NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

MARGUERITE VIGLIANI; GLORIA )

VIGLIANI; SYLVIA VIGLIANI; MARIO A. )

VIGLIANI; LINA CLARK; ALESSANDRA )

CLARK BENSON; CAMILLA CLARK; )

JULIA CLIVE; and PIA CLIVE, )

)

Appellants, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D14-4595

)

BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., in its capacity )

as trustee for the Mario Vigliani )

Revocable Living Trust, )

)

Appellee. )

)

Opinion filed March 9, 2016.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sarasota

County; Deno G. Economou, Judge.

Susan E. Stenger, Brian D. Bixby, and 

Melissa E. Sydney of Burns & Levinson 

LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, for 

Appellants.

Bernard A. Jackvony of Pannone Lopes 

Devereaux & West LLP, Boca Raton; and 

John R. Hargrove of Hargrove Law Group, 

Boca Raton (withdrew after briefing), for 

Appellee.

ALTENBERND, Judge.

The appellants in this case are the children and grandchildren of Mario 

Vigliani, who is the deceased settlor of the trust that is at the center of this dispute. 
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When this lawsuit commenced in the trial court, Maryann Vigliani, the wife of the settlor, 

was a co-trustee along with the Appellee, Bank of America, N.A. Unfortunately, Mrs. 

Vigliani died following the recent oral argument in this case, and the bank is now the 

sole trustee. The children and grandchildren are the beneficiaries of the "Family Trust," 

and we will refer to them as "the Beneficiaries." We will refer to the bank as the 

"Trustee."

The very narrow issue presented by this case is whether the terms of the 

settlor's revocable living trust required the funding of the Family Trust at the time of the 

settlor's death with $3.5 million, $5 million, or perhaps with some other amount. The cotrustees filed an action for declaratory relief, and the Beneficiaries fully cooperated to 

obtain a judicial determination at summary judgment. The trial court decided that the 

Family Trust should be funded with $3.5 million, which would increase the marital share 

payable to the wife outside of the Family Trust.

1 On de novo review, we conclude that 

the trial court erred in establishing this amount. 

The Beneficiaries would have this court hold that the amount payable to 

the Family Trust must be $5 million. In reviewing the trust agreement, and specifically 

Article VIII and the "Statements of Intentions" therein, we are unconvinced that this 

court can safely set the amount at $5 million based on the record before us. If in fact 

the co-trustees filed an estate tax return in which they utilized a $5 million estate tax 

 1Mrs. Vigliani was not a party in her own right in the trial court. From the 

record, we believe that a transfer of the trust funds to Mrs. Vigliani did not occur prior to 

her death and that her estate is not a necessary party to this appeal. Whether her 

estate may become a necessary party in the trial court will be a matter for that court to 

consider.
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exemption, the Beneficiaries may be correct in their position. Because the "Statement 

of Intentions" played no role in the trial court's decision, we simply are not confident that 

this record allows us to resolve a question that appears to involve significant tax issues 

upon which the parties have not stipulated or presented undisputed evidence. 

Moreover, the actual division of the trust depending on the circumstances at the date of 

the settlor's death would appear, under both the terms of the trust and statutory law, to 

be a task for Bank of America to perform as trustee. See § 736.0801, Fla. Stat. (2009). 

Thus, on remand, it may be appropriate for the Trustee to make a new decision about 

the division of the trust before the trial court is called upon to take any action. 

Accordingly, we reverse the judgment and remand for further proceedings in the trial 

court. 

The facts involved in this case, at least to this point, are undisputed and 

relatively simple. The estate tax laws applicable to the facts, however, are complex. 

Mario Vigliani created a revocable trust in 1994. He executed a "Restatement of the 

Trust Agreement" (the "Restatement") in September 2009. The Restatement provided 

that its interpretation and the meaning and effect of the terms of the Restatement would 

be governed by the laws of Florida. Mario Vigliani died on May 1, 2010. 

Under the terms of the Restatement, upon Mr. Vigliani's death, the cotrustees were required to make certain distributions and then divide the remainder of the 

trust corpus, or the "Trust Estate," into two shares so long as Mr. Vigliani's wife survived 

Mr. Vigliani. The first share is described as the "Marital Share," and the second share is

the Family Trust. Article VII of the Restatement describes the division. The Marital 

Share is the balance of the Trust Estate after the share for the Family Trust has been
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funded. Article VII continues: "The Family Trust shall be funded with that portion of the 

Trust Estate equal to the federal individual exemption amount, undiminished by any 

estate, inheritance, succession, death or similar taxes, subject to the provisions of 

Article VIII." (Emphasis added.)

