Selected Annotated 

Bibliography on the 

Geochemistry of Gold

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1337

(ft. / 337

Selected Annotated 

Bibliography on the 

Geochemistry of Gold

By MARGARET COOPER

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1337

Approximately 200 references dealing 

with the genesis and geochemistry of 

gold and with geochemical prospecting 

for gold deposits

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1971
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 77-611048

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.G. 20402 - Price 35 cents (paper cover)
CONTENTS

PageIntroduction .._-____--_____________-_-_----___----.__-_--.___--._- 1

General geochemistry.-___.-___-____-____-________-_.___._.___.___. 2'

Major gold-bearing minerals,_______________________________________ 2'

Geological distribution of gold____________________________________ 3;

Explanation of bibliographic references.______________________________ 4?

Explanation of index headings______-____-_-_______-___-_--.______ 4

Serial list.________________________________________________________ 4

Bibliography__ ____________________________________________________ 7

Author index______.___._____._._.___.___._.___._._.___.___._.____ 55

-Subject index._-__.._.__.___..--_____---______-__-______-____-.-_. 59

in

SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

ON THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

By MARGARET COOPER

INTRODUCTION

This bibliography of about 200 selected references furnishes information on source materials dealing with the genesis and geochemistry of gold and geochemical prospecting for gold deposits. The 

geological literature has been covered fairly completely through 

early 1969; a few references published in late 1969 and in early 1970 

have also been included.

In selecting the references, an attempt has been made to include 

mainly papers having the best summaries of early and recent work 

on a given subject rather than all the available papers related to 

that subject. Many of the articles cited contain excellent reference 

lists of the earlier literature. The most comprehensive of these are 

indicated in the bibliography section by the listing of the approximate number of references or by the general notation "bibliography" 

in their citations.

Few references are listed that deal solely with geological occurrences of gold unless they provide an up-to-date review of gold occurrence in areas not covered in the older literature or are related to 

some phase of the geochemistry of gold. References are accompanied 

by either a very brief annotation or a more detailed abstract; all 

references are indexed.

Brief descriptions of the geochemical and geological nature of 

gold follow and are accompanied by explanations of the arrangement 

of the bibliographic references and the index, a chart of the major 

gold-bearing minerals, and a serial list.

Acknowledgments. The author is indebted to colleagues at the 

Geological Survey for recommendations and assistance, particularly, 

to Michael Fleischer for background material from the Chemical 

Abstracts file and to Robert S. Jones for many helpful suggestions.

1
2 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

GENERAL GEOCHEMISTRY

Gold has the atomic number 79 and an atomic weight of 197.0. It 

consists of a single isotope and belongs to group IB in the periodic 

table. It is strongly siderophilic, somewhat chalcophilic, and tends to be 

concentrated in the metallic phase of meteorites with somewhat lower 

concentrations in the sulfide phase and much lower concentrations in 

the silicate phase. In nature, gold occurs mainly as the native metal 

.and in various alloys, particularly" alloys of silver and intermetallic 

compounds. It can also form solid solutions with silver, copper, nickel, 

platinum, and palladium. Although free gold is common in sulfides, it 

only combines directly with sulfur in the telluride-sulficle, nagyagite. 

Several gold tellurides are known but no gold selenides have been 

reported. More complete descriptions of the geochemistry of gold may 

be found in standard works on geochemistry such as:

Goldschmidt, V. M., and Muir, Alex, ed., [1958], Geochemistry: Oxford, England, 

Clarendon Press, 730 p.

Krauskopf, K. B., 1967, Introduction to geochemistry: New York, McGraw-Hill 

Book Co., 721 p.

Mason, B. H., 1966, Principles of geochemistry [3d ed.]: New York, John Wiley 

and Sons, Inc., 329 p.

Rankama, K. K., and Sahama, T. G., 1950, Geochemistry: Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 912 p.

Descriptions may also be found in some of the references included in 

this bibliography, especially U.S. Geological Survey Circular 612 

by R. S. Jones and Michael Fleischer and in V. P. Sokoloff's translation 

of "Geochemistry of gold" by O. E. Zvyagintsev.

MAJOR GOLD-BEARING MINERALS

The following chart on the major gold-bearing minerals is based on a 

table in U.S. Geological Survey Circular 612.

Native gold____________________ (Au), specific gravity 19.3 (pure) decreases

as silver content increases. 

Native gold varieties:

Electrum_--_______---_______ (Au, Ag), argentian gold containing less

than 20 percent Ag. 

Porpetzite.__________________ (Au, Pd), palladian gold containing 5-10

percent Pd. 

Rhodite.____________________ (Au, Rh), rhodian gold (?) containing 34-43

percent Rh. 

Auricupride________._-___-. Or cuproauride, considered to be a solid

solution of gold in copper, near AuCus 

in composition.
MAJOR GOLD-BEARING MINERALS 3

Aurosmirid, aurosmiridium____ Equals aurian osmiridium, probably Q

mixture containing 19.3 percent Au. 

Silver___ __.._______---_____-_.__ (Ag, Au), aurian silver, containing 0-50

percent Au. 

Kustelite_______-____---____- Equals aurian silver.

Gold-amalgam___________________ AuaHgst?), containing 34.2-41.6 percent Au.

Maldonite-______________________ Au2Bi, containing 64.5-65.1 percent Au and

34.9-35.5 percent Bi. 

Aurostibnite. _---------_- _--_-- AuSb2, pyrite type, containing 43.5-50.9

percent Au. 

Krennerite_____________________ AuTe2 , containing 30.7-43.9 percent Au.

Miillerine______.--_---_--__ Equals krennerite.

Speculite. ____-_-____-___-.__ Equals krennerite (?).

Calaverite.______________________ AuTe2, containing 39.2-42.8 percent Au. '

Coolgardite.___-_--____-_-.__ Equals a mixture of calaverite, coloradoite

(HgTe), and sylvanite. 

Sylvanite________________________ (Au, Ag) Te2, the Au: Ag ratio usually nearly

1:1; that is, AgAuTe4 , containing 24.25- 

29.9 percent Au. 

Goldschmidtite._____________ Equals sylvanite.

Kostovite..._____________________ CuAuTe^, containing 25.2 percent Au.

Petzite.__-_-__--__---___-______- Ag3 AuTe2 , containing 19.0-25.2 percent Au.

Antamokite. _________________ Equals a mixture of petzite and altaite.

Hessite.-______-_________________ Ag2Te, containing as much as 4.7 percent

Au.

Montbrayite..___--_-___--_-_--_- A^Tes, containing 38.6-44.3 percent Au. 

Nagyagite.____.___________ Pb5Au(Te, Sb) 4S5- 8 (?), containing7 .4-10.2

percent Au. 

Silberphyllinglanz____________ Equals nagyagite.

Blatterine-______--__--_---_- Equals nagyagite.

Aurobismuthinite.._______________ (Bi, Au, Ag^Set?), probably a mixture of

12.3 percent Au and 2.3 percent Ag.

GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GOLD

The abundance of gold in the earth's crust is estimated to be between 

0.001 and 0.006 ppm (parts per million). Commonly gold occurs as 

deposits in quartz veins in, or associated with, volcanic or plutonic 

rocks and as an accessory mineral in base-metal sulfide deposits. 

