DEA/OD/ODE page 1 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

1-pentyl-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole (UR-144), 

1-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole (5-fluoro-UR-144; 

XLR11) and N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (APINACA, AKB48)

Background Information and Evaluation of ‘Three Factor Analysis’ (Factors 4, 5 and 6)

for Temporary Scheduling

Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, Office of Diversion Control, Drug Enforcement 

Administration, Washington, DC 20537

April 2013

Introduction

Since 2009, there has been a marked increase in the law enforcement 

encounters of various synthetic cannabinoids in the United States. Both law 

enforcement and public health reports suggest the sustained popularity of these 

substances in the designer drug market, most commonly abused as plant material 

adulterants. These associated products are often being sold as incense and labeled ‘not 

for human consumption’. Additionally, these products are marketed as a ‘legal high’ or 

‘legal alternative to marijuana’ and are readily available over the internet, in head

shops, or sold in convenience stores. 

These substances have no accepted medical use in the United States and have 

been reported to produce adverse effects in humans. Chronic abuse of synthetic 

cannabinoids in general has been linked to adverse health effects including signs of 

addiction and withdrawal (Zimmermann et al., 2009; Muller et al., 2010), as well as 

numerous reports of emergency room admissions resulting from their abuse (Forrester 

et al., 2011; Hermanns-Clausen et al., 2012, SAMHSA, 2012).

1-pentyl-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole (UR-144), 1-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-

3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole (5-fluoro-UR-144; XLR11) and N-(1-

adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (APINACA, AKB48) are synthetic 

cannabinoids (Figure 1) and are pharmacologically similar to the Schedule I hallucinogen 

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9

-THC). UR-144 was first developed as a research tool 

by Abbott laboratories (Frost et al., 2010). XLR11 and AKB48 were not designed as 

research tools, however began showing up in seizures as early as 2009. From January 

2009 through April 03, 2013 according to the System to Retrieve Information on Drug 
DEA/OD/ODE page 2 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Evidence (STRIDE1) data, there are 1,510 reports involving 179 cases for UR-144, 1,194

reports involving 186 cases for XLR11 and 112 reports involving 40 cases for AKB48. 

From March 2010 to January 29, 2013, the National Forensic Laboratory Information

System (NFLIS2

) registered 13,956 reports containing these synthetic cannabinoids (UR144 – 5,356 reports; XLR11 – 8,075 reports; AKB48 – 525 reports) across 32 states. No 

reports regarding UR-144, XLR11 or AKB48 were reported in NFLIS prior to March of 

2010.

Collectively, NFLIS and STRIDE reports (13,956 reports total through April 03, 

2013) for UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48 have exceeded the number of reports encountered 

all time for the five synthetic cannabinoid substances (JWH-018, JWH-200, JWH-073, CP47,497 and CP-47,497 C8 homologue [cannabicyclohexanol]) (7,512 total reports 

through April 03, 2013) temporarily scheduled on March 1, 2011 and later placed in 

Schedule I on July 9, 2012 by the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation 

Act (FDASIA)3

. Pub. L. 112-144. Section 1152 of the FDASIA amended the Controlled 

Substances Act (CSA) by placing 26 specific substances (including 15 synthetic 

cannabinoids, 2 synthetic cathinones, and 9 phenethylamines of the 2C-series) in 

Schedule I. UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48 were not captured under the FDASIA.

With no legitimate medical use and limited pharmacological information, these 

substances (UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48) have emerged on the designer drug market and 

are being abused for their psychoactive properties. To protect the public health and 

safety, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) intends to temporarily place UR-144, 

XLR11 and AKB48 in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). With respect to 

finding an imminent hazard to the public safety, DEA has considered the factors 

required under the CSA for the temporary scheduling of UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48. 21 

U.S.C. 811(h)(3) and 811(c)(4)-(6).

 1 STRIDE, a DEA database which compiles information on exhibits analyzed in DEA laboratories.

2 NFLIS, a DEA database which compiles information on exhibits analyzed in state and local laboratories.

3 Sections 1151-1153 of the FDASIA are also known as the “Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 

2012” (SDAPA).
DEA/OD/ODE page 3 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

N

N

NH

O

AKB-48

N

O

UR-144

N

O

XLR-11

F

Figure 1. Chemical Structures

UR-144 and XLR11 are classified as cyclopropylindoles, a class of compounds that 

have previously been investigated due to their possible cytotoxic, anti-cancer or anti-HIV 

potentials (Wang et al., 1996, Milbank et al., 1999, Sharma et al., 2001, Choi and Ma, 

2010, Hassam, 2012) as well as their affinity for cannabinoid receptors (Frost et al., 

2010). Currently available data for UR-144 include binding (Frost et al., 2010, Perkin 

Elmer, 2013; RTI, 2013) locomotor (Elsken et al., 2013) and drug discrimination (RTI, 

2013) data (Table 1). Similarly, currently available data for XLR11 include binding and 

drug discrimination data (RTI, 2013), a functional assay test (Perkin Elmer et al., 2013) 

and locomotor data (Elsken et al, 2013; Table 1). AKB48 is classified as a pentyl indazole 

and has been reported in the literature as a cannabinoid agonist (Uchiyama, 2012a, 

Uchiyama et al., 2012b). To date, AKB48 has been evaluated in in vitro binding and 

functional assays and in locomotor study (Elsken et al., 2013, Perkin Elmer, 2013; Table 

1).

Synthetic Cannabinoids

1-pentyl-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole (UR-144)

UR-144 has been shown to bind to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors (Frost et al., 

2010; RTI, 2013). A study conducted by contract researchers of the National Institute on 

Drug Abuse (NIDA) and of the DEA indicated that UR-144 is an agonist at CB1 and CB2 

receptors (Perkin Elmer, 2013; RTI, 2013). UR-144 (ED50 = 7.1 μmol/kg) has been shown to 
DEA/OD/ODE page 4 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

be THC-like in drug discrimination studies (RTI, 2013). A NIDA study evaluating locomotor 

effects of UR-144 concluded that treatment with UR-144 resulted in both time- and dosedependent depression of locomotor activity following 10 and 30 mg/kg (Elsken et al., 2013). 

UR-144 is chemically similar to other Schedule I substances such as JWH-018 and AM-2201. 

These substances (UR-144, AM-2201 and JWH-018) share the same core indole structure 

with substitutions at the 1 and 3 positions of this fused bicyclic ring system. They bind to 

CB1 receptors, and are substances representative of the aminoalkylindole structural class. 

Numerous substances of the aminoalkylindole class have been shown to exhibit typical 

cannabinoid pharmacology in vivo (D'Ambra et al., 1992; Compton et al., 1992a). 

1-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole (5-fluoro-UR-144; XLR11)

XLR11 was first identified in 2012 as an ingredient in synthetic cannabis smoking 

blends. XLR11, similar to JWH-018, is a substance representative of the 

aminoalkylindole structural class. Numerous substances of the aminoalkylindole class 

are known to exhibit CB1 cannabinoid pharmacology in vivo (D'Ambra et al., 1992, 

Compton et al., 1992a). The cyclopropylindole XLR11, also known as 5-fluoro-UR-144, 

closely resembles UR-144 in that it retains the identical core structure. A fluorine group 

is added to the end of the side chain attached to the 1-position of the indole core. 

While XLR11 shows structural similarity to UR-144, JWH-018, AM-2201, A-796,260 and 

A-834,735, it was not listed in any patent or scientific literature alongside these 

compounds and does not appear to have been produced by Abbott Laboratories. The

structure-activity relationship information indicates that the substitution of a fluoride 

atom on the terminal position of the five carbon alkyl chain (pentyl) (Example AM-2201 

vs. JWH-018) is well-tolerated. Thus, it is anticipated that the substitution of a fluoride 

atom on the alkyl chain of UR-144, as is the case with XLR11, would retain similar 

binding affinity for the CB1 receptor. Structure-activity relationship studies indicate that 

indole derivatives substituted with an alkyl group at the indole-1 position retain activity 

at the cannabinoid receptors (Huffman, 1994; Wiley et al., 1998, Aung et al., 2000) and 

replacement of the naphthyl group by a tetramethylcyclopropyl also retains activity at 

the cannabinoid receptors (Frost et al., 2010). XLR11, similar to JWH-018, has the 

above-mentioned substitutions at the indole-1 and indole-3 positions.

