u.s, Department of Justice 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

.,. 

Lifetime Likelihood 

of Victimization 

by Het'bert Koppel 

BJS Analyst 

This report provides estimates of the 

likelihood that a person will become a 

victim of crime during his or her lifetime, or that a household will be victimized during a 20-year pel'iod. This 

contrasts with the conventional use of a 

I-year period in measuring crime and 

criminal victimization. Most prominently, the National Crime Survey 

(NCS) surveys a sample of U.S. households and publishes annual victimization 

rates, and the FBI's Uniform Crime 

Reports (UCR) provide annual rates of 

crimes reported to the police. 

Annual victimization rates 

Annual victimization rates alone do 

not convey the fun impact of crime as 

it affects people. No one would express 

his or her concern by saying, "I am terribly afraid of being mugged between 

January and December of this year." 

People are worried about the possibility 

that at some time in their lives they 

will be robbed or raped or assaulted, or 

, their homes will be burglarized. 

Annual rates can provide a false 

sense of security by masking the real 

impact of crime. Upon hearing that the 

homicide rate is about 8 to 10 per 

100,000 population, one feels safe; 

after all, 1 chance in 10,000 is not very 

frightelling. Actually, however, at 

recent homicide rates about 1 of every 

133 Americans will become a murder 

victim; for black males the prop~rtion 

is estimated to be 1 of every 30. 

Similarly, While 16 out of 10,000 women 

Mat'ch 1987 

The Bureau of Justice Statistics 

National Crime Survey provides 

annual victimization rates based 

on counts of the number of crimes 

reported and not reported to 

police in the United States. These 

rates are based on interviews 

twice a year with about lOl,OOO 

persons in approximately 49,000 

na tionally representative 

households. Those annual ra ces, 

while of obvious utility to 

policymakel's, researchers, and 

statisticians, do not convey to 

American citizens the full impact 

of crime on them nor do they 

answer a critical question for each 

individual: What is the possibility 

that I will be a crime victim? This 

technical repot't is designed to 

shed light on this question. 

Steven R. Schlesinger 

Director 

are rape victims annually, the lifetime 

chances of suffering a rape are much 

gl'eater. 

Certainly, annual rates are useful. 

A I-year period is probably optimum 

for researchers, stati~ticians, and planners. It encompasses exactly one cycle 

of seasonal variation. It is long enough 

to smooth out the impact of extraordinary events (such as a mass murder in a 

small city) and to allow time for collecting and analyzing data. On the 

other hand, a I-year period is short 

enough to show changes and trends in 

crime rates. The problem lies with 

people's perception of the meaning of 

annual ra tes with respect to their own 

lives. If the Earth revolved around the 

sun in 180 days, all of our annual crime 

rates would be halved, but we would not 

be safer. 

Calculating lifetime victimization fates 

For this report, lifetime likelihoods 

of victimization were calculated from 

NCS annual victimi.zation rates and life 

tables published by the National Center 

for Health Statistics.2 The probability 

that a person will be victimized at a 

particular age basically depends upon 

(a) the probability that the person is 

still alive at that age and (b) the probability that a person of that age will be 

victimized. The lifetime likelihood of 

personal victimization is derived from 

the probabilities of being victimized at 

the various ages that constitute a lifetime. A similar method is used for calculating the long-term likelihood of 

crimes against households. 

Because of the assumptions involved 

in the calculations and because the data 

derive from a sample survey, the numbers presented in this report are 

estima tes only; they Should be interpreted only as indications of approximate magnitude, not as exact measures. Essentially they are calcula ted 

values of lifetime rlsl< rather than descriptions of what has been observed. 

For the purposes of this report, a 

"lifetime" begins at age 12. This is dictated by the data available from the 

NCS, which does not cover persons 

younger than 12 years old. Also, 
"series" victimizations, those representing three or more similar incidents 

about which the victim could not provide detail on each event separately, 

have been excluded. If series victimizations were included in the calculations as representing one crime incident, the total number of annual violent 

victimizations would increase by approximately 8%. The exclusion of 

series victimizations, then, results in an 

underestimat.ion to some degree of the 

actual probabilities of victimization, 

especially with regard to multiple victimizations. 