Gold is also abundant in secondary deposits such as placers. It occurs 

rarely in telluride-type deposits. Individual gold deposits are found 

in the form of pyrosomatic and hydrothermal deposits, magmatic 

segregations, pegmatites, and placers and range in age from Precambrian to Quaternary. Gold deposits are found throughout the world, 

mostly in areas where intrusive rocks are intermediate or silicic in 

composition. The references on abundance of gold included in this 

bibliography indicate the wide range of materials in which trace 

amounts of gold are present in nature.
4 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

EXPLANATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Each bibliographic reference is listed alphabetically under the last 

name of the author or, in multiple-author papers, under the last 

name of the senior author. Each reference includes the title, publication source, and year of publication. Names of serial publications are 

abbreviated in these references in the style used by the U.S. Geological 

Survey in its "Bibliography of North American Geology" and "Geophysical Abstracts" and are listed alphabetically in both abbreviated 

and full form in the accompanying serial list. Titles of articles published 

in foreign languages using the Roman alphabet are listed both in the 

original language and in English. Titles for which the original is 

written in the Cyrillic alphabet are listed both in transliterated form 

(following the system used by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names) 

and in English. For a foreign language reference for which an English 

translation or an English abstract is available, the citation includes 

the publication source of both the original and the English version. 

Translations listed as manuscript copies in the citations have not 

been formally published but may be borrowed on interlibrary loan 

from the U.S. Geological Survey Library.

EXPLANATION OF INDEX HEADINGS

Three orders of headings are used in each index set. The main 

headings are mostly subjects such as abundance, geochemical prospecting, and geochemistry. There are a few cross-references for 

geographical areas which are important for information on occurrences. 

Subj cts such as biogeochemical methods, indicator elements, indicator plants, and ore guides are used as second-order headings under 

the main heading, geochemical prospecting. Subjects such as alteration, 

fineness, genesis, mineral associations, mobility, and solubility are 

used as second-order headings under the main heading, geochemistry. 

The third-order headings give specific information related to their 

first- and second-order headings. One or more index sets may be 

used depending on the amount of pertinent information in a given 

reference.

SERIAL LIST

Acad. Sci. URSS Comptes Rendus (Doklady) Acade'mie des Sciences URSS 

Comptes Rendus (Doklady). Translated version of Akademiya Nauk SSSR 

Doklady prepared by the Akademiya Nauk. Moscow, U.S.S.R.

Acad. Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec. Doklady of the Academy of Sciences 

USSR, Earth Sciences Sections, which supersede the earlier Geological 

Science and Geochemical Sections. English translation of geological sections
of Akademiya Nauk SSSR Doklady, Moscow, U.S.S.R., by the American

Geological Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Akad. Nauk Armyan. SSR Izv. Akademiya Nauk Armyanskoy SSR Izvestiya.

Yerevan, U.S.S.R. 

Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady Akademiya Nauk SSSR Doklady. Moscow,

U.S.S.R. 

Akad. Nauk SSSR Izv. Ser. Geol. Akademiya Nauk SSSR Izvestiya, Seriya

Geologicheskaya. Moscow, U.S.S.R. 

Akad. Nauk SSSR Sibirsk. Otdeleniye, Geologiya i Geofizika Akademiya

Nauk SSSR Sibirskoye Otdeleniye, Geologiya i Geofizika. Novosibirsk,

U.S.S.R. 

Am. Inst. Mining and Metall. Engineers Trans. Transactions of the American

Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. New York, N. Y. 

Amsterdam Univ. Geol. Inst. Mededel. Amsterdam Universiteit, Geologisch

Instituut Mededeling. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 

Bibliography and Index of Geology [exclusive of North America] Monthly Abs. 

Bibliography and Index of Geology [exclusive of North America] Monthly

Abstracts. Geological Society of America. Boulder, Colorado. 

California Div. Mines and Geology Bull. California Division of Mines and

Geology Bulletin. San Francisco, Calif. 

Canada Geol. Survey Mem. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir. Ottawa,

Ontario, Canada. 

Canada Geol. Survey Paper Geological Survey of Canada Paper. Ottawa,

Ontario, Canada. 

Canadian Inst. Mining and Metallurgy Trans. Transactions of the Canadian

Institution of Mining and Metallurgy and of the Mining Society of Nova

Scotia. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 

Canadian Mining and Metall. Bull. Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin.

Canadian Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 

Canadian Mining Jour. Canadian Mining Journal. National Business Publications, Ltd. Gardenvale, Quebec, Canada. 

Chamber of Mines Jour. Journal of the Chamber of Mines of Rhodesia. Salisbury,

Rhodesia. 

Chem. Abs. Chemical Abstracts. Chemical Abstracts Service, Ohio State

University. Columbus, Ohio. 

Chem. Geology Chemical Geology. Elsevier Publishing Company. Amsterdam,

Netherlands. 

Colorado School Mines Mineral Industries Bull. Colorado School of Mines

Mineral Industries Bulletin. Golden, Colo. 

Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters. North

Holland Publishing Company. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 

Econ. Geology Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic

Geologists. Mount Pleasant, Mich.

Eng. and Mining Jour. Engineering and Mining Journal. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. New York, N.Y. 

[France] Bur. Recherches Ge"ol. et Minieres Bull. Bulletin du Bureau de Recherches Ge"ologiques et Minieres. Paris, France. 

Geochemistry Geochemistry [superseded by Geochemistry International].

English translation of Geokhimiya, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, by the Geochemical Society, American Geological Institute, Washington, D.C.

416-169 71-
6 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Geochemistry Internat. Geochemistry International [formerly Geochemistry].

English translation of Geokhimiya, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, by the Geochemical Society, American Geological Institute. Washington, D.C. 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. Pergamon

Press. Oxford, England.

Geokhimiya Geokbimiya. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Moscow, U.S.S.R. 

Geol. Soc. South Africa Trans. Transactions of the Geological Society of South

Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa. 

Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdeniy Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdeniy.

Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Moscow, U.S.S.R. 

Inst. Mining and Metallurgy Trans. Transactions of the Institution of Mining

and Metallurgy. London, England. 

Internat. Geology Rev. International Geology Review. American Geological

Institute. Washington, D.C.

Jour. Geology Journal of Geology. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, 111. 

Marine Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom Jour. Journal of the Marine Biological

Association of the United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press. London,

England. 

Metals and Minerals Rev. Metals and Minerals Review. Onkar Nath Pandeya

at Nagarjun Press. Calcutta, India. 

Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters Papers Papers of the Michigan Academy

of Science, Arts, and Letters. Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Mineralium Deposita Mineralium Deposita. Society for Geology Applied to

Mineral Deposits. Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, and New York, N.Y. 

Mines Mag. Mines Magazine. Colorado School of Mines Alumni Association.

Denver, Colo. 

Mining Mag. [London] Mining Magazine. The Mining Journal Ltd. London,

England. 

Moskov. Univ. Vestnik, Ser. 4 Geologiya Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta,

Seriya 4 Geologiya. Moscow, U.S.S.R. 

Oregon Dept. Geology and Mineral Industries Bull. Oregon Department of

Geology and Mineral Industries Bulletin. Portland, Oreg. 

Pacific Northwest Metals and Minerals Conf., 3d, Portland, Oreg., Proc. Pacific

Northwest Metals and Minerals Conference, 3d, Proceedings. Portland,

Oregon. 

Queens Coll. City Univ. New York, Geology Dept., Geol. Bull. Queens College

of the City University of New York, Geology Department, Geological

Bulletin. New York, N.Y. 

Soc. Franchise MineYalogie et Cristallographie Bull. Bulletin de la Socie"t6

Franchise de Mine"ralogie et de Cristallographie. Paris, France. 