XLR11 has been shown to bind to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors (RTI, 2013). A 

study conducted by contract researchers of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 

and of the DEA indicated that XLR11 is an agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors (Perkin 

Elmer, 2013; RTI, 2013). XLR11 (ED50 = 3.3 μmol/kg) has been shown to be THC-like in 

drug discrimination studies (RTI, 2013). A study by the contract researchers of the NIDA
DEA/OD/ODE page 5 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

found that XLR11 (10 and 30 mg/kg) suppresses locomotor activity in both time- and 

dose-dependent manner (Elsken et al., 2013). A report by the Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention (CDC) in February of 2013 described 16 patients that presented 

to emergency departments with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and acute kidney 

injury following smoking of synthetic cannabinoids (Murphy et al., 2013). Of these 16 

patients, toxicological analysis of product samples and clinical specimens identified 

XLR11 or its metabolite in 7 of the 16 patients.

N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (APINACA, AKB48)

The pentyl indazole AKB48, also referred to as APINACA, is expected have a 

potent affinity for both the CB1 and CB2 receptors based upon data that show 

confirmed analogs of AKB48, differing only by the addition of a functional group (Cl-, Ior CN- group substituted for the terminal methyl of the pentyl moiety) have a very high 

affinity for the cannabinoid receptors. Three compounds referred to as analogs for 

AKB48 had reported Ki values of 1.7, 0.6 and 2.3 nM for the CB1 receptor (Makriyannis, 

2003) (Uchiyama, 2012a). AKB48 has been shown to bind to both the CB1 and CB2 

receptors (RTI, 2013; Uchimaya et al., 2012b). A study conducted by contract 

researchers of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) indicated that AKB48 is an 

agonist at CB1 receptors (Perkin Elmer, 2013). First identified in Japan in March of 

2012 as an ingredient in synthetic cannabis smoking blends (Uchiyama et al., 2012b), 

AKB48 closely resembles cannabinoid compounds outlined in patent WO 2003/035005 

(Makriyannis, 2003). AKB48 is structurally similar to JWH-018 with AKB48 containing a 

pentyl chain on the indazole-1 position. A drug discrimination study demonstrated that 

JWH-018 fully substitutes for THC at 3 mg/kg (Jarbe et al., 2011). JWH-018 was also 

reported to suppress the locomotor activity of rats with greater significance and for 

longer duration than Δ9

-THC ( Uchiyama et al., 2012c), suggesting that AKB48 may have 

cannabimimetic activity similar to that of JWH-018 (Uchiyama, 2012a). A study by the 

contract researchers of NIDA found that AKB48 (3 to 30 mg/kg) reduces locomotor 

activity in both time- and dose-dependent manner (Elsken et al., 2013).
DEA/OD/ODE page 6 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Table 1. Summary of Available Pharmacology Data for UR-144, XLR11 and 

AKB48

In vivo In vitro

Binding at CB1 Function at CB1

Locomotor 

Activity

(8-hr session)

THC Drug 

Discrimination 

UR-144 Ki = 28.9 nMA

Ki = 150 nMI

Agonist

EC50 = 1295 

nMB

Depressed

(ID50=7.8 

mg/kg)F

Full 

Substitution

(ED50 = 7.1 

μmol/kgA

)

XLR11 Ki = 24.2 nMA Agonist

EC50 = 359 nMC

Depressed

(ID50=10.3 

mg/kg)G

Full 

Substitution

(ED50 = 3.3 

μmol/kgA

)

AKB48 Ki = 304.5 nMD Agonist

EC50 = 585 nME

Depressed

(ID50=2.2 

mg/kg)H

NC

A RTI International, 2013

B Perkin Elmer, 2013a C Perkin Elmer, 2013b

D Perkin Elmer, 2013c

E Perkin Elmer, 2013d

F Elsken et al., 2013a G Elsken et al., 2013b H Elsken et al., 2013c I

Frost et al., 2010

NC – not completed 

Factor 4. Its history and current pattern of abuse 

Synthetic cannabinoids were first reported in the United States in a December 2008 

encounter, where a shipment of ‘Spice’ was seized and analyzed by U.S. Customs and 

Border Patrol in Dayton, Ohio. Additionally around the same time, in December 2008, JWH018 and cannabicyclohexanol were identified by German forensic laboratories (EMCDDA, 

2009). It has been stated that there is a belief that these substances existed and were 

abused some time prior to their identification (Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Group, 

2009).
DEA/OD/ODE page 7 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Since the initial identification of JWH-018 (December 2008), many additional 

synthetic cannabinoids have been found laced on related products (Auwarter et al., 2009, 

DEA, 2009). The popularity of these cannabimimetic substances and their associated 

products appears to have increased since January 2010 in the United States based on 

seizure exhibits and media reports. This trend appears to mirror those experienced in 

Europe since 2008 (EMCDDA, 2009). Synthetic cannabinoids are being encountered in most

regions of the U.S. with the substances found as adulterants on plant material or being

abused alone as self-reported on internet discussion boards (Atwood et al., 2010). 

Data gathered from published studies, supplemented by discussions on Internet 

discussion websites and personal communications demonstrate that these products are 

being abused mainly by smoking for their psychoactive properties. The adulterated 

products are marketed as ‘legal’ alternatives to marijuana. This characterization and their 

reputation as potent herbal intoxicants increased their popularity (Lindigkeit et al., 2009). 

These substances alone or laced on plant material have the potential to be more harmful 

than cannabis due to their method of manufacture and the potency of the substances. 

Several synthetic cannabinoids have been shown to display higher potency in vitro and in 

vivo when compared to Δ9

-THC (Compton et al., 1992a, Wiley et al., 1998). Smoking 

mixtures of these substances abused for the purpose of achieving intoxication have 

resulted in numerous emergency room visits and calls to poison control centers. Abuse of 

these synthetic cannabinoids and their products has been characterized with both acute 

and long term public health and safety issues. Numerous states, local jurisdictions, and the 

international community have also controlled these substances.

Synthetic cannabinoids have been developed over the last 30 years to be used as 

tools for investigating the cannabinoid system (Weissman et al., 1982; Huffman et al., 

1996; Huffman et al., 1999). Subsequently, these substances have been identified as 

adulterants in numerous retail products (Auwarter et al., 2009, EMCDDA, 2009, Lindigkeit 

et al., 2009, Dresen et al., 2010, Hudson et al., 2010, Uchiyama et al., 2010, Uchiyama, 

2012a, Uchiyama et al., 2012b). JWH-018 was the first synthetic cannabinoid to be 

identified as a product adulterant in Germany in 2008. This substance was initially 

synthesized as a research tool to investigate the cannabinoid system (Huffman, 1994, 

Wiley et al., 1998). Since then, numerous other synthetic cannabinoids including UR-144, 

XLR11 and AKB48 have been identified as product adulterants and bulk seizures have 

occurred by law enforcement. NFLIS details over 13,956 reports from forensic laboratories 

identifying UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48 in drug related reports for a period from March 2010 

to April 03, 2013. In addition, STRIDE has 2,816 reports involving UR-144, XLR11 and 

AKB48 from January 2009 through April 03, 2013.
DEA/OD/ODE page 8 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Youth appear to be the primary abusers of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic 

cannabinoid-containing products, as supported by law enforcement encounters and reports 

from emergency rooms (SAMHSA, 2012)4

; however, all age groups have been discussed in 

media reports as abusing these substances and related products. For patients between the 

ages of 12-29, 78% of emergency department visits in 2010 involved synthetic 

cannabinoids. In addition, the majority (59%) of emergency department visits of patients 

aged 12 to 29 did not involve any other substance. Of the remaining 41% of individuals, the 

most frequently abused substance in combination with synthetic cannabinoids was 

marijuana (17%), pharmaceuticals (17%) and alcohol (13%) (SAMHSA, 2012). Individuals 

including minors are purchasing synthetic cannabinoids from Internet websites, gas 

stations, convenience stores, and head shops. These substances and laced products are 

commonly marketed as ‘legal highs’ with a disclaimer of ‘not for human consumption’. As 

detailed in reports, law enforcement and public health officials are encountering the abuse 

of these substances (Murphy et al., 2013, NFLIS, 2013, STRIDE, 2013).