The content of Article VIII in its entirety, with the most important portions 

underlined to assist the reader, states:

Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation 

Act Control Article Introductory Provision. Congress 

enacted the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation 

Act (the Act), which has created some uncertainty as to the 

application and the extent of the application of the federal 

estate tax and the generation-skipping tax on an individual's 

estate. It is also possible that Congress will make further 

changes in the application of these taxes. The preceding 

Article reflects my plan for division into shares/trusts for my 

beneficiaries based on my death occurring at the time this 

Trust Agreement is executed. This Article is intended to 

control the actual division in shares/trusts depending on the 

circumstances at my actual date of death. It is, therefore, 

my intention that this Article at my death will control whether 

the disposition of the Trust Estate is as provided in the 

preceding Article or as specifically modified or provided in 

this Article. In this Article reference to "the Trust Estate" shall 

mean that portion of the Trust Estate disposed of by the 

preceding Article.

(1) Federal Estate Tax Repealed And Wife 

Survives. If the federal estate tax has been repealed and is 

not in effect upon my death, rendering no federal estate 

taxes due, and my wife shall survive the Settlor, then the 

Trust Estate shall be divided into two shares. One share 

shall be made up of the 2009 federal exemption amount of 

$3.5 million and one share shall be the remainder of my 

Trust Estate. The share made up of the 2009 federal 

exemption amount of $3.5 million shall be held in the Family 

Trust, as provided herein. The remainder share shall be 

distributed outright to my wife as the Marital Share, as 

provided herein.
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(2) Federal Estate Tax Repealed And Wife Does 

Not Survive. If the federal estate tax has been repealed 

and is not in effect upon my death, and my wife shall not 

survive the Settlor, then the Trust Estate shall be held, 

administered and distributed under the Family Trust as 

provided herein.

(3) Statement of Intentions.

(a) These are statements of my intentions:

(i) that my wife be adequately provided 

for during her lifetime;

(ii) that, after my wife's death, my 

children and a child's issue, if a child is 

deceased, be adequately provided for;

(iii) that the smallest amount of estate 

taxes (if any) be paid at my death and my 

wife's subsequent death;

(iv) that the smallest amount of 

generation-skipping transfer tax (if any) be paid 

at my death and my wife's subsequent death;

(v) if carryover basis is in effect at my 

death, the Settlor intends for his personal 

representative or trustee to allocate basis 

exemptions in a way to benefit his family as 

described above;

(vi) that no adverse tax consequences 

occur as a result of some subsequent act by 

Congress not anticipated by the Settlor[.]

(4) Discretion to Deal with Carryover Basis. If 

carryover basis becomes applicable, the Settlor grants to the 

personal representative and/or trustee the authority to make 

decisions and allocations of any exemptions associated with 

carryover basis to benefit my Trust Estate consistent with the 

statement of intentions of the Settlor as may be provided in 

this Trust Agreement and to take any other actions which 

would be beneficial in achieving these objectives.
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To understand Article VIII, one must understand the historical context in 

which it was written. As explained in the parties' filings in the trial court and in this 

court,2 when the Restatement was executed, the applicable federal estate tax law was 

provided for under the "Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001," 

Pub. L. No. 107-16, 115 Stat. 38 (2001). That law provided for a gradually increasing 

estate tax exemption that peaked for individuals who died in 2009 at $3.5 million. Pub. 

L. No. 107-16, § 521(a). The exemption was accompanied by a step-up in the basis for 

any inherited assets, meaning that for purposes of income taxes on capital gains the 

basis of these assets would be valued at whatever their fair market value was at the 

time of the decedent's death. See 26 U.S.C. § 1014(a) (2001); cf. Pub. L. No. 107-16 § 

541. The 2001 act also provided for the repeal of the estate tax for individuals dying in 

2010. Pub. L. No. 107-16 §§ 501(a), 901(a)(2); see also Beim v. Hulfish, 83 A.3d 31, 38 

(N.J. 2014) (discussing aspects of the 2001 act). The tax savings associated with this 

repeal, however, were offset to some extent by the creation of a carry-over of the 

decedent's basis on inherited assets, which in theory would ultimately increase income

tax paid by the inheritors on capital gains experienced upon disposition of the inherited

property. See Pub. L. No. 107-16 §§ 541, 542.3 The act was also subject to sunset in 

 2This record contains no expert affidavit from an accountant or a tax 

attorney concerning the tax issues involved in this case. The attorneys who have 

briefed these issues have not supported their positions with citations to authoritative 

treatises or similar information. The limited record compels this court to reverse the 

order on appeal but does not allow us to make an alternative legal ruling. 