Assumption of constant 8IUlUal rates 

The estimates of lifetime likelihood 

of victimization are derived under the 

assumption that, throughout their lifetimes, people in the U.S. have incurred, 

and will continue to incur, criminal 

victimization at the same annual rates 

as were observed in the years 1975 

through 1984. Calculations are based 

upon the average annual victimization 

rates for 1975-84 (except that data for 

rape are for 1973-82). Annual victimization rates for the population, and for 

any group within the population, are 

assumed to remain constant at the 

average levels recorded for those 

years. For example, it is assumed that 

the rate at which white females of age 

34 become victims of assault was the 

same in the past and will be the same in 

the future as it was in 1975-84. To the 

extent that annual rates were different 

in the past 01' may change in the future, 

the estimates of lifetime victimization 

are inaccurate. 

Of course victimization rates actually vary from year to year. Victimization data are not available for years 

before the mid-1970s (when the NCS 

was started), but crime rates as t'eported by UCR indicate that annual victimization rates probably were lower 

then than in the period 1975-84. The 

UCR data, however, are not suitable 

for estimating lifetime victimization 

because they include only crimes reported to the police, and because there is 

no information about the age, sex, or 

race of the victims. 

Since 1981, annual victimization 

rates reported by NCS have declined. 

If this trend were to continue, the 

lifetime victimization probabilities 

would decrease. 

Becau~e there is very li ttle usable 

information about past variation in 

annual victimization rates, and because 

future changes are unpredictable in 

both direction and magnitude, there is 

, 

i 

no feasible alternative to assuming constant values. 

The lifetime likelihood of victimization can be interpreted as an estimate 

of a person's entire lifetime experience, 

starting in years prior to 1975-84 and 

continuing into the future until the person's death. Such an estimate is subject 

to two sources of error that result from 

assuming constant annual rates: (1) the 

probable overestimation of victimization rates in past years, and (2) the 

uncertainty regarding future annual 

rates. Estimates of this type are shown 

Table 1. Lifetime likelihood of victimization 

in table 1. Alternatively, the estimate 

can be restricted to the future, by 

taking into account only those victimizations that will be incurred in the 

remainder of the person's lifetime, 

starting at his or her current age. This 

eliminates errors due to past changes in 

annual rates. Estimates using the 

latter option are presented in table 2; 

the values in table 1 constitute such 

estimates for persons whose current 

age is 12. 

Percent of persons who will be victimized by 

crime starting at 12 :lears of age 

Total 

One or more Number of victimizations 

victimizations c>ne fwo 'l'nree or more 

Violent crimes, total* 

Total popula tion 83% 30% 27% 25% 

Male 89 24 27 38 

Female 73 35 23 14 

White 82 31 26 24 

Male 88 25 27 37 

Female 71 36 22 13 

Black 87 26 27 34 

Male 92 21 26 45 

Female 81 31 26 24 

Violent crimes, completed* 

Total population 42% 32% 9% 2% 

Male 48 34 11 3 

Female 36 28 6 1 

White 41 31 8 2 

Black 53 35 13 4 

Rape 

Total female 8% 8% - - White 8 7 - - Black 11 10 1 - Robbery 

Total population 30% 25% 5% 1% 

Male 37 29 7 1 

Female 22 19 2 - White 27 23 4 - Black 51 35 12 4 

Assault 

Total popUlation 74% 35% 24% 15% 

Male 82 31 26 25 

Female 62 37 18 7 

White 74 35 24 16 

Black 73 35 25 12 

Robbery or assault 

resulting in injury 

Total population 40% 30% 7% 2% 

Personal theft 

To tal popula tion 99% 4% 8% 87% 

Male 99 3 8 88 

Female 99 4 10 84 

White 99 4 9 87 

Male 99 3 8 88 

Female 99 4 10 86 

Black 99 5 12 81 

Male 99 5 10 84 

Female 98 7 15 76 

Note: Data are based on average victimization rates measured by the National Crime . 

Survey for 1975-84, except for rape data, which are based on victimization rates for 

1973-82. All crimes include attempts except where noted. See box on page 4 for crime definitions. - Less than 0.5%. 

• Includes rape, robbery, /lnd assault. 
Personal victimization rates 

Based on 1975-:84 annual victimization rates, an estimated 5 out of 6 

people will be victims of violent crimes 

(rape, robbery, and assault), either 

completed or attempted, at least once 

during their lives (table 1). (For the 

precise definitions of the crimes discussed in this report see the "Crime - definitions" box on page 4.) About half 

the population will be victimized by 

violent crime more than once. Males 

are somewhat more likely to become 

victims than females. 