Soc. Mining Engineers Preprint Preprint of the Society of Mining Engineers.

Society of Mining Engineers of AIME. New York, N.Y. 

South Carolina Div. Geology Bull. South Carolina Division of Geology Bulletin.

South Carolina State Development Board. Columbia, S.C. 

Sovetskaya Geologiya Sovetskaya Geologiya. Ministerstvo Geologii SSSR.

Moscow, U.S.S.R. 

U.S. Bur. Mines Heavy Metals Program Tech. Prog. Rept. U.S. Bureau of

Mines Heavy Metals Program Technical Progress Report. Washington, D.C. 

U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular. Washington, D.C.
SERIAL LIST 7

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. United States Geological Survey Bulletin. Washington 

D.C.

U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. United States Geological Survey Circular. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map United States Geological Survey Mineral Investigations Resource Map. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Rept. United States Geological Survey OpenFile Report. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper United States Geological Survey Professional 

Paper. Washington, D.C.

Uzbek. Geol. Zhur. Uzbekskiy Geologicheskiy Zhurnal. Akademiya Nauk 

Uzbekskoy SSR. Tashkent, Uzbek S.S.R.

Virginia Div. Mineral Resources, Mineral Resources Rept. Virginia Division 

of Mineral Resources, Mineral Resources Report. Virginia Department of 

Conservation and Economic Development. Charlottesville, Va.

Washington State Inst. Technology Circ. Washington State Institute of Technology Circular. Washington State University. Pullman, Wash.

Witwatersrand Univ. Econ. Geology Research Unit Inf. Circ. -University 

of Witwatersrand Economic Geology Research Unit Information Circular. 

Johannesburg, South Africa.

Zeitsch. Angew. Chemie Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Chemie. Verlag Chemie. 

Berlin, Germany.

Zeitsch. Gesell. Erdkunde Berlin, Erganzungsheft Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft 

fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin, Erganzungsheft. Berlin, Germany.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kef.

1 Andrew-Jones, D. A. The application of geochemical techniques to 

mineral exploration: Colorado School of Mines Mineral Industries 

Bull., v. 11, no. 6, 31 p., 53 references, 1968.

This general review includes a discussion of gold with emphasis on the 

principles governing its abundance, distribution, associations, and behavior 

under varied physical and chemical conditions. Gold was found to be very 

stable in the zone of weathering where it is a major element with quartz 

but was found to be unstable as a trace element in micaceous deposits. 

The abundance of gold was reported to be 0.001 parts per million (ppm) in 

the earth's crust, 0.001 ppm in igneous rocks in general, 0.01 ppm in felsic 

rocks, 0.035 ppm in mafic rocks, and 0.1 ppm in ultramafic rocks.

2 Anoshin, G. N.; Potap'yev, V. V. Zoloto v granitakh Kolyvanskogo 

(Altay) i Khangilay-Shilinskogo" (Zabaykal'ye) massivov (po dannym 

radioaktivatsionnogo analisa) [Gold in granites of the Kolyvan' 

(Altay) and Khangilay-Shilinskiy (Transbaykalya) massifs (according 

to radioactivation analysis data)]: Geokhimiya, no. 9, p. 1070-1074, 

17 references, 1966; English translation in Geochemistry Internat., 

v. 3, no. 5, p. 850-854, 1966.

Radioactivation analysis of gold in hydrothermally altered granites of 

two multiple-phase massifs gave an average of 0.0012 g per ton in both 

massifs, but higher concentrations of gold existed in parts where early
8 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

muscovitization had occurred. The gold content in rock-forming minerals 

was 0.0008 g per ton in quartz and 0.0003 g per ton in feldspar. There is no 

evidence of change in gold content from one phase to the other.

3 Antrobus, E. S. A. The origin of the auriferous reefs of the Witwatersrand system: Geol. Soc. South Africa Trans., v. 59, p. 1-15, 16 references, 1956; discussion, p. 17-22, 1956.

New evidence is presented in favor of the alluvial origin of the gold in 

the auriferous reefs of the Witwatersrand system. The Basal Reef of the 

Orange Free State sometimes consists of two distinct reefs of different, 

though nearly contemporaneous, age, the younger being disconformable 

upon the older. The distribution of the gold in each reef indicates that the 

gold was probably present at the time the reefs were formed and that the 

younger reef incorporated gold initially deposited within the older reef. 

(From author's abs.)

4 Antweiler, J. C.; Love, J. D. Gold-bearing sedimentary rocks in northwest 

Wyoming A preliminary report: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 541, 12 p., 

13 references, 1967.

Analyses of 1,200 samples and 750 panned concentrates were made on 

thick sequences of gold-bearing quartzite conglomerate in the latest Cretaceous and Tertiary formations and the Quaternary gravels derived from 

them. Gold content averages in parts per billion in bulk rock were: Harebell 

Formation (latest Cretaceous), 65; Pinyon Conglomerate (Paleocene), 

86; Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), 35; earliest(?) Eocene conglomerate, 

94; Wind River Formation (early Eocene), 222; Pass Peak Formation 

(middle(?) Eocene), 47; Miocene(?) conglomerate, 65; and Quaternary 

deposits, 103. The volume of over 50 cubic miles and presence of aboveaverage grades, which possibly indicate local concentrations, may make it a 

valuable resource. The amount of placer gold present is negligible.

5 Aripova, Kh.; Talipov, R. M. Osobennosti kontseritratsii zolotav pochvakh 

i rasteniyakh yuzhnoy chasti Tamdynskikh gor [Concentration of gold 

in soils and plants in the southern part of the Tamdynsk Mountains]: 

Uzbek. Geol. Zhur., v. 10, no. 3, p. 45-51, 10 references, 1966; English 

translation, 14 p., June 15, 1967.

The concentration of gold in plant ash and in soils over ore-free and 

ore-bearing zones is described for the Bessapan-Sugralin belt of the Tamdynsk Mountains, U.S.S.R. Ferula (Ferula sp.) averaged 16.3 ppm Au over 

the ore zone and 1.5 ppm Au over the ore-free zone. Saltwort (Salsola 

subaphylla) averaged 13.2 ppm Au over the ore zone. Wormwood (Artemesia terras alba) averaged 28.8 ppm Au over the ore zone and 4.0 ppm Au 

over the ore-free zone. The ore-free zone soil cover contained 0.0 to 0.15 ppm 

Au at depths of 0-110 cm. The ore zone soil cover contained 0.00 to traces 

to 0.4 ppm Au at depths of 0-200 cm.

6 Augustithis, S. S. On the textures and paragenesis of the gold-quartztourmaline veins of Ondonoc, W. Ethiopia [with German abs.]: Mineralium Deposita, v. 3, no. 1, p. 48-55, 7 references, 1967.

The gold-quartz-tourmaline veins of Ondonoc occur in diorites and schists 

and follow the non-distortion planes of the theoretical strain ellipsoid.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 9

Ref.

Textural studies reveal a sequence of crystallization phases. In addition to 

an early prismatic tourmaline, a late phase "metasomatic" tourmalinization is 

recognized. The gold occurs mainly with pyrite which, in turn, is considered 

to belong to a late phase with ankerite and prochlorite. Micromylonitization 

and other tectonic influences are recognizable and bodies of the country 

rock, e.g. schists and tourmalinefels, are engulfed and tectonically mobilized 

within these veins, thus rendering the interpretation of the paragenesis 

more difficult. (Author's abs.)