3The 2001 act provided that property acquired from an individual dying in 

2010 "shall be treated . . . as transferred by gift" and that the basis of such property 

would be the lower of either the adjusted basis of the decedent or the fair market value 

of the property at the date of the decedent's death. Pub. L. No. 107-16 § 542.
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2011, which would have revived the estate tax law in existence prior to the effective 

date of the 2001 act. Pub. L. No. 107-16 § 901; see also Beim, 83 A.3d at 38.

In 2009, there were political pressures to revise the 2001 law, but no one 

knew what the final outcome might be. Thus, Article VIII in the Restatement directly 

addresses two possible outcomes in sections (1) and (2) and then provides a 

"Statement of Intentions" to guide other possible outcomes. 

Congress did not allow the federal estate tax to be repealed. Instead, it 

enacted the "Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation 

Act of 2010," Pub. L. No. 111-312, 124 Stat. 3296 (2010). The new act created two 

possibilities for the estates of individuals like Mr. Vigliani, who died in 2010. First, the 

act created a default rule that voided the repeal of the estate tax provided for in the 

2001 act and allowed for a continuation of the individual federal estate tax exemption

and a step-up in the basis for inherited assets. See Pub. L. No. 111-312 § 301(a), (b). 

However, the 2010 act increased the individual exemption from $3.5 to $5 million so 

that only estates larger than $5 million were required to pay an estate tax under the 

default rule. See Pub. L. No. 111-312 § 302(a)(1). Second, the personal representative

of these estates could affirmatively elect to opt out of the default rule and to disregard

the provisions of the 2010 act repealing the 2001 act. See Pub. L. No. 111-312 § 

301(c). If an estate opted out, the step-up in basis would not occur. Instead, the 

carryover basis rules from the 2001 act would apply for inherited assets, resulting in a 

likely increase in capital gains taxes paid by the parties inheriting the property. See id.; 

see also 9 Susan Kalinka, Jeffrey W. Koonce, & Philip T. Hackney, La. Civ. L. Treatise, 

LLC & P'ship: A Guide to Bus. & Tax Planning § 3:23 (4th ed. 2015). 
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From the pleadings in this case, it is our understanding that the cotrustees filed an estate tax return relying on the default rule and the $5 million 

exemption; that is, they did not affirmatively elect to opt out of the default rule. But the 

record contains only an edited copy of that tax return, and we cannot establish from the 

evidence in the record that the co-trustees in fact relied on the higher exemption.

As presented by the parties, the issue in this case is whether the Family 

Trust—which, according to Article VII of the Restatement, "shall be funded" with an 

amount "equal to the federal individual exemption amount, . . . subject to the provisions 

of Article VIII"—shall be funded with the $3.5 million exemption that applied at the time 

the Restatement was executed or the $5 million exemption that applied at the time of 

Mr. Vigliani's death. The Trustee argues that the trial court correctly determined that the 

Family Trust should be funded with $3.5 million, the exemption available when the 

Restatement was executed in 2009, because language in Article VIII makes clear that 

Mr. Vigliani intended the amount to be determined as if he had died on the date the 

Restatement was executed. The Beneficiaries argue that this interpretation incorrectly 

isolates a single portion of Article VIII; fails to properly interpret the Restatement as a 

whole, including the Statement of Intentions; and thus fails to honor the settlor's intent in 

funding the Family Trust, which was largely to "avoid paying estate taxes to the extent 

possible."

The trial court's order does not contain any extensive explanation of its 

decision to grant the Trustee's motion for summary judgment. The court did, however, 

explain its reasoning on the record in open court; it essentially accepted the co-trustees' 

argument. The trial court concluded that the reference in Article VIII to the "preceding 
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Article, meaning Article VII, reflect[ing] my plan for division into share/trusts for my 

beneficiaries based on my death occurring at the time this Trust Agreement is 

executed," required the Family Trust to be funded with the 2009 exemption amount of 

$3.5 million. As a result, the trial court had no occasion to consider the provisions in the 

Statement of Intentions in section (3) of Article VIII.

We review de novo the trial court's ruling, which was based on the 

language of the Restatement. See Roberts v. Sarros, 920 So. 2d 193, 194-95 (Fla. 2d 

DCA 2006). "[T]he polestar of trust interpretation is the settlor['s] intent." Id. at 195 

(quoting L'Argent v. Barnett Bank, N.A., 730 So. 2d 395, 397 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999)). If 

the language in the trust is unambiguous, the settlor's intent as expressed therein 

controls and the court cannot rely on extrinsic evidence. Id. To determine the settlor's

intent, "the court should construe 'the instrument as a whole,' taking into account the 

general dispositional scheme." Id. (quoting Pounds v. Pounds, 703 So. 2d 487, 488 

(Fla. 5th DCA 1997)). It "should not 'resort to isolated words and phrases.' " Id.

