known occurrences, mostly in the deserts of the Trans-Pecos in western Texas. Remaining examples have had many large trees removed, contain exotic species, and have been impacted by overgrazing. Disruption of the natural flooding regime, through damming, water diversions, and stream channelization, is also a major threat to this community. MX?, US NM?, TX 1/2/1998 US AL, FL 12/1/1997 US FL 12/1/1997 US FL 1/8/2007 This community is restricted to Carolina bays and swales (e.g., in the Francis Marion National Forest, South Carolina), which have had a frequent burn regime and minimal alterations to the hydrology. This association requires a burn regime of less than five years (possibly less than three) to maintain itself over time. Anthropogenic alteration of a depression's hydrology may upset this natural periodicity and result in a shift in vegetation type. US GA?, SC 12/1/1997 US FL 1/30/2001 This community type is restricted to small, clay-based Carolina bays in the middle and inner Coastal Plain of North Carolina and South Carolina. Many of these bays have been ditched and drained for agricultural use. Others have been timbered off. Remaining bays are nearly all degraded hydrologically, and occur in highly fragmented landscapes. Few, if any, examples of this community type are well-protected and managed. US NC, SC 1/23/2000 This community occurs in seasonally flooded Carolina bays and other isolated depressions (surrounded by uplands). Historically, occurrences of this community probably numbered in the thousands, with areas of individual occurrences ranging from 10-1000 hectares (24-2400 acres). Most historic occurrences have been converted to agriculture or intensive silviculture. The few examples that remain have mostly been degraded in various ways. Historically, the matrix in which these communities occurred was primarily upland longleaf pine communities, and periodic fires burned into these communities during dry periods. Now, nearly all examples are isolated from natural matrix and periodic fire, altering there hydrologic function, vegetation structure, and capability to serve as habitat for animal species which use them and surrounding habitats. For bays surrounded by agriculture, runoff of animal waste and crop fertilizers degrades their condition. US GA?, NC, SC 12/1/1997 US FL 12/1/1997 US FL 1/31/2001 This community type appears to be rare, occurring only in highly acid, seasonally flooded depressions in North Carolina and South Carolina. Such southeastern Coastal Plain depressional wetlands have been strongly impacted by wetland drainage, other hydrologic alteration, timber harvest, fire suppression, and fragmentation of the landscapes in which they occur. These communities are apparently dependent on a combination of flooding and fire to maintain their open savanna structure. After several years without flooding due to drought, young pine and hardwoods begin to invade many sites. US NC, SC 6/23/1997 US AL?, FL, MS? 5/20/2002 US FL, GA? 6/23/1997 US FL 6/23/1997 US NC, VA 12/15/1994 This community is restricted to Texas, with a few known occurrences in the southern and eastern portion of the Edwards Plateau in central Texas. It is threatened by logging, and altered hydrology due to reservoir construction, stream channelization, and excessive removal of water from the Edwards aquifer, as well as by alteration of adjacent upslope and upstream communities. US TX 12/28/2000 This community needs further assessment to determine validity, composition, rarity, and distribution. Grank was changed from G2? to G2Q to indicate some uncertainty about the classification of this community and its rarity. US AR, OK 6/25/1997 US MD, NC?, VA 9/13/1997 US FL 1/30/2001 This community is apparently restricted to freshwater portions of major rivers on the Outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina and perhaps South Carolina and Virginia. The dynamics and composition of this community are poorly understood. US NC, SC?, VA? 9/4/2002 This community is uncommon within a small area of the East and Upper East Gulf coastal plains. Stands are impacted by the removal of commercially valuable timber species, or by the conversion of adjacent areas to planted pine stands. Invasive exotic plants (i.e., <i>Lonicera japonica, Ligustrum sinense</i>) can be threats to examples of this association. US AL, GA 12/14/1998 This Southern Blue Ridge/upper Piedmont cove forest is naturally uncommon because of its limitation to mafic substrates. It is threatened by logging, second home development, and forest fragmentation. Very few old-growth sites remain. Deciduous cove forests are perhaps the most complex group of communities to classify in the Southern Blue Ridge, due to a combination of wide environmental range, high species richness, and high biogeographic variability. The recognition of associations based on fertility and elevation is provisional and will likely need further refinement; global conservation rank is unlikely to change significantly, however. US GA, NC, SC, TN? 12/14/1998 This community is somewhat more common and secure than herbaceous and shrub-dominated nonalluvial wetlands of the Southern Blue Ridge, most of which are ranked G1. However, this community has been severely impacted by development, conversion to pasture and agriculture, and hydrologic alterations--changes which are concentrated in flat areas along streams in the steep landscapes of the Southern Blue Ridge. Most occurrences are small (less than 5 acres), very few are unaltered, and almost all have experienced alterations of hydrology, which makes their long-term viability questionable. US GA, KY, NC, PA, SC, TN, VA 9/21/2001 This type appears to be quite rare naturally because of its small patch size, its apparent geographic restriction, and the paucity of suitable, high-elevation seepage wetland habitats. Moreover, within the last decade, several documented stands have undergone rapid degradation and compositional alterations resulting from outbreaks of the exotic insect hemlock woolly adelgid. The long-term integrity of all stands of this vegetation is now considered threatened by the adelgid. US MD, PA?, VA, WV 9/29/2004 This community is uncommon and geographically restricted to the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee, and to Joyce Kilmer W ilderness in western North Carolina. Occurrences are subject to compositional modification by outbreaks of hemlock woolly adelgid (<i>Adelges tsugae</i>), an exotic insect pest that causes decline and eventual mortality of <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. US NC, TN 12/31/1997 <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i> communities, in general, have a restricted range, occurring only in the southern Blue Ridge and upper Piedmont and are probably endemic to North Carolina and Tennessee. Occurrences are typically small and restricted to rocky, bluff habitats. All occurrences are threatened by fire suppression and the Hemlock W oolly Adelgid (<i>Adelges tsugae</i>), an exotic pest which causes tree decline and ultimately death in <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> and <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i>. US NC, TN 12/31/1997 <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i> communities, in general, have a restricted range, occurring primarily in the Southern Blue Ridge, with scattered occurrences in the upper Piedmont and Ridge and Valley of North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, and Virginia. Occurrences are typically small and restricted to rocky bluff habitats. All occurrences are threatened by fire suppression and the exotic pest the hemlock woolly adelgid (<i>Adelges tsugae</i>) which causes tree decline and ultimately death in <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> and <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i>. The taxonomy of <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i> communities needs further assessment. US NC, SC, TN?, VA 12/11/1998 The global range of this association has yet to be clearly delimited. It is a conspicuous part of forest vegetation in the Columbia Bottomlands area of Brazoria and Fort Bend counties, where it occurs intermixed with forests dominated by (so called) <i>Quercus virginiana</i>. Information is lacking regarding its possible occurrence on the Upper Texas Gulf Coast and Louisiana. Most examples lie within floodplains, offering some protection from residential development that continues to degrade forests on adjacent higher ground. The so-called Brazoria palm, a <i>Sabal</i> species of contested identity, occurs in this association in at least one protected example within San Bernard National W ildlife Refuge. This association is naturally restricted to poorly drained clay floodplain or terrace soils. It depends on seasonal inundation to maintain moist habitat conditions. On larger streams and rivers, impoundments may modify the flooding pattern and could drive the site to a drier community type. Some sites have bee US LA?, TX 10/5/1999 This is probably a naturally uncommon community because <i>Abies concolor</i> is at the upper elevational limits of its distribution while <i>Abies amabilis</i> is at the lower extent of its own. Stands are old-growth and have largely been eliminated by logging. It is possible, but unlikely that more than twenty occurrences remain. US OR 10/14/1997 A naturally very restricted range of distribution of <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> has been compounded by impacts from logging and introduced disease. This community is an old-growth forest type, in which stands are generally over 300 years old, and are highly productive. There are few known examples (fewer than 20 stands at less than 10 sites). <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> is seriously threatened by a root-killing fungus, <i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>, which was recently introduced into the natural range of this tree. Spores of the fungus are carried in water, and have been spread in the tires of logging trucks. Many stands have been decimated by this pathogen, and Port Orford-cedar may be considered in the near future for Federal listing as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. US CA, OR 10/14/1997 A naturally very restricted range of distribution of <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> has been compounded by impacts from logging (as a result of salvage efforts from a wildfire) and introduced disease. This community is an old-growth forest type, in which stands are generally over 300 years old, and are highly productive. There are few known examples (fewer than 10 remaining). <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> is seriously threatened by a root-killing fungus, <i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>, which was recently introduced into the natural range of this tree. Spores of the fungus are carried in water, and have been spread in the tires of logging trucks. Some stands have been destroyed by this pathogen, and Port Orford-cedar may be considered in the near future for Federal listing as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. If <i>Phytophthora</i> continues to expand to other stands of this association, the rank should be changed to a G1. US CA?, OR 10/21/1997 Wh ile the remaining stands are fairly stable and not very threatened, this is a very rare association. It is restricted to northern slopes on generally granitic soils in a narrow elevational range. It is an old-growth forested community which is highly productive and supports very large timber values. W hile logging on public lands is currently not occurring, few stands are in areas designated for protection. US CA, OR 11/30/1999 This association is a very rare association that is restricted to the Klamath-Siskiyou region. Most stands tend to be small, and many are threatened by logging. In addition, there may be no examples currently protected. US CA?, OR 3/29/1999 <i>Picea breweriana</i> is endemic to the Klamath-Siskiyou region. Furthermore, it rarely codominates forest stands, making this a rare community. The association has not been thoroughly inventoried and may be more extensive. The association is restricted to a narrow elevational band and geologic substrate. Its preference for cool moist sites renders it vulnerable to potential climate warming and droughts. US CA?, OR 4/7/1998 This type shows very restricted range of occurrence and few high-quality stands. There are approximately existing 10 element occurrences for this type clustered in the southern San Juan and Sangre de Cristo mountain ranges on southern Colorado (Baker 1986, Kittel et al. 1999). The association demonstrates the most structurally complex riparian forests in the southern Rocky Mountains (Baker 1989b) with late seral and early seral elements represented. The combination of northern (<i>Populus, Acer, Picea</i>) and southwestern (<i>Abies concolor</i>) floristic elements is unique for riparian communities in the southern Rockies. In addition, most rivers and streams in the southern Rockies have been altered by dams or water diversions, gravel extractions, gold mining, and livestock grazing. Few good condition examples remain of riparian plant associations, such as this one, in the montane zone. Many have altered species compositions, or have been impacted by altered stream flow regimes. US CO, NM? 11/9/2000 This association is only known from the W arner Mountains of south-central Oregon and northeastern California, where it is a local, fairly rare community. Because of its rarity and vulnerability to the introduced disease, white pine blister rust, this association is at high risk of elimination, and the global rank has been changed from G3 to G2. Even without the disease, changes in natural fire intervals that ensure codominance of pine species threaten the long-term viability of occurrences. US CA, OR 2/1/1996 This is a forested association restricted to a fairly local area in south-central Oregon, and perhaps adjacent northern California. It occurs within a narrow elevation band, on deep, well-drained soils. It is characterized by widely spaced, giant Ponderosa pines with white fir and incense cedar codominant in the overstory. Only one site is protected, and most occurrences have been logged and are currently grazed by livestock. Fire suppression continues to lead to heavy fuel buildup and increased likelihood of catastrophic fire. Reintroduction of fire in these systems has not proven to be possible given U.S. Forest Service management constraints. Unless this is worked out, this rare association will continue to decline. US CA?, OR 12/10/1999 This minor association has been described from the mountains of Colorado and may also occur in New Mexico and Arizona. Less than 20 occurrences are estimated to occur across this association's range. Stands may be restricted to steep north- to northwest-facing slopes. More survey work is needed to determine the full extent of this plant association, thus the rank is G2?. US AZ?, CO, NM 11/13/1997 This plant association is known only from the higher elevations of the Pinaleno and Santa Catalina mountains, below the elevational zone where <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> occurs. Catastrophic events such as spruce budworm epidemics and wildfire could threaten the persistence of this association because of the limited number of sites and acreage. Forest clearing reduces tree reproduction because of increased competition with graminoids. Grazing potential for livestock is high so there is the possibility for livestock-related disturbance such as overgrazing and introduction of exotic species. US AZ 12/1/2000 This montane riparian association is restricted to small, scattered sites along stream channels throughout its range where plants, particularly trees and shrubs, have access to an active groundwater table. High-quality occurrences are not likely to exceed 50 in number in the U.S.; occurrence numbers in Mexico are unknown. As with many riparian zone communities in the Southwest, impacts from livestock use and logging in this community have often been severe over the past 150 years, leading to fragmentation and loss. In addition, severe alterations of the hydrology or degraded upland conditions can contribute to loss of valuable habitat and biodiversity. This is one of the more uncommon and unique associations relative to other montane riparian communities, and the global rank has been changed to G2G3 to reflect the above trends and the limited distribution of this type. MX?, US AZ, NM 10/20/1999 This is a very rare community, found on the eastern slopes of the Mt. Hood National Forest, Oregon, where low elevation western Oregon flora have found their way to the east side through the Columbia River Gorge and become established. Information on stands from California was not available, but needs to be reviewed to verify that the stands are the same. This association is highly threatened by logging, and there are no protected examples. US CA, OR 12/15/1998 This is a productive, valuable, late- to mid-seral forest plant association which is largely unprotected. Because of an unusual climate, it is found only in a narrow geographic area, south of Mt. Adams to the Columbia River. This plant association is an old-growth forest type, with fire-sensitive stands. They occur in a forested landscape characterized by fairly high natural fire frequencies. Fire suppression in adjacent stands may lead to large, catastrophic fires which would threaten these stands. US OR, WA 10/22/1997 This is an association which has likely always been very rare. It is a diverse, productive, old-growth forest which occurs along streams in cool areas which are naturally protected from fires. There are no examples of this plant association on any established protected area. Because of the unusual climate and distribution of the dominant tree species, it is found only in a narrow geographic area, east of Mount Hood, in north-central Oregon. US OR11/30/1998 This association is primarily found in and along the margins of the W illamette Valley, extends north to Olympia, and occasionally can be found in the adjacent Oregon Coast Range and W est Cascade ecoregions. In the W est Cascades, most habitat is now under water created by major dams. This forest type requires low elevation, river terraces and slopes, and 500 years without major disturbances. This type has almost been entirely destroyed by logging and development. W hile the majority of the destruction occurred many years ago, there are only three small protected occurrences. The extraordinary economic value of these old-growth forests makes protection on private lands impossible, if there are any left. These forests have been well inventoried, and there are not going to be important remnants discovered in the future. Restoration will be required to expand existing occurrences, or to create additional ones. US OR, WA 11/30/1998 This community has a restricted natural range to the eastern Cascades of W ashington and perhaps in Oregon. This is a mid- to late-seral woodland community that depends upon a relatively specific topography or a restrictive parent material. The number and size of occurrences are extrapolated from published descriptions and support the conclusion that individual sites are small, and that the number of representative stands is restricted throughout the community's range. There are no protected occurrences known although it occurs in W ashington wildernesses. There are no long-term threats currently that may result in the future extinction of this community type. Current management of the community may promote use of occurrences as livestock driveways that may reduce condition or introduce exotics to community occurrences. US OR, WA 10/24/1997 This plant association occurs as few, isolated stands over a relatively narrow geographical range located in north-central Idaho, and in northeastern Oregon in the W allowa-Snake Province of the W allowa-W hitman National Forest. One of the diagnostic species, <i>Coptis occidentalis</i>, is endemic to the northern Rocky Mountains. Though the current number and representative quality of stands is not known, intensive land management activities within the range have probably contributed to the decline in the number and/or quality of stands. Stands of the plant association are likely threatened by timber harvest activities, road construction, and exotic species introductions. One ninety-acre stand occurs within a U.S. Forest Service Research Natural Area. US ID, OR 11/30/1998 This community has a relatively narrow range in the eastern Cascades of W ashington and Oregon. This is a mid- to late-seral forest community that naturally depends upon a relatively specific topography within a narrow geographic range. It occurs on exposed , south-facing slopes and ridgetops with shallow rock soils. There are an unknown number of viable occurrences, but extrapolation from classification plot data indicate around one hundred sites. Currently, there are no long-term threats that may result in extirpation of this community type. Forest management of the community is limited because of low productivity, but major disturbances will likely have longer term effects because of environmental severity of the site. US OR, WA 1/31/2007 This regionally endemic forest association occurs within the maritime-influenced climatic region of the northern Rocky Mountains of northeastern Oregon and west-central Idaho, in relatively small stands with a clustered to dispersed distribution pattern. Based on the limited survey data available, it is not expected that the number of occurrences greatly exceeds 100. Historically, the representative quality of stands has declined due to the adverse cumulative effects of selective harvest practices of large-diameter overstory trees, livestock grazing, and disruption of frequent, low- to moderate-intensity fire disturbance regime. Though knowledge of the current condition and threats to viability of occurrences is not comprehensive throughout the range, it appears that the association is imperiled rangewide. Based on the information available the global rank was changed from G3 to G2. US ID, MT?, OR, WA? 4/20/2000 This community has a restricted natural range to north-central Idaho with outliers in adjacent Montana, Oregon, and W ashington. This is a late-seral forest community that naturally depends upon a long fire return interval. Its area has been reduced by past logging and current harvesting of yew trees for their bark. There are fewer than 200 occurrences remaining and none protected in RNAs. National Forest plans propose managing the community for wildlife habitat values that may insure its long-term viability albeit in a degraded condition. A relatively uncommon community that has been degraded by fragmentation, and timber and yew bark extraction. US ID, MT, OR, WA 11/30/1998 This association occurs in relatively few isolated, evenly distributed stands over a relatively restricted range of western Idaho, and possibly the Okanagon Highlands of Washington. The association is restricted to alluvial terraces and glacial outwash, at 4600 to 5500 feet elevation, relatively specific environmental conditions. These low-gradient, valley bottom sites are easily accessible for livestock grazing, timber harvest, and conversion to residential and agricultural land uses. Due to these factors the extent of the association is estimated to have declined moderately. US ID, WA? 12/17/2000 This is a regional endemic association restricted to a narrow climatically defined area in the southeastern Cascade Mountains of W ashington. It appears in a highly fragmented landscape created by patch clearcutting. Most stands are in early to mid-seral condition, and late-seral to old-growth stands are rare. The number of occurrences is estimated from vegetation classification surveys. This is a moderately productive, late- to mid-seral forest plant association that is largely unprotected. This plant association is part of a forested landscape characterized by fairly high natural fire frequencies. US WA 11/14/2000 This association occupies a small acreage in a very limited geographic and environmental range, i.e., dry sites at high elevations in the extreme rainshadow of the northeastern Olympic Mountains. It probably has not declined much and is mostly in good condition, nor does it face significant near-term threats. The global rank was change from G3 to G2 to reflect its limited environmental range and occurrence near treeline; this type may be more sensitive than most to compositional changes related to global climate change. US WA 11/13/1997 This plant association is known only from a few high-elevation sites in the Pinaleno Mountains of Arizona. Catastrophic events such as spruce budworm epidemics and wildfire could threaten the persistence of this association because of the limited number of sites and acreage. Forest clearing reduces tree reproduction because of increased competition with graminoids. Logging activities also introduce various disease organisms and can contribute to the decline of spruce - fir forests such as these. Logging or thinning of these forests is not recommended. US AZ 10/17/2002 This association has an estimated 50-100 occurrences covering probably somewhere around 1000 acres. It is limited to portions of the Puget Lowlands. It is found only on landslide deposits or coastal bluffs that are relatively moist. Its long-term maintenance is probably dependent on occasional landslides or earth movements. The prevalence of exotic species in landscapes where it occurs makes the likelihood of regeneration of good-condition new examples of this association relatively unlikely. Existing occurrences are mostly small, fragmented, and/or have abundant exotic species. It has probably declined significantly in extent and remains highly threatened because of coastal development and exotic species invasion. CA, US BC, OR, WA 11/7/1997 This association is a narrow regional endemic which is undergoing continued fragmentation and degradation throughout its range due to agricultural impacts and fluvial instability (Richter 1999). It is presently recorded only from northwestern Colorado in broad alluvial valleys from 6000-7000 feet elevation, and has significantly declined from historical distributions. It occurs along rivers in broad alluvial valleys at low elevation, where habitat degradation has been extensive. There are few occurrences in protected status, and the poor regeneration of dominant trees, habitat instability, and presence of non-native understory species within protected stands are sources of ongoing concern. The watershed processes necessary to maintain this association are strongly influenced by surrounding land use in the watershed and poorly controlled at present (Richter 1999). US CO 11/30/1998 This is a minor type that is known from the Overthrust Mountains of northeastern Utah, northwestern Colorado and possibly Idaho and Wyoming. Stands of <i>Acer negundo</i> are typically small in size due to confinement in narrow valley bottoms. Grazing and/or lowered water tables or reduced flood regimes will shift understory species composition. The association was originally described by Padgett et al. (1989). US CO, ID?, UT, WY? 2/1/1996 US ID 11/30/1998 This plant association is a regional endemic of the deeply incised Snake River canyonlands in western Idaho. It occurs within a relatively discrete elevational band (1150-2625 feet) in the deeply incised terrain of the Snake River canyons, on unstable stream channel substrates. Distribution and representative quality of the association has declined severely in the last decades due to direct loss of habitat from hydroelectric dam construction, and chronic degradation from livestock grazing and the associated alteration of hydrological regimes. Very few high-quality stands are known. Inventory work has not been conducted recently to determined the current number and condition of stands. No stands are represented in protected areas. US ID 9/21/2000 This regionally endemic plant association is known from the western region of the Blue Mountains ecoregional section, in Idaho, Oregon and W ashington. The association occurs in deep canyon bottoms of the Snake and Salmon rivers, on poorly developed soils and bedrock outcrops. The area occupied by the association has declined historically as a result of hydroelectric dam construction. Very few high-quality stands are known. Exotic annual grass species were common in the majority of stands sampled by Johnson and Simon (1987) and Tisdale (1986). Most stands reported are highly disturbed and in poor condition (Neiman 1987, Mancuso and Moseley 1994). US CA?, CO, ID, OR, WA 11/4/1997 This naturally rare, regionally endemic plant association is known from one location in the Owyhee Uplands ecoregional section, in Oregon. It's occurrence in Idaho requires further investigation. Appropriate field inventory and study have not been completed to provide information necessary to evaluate current trends, threats, or conditions, nor verify the validity of the classification unit. The distribution and abundance of the plant association is not known. No stands occur within protected areas. US ID, OR 11/30/1998 This is a regionally endemic plant association of the Owyhee Uplands, southern Challis Volcanics, and western portions of the Northwest Basin and Range ecoregional sections. The association occurs in relatively small stands that are geographically dispersed in discrete clusters or loci of occurrence associated with higher elevation plateau and mountain formations. Recent inventory work has not been completed to assess the current number and condition of stands. Many stands have been degraded or are threatened by impacts associated with livestock grazing. US ID, NV?, OR 10/21/1997 As with other <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> associations, the very restricted range of distribution of <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> and extensive impacts from logging have caused major reductions in this association. This community is an old-growth forest type, in which stands are generally over 350 years old, and are highly productive. There are limited occurrences (only 27 known stands remaining). <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> is seriously threatened by a root-killing fungus, <i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>, which was recently introduced into the natural range of this tree. Spores of the fungus are carried in water, and have been spread in the tires of logging trucks. Some stands have been destroyed by this pathogen, and Port Orford-cedar may be considered in the near future for Federal listing as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. US CA, OR 10/21/2002 This association is restricted to riparian streams and wetlands in serpentine soils of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California, as well as to lower slopes along the northern California coast. The type is fairly abundant, with between 100 and 200 occurrences known, but most of the occurrences are very small, and many are threatened. Threats include placer mining, water development, residential development, and most significantly <i>Phytophthora lateralis</i>, an introduced root pathogen. This is a water-borne disease, most commonly spread by vehicle tires, including logging trucks. The disease has destroyed many of the remaining forests formerly dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i>. US CA, OR 11/13/1997 This association is restricted to cool and moist slopes and drainages with northern or eastern aspects, elevations 1460-1770 m in the Dragoon, Santa Catalina, and Chiricahua mountains in southeastern Arizona. The cool, moist habitat conditions required by <i>Cupressus arizonica</i> are not common in southern Arizona. Stands tend to be small occurring in pockets of suitable habitat that are protected from fire. <i>Cupressus arizonica</i> is a non-sprouter without fire adaptations. It is considered relictual and few occurrences of this association have been documented. US AZ 12/15/1998 The distribution of this woodland association includes W ood Canyon near Clifton, in the vicinity of Sedona and local elsewhere in southern and southeastern Arizona; also north of Cooke's Peak, New Mexico. Stands of <i>Cupressus arizonica</i> are restricted in the southwestern United States to favorable sites in canyons, along drainages and on suitable slopes, where both summer and winter temperatures are moderate. They generally are found in "cool" pockets within warm Madrean evergreen woodland or chaparral. In these areas, <i>Cupressus arizonica</i> owes a tenuous existence to fire disturbance. Frequent fires can wipe out a grove, yet some fire is needed to produce conditions for reproduction. It is suggested that low-intensity surface fires with a frequency of 50 to 60 years serve to thin out <i>Pinus monophylla var. fallax</i> thickets which could eventually exclude <i>Cupressus arizonica</i>. MX?, US AZ, NM 1/27/2000 Scattered distribution within its range. Although over 30 stands are known, many of them are small, and all are threatened by fire suppression. The disruption of natural fire intensities and frequencies, or the elimination of fire altogether, will not allow for the regeneration <i>Cupressus macnabiana</i>. Other threats include livestock grazing. US CA, OR 1/27/2000 Scattered distribution within its range. Although over 30 groves are known, many of them are small, and all are threatened by fire suppression. The disruption of natural fire intensities and frequencies, or the elimination of fire altogether, will not allow for the regeneration <i>Cupressus sargentii</i>. Other threats include logging, road building, livestock grazing, and sand, gravel and mining operations. US CA 10/1/2002 US OR, WA? 10/1/2002 US OR 9/28/2004 This association requires low-gradient floodplain habitats in which natural hydrological processes are operational to ensure reproduction and maintenance of <i>Juglans major</i> and other key wetland species. These habitats have been significantly altered over the past 100+ years in the lower reaches of the Gila and San Francisco rivers (along with other rivers of the Southwest) because of agricultural conversion and water diversions. This, in combination with intensive livestock and off-road vehicle use, has likely led to significant declines of the association, particularly at lower elevations. The best conditions are found in the undammed middle reaches of the basins where somewhat natural hydrological conditions still prevail, but these sites are under threat from further agricultural conversion and proposed water impoundments. Despite these conditions, limited quantitative data preclude ranking higher than G2. MX?, US AZ?, NM 11/30/1998 This is a very rare association restricted to exposed ash soils. There are only a few occurrences, and these are threatened by mining, grazing, and rural residential development. Some of the occurrences of this type are fairly large. The occurrence at the Juniper Hills TNC preserve is over 3,000 acres. There are at least 200 acres at the Sheep Rocks Unit of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, and an estimated 20,000 acres still remain on private and BLM lands in central Oregon. The loose, ash soils where this association occurs are very fragile, easily disturbed by grazing, rock/fossil collecting and off-road vehicles. A combination of cattle grazing and juniper control on public lands is also threatening privately owned occurrences. US CA?, NV?, OR 11/30/1998 The range of this association is in the Owyhee Uplands and Basin and Range sections in Oregon and Idaho, and probably in extreme northern Nevada. It is infrequent across its entire range. It occurs at moderately high elevations on south-facing slopes with well-drained soils over basalt. Many of the sites of this association are extremely degraded due to non-native species invasion and from livestock overgrazing. The best quality remnants are on private land, and some stands have been destroyed (mountain mahogany sprayed with herbicides) to increase the forage for cattle. In addition, while occurrences are generally in areas that are protected from fire, the suppression of all fires has lead to an increase in fuels, and a much greater potential for catastrophic fires. US ID, NV?, OR 2/15/2006 The range in rank reflects the limited area in which this vegetation type may occur and uncertainty about its status. It appears to be uncommon and restricted in environmental setting. Its classification confidence is still moderate. US CO, UT, WY 12/15/1998 This woodland community is widespread north of the Mogollon Rim, but has been heavily modified by the impacts of grazing and altered fire regimes. Historical photos suggest that valleys and mesa tops were once grasslands and free of junipers and strong shrub cover. Since about 1880 a combination of livestock grazing, fire suppression and soil erosion are among the factors contributing to shrub and juniper increases. Natural revegetation is slow to moderate following disturbance. Grasses and shrubs generally increase when tree cover is removed. Selective cutting tends to favor juniper regeneration, while seed tree or clear cuts favor grasses and shrubs. <i>Pleuraphis mutica</i> and <i>Hilaria belangeri</i> are both fairly tolerant of heavy grazing, but the soils supporting this plant association tend to be subject to severe erosion if grazing levels are too high. US NM 11/14/1997 This association has been described from only one plot on the lower, southern slopes of the Pryor Mountains, but noted elsewhere in the vicinity of the northernmost extension of the Bighorn Basin. It is common for <i>Artemisia nova</i> to exist with a scattered canopy of <i>Juniperus osteosperma</i> in this region, and southward into the Great Basin. ~<i>Juniperus scopulorum / Artemisia nova</i> W oodland (CEGL000742)$$ is a Rocky Mountain permutation of what is basically a Great Basin association. Even the lithic, calcareous substrates within the Pryor Mountains are more typical environments of associations within the ~<i>Juniperus osteosperma</i> W oodland Alliance (A.536)$$. This association is apparently naturally highly restricted in distribution, because extensive inventory in the Pryor and Big Horn mountains has failed to document further occurrences. Past disturbances have included cutting of <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> for fencing and range fires; the sparse fuels would argue for spatially sporadic bur US MT 11/7/1997 This woodland is regionally endemic, occurring on granitic outcrops and on Fountain Formation exposures in the Front Range of north-central Colorado (CONHP 1997), and probably extending into Wyoming, and possibly Montana. Very few documented sites exist for this association. Total known area for this association is approximately 200 acres, although there is a fair amount of U.S. Forest Service land in both northern Colorado and southern W yoming that may provide habitat for this association. The known occurrences are small and generally degraded. Rangewide threats are related to the continuing rapid development of the foothills and lower montane area where it occurs. It is also threatened by mining, heavy livestock grazing, fragmentation, and fire suppression. US CO, MT?, WY? 11/30/1998 Distribution of this association is restricted to the eastern slopes of the northern Colorado Front Range in the Roosevelt National Forest. Few occurrences are known to exist. Two known occurrences have poor predicted viability. Grazing of the understory appears to be excessive and the exotic species (<i>Bromus tectorum, Poa pratensis</i>) are reported to be increasing. US CO, WY? 12/29/2000 A relictual woodland community limited to specific and limited environmental conditions that have been altered by cattle grazing, fire suppression, and woodcutting. There are only 7 documented occurrences reported in Colorado that vary in size from 10-350 acres, however, more occurrences are expected in W yoming and Nebraska. The global rank has been changed to G2 because of its limited distribution. US CO, WY? 1/14/2004 CA, US AB, ID?, MT, WA 11/30/1998 This community appears to be widely distributed but in isolated patches. It is located in the high elevations of the eastern Cascades in northern W ashington into British Columbia and probably at high elevations in northern Idaho and Montana into Alberta and British Columbia. Its habitat is restricted by a limited area above closed forests and within a maritime-influenced climate. It occupies a relatively small acreage across this wide distribution. Threats to the community are changes in fire frequency, wilderness recreation, and global warming. Currently, threats are local and not rangewide. Some of these communities are in wildernesses or parks in the Cascades. CA?, US AB?, ID?, MT?, WA 12/1/1997 US HI 12/15/1998 Across the range of the type, stands are typically small (less than one acre) and readily accessed and degraded by livestock (and wild ungulate) trampling of the <i>Carex</i> mat, exposing the substrate to erosion; thus, very few high-quality occurrences are thought to exist. On the positive side, these sites are unequivocal jurisdictional wetlands and have protected status under Section 404 of the Clean W ater Act or Swampbuster Provision of the Food Security Act and should be recognized as protected wetlands by best management practices regulating timber harvesting. US ID, MT, WY? 10/14/1997 This association, the wettest within the <i>Picea engelmannii</i> Series, has a naturally restricted, perhaps relictual, distribution. It occurs on permanently saturated soils of low elevations in the valleys of northwestern Montana (primarily in the vicinity of Flathead and W hitefish lakes). Only one stand has received protection; four stands, all high-quality, have been quantitatively sampled but anecdotal information places the number of known occurrences at approximately triple this number. It is undocumented what past impacts have been to the type; almost certainly there has been a reduction in the type, stands having been logged in the first generation of forest cutting and sites drained for agricultural production. The logistic difficulties associated with harvesting on permanently saturated soils has precluded cutting of several stands as has the fact that some stands are on public land and their uniqueness was recognized by trained silviculturists. This type remains under continuing threat of develop US MT 12/15/1998 This community type is naturally uncommon but found locally in high-elevation forests of the Sacramento Mountains and Chiricahua Mountains (at its southern-most limit). It is ecologically closely related to <i>~Abies lasiocarpa - Acer glabrum</i> Avalanche Chute Shrubland (CEGL000984)$$, which is more widespread. US AZ, NM 10/9/1997 The G2 rank is based on a relatively limited geographic range (central and eastern Idaho and western Wyoming); on a sporadic occurrence in much of that range; on the restriction, within that range, to a habitat type of limited extent (stream terraces, and a few other sites, having soils with a thick organic surface horizon); on the susceptibility of stands to disturbance; and on the apparent rarity of undisturbed examples of the association, at least in the eastern part of its range. US ID, MT?, OR, WY 12/12/1999 These late-seral forests are found in relatively mesic, easily accessible sites. They produce large volumes of timber and are often disturbed by logging. Trends appear stable, but the number of occurrences is low (20 plots) with only a few stands protected on state lands. Fire suppression over the last 50 years has allowed increased amounts of <i>Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa</i>, and other shade-tolerant tree regeneration in the understory. Estimated mean fire return interval under natural conditions is 22 years. The more frequent fires in the past may be responsible for the mixture of early and late seral species in the tree canopy that characterize this type, and may be necessary to maintain these forests in the future. US AZ, NM 11/14/1997 This association has only been documented from a small area of the Front Range of the southern Rocky Mountains west of Denver. It occupies a distinct belt below the krummholz treeline and above the <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> series described by Hess and Alexander (1986). It is a minor type but scattered throughout Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest; sites dominated by <i>Picea engelmannii</i> in both the canopy and regeneration are uncommon. Given the abundance of potential habitat for this association in the southern Rockies, it is possible that this association is less rare than currently indicated and focused surveys could expand its range of occurrence. Because of the cold, exposed sites, stands of this association will recover very slowly from disturbance such as fire or logging. US CO 12/30/2000 This riparian conifer woodland is known only from Colorado and southern Utah, though it may occur in northern New Mexico. Stands are threatened by development, road building and maintenance, recreational use, streamflow alterations, and improper livestock grazing throughout its range. There is only one occurrence reported and it is in declining condition. Additional survey work is needed to document sites to protect and possibly restore. US CO, NM?, UT 2/23/1994 US UT, WY 2/23/1994 This association has a restricted range of occurrence on the western slope of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Many stands have been eliminated or severely impacted by upstream dams or water diversions, or by livestock grazing. Less than 15 good condition stands are known. US CO 5/1/2000 This community is known from the coast of northern California, Oregon, W ashington and southern British Columbia, where stands are restricted to perennially-waterlogged, mucky peat soils above tidal influence. The few known occurrences of old-growth remnants of this community, coupled with pervasive losses on private lands, ongoing harvest of second-growth stands, the lack of protection for most remnant sites, and the poor condition of most known remnants requires a high rank. US CA, OR, WA 10/21/2002 About 20 stands of this association are known to exist in Oregon and W ashington, covering some 5000 acres. About 85% of this association is thought to have been lost to logging and agriculture since 1850. Stands with old-growth timber are the most significant remnants, as some second-growth stands also exist. Many stands have been degraded to varying degrees by diking, conversion to agriculture, alterations to flooding regimes, invasive species, and are still subject to logging. Proximity to major rivers indicates a high nutrient load and a high potential for contamination from upstream sources. US OR, WA 12/1/2000 This plant association is ranked G2G3 because it is relatively uncommon yet widespread on peatlands of south-central and southeastern Alaska. Most sites are less than 100 acres in size because most peatlands of the region only support mid to small patch sized associations. Little effort has gone into locating examples of the association, and there are an unknown number of occurrences. Sites supporting it have rarely been disturbed except near towns where they were often drained and bulldozed for housing developments. Due to protection provided by wilderness areas and wetland protection laws of the region, the long-term trend is stable. US AK 4/10/1999 This moderately widespread association occurs in relatively few, unevenly distributed, isolated stands within the northwestern portion of the Yellowstone Highlands, the Idaho Batholith, and the northeastern portion of the Blue Mountains ecoregional sections. The number of occurrences of the association is not precisely known due to the lack of appropriate inventory work and the remote location of stands. Few recent observations regarding the distribution, abundance, or condition of occurrences have been reported. The condition of occurrences is declining due to <i>Pinus albicaulis</i> mortality resulting from the cumulative effects of wildfire exclusion, widespread incidence of white pine blister rust (<i>Cronartium ribicola</i>), and associated increased susceptibility to mountain pine beetle (<i>Dendroctonus ponderosae</i>) infestation. US ID, MT, OR, WY 11/27/2000 This forest association has a very limited range in Oregon where it is found on Fremont National Forest. This type occurs in small patches, usually less than 100 acres, and is estimated to have less than 20 occurrences. This association is very threatened. It is susceptible to an exotic disease, white pine blister rust, which kills all age classes of <i>Pinus albicaulis</i>. Decades of fire suppression have transformed typical open stands to closed-canopy forests. These aging stands lack regeneration and are at high risk of dwarf mistletoe and mountain pine beetle epidemics. Furthermore, because <i>Pinus albicaulis</i> is restricted to the upper subalpine zone, it is also more threatened by global warming. US CA?, OR11/30/1998 This community is widely distributed but restricted to the high elevations of the eastern Cascades in northern W ashington and probably southern British Columbia. Its habitat is limited to high, dry elevations and it occupies a relatively small acreage. Late-seral communities are rare because of death of dominant trees from widespread fires and the introduced pathogen blister rust. Community recovery following disturbances is slow because <i>Pinus albicaulis</i> re-invades sites by animal-disseminated seeds into these harsh environments. US WA 11/7/1997 There are ten recorded locations for this association in the southern Rockies of Colorado. This type is a regional endemic with only a few recorded occurrences within its potential range. It requires relatively xeric subalpine slopes between 11,250 and 11,645 feet (just below timberline) with skeletal mineral soils and adequate drainage. Stands are threatened by recreational use, mining, and possibly effects of atmospheric deposition of pollutants. Recovery of these communities from anthropogenic disturbance is severely limited by the extreme environmental conditions under which they occur (Hess 1981). US CO 11/17/1999 These woodlands occur on valley bottom and foothill terraces and are fire maintained communities. <i>Pinus attenuata</i> trees have closed cones that require fire to release the seeds. The woodlands are characterized by a dense, and moderately diverse evergreen shrub layer which has also adapted to a regime of relatively frequent (15-40 year) fires. Fire suppression, logging and development all have led to serious declines in these open forests or woodlands. Only two high quality stands remain in Oregon. While probably more common in California, it is estimated that less than 20 stands remain there, all threatened by fire suppression and development. US CA, OR 10/28/2002 CA?, US BC?, WA 12/1/2000 This local association is restricted to sand dunes along the Pacific coast between northern California and southwestern W ashington, with most remaining stands found along the central Oregon coast. Specific habitat conditions required by this association include a seasonally dry sandy substrate, a coastal Mediterranean climate, and seasonal flooding. Only about 30 occurrences are known to exist, covering an estimated 300 acres. Stands on private land are being destroyed by housing and commercial development. Other stands are vulnerable to damage from off-road vehicles or are located in municipal wellfields, and pumping of groundwater may cause declines. The best stands are on the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, but may still be threatened. The U.S. Forest Service is working to protect these stands, but if they decline, this type should become ranked G1. If it becomes established in many of the new deflation plains created by <i>Ammophila arenaria</i>, it might be able to become G3. US CA?, OR, WA? 10/20/1997 This association is limited and patchy in its distribution to the "Borderlands" of southwestern New Mexico, and possibly southeastern Arizona and very northern Sierra Madre Occidentale of Mexico. Stands are small and reflect the late successional stage of mesic pinyon woodlands. They are very high in grass and forb diversity, with a preponderance of Sierra Madrean elements that have a restricted distribution in the United States. Grazing and, to a lesser degree, fuelwood harvest continue to impact the association throughout its range MX?, US AZ, MXCH?, NM, TX? 10/21/1997 This association is limited in its distribution to the "Borderlands" of southwestern New Mexico, and possibly southeastern Arizona and the Trans-Pecos region of western Texas and northern Mexico. Stands reflect a late successional stage of mesic pinyon woodlands and are highly diverse with a preponderance of Sierra Madrean elements that have a restricted distribution in the United States. Stands continue to be impacted by fuelwood harvest and grazing throughout the distribution of this association. MX?, US AZ, MXCH?, NM 10/20/1997 This association is restricted to the "Borderlands" of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, and possibly very northern Sierra Madre Occidentale of Mexico. Stands are small, and reflect the late successional stage transformation of interior chaparral to pinyon woodland. Stands continue to be impacted by fuelwood harvest and grazing throughout the association's distribution. MX?, US AZ, MXCH?, NM 11/14/1997 This is a rare, regionally endemic association. It is poorly known, with only five documented locations from four counties (Montrose, San Miguel, Mesa, and Saguache) in the western portion of Colorado (CONHP 1997). None of these stands are protected. There is some uncertainty about the accuracy of this rank (the actual rank may be lower) because both Isaacson (1967) and Colorado Natural Heritage Program field investigators (P. Lyons pers. comm.) suggest it may be more widespread on the western slope of Colorado and may extend into Utah. This association occurs in a relatively common environmental setting, being found on flat or gently inclining slopes or benches of sandstone origin (CONHP 1997). Existing stands have been degraded by overgrazing, non-native species invasion, and possibly fire suppression. As of 2006, this association has been found regularly in national park units in southern and eastern Utah, as well as western Colorado. However, stands tend to be small, isolated, and affected by grazing. US CO, UT 12/15/1998 This woodland association occurs locally in the landscape in central and northern New Mexico. As a "decreaser", <i>Andropogon hallii</i> is an indicator of good range condition, hence it is considered to be under significant decline due to grazing. US NM 12/15/1998 This savanna woodland is presently known from the Sacramento and Guadalupe mountains of south-central New Mexico. There is little documented information about this type. US NM 10/21/1997 This association is limited in its distribution to the "Borderlands" of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico and the northern Sierra Madre Occidentale. Stands are small and reflect the late successional stage of Sierra Madrean woodland savanna. They are very high in grass and forb diversity, with a preponderance of Sierra Madrean elements that have a restricted distribution in the United States. Grazing, and to a lesser degree timber harvest, continue to impact the association throughout its range. MX?, US AZ, MXCH?, NM 10/21/2002 This is a very local plant community, currently restricted to coastal-influenced, serpentine areas in southwestern Oregon and adjacent California. In spite of having a number of occurrences in protected areas, it remains highly threatened by mining, canopy fires resulting from years of fire suppression, and most significantly an introduced pathogen which kills almost all individuals of <i>Pinus monticola</i>, the dominant tree in these stands. A major fire in 2002 may have destroyed most of the occurrences. US CA, OR 3/6/2003 This association is only known from Point Reyes National Seashore, and is confined to a very small area. US CA 11/30/1998 This association was never very common, being restricted to high-elevation riparian zones in south-central Oregon. Many areas have been logged, roaded or degraded by grazing. Most remaining areas are fragmented by these activities. However, sufficient examples of this association exist to warrant a G2G3 ranking. US OR 11/30/1998 This association is restricted to hot, dry, high-elevation sites, with low moisture-holding capacity soils, in the Oregon Cascades. These abiotic requirements cause this association to once have been a widespread but uncommon forest type. It now only exists as scattered fragments of its former range. This association is rare due to logging, road building, and fire suppression. The extent of this forest type has been much reduced by clearcutting. The association now only exists as isolated fragments, many of which are altered as a result of fire suppression. US CA?, OR 12/17/2000 This association is restricted to a limited area on the W enatchee National Forest in W ashington. This association is a small- to large-patch woodland type that appears on dry rocky soils derived from sandstone and basalt. Although fewer than 50 locations are likely, low timber productivity limits threats to this association to road building. The number of occurrences is estimated from a classification survey and expert interview. CA?, US BC?, WA 10/23/1997 This association is very local, with all known sites located within the area between Badger Creek and Jordan Creek, on the southeastern side of Mount Hood, on the Barlow Ranger District of the Mount Hood National Forest. This is rare, local type restricted to isolated ridges and upper slopes at fewer than 10 known sites. The removal of fire and widespread grazing has caused changes in the species composition of many sites. Fire suppression has led to low frequency, higher intensity fires which kill mature oaks and have higher mortality of native bunchgrasses and forbs. There are no protected examples of this type, and all known occurrences on private and BLM lands have been logged. US OR 11/30/1998 This community has a narrow range in the eastern Cascade foothills of W ashington and perhaps adjacent Oregon. The number of occurrences is extrapolated from published descriptions and reconnaissance. Both indicate that the community is limited both in areal extent and in the number of representative stands. Throughout its range there may be around one hundred locations. This is a mid- to late-seral community that naturally depended on fire and/or drought to thin invading conifers. Its area has been reduced by conifer invasion and introductions of exotic plants following grazing or other site disturbances. It appears to be present on federal and tribal lands. US WA 1/27/2000 This woodland association currently found in a narrow area in the East Cascades near the Columbia River Gorge and north into the Yakima Indian Reservation. Similar stands may occur in California. There are estimated to be between 30-60 occurrences rangewide. Many stands have been eliminated by development and logging. Sites are threatened by development and alteration in the fire regime, as periodic fires maintain these woodlands. W ith fire suppression, stands that occur on moister sites will develop into forests and are more at risk from stand replacing crown fires. Current logging practices do not threaten to eliminate this type in W ashington because stands are not clear cut. Livestock grazing typically does not impact the structure of these stands, but might introduce exotic plant species. Currently, there are no protected stands of this association. More survey is needed, especially in northeastern California to determine the extent of this association. US CA?, OR, WA 2/1/1996 US MT 12/30/2000 This association is known only from the Front Range of Colorado. Stands occur along foothill and montane streambanks on the southern aspects of canyons that are otherwise too dry for conifers. Streamflow alteration, development and heavy recreational use threaten this plant community. The major species have large ecological amplitudes, and the re-introduction of appropriate streamflows and rest from overuse will likely result in the re-establishment of healthy communities. Additional survey is needed for similar woodlands in New Mexico, Arizona and elsewhere in Colorado. US AZ?, CO, NM? 2/1/1996 This woodland association has been rudimentarily documented (Roberts 1980) to occur only in the Bear's Paw Mountains (wholly within the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation), outside the dry distributional limits of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. It occurs in a unique setting, on the moistest sites that are capable of supporting the <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> series in this very dry mountain range. A modest amount of field inventory in other Montana island mountain ranges set in the Great Plains has failed to find this association. Though there is little of this habitat in the Bear's Paw Mountains, it has not experienced declining acreage or impacts, with the minor exception of scattered firewood cutting and wildfire. Old burns in this type indicate seral stages to be bunchgrass-dominated, with <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> slow to colonize the sites. US MT 1/3/2000 The total range of this association is limited to a few hundred square miles. Logging, land conversion and mining have reduced the extent of this association. Total acreage and the number of remaining stands is unknown. US CA?, OR 3/29/1999 Historical fires were typically less frequent in this type than most other <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> communities, and thus the threat of fire suppression is less significant. Shallow soils, however are susceptible to grazing damage. Old-growth <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> is very threatened throughout its range due to livestock grazing, fire exclusion, and logging. This community occurs in open sites that are often used as log decks and logging platforms. In Oregon there are more than 20 occurrences, most which have been high-graded. The number of occurrences in New Mexico is unknown. There are no protected examples of this community. US CO?, ID?, NM, OR 11/30/1998 This association is restricted to southern Oregon east of the Cascades. It is restricted to relatively high-elevation sites with soils rich in pumice. These abiotic requirements cause this association to once have been a common forest type. This association is rare due to logging, road building, and fire suppression. The extent of this forest type has been much reduced by clearcutting. The association now only exists as isolated fragments, many of which are altered as a result of fire suppression. US OR 3/29/1999 This fire-dependent rare community is restricted to areas in central Oregon and adjacent W ashington and Idaho, which are moist enough to support <i>Calamagrostis rubescens</i>, but too dry to support <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. W hile the association was never abundant, it was once widespread. Large areas once dominated by this vegetation type have functionally become ~<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii / Calamagrostis rubescens </i>W oodland (CEGL000429)$$. All current occurrences are threatened by grazing, fire suppression (which creates ladder fuels leading to stand replacement fires instead of cool underburns). Because of ongoing degradation due to grazing, logging, and fire suppression, this type is being rapidly lost. US ID, OR, WA 11/30/1998 This association is restricted to mid-elevation sites in northeastern Oregon. The abiotic requirements are broad enough that it is likely that this association was formerly a common forest type, but it now only exists as scattered fragments of its former range. It is dependent upon fire to prevent invasion by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and shrubs. This association is rare due to logging, road building, and fire suppression. The extent of this forest type has been much reduced by clearcutting. The association now only exists as isolated fragments, many of which are altered as a result of fire suppression. US OR 11/13/1997 This semi-riparian woodland is restricted to terraces along perennial streams and large washes south of the Mogollon Rim in Arizona, between 1680 and 1770 m in elevation. These conditions occur sporadically, so total area is expected to be small. Because these forests are high-quality livestock habitat, there is a potential threat of their degradation because of livestock overuse. It may be more common if it is found to be the same as <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> riparian associations described for New Mexico. US AZ 11/4/1997 This relatively widespread plant association of the Idaho Batholith, Bitterroot Mountains, and Palouse Prairie ecoregional sections occurs as dispersed isolated stands or in clusters of few stands, with low abundance throughout the range. The association is found only on northwestern to northeastern aspects of moderate slopes, below 3000 feet elevation. These relatively accessible sites are historically degraded by selective harvest, livestock grazing, and conversion to agriculture and residential land uses. The current number and representative quality of stands needs to be determined through appropriate inventories. Frequent, low-intensity fire is an important ecological attribute of this association, and recovery from extended exclusion of fire may be difficult as excessive live and dead fuels will accumulate rapidly on these relatively productive sites. The plant association occurs in Elk Creek (350 a) and Little Granite Creek (50 a) Research Natural Areas, Nez Perce National Forest and Mary M. Mccroskey CA?, US BC?, ID, MT, WA 10/24/1997 This is an association which was formerly widespread in a narrow range, along plateaus and benches between 3000 and 5600 feet in the Pumice Zone of south-central Oregon. Stands have been altered or destroyed by logging and grazing on public and private lands. Most privately owned occurrences have been logged and converted to pastures. Timber and cattle production have altered the character of most of the stands on public lands. In addition, fire suppression has allowed young lodgepole and ponderosa pine trees to invade these stands, creating ladder fuels which lead to destruction of mature pines when sites burn in wildfires. Reintroduction of fire in these systems has not proven to be possible given U.S. Forest Service management constraints. Unless this is worked out, this rare association will continue to decline. US CA, OR 11/22/2000 This is a local community, restricted to the pumice zone of central Oregon. It has a limited distribution with less than 20 occurrences estimated. Rapid population growth in this region has increased the threat of rural development. Logging of the large pines has decreased the quality of most sites, and no examples of this type are known to be protected. Fire suppression is changing the character of stands by increasing density of lodgepole pine and heightening the risk of stand-replacing fires W hile not reported from Crater Lake, habitat is likely present there. The identification of stands of this type at Crater Lake National Park could change the rank to G3. US CA?, OR 11/22/2000 Although it is regionally endemic, this community is currently less threatened than other Ponderosa pine communities, with an estimated 20-50 occurrences. Stands have been fragmented by logging and development, and many of the large old <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> have been logged. Livestock have significantly altered the understory condition of both shrubs and grasses in many areas. Past fire suppression has increased the risk of stand-replacing fire. However, increased use of prescribed fire and decreased levels of logging and grazing are trends which should ensure its continual existence. Because most occurrences are small and only one occurrence is protected, this is very close to a G2-ranked community. If grazing, logging or fire suppression continue, a G2 rank is probably more appropriate. US OR 3/29/1999 This type is both very rare and very threatened. This association occurs on the Bly and Lakeview Ranger Districts of the Fremont National Forest and almost certainly occurs on the Modoc National Forest in adjacent California. Most stands have been eliminated by clearcutting or degraded by grazing and fire exclusion. There are no protected examples, fire suppression continues throughout most of its range, and grazing is a continued threat. As with other <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> associations, the primary threat is fire exclusion, resulting in unnatural fuel accumulations and subsequent severe fires which can kill large old pines. It is possible that this association represents an overgrazed <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>/ bunchgrass or bitterbrush community. However, until some areas with this type are protected and change, it is assumed that the classification is correct. W ith proper management, it may be found to be a successional type. US CA?, OR 12/1/2000 This lowland riparian association is restricted to scattered stands along the Gila River and Animas Creek in New Mexico, but potentially could occur elsewhere in southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona. However, high-quality occurrences are not likely to exceed 25 in number. As with many riparian zone communities in the Southwest, impacts over the past 150 years from livestock use, agricultural conversion, urbanization, recreational use, and the alteration of hydrological regimes have led to extensive fragmentation and loss of this community. Viable occurrences are mostly found along unregulated rivers, such as the Gila and Animas, where periodic flooding and sustained maintenance flows lead to successful reproduction and establishment of native riparian species. In the Southwest, such unregulated rivers are few, hence this community has become globally rare, still is threatened, and continues to decline. US AZ?, NM 10/21/1997 Few intact examples of this association remain in the southwestern U.S. The association continues to be in decline, primarily as a function of hydrological alterations (dams and diversions), grazing, off-road vehicles and agricultural conversion. The remaining functional stands are restricted to wild rivers and streams. Documented from Deer Creek of the Animas Mountains, New Mexico and potentially occurs in other unregulated streams and rivers such as the Gila and San Francisco rivers, and possibly along the Mimbres River in New Mexico, or the San Pedro River in Arizona. A significant association with respect to biodiversity, particularly for birds in the Southwest. Stands that are have not been invaded by exotic trees, shrubs and herbs are also very rare. Even protected examples are threatened by grazing and continued declines in upland watershed conditions. MX?, US AZ, NM 9/27/2004 This association requires low-gradient floodplain habitats in which natural hydrological processes are operational to ensure reproduction and maintenance of <i>Platanus wrightii</i> and other key wetland species. These habitats have been significantly altered over the past 100+ years along with other rivers of the Southwest because of agricultural conversion and water diversions. This, in combination with intensive livestock and off-road vehicle use, has likely led to significant declines of the association, particularly at lower elevations. Despite these conditions, limited quantitative data preclude ranking higher than G2G3. MX?, US AZ?, NM 4/7/1998 US CO, NM, UT, WY 11/30/1998 ~<i>Populus angustifolia / Acer grandidentatum</i> Forest (CEGL000646)$$ is a minor type that is known from northeastern Utah and southeastern Idaho. The stands are late-seral and cottonwoods will likely be replaced by conifers such as <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> or <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i>. The association was originally described by Padgett et al. (1989). Examples of this association have not been documented in recent years. <i>Poa pratensis</i> cover was quite high in stands sampled by Padgett et al. (1989). US ID, UT 11/30/1998 The range of this association apparently extends from central Colorado, north to north-central Wyoming, a distance of ca. 400 miles. So far, the range appears very narrow (<100 miles) from east to west. Exotic species (especially <i>Poa pratensis</i> and <i>Agrostis stolonifera</i>) are common in the herbaceous layer of the stands described to date. Stands in Colorado are threatened by development and alterations in stream flow. The rank has been changed from G2G3 to G2Q based on the assumptions that the range of this association contains about a dozen stands, and that a high proportion of those stands face little threat because they grow in inaccessible locations. The "Q" portion is based on the uncertainty about whether the W yoming stands and the Colorado stands belong to the same association, as well as some uncertainty about the range and number of stands. US CO, NM, WY 12/27/1999 This riparian woodland association is rare and has only been described from 5 stands in three mountain ranges in Utah. There are over 20 occurrences estimated for this type rangewide. Although this association appears stable, the condition of high quality occurrences is extremely threatened. Development, heavy recreation use, expansion and maintenance of roads and railroads, improper grazing, and modification of the hydrologic processes threaten this community with the introduction of non-native species, accelerated erosion, and damage to native vegetation. Hydrologically modified streams may lack the processes necessary to regenerate the <i>Populus angustifolia</i> tree canopy. Additional survey is needed to determine if it occurs in Colorado and elsewhere in Utah. US CO, NV, UT, WY 12/30/2000 This newly described riparian woodland is known from only one location in the Sangre de Cristo Range of southern Colorado, but is suspected to occur more widely. The occurrence is on public land managed by the Federal government (U.S. Forest Service) and is surrounded by designated wilderness. Additional inventory is necessary to locate other occurrences and to documents threats. US CO 10/22/2002 This association is a relatively wide-ranging and broadly defined association occurring on infrequently flooded alluvial terraces of low-elevation streams and rivers of the inland Pacific Northwest. It is usually distinct from related <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> stands with tall-shrub understories. This type is not as immediately affected by flow alteration as some other <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> types, but the quality and viability of most occurrences are decreased due to many anthropogenic disturbances, including flow regime changes. These disturbances include clearing for road building and urbanization; recreation impacts; dams, flood control levees, and diversions reducing flood peaks and deposition necessary for <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> reproduction; and cattle grazing (decreasing <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> and <i>Symphoricarpos</i> spp. reproduction while promoting exotic species). Interruption of the natural flooding regime on many l CA?, US BC?, ID, MT?, OR, WA, WY 2/23/2004 This association has a restricted range of occurrence on the eastern slope of the northern Rockies, with an unusual combination of tree dominants related to the mesic soil conditions. CA, US AB, MT 10/17/2002 There are relatively few occurrences, probably less than 100, remaining of this association, of which only a small percentage are highly viable. This association has probably declined very significantly in extent and number of occurrences from historic conditions because of conversion to agriculture and development, and invasion of exotic species. Its condition is declining and it is highly threatened by dams and other hydrologic alterations, invasion of exotic species, and development in adjacent habitats. The regeneration of this association over time is dependent on riverine flooding and channel migration of major rivers. CA?, US BC?, OR, WA 2/1/1996 US WA 10/17/2002 There are very few to few occurrences of this association and a limited areal extent. It appears to be limited to a small geographic range, the western Olympic Peninsula, where it is highly dependent on riverine flooding and channel migration and, possibly, on freedom from excessive ungulate browsing. Most occurrences do not appear to be viable in the long term and are probably declining in extent because of lack of regeneration of cottonwood stands (the latter is hypothesized to be related to heavy elk browsing in the area). Exotic species are present in most stands to varying degrees and are probably spreading over time. US OR?, WA 10/17/2002 This minor riparian forest occurs only in the Kettle and Selkirk ranges of northeast W ashington and probably adjacent British Columbia. It is rare and unusual, known from fewer than 10 sites although more locations are likely. It is associated with unusually cold, wet environments for <i>Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa</i> types. Changes to local hydrology are the only known threats to this association. CA?, US BC?, WA 9/28/2004 This major association of the Rio Grande and Pecos basins has undergone significant declines as a result of impoundments and subsequent river regulation along with agricultural conversion and urban development. It requires low-gradient floodplain habitats in which natural hydrological processes are operational to ensure reproduction and maintenance of <i>Populus deltoides</i> and other key wetland species. Hence, while geographically widespread, the most viable occurrences are found in the middle reaches of the Rio Grande in central New Mexico, where the hydrological regimes are at least marginally intact or water flows are sometimes regulated to simulate the natural hydrological regime. Many extant occurrences are approaching senescence and loss without replacement due to the lack of natural floods. Others are declining because minimum in-stream base flows are not being maintained. In addition, many occurrences are significantly invaded by alien species. The number of viable occurrences is very low, and tren US AZ?, NM, UT? 9/28/2004 This association has likely undergone significant declines in the San Juan River basin as a result of impoundments and subsequent river regulation along with agricultural conversion and urban development. It requires low-gradient floodplain habitats in which natural hydrological processes are operational to ensure reproduction and maintenance of <i>Populus deltoides</i> and other key wetland species. Conditions such as these are now rare in river basins of the Southwest. Many extant occurrences are approaching senescence and loss without replacement due to the lack of natural floods. Others are declining because minimum in-stream base flows are not being maintained. In addition, many occurrences are significantly invaded by alien species. The rank of G2G3 was assigned with limited information; further documentation is desirable. However, the expectation is that this rank will be upheld and may be trending towards a rank of G2. US AZ?, NM, UT 11/4/1997 This association occurs along low-elevation rivers in a semi-arid region where agricultural activities and hydrologic modifications have had great impacts. Existing occurrences occur on the high plains east of the Rocky Mountain front in north-central and northeastern Colorado and along the Yampa River in northwestern Colorado. Similar associations have been reported for eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska (Jones and W alford 1995, G. Steinauer pers. comm. 1997). The <i>Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni</i> form of this association is likely to occur also in western New Mexico and northeastern Utah. W ater impoundments have altered the natural flood regimes; floodplains are used for pastures, hay fields and livestock grazing. Introduced species have invaded and, in the case of <i>Tamarix</i>, have increased soluble salts in the soils. The area of ~<i>Populus deltoides (ssp. wislizeni, ssp. monilifera) / Distichlis spicata</i> W oodland (CEGL000939)$$ on the Arkansas River is small and apparently is decreasing du US CO, NE?, NM?, UT, WY? 7/21/2004 This major association of the Rio Grande and San Juan River basins has undergone significant declines as a result of impoundments and subsequent river regulation along with agricultural conversion and urban development. It requires low-gradient floodplain habitats in which natural hydrological processes are operational to ensure reproduction and maintenance of <i>Populus deltoides</i> and other key wetland species. The most viable occurrences are found in the middle reaches of the Rio Grande in central New Mexico where the hydrological regimes are at least marginally intact or water flows are sometimes regulated to simulate the natural hydrological regime. Many occurrences are approaching senescence and loss without replacement due to the lack of natural floods. Others are declining because minimum in-stream base flows are not being maintained. In addition, many occurrences are significantly invaded by alien species. The number of viable occurrences is very low and trends suggest a possible G1 ranking in the US AZ?, CO, NM, UT?9/28/2004 This associations has undergone significant declines in the Rio Grande and Pecos basins as a result of impoundments and subsequent river regulation along with agricultural conversion and urban development. It requires low-gradient floodplain habitats in which natural hydrological processes are operational to ensure reproduction and maintenance of <i>Populus deltoides</i> and other key wetland species. Hence, while geographically widespread, the most viable occurrences are found in the middle reaches of the Rio Grande in central New Mexico where the hydrological regimes are at least marginally intact or water flows are sometimes regulated to simulate the natural hydrological regime. Many occurrences are approaching senescence and loss without replacement due to the lack of natural floods. Others are declining because minimum in-stream base flows are not being maintained. In addition, many occurrences are significantly invaded by alien species. This was once a widespread association, but there are now very few US AZ?, NM, UT? 12/22/2000 This riparian woodland association is documented only in 3 areas in the lower South Platte River in northeastern Colorado, though thought to occur over a larger range. It varies from `small' to `large' patches and requires both infrequent scouring floods, then cessation of floods, as happens naturally as a stream crosses a broad floodplain. The rank has been changed from G1? to G2 to reflect the expected increase in range. US CO, WY? 12/19/2000 This riparian forest association is ranked G2G3 because it has a relatively restricted range, narrow ecological amplitude, and is highly susceptible to grazing disturbance. Stands are restricted to the northern portion of the Northern Great Plains Steppe ecoregion of eastern Montana, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and probably western North Dakota. It is a seral community associated with fluvial processes, and it occurs primarily on alluvial terraces along major rivers. Although only a few occurrences are documented, most of its range has not been surveyed. It is likely that livestock grazing has impacted most occurrences of this community. In many <i>Populus deltoides</i> stands the native shrub component has been removed and the understory is dominated by exotic grasses. Improper grazing by livestock continues to threaten these riparian forests, as does competition with exotic graminoids, such as <i>Bromus inermis</i>, and woody species, such as <i>Elaeagnus angustifolia</i> and <i>Tamarix chinens CA, US AB, MT, SK 9/28/2004 This association has likely undergone significant declines in the Canadian River and Pecos basins as a result of impoundments and subsequent river regulation along with agricultural conversion and urban development. It requires low-gradient floodplain habitats in which natural hydrological processes are operational to ensure reproduction and maintenance of <i>Populus deltoides</i> and other key wetland species. Conditions such as these are now rare in river basins of the Southwest. Many extant occurrences are approaching senescence and loss without replacement due to the lack of natural floods. Others are declining because minimum in-stream base flows are not being maintained. In addition, many occurrences are significantly invaded by alien species. The rank of G2G3 is on limited information; further documentation is desirable. However, the expectation is that this rank will be upheld and may be trending towards a rank of G2. US CO?, NM 9/28/2004 This association has likely undergone significant declines in the Rio Grande and Pecos basins as a result of impoundments and subsequent river regulation along with agricultural conversion and urban development. It requires low-gradient floodplain habitats in which natural hydrological processes are operational to ensure reproduction and maintenance of <i>Populus deltoides</i> and other key wetland species. The most viable occurrences are found in the middle reaches of the Rio Grande in central New Mexico where the hydrological regimes are at least marginally intact or water flows are sometimes regulated to simulate the natural hydrological regime. Many extant occurrences are approaching senescence and loss without replacement due to the lack of natural floods. Others are declining because minimum in-stream base flows are not being maintained. In addition, many occurrences are significantly invaded by alien species. The rank of G2 is based on limited information; further documentation is desirable, but the ex MX?, US AZ?, NM, UT? 9/28/2004 This association may be a highly restricted local endemic community. W hile a significant portion of stands occurs within a national park, an equal amount or more is not. The association may have been more common at one time at other gypsum dune sites in the Southwest, but further survey work is needed to substantiate this. Hence, the rank of G2G3 is assigned pending further documentation, but the expectation is that this rank status will be upheld. US NM, TX? 11/5/1997 This association has only been documented from river floodplains of the lower Colorado, Yampa, and San Miguel rivers in extreme western Colorado (Keammerer 1974a, 1974b, Kittel and Lederer 1993). It has also been tentatively reported to occur in degraded stands along the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico. Nearly all the existing stands are considered to be in decline due to altered hydrology from upstream impoundments and the long-term effects of livestock grazing. <i>Populus</i> regeneration is poor at all sites, and tamarisk (<i>Tamarix ramosissima</i>) is invading stands of this type on the lower Colorado River near Grand Junction, Colorado. US CO, UT 9/28/2004 This association, like other montane riparian communities of the Southwest, has likely been impacted by livestock use and hydrological alterations (principally diversions for irrigation that lower baseline in-stream flows). This has led to declines and replacement by upland associations or early-successional riparian communities dominated by forbs and grasses. W ith these suspected declines, and with only limited quantitative data, this association is ranked between G2 and G3. US AZ?, NM 9/28/2004 This association may be a highly restricted local endemic community. W hile a significant portion of the stands is within a national park, an equal amount or more is not. In addition, occurrences are significantly threatened by alien species, particularly <i>Tamarix ramosissima</i>. The association may have been more common at one time at other gypsum dune sites in the Southwest, but further survey work is needed to substantiate this. Hence, the rank of G2G3 is designated pending further documentation, but the expectation is that this rank status will be upheld. US NM, TX? 12/1/2000 This lowland riparian association is limited to scattered stands in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Utah where plants, particularly trees and shrubs, have access to an active groundwater table. High-quality occurrences are not likely to exceed 100 in number. As with many riparian zone communities in the Southwest, impacts over the past 150 years from livestock use, agricultural conversion, urbanization, recreational use, and the alteration of hydrological regimes have led to extensive fragmentation and loss of this community. Viable occurrences are mostly found along unregulated rivers where periodic flooding and sustained maintenance flows lead to successful reproduction and establishment of native riparian species. In the Southwest, such unregulated rivers are few, hence the community has become globally rare, still is threatened, and declines continue today. The rank was changed from G3 to G2G3 to reflect these trends. MX?, US AZ, MXSO?, NM, TX?, UT 12/1/2000 This lowland riparian association is restricted to scattered stands along the Gila River in New Mexico where plants, particularly trees and shrubs, have access to an active groundwater table. High-quality occurrences are not likely to exceed 25 in number. As with many riparian zone communities in the Southwest, impacts over the past 150 years from livestock use, agricultural conversion, urbanization, recreational use, and the alteration of hydrological regimes have led to extensive fragmentation and loss of this community. Viable occurrences are mostly found along unregulated rivers, such as the Gila, where periodic flooding and sustained maintenance flows lead to successful reproduction and establishment of native riparian species. In the Southwest, such unregulated rivers are few, hence the community has become globally rare, still is threatened, and declines continue today. Based on these trends, the rank was changed from G3? to G2. US AZ, NM 12/1/2000 This lowland riparian association is restricted to scattered stands along the Gila River in New Mexico where plants, particularly trees and shrubs, have access to an active ground water table. High-quality occurrences are not likely to exceed 25 in number. As with many riparian zone communities in the Southwest, impacts over the past 150 years from livestock use, agricultural conversion, urbanization, recreational use, and the alteration hydrological regimes have led to extensive fragmentation and loss of this community. Viable occurrences are mostly found along unregulated rivers, such as the Gila, where periodic flooding and sustained maintenance flows lead to successful reproduction and establishment of native riparian species. In the Southwest, such unregulated rivers are few, hence this community has become globally rare, still is threatened, continues to decline, and is ranked G2. US AZ?, NM 4/4/2001 US AZ?, NM 2/23/1994 Few intact examples of this association remain in the southwestern United States. The association continues to be in decline, primarily as a function of major hydrological alterations (dams and diversions), grazing, off-road vehicles and agricultural conversion. The remaining functional stands are restricted to wild rivers such as the Gila and San Francisco rivers, and possibly along the Mimbres River in New Mexico, or the San Pedro River in Arizona. A few remnant stands are also known from the middle Rio Grande and a few locations in western Texas. This is a very significant association with respect to biodiversity and was once one of the major riparian communities of the Southwest. Stands that have not been invaded by exotic trees, shrubs and herbs are also very rare. Even protected examples are threatened by continued declines in upland watershed conditions and hydrological modification. MX?, US AZ, CA?, CO, MXCH?, MXSO?, NM, TX, UT 12/1/2000 This lowland riparian association is limited to southwestern New Mexico and southern Utah where plants, particularly trees and shrubs, have access to an active groundwater table. As with many riparian zone communities in the Southwest, impacts over the past 150 years from livestock use, agricultural conversion, urbanization, recreational use, and the alteration of hydrological regimes have led to extensive fragmentation and loss of this community. Viable occurrences are mostly found along unregulated rivers where periodic flooding and sustained maintenance flows lead to successful reproduction and establishment of native riparian species. In the Southwest, such unregulated rivers are few, hence the community has become globally rare, still is threatened, and declines continue today. This association is ranked G2Q to reflect its rarity and the fact that it is reported only from a single research study. More vegetation inventory and classification work are needed to resolve this questionable status. US AZ?, CA?, NM, NV?, UT 10/21/1997 Few intact examples of this association remain in the Southwest U.S. The association continues to be in decline, primarily as a function of major hydrological alterations (dams and diversions), grazing, off-road vehicles, and agricultural conversion. The remaining functional stands are restricted to wild rivers such as the Gila and San Francisco rivers, and possibly along the Mimbres River in New Mexico, or the San Pedro River in Arizona. This is a very significant association with respect to biodiversity, particularly birds in the Southwest. Stands are rare that have not been invaded by exotic trees, shrubs and herbs. Even protected examples are threatened by continued declines in upland watershed conditions. US CA, NM, UT 11/7/1997 Few intact examples of this association remain in the southwestern U.S. It has been documented on the Gray Ranch of the Animas Mountains in New Mexico, but has been observed elsewhere in the Southwest, particularly along intermittent and more ephemeral stream channels. Stands are often small and naturally restricted by alluvial terrace size. The association continues to be in decline, primarily as a function of grazing and to a lesser degree hydrological alterations (dams and diversions) and agricultural conversion. The remaining functional stands are restricted to unregulated perennial streams and rivers, and ephemeral washes. It is a significant association with respect to biodiversity, particularly birds in the Southwest. Even protected examples are threatened by continued declines in upland watershed conditions. MX?, US AZ?, NM 12/14/2000 This association seems to be naturally rare, having been described from a small geographic range (the southern Salt River and W yoming mountain ranges in western Wyoming) and from a rather specific range of environments (mostly moderately steep, northerly slopes in a narrow elevational range). Fire suppression may have caused this association to be even more rare, because it is seral to <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> forests. Nevertheless, it is assigned a G2 conservation rank because of the lack of documentation of obvious, serious threats to its condition or viability. US WY 9/27/2004 The G2G3 rank is based on the assumptions that this association occurs over a fairly wide geographic range, but that there are few occurrences in that range and they are small. US CO, NV, UT, WY 2/23/1994 US UT, WY 10/1/2002 CA, US BC, OR, WA 10/16/2002 This is an uncommon wetland forest association that is known from few occurrences in Oregon and W ashington, and is located in relatively restricted habitats. Although found over two western states, the small area occupied lessens the overall abundance of the type. Its location at moderate elevations in internally drained, wet basins with flat topography lends itself to heavy livestock use and consequent changes in community structure and composition. Drying of these wetland sites from direct hydrologic manipulation (roads, diversions) is also a threat. US CA?, NV?, OR, WA 12/16/1999 This association is known from fewer than 30 stands in Colorado. The literature indicates that stands occur on very well-drained soils at the middle to upper position of slopes. US CO, WY 11/30/1998 This association has been described only from the Wyoming Range in western Wyoming, where it is associated with moist or wet sites at 8400-8700 feet elevation. This association appears to be associated with grazing disturbance, but it is unclear whether the type is an artifact of grazing, or the degree to which grazing influences the composition of stands. The rank has been changed from G2G3 to G2? to reflect the small range and the specific habitats from which this association has been described. There is uncertainty regarding whether grazing pressures may be the factor resulting in occurrence of this type. US WY 11/7/1997 This association is restricted in range of occurrence to a relatively small region of mountain ranges in the southeastern Rocky Mountains of Colorado. The type is rapidly seral to <i>Picea engelmannii</i>-dominated stands in the absence of fire (Powell 1988a), and other occurrences of ~<i>Populus tremuloides / Ribes montigenum</i> Forest (CEGL000600)$$ may have been recorded as this broadly accepted habitat type found in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and W yoming. Similar aspen stands occur in canyons of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains (Sarr and Sanderson 1998), but the association has yet to be recorded there. US CO, UT 11/30/1998 This association is known to occur from northeastern Utah north to west-central Wyoming and northwestern Montana and west to southeastern Utah. W hile it occurs over a fairly large geographic range, a comprehensive survey of aspen types in that range (Mueggler 1988) documented only four stands. Stands of this type have been documented only from a high-elevation range (2440-2835 m [8000-9300 feet]) on fairly steep slopes, but they occupy a variety of aspects and parent materials. The rank is being changed from G2? to G2 to reflect more confidence in the information on rarity within a limited geographic range. US ID, MT, UT, WY 2/23/1994 US CO, UT 12/1/1997 US HI 11/30/1998 This plant association has almost entirely disappeared as a result of rural residential development, secondary succession (from an altered fire regime), the introduction of exotic species, and farming. Along stream terraces, flooding provided an important process to maintain these habitats, and this process has also been altered by the construction of flood control dams on most of the major W illamette Valley rivers. There are no high-quality examples of this type which represent either the vegetation as it looked when the first European settlers came to the W illamette Valley, or the native oak woodlands and forests of the last 100 years. Douglas-fir has invaded most stands, and eventually will replace the oak entirely. <i>Acer macrophyllum</i> and <i>Abies grandis</i> are also beginning to invade these stands, and over time these may replace the <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>. US CA, OR, WA 3/29/1999 Ancient redwoods are extremely rare throughout their native range. This redwood association is one of the most productive redwood communities, and is found along streams and river terraces which were the first areas logged and developed. It is restricted to the coastal fog belt in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. There are numerous expansive occurrences of young (<100 year old) stands of this community, however sizable (>5000 acres) unlogged remnants are very rare. Threats include ongoing logging, development within and adjacent to occurrences, and hydro projects which can interfere with redwood reproduction. US CA, OR 11/14/1997 We ll protected in small remnants and on Redwood National Park, the remaining examples of this association currently occupy less than 10 percent of the original range, about 1 percent of its narrow range in Oregon. The unprotected stands are extremely valuable, and are being converted to coastal development properties, out of timber production. Restoration of clearcut redwoods is a very long-term proposition, which may not be possible outside of inholdings and isolated patches in an intact forest. US CA, OR 11/30/1998 This community has a very limited natural range, being restricted to the northern Puget Lowland of W ashington and adjacent Oregon, and the Georgia Depression of British Columbia. This is a mid- to late-seral forest community that naturally depended upon moderately frequent to infrequent fires. Its area has been reduced by development and conversion to tree plantations. The vast majority of remaining occurrences are young stands that have been logged in the past. There are very few viable occurrences remaining, at least in W ashington. Fire suppression is a long-term threat that could result in the future extinction of this community type. US OR, WA 11/3/1997 This association is found exclusively in the central to northern Puget Lowland of W ashington. Very few good quality occurrences remain because of logging and fragmentation. There has been significant decline in the area of this community due to conversion to development and intensive forest plantations, with both threats continuing currently. This community is naturally common in a limited area of the Puget Lowland but has been much reduced and degraded. US WA 10/23/2002 This is a rare and local association, but is common on large sand dunes along the Pacific coast between northern California and Tillamook Bay, Oregon. There are estimated to be between 50-80 small occurrences of this association, covering some 2000 acres. These forests are extremely valuable and fast-growing. There remains a significant amount of habitat left, but almost all is in early successional stages. The shallow or sandy nature of the soils makes these stands much slower to recover than many Coast Range forest types. Most of the remaining stands are in the Oregon Dunes Natural Recreation Area and are protected from logging and development. US OR 11/3/1997 This community is naturally common in a limited area of the Puget Lowland but has been much reduced and degraded. Very few good-quality occurrences remain because of logging and fragmentation. There has been significant decline in the area of this community due to conversion to development and intensive forest plantations, with both threats continuing currently. US WA 7/6/2005 The rank for this type needs to be reviewed. This association has now been described from the Bear's Paw Mountains of central Montana, as well as from Grand Teton National Park and Dinosaur National Monument. It appears to be restricted to steep, rocky slopes with northerly aspects and elevations ranging from 1220 m to more than 2250 m (4000-8350 feet). Stands tend to be relatively small and somewhat isolated. It is possible that seral stages of other climax associations may pass through a stage that compositionally overlaps with <i>~Pseudotsuga menziesii / Amelanchier alnifolia</i> Forest (CEGL000420)$$, but their site parameters would differ. Potential threats to this type include logging, firewood cutting, wildfire, and ungulate browsing (<i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> is a highly preferred browse species). Fire on these slopes is followed by bunchgrass- and then tall shrub-dominated structural/seral stages, with more than 80 years post-fire required to attain the current forest structure. US CO, MT, WY 10/24/2002 This is a fairly rare, local association found only on the east side of Mount Hood. Historically the stands have been heavily impacted by livestock grazing, but the condition of the understory in many stands is improving with better livestock management. In the areas where it occurs on private lands, residential development, mostly recreational or second homes, is beginning to occur. Fire suppression continues to be a major threat, leading to stands which will be vulnerable to stand-replacement fires. Only one site, the highest elevation occurrence, is protected in a wilderness area. The habitats are extremely important to wildlife, and potential wildlife management may improve the outlook for this type. US OR 11/14/1997 This community was naturally common in a restricted geographic area in and around the San Juan Islands, and relatively rare in a larger area. It has significantly declined due to development and intensive forestry operations. Few good quality occurrences remain because of logging and fragmentation: most remaining examples have been degraded. It probably occurs also in British Columbia, but its status there is unknown. US WA 2/1/1996 US MT 11/30/1998 This association has a naturally restricted distribution being found on very steep, well-drained terrain of mostly northern exposures at the upper limits of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>-dominated communities. Information is based mostly on the literature and only three tracked occurrences above tributaries just north of the Colorado River within the W hite River National Forest. Much of the Forest Service property in Colorado has had habitat typing efforts done yet few occurrences of this community have been documented. CA?, US BC?, CO 2/1/1996 This community has limited geographic distribution and habitat conditions on which it can occur. US MT 10/21/1997 This association is limited in its distribution to the "Borderlands" of southwestern New Mexico, southeastern Arizona and possibly in the Trans-Pecos region of western Texas and the northern Sierra Madre Occidentale of Mexico. Stands are small and reflect the late successional stage of mesic Sierra Madrean forest. They have very high grass and forb diversity, with a preponderance of Sierra Madrean elements that have a restricted distribution in the United States. Grazing, and to a lesser degree timber harvest continue to impact the association throughout its range. MX?, US AZ, MXCH?, NM, TX? 11/14/1997 This community has a restricted natural range (the rainshadow of the Olympic Mountains) and occurs in very specific environments. The total number of occurrences and their acreage are relatively small and have declined moderately from the past. There are few good-quality occurrences remaining because of logging and development. US WA 3/29/1999 This is a local, rare, and entirely unprotected association. Most of the stands are fairly small, found on areas which are fairly flat. It has decreased in extent as a result of logging and alteration of fire regimes. Given its decline, lack of protection, and continuing threats, it is a G2 association. If the degree of the threats increase, it should probably be a G1 type. US CA?, OR, WA 10/21/1997 This association is limited in its distribution to the "Borderlands" of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, and possibly in the Trans-Pecos region of western Texas and the northern Sierra Madre Occidentale of Mexico. Stands are small and reflect the late successional stage of mesic Sierra Madrean forest. They are very high in grass and forb diversity, with a preponderance of Sierra Madrean elements that have a restricted distribution in the United States. Grazing, and to a lesser degree timber harvest continue to impact the association throughout its range. MX?, US AZ?, MXCH?, NM 11/16/2000 This forest association is restricted to the southern Puget Lowland of western W ashington, the W illamette Valley and the Umpqua Valley of western Oregon, at low elevations. There are probably 20-50 viable occurrences and no more than about 1500 acres. It has declined in extent significantly and been degraded through a combination of exotic species invasions, overgrazing, tree invasion with fire suppression, hydrologic alterations, and agricultural and residential conversion. There are now only a very small number of highly viable occurrences, and multiple threats continue in the very altered landscape in which it occurs. It is confined to moist riparian or wetland margins that are set in prairie or former prairie landscapes. US OR, WA 12/1/2000 This is still a fairly widespread vegetation type, with between 30 and 100 stands remaining. Unfortunately, no stands are known in good condition, and indeed non-native grasses have been used to describe the understory in all published descriptions of this type. Active threats include fire and fire suppression, development, logging and woodcutting, and livestock grazing. In addition, there are no known protected occurrences. If two or three examples of this association can be protected and restored, the rank should drop to G3. If they continue to decline, the rank should increase to G2. US CA, OR 2/1/1996 This association has a restricted range of distribution. Fire suppression has resulted in shifts in species composition and vegetation structure. US CA, OR 11/16/2000 This woodland association is only known from the Puget Lowland of western W ashington and the Georgia Basin of southwestern British Columbia at low elevations. There are probably 20-40 viable occurrences and a relatively small but unknown global acreage in a small range. It has been degraded and continues to decline in extent and condition through a combination of exotic species invasions, overgrazing, tree invasion with fire suppression, fragmentation, and residential conversion. There are now only a very small number of highly viable occurrences, and multiple threats continue in the very altered landscape in which it occurs. CA?, US BC?, WA 10/28/2002 US OR 11/30/1998 This community has a narrow natural range along the southeastern Cascade foothills in W ashington and adjacent Oregon. The number and size of occurrences are extrapolated from published descriptions. Individual sites are small and the number of mostly natural representative sites is fewer than one hundred. This riparian and adjacent toeslope community is prone to exotic grass and forb species invasions. Location of community occurrences in valley bottoms increases the chance of heavy livestock use or agricultural development and has lead to local degradation and site conversions. CA?, US BC?, WA 11/30/1998 This plant association has almost entirely disappeared as a result of rural residential development, secondary succession (from an altered fire regime), the introduction of exotic species, and farming. There are no high-quality examples of this type which represent either the vegetation as it looked when the first European settlers came to the W illamette Valley, or the native oak woodlands and forests of the last 100 years. The remaining, isolated remnants are largely dominated by exotic grasses, and the character of the native oak woodlands continues to change. Douglas fir has invaded many stands, and eventually will replace the oak entirely. The only remaining high-quality examples are atypical, peripheral examples in warmer and drier areas (eastern Columbia Gorge or Klamath Basin). US CA, OR, WA1/20/2000 This woodland alliance was formerly extensive in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, but high quality stands have been virtually eliminated by agriculture, fire-wood harvesting, and urbanization. Expanding urban areas have also destroyed many stands in the Coast Ranges. The remaining stands occur principally on private lands, and are still threaten by activities such as grazing, fuelwood cutting, clearing for pasture or cultivation, fire suppression, and non-native plant species. Hydrologic processes such as periodic, low intensity floods that help maintain this vegetation have been greatly altered. Several oak species, notably Valley oak (<i>Quercus lobata</i>), have exhibited low rates of recruitment in recent decades, adding to the concern about the long-term viability of these ecosystems. US CA 12/1/1997 This association has a very restricted range of distribution. It may have been more extensive in the past, prior to settlement and the introduction of livestock. US CA 10/1/2002 US OR, WA 12/1/1997 US HI 10/13/1997 This community has been described from the central to southern portion of the W est Slope Cascade ecoregion, and the northern end of the Klamath Mountain ecoregion, all in Oregon. The low elevation and topographic position of most stands has facilitated historic logging of sites. A limited area of occurrence, coupled with a history of logging, a lack of known protected sites and overall extent of sites, suggests a high rank is appropriate until inventory can be completed. US OR 11/30/1998 This association is found only in the southern Oregon Cascades, being restricted to moist easterly slopes. Although this association is restricted by large-scale abiotic factors it was formerly a fairly common forest type. This association is rare due to logging and road building. The once extensive forests of this type have been much reduced by clearcutting. The association now only exists as isolated fragments. US CA?, OR 11/30/1998 This is a regionally endemic plant association occurring in low-elevation, easily accessible sites, on moist low to moderate slopes on mid, lower, to toeslope positions at moderately low elevation (generally <3000 feet). Many stands were historically harvested and in recent years stands have been lost as a result of hydroelectric dam construction. High-quality stands represent key elements of biological diversity in their own right and as they provide habitat for disjunct populations of several coastal maritime plant species. US ID 11/30/1998 This riparian community has a restricted natural range to portions of northeastern W ashington, northwestern Montana, and most probably adjacent Idaho and British Columbia. This is a mid- to late-seral forest community that naturally depends upon a relatively narrow range of environmental conditions along streams and restrictive climatic conditions. Its area has been reduced by land-use conversions and repeated severe fires. There are fewer than 100 high-quality occurrences remaining. There are no occurrences known in protected areas, although it may receive de facto protection through riparian management activities. CA?, US BC?, ID?, MT, WA 10/16/1997 The only description of this community (Atzet and McCrimmon 1990) is from the central to southern portion of the W est Slope Cascade ecoregion. The limited area of occurrence, coupled with a history of logging and a lack of known protected sites and overall extent of sites, suggests a high rank is appropriate until inventory can be completed. US OR, WA? 1/29/2001 This regional endemic plant association is restricted to warm, moist, gentle north- to east-facing slopes within the Pacific maritime-influenced climatic region of the northern Rocky Mountains. More than 20 but less than 100 occurrences of 40 acres average size are estimated to be present within the approximately 3000 square mile range. The number and quality of stands has been adversely impacted directly by (and through cumulative effects of) road construction and timber harvest activities. The predominant landscape context of occurrences is intensively managed forest. Stands of the association continue to be threatened by timber harvest activities. Occurrences are increasingly subjected to invasion by exotic and noxious weed species. High-quality stands are clustered in inaccessible locations and within wilderness areas. Based on review of the number, size, and quality of occurrences the global rarity rank of the association is changed from G3 to G2. US ID 11/4/1997 This naturally rare, regionally endemic plant association is known from the Selkirk Mountains of W ashington and Idaho. It is found in evenly dispersed, isolated stands, between 1373-1740 m (4500-5700 feet) elevation on cool, moist sites on gentle, south-facing slopes and ridgelines. Appropriate inventory work has not been completed to provide the information necessary to understand current trends in the condition, number, and size of stands. Stands of this association are potentially threatened by timber harvest and road construction activities. Stands of the association occur in Salmo and Canyon Creek Research Natural Areas on Colville and Idaho Panhandle National Forests, respectively. US ID, WA 10/29/1999 This rare association is documented on two ranger districts and one BLM district in southwestern Oregon. <i>Quercus sadleriana</i>, a diagnostic species, is endemic to the Klamath-Siskiyou Region. Most of the stands of this type have been logged, and it is poorly represented in protected areas with only one protected example known. In addition, the natural fire regime in the area has been altered by fire suppression, leading to a much greater risk of the remaining stands succumbing to catastrophic wildfires. US CA?, OR 11/30/1998 This community has a highly restricted natural range in northeastern W ashington and adjacent British Columbia. It is apparently restricted to a single watershed that is the wettest portion of the inland maritime climate. This is a late-seral forest community that naturally depends upon escaping catastrophic fires that would reduce humic layers of soil. There are few viable occurrences in W ashington. Logging or severe fire are long-term threats that may result in reduction of the currently limited abundance of this community type. US WA 2/1/1996 This association has only been described from a small area of the Olympic Mountains, on some of the driest and coldest sites capable of supporting <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. Only a few stands have been documented for eastern W ashington and northern Idaho. US ID?, WA 11/4/1997 This regionally endemic plant association is restricted to seasonally saturated soil of high-elevation mountainous cirques of the western slope of the Bitterroot Mountains in Idaho. Little is known about the natural distribution of the plant association, the current number and representative quality of stands, trends in, or threats to, stand conditions. One small occurrence is present at Theriault Lake Research Natural Area on Idaho Panhandle National Forests. US IDTNC Ecoregions USFS Ecoregions