7 Badalov, S. T. 0 roli preobladayushchikh komponentov v geokhimii 

vtorosterennykh i redkikh elementov rudnykh mestorozhdeniy [The 

role of major components in the geochemistry of minor and rare elements 

of ore deposits]: Geokhimiya, no. 9, p. 1168-1170, 3 references, 1965; 

English translation in Geochemistry Internat., v. 2, no. 5, p. 857-860, 

1965.

Finely disseminated native gold in the copper-molybdenum deposits o 

the Almalyk district, U.S.S.R., was most abundant in pyrite, a low-grade 

mineral. Other minerals generally carrying high concentrations of minor 

elements are too sparse here to be dominant carriers. Chalcopyrite, normally 

a good concentrator of gold, contains 22 g per ton but has only 26 percent 

of the total, whereas pyrite with only 3 g per ton carries more than 72 

percent.

S Badalov, S. T.; Badalova, R. P. Nekotorye zakonomernosti raspredeleniya 

zolota i serebra v glavneyshikh rudnykh mineralakh endogennykh 

mestorozhdeniy Karamazara i zapadnogo Uzbekistana [Some regularities of distribution of gold and silver in the principal ore minerals of 

hypogene deposits of Karamazar and western Uzbekistan]: Geokhimiya, 

no. 7, p. 777-785, 31 references, 1967; English translation in Geochemistry Internat., v. 4, no. 4, p. 660-668, 1967.

Distribution of gold and silver in sulfides of ore deposits depends on 

content of sulfides, sequence of deposition, and affinity of the elements for 

certain ore minerals. Gold content decreases from earlier to later facies 

while silver content increases. The gold-silver ratio is characteristic of a 

given mineralization, the maximum in Karamazar being 1:28, whereas it 

may be 1:1 and even 2:1 in West Uzbekistan. Variations may be due to 

differences in the roles of enclosing rocks. Study of distribution of gold 

and silver in endogene deposits may serve as an ore guide to the presence 

of gold deposits.

9 Badalova, R. P.; Badalov, S. T. 0 probnosti zolota iz endogennykh 

mestorozhdeniy i rudoproyavleniy Uzbekistana [The standard of gold 

from hypogene ore deposits and occurrences of Uzbekistan]: Akad. 

Nauk. SSSR Doklady, v. .173, no. 4, p. 914-916, 15 references, 1967; 

English translation in Acad. Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec., v. 173, 

nos. 1-6, p. 194-197, 1967.

Gold fineness has about the same mean in host rocks of arenaceous mica 

schists and of intermediate to acidic effusive rocks, namely, 539-928, but 

averages only about 500-750 in miscellaneous effusive rocks. Purity appears 

to have increased with increasing sulfide content, whereas ore content 

increased with increasing free SiOa content in veins and altered rocks.
10 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

10 Badalova, R. P.; Paley, L. Z. Osnovnyye cherty metallogenii zolota v 

zapadnom Uzbekistane [Main features in metallogeny of gold in 

western Uzbekistan]: Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdeniy, v. 7, no. 5, 

p. 38-46, 10 references, 1965; English rev. in Econ. Geology, v. 63, 

110. 7, p. 852, 1968. 

Gold mineralization occurs in anticlinoria near granitoid intrusions but

 at varying distances from them. Deposition of gold began in the first stage 

of mineralization, reached its maximum in the second stage, and is affiliated

 with the granodiorites, which consist of 30-50 percent plagioclase, 15-30 

percent microcline, and amphibole. Gold mineralization is associated with 

quartz and sulfides.

11 Barker, Fred. Gold investigations in Precambrian clastic and pelitic rocks, 

southwestern Colorado and northern New Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 1272-F, p. F1-F22, 23 references, 1969.

Fossil placer gold deposits were sampled in the Precambrian conglomerate 

and quartzite of Needles Mountains, Colo., and the Picuris Range and 

Tusas Mountains, N. Mex. Tre rocks proved to contain less than 0.1 ppm 

Au and apparent^ were derived from a terrane containing virtually no 

gold. A comparison with the Rand conglomerates indicated that they 

differed from the U.S. deposits in (1) having detrital gold, platinumgroup minerals, and uraninite, (2) being free of carbon, (3) having much 

less detrital vein quartz, and (4) having escaped hydrothermal alteration 

during which pyrite and other sulfides were formed.

12 Barnett, Paul R.; Skinner, Dwight L.; Huffman, Claude, Jr. Determination of gold, platinum, and palladium by a combined fire-assay, ionexchange, and spectrochemical technique in Geological Survey research 

1968: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 600-C, p. C161-C163, 8 references, 1968.

The techniques of fire assa}', ion exchange, and spectroscopy are combined 

to determine the existence of gold, platinum, and palladium in ores. After

 silica is added to the resin containing these metals, the mixture is ignited

 and analyzed spectrochemically. These techniques were used on copper

 ore from Montana and dunite-chromite ore from Philippines; they produced 

limits of detection of at least 0.03 ppm for Au. (From authors' abs.)

13 Bateman, Alan M. The precious metals Gold, Chap. 12, in Economic 

mineral deposits [2d ed.]: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 234-239, 

419-454, 28 references, 1950.

(Gold lode and placer deposits are among the economic mineral deposits 

/discussed.

14 Beevers, J. R. A method for the determination of the gold content of 

of samples by solvent extraction and atomic absorption spectrometry: 

; Eeon. Geology, v. 62, no. 3, p. 426-428, 5 references, 1967.

The method of gold determination by a combination of solvent-extraction 

and atomic absorption spectrophotometry techniques is rapid, cheap,

 sufficiently-sensitive to be useful in geochemical prospecting, and completely

 free from interference. Its lower detection limit is 0.02 micrograms.

15 JBerg, Henry C.; Cobb, Edward H. Metalliferous lode deposits of Alaska:

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1246, 254 p., 315 references, 1967. 

Gold is among the metals discussed in this summary on the metalIbearing lodes of Alaska. The summary is based on reports from Federal
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 ]

Ref.

and State agencies published before August 31, 1965, and deals with the 

geology, structural or stratigraphic control, host rock, mode of origin, 

kinds of minerals, past production, and extent of exploration. The maps 

indicate 692 localities where metalliferous deposits were found. These 

include 1,739 mines and prospects, of which 821 are described or cited in 

the text.

16 Bilibin, Yu. A. Metallogenicheskiye provintsii i metallogenicheskiye 

epokhi [Metallogenetic provinces and metallogenetic epochs]: Moscow, 

Gosgeoltekhizdat, 86 p., 1955; English translation in Queens Coll. 

City Univ. New York, Geology Dept. Geol. Bull. 1, 35 p., 1968.

This review of the world's metallogenetic provinces and the times of 

their formation includes discussions of various types and ages of gold ore 

deposits and their mineral associations. It furnishes good background 

material on metallogenetic problems applying to other metals as well as 

gold.

17 Borovitskiy, V. P.; Miller, A. D.; Shemyakin, V. N. Opredeleniye malykh 

kolichestv zolota v prirodnykh vodakh Aldanskogo rayona (Determination of minute amounts of gold in natural waters of the Aldan 

region]: Geokhimiya, no. 4, p. 483-488, 10 references, 1966; English 

translation in Geochemistry Internat., v. 3, no. 2, p. 371-377, 1966. 

Gold in natural waters is determined by preliminary concentration of 

gold with calomel and subsequent spectral or colorimetric analysis of the 

calcinated concentrate. Sensitivity of the method is 0.001 ppm Au per liter. 