Numerous herbal incense products have been found to contain one or more 

synthetic cannabinoid(s) (UR-144, XLR11 and/or AKB48) laced on plant material 

(Appendix 1). There is no known explanation for the addition of these synthetic 

cannabinoids to plant material being marketed as herbal incense, other than for their 

psychoactive properties (Lindigkeit et al., 2009). The psychoactive properties are 

directly linked to the synthetic cannabinoids laced on the plant material sold as retail 

products (Auwarter et al., 2009, EMCDDA, 2009, Atwood et al., 2010). To lace the plant 

material, the synthetic cannabinoids are generally dissolved in a solvent and sprayed on 

the plant material or the plant material is soaked in a solution of the dissolved 

substance (Vardakou et al., 2010, Wells and Ott, 2011). Two research articles propose 

that the packaging is professional and inconspicuous (unlabeled), targeting young 

people, possibly eager to use cannabis, but who are afraid of the judicial consequences 

and/or association with illicit drugs (Lindigkeit et al., 2009, Schifano, 2009).

Dresen and colleagues (Dresen et al., 2010) found that synthetic cannabinoids

are being abused by individuals in drug treatment centers with a positive rate of 63.3% 

in forensic psychiatric centers based on their sampling. U.S. Drug Courts5 have 

 4 SAMHSA is a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is charged with 

improving the quality and availability of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitative services in order to 

reduce illness, death, disability, and cost to society resulting from substance abuse and mental illnesses. 5 Drug courts were developed to achieve a reduction in recidivism and substance abuse among nonviolent, 

substance abusing offenders by increasing their likelihood for successful rehabilitation through early, 

continuous, and intense judicially supervised treatment, mandatory periodic drug testing, and the use of 
DEA/OD/ODE page 9 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

communicated concerns related to the abuse of synthetic cannabinoids and a response 

rate of greater than 30% by juveniles subject to routine drug screens from a sampling 

(information communicated to DEA).

As part of the Monitoring the Future (MTF)6 Report for 2012, some of the most 

important findings were presented in a press release on December 19, 2012. In this 

press release, the MTF study detailed that while synthetic cannabinoid use has 

remained level in 12th graders at 11.3%, “the fact that its prevalence rate has remained 

high despite federal and state efforts to reduce its use is troublesome” (Johnston et al., 

2012). For the first time, synthetic cannabinoid use in 8th and 10th graders was 

measured, with annual prevalence rates being 4.4% and 8.8% respectively.

Summary

Recently, law enforcement has been encountering UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48

and their products in increasing numbers. Synthetic cannabinoids and their associated 

products are available over the Internet or found to be sold in gas stations, convenience 

stores, and tobacco and head shops. UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48, similar to the 

previously scheduled synthetic cannabinoids (DEA, 2012), have been seized alone and 

spiked on products that are marketed as herbal incense and promoted as legal 

alternatives to marijuana. 

Factor 5. The scope, duration, and significance of abuse

NFLIS, a national database capturing data from forensic laboratories, has 

reported 13,956 reports (March 2010 to January 29, 2013) related to UR-144, XLR11 and 

AKB48 from various states including, Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, 

Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, 

Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, 

Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, 

Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming (query date: January 29, 2013). STRIDE has 

2,816 reports involving UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48 from January 2009 through April 03, 

2013 (query date: April 04, 2013). Recently, increased exposure incidents have been 

documented by poison control centers in the United States as the abuse of synthetic 

cannabinoids has been associated with both acute and long-term public health and 

safety concerns. From January 1 through December 31, 2012, the American Association 

 appropriate sanctions and other rehabilitation services. Drug courts analyze specimens from participants 

for new and existing drugs of abuse.

6 MTF is a national survey conducted by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan 

under a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) that tracks drug use trends among 

American adolescents in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades.
DEA/OD/ODE page 10 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) has reported receiving an excess of 5,200 exposure 

calls corresponding to products purportedly laced with synthetic cannabinoids, although 

the data provided does not generally include biological sample testing that would 

confirm which cannabinoids the user was exposed to7

. In addition, AAPCC has reported 

over 400 calls regarding synthetic cannabinoids through February of 2013. A majority of 

exposure incidents resulted in seeking medical attention at health care facilities. 

Chronic abuse of synthetic cannabinoids has been linked to signs of addiction and 

withdrawal similar to that experienced with cannabis abuse (Zimmermann et al., 2009, 

Muller et al., 2010, Vardakou et al., 2010). Additionally, tolerance to these drugs may 

develop fairly rapidly with larger doses being required to achieve the desired effect 

(EMCDDA, 2009). In 2010, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services 

Administration (SAMHSA) reported 11,406 emergency department visits involved a 

synthetic cannabinoid product. In 2011, SAMHSA reported the number of emergency 

department visits involving a synthetic cannabinoid product had increased 2.5 times to 

28,531 (SAMHSA, 2013) (Figure 1).

Synthetic cannabinoids and the associated products are sold over the Internet and 

found to be abused by diverse populations. Since synthetic cannabinoids were never 

intended for human consumption, minimal information exists as to the health implications 

resulting from exposure to these substances (Griffiths et al., 2010, Vardakou et al., 2010). 

The scientific literature and reports received by DEA suggest that tolerance and 

dependence to synthetic cannabinoids may develop (Zimmermann et al., 2009). 

The increased abuse of these synthetic cannabinoids in the United States is 

supported by an increasing number of encounters by law enforcement. Over the past year, 

in the United States, there has been a significant increase in availability, trafficking and 

abuse of UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48, evident from the increasing number of encounters 

reported by forensic laboratories (NFLIS data). The initial indication of the evidence of 

abuse of AKB48 appeared in 2011 upon identification in products, with evidence of abuse of 

UR-144 and XLR11 appearing in 2012. Due to the previous temporary scheduling action of 

 7 The content of this report does not necessarily reflect the opinions or conclusions of the American 

Association of Poison Control Centers. The American Association of Poison Control centers (AAPCC; 

http://www.aapcc.org) maintains the national database of information logged by the country’s 57 Poison 

Control Centers (PCCs). Case records in this database are from self-reported calls: they reflect only 

information provided when the public or healthcare professionals report an actual or potential exposure to a 

substance (e.g. an ingestion, inhalation, or topical exposure, etc.), or request information/educational 

materials. Exposures do not necessarily represent a poisoning or overdose. The AAPCC is not able to 

completely verify the accuracy of every report made to member centers. Additional exposures may go 

unreported to PCCs and data referenced from the AAPCC should not be construed to represent the 

complete incidence of national exposures to any substance(s).
DEA/OD/ODE page 11 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

the five synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-200, JWH-073, CP-47,497 and CP-47,497 C8 

homologue [cannabicyclohexanol], March 1, 2011), followed by the SDAPA (July 9, 2012)

which permanently placed these initial five substances into Schedule I but also controlled a 

number of additional substances, manufacturers and users of synthetic cannabinoids then

turned to new synthetic cannabinoids, namely UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48.

Figure 1. Emergency department visits involving synthetic cannabinoids (SAMHSA, 

2013). Data were not collected prior to 2010.

*Estimates of ED visits are based on a representative sample of non-Federal, general, short-stay hospitals 

with 24-hour EDs in the U.S.

Product analyses have yielded important information regarding these synthetic 

substances. Smoking mixtures sold in Russia have been analyzed and found to contain 

UR-144 along with other compounds, including JWH-018 (Sobolevsky et al., 2012). 