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4:C, 6:C M242C:CC 4:C M242C:CC 2:C 242A:CC 6:C 342I:CC 4:?, 6:C 342B:CC, M261G:?? 9:C M331B:CC 15:C, 16:C 261A:CC, 261B:CC 4:C, 6:? 342B:CC, M261G:CC 65:C M423A:CC 19:C, 20:C 341B:CC, M331G:CC, M331H:CC 2:C 242A:CC 6:C, 10:C 331A:CC, 342A:CC, 342G:CC, 342I:CC 1:C, 2:C M242A:CC 4:C, 6:C, 8:C 342H:CC, M332A:CC, M332G:CC 6:C, 8:C 342B:CC, 342C:CC, 342H:CC, 342I:CC, M332G:CC 20:C M331F:CC, M331I:CC 8:C M332G:CC 65:C M423:C 65:C M423:C 65:C M423:C 65:C M423A:CC 65:C M423A:CC 65:C M423A:CC 65:C M423A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 4:C M242C:CC 2:C 242A:CC 22:C, 24:C 321A:CC 4:C M242C:CC 2:C, 4:C, 5:C, 6:C, 14:C 242A:CC, 342I:CC, M242C:CC, M261A:CC, M261B:CC 4:C, 6:C 342I:CC, M242C:CC 4:C, 6:C 342I:CC, M242C:CC 2:C 242A:CC 11:C 313:?, 341:? 65:C M423:C 65:C M423A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 1:C M242A:CC 4:C M242C:CC 69:C 1:C, 3:C, 69:C 1:C, 3:C, 69:C 2:C 3:C M242B:CC 144:C 2:C 2:C, 3:C M242A:CC, M242B:CC 1:C, 3:C, 69:C M242A:CC, M242B:CC1:C, 2:C, 3:C 242A:CC, M242A:CC, M242B:CC