Gold content per liter in natural waters of the Aldan region, U.S.S.R., 

was found-to be 0.1 to 10 g in pit waters in gold mines, trace to 1 g in spring 

waters in gold mines, and traces and 0.03 to 0.2 g in streams near gold-ore 

"deposits. The method is also applicable to silver, titanium, arsenic, tin, 

antimony, and tellurium.

18 Borovitskiy, V. P.; Shemyakin, V. N. Opyt primeneniya karbonatnoy 

s'yemki pri poiskakh zolotorudnykh mestorozhdeniy v Aldanskom 

rayone [Trial application of the carbonate survey in prospecting for 

gold in the Aldan area]: Sovetskaya Geologiya, no. 10, p. 145-146, 

1 reference, 1965; English translation in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 8, 

no: 9, p. 1037-1038, 1966.

High carbonate content in soil is a guide to gold at depth in the Koltykon 

gold field in the Aldan area, U.S.S.R. This type of survey may prove useful 

in other areas in gold prospecting.

.19 Bowen, H. J. M. The uptake of gold by marine sponges: Marine Biol. 

Assoc. United Kingdom Jour., v. 48, no. 2, p. 275-277, 4 references, 1968. 

Gold content of dried marine sponges was determined by neutron activation analysis. One sample from the coast of Plymouth, England, contained 

0.126 ppm or 12.6X10"8 g per g Au, whereas five from Hawaii ranged 

from 0.018 to 0.055 ppm or 1.8-5.5X10~8 g per g Au. The difference is 

possibly caused by the high gold content of inshore water in the English 

Channel. 

20 Bowen, H. J. M. Trace elements in biochemistry: London and New York,

Academic Press, 241 p., references (p. 211-234), 1966. 

This book summarizes results of earlier biogeochemical studies on gold 

content and is used in lieu of many individual papers (including some by 

Vinogradov and other Russian authors), which are cited in the extensive
12 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

bibliography. Abundance of gold averaged 0.004 ppm in igneous rocks in 

general, 0.005 ppm in sedimentary rocks, and less than 0.125 ppm in coal. 

Figures for the gold content of sea water, plant ash, and animal ash are also 

included. The gold content of plant ash was 0.012 ppm for algae and less 

than 0.00045 ppm for angiosperms. The gold content for animal ash was 

coelenterata 0.007 ppm, mollusca 0.008 ppm, Crustacea 0.0005 ppm, 

echinodermata 0.03C?) ppm, pisces 0.0003 ppm, porifera in Si(>2 0.01 ppm, 

mammalia, less than 0.009 ppm, mammalia, bones (apatite) 0.016 ppm, 

and mammalia, dry tissues 0.0001 to less than 0.5 ppm.

21 Boyle, Robert W. Elemental associations in mineral deposits and indicator 

elements of interest in geochemical prospecting: Canada Geol. Survey 

Paper 68-58, 45 p., 1969.

The most important types of gold deposits are: (1) gold-silver quartz 

veins in volcanic and sedimentary rocks, (2) gold-silver telluride or selenide 

deposits, mainly veins in or associated with volcanic rocks, (3) gold deposits 

in skarn bodies, (4) quartz-pebble conglomerates like the Rand type, (5) 

placers and residual concentrations, and (6) various types of Cu, Pb, Zn, 

and Ni deposits. Main associated elements are Ag, As, S, and Fe although 

some deposits, mostly Tertiary, include considerable Sb, Pb, Zn, Cu, and 

Cd. The Au/Ag ratio is high in the Precambrian and low, usually less than 1, 

in the Tertiary deposits. Wallrock alteration is apt to include one or more 

of the following: albitization, silicification, pyritization, adularization, and 

carbonitization.

22 Boyle, Robert W. Geochemical prospecting Retrospect and prospect: 

Canadian Inst. Mining and Metallurgy Trans., v. 70, p. 1-6, 2 references, 1967; Canada Geol. Survey Paper 66-54, p. 30-43, 1967. 

The author reviews the history of geochemical prospecting. Rapid 

developments of modern methods are based on recognition of primary and 

secondary dispersion halos, and development of spectrographic, colorimetric, 

and gas chromatography methods and of polyethylene laboratory ware 

which facilitated field analyses. Future research should focus on definition 

of geochemical provinces; methods of discovering large low-grade deposits, 

deeply buried deposits, and outlining primary halos; relation of size and 

intensity of anomalies to grade of deposits; and refinement of biogeochemical 

methods.

23 Boyle, Robert W. The geology, geochemistry, and origin of the gold 

deposits of the Yellowknife district [with French abs.]: Canada Geol. 

Survey Mem. 310, 193 p., 188 references, 1960 [1961]; discussion by 

George W. McConnell in Econ. Geology, v. 59, no. 2, p. 328-330, 1964; 

reply by author, no. 6, p. 1176-1177, 1964.

The ore bodies of the Giant, Con-Rycon, and Negus mines produced 

most of the gold and occur as quartz lenses in extensive chlorite schist 

shear zones cutting greenstones. The Ptarmigan mine and other similar 

deposits are ore bodies occurring in quartz lenses developed along faults, in 

drag folds, and other structures in highly folded and contorted sedimentary 

rocks. (From author's introd.)

24 Boyle, Robert W. The source of elements in epigenetic mineral deposits 

A metallogenetic concept for prospecting: Canadian Mining Jour., v. 

90, no. 4, p. 104-107, 8 references, 1969.

Principal factors involved in the concentration of elements in epigenetic 

deposits are the source, mode of transportation, presence of suitable struc-
BIBLIOGRAPHY 13

Ref.

tures or chemically favorable rocks, and mechanism for precipitation. In 

the case of gold, the source may be sulfide schists or black schists and shales 

or volcanic and various igneous or igneous-type rocks. In prospecting it is 

suggested that the source rock be identified, the host rock be identified, and 

geochemical and geophysical surveys be carried out along belts of favorable 

host rocks to locate the lodes.

25 Brokaw; Albert D. The secondary precipitation of gold in ore bodies:

Jour. Geology, v. 21, p. 251-267, about 30 references, 1913. 

Ferrous compounds derived from partial oxidation of iron sulfides are 

considered the most important agents in precipitation of gold from solutions 

of water circulating through ore bodies. Less commonly, siderite, the ironbearing calcite, may be the precipitating agent. In rare cases where gold 

is in a solution with manganous salts, contact with the country rock may 

neutralize the acids present and cause gold precipitation. No attempt is 

made here to explain gold precipitation from alkaline sulfide solutions.

26 Brokaw, Albert D. The solution of gold in the surface alterations of ore

bodies: Jour. Geology, v. 18, p. 321-326, about 10 references, ,1910*

Dilution of natural solutions of ferric salts probably has a very slight

solvent effect on gold. In the presence of manganese dioxide, (1) no increased

gold solution occurs, unless chlorides also are present, (2) mixtures of ferric

sulfate, sulfuric acid and sodium chloride in concentrations common in

mine waters dissolve gold readily, (3) free hydrochloric acid has a much

greater solvent effect than the same amount of chloride in a ferric chloride

solution, and (4) influence of ferrous salts in suppressing solubility of gold

is negligible. Solution of gold is practically limited to the oxidized zone.