The greatest contrast is in multiple 

victimizations. It is estimated that 

more than 2 in 5 black males will be 

victimized by a violent crime three or 

more times. This is almost double the 

likelihood for blacl< females and more 

than triple the likelihood for white 

females. 

When attempted crimes are excluded, the differences in lifetime victimization rates between blacks and whites 

are greater. About 5 in 10 blacks, compared with 4 in 10 whites, will suffer a 

completed violent crime. 

Based on 1973-82 rates, nearly 1 out 

of 12 females will be the victim of a 

completed or attempted rape. The 

estimated rate for black females is 1 

out of 9. 

It is estimated that 3 in 10 persons 

will be victims of a completed or attempted robbery during their lifetimes. The victim's sex and race appear to have a greater effect upon the 

lifetime likelihood of victimization for 

robbery than for other crimes. Blacks 

are almost twice as likely to be robbed 

as whites; males are about 70% more 

likely to be robbed than females. 

About 3 out of 4 people will become 

victims of a completed or attempted 

assault; 2 in 5 will be victims of this 

crime at least twice. Males are more 

likely to be assaulted than females, but 

the likelihood is nearly the same fot· 

blacks and whites. 

At 1975-84 victimization rates, an 

estimated 2 in 5 persons will be injured 

as the result of a robbery or assault; 

about 1 in 10 will be injured more than 

once. (Injul'ies reported by the NCS 

range from minor to life threatening.) 

According to these estimates, 

nearly everyone will be the victim of a 

personal theft at least once, with about 

7 in 8 persons being victimized three or 

more times. In general, findings for 

Table 2. Lifetime likelihood or victimization, by ege 

Percent of persons who will be victimized by 

crime starting: at various ag::es 

Total 

One or more Number of victimizations 

victimizations One Two Three or more 

Violent crimes. 

Current age 

12 years old 83% 30% 27% 25% 

20 72 36 23 14 

30 53 35 13 4 

40 36 29 6 1 

50 22 19 2 - 60 14 13 1 - 70 8 7 - - Robbery or' assault 

resulting in injury 

Current age 

12 years old 40% 30% 7% 2% 

20 30 25 4 1 

30 19 17 2 -- 40 11 U 1 - 50 7 6 - - 60 4 4 - - 70 2 2 - - Personal theft 

CUrrent age 

12 years old 99% 4% 8% 87% 

20 98 9 16 73 

30 93 19 25 48 

40 8~ 31 19 33 

50 64 37 19 8 

60 43 32 9 2 

70 24 21 3 - Note: Data are based on average victimization rates measUl'ed by the National Crime 

Survey for 1975-84. All crimes include attempts. Sce box on page 4 for crime definitions. 

- Less than 0.5 percent. 

" Includes rape, rObbery, and assault. 

Table 3. Long-term likelihood of household victimization 

Percent of households that will be victimized by 

crime over a 20-:iear !1eriod 

Total 

One or more Number of victimizations 

victimizations One TWo Tbree or more 

Burglary 

All households 72% 36% 23% 14% 

Urban 80 32 26 22 

Suburban 70 36 22 12 

Rural 64 37 19 8 

Household larceny 

All households 89% 24% 27% 38% 

Urban 93 19 25 49 

SUburban 90 23 26 41 

Rural 82 31 27 25 

Motor vehicle theft 

All househOlds 19% 17% 2% - Urban 27 23 4 - SUburban '20 18 2 - Rural 11 10 1 -

Note: Data are based on average victimization rates measured by the National Crime 

Survey for 1975-84. Only completed crimes are included. Sec box on page 4 for crime definitions. - Less than 0.5%. 

theft do not vary by the sex or race of 

the victim. 

'The likelihood of becoming the victim of a violent crime in the remainder 

of one's lifetime declines more rapidly 

than life expectancy, reflecting declining victimization rates with increasing 

age (table 2), For example, the average 

remaining life expectancy at age 60 is 

nearly half as long as at age 301 but a 

3 

person of age 60 is only about onequarter as likely as a 30-year-old to 

become a victim of violent crime 

during the remainder of his or her 

lifetime. Similarly, those who are 30 

are five times likelier than those who 

are 60 to be injured during a robbery or 

assault over the remaining cO\lrse of 

their lives. 
Estimates of the likelihood of a 

personal theft drop off much less 

rapidly with age than do the estimates 

for violent crime victimization. Personal theft victimization probabilities 

are approximately proportional to remaining life expectancies. 