3:C M242B:CC 1:C M242A:CC 69:C 1:C, 69:C M242A:CC 1:C M242A:CC 3:C M242B:CC 69:C 59:C M221B:CC 59:C M221Ba:CCC, M221Bc:CCC 57:C, 58:C 232Br:CCC, 232Ch:CCC, 232Cj:CCC 61:C, 62:C 221Ac:CCC, 221Ae:CCC, 221Ag:CCC, 221Ba:CCC, 232Ab:CC?, 232Ac:CCC 62:C 232Ab:CCC 60:C, 61:C, 62:C 212Fc:CCC, 221Ac:CCC, 221Ad:CCC, 221Ae:CCP, 221Ai:CCC, 221Ak:CCC, 221Ba:CCC, 221Bd:CCC, 221Dc:CCC 60:C, 61:C 212B:CC, 212Fc:CCC, 221Ae:CCC, 221Af:CCC, 221Bd:CCC, 221Dc:CCC 48:C, 61:C, 64:C 221Ae:CCC, 222I:CC 58:C, 62:C 221Aa:CC?, 221Ab:CCC, 232Aa:CCC, 232Ab:CC?, 232Ac:CCC, 232Bz:CCC 51:C, 59:C, 60:C 212Fb:CCC, 212Fd:CCC, 212G:CC, 221Bd:CCP, M212Ea:CCC, M221Aa:CCC, M221Ba:CCC, M221Bb:CCC, M221Bc:CCC, M221Dc:CCC 59:C M221Ba:CCC, M221Bb:CCC 59:C 212Fb:PPP, 212Fc:PPP, 212Fd:PPP, M221Ba:CCC, M221Bb:CCC, M221Bc:CCC 59:C M221Ba:CCC, M221Bc:CCC 61:P, 62:C 232Aa:CCC, 232Ab:CCP 58:C 232Ad:CCC 62:C, 63:C 212Cb:CCC, 212Db:CCC, 212Dc:CCP, 221Ab:CCC, 221Bd:CCC, M212E:CP 58:C, 62:C 212Db:CCC, 221Ab:CCC, 221Ac:CCC, 221Ak:CCC, 232Aa:CCC, 232Ab:CCC, 232Ac:CC? 62:C 232Ab:CCC, 232Ac:CCC 62:C 232Aa:CCC, 232Ab:CCC 61:C, 62:C 221Aa:CC?, 221Ae:CCC, 221Af:CCC, 221Ah:CCC, 221Bb:CCC, 221Bc:CCC 61:C, 62:C 221Ah:CCP, 221Ai:CCC, 221Al:CCC, M212Bb:CCP, M212Bd:CCP 61:C 221Ai:CCP, 221Al:CCP, M212Bb:CCP, M212Bd:CCP 57:C, 58:C, 62:C 232Ac:CCC, 232Bx:CC?, 232Bz:CCC, 232Ci:CCC 52:C, 59:C, 61:C 221Db:CCC 61:C 221Ba:CCC 62:C 221Ab:CCC, 221Ac:CC?, 221Ad:CCC, 221Ak:CCC, 221D:CP, 232Aa:CCC, 232Ab:CCC, 232Ac:CCC 59:C M221Ab:CCC 52:C, 58:C, 61:C 221Db:CCC, 231Ae:CCC, 231Ak:CCC, 231Al:CCC, 232Br:CCC 25:C, 26:C, 34:C, 35:C 251Aa:CCC, 331:?, 332:?, M334A:CC 26:C 331E:CP, 331F:CC, 332A:PP 45:C 222Ha:CCC, 222Hb:CCC, 222Hf:CCC, 222If:CCC 36:C, 44:C, 45:C, 48:C, 49:C, 61:C 212Fa:PP?, 212Fb:PPP, 221Bc:CCC, 221Ef:CCC, 221Fa:CCC, 221Fb:CCC, 221Fc:CCC, 222De:CCC, 222Ga:CCC, 222Gc:CCC, 222Gd:CCC, 222Ha:CCC, 222Hb:CCC, 222Hc:CCC, 222Hd:CCC, 222Hf:CCC, 222Ia:CCC, 222Ib:CCC, 222Ic:CC?, 222Id:CCP, 222If:CCC, 222Ja:CCC, 222Jb:CCC, 222Jc:CCC, 222Jd:CCC, 222Jg:CCC, 222Jh:CCC, 222Ji:CCC, 222Jj:CCC, 222Kj:CCC, 251De:CCC 44:C, 45:C, 48:C, 49:C, 50:C 221Eg:CCC, 221Fa:CCC, 221Ha:CCC, 222Db:CCC, 222Dc:CCP, 222De:CCC, 222Df:CCP, 222Ei:CCP, 222Ek:CCC, 222El:CCP, 222Em:CCP, 222Fc:CCP, 222Fd:CCP, 222Fe:CCC, 222Ff:CCC, 222Gc:CPP, 222Gd:CPP, 222Ge:CPP, 222Ha:CCC, 222Hb:CCC, 222Hf:CCC, 222If:CCC, 222Jh:CCP, 222Ji:CCC, 222Jj:CCP 26:C 331E:CC, 331F:CC, 332A:P?, 332C:PP, 332D:P? 48:C 221F:PP, 222Ha:CCP, 222I:C?, 222Jb:CCC, 222Jg:CCC, 222Jh:CCC, 222Ji:CCC, 222Jj:CCC, 222Ke:CC?, 222Kf:CCC, 222Kj:CCC, 222L:CC, 222Mc:CCC, 222Md:CCP 25:C M334A:CC 25:C M334A:CC 48:C, 64:C 212Ee:CCC, 212H:CC 38:C, 39:C 222A:CC, 231Gb:CCC, M222A:CC 46:C 222Lc:CCC, 222Ld:CCC, 222Le:CCC, 222Lf:CCC 46:C 222Lc:CCC, 222Lf:CCC, 222Md:CCC 27:C, 28:C 315B:CC, 331B:C?, 331C:CC, 331H:CP 20:C, 25:C, 26:C, 27:C 331F:CC, 331G:CC, 331H:CC, M334A:CC 37:C, 38:C, 39:C, 44:C 222Ab:CC?, 222Ag:CCC, 222Aj:CCP, 222Am:CC?, 222An:CCC, 222Ao:CCP, 222Aq:CC?, 222De:CPP, 222Di:CPP, 222Gb:CCC, 231Gb:CCC, 251:?, M222Aa:CCC48:C 222Ib:CCC, 222Ic:CCC, 222Ie:CCC