AKB48, UR-144 and XLR11 have also been identified in designer drugs currently being 

sold in Japan (Uchiyama, 2012a, Uchiyama et al., 2012b). The chronic abuse of products 

laced with synthetic cannabinoids has been linked to addiction and withdrawal 

(Vardakou et al., 2010).

Summary

The abuse of synthetic cannabinoids is characterized in the scientific literature 

and by law enforcement encounters with reported adverse health effects. Numerous 

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

2010 2011

Emergency Department Visits Involving 

Synthetic Cannabinoids*
DEA/OD/ODE page 12 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

calls have been received by poison control centers regarding the abuse of products 

potentially laced with synthetic cannabinoids that have resulted in visits to emergency 

departments. Following the SDAPA in July of 2012, new generations of synthetic 

cannabinoids including UR-144, XLR11 and AKB48 increasingly replaced those 

cannabinoids that were placed into Schedule I of the CSA.

Factor 6. What, if any, risk there is to the public health

Law enforcement, military, and public health officials have reported exposure 

incidents that demonstrate the dangers associated with abuse of synthetic cannabinoids to 

both the individual abusers and other affected individuals since these substances were 

never intended for human use. Warnings regarding the dangers associated with abuse of

synthetic cannabinoids and their products have been issued by numerous state public 

health departments and poison control centers and private organizations. Detailed product 

analyses describe variations in the amount and synthetic cannabinoid laced on the plant 

material even within samplings of the same product (Hudson et al., 2010). These unknowns 

present a significant risk or danger to the abusing individuals (Auwarter et al., 2009, Hudson 

et al., 2010). Wells and Ott stated concern regarding the possibility of serotonin syndrome 

related to synthetic cannabinoids of the indole structural class due to the similarity to 

serotonin (Wells and Ott, 2011). Some of the common clinical effects reported in 

emergency rooms in response to the abuse of synthetic cannabinoids include vomiting, 

anxiety, agitation, irritability, seizures, hallucinations, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, 

and loss of consciousness (Harris and Brown, 2013; Hermanns-Clausen et al., 2012; 

Forrester et al., 2011; Cohen et al., 2012) (see reports from state health departments and 

poison centers including AAPCC, Appendix 1).

By sharing pharmacological similarities with the Schedule I substances (Δ9

-THC and 

JWH-018), synthetic cannabinoids pose a risk to the abuser (Weissman et al., 1982, 

Compton et al., 1992a, Wiley et al., 1998), and the chronic abuse of products laced with 

synthetic cannabinoids has been linked to addiction and withdrawal (Vardakou et al., 

2010). Submissions to DEA laboratories from January 2012 through April 03, 2013 have 

documented over 150 distinct packaging examples containing mixtures of UR-144, XLR11

and/or AKB48. Similar products have been found to vary in the amount and type of

synthetic cannabinoid laced on the plant material, which could by one explanation for the 

numerous emergency department admissions that have been connected to these 

substances (Vearrier and Osterhoudt, 2010, Schneir et al., 2011). In 2010, 11,406 

emergency department visits involved a synthetic cannabinoid product (SAMHSA, 2012). 

In 2011, SAMHSA reported the number of emergency department visits involving a 
DEA/OD/ODE page 13 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

synthetic cannabinoid product had increased 2.5 times to 28,531 (SAMHSA, 2013). Health 

warnings have been issued by numerous state public health departments and poison 

control centers describing adverse health effects associated with smoking (inhaling) these 

products including, agitation, vomiting, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, seizures, 

hallucinations and non-responsiveness (Appendix 1). 

Due to increasing trends in this newer generation of synthetic cannabinoids, UR144 and XLR11 have been added to the toxicological panel (i.e. a list of synthetic 

cannabinoids commonly tested for) from two major laboratories. NMS Laboratories 

(Willow Grove, PA) re-analyzed 46 blood samples collected in July 2012. These samples 

had been positive for a synthetic drug compound, but were originally not tested for UR144 or XLR11. Upon re-analysis, 27/46 (58%) were positive for UR-144 and 14/46 (30%) 

were positive for XLR118

. An additional 28 samples collected in December 2012 were 

analyzed using NMS Laboratories new scope which includes UR-144 and XLR11 testing. 

Results from these 28 samples demonstrated 8/28 (28%) positivity for UR-144 and 12/28 

(44%) positivity for XLR119

. Redwood Laboratories (Santa Rosa, CA) has also recently 

added UR-144 and XLR11 to their toxicological panel. From January through June 2012, 

Redwood Laboratories reported between 6.5 – 9.7% positivity for synthetic cannabinoids, 

not including UR-144 or XLR1110. These levels diminished in the subsequent 6 months 

between July and December 2012, falling from 8.0 % in July 2012 to a low of 2.8% positivity 

in December 2012. Using a new panel, Redwood Laboratories re-analyzed 300 randomly 

chosen samples from December 2012, and found the positivity results climb to 16% 

(39/300 for UR-144 and/or XLR11 alone) for all synthetic cannabinoids tested when 

including UR-144 and XLR11 in the panel where tests without UR-144 and XLR11 showed 

only 2.8 % positivity (Table 2)

11. These data suggest newer non-controlled synthetic 

cannabinoids are being abused, specifically UR-144 and XLR11. A third company, Premier 

Integrity Solutions (Russell Springs, KY), supplies the toxicological services for the state of 

Kentucky’s drug court program. Data provided by the court coordinator for the state of 

Kentucky demonstrated that there were 310 drug tests for synthetic cannabinoids dating 

from July 1, 2012 through December 20, 2012. Of these 310 drug tests, 24 were positive 

for synthetic cannabinoids, with 19/24 showing positivity for UR-144 or one of its 

metabolite12,13. No testing for XLR11 was reported.

 8 Correspondence from NMS Laboratories to ODEC, DEA 12/31/2012

9 Correspondence from NMS Laboratories to ODEC, DEA 12/20/2012

10 Correspondence from Redwood Laboratories to ODEC, DEA 01/07/2013 11 Correspondence from Redwood Laboratories to ODEC, DEA 01/07/2013 12 Correspondence from Kentucky Court System to ODEC, DEA 12/20/2012 13 Correspondence from Kentucky Court System to ODEC, DEA 12/21/2012)
DEA/OD/ODE page 14 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Table 2. Synthetic Cannabinoid Testing by Redwood Laboratories

Percent Positivity

Synthetic Cannabinoidsa

(Excluding UR-144/XLR11)

Synthetic Cannabinoidsb

(Including UR-144/XLR11)

December 2012 2.8 % 16 % a 238/8118 total samples tested by Redwood Laboratories in December 2012

b 39/300 randomly selected samples by Redwood Laboratories from December 2012

Since abusers obtain these drugs through unknown sources, purity of these drugs is 

uncertain, thus posing significant adverse health risk to these users (EMCDDA, 2009, Dresen 

et al., 2010). As mentioned above, there are reported instances of emergency department 

admissions in association with the abuse of these THC-like substances. There is no accepted 

medical use of these substances in the United States.

In February 2013, the CDC published a report describing unexplained cases of acute 

kidney injury in 16 patients, all of whom had reported recent smoking of synthetic 

cannabinoids. Upon further investigation, it was determined that of the 16 patients, 7 of the 

subjects had smoked substances that were positive for XLR11 or its metabolite. Cases were 

reported from Wyoming (4 cases), Rhode Island (1 case), New York (2 cases), Oregon (6 

cases), Kansas (1 case) and Oklahoma (2 cases) (Murphy et al., 2013). 

According to a letter from Assistant Secretary of Health Howard Koh of the 

Department of Health and Human Services (dated March 14, 2013, see attached), the Food 

and Drug Administration has reported there are currently no approved drug applications 

and no investigational new drug applications for UR-144, XLR11 or AKB48. The Department 

of Health and Human Services has no objection as to DEA’s plan to temporarily place UR144, XLR11 and AKB48 into Schedule I of the CSA.