(quoting Pounds, 703 So. 2d at 488). This is true whether the court is interpreting the 

entire trust or only a specific clause. Bryan v. Dethlefs, 959 So. 2d 314, 317 (Fla. 3d 

DCA 2007). 

The trial court erred when it isolated select provisions of Articles VII and 

VIII and did not interpret that language in the context of the remaining provisions in 

those two articles, in particular the Statement of Intentions in Article VIII. Simply put, 

the settlor did not die at the time the Restatement was executed. As a result, it is clear 

from the language of the Restatement that "the circumstances at [his] actual date of 

death" were to be considered in dividing the trust. When read together, we conclude 
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that the settlor is explaining in these two articles that he wants the Family Trust to be 

funded with the federal individual exemption amount applicable in 2009 unless the 

"circumstances at [his] actual date of death" required a different outcome. The four 

sections in Article VIII give guidance to the Trustee as to what "circumstances" 

concerned the settlor and what the settlor's intentions were as to those "circumstances." 

It is obvious from the content of Article VIII that the primary circumstance creating 

uncertainty for the settlor was the unresolved status of federal estate tax law.

We note that although sections (1) and (2) in Article VIII illustrate the 

settlor's concern with this uncertainty in the tax law, these sections are not directly 

applicable to a reading of the Restatement in this case because the federal estate tax 

was not repealed as provided for in the 2001 Act. See Pub. L. No. 111-312 § 301(a), 

(b). Because the provisions on which the trial court focused do not specify the amount 

of the share for the Family Trust once it was established that a major change in estate 

tax law occurred in 2010, it is necessary to consider the Statement of Intentions in 

making the division.

From the arguments of both sides, it appears that "intentions" (i) and (ii) 

do not involve circumstances that will be important in making the division. Fortunately, 

the settlor's assets were sufficient to provide adequately for his wife during her lifetime

and presumably to provide for the Beneficiaries as well. Intention (iii) requires that the 

"smallest amount of estate taxes (if any) be paid" at the settlor's death and that of his 

wife. The Beneficiaries at least believe that a $5 million allocation will or has already 

fulfilled this intention. This position is intuitively reasonable, but there is no evidence or 
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stipulation in the record to confirm this belief. Given the complexity of these tax issues, 

intuition may fail us. 

Intention (iv) requires one to consider "that the smallest amount of 

generation-skipping transfer tax (if any) be paid" at the time of the settlor's death and 

that of his wife. Again, this record does not safely establish the outcome that fulfills this 

goal. We can make the same conclusion as to (v) and (vi). In particular, (vi) states the 

settlor's general intent "that no adverse tax consequences occur as a result of some 

subsequent act by Congress not anticipated by the Settlor." This may authorize the 

Trustee to consider a broader array of tax issues, including income tax consequences 

for the settlor's wife and the Beneficiaries, in determining the amount of the Family 

Trust. 

Finally, section (4) of Article VIII gives the Trustee discretion to deal with 

any applicable carryover basis. If the Beneficiaries are correct that the default rule and 

the $5 million exemption applied, then seemingly no carryover basis would be 

applicable. But again, from this record, we cannot determine what decisions the cotrustees made or what decision the Trustee may need to make under section (4). 

We conclude that it is clear from Article VIII that other "circumstances"—

namely, significant changes in the applicable tax law—existed at the time of the settlor's 

death that likely required funding the Family Trust with an amount other than the $3.5 

million exemption available at the time the Restatement was executed. It was error for 

the trial court not to consider Articles VII and VIII in their entirety in ruling on the parties' 

motions for summary judgment. However, a proper resolution of this issue involves 

significant and likely complex issues of tax law, which may include questions of fact that 
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were not addressed by the trial court or agreed upon by the parties. We are not entirely 

certain that $3.5 million and $5 million are the only two options available to the decisionmaker. As a matter of trust law, it seems that the Trustee should be given the 

opportunity to exercise its fiduciary duties and to be the decision-maker on this issue. 

Thus, we cannot hold that the Family Trust must be funded with the $5 million 

exemption amount, and we must remand for a proper resolution. The parties, to their 

credit, have cooperated fully in this case up to this point. With their continued 

cooperation, this dispute should reach a speedy resolution on remand. 

Reversed and remanded. 

SILBERMAN and SLEET, JJ., Concur.