27 Bronshteyn, B. M.; Karpova, A. S. Osvyazi magnitnykh anomaliy s

zolotonosnost'yu (basseyn r. Kolymy) [Relationship between magnetic

anomalies and occurrence of gold (Kolyma River basin)]: Sovetskaya

Geologiya, no. 2, p. 127-132, 4 references, 1968; English translation

in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 11, no. 1, p. 21-23, 1969.

In the basin studied, more than 72 percent of known gold placers occur

within contours of positive magnetic anomalies, which in turn occupy only

about 30 percent of the region. The gold lode deposits found also appear

to be within 500 m or so of the magnetic anomalies but frequently seem to

be lower than average in gold content because the gold content of the

placers in the anomalies is quite high.

28 Brooks, Howard C.; Ramp, Len. Gold and silver in Oregon: Oregon 

Dept. Geology and Mineral Industries Bull. 61, 337 p., 121 references, 

1968.

Describes the history and nature of the major gold lode and placer 

deposits of Oregon with emphasis on and detailed studies of the gold deposits in the Blue Mountains gold belt, the Klamath Mountains area, and 

the Western Cascades section of the Cascade Range.

29 Bugel'skaya, L. V., compiler; Perel'man, A. I., editor. Geokhimicheskiye 

metody poiskov rudnykh mestorozhdeniy Bibliograficheskiy ukazatel' 

literatury, 1925-1963 gg., Pt. 2, Gidrogeokhimicheskiye poiski, bipgeokhimicheskiye poiski. . . [Geochemical methods of exploration for 

ore deposits Bibliography and index of literature, 1925-1963, Pt. 2, 

Hydrogeochemical exploration, biogeochemical exploration. . . ]: 

Moscow, Nauka, 95 p., 1967. 

416-169 71 3
14 GEOCHEMISTRY OP GOLD

Eef;

The bibliography and index cover literature from worldwide publications 

as well as the Russian periodicals. Gold is among the elements studied. 

The publication lacks annotations but has author, geographical, and subject 

indexes and a serial list.

30 Buryak, V. A. Endogennaya zonal'nost' orudeneniya v drevnikh zolotonosnykh provintsiyakh Sibiri [Hypogene zoning of mineralization 

in the old gold provinces of Siberia]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, 

v. 173, no. 5, p. 1170-1172, 14 references, 1967; English translation in 

Acad. Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec., v. 173, nos. 1-6, p. 212- 

214, 1967.

Relation to degree of metamorphism of host rocks rather than to specific 

magmatic complexes determines the mineralization in the Lena gold fields, 

UiS.S.R. Banded distribution of metamorphosed zones around an ultrametamorphosed core which consists of metamorphic granite pegmatites 

and is related to an underlying deep fracture zone suggests that zonation 

was caused by ascending solutions from the deep zone.

31 Buryak, V. A. Novyy tip zolotogo orudeneniya v Lenskoy zolotonosnoy 

provintsii [A new type of gold mineralization in the Lena gold province]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 169, no. 1, p. 163-166, 7 references, 1966; English translation in Acad. Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth 

Sci. Sec., v. 169, nos. 1-6, p. 14-16, 1967.

The new Karolon-type gold deposits are found in Proterozoic to Cambrian 

igneous, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks in the form of quartz veins in 

zones of dense sulfide dissemination. The gold is finely dispersed and closely 

associated with sulfides and has an average tenor of 10-20 g Au per ton. 

Types of ore textures present include brecciform, drusy, geode, crustification, drusy-massive, banded, and massive. Types of wallrock alteration 

include silicification, carbonitization, sericitization, propylitization, and 

beresitization, the latter being hydrothermal alteration of acidic rocks with 

pyritization and the formation of sometimes auriferous quartz veins.

32 Buryak, V. A. Zolotorudnyye formatsii Lenskogo zolotonosnogo rayona 

[Gold ore formations of the Lena gold-bearing area], in Endogennyye 

rudnyye formatsii Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka [Endogene ore formations 

of Siberia and the Far East]: Moscow, Nauka, p. 145-155, 8 references, 

1966; English translation in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 9, no. 12, p. 

1553-1559, 1967.

The sources of the rich Lena gold placers are quartz-vein formations and 

veinlets-impregnation sulfide formations. The gold-sulfide mineralization 

is related to regional metamorphism of late Proterozoic age and has occurred 

mainly in rocks of lower grade metamorphism (greenschists). The veinletsimpregnation type is somewhat older and was formed at the closing stages 

of folding whereas the quartz-vein type formed at the end stages of folding. 

The source of the metals may have been sediments with primary sedimentary gold and sulfides which were mobilized and redeposited by metamorphic 

and hydrothermal solutions. (From author's abs.)

33 Buryak, V. A.; Kashcheyeva, T. V.; Khmelevskaya, N. M. 0 vliyanii 

sostava vmeshchayushchikh porod na razvitiye dokembriyskogo 

zolotogo orudeneniya (Patomskoye nagor'ye) [Influence of host rock 

composition on the development of Precambrian gold mineralization
BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

Eef.

(Patom Highlands)]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 169, no. 2, p. 

405-408, 11 references, 1966; English translation in Acad. Sci. USSR 

Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec., v. 169, nos. 1-6, p. 44-47, 1967.

The Precambrian gold ore deposits are made up of gold-bearing, sulfidepoor hypothermal quartz veins and zones of gold-sulfide dissemination 

in highly deformed sedimentary host rocks of late Precambrian age, which 

indicates that the process of ore genesis was closely related to latest Precambrian regional metamorphism, ultrametamorphism, and palinogenesis. 

The gold veins formed in quartzose-sericitic shale and oligomict sandstone. 

Few formed in the carbonate rocks; placers from these rocks also had no 

gold.

34 Cabri, Louis J. Phase relations in the Au-Ag-Te system and their mineralogical significance: Econ. Geology, v. 60, no. 8, p. 1569-1606, 55 

references, 1965.

A systematic investigation of the physical conditions of formation and 

the phase relations in the Au-Ag-Te system provides a new basis for interpretation of their mineral assemblages in ores. Krennerite is interpreted 

as a single mineral entity rather than a polymorph of AuTe2, whereas 

hessite and petzite are each characterized by three polymorphs. The experimental data can be applied to studies of ore deposits in the following ways: 

(1) for the coexisting phases, limits of solid solution may be used to make 

estimates of the temperature of formation, (2) stability limits determined 

for some assemblages can give a measure of the physical conditions prevailing during deposition, and (3) a natural mineral assemblage with the same 

phases as a synthetic ore may suggest phase equilibrium.

35 Cannon, Helen L.; Shacklette, Hansford T.; Bastron, Harry. Metal 

absorption by Equisetum (Horsetail): U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1278-A, 

p. A1-A21, 31 references, 1968.

Plant samples were analyzed for 28 elements. Equisetum was found to 

be a better accumulator of zinc and other elements than of gold and proved 

to be lower in content of all metals than other types of plants in areas 

studied. In conterminous U.S., it contained 0.1 to 0.4 ppm Au and in 

McGrath and Red Devil areas, Alaska, 0.1 to 0.5 ppm Au.

36 Chamber of Mines Journal. Antheaps a guide to mineral deposits: Chamber of Mines Jour., v. 10, no. 12, p. 29, 1968; v. 11, no. 3, p. 16, 1969; 

v. 11, no. 9, p. 19, 1969.

This summary of an unpublished speech by W. F. West to the local 

branch of the Rhodesian Scientific Association suggests what might be 

considered as a new type of ore guide to mineral deposits, especially in 

desert areas. Termites in the area build heaps with drainage funnels down 

to the water level. When the water level drops, the termites continue down 

into the sulfide zone. Heaps built over gold mines of a known grade have 

been found to agree in gold content with the average known value of the 

mines when a specific factor is applied. The Rhodesian government is 

making investigations of the method.