36:C 251Ca:CCP, 251Cb:CCP, 251Cd:CC?, 251Cp:CCC, 251Cq:CCP, 332E:PP 26:C, 34:C 331E:C?, 331F:CC 25:C M334A:CC 36:C, 37:C, 44:C 222De:PPP, 251Cq:CCC, 251Ea:CCC 39:C, 42:C, 43:C, 44:C 222Ao:CPP, 222Ch:CCC, 222Db:CCC, 222Dc:CCC, 222De:CC?, 222Di:CCC, 222E:CP, 222Ga:CCC, 222Gb:CCC, 222Ge:CCC, 231B:CP, 231Ga:CCC, 231Gb:CCC, 234Ac:CCC, 234Am:CCC 45:C, 46:C, 48:C, 49:C 221Fb:CCC, 222Ha:CCC, 222Hb:CCC, 222Ia:CCC, 222If:CCC, 222Jb:CCC, 222Jh:CCC, 222Ji:CCC, 222Jj:CCC, 222Kf:CCC, 222Kg:CCC, 222Kj:CCC 36:C, 38:C, 43:?, 48:C 222Ab:CCC, 222Af:CCC, 222Aj:CCC, 222If:CCC, 222Jh:CCC, 222Ji:CCC, 222Jj:CCC, 222Ki:CCC, 251Cc:CCC, 251Cf:CCC, 251Dg:CCC, 251Dh:CC? 38:P, 42:C, 44:C 222:P, 234Ab:CCC, 234Ac:CC? 38:C, 39:C, 43:P, 44:C 222Ab:CCC, 222Ac:CCC, 222Ag:CCC, 222Ak:CCC, 222Am:CCC, 222An:CCC, 222Aq:CCP, 222Ca:CPP, 222Ch:CPP, 222De:CCC, 222Dh:CCP, 222Di:CCP, 222E:CP, 222Gc:CPP, 222Gd:CPP, 231E:CP, 231G:CC, M222Aa:CCC, M231A:CC 32:?, 38:C, 39:?, 42:C, 43:C, 44:C 222Ab:CCC, 222Ae:CC?, 222Af:CCP, 222Db:CCC, 222Dc:CCC, 222Ga:CCC, 222Gb:CCC, 222Gc:CCC, 222Ge:CCC, 231Ga:???, 231Gc:???, 234Ac:CCC, 234Ae:CC?, 251D:PP 47:C, 48:C 212Hi:CCC, 212Hw:CCC, 212Ia:CCC, 212Ib:CCP, 212Ja:CCP, 212Jb:CCC, 212Jr:CCC, 212Lb:CCC, 212Lc:CCP, 212Mb:CPP, 212Na:CP?, 212Nb:CPP, 212Nc:CPP, 212Pa:CCC 44:C, 45:C, 50:C, 51:C, 52:C, 59:C 222Ea:CCC, 222Eb:CCC, 222Ej:CCC, 222Fd:CCC, 222Ha:CCC, 222Hb:CCC, 222Hc:CCP, 231Ak:CCC, M221Aa:CCC, M221Ab:CCC, M221Bd:CC?, M221Be:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 46:C 222Ka:CCC, 222Lb:CCC, 222Lc:CCC, 222Ld:CCC 40:C, 41:C 231:P, 232Fe:CCC 40:C, 41:C 231:P, 232Fe:CCC 56:C, 57:C 232Bq:CCC, 232Cb:CCP, 232Ch:CCP 38:C, 39:C 231Gb:CCC, M222Aa:CCC, M222Ab:CCC 29:C 315D:CC 24:C 321A:CC, M313B:CC 52:C 231Aa:CCP, 231Af:CCC 39:C 231Gb:CCC 43:C, 44:C 222Ca:CC?, 222Cb:CCC, 222Ce:CCC, 222Cg:CCC, 222Dc:CCP, 222Dg:CCP, 222Eg:C??, 222G:CC, 231Be:CCC 50:C 221Hc:CCC, 221He:CCC 52:C 231Ao:CCC 54:C 411:C, M411A:CC 21:C, 24:C 321A:CC, M313B:CC 50:?, 51:C M221C:CC, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 51:C, 59:C M221Aa:CCC, M221B:C?, M221C:C?, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 59:C M221Aa:CCC, M221Ba:CCC, M221Bd:CCC, M221Da:CCC 51:C 221A:CC, M221Dc:CCC 50:?, 51:C, 59:? M221Ce:C??, M221Db:CCC, M221Dc:CCC 56:C, 57:C 232Ca:CCC, 232Cb:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 53:C 232Bm:CCC 53:C, 56:C, 57:C 232Bq:CCC, 232Br:CCC, 232Bu:CC?, 232Cb:CCC 53:C 232Bg:CCC, 232Bh:CCC, 232Bj:CCC, 232Dc:CCC 55:C 232Bf:CCC 53:C 232Bg:CCC, 232Bh:CCP, 232Bj:CCP, 232Dc:CCC 53:C 232Bf:CCC, 232Bj:CCC, 232Dc:CCC 57:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ch:CCC 54:C 411Ad:CCC 53:C, 56:C 232Bh:CCC, 232Bi:CCC, 232Bj:CCC, 232Ca:CCC 53:C 232Be:CC?, 232Bg:CCP, 232Bh:CC?, 232Bi:CCP, 232Bj:CCC, 232Cc:CP? 40:?, 41:C 231Fa:CCC, 232Fe:CCC 53:C 232Ba:CCC, 232Bj:CCP, 234Ad:CC? 56:C, 57:P 232Ca:CCC, 232Cc:CCC 43:?, 53:C 232Bl:CCC, 232Bm:CCC 53:C 232Bg:CCC 42:C, 43:C 222Cb:CCC, 222Cc:CCC, 231Bh:CCC, 234Ab:CCC 40:C, 41:C 231Ea:CCC, 231Eb:CCP, 231Ek:CCP, 232Fa:CCC, 232Fb:CCP, 232Fe:CCC, 234Aa:CCC 50:C, 52:C, 57:C 231Af:CCC, 231Cc:CCC, 232Br:CCC, 232C:CC 51:C, 52:C, 59:C, 61:? 231Ae:CCC, 231Ak:CCC, 231Al:CCC, 231Ap:CCP, M221Aa:CCC, M221Ab:CC?, M221Da:CCC, M221Db:CC?, M221Dc:CCC51:?, 52:C 231Aa:CCC, M221D:??