Conclusion of 3-Factor Analysis

After a careful review of the scientific literature, Factors 4, 5, and 6, NFLIS, STRIDE, 

and other law enforcement data and sources of information, it is evident that UR-144, 

XLR11, and AKB48 are trafficked and abused and pose a significant public health risk. 

These drugs have become popular among drug abusers due to their THC-like effects and 

pharmacological similarity to JWH-018.
DEA/OD/ODE page 15 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

DEA has considered the three criteria for placing a substance into Schedule I of the 

CSA (21 U.S.C. 812). The data available and reviewed for UR-144, XLR11, and AKB48

indicated that these substances, including their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers, pose an 

imminent hazard to public safety and health, have no currently accepted medical use in 

treatment in the United States, and lack accepted safety for use under medical supervision.
DEA/OD/ODE page 16 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

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DEA/OD/ODE page 21 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Appendix 1

Public Health

1. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) 

reported that in 2010, and estimated 11,406 emergency department visits 

involved a synthetic cannabinoid product.

2. Monitoring the Future study results for 2012 (released 12/19/2012) state 

that for the second year of reporting, use of synthetic marijuana amongst 

12th graders held level at 11.3%. Study authors stated that while a leveling 

was encouraging, the high prevalence rate despite federal and state efforts 

to reduce its use was troublesome.

3. State of Kentucky Drug Court reported that out of 24 positive tests for 

synthetic cannabinoids from September 2012 through December 2012, 19 of 

these tests were positive for UR-144. (XLR11 and AKB48 were not tested in 

these samples)

4. NMS laboratories re-evaluated 50 blood samples originally tested in July 

2012 that were negative for synthetic cannabinoids. After further screening 

in December 2012 for UR-144 and XLR11, 27/50 samples tested positive for 

UR-144 and 14/50 samples tested positive for XLR11.

5. NMS laboratories evaluated 28 new blood samples in December 2012 using a 

new platform that included testing for UR-144 and XLR11. 8/29 samples 

tested positive for UR-144 and 12/28 samples tested positive for XLR11.

6. Redwood laboratories used a newly validated method to re-test samples in 

December 2012 for UR-144 and XLR11. Of the 300 randomly chosen samples 

that were originally negative for synthetic cannabinoids, 39/300 were found 

to contain metabolites of either UR-144 and/or XLR11.

7. DEA laboratories have reported over 144 individual spice products that 

tested positive for UR-144, XLR11 and/or AKB48 ranging from November 

2012 through January 2013. 

Poison Control Centers

1. March 24 AAPCC Press Release. As of March 24, 2010, 112 calls had been 

received since 2009 regarding synthetic cannabinoids and associated 

products, including 59 calls since March 1, 2010, according to NPDS.

2. July 23, 2010 AAPCC Press Release. As of July 23, 2010, 761 calls had been 

received regarding synthetic cannabinoids and associated products according 

to NPDS.

3. August 20, 2010 AAPCC Press Release. As of August 20, 2010, 1,057 calls had 

been received regarding synthetic cannabinoids and associated products 

according to NPDS.
DEA/OD/ODE page 22 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

4. September 27, 2010 AAPCC Press Release. As of September 27, 2010, 1,503 

calls had been received regarding synthetic cannabinoids and associated 

products according to NPDS.

5. November 3, 2010 AAPCC Press Release. As of November 3, 2010, 1,966 

calls have been received by poison centers regarding products purported to 

contain synthetic cannabinoids according to the National Poison Data System 

(NPDS). Calls have been received in 48 states and the District of Columbia.

6. November 22, 2010 AAPCC Press Release. As of November 22, 2010, poison 

centers have reported 2,304 calls regarding products purported to contain 

synthetic cannabinoids according to the National Poison Data System (NPDS). 

Poison centers have received calls in 49 states and the District of Columbia.

7. December 21, 2010 AAPCC Press Release. As of December 21, 2010, U.S. 

poison centers have reported receiving more than 2,500 calls this year alone. 

As of December 21, 2010, poison centers have reported 2,752 calls about the 

products according to the National Poison Data System (NPDS).

8. January 18, 2011 AAPCC Press Release. As of January 18, 2011, U.S. poison 

centers have received more than 3,000 calls regarding products purported to 

contain synthetic cannabinoids. In 2010, poison centers reported 2,867 calls. 

As of January 18, 2011, U.S. poison centers have reported 217 calls for 2011.

9. February 3, 2011, AAPCC Press Release. As of February 3, 2011, U.S. poison 

centers have reported 385 calls for 2011.

10. February 10, 2011, AAPCC Press Release. Synthetic marijuana products have 

spurred more than 3,000 calls to U.S. poison centers since 2010.

11. February 24, 2011, AAPCC Press Release. As of February 24, 2011, U.S. 

poison centers have reported 706 calls for 2011. The total number of calls 

since 2010 is more than 3,500 calls. 

12. April 20, 2011, AAPCC Press Release. Synthetic marijuana products have 

spurred more than 4,500 calls to U.S. poison control centers since 2010.

13. July 11, 2012, AAPCC Press Release. In 2010, poison centers nationwide 

responded to about 3,200 calls related to synthetic marijuana and bath salts. 

In 2011, the number jumped to more than 13,000. Sixty percent of these 

cases involved patients 25 and younger.

14. November 28, 2011, AAPCC Press Release. Poison center data provides vital 

information leading to DEA ban of synthetic drugs.

15. February 16, 2012, AAPCC Press Release. American Association of Poison 

Control Centers joins the Office of National Drug Control Policy Working 

Group in address the dangers if synthetic drugs.
DEA/OD/ODE page 23 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

16. May 31, 2012, AAPCC Press Release. The AAPCC commends the U.S. Senate 

for passing a ban of synthetic drugs in SB 3187 and call on the U.S. House of 

Representatives to include the language in the final version of the bill.

17. July 11, 2012, AAPCC Press Release. AAPCC comment the nation’s policy 

makers on passage into the law the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 

2012.

18. From January 1, 2012 through December 31, 2012, poison centers 

nationwide have received 5,200 calls regarding exposure to synthetic 

cannabinoids.

Relevant Positions/Statements by Organizations

A. National Drug Court Institute, Drug Court Practitioner Fact Sheet, Spice, K2 and 

the Problem of Synthetic Cannabinoids, October 2010, vol. 5, no. 1. 

(www.ndci.org)

B. MetroKids, ‘Spice’ Health Warning Issued, April 2010 (www.metrokids.com)

C. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, Indiana University Bloomington, K2/Spice: A 

Fake Drug Carrying a Real Potential for Harm, undated, (www.drugs.indiana.edu)

D. Prevention First, Fake Marijuana Called Spice or K2 Can Cause Serious Harm to 

Teens, April 13, 2010 (www.prevention.org)

E. Saint Louis University, SLU Toxicologist Warning to Parents: Look for Signs of K2, 

March 3, 2010 (www.slu.edu/x35328.xml)

F. Community of Anti-Drug Coalitions of America, Researchers Warn About 

Dangers of Synthetic Marijuana, March 18, 2010 (www.cadca.org)

NFLIS Reports (as of April 03, 2013)*:

JAN -

MAR 

2010

OCT -

DEC 

2011

JAN -

MAR 

2012

APR -

JUN 

2012

JUL -

SEP 

2012

OCT -

DEC 

2012

JAN –

MAR 

2013

TOTAL

AKB48 - 47 94 167 141 63 13 525

UR-144 1 - 360 1,687 2,397 788 123 5,356

XLR11 - - 83 1,338 3,037 2,772 845 8,075

* No reports identified in NFLIS regarding UR-144, XLR11 or AKB48 prior to January 1, 2010
DEA/OD/ODE page 24 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

STRIDE Records (January 1, 2009 through April 03, 2013)*:

CASES RECORDS

AKB48 40 112

UR-144 179 1,510

XLR11 186 1,194

* No reports identified in STRIDE regarding UR-144, XLR11 or AKB48 prior to January 1, 2009