37 Chernyayev, A. M.; Chernyayeva, L. E.; Yeremeyeva, M. N.; Andreyev, 

M. I. Gidrogeokhimiya zolota [Hydrogeochemistry of gold]: Geokhimiya, no. 4, p. 449-459, 36 references, 1969; English'translation in 

Geochemistry Internat., v. 6, no. 2, p. 348-358, 1969 [1970].
16 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Eef; '

This review of the literature and original analyses of the gold content of 

natural supergene ground waters gave an abundance of less than 0.1 to 4 

ppb gold. The amount of gold did not depend on the chemical composition 

of the waters for equal concentrations of gold were found in bicarbonate, 

sulfate, and chloride waters and in neutral, weakly acid, and weakly alkaline 

waters. Gold migrates in supergene ground waters in ionic or colloidal forms, 

in soluble complexes, and in mechanical suspensions depending on the 

physicochemical environment. A useful guide in hydrogeochemical prospecting for gold deposits may be the pattern of gold distribution in ground 

water, the principal criteria being high contents of gold, silver, arsenic, and 

bismuth.

38 Chow, A.; Beamish, F. E. A comparison of methods for determining gold 

in ores: Canadian Mining Jour., v. 88, no. 6, p. 66-69, 13 references, 

1967.

Fire assay is most rapid and efficient method for multiple routine analyses 

of ores. Wet extraction method permits determination of gold in ores 

without special equipment and the evaluation of ores which present collection problems for fire assay. Neutron activation method is efficient and has 

the advantage of detecting amounts of less than 0.005 micrograms of gold.

39 Chukhrov, F. V. 0 migratsii zolota v zone okisleniya [Migration of gold 

in the oxidation zone]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Izv., Ser. Geol., no. 4, p. 

117-125, 33 references, 1947; English translation, 18 p. ms. 

The author reviews the various theories dealing with the migration of 

gold in the zone of oxidation and concentration, of which the basis is migration of gold in ionic form. He concludes that gold in the zone of oxidation is 

carried in iodine or bromide compounds in ionic form.

40 Clark, Sandra H. B.; Condon, William H.; Foster, Helen L.; Hoare, Joseph 

M. Geochemical data in the Sikonsina Pass area [Alaska], in Some 

shorter mineral resource investigations in Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 615, p. 21-25, 23 references, 1969.

Anomalous concentrations of lead, gold, copper, and molybdenum were 

detected locally in analyses of stream sediments from this area, which is 

largely underlain by metasedimentary rocks. Gold content in stream sediments ranged from less than 0.02 to 0.04 ppm whereas that in two bedrock 

samples, a phyllite and a quartzite, was less than 0.02 ppm in each.

41 Clifford, Tom N. Tectono-metallogenic units and metallogenic provinces 

of Africa: Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, v. 1, no. 6, p. 421-434, 

28 references, 1966.

A study of the major mineral deposits of Africa (Rhodesia-Transvaal, 

West Africa, Tanzania, and Anglo-Kasai) in relation to the structure of the 

continent reveals two tectono-metallogenic units. Younger orogens consist 

of zones which have periodically suffered orogenesis and are characterized 

toy major deposits of Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Sn, W, Be, and Nb-Ta. Older cratons 

have a record of older orogenesis but have stayed stable throughout younger 

periods of tectonism and are characterized by important deposits of Au, 

¥e, Cr, asbestos, and diamonds. The more localized metallogenic provinces 

of ore concentration within the two major units are described.

42 Clifton, H. Edward. Gold distribution in surface sediments on the continental shelf off southern Oregon A preliminary report: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Circ. 587, 6 p., 8 references, 1968.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 17

Ref.

Local gold concentrations ranging from five to almost 150 ppb have been 

identified in surface sediments of the continental shelf off southern Oregon 

between Cape Arago and Cape Sebastian. Gold is associated with black 

sands believed to be relict beach placers, so that its low concentration may 

indicate higher grade material at depth.

43 Clifton, H. Edward; Hubert, Arthur E.; Phillips, R. Lawrence. Marine

sediment sample preparation for analysis for low concentrations of fine

detrital gold: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 545, 11 p., 16 references, 1967.

Analyses were made by atomic absorption spectrography of 2,000 samples

of offshore, beach, marine terrace, and stream sediments from areas along the

southern Oregon coast from Brookings to Coos Bay. Concentration of the

sediments by sieving and gravimetric and magnetic separations prior to

analysis eliminated the effect of particle sparsity from the final results and

thus increased the sensitivity of the technique. In almost all marine and

beach sands studied, gold occurred in the nonmagnetic fraction smaller than

0.124 mm and had a specific gravity greater than 3.3, whereas the grain size

in gold from stream sediments was slightly higher. Gold rarely exceeded

1 ppm in even the richest black sands studied.

44 Clifton, H. Edward; Hunter, Ralph E.; Swanson, Frederick J.; Phillips,

R. Lawrence. Sample size and meaningful gold analysis: U.S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 625-C, p. C1-C17, 20 references, 1969.

A sample of geologic material is of adequate size for gold analysis if it is

large enough to insure that the analysis will have a specified degree of

precision. It can be shown mathematically that if (1) gold particle mass is

.uniform, (2) gold particles make up less than 0.1 percent of all the particles,

(3) the sample contains at least 1,000 particles of all kinds, (4) analytical

errors are absent, and (5) the gold particles are randomly distributed through

the deposit being sampled, the precision is determined solely by the number

of gold particles in the sample. The precision afforded by 20 particles per

sample is deemed sufficient for most purposes. (From authors' abs.)

45 Cloke, Paul L.; Kelly, William C. Solubility of gold under inorganic 

supergene conditions: Econ. Geology, v. 59, no. 2, p. 259-270, 12 

references, 1964.

If an activity of 10~5 moles per liter is chosen as the lower limit of its 

geologic solubility, gold dissolves in acid chloride solutions at pH values 

more acid than 5.5, oxidation potentials greater than 0.90 volts, and chloride 

ion activities greater than 10~3 -2 moles per liter, and the auric chloride is 

the stable dissolved species. Mine waters often have the required chloride 

ion concentration but lack the combination of high acidity and high oxidation potential. This may explain the general immobility of gold in the oxide 

zone.

46 Cobb, Edward H. Lode gold and silver occurrences in Alaska: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-32, scale 1:2,500,000, with 

text, about 270 references, 1962.

Resources map shows location of lode gold deposits in Alaska and indicates those from which production has been recorded. 

47 Cobb, Edward H. Placer gold occurrences in Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-38, scale 1:2,500,000, with text, 

about 410 references, 1964.
18 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

Resources map shows location of placer gold deposits in Alaska and 

indicates those from which production has been recorded.

.48 Coetzee, F. Distribution and grain-size of gold, uraninite, pyrite and certain other heavy minerals in gold-bearing reefs of the Witwatersrand 

Basin: Geol. Soc. South Africa Trans., v. 68, p. 61-88, 12 references, 

1965.