53:C, 55:P 232Bi:CCC 54:C 411Af:CCC 40:P, 41:C, 42:P 231Ea:PPP, 231Ej:PPP, 232Fe:CCC, 411Af:CCC 31:C 255Db:CCC 42:C 234Ah:CCC 57:C 232Bs:CCC 44:C 221Hc:CCC, 222Ei:CCP, 222Ej:CCC, 222En:CCC 55:C, 56:C 232Bf:CCC, 232Bq:CC?, 232Br:CCC, 232Bu:CCC 32:C 255Ad:CCC 38:C 222Ag:CCC, 222An:CCC 38:C 222Ab:CCC, 222Ag:CCC, 222An:CCC 55:C, 56:C, 57:C 232Ce:CCC, 232Gb:CCC 43:C 231Ba:CCC, 231Bk:CCC 44:C 222Fa:CC?, 222Fb:CCC 53:P, 56:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 40:C 231Eb:CCC 53:C 232Ba:CCP, 232Bj:CCP 53:C 232Bg:CCC, 232Dc:CCC 54:C 411Ag:CCC 54:C 411Ag:CCC 56:C, 57:C 232Bs:CCC 57:C, 58:? 232Ch:CCC 41:C 232Fa:CCC 57:C 232Cb:CCC 43:C, 50:P 231Bc:CCC, 231Bg:CCC, 231Dd:CPP 53:C 232Dc:CCC 53:C 232Dc:CCC 53:C, 56:C 232Ca:CCC, 232Ce:CCC, 232Dc:CCC 53:C, 55:?, 56:C 232Bg:CCC, 232Ca:CCC, 232Cb:CCC 56:C 232Br:CCC, 232Cb:CCC 51:C, 59:C M221Aa:CCC, M221Ba:CCC, M221Bc:CCP, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 51:C M221A:CP, M221B:CP, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 51:C, 59:C M221Aa:CCC, M221Ba:CCC, M221Bb:CCP, M221Bc:CCC, M221Bd:CCP, M221Be:CCP, M221C:CC, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 59:C M221Aa:CCC, M221Ba:CCC 24:C 321A:CC 24:C 321A:CC 24:C 321A:CC 24:C 321A:CC 24:C 321A:CC 24:C 321A:CC 54:P, 55:C 232Bf:CCC 53:C 232Dc:CCC, 232Dd:CCC 55:C 232Bf:CCC 52:C 231Ad:CCC 40:C, 41:C 232Fa:CC, 232Fb:CCP, 232Fe:CCP 40:C, 41:C 231Ea:CCC, 231Ef:CCC, 232Fa:CCC, 232Fb:CCC, 232Fe:CCC 50:C 231D:CC 40:C, 41:C 231Ea:CCC, 231Eh:CCC, 232Fa:CCC, 232Fe:CCC 52:C 231A:CC 50:C, 59:C M221Ce:CCC 38:C, 39:C 222Ag:CPC, 222Am:CP?, 231G:CC, M222A:CC, M231A:CC40:C, 41:C 231Ea:CCC, 231Eb:CCP, 231Ee:CC?, 231Eg:CC?, 231Ej:CCP, 231Ek:CCP, 231Em:CC?, 231En:CCP, 232Fa:CCC, 232Fb:CCP, 232Fe:CCC