DEA Sample Laboratory Results

Date Label Flavor/

Characteristic

Confirmed 

Substance

Lab Notes

3/29/2013 Bizarro; 

Zensence

XLR-11 Northeast Black packet, 

purple yellow 

reversed 

superman, 1.5 g

3/29/2013 Orgazmo; 

Zensence

XLR-11 Northeast Red circle, 

yellow lightning 

bolt, 1.5g

3/28/2013 Scooby Snax XLR-11, 5-ClUR-144Southwest 10g packet, Tiedyed front 

purple/yellow, 

Scooby doo on 

front

3/28/2013 Green Giant XLR-11 Southwest 3g, green 

cartoon on 

front, orange 

hair, green 

packet

3/27/2013 Scooby Snax XLR-11 Southwest 4g packet, Tiedyed front, 

Scooby doo on 

front

3/27/2013 Kush 10X Kryptonite XLR-11 Southwest 3g, Green 

lettering on 

front

3/27/2013 WTF XLR-11 Southwest Fidel Castro on 

toilet, no toilet 

paper

3/27/2013 Diablo XLR-11 Southwest 3g packet, skull 

on fire

3/20/2013 Smokin 

Dragon 

Potpourri

Strawberry XLR-11 Southwest Clear plastic vial 

with green cap, 

purple/pink 

dragon on front

3/20/2013 Smokin Pomegranate XLR-11, UR- Southwest Clear plastic vial 
DEA/OD/ODE page 25 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Dragon 

Potpourri

144 with green cap, 

purple/pink 

dragon on front

3/20/2013 Smokin 

Dragon 

Potpourri

Strawberry XLR-11 Southwest Clear plastic vial 

with green cap, 

purple/pink 

dragon on front

3/20/2013 Mad Hatter Blueberry XLR-11 Northeast 3g packet, blue 

background, 

Madd Hatter 

tipping hat

3/15/2013 Puff Hypnotic XLR-11, UR144Southwest Clear plastic vial 

with black cap, 

dragon on front

3/15/2013 Smokin 

Dragon 

Potpourri

Hypnotic XLR-11, UR144Southwest Clear plastic vial 

with red cap, 

purple/pink 

dragon on front

3/15/2013 Smokin 

Dragon 

Potpourri

Pomegranate XLR-11, UR144Southwest Clear plastic vial 

with purple cap, 

purple/pink 

dragon on front

3/15/2013 Smokin 

Dragon 

Potpourri

Blueberry XLR-11, UR144Southwest Clear plastic vial 

with red cap, 

purple/pink 

dragon on front

3/8/2013 Diablo XLR-11, 5-ClUR-144Southwest 3g packet, skull 

on fire

3/6/2013 G-20 XLR-11 Southwest 4g, G-20 on 

front, black and 

red packet, Mr. 

Happy

3/6/2013 G-20 XLR-11 Southwest G-20 on front, 

black and white 

writing, Mr. 

Happy

3/6/2013 Mr. Happy Blueberry XLR-11 Southwest Smiley face in 

yellow, green, 

red, purple and 

yellow

3/6/2013 Mr. Happy XLR-11 Southwest Smiley face, 

black and white

3/6/2013 Diablo XLR-11 Southwest 3g packet, skull 

on fire

3/6/2013 Diablo XLR-11, UR144Southwest 3g packet, skull 

on fire

3/6/2013 Bizarro; Lime XLR-11 Northeast Black packet, 
DEA/OD/ODE page 26 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Zensence purple yellow 

reversed 

superman, 1.5 g

3/5/2013 Everest 12 diff. flavors XLR-11 Northeast 3.5 g, gold 

packet, blue 

mountains, The 

highest peak on 

earth

3/5/2013 Liberty

Herbal 

Incense

Sweet 

Domination

UR-144 Northeast 3g, silver 

packet, liberty 

bell on front

3/5/2013 Smokin 

Dragon 

Potpourri

4 flavors, 3 

strengths

XLR-11, 5-ClUR-144Northeast Clear plastic vial 

with 

red/green/tan 

cap, 

purple/pink 

dragon on front

3/4/2013 Darkness Purple Haze XLR-11, UR144, 5-Cl-UR144

Northeast 5g, face in 

shadow, black, 

packet

3/4/2013 Darkness Purple Haze XLR-11, UR144Northeast 5g, face in 

shadow, black, 

packet

3/4/2013 Mystic Forbidden 

Fruit

XLR-11 Northeast 6g, Medusa on 

front

3/4/2013 WTF XLR-11 Northeast Fidel Castro on 

toilet, no toilet 

paper

3/4/2013 Down2Earth Purple Chronic XLR-11, UR144, 5-Cl-UR144Northeast 10g, multicolor, octopus 

standing on 

green 

mushrooms, 

cartoon

3/4/2013 AK-47 Kush XLR-11 Northeast 3g packet, red 

black, 

silhouette 

woman holding 

rifle

2/26/2013 Bizarro; 

Zensence

Cherry XLR-11 Northeast Black packet, 

purple yellow 

reversed 

superman, 1.5 g

2/26/2013 Bizarro; 

Zensence

Cherry XLR-11 Northeast Black packet, 

purple yellow 

reversed 

superman, 1.5 g
DEA/OD/ODE page 27 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

2/26/2013 Bizarro; 

Zensence

Cherry XLR-11 Northeast Black packet, 

purple yellow 

reversed 

superman, 1.5 g

2/26/2013 Bizarro; 

Zensence

Lime XLR-11 Northeast Black packet, 

purple yellow 

reversed 

superman, 1.5 g

2/25/2013 Syn Swag XLR-11 Western Business man 

devil, wings, 

orange, blue 

suit black 

packet

2/25/2013 WTF XLR-11 Western Fidel Castro on 

toilet, no toilet 

paper

2/25/2013 Syn Smooth XLR-11 Western Purple black 

packet, devil on 

front, thumbs 

up

2/11/2013 Diablo XLR-11, UR144Southwest 3g packet, skull 

on fire

2/7/2013

The Original 

Cloud Nine XLR11

Southwest

1g packet, light 

blue, smiling 

cloud on front

2/7/2013 Diablo

XLR11, UR144 Southwest 3g packet, skull 

on fire

2/7/2013

Smokin 

Dragon 

Potpourri Blueberry XLR11

Southwest

Clear plastic vial 

with RED cap, 

purple/pink 

dragon on front

1/18/2013 Kaptain Kush Strawberry

XLR11, 5-ClUR-144 Southwest

Clear plastic vial 

with red cap, 

skeleton pirate 

with K on hat

1/18/2013 Kaptain Kush Kush

XLR11, 5-ClUR-144 Southwest

Clear plastic vial 

with green cap, 

skeleton pirate 

with K on hat

1/18/2013 Kaptain Kush Hypnotic

XLR11, 5-ClUR-144 Southwest

Clear plastic vial 

with red cap, 

skeleton pirate 

with K on hat

1/17/2013

Ultra Zombie 

Matter Halo Dusk XLR11 Western

Small glass or 

plastic 

jar/container

1/14/2013 Legal Devil XLR11 Southwest Clear plastic vial 
DEA/OD/ODE page 28 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Potpourri with red cap, X, 

picture of 

man/devil on 

front

1/14/2013 Hi 5 XLR11 Southwest

Clear plastic 

vial, tan cap, 

green looking 

shamrock on 

front

1/12/2013 Handy XLR11 Southwest

Clear plastic vial 

with red cap, 

blue handicap 

diagram on 

front

1/12/2013

Hi5 

Potpourri Hi 

5 XLR11 Southwest

7g clear plastic 

vial, tan cap, 

green looking 

shamrock on 

front

1/12/2013 Fly’n High Kush XLR11 Southwest

Clear plastic vial 

with black cap, 

Bob Marley on 

front in green

1/12/2013 Fly’n High Strawberry XLR11 Southwest

Clear plastic vial 

with red cap, 

Bob Marley on 

front in red

1/12/2013 Fly’n High Blueberry XLR11 Southwest

Clear plastic vial 

with blue cap, 

Bob Marley on 

front in blue

1/12/2013 Kaptain Kush Blueberry XLR11 Southwest

Clear plastic vial 

with red cap, 

skeleton pirate 

with K on hat

1/12/2013

Smokin 

Dragon 

Potpourri Cherry

XLR11, UR144 Southwest

Clear plastic vial 

with green cap, 

purple/pink 

dragon on front

1/11/2013

Luscious 

Aroma Grape UR-144 Northeast

Small clear glass 

or plastic 

jar/container

1/11/2013

Luscious 

Aroma Strawberry UR-144 Northeast

Small clear glass 

or plastic 

jar/container

1/11/2013

Ultra Zombie 

Matter Halo XLR11 Northeast

Small glass or 

plastic 
DEA/OD/ODE page 29 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