Victimization of households 

At 1975-84 victimization rates, over 

a period of 20 years almost 3 out of 4 

households will suffer a burglary; 3 out 

of 8 will suffer more than one (table 

3). Nearly 9 out of 10 households will 

be victimized by larceny; mOl'e than 1 

in 3 will be victimized by this crime 

three or more times. About 1 in 5 of 

all households will be victims of motor 

vehicle theft. 

For all of these crimes urban households are more likely to be victimized 

than those in the suburbs, and victimization is even less likely in rural 

areas. The difference is greatest for 

motor vehicle theft; urban households 

are about 2% times as likely as rural 

households to be victims of this crime. 

Assumptions and their effects 

Although the numbers in this report 

are estimates rather than exact measures, they are based upon reliable data 

and established mathematical techniques. They provide a realistic picture 

of the order of magnitude of the likelihood of being victimized, if past and 

future victimization rates are near the 

levels of 1975-84. Unavoidably, however, such estimates are subject to 

error. Aside from the normal sampling 

error associated with the use of annual 

NCS victimization rates, part of the 

error results from assumptions that had 

to be made in carrying out the computations. The assumption of constant 

rates of victimization over time was 

discussed earlier. Another key assumption is that victimization is equally 

likely for all members of a population 

group, defined by age, race, and sex. In 

other words, any victimization can, 

with equal probability, be inflicted upon 

any member of the group, 

Equal victimization probabilities 

In a sense, the assumption of equal 

probability of victimization is what 

gives meaning to victimization rates. 

Subgroups of the population are select.ed to make the assumption as valid as 

possible, by dividing the population in 

accordance with characteristics that 

are believed to correlate with susceptibility to victimization. That is why 

NCS uses breakdowns in terms of age, 

ra.ce, sex, income, and the like (instead 

of, for examl?le, height, weight, lefthandedness vs. right-handedness, or sign 

of the zodiac). 

The assumption of equal victimization probabili ties introduces an error 

into the estimates of long-term and 

lifetime likelihood of victimization. 

This is because, even in population 

groups that have been selected to have 

homogeneous characteristics, certain 

individuals have been found to be victimized much iTIOl'e frequently than 

chance .alone would predict. The number of people in any group who are victimized two, three, or more times in a 

year is substantially greater than would 

be the case if victimization were 

equall~ I?robable for all members of the 

group. This appears to be true of 

household victimization as well as personal victimization. 

The procedure for processing NCS 

victimization data does not track an 

individual or a household from year to 

year; consequently, the available information on mUltiple victimizations is 

restl'icted to those that take place 

during a period of 1 year or less. These 

single-year data consistently show the 

pattern of multiple victimization described above, but they are not suitable 

for use in calculating long-term or lifetime probabilities. Because of this, 

equal victimization probability was assumed in the calculations. 

Crime definitions from the National Crime Survey 

Assault--An unlawful physical involved. 

attack, whether aggravated or 

simple, upon a person, including 

attempted or threatened attacks 

with or without a weapon. Excludes rape and attempted rape, as 

well as a ttacks involving theft or 

attempted theft, which are classified as robbery. Severity of 

crimes in this category range from 

threats to attacks that result in 

life-threatening injuries. 

Burglary (completed)--Unlawful or 

forcible entry of a residence, 

usually, but not necessarily, 

attended by theft. The entry may 

be by force, such as breaking a 

window or slashing a screen, or it 

may be through an unlocked door 

or an open window. As long as the 

person entering had no legal right 

to be present in the structure, a 

burglary has occurred. Furthermore, the structure need not be 

the house itself fo'r a household 

burglary to take place. Illegal 

entry of a garage, shed, or any 

other structure on the premises 

also constitutes household burglary. In fact, burglary does not 

necessarily have to occur on the 

premises. If the breaking and 

entering occurred in a hotel or in a 

vacation residence, it still would 

be classified as a burglary for the 

household whose member or members were staying there at the 

time. 

Household larceny (completed)--

Theft of property or cash from a 

residence or its immediate vicinity. For a household larceny to 

occur within the home Itself, the 

thief must be someone with a right 

to be there, such as a maid, a 

delivery person, or a guest. Forcible entry, attempted forcible 

entry, or unlawful entry are not 

4 

Motor vehicle theft (completed)--

Stealing or unauthorized taking of 

a motor vehicle. 