53:C 232Bg:CCC, 232Bj:CC? 54:P, 55:C 232Gc:CCC 54:C, 55:P 232Da:PPP, 411Af:CCC, 411Ag:CCC 54:C 411Af:CCC 53:C, 55:C, 56:C 232Ce:CCC, 232Dc:CCC, 232Gb:CCC 53:C 232B:CC, 232Dc:CCC 53:C 232Ba:CC?, 232Bh:CCC, 232Bj:CCC, 232Dc:CCC 53:P, 56:C 232Br:CCC, 232Ca:CCC 53:C 232Bj:CPP, 232Dc:CCC 53:C 232:C 56:C 232Br:CCC 55:C 232Db:CCC, 232Gb:CCC 56:C 232Br:CCC, 232Ca:CCC 57:C 232Ch:CCC 40:C, 41:C 231Ea:PPP, 232Fa:CCC, 232Fb:CCP, 232Fe:CCP 53:C 232Bb:CCC 50:C, 52:C 231Aa:CC?, 231Ab:CCC, 231Ac:CCC, 231Af:CCC, 231Ai:CCP, 231Aj:CCC, 231Ao:CC?, 231Bc:CCC, 231Bd:CC?, 231Ca:CCC, 231Da:CC?, 231Db:CCC, 231Dc:CCC, 231Dd:CCC, 231De:CC? 53:?, 56:C 232Ce:CCC 57:C 232Cb:CCC 57:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ch:CCC 40:?, 41:C 232Fa:CCP, 232Fb:CCP, 232Fe:CCC 57:C 232:C 57:C 232:C 41:C 232Fa:CCP 57:C 232Cb:CCC 53:C 232Bg:CCC 55:C 232Bf:CCC 40:C, 41:C 232Fa:CCC, 232Fb:CCP, 232Fe:CCP 56:C 232Bn:CCP, 232Bq:CCC, 232Br:CC? 56:C 232Bq:CCC, 232Br:CCC, 232Ca:CCC 57:C 232Bq:CCC, 232Cb:CCP, 232Ch:CCP 40:C, 41:C 232Fa:CCC, 232Fb:CCP, 232Fe:CCP 57:C 232Bq:CCC 57:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ch:CCC 56:C 232Bn:CCP, 232Bq:CCC, 232Br:CC?, 232Ca:CCC 43:?, 53:C, 56:C, 57:C 232Bq:CCC, 232Br:CCC, 232Cb:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 57:C 232Bq:CCC 56:C 232:C 53:C 232Bj:CCC, 232Dc:CCC 56:C 232Ca:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 53:C 232Bj:CCC 56:P, 57:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 56:C 232Br:CCC 57:C 232Bq:CCC 41:C 232Fa:CCC 41:C 232Fa:CCC 53:C 232Bj:CCC 57:C 232Bq:CCC 56:P, 57:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 53:C 232Bh:CCC 41:C 232Fb:CCC53:C 232Ba:CCC