jar/container

1/11/2013 Madd Hatter

XLR11, UR144

Southwest

3g packet, 

Madd Hatter 

with Aces 

coming from 

sleeve on front

1/11/2013 Madd Hatter UR-144

Southwest

3g packet, 

Madd Hatter 

with Aces 

coming from 

sleeve on front

1/11/2013 Joker XLR11

Southwest

4g black packet, 

Joker on front, 

face is silver 

glitter, red lips.

1/11/2013 Scooby Snax XLR11

Southwest

4g packet, Tiedyed front, 

Scooby doo on 

front

1/10/2013 Sin City Watermelon XLR11

Southwest

2g clear vial, 

Red cap, green 

plant material

1/10/2013 XLR11

Southwest

1kg silver 

packet, no 

labeling

1/9/2013 M G XLR11

MidAtlantic

10g, Snow 

white dwarf on 

front, green 

package Mr. 

Nice Guy

1/8/2013 Sky Bomb XLR11 Northeast

1.25 grams, 

small glass or 

plastic 

jar/container

1/8/2013 Sky Pilot XLR11 Northeast

Small packet, 

fighter pilot 

with mask on 

front

1/8/2013 Blue Kush Ltd Edition XLR11 Northeast

Small packet, 

blue lettering 

with crown on 

top of SH

1/8/2013 Black Venom XLR11 Northeast

Black packet, 

eyes on front

1/8/2013

Ultra Zombie 

Matter Halo Dusk XLR11 Northeast

Small glass or 

plastic 

jar/container
DEA/OD/ODE page 30 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

12/14/2012 Ultra Zombie 

Matter Halo

Twilight XLR11 Western Small glass or 

plastic 

jar/container

12/14/2012 Ultra Zombie 

Matter Halo

Midnight XLR11 Western Small glass or 

plastic 

jar/container

12/13/2012 Mary & Jane XLR11, UR144Southwest Black packet, 

two naked 

females on 

front (blonde, 

brunette 

kneeling)

12/13/2012 Miami Spice XLR11, UR144Southwest Black packet, 

picture of 

Miami Blvd. on 

front

12/13/2012 Screamin 

Demon

XLR11, UR144Southwest Black packet, 

skull in flames 

on front

12/13/2012 Shockwave XLR11, UR144Southwest Black packet, 

screaming man 

with 

headphones

12/7/2012 Hammer 

Head

XLR11 Northeast Black packet, no 

weight, white 

skull with stars 

on forehead

12/7/2012 AK-47 XLR11, UR144Northeast 3g, silver and 

yellow, picture 

of AK-47 on 

front

12/7/2012 AK-47 XLR11 Northeast 3g, silver and 

red, picture of 

AK-47 on front

12/7/2012 Platinum, 

Caution

XLR11, UR144Northeast 3g, packet has 

glitter, silver 

background, 

biohazard 

symbol

11/30/2012 M G Blueberry XLR11 South 

Central

12g, Snow 

white dwarf on 

front, green 

packet, Mr. Nice 

Guy

11/30/2012 You Only 

Live Once

XLR11, UR144Southwest 3g black packet, 

red writing

11/30/2012 Demon XLR11, UR- Southwest Orange packet, 
DEA/OD/ODE page 31 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

144 red word 

"demon" 

behind

11/30/2012 Dank XLR11, UR144Southwest Small plastic 

vial, Mr. Nice 

guy smiley with 

XX eyes

11/20/2012 Aloha...get 

Lei'd

Blueberry XLR11, UR144MidAtlanticSmall glass or 

plastic 

jar/container

11/20/2012 Ultra Zombie 

Matter Halo

XLR11 Western Small glass or 

plastic 

jar/container

11/20/2012 Ultra Zombie 

Matter Halo

Twilight XLR11 Western Small glass or 

plastic 

jar/container

11/20/2012 Ultra Zombie 

Matter Halo

After Dark XLR11 Western Small glass or 

plastic 

jar/container

11/16/2012 NOLA 

Diamond 

Potpourri

Hypnotic XLR11 Southwest 3g packets

11/16/2012 XLR11 Southwest White and black 

bricks of 

substance

11/15/2012 Relaxinol XLR11 Southwest Mr. Nice Guy,

rabbit holding a 

pocket watch by 

mushrooms

10/31/2012 AKB48 Southwest

10/31/2012 XLR11 Southwest XLR11 identified 

in 6/14 

substances 

tested

10/26/2012 AKB48 Southwest

10/25/2012 Sonic Zero; 

Zensence

Blueberry XLR11 Southwest 1.5g long glass 

vial

10/25/2012 Bizarro; 

Zensence

Strawberry XLR11 MidAtlantic1.5g packet, 

reverse 

superman in 

purple and 

yellow

10/22/2012 Avalanche; 

Zensence

Pineapple XLR11 Western 1.5g packet, 

snowcapped 

mountains, light 

blue

10/22/2012 Neutronium; XLR11, UR- Western 3.5g packet, 
DEA/OD/ODE page 32 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Zensence 144 black, 

atom/electrons

10/22/2012 Bizarro; 

Zensence

Cherry XLR11 Western 1.5g packet, 

reverse 

superman in 

purple and 

yellow

10/22/2012 Bizarro; 

Zensence

Blueberry XLR11 Western 1.5g packet, 

reverse 

superman in 

purple and

yellow

10/10/2012 Fly’n High Blueberry XLR11 Henderson 

PD

Nevada

2.09, plastic 

tube, picture of 

Bob Marley

10/10/2012 Lava Extra 

Strength

Strawberry XLR11, UR144MidAtlanticRed/black 

packet, volcano 

and lava

10/10/2012 Pure Sin XLR11, UR144MidAtlantic3g packet, 3 

skulls on front, 

red barbed wire 

on reverse

10/9/2012 XLR11, UR144Southwest Unlabeled small 

clear glass jar, 

black cap

10/4/2012 K4 Max UR-144 Western 3g, clear packet, 

compass on 

front

10/3/2012 Clown Loyal Original XLR11 Western 2g, black plastic 

container

10/3/2012 Mad 

Monkey

Strawberry XLR11, UR144Southwest 5g, cartoon 

monkey on 

front, reverse 

states "Its 

LEGAL"

10/3/2012 7H 4:20 XLR11, UR144Southwest 7H combination 

in multiple 

circles on label, 

LEGAL

10/3/2012 Zombie Life XLR11, UR144Southwest 3g packet, 

tombstone on 

front, labeled K 

and H on top

9/19/2012 Purple Diesel XLR11, UR144Southwest 3g packet, 

psychedelic

front, glitter, 

starburst
DEA/OD/ODE page 33 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