Personal theft--Includes both personallarceny with contact and 

personal larceny without contact. 

Personal larceny with contact is 

theft of purse, wallet, or cash by 

stealth directly from the person of 

the victim, but without force or 

the threat of force, including attempted purse snatching. Personal 

larceny without contact is theft or 

attempted theft, without direct 

contact between victim and offender, of property or cash from any 

place other than the victim's home 

or its immediate vicinity. The 

property need not be strictly personal in nature; the act is distinguished from household larceny 

solely by place of occurrence. Examples of personal larceny without 

contact include the theft of a 

briefcase or umbrella from a restaurant, a portable radio from the 

beach, clothing from an automobile parked in a shopping center, a 

bicycle from a school yard, food 

from a shopping cart in front of a 

supermarket, etc. In rare cases, 

the victim sees the offender 

during the commission of the act. 

Rape--Carnal knowledge through 

the use of force or the threat of 

force, Including attempts. Statutory rape (without force) is excluded. 

Robbery--Completed or attempted 

theft, directly from a person, of 

property or cash by force or threat 

of force, with or without a 

weapon. 

Source: Based on Criminal 

Victimization in the United States, 

1984. NCJ-100435, pp. 123-26. 
As a result, the estimates of long~ 

term and lifetime likelihoods of victimization probably tend to show a slightly 

larger number of people and households 

being victimized at least once than is 

actually the case. That is, the estimated victimizations are distributed too 

thinly over too large a portion of the 

population. (Note, however, that the 

exclusion of series victimizations results in some degree of underestimation 

of the proportion of people and households that are victimized at least once.) 

In a I-year period, more people 

actually incur multiple victimizations 

than would be estimated by the equal 

probability assumption. Over a lifetime, however, the reverse apppears to 

be the case. This is because the equal 

I?robability assumption considers the 

probability of a person being victimized 

in any year to be independent of what 

happens in other years. But in reality, 

if a person is inordinately susceptible to 

being victimized, that susceptibility is 

likely to continue from year to year. 

During a lifetime, the person will incur 

many more than his or her "fair share" 

of victimizations; the "excess" multiple 

victims will tend to be the same people 

year after year. --

Single-year data on multiple victimizations were used to estimate the 

magnitude of the error caused by using 

the equal probability assumption. 

Several methods of calculation were 

employed. It was determined that this 

error is of the same order of magnitude 

as the errors and uncertainties from 

other causes such as unpredictable 

changes in annual victimization rates. 

Further details on methodology 

A methodological appendix with further details on the calculation of the 

findings presented in this report is 

available on request from BJS by 

calling Herbert Koppel at (202) 124-

7770. 

Notes 

1Langan, Patrick A. and Christopher 

A. Innes, The Risk of Violent Crime, 

Bureau of Justice Statistics Special 

Report, NCJ-97119, May 1985, p. 2; 

Report to the Nation on Crime and 

Justic~ 2nd edition, Bureau of 

Justice Statistics, forthcoming, ch. 

2. The numbers for the general population were derived from coroner 

and medical examiner reports for the 

years 1978-82. A mOl'e refined technique, including data for 1983, was 

used to determine the rate for black 

males. Very similar results were 

obtained by the FBI in a study based 

on homicides reported to the police 

in 1978-80; see Crime in the United 

States, 1981 (Washington: USGPO 

1982), Al?pendix V, pp. 339-40. 

Simpler methodology can be used in 

dealing with homicide than with 

other crimes because there are no 

multiple victimizations; a J.:>erson can 

be killed only once. 

2Victimization rates were taken 

from the annual Bureau of Justice 

Statistics publication Criminal 

Victimization in the United States 

for the years 1975-84, with additional data from the NCS. Life 

tables are from the National Center 

for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics 

of the United States, 1980, Vol. II, 

Sec. 6, Life Tables. 

3Sparks, Richard F., Hazel G. Green, 

and David J. Dodd, Surveying 

Victims (New YOl'k: John Wiley and 

Sons, 1977), pp. 88-97; Gottfredson, 

Michael R., liOn the Etiology of 

Criminal Victimization" and Sparks, 

Richard F., "Multil?le Victimization: 

Evidence, Theory, and Future 

ResearCh," The Journal of Criminal 

Law and Criminology, vol. 72, no. 2 

(I981). 