40:?, 41:C 231E:CC, 232F:CC 53:C 232Dc:CCC 41:C 231E:CC, 232F:CC 31:C, 41:C 232Ea:CCC, 232Eb:CCP, 232Fb:CCC 53:C, 55:C, 56:C 232Be:CCC, 232Bf:CCC, 232Bg:CCC, 232Bh:CCC, 232Bi:CCC, 232Bj:CCC, 232Bp:CCP, 232Ca:CCC, 232Cc:CCC, 232Cd:CCC, 232Cf:CCC, 232Db:CCC, 232Dc:CCC, 232Ga:CCC, 232Gc:CCC, 232Gd:CCP 53:C, 55:P, 56:C 232Ca:CCC, 232Cb:CCC, 232Cf:CCC, 232Dc:CCC 21:C, 24:C 321A:CC, M313B:CC 29:C 315D:CC 24:C 321A:CC 51:C M221Db:CCP, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 50:C M221Ce:CCC 56:C, 57:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 53:P, 55:C, 56:P 232Bf:CCC 57:C 232Ch:CCC 57:C 232Ch:CCC 53:C 232Dc:CCC 50:C, 51:C 221Hc:CCC, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 40:C, 41:C 231Ea:CCC, 232Fa:CCC, 232Fe:CCC 57:C 232Ch:CCC 57:C, 58:C 232Br:CCC, 232Bx:CCC, 232Ch:CCC, 232Ci:CCC 53:C, 56:C, 57:C 232Dc:CCC 57:C 232Cb:CCC 50:P, 51:C 221Jb:PPP, M221Dd:CCC 51:C, 52:C M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 30:C, 31:C 255Dc:CCC 30:C, 31:C 255Da:CCC, 255Dc:CCC, 315C:CC, 315D:CC, 315E:CC 44:C 222Eb:CCC, 222Eg:CC?, 222Eh:CC? 50:C 231De:CCC 52:C, 57:C, 58:C 231Ae:CCC, 231Ak:CCC, 231An:CCC, 232Br:CCC, 232Bz:CCC, 232Ch:CCC, 232Cj:CCC 52:C 231Aa:CCP, 231Af:CCC 51:C M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 40:C 231Eh:CCC 52:C 231Af:CCC 52:C 231Aa:CCC, 231Ae:CCP, 231Af:CCC 40:C 231Ed:CCC, 232Fa:CCC 51:C M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 40:C 231Ea:CCP, 231Eg:CC?, 231Ej:CCC, 231Ek:CCC 32:C 255Af:CCC 56:?, 57:C 232Cb:CCC 43:C, 44:C 222Cb:CCC, 222Cc:CCP, 222Ce:CCP, 222Cg:CCC, 222Da:CCC, 222Dg:CCC, 222Eg:CCC, 231Ba:CCC, 231Bk:CCC 29:?, 33:C 311A:CC 31:C 255Dc:CCC 54:?, 55:C, 56:C 232Ce:CCC, 232Gb:CCC 55:C 232Bf:CCC 53:C, 55:C 232Dc:CCC 53:C 232Bg:CCC, 232Bj:CCC, 232Dc:CCC 55:C 232Bf:CCC, 232Ga:CCC 53:C 232Bg:CCC 56:C, 57:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 53:C, 56:C 232Bh:CCC, 232Br:CCC, 232Bs:CC?, 232Ca:CCC, 232Cb:CCC 29:C 315D:CC43:C, 53:C 232Ba:CCC, 232Bb:CCC, 232Bc:CCC, 232Bd:CCC, 232Be:CCC, 232Bj:CCC, 232Dc:CCC

56:C, 57:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ch:CCC 43:C, 44:C 222C:CC, 222D:C?, 222Eg:CCP, 222Eh:CCC 42:C 234Ac:CCC 40:C 231E:CC 38:C, 39:P, 42:C M222Aa:CCC 44:C 222Eg:CCC 53:C 232Dc:CCC 57:C, 58:? 232Ch:CCC 56:P, 57:C 232Bs:CCC 44:C 222Dg:CCC 56:C 232Br:CCC 29:C 315D:CC 53:C, 55:P, 56:P 232Bg:CCP, 232Dc:CCC 56:P, 57:C 232Cb:CCC 53:C 232Ba:CCP, 232Bj:CCP, 232Dc:C?? 56:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 52:C, 58:C 231Af:CCP, 231Ao:CCC 52:C, 59:C 231Ae:CCC, 231Ap:CCC, M221Ab:CCC 38:C 222Ag:CCC, 222An:CCC, M222Ab:CCC 44:C 222Eb:CCC 40:C, 41:C, 43:? 232F:CC 52:C, 57:C, 61:C 221Db:CCC, 231Ae:CCC, 231Af:CCC, 231Ak:CCC, 231Ap:CCC, 232Bs:CCC 52:C 231Ad:CCC, 231Af:CCC 44:C, 50:C 221E:CC 50:P, 51:C, 59:? M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 51:C M221Dc:CCC 44:C, 50:C 221Hc:CCC, 222Dg:CCC, 222Eb:CC?, 222Ec:CCC, 222Ed:CC?, 222Ee:CC?, 222Ef:CCC, 222Eg:CCP, 222Eh:CCP, 222Fa:C??, 222Fb:C??, 222Fc:C??, 222Fd:C??, 231Cd:CCC, 231Ce:CC?, 231De:CCC 44:C 222Eb:CCC, 222Eg:CC? 52:C 231Af:CCC 52:C 231Aa:CCC 52:C 231A:CC 32:?, 40:C, 41:C 231Ea:CCC, 231Ed:CCC, 231Eh:CCP, 232Fe:CCC 39:C 231Gb:CCC, M231Aa:CCC 43:C 231Ba:CCC 39:C M231A:CC 44:C 222Ed:CCC 44:C 222Dg:CCC, 222Dj:CCC, 222Ec:CCP, 222Eg:CCC, 222Eh:CCC 31:C 231Fb:CCC, 255Dc:??? 31:C, 53:C 231Fb:PPP, 232Dc:CCC, 232Eb:CCC, 232Ec:CCC, 255Dc:PPP 53:C, 55:C, 56:C, 57:C 232Ce:CCC, 232Ci:CCC, 232Dc:CCC, 232Gb:CCC 31:C 231Fb:CCC, 255Da:CCC, 255Db:CCC, 255Dc:CCP 31:C 231Fb:PPP, 232Eb:CCC 53:C 232Dc:CCC 56:C, 57:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ch:CCC, 232Ci:CCC 56:C, 57:C 232Ci:CCC 31:C 232Ea:CCC, 232Eb:CCC 31:C 231Fa:CCC, 231Fb:CCC, 255Da:CCC, 255Db:CCC, 255Dc:CCC, 255Dd:CCC 31:C 232Ea:CCC, 232Eb:CCC 31:C 255Da:CCC, 255Db:CCC 53:C, 55:C, 56:C 232Ce:CCC, 232Dc:CCC, 232Gb:CCC 54:C 411Ae:CCP, 411Ag:CCC54:C 411A:CC

30:C, 31:C 315E:CC 53:P, 55:P, 56:C, 57:P 232Ce:CCC, 232Da:CPP, 232Dc:CPP, 232Ga:CP?, 232Gb:CPP 53:C, 55:C, 56:C 232Cb:CC?, 232Ce:CCC, 232Db:CPP, 232Dc:CPP, 232Ga:CCC, 232Gb:CCC, 232Gc:CCP, 232Gd:CCP 55:C 232Db:CPP, 232Ga:CCC, 232Gb:CCC, 232Gc:CCP, 232Gd:CCP 54:C 411A:CC 53:P, 55:C, 56:C 232Bf:CCC, 232Ce:CCC, 232Gb:CCC 56:?, 57:C 232Ce:CCP, 232Ci:CCC 24:C 321A:CC 24:C 321A:CC 53:C 232Dc:CCC 54:C 411A:CC 54:C 411A:CC 56:P, 57:C 232Cb:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 54:C 411A:CC 57:C 232Bv:CCC 56:C, 57:C 232Bq:CCP, 232Bv:CCC, 232Cb:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 54:C 411A:CC 54:C 411A:CC 56:P, 57:C 232Bv:CCC, 232Cb:CCC 53:C 232Db:CC?, 232Dc:CCC, 232Dd:CC? 55:C, 56:C 232Bf:CCC, 232Ca:CCC, 232Cd:CCC, 232Ce:CCC 53:C 232Dc:CCC 57:C, 58:? 232Ch:CCC 29:C 315D:CC 39:C 231Ga:???, M231Ac:CCC, M231Ad:CCC 57:C, 58:C 232Br:CCC, 232Bt:CCC, 232Bx:CCC, 232Ch:CCC 54:C 411Af:CCC 57:C, 58:? 232Cb:CCC, 232Ch:CCC, 232Ci:CCP 43:C, 53:C 231Bd:CCC, 232Bl:CCC 51:C, 52:C 231Ab:CCC, 231Ad:CCC, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 50:C, 51:C, 52:C, 59:C M221Aa:CCC, M221Ac:CCC, M221Bb:CCP, M221Bf:CCC, M221Cc:CCC, M221Da:CCP, M221Db:CCC, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 50:C, 59:C M221Aa:CCC, M221Da:CCC 51:C M221Dd:CCC 51:C, 52:C 231Aa:CCC, M221Db:CCP, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 51:C, 52:C, 59:C 231Aa:CCC, 231Ae:CCP, M221Aa:CC?, M221Ab:CCC, M221Da:CCC, M221Db:CCP, M221Dc:CCC, M221Dd:CCC 29:?, 30:?, 31:C, 32:P 232F:??, 255Ah:CPP, 255Ai:CPP, 255Ba:CPP, 255Ca:CPP, 255Db:CCC 3:C, 5:?, 81:C M242B:CC, M261A:??, M261D:?? 1:C, 5:C M242A:CC, M261A:CC 1:C, 5:C M242A:CC, M261A:CC 4:C, 5:C M261G:CC 5:C M261A:CC 5:C M261A:CC 20:C, 27:P 311:C, 331I:CC, M331F:CC, M331G:CC 4:C M242C:CC, M261G:CC 4:C M242C:CC, M261G:CC 20:C M331G:CC, M331I:CC 21:C M313A:CC 20:?, 21:C, 22:C M313A:CC, M331G:?? 4:C M242C:CC, M261G:CC 3:C, 4:C, 81:C M242B:CC, M242C:CC 4:C M242C:CC1:C, 2:C, 3:C, 81:C 242A:CC, M242A:CC, M242B:CC

4:C M242C:CC 8:C M332A:CC, M332G:CC 2:?, 4:C 242A:??, M242C:CC 4:?, 7:C, 8:C, 68:? M242C:??, M332A:CC, M332B:CC, M332G:CC, M333A:C?, M333D:CC 7:C, 8:C, 68:C M332A:CC, M332B:CC, M332G:CC, M333A:CC, M333B:C?, M333C:CC, M333D:CC 6:?, 8:C M332A:CC, M332G:CC 4:C M242C:CC 1:C M242A:CC 21:C M313A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 10:C, 18:C, 19:C, 20:C 341B:CC, 342G:CC, M331G:CC, M331H:CC, M341B:CC 6:C, 9:C, 10:C, 19:C, 26:C 331G:CC, 342A:CC, 342B:CC, M331D:CC, M331E:CC 6:C, 9:C 331A:CC, M331D:CC 6:? M332G:CC 6:C, 8:C, 19:C 331A:CC, 342C:CC, 342H:CC, 342I:CC, M332G:CC 6:C 342B:CC, 342C:CC, M332G:CC 6:C, 8:C, 11:C 342B:CC, 342C:CC, M332G:CC 1:?, 5:C M242A:??, M261A:CC 1:C, 5:C, 14:C, 15:C 263A:CC, M261A:CC 24:C 321A:CC 21:P, 22:?, 24:C 321A:CC 5:C, 13:C, 14:C 263A:CC, M261A:CC, M261C:CC, M261D:CC, M261F:CC 13:C, 14:C 262A:CC, 263A:CC, M261C:CC 2:C 242A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 21:C, 22:?, 24:P 313:?, 321A:PP, M313A:CC 6:C 342H:CC, M332G:CC 6:C 341:C, 342B:CC, 342C:CC, M332G:?? 6:?, 9:C, 10:C, 19:C 341B:CC, 342F:CC, 342G:CC, M331E:CC 22:C, 24:? 313C:CC, 321A:??, M313B:CC 9:?, 10:C 342A:CC, M331B:?? 20:C, 27:C 331H:CC, M331:C 10:?, 20:C M331I:CC 27:C 331H:CC 7:C M332C:CC, M333B:CP, M333C:CC, M333D:CP 4:C M242C:CC 65:C M423:C 8:C, 9:C M331A:CC, M331D:CC, M332B:CC, M332C:CC, M332E:CC 7:C M333B:CC, M333C:CC 21:P, 22:P, 24:P 321A:CC, M313B:CC 4:C, 8:C, 9:C M331A:CC, M331D:CC, M331J:CC, M332E:CC 19:P, 21:P M313A:CC 10:C, 20:C M331I:CC 20:C M331I:CC 10:C, 19:C M331E:CC M331:C 1:C, 2:C, 14:C 242A:CC, 263A:CC, M242A:CC 1:C, 2:C 242A:CC, M242A:CC 69:C M245A:CC 6:C, 7:C, 8:C, 9:C M331A:CC, M332C:CC, M332D:CC, M332E:CC, M332G:CC 4:C, 11:C M242C:CC4:C, 68:C M242C:CC, M333A:CC

10:C, 20:C M331H:CC, M331I:CC 5:C M261A:CC, M261D:C? 2:C 242A:CC 1:C M242A:CC 24:C 321A:CC 24:C 321A:CC 24:C 321A:CC 19:C, 20:C 313A:CC, 341B:CC, M331G:CC 27:?, 28:C 315A:CC, 331I:??, M313B:?? 19:C 313B:CC 24:C 321A:CC 5:C M261A:CC 14:P, 15:C 263A:CC 4:C, 8:C M242C:CC, M332G:CC 4:C, 5:C M242C:CC, M261A:CC, M261D:C? 4:C M242C:CC 4:C M242C:CC 4:C M242C:CC 2:C, 4:C, 5:C, 81:C M242C:CC, M261A:CC, M261D:CC, M261G:C? 26:C 331G:CC 20:C M331I:CC 8:?, 26:C 331D:CC, M332D:?? 4:?, 5:C M261A:CC, M261D:CC, M261G:C? 8:C, 9:C 342:C, M331J:CC 4:C, 6:C, 8:C 342C:CC, M242C:CC, M261G:CC, M332G:CC 4:C, 6:?, 8:C M242C:CC, M332G:CC 8:C M332G:CC 22:C 313C:CC 6:C, 7:C, 8:C, 68:C 331A:CC, 342I:CC, M332A:CC, M333A:CC, M333D:CC 4:C M242C:CC 4:C M242C:CC 6:P, 8:C M332G:CC 4:C M242C:CC 21:P, 24:P 321A:CC, M313A:CC 21:C, 22:?, 24:C 321A:CC, M313A:CC 313:C, 321:C, M313:C 9:C, 10:C, 18:C, 19:C, 20:C M331E:CC, M331H:CC, M331I:CC, M341B:CC 6:C, 9:C 342B:CC, M331D:CC 9:P, 10:C, 20:C, 26:C 342A:CC, M331B:CC, M331I:CC 10:C, 17:C, 19:C, 20:C 313A:CC, 322A:CC, 341B:CC, M331G:CC 20:C, 27:C 331I:CC 3:P, 4:C, 6:C, 7:C, 8:C, 9:C, 10:C, 81:C 342A:CC, 342B:C?, 342C:CC, 342H:C?, 342I:CC, M242B:C?, M242C:CC, M331D:CC, M332G:CC, M333C:CC 7:C, 8:C M332B:CC, M332C:CC, M332D:C?, M333B:CC, M333C:CC 2:C 242A:CC 1:?, 2:C, 3:?, 81:? 242A:CC, M242A:??, M242B:?? 1:C M242:C 68:C M333A:CC 21:C, 24:C, 28:C 313:C, 315:?, 321:C, M313:? 19:C 313A:CC, 341B:CC, M313:? 9:C, 27:C 331I:CC, M331E:CC 19:C, 20:C 313:C, M313:?20:C, 21:C 313:C, 315:?, 321:C, M313:?