9/19/2012 Sour Diesel Original XLR11 Southwest Clear small 

plastic bag

9/19/2012 Diablo Original XLR11, UR144Southwest 3g packet, skull 

on fire

9/17/2012 Diablo XLR11, UR144Southwest 3g packet, skull 

on fire

9/17/2012 Wanted XLR11, UR144Southwest 3g packet, 

Wanted poster, 

skull and 

crossbones

9/12/2012 XLR11, UR144Southwest

9/12/2012 XLR11 Southwest

9/12/2012 XLR11, UR144Southwest

9/10/2012 Sonic Boom XLR11, UR144Southwest 2g/4g, Wicked 

LLC, red smoke 

rising

9/10/2012 Supernova XLR11 Western Small plastic 

container, blue 

star in 

background

9/10/2012 Zombie 

Matter Halo

Acid Rain XLR11 Western 1g, Small plastic 

container, 

biohazard 

symbol in 

black/yellow

9/10/2012 Zombie 

Matter Halo

Midnight XLR11 Western 1g, Small plastic 

container, 

biohazard 

symbol in 

black/yellow

9/5/2012 Tiger Shark XLR11, UR144Southwest 4g, picture of 

tiger shark 

swimming

9/5/2012 New King 

Kong

XLR11 Southwest 3g, picture of 

screaming 

gorilla

9/5/2012 Atomic XLR11, UR144Southwest 4g, picture of 

nuclear 

explosion

9/5/2012 New King 

Kong

XLR11, UR144Southwest 3g, picture of 

screaming 

gorilla

9/4/2012 9mm XXX Blueberry XLR11 Southwest 2g, plastic vial, 

clear

9/4/2012 Purple Diesel Hydro XLR11, UR- Southwest 3g packet, 
DEA/OD/ODE page 34 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

144 psychedelic 

front, glitter, 

starburst

9/4/2012 7H 4:20 XLR11, UR144Southwest 7H combination 

in multiple 

circles on label, 

LEGAL

8/31/2012 Mr. Happy Original XLR11, UR144Southwest Smiley face in 

yellow, green, 

red, purple and 

yellow

8/31/2012 7-g Smoking 

Rasta

UR-144 Southwest Cannabis leaves 

around small 

round vial, 

metal cap

8/30/2012 XLR11, UR144Southwest Black packet, no 

labeling

8/30/2012 Bloody Mary 

Halo

XLR11 Western Kneeling 

woman, halo on 

head, stone 

statue

8/29/2012 Zombie 

Matter Halo

Blackout XLR11 Western 1g, Small plastic 

container, 

biohazard 

symbol in 

black/yellow

8/29/2012 $25K UR-144 MidAtlantic2g white 

packet, green 

spiral of smoke

8/29/2012 $25K UR-144 MidAtlantic5g silver packet, 

green spiral of 

smoke

8/27/2012 Anarchy UR-144 Western Small glass jar, 

black lid, gray 

background

8/23/2012 Scooby Snax Second 

Generation

XLR11, UR144Southwest 10g packet with 

pink 

background, 

glittered 

Scooby-Doo

8/23/2012 Mad 

Monkey

XLR11, UR144Southwest 5g, cartoon 

monkey on 

front, reverse 

states "Its 

LEGAL"

8/21/2012 White 

Widow

Da Brand XLR11, UR144Southwest 6cm clear 

plastic vial, 
DEA/OD/ODE page 35 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

black widow 

spider on front

8/21/2012 Hayze 

Hawaiian

XLR11 Western 1.5g packet 

with volcano on 

front, white 

background

8/21/2012 Super Stank Fragrance of 

Skunk

XLR11 Western 2g packet with 

brown skunk on 

front, black 

background

8/17/2012 Knockout Original XLR11 Southwest Small clear 

plastic bag

8/17/2012 Purple Diesel 420 XLR11 Southwest 3g packet, 

psychedelic 

front, glitter, 

starburst

8/13/2012 Kosmic Kush XLR11 Southwest 2.5g packet, 

planet system in

brown and 

black

8/13/2012 New King 

Kong

XLR11 Southwest 3g, picture of 

screaming 

gorilla

8/13/2012 Botanical 

Potpourri

Hydro; 7H XLR11 Southwest Skulls with 

horns, 7H and 

red/yellow 

flames

7/27/2012 Sonic Boom UR-144 Northeast 2g/4g, Wicked 

LLC, red smoke 

rising

7/23/2012 Hysteria 

Black

Mr. Bubble XLR11, UR144Western 5g, black 

packet, red lines 

on back

7/23/2012 Hysteria 

Black

Joocy Fruit XLR11, UR144Western 5g, black 

packet, red lines 

on back

7/23/2012 Black 

Sabbath

Groovy Grape XLR11 Western

7/20/2012 Hayze 

Hawaiian 

Ultra

UR-144 Western 1.5g packet 

with volcano on 

front, white 

background

7/19/2012 Joker XLR11, UR144Southeast 4g black packet, 

Joker face from 

Batman

7/19/2012 Mind Trip XLR11, UR144Southeast 4g packet, skull 

with glitter 
DEA/OD/ODE page 36 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

around

7/19/2012 Out World UR-144 Southeast 4g packet, 

upside down 

city, XXX sun, 

moon, cloud

7/13/2012 Express 

Barely Legal

XLR11 Southeast 3g red packet, 

cartoon young 

girl, rollerskates, food 

tray

7/13/2012 Barely Legal 

High Octane

Apple UR-144 Southeast 1g packet, 

checkered flag, 

young girl with 

gas pump

7/13/2012 Barely In XLR11 Southeast 1g red packet, 

crying 

schoolgirl, Mr. 

Nice guy 

behind, 

chalkboard

7/13/2012 Mad 

Hatter/Cloud 

9

Second 

Generation

XLR11, UR144Southeast 10g, cartoon of 

mad hatter

7/13/2012 Kick Ass UR-144 Southeast 3g, ninja on 

front

7/11/2012 XLR11, UR144Henderson 

PD

Nevada

1.52g

7/11/2012 UR-144 Henderson 

PD

Nevada

0.14g

7/5/2012 Relaxinol LE UR-144 Southeast 1g, Mr. Nice 

guy, black 

packet

7/3/2012 Mr. Nice Guy Strawberry XLR11, UR144Southeast 1g, red 

strawberry

6/25/2012 Vesuvius South Pacific XLR11 Western 3g packet, 

clouds over 

mountain

6/25/2012 Vesuvius Sex XLR11 Western 3g packet, 

clouds over 

mountain

6/25/2012 Vesuvius Sexy XLR11 Western 3g packet, pink 

smoke strands, 

white 

background

6/18/2012 Hayze XLR11 Western 1.5g packet 
DEA/OD/ODE page 37 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

Hawaiian 

Ultra

with volcano on 

front, white 

background

6/5/2012 Dead Man 

Walking

UR-144 Northeast Clear vial, black 

cap, white label 

with skeleton

6/5/2012 Sam Pie UR-144 Northeast Clear vial, black 

cap, black label 

WARNING not 

for hum. 

consump.

6/5/2012 Fire Extreme UR-144 Northeast Clear vial, black 

cap, black label

6/1/2012 Vesuvius Sky XLR11 Western 3g packet, 

clouds over 

mountain

6/1/2012 Vesuvius Eruption XLR11 Western 3g packet, 

clouds over 

mountain

6/1/2012 Vesuvius Huckle Berry XLR11 Western 1g, Small white 

plastic 

container

6/1/2012 Vesuvius South Pacific XLR11 Western 1g, Small white 

plastic 

container

6/1/2012 Vesuvius Carnival XLR11 Western 1g, Small white 

plastic 

container

5/22/2012 Green Cobra Hypnotic XLR11 Northeast 1.5g packet, 

cartoon of 

cobra snake

5/22/2012 Super Kush Honeysuckle XLR11 Northeast 1.5g packet, 

black 

background

4/27/2012 Black 

Mamba

DP UR-144 Northeast Clear vial, black 

cap, black label

4/27/2012 Mr. Spice 

Green

UR-144 Northeast Clear vial, black 

cap, green label 

with cartoon 

man

4/27/2012 Magic Man UR-144 Northeast 1.5g clear 

packet, white 

label, red 

skeleton, green 

star

4/18/2012 Mary Janes Private 

Reserve

UR-144 Southwest Clear vials, gold 

label or print on 
DEA/OD/ODE page 38 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013

vial, woman 

side profile

various colors 

(gold, blue, 

purple, pink, 

red writing on 

gold label)
DEA/OD/ODE page 39 of 39 Apr. 12, 2013