Bureau of Justice Sta tistics 

technical reports are written 

principally by BJS staff. This 

report was written by Herbert 

Koppel and was edited by Frank D. 

Balog. Rel?ort production was 

administered by Marilyn Marbrook, 

publications unit chief, assisted by 

Jeanne Hanis and Arlene F. 

James. 

March 1987, NCJ-104274 

5 

• 

New releases from BJS 

• Automated fingerprint identification ~stems: Technology and policy issues, 

NCJ-104342, 4/87 

• Imprisonment in four countries, BJS 

Special Report, NCJ-l03967, 2/87 

• Violent crime by strangers and nOI1-

strangers, BJS Special RepoI·t, NCJ103702, 1/87 

• 1986 directory of automated criminal 

justice information systems, NCJ102260, 1,000 pp., 1/87 

• Probation and parole, BJS Bulletin, 

NCJ-103683, 1/87 

• Criminal justice tlhottl files: Criminal 

justice information policy series, 75 

pp., NCJ-I01850, 1/87 

• Population density in State prisons, 

BJS Special Report, NCJ-I03204, 12/86 

• State and Federal"prisoners, 1925-85, 

BJS Bulletin, NCJ-102494, 12/86 

• BJS telephone contacts '87, BJS 

Bulletin, NCJ-102909;-I2/86 

It Data quality policies and procedures: Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCH 

conference, 82 pp., NCJ-101849, 12/86 

• Teenage victims, 16 pp., NCJ-103138, 

11/86 

• Tracking offenders: White-collar 

crime, BJS Special Report, NCJ102867, 11/86 

• Capital punishment, 1985J BJS 

Bulletin, NCJ-l02742, 11/86 
Announcing the new 

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National Crime Survey 

Criminal victimization in the U.S.: 

1984 (final report). NCJ·I00435. 5/86 

1983 (final report). NCJ·96459. 10185 

1982 (final report). NCJ-92820, 11/84 

1973-82 trends, NCJ-90541. 9/83 

1980 (final report), NCJ-84015, 4/83 

1979 (final report\. NCJ.76710. 12181 

BJS special reports: 

Violent crime by strangers and nonstrangers, 

NCJ-I03702.1/87 

Preventing domestic violence against women, 

NCJ-1 02037. 8/86 

Crime prevention measures, NCJ-l00438.3/86 

The use of weapons in committing crimes, 

NCJ-99643, 1/86 

Reporting crimeS 10 the police, NCJ-99432, 

12/85 

Locating city, suburban, and rural crime, NCJ99535, 12/85 

The risk of violent crime, NCJ-97119. 5/85 

The economic cost of crime to victims, NCJ93450.4/84 

Fllmlly violence, NCJ-93449, 4/84 

BJS bulletins: 

Households louched by crime, 1985, 

NCJ-l01685,6/86 

Criminal Victimization, 1984, NCJ-98904. 10/85 

The crime of rape, NCJ·96777.3/85 

Household burglary, NCJ-96021. 1/85 

CrimInal victimization, 1983, NCJ-93869. 6/84 

Violent crime by strangers, NCJ-80829. 4/82 

Crime and the elderly, NCH9614, 1/82 

Measuring crime, NCJ-75710, 2181 

Teenage victims, NCJ·103138. 12/86 

Response to screening questions In the Natkmal 

Crime Survey (BJS technical report). NCJ97624,7/85 

Victimization and fear of crime: World 

perspectives, NCJ-93872. 1/85 

The National Crime Survey: Working papers, 

vol. I: Current and historical perspectives, 

NCJ-75374.8/82 

vol II: Methological studies. NCJ-90307, 12/84 

Issues in the measurement of victimization, 

NCJ-74682, 10/81 

The cost of negligence: Losses from preventable 

household burglaries, NCJ-53527. 12/79 

Rape victimization in 26 American cities, 

NCJ-55878. 8179 

Criminal victimization In urban schools, 

NCJ-56396, 8/79 

An introduction to the National Crime Survey, 

~CJ-43732. 4178 

Local victim surveys: A review of the issues, 

NCJ-39973. 8/77 

Parole and probation 

BJS bulletins: 

Probation and parole 1984, NCJ-l00181. 