27:C 331C:CC, 331H:CC 8:C, 9:C, 10:C, 26:C 331D:CC, 331G:CC, 342A:??, M331A:CC, M331B:C?, M332D:CC 28:C 313:?, 315:C, 331:?, M313:? 21:C, 24:C 313:C, 315:?, 321A:CC, M313:? 24:C 321:C 9:C, 10:C, 18:C, 19:C, 20:C 313A:CC, 341B:CC, M331E:CC, M341B:CC 20:C 313:C, M313:C 24:C 321:C 19:C, 21:C, 22:C, 24:? 313A:CC, 321A:CC, M313A:CC, M313B:C? 21:P, 24:P 321A:CC, M313A:CC 21:C, 22:P, 24:P 321A:CC, M313A:CC 21:P, 24:P 321A:CC, M313A:CC 19:C, 21:C, 22:C, 23:?, 24:C 321A:CC, 322B:C?, 341B:CC, M313A:CC 11:C, 17:C, 19:C, 24:C 321A:CC, 322A:CC, 341B:CC 15:C, 16:C, 17:C, 19:C, 21:P, 22:P, 24:C 321A:CC, 322:C, M262A:CC, M262B:CC 21:C, 24:C 321A:CC, M313A:CC 9:C M331D:CC 6:P, 9:C, 11:C, 18:C, 19:C, 20:C 342B:CC, M331F:CC, M341A:CC 9:C, 10:C, 19:C M331D:CC, M331E:CC 2:C 242A:CC 4:C, 6:C, 8:C, 68:C 342B:CC, 342H:CP, 342I:CP, M242C:CC, M332G:CC, M333A:CC 9:C, 20:C M331D:CC, M331E:CC, M331H:CC 9:C M331D:CC 18:C, 20:C M331F:CC, M341C:CC 9:C M331D:CC, M331J:CC 9:C, 20:C M331D:CC, M331F:CC 65:C M423:C 1:C, 2:C, 4:?, 5:C, 14:C, 81:C 242A:CC, M242C:??, M261A:CC, M261B:CC 14:C 263A:CC 1:C, 14:C 263A:CC 2:C, 3:C, 5:C, 81:C 242A:CC, M242B:CC, M261A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 1:C M242A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 9:C, 20:C, 26:C 331D:CC, M331D:CC, M331E:CC, M331G:CC 4:C M242C:CC 1:?, 2:C 242A:CC, M242A:?? 9:C, 10:C 342A:CC, M331B:CC 9:C, 10:C, 19:C, 20:C M331D:CC, M331H:CC, M331I:CC 26:C 331D:CC, M332:? 22:P, 24:P 313C:CC, 321A:CC 1:C, 2:C 242A:CC, M242A:CC 2:C, 4:C, 8:C, 81:C M242C:CC 21:C, 22:C, 24:C 321A:CC, M313A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 1:?, 2:C, 5:C, 14:? 242A:CC, M242A:??, M261A:CC, M261B:C?, M261D:C? 2:C, 5:C, 14:? 242A:CC, M261A:CC, M261B:C?, M261D:CC 2:C 242A:CC 2:C 242A:CC 4:C M242C:CC 1:C, 2:C, 4:C, 5:C, 81:C 242A:CC, M261A:CC, M261D:C?12:C, 14:C, 15:C, 16:C 261A:CC, 261B:CC, 263A:CC, M261C:CC, M261E:CC, M262A:CC, M262B:CC

16:C 261B:CC 2:C 242A:CC 65:C M423A:CC 1:C, 3:C, 5:C, 81:C M242B:CC, M261A:CC, M261D:CC 3:C, 81:C M242B:CC 7:C, 8:C M332A:CC, M333D:CC 7:C, 68:C M333A:CC, M333B:CC, M333C:CC, M333D:CP 3:C, 4:C, 81:C M242B:CC, M242C:CC 7:C, 8:C, 68:C M332A:CC, M333A:CC, M333B:CC, M333D:CC 7:C, 68:C M333A:CC, M333B:CC 5:C M261A:CC 68:C M333A:CC 68:C M333A:CC 7:C, 68:C M333A:CC, M333B:CC, M333D:CCCitations

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Allard 1984, Allard 1990, Ambrose 1990a, CAP pers. comm. 1998, Chafin and Jones 1989, Dellinger unpubl. data 1992, Eyre 1980, Fleming and Coulling 2001, Fleming et al. 2001, Golden 1981, King and Stupka 1950, NatureServe Ecology - Southeastern U.S. unpubl. data, Peet et al. unpubl. data 2002, Pittillo and Smathers 1979, Pyne 1994, Rawinski 1992, Rheinhardt and W are 1984, Schafale 1998b, Schafale and W eakley 1990, Schafale pers. comm., Southeastern Ecology W orking Group n.d., Stamper 1976, TDNH unpubl. data, VDNH 2003, W harton 1978, Wood 1975Adams and Stephenson 1991, Allard 1990, Anderson et al. 1990, Belden et al. 1994, Brown 1941, Bruck 1988, Busing et al. 1988, Cogbill and W hite 1991, Crandall 1958, Crandall 1960, Davis 1930, Dull et al. 1988b, Eagar and Adams 1992, Eyre 1980, Fleming and Coulling 2001, Fleming et al. 2001, Golden 1974, Korstian 1937, McLaughlin et al. 1987, McLeod 1988, NCNHP 1993, NatureServe Ecology - Southeastern U.S. unpubl. data, Nicholas and Zedaker 1989, Nicholas et al. 1992, Oosting and Billings 1951, Peet et al. unpubl. data 2002, Pyne 1994, Ramseur 1960, Rawinski 1992, Rheinhardt and Ware 1984, Schafale 1998b, Schafale and W eakley 1990, Schofield 1960, Southeastern Ecology Working Group n.d., Stephenson and Adams 1984, Stephenson and Clovis 1983, TDNH unpubl. data, USFS 1988, VDNH 2003, W entworth et al. 1988, W hite 1984a, W hite 1984b, W hite and Cogbill 1992, W hite and Pickett 1985, W hite et al. 1993, W hittaker 1956, Zedaker et al. 1988Allard 1990, Ambrose 1990a, Aulbach-Smith 1984, Bozeman 1975, E. Harrison pers. comm., EPA 2004, FNAI 1992a, Gaddy 1981, Godfrey 1976, Hardin 1990, Hillestad et al. 1975, Johnson et al. 1990b, Keys et al. 1995, Nelson 1986, Peet et al. unpubl. data 2002, Rayner 1984, Rayner and Batson 1976, Sandifer et al. 1980, Schafale and W eakley 1990, Schotz pers. comm., Sharitz 1975, Soil Conservation Service 1980, Soil Conservation Service 1982, South Carolina W ildlife and Marine Resources Department 1984, Southeastern Ecology Working Group n.d., W harton 1978Bourgeron and Engelking 1994, Crawford 2001, Crawford 2003, Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997, Crowe et al. 2002, Crowe et al. 2004, Driscoll et al. 1984, Evans 1989a, Hall and Hansen 1997, Hansen and Hall 2002, Hansen et al. 1995, Holmstead 2001, IDCDC 2005, IDCDC unpubl. data 2002, Jankovsky-Jones et al. 2001, Kagan et al. 2000, Kauffman 1982, Kauffman et al. 1985, Kovalchik 1987, Kovalchik 2001, Moseley 1998, Moseley and Bursik 1994, Poulton 1955, Sunderman 2000, Titus et al. 1998, W NHP unpubl. data 2002, W alford et al. 2001, W estern Ecology W orking Group n.d.

Bourgeron and Engelking 1994, CONHP unpubl. data 2003, Carsey et al. 2003a, Christy 1973, Crouch 1961a, Crouch 1961b, Crouch 1978, Crouch 1979a, Crouch 1979b, Driscoll et al. 1984, Fitzgerald 1978, Jackson 1972, Jackson and Lindauer 1978, Jones and Walford 1995, Lindauer 1970, Lindauer 1983, Lindauer and Christy 1972, Lindauer and Fitzgerald 1974, Lindauer and W ard 1968, Lindauer et al. 1973, Masek 1979, McEachern 1979, Reid et al. 1994, Steinauer pers. comm., UNESCO 1973, W estern Ecology W orking Group n.d.Adams and Stephenson 1991, Adams et al. 1985, Allard 1990, Anderson et al. 1990, Belden et al. 1994, Braun 1950, Brown 1941, Bruck 1988, Busing et al. 1988, Crandall 1958, Davis 1930, Dull et al. 1988a, Eyre 1980, Fleming and Coulling 2001, Fleming et al. 2001, McLeod 1988, NCNHP 1993, Nicholas et al. 1992, Oosting and Billings 1951, Peet et al. unpubl. data 2002, Pyne 1994, Ramseur 1960, Rawinski 1992, Rheinhardt and W are 1984, Schafale 1998b, Schafale and W eakley 1990, Southeastern Ecology Working Group n.d., Stephenson and Adams 1984, TDNH unpubl. data, USFS 1988, VDNH 2003, W eakley 1993, W hite 1984a, W hite 1984b, W hite and Pickett 1985, W hite et al. 1993, W hittaker 1956Allard 1990, Anderson et al. 1990, Brown 1941, Bruck 1988, Busing et al. 1988, Cogbill and W hite 1991, Crandall 1958, Crandall 1960, Davis 1930, Dull et al. 1988b, Eagar and Adams 1992, Eyre 1980, Korstian 1937, McLeod 1988, NCNHP 1993, NatureServe Ecology - Southeastern U.S. unpubl. data, Nicholas and Zedaker 1989, Nicholas et al. 1992, Oosting and Billings 1951, Peet et al. unpubl. data 2002, Pyne 1994, Ramseur 1960, Rawinski 1992, Schafale 1998b, Schafale and W eakley 1990, Schofield 1960, Southeastern Ecology Working Group n.d., Stephenson and Adams 1984, Stephenson and Clovis 1983, Stotler and Crandall-Stotler 1977, TDNH unpubl. data, USFS 1988, W entworth et al. 1988, W hite 1984a, W hite 1984b, W hite and Cogbill 1992, W hite and Pickett 1985, W hite et al. 1993, W hittaker 1956, Zedaker et al. 1988Adams and Stephenson 1991, Allard 1990, Anderson et al. 1990, Belden et al. 1994, Brown 1941, Bruck 1988, Busing et al. 1988, Cogbill and W hite 1991, Crandall 1958, Crandall 1960, Davis 1930, Dull et al. 1988b, Eagar and Adams 1992, Eyre 1980, Fleming and Coulling 2001, Fleming et al. 2001, Golden 1974, Korstian 1937, McLaughlin et al. 1987, McLeod 1988, NCNHP 1993, NatureServe Ecology - Southeastern U.S. unpubl. data, Nicholas and Zedaker 1989, Nicholas et al. 1992, Oosting and Billings 1951, Peet et al. unpubl. data 2002, Pyne 1994, Ramseur 1960, Rawinski 1992, Rheinhardt and Ware 1984, Schafale 1998b, Schafale and W eakley 1990, Schofield 1960, Southeastern Ecology Working Group n.d., Stephenson and Adams 1984, Stephenson and Clovis 1983, TDNH unpubl. data, USFS 1988, VDNH 2003, W entworth et al. 1988, W hite 1984a, W hite 1984b, W hite and Cogbill 1992, W hite and Pickett 1985, W hite et al. 1993, W hittaker 1956, Zedaker et al. 1988Allard 1990, Anderson et al. 1990, Brown 1941, Bruck 1988, Busing et al. 1988, Cogbill and W hite 1991, Crandall 1958, Crandall 1960, Davis 1930, Dull et al. 1988b, Eagar and Adams 1992, Eyre 1980, Korstian 1937, McLeod 1988, NCNHP 1993, NatureServe Ecology - Southeastern U.S. unpubl. data, Nicholas and Zedaker 1989, Nicholas et al. 1992, Oosting and Billings 1951, Peet et al. unpubl. data 2002, Pyne 1994, Ramseur 1960, Rawinski 1992, Schafale 1998b, Schafale and W eakley 1990, Schofield 1960, Southeastern Ecology Working Group n.d., Stephenson and Adams 1984, Stephenson and Clovis 1983, Stotler and Crandall-Stotler 1977, TDNH unpubl. data, USFS 1988, W entworth et al. 1988, W hite 1984a, W hite 1984b, W hite and Cogbill 1992, W hite and Pickett 1985, W hite et al. 1993, W hittaker 1956, Zedaker et al. 1988Adams and Stephenson 1991, Allard 1990, Anderson et al. 1990, Belden et al. 1994, Brown 1941, Bruck 1988, Busing et al. 1988, Cogbill and W hite 1991, Crandall 1958, Crandall 1960, Davis 1930, Dull et al. 1988b, Eagar and Adams 1992, Eyre 1980, Fleming and Coulling 2001, Fleming et al. 2001, Golden 1974, Korstian 1937, McLaughlin et al. 1987, McLeod 1988, NCNHP 1993, NatureServe Ecology - Southeastern U.S. unpubl. data, Nicholas and Zedaker 1989, Nicholas et al. 1992, Oosting and Billings 1951, Peet et al. unpubl. data 2002, Pyne 1994, Ramseur 1960, Rawinski 1992, Rheinhardt and Ware 1984, Schafale 1998b, Schafale and W eakley 1990, Schofield 1960, Southeastern Ecology Working Group n.d., Stephenson and Adams 1984, Stephenson and Clovis 1983, TDNH unpubl. data, USFS 1988, VDNH 2003, W entworth et al. 1988, W hite 1984a, W hite 1984b, W hite and Cogbill 1992, W hite and Pickett 1985, W hite et al. 1993, W hittaker 1956, Zedaker et al. 1988Adams and Stephenson 1991, Allard 1990, Anderson et al. 1990, Belden et al. 1994, Brown 1941, Bruck 1988, Busing et al. 1988, Cogbill and W hite 1991, Crandall 1958, Crandall 1960, Davis 1930, Dull et al. 1988b, Eagar and Adams 1992, Eyre 1980, Fleming and Coulling 2001, Fleming et al. 2001, Golden 1974, Korstian 1937, McLaughlin et al. 1987, McLeod 1988, NCNHP 1993, NatureServe Ecology - Southeastern U.S. unpubl. data, Nicholas and Zedaker 1989, Nicholas et al. 1992, Oosting and Billings 1951, Peet et al. unpubl. data 2002, Pyne 1994, Ramseur 1960, Rawinski 1992, Rheinhardt and Ware 1984, Schafale 1998b, Schafale and W eakley 1990, Schofield 1960, Southeastern Ecology Working Group n.d., Stephenson and Adams 1984, Stephenson and Clovis 1983, TDNH unpubl. data, USFS 1988, VDNH 2003, W entworth et al. 1988, W hite 1984a, W hite 1984b, W hite and Cogbill 1992, W hite and Pickett 1985, W hite et al. 1993, W hittaker 1956, Zedaker et al. 1988

## Resp = Classification

Responsibility

NatureServe Explorer link

Global Scientific Name

Common Name Confidence

Summary

Global Rank

Rounded Global Rank Global Rank Review Date Global Rank Reasons

Nations

## Subnations

TNC Ecoregions

USFS Ecoregions

Citations

### In this context, a way to group the list of associations by region. Technically, the name of the region which has been

assigned lead responsibility for the classification of the Association. Values : East (CT, DC, DE, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT, WV), Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI), Southeast (AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA), West (, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY), Canada 

## Will bring you directly to the report for this association on NatureServe Explorer, where more details about the association can be found. The global name of the Association includes the scientific names of dominant and diagnostic species. Species occurring in the same stratum are separated by a hyphen ( - ), and those occurring in different strata are separated by a slash ( / ); hyphens and slashes are surrounded by spaces. Species occurring in the uppermost strata are listed first, followed successively by those in lower strata. Within the same stratum, the order of species names generally reflects decreasing levels of dominance, constancy, or indicator value. In physiognomic types where there is a dominant herbaceous layer with a scattered woody layer, Association names can be based on species found in either the herbaceous layer or the woody layer, whichever is more diagnostic of the type. If both layers are used, then the uppermost layer is always listed first, regardless of which may be more diagnostic. Species less consistently found in all occurrences of the Association are placed in parentheses (). In cases where a particular genus is dominant or diagnostic, but individual species of the genus may vary among occurrences, only the specific epithets are placed in parentheses. Vascular plant species nomenclature for Association and Alliance names follows the nationally standardized list of Kartesz (1999), with very few exceptions. Nomenclature for nonvascular plants follows Anderson (1990) and Anderson et al. (1990) for mosses, Egan (1987, 1989, 1990, 1991) and Esslinger and Egan (1995) for lichens, and Stotler and Crandall-Stotler (1977) for liverworts/hornworts. A common or colloquial name for the Association. Not comprehensively filled out. The degree of confidence associated with the classification of the Association. This confidence is based on the quality and type of data used in the analysis, as well as the extent to which the entire (or potential) range of the Association was considered. 1 = STRONG: Classification is based on quantitative analysis of verifiable, high-quality field data (species lists and associated environmental information) from plots that are published in full or are archived in a publicly accessible database. A sufficient number of high-quality plots covering the expected geographic distribution and habitat variability of the vegetation type, as well as plots from related types across the region, have been used in the analysis. 2 = MODERATE: Classification is based either on quantitative analysis of a limited data set of high-quality, published/accessible plots and/or plots from only part of the geographic range, or on a more qualitative assessment of published/accessible field data of sufficient quantity and quality. A brief (1-2 paragraph) description of the range, structure, composition, environmental setting and dynamics associated with the Association. HTML is used to mark italics. The Heritage Conservation Status Global Rank which best characterizes the relative rarity or endangerment of the Association worldwide. The Heritage Conservation Status Global Rank with qualifiers and ranges removed for easier interpretation. The date the Global Rank was last reviewed. Reasons that the Global Rank for the Association was assigned, including key ranking variables and other considerations used. The two-letter postal codes for nations (countries) in which the Association occurs. When the occurrence is uncertain, a ? is appended.

## The two-letter postal codes for U.S. states and Canadian provinces in which the Association occurs. Mexican

two-letter state abbreviations are preceded by "MX". When the occurrence of the Association in a state/province is uncertain, a ? is appended. List of TNC Conservation Ecoregion codes where the Association is thought to occur, listed with the Occurrence Status of the Association in each ecoregion. C = Confident or certain; P = Predicted or probable; ? = Possible; X = Presumed extirpated. See here for a map and more information: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/eodist.htm#ecoregions. List of USFS Ecoregion Codes, at Province, Section, or Subsection levels, where the Association is thought to occur, listed alpha-numerically with the Occurrence Status status at each ecoregion level. C = Confident or certain; P = Predicted or probable; ? = Possible; X = Presumed extirpated. Ecoregions follow Bailey et al. (1994) in the West and Keys et al. (1995) in the East. See here for a map and more information: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/eodist.htm#ecoregions. Short citations of all references used in documenting the classification/concept and characterization of this Association. The full citations are listed at the bottom of each Association's NatureServe Explorer report.