2/86 

Setting prison terms, NCJ-76218. 8/83 

Parole in the U.S., 1980 and 1981, NCJ-87387. 

3/86 

Characteristics of persons Gnterlnll parole 

during 1978 and 1979, NCJ-87243, 5/83 

Characteristics of the parole population, J 978, 

NCJ-66479.4/81 

Parole In the U,S., 1979, NCJ-69562. 3/81 

Corrections 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Probation and parole 1985, NCJ-l03683, 1/87 

Population density In State prisons, NCJ-l 03204, 

12/86 

Capital punishment, 1985, NCJ-l02742, 11/86 

Stale and Federal prisoners, 1 925-85, 

NCJ-l02494. 11/86 

Prisoners in 1985, NCJ·i01384. 6/86 

Prison admission and releases, 1983, 

NCJ-l00582. 3/66 

Capital pUnishment 1984, NCJ-98399. 8/85 

Examining recidivism, NCJ-96501, 2/85 

Returning to prison. NCJ-95700. 11/84 

Time served In prison, NCJ-93924, 6/84 

Historical corrections statistics in the U.S., 1850-

1984, NCJ·l02529. 3/87 

Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions on 

Dec. 31, 1984, NCJ-103768, 3/87 

Capital punishment 1984 (final), NCJ-99562. 5/86 

Capital punishment 1983 (finall. NCJ-99561. 4/86 

1979 sur'eyollnmaleso! Sialecorrectionallacilities 

and 1979 census 01 State correctional facilities: 

BJS special reports; 

The prevalence of imprisonment, NCJ-93657. 

7/85 

Career patterns in crime, NCJ-88672. 6/83 

BJS bulletins: 

Prisoners and drugs, NCJ-87575, 3/83 

Prisoners and alcohol, NCJ-86223. 1/83 

Prisons and prisoners, NCJ-80697. 2/82 

Veterans in prison, NCJ-79232, 11/81 

Census of Jails arid survey 01 jail inmates: 

Jail inmates, 1984, NCJ-l01094. 5/86 

Jail inmates, 1983 (BJS bulletin), NCJ-99175. 

11/85 

The 1983 jail census (BJS bulJellflj, NCJ-95536, 

11/84 

Census of jails, '1978: Data for Ifldlvidual jails, 

vols.I-IV, Northeast. North Central. South, West. 

NCJ-72279·72282.12/81 

Profile of jail inmates, 1978, NCJ-65412. 2/81 

Children in custody: 

Public juvenile lacilitles, 1965 \bullelin). 

NCJ-l02457.10/86 

1982-83 census of juvenile detention and 

correctional facilities, NCJ·l01686. 9/86 

Expenditure and employment 

BJS Bulletins; 

Justice expenditure and employment: 

1983, NCJ·l 01776. 7/86 

1982, NCJ-98327_ 8/85 

Justice expenditure and employment in the U.S,: 

1980 and 1981 extracts, NCJ-96007. 6/85 

1971-79, NCJ-9259E'. 11/84 

Courts 

BJS bulletins: 

The growth of appeals: 1973-83 trends, 

NOJ-9636 1. 2/85 

Case filings in State courts 1983, NCJ-95111, 

10/84 

BJS special reports: 

Felony case-processing time, NOJ-l01985.8/86 

Felony seniencing in 18 local 

jUrisdictions, NCJ-97681, 6/85 

The prevalence of guilty pleas, NCJ-96018, 

12/84 

Sentencing practices In 13 States, NCJ-95399, 

10/84 

Criminal :iefense systems: A national 

survey, NCJ-94630, 8/84 

Habeas corpus, NCJ-92948, 3/84 

State court cllseload statistics, 1977 and 

1981, NCJ·87587, 2/83 

National Criminal Defense Systems Study, NCJ94702, 10/86 

Tile prosecution of felony arrests: 

1981, NCJ-l 01380,9/86 

1980, NCJ-97684, 10/85 

1979, NCJ-86482. 5/84 

State court model statlsllcal dictionary, 

SUpplement, NCJ-98326, 9/85 

1 st edition, NCJ·62320, 9/80 

State court organlzallon 1980, NCJ-76711, 7/82 

A cross-city comparison of felony case 

processing, NCJ-515171, 7/79 

Federal offenses and offenders 

BJS specIal reporls: 

Pretrial release and mlso::onduct, NCJ-96132, 

1/85 

BJS bulletins: 

Bank robbery, NCJ-94463, 8/84 

Federal drug law Violators, NCJ-92692, 2/84 

Federal JUStice statistics, NCJ-80814, 3/82 

Privacy and security 

Computer crime: 

BJS speCial reports: 

Electronic fund transfer frraud, NCJ-96666.3/85 

Electronic fund transfer and crime, 

NCJ-92650, 2/84 

Electronic fund transfer fraud, NCJ-l00461, 

4/86 

Computer security teChniques, 

~JCJ-84049, 9/82 

Electronic fund transfer systems and crime, 

NCJ·83736. 9/82 

Expert witness manual, NCJ-77927,9/81 

Criminal justice resource manual, NCJ-61550, 

12/79 

Privacy and security of criminal history 

information: 

, Compendium of State legislation, 1984 

overview, NCJ-98077, 9/85 

Criminal justice in/ormation policy: 

Criminal justice "hot" files, NCJ-l01850. 12/86 

Data quality policies and procedures: 

Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCH conference, 

NCJ'101849,12/86 

Crime control and criminal records (BJS speCial 

report), NCJ-99176. 10/85 

State criminal records repositories (BJS 

technical report), NC,j·990.17, 10/85 

Data quality of criminal history records, NCJ98079, 10/85 

Intelligence and Investlgatlve records, 

NCJ·95787. 4/85 

Victimlwitness legislation: An overview, 

NCJ-94365. 12/84 

Information polley and crime controls\rategies 

(SEARCH/BJS conference), NCJ-93926, 

10/84 

Research access to crrmlnal Justice data, 

NCJ·84154. 2/83 

Privacy and JUVenile Justice records, 

NCJ-84152. 1/83 

Survey of Slate laws (BJS bulletin), 

NCJ-80836. 6/82 

Privacy and the private employer, 

NCH9651.11/81 

General 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

BJS telephone contacts '87, NCJ-l 02909, 12/86 

Tracking offenders: Whlte-c."lIar crime, 

NCJ-l02867. 11/86 

Police employment and expenditure, 

NCJ-l00117,2/86 

Tracking offenders: The child victim, NCJ95785. 12/84 

The severity of crime, NCJ·92326. 1/84 

The American response 10 crime: An overview 

of criminal justice systems, NCJ-91936, 12/83 

Tracking offenders, NCJ-91572, t 1/83 

Victim and witness assistance: New State 

laws and the system's response, NCJ-87934. 

5/83 

1986 directory of automated crlm[naljustlce 

Information systems, NCJ-l02260. 1/87,520 

domestic 

Crime and justice facts,1985, NCJ-1 00757.5/86 

National survey of crime severity, NCJ-96017, 

10/85 

Criminal victimization of District of Columbia 

residents and Capitol Hili employees, 1962·83, 

NCJ-97982;Summary, NCJ-98567: 9/85 

The DCcrlme victimization study Implementation, 

NCJ-98595, 9/85, $7.60 domestlc/$9,20 CanadianlS 12.80 foreign 

The DC household victimization survey data base: 

Documentation, NCJ-98596, 56,40/$8.40/511 

User manual, NCJ-98597, $8,20/59,80/$12.80 

How to gain access to BJS data (brochure), 

BC-000022, 9/84 

Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on law and 

Justice statistics, 1984, NCJ-93310. 8/64 

Report to the nation on crime and Justice; 

The data, NCJ-87068, 10/83 

Dlcl/onary of criminal Jusllce data terminology: 

2nd ed., NCJ-76939, 2{82 

Technical standardS for machine-readable data 

supplied to BJS, NCJ-75318, 6/81 

See order fonn 

on last page 
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o Justice expenditure and employment reports-annual spending and staffing by 

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Comput~r crime reports-electronic fund transfer system crimes 

Privacy and security of criminal history information and information poliey-new 

legislation; maintaining and releasing intelligence and investigative records 

RIS Bulletins and Special Reports -timely reports of the most current justice data 

Courts reports-State court caseload surveys, model annual State reports, State 

court organization surveys 

o Corrections reports-results of sample surveys and censuses of jails, prisons~ pa~ole, 

probation, and other corrections data 

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National Crime Survey reports-the only regular national survey of crime victims 

Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics (annual)-broad-based data from 153 

sources in an easy-ta-use, comprehensive format (433 tables, 103 figures, index) 

U.S. Department of Justice 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

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