TVfore than 200 samples of auriferous conglomerate and pyritic quartzite 

"as well as associated footwall and hanging-wall quartzites of the various 

reefs of the Witwatersrand basin were examined. Mineral constituents of 

the samples were studied in heavy concentrates and in thin and polished 

sections of original rock. The generally direct proportions of the gold 

content to the uraninite, pyrite, and other heavy minerals indicate that 

they were all deposited together as detrital grains and have a sedimentary 

origin. Both the gold and heavy minerals are concentrated in the pyrite-rich 

layers, and no detectable migration of gold from these layers appears to 

have taken place.

49 Crocket, James H.; Keays, R. R.; Hsieh, S. Precious metal abundances 

in some carbonaceous and enstatite chondrites: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 31, no. 10, p. 1615-1623, 21 references, 1967. 

Analyses by the neutron activation method made for the gold and platinum metals content of nine chondrites gave an average atomic abundance 

of 0.18 gold for the seven carbonaceous types and 0.19 gold for the two enstatite types, all relative to 106 silicon atoms.

50 Curtin, Gary C.; Lakin, Hubert W.; Neuerburg, George J.; Hubert, Arthur 

E. Utilization of humus-rich forest soil (mull) in geochemical exploration 

for gold: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 562, 11 p., 6 references, 1968. 

Distribution of gold in humus-rich forest soil (mull) reflects the known 

distribution of gold deposits in bedrock in the Empire district, Colorado. 

Gold from the bedrock is accumulated by pine and aspen trees and is concentrated in the mull by the decay of organic litter from the trees. Anomalies 

in mull which do not coincide with known gold deposits merit further exploration. The gold anomalies in soil (6- to 12-inch depth) and in float pebbles and cobbles poorly reflect the known distribution of gold deposits in 

bedrock beneath the extensive cover of colluvium and glacial drift. The gold 

content of the mull, humus-rich forest soil ash, was from less than 0.04 to 

more than 0.60 ppm. The gold content of pebbles and cobbles in both glacial 

drift and colluvium was from less than 0.20 to more than 5.0 ppm. (Authors' 

abs.)

51 Davidson, Claire B. Geochemical prospecting abstracts, January 1961- 

December 1962; U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 955, 255 references, 

1967. 

General bibliography includes some abstracts on geochemistry of gold.

52 Davidson, Claire B.; Markward, Ellen L.; Cieslewicz, John. Geochemical 

prospecting abstracts, July 1957-December 1960: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept. 954, 505 references, 1967. 

General bibliography includes some abstracts on geochemistry of gold.

53 DeGrazia, A. R.; Haskin, L. On the gold contents of rocks: Geochim. et

Cosmochim. Acta, v. 28, no. 5, p. 559-564, 10 references, 1964. 

Samples of 41 materials were examined for gold content by using the neutron activation method. Characteristic values in parts per billion for the
BIBLIOGRAPHY 19

Eef.

various rock types were as follows: acid igneous and metamorphic rocks, 

2.4±1.8; basic igneous and metamorphic rocks, 2.6±0.6; Mid-Atlantic 

Ridge basalts, 10±3; carbonates, 2.5±1.4; shales, 4.7±1.6; sandstones, 

6.0 ±3.5; and pelagic clays, 12 ±7. The spread of gold concentrations for the 

wide variety of samples appears relatively narrow and lies between 0.6 and 

44 ppb. This seems to indicate a crustal abundance of approximately 2.5 

PPb. . .

54 Denisov, S. V.; Koshman, P. N.; Yugay, T. A. Elementy-primesi v zolote 

nekotorykh rayonov Priamur'ya [Trace elements in gold from some 

districts of the Amur region]: Geokhimiya, no. 9, p. 1123-1126, 1966; 

English translation in Geochemistry Internat., v. 3, no. 5, p. 904-908, 

1966.

Two gold-bearing zones in U.S.S.R. are the Glavnyy Priamurskiy in the 

Amur region and the Primorskiy in the Maritime Territory. The main goldbearing districts are in Glavnyy Priamurskiy and are associated with a 

geosynclinal region. The others are among normal sedimentary Jurassic and 

Cretaceous deposits breached by Upper Cretaceous granitic intrusive rocks 

and by Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks. The Galvnyy Priamurskiy gold 

has a more stable and higher assay than that from the Primorskiy zone, 

where sources are mixtures of epithermal, mesothermal, and intermediate 

types. A wide variety of trace elements was present in gold from both 

areas.

55 Douglas, J. Sholto. Geobotany A valuable aid in prospecting and mining:

Mining Mag., v. 118, no. 2, p. 93, 95, 1968.

A gold deposit related to gold accumulation in tree seeds, branches, 

and roots occurs at Watson Bar Creek in British Columbia. Five species 

(unnamed) were sampled. On the strength of the analyses, shafts were sunk 

and useful bodies of gold-bearing ore were found. Comparative studies of 

similar species elsewhere might provide an ore guide to other deposits.

56 Dvornikov, A. G. Tipy oreolov rasseyaniya rtuti v yugo-vostochnoy 

chasti Donbassa [Types of mercury dispersion aureoles in the southeastern part of the Donets Basin]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 

154, no. 5, p. 1110-1112, 16 references, 1964; English translation in 

Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec., v. 154, nos. 1-6, p. 

158-160, 1964.

Mercury dispersion aureoles around ore deposits and tectonic features 

are characteristic of the rocks and soils in the southeastern Donets basin. 

Such aureoles may be indicative of lead, zinc, and gold ore deposits. (Author's abs.)

57 Dvornikov, A. G.; Vasilevskaya, A. E.; Shcherbakov, V. P. Nekotoryye 

osobennosti resprostraneniya oreolov rasseyaniya rtuti v pochvakh 

Nagol'nogo kryazha [Mercury dispersion aureoles in the soils of the 

Nagol'nyi Range]: Geokhimiya, no. 5, p. 478-483, 12 references, 1963; 

English translation in Geochemistry, no. 5, p. 501-509, 1963. 

Mercury halos in the A horizon of soils in the Nagol'nyi Range coincide 

with a belt of polymetallic and gold deposits and with fault zones, anticline 

crests, and zones of quartz veins. High mercury concentrations in this 

soil layer may serve as ore guides to new mineralized zones.
20

Ref.

58 Eales, Hugh V. Determining fineness variation characteristics in gold 

ores by reflectometry: Econ. Geology, v. 63, no. 6, p. 688-691, 7 references, 1968; discussion by E. F. Stumpfl, v. 64, no. 3, p. 341-342, 

1969.

A method of determining fineness of gold by reflectometry is explained 

and illustrated. In a study of sulfides from Blanket mine, Rhodesia, the 

fineness of gold from clean arsenopyrite to mixed arsenopyrite and from 

pyrrhotite to clean pyrrhotite ranged from 907 to 313, whereas a concentrate with much free gold and a content of 139.7 pz Au per ton and 13.3 oz 

Ag per ton gave a fineness of 913. Clear frequency maxima of 900-940 

and 780-820 in each sample studied, and of 6.60-720 in two of larger grain 

size, suggest three pulses in a single episode of mineralization. Fineness of 

gold in hypogene ores also seems to be related to associated ore minerals.

59 Elliott, James E.; Wells, John D. Anomalous concentrations of gold, 

silver, and other metals in the Mill Canyon area, Cortez quadrangle, 

Eureka and Lander Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 606, 

20 p., 6 references, 1968.

Fissure veins in Jurassic quartz monzonite and a bordering Devonian 

limestone have produced gold and silver ores for the past 100 years. Anomalous amounts of gold, silver, and related metals have been recorded. The 

gold content ranges from less than 0.1 to 160 ppm which suggests that a 

favorable host rock for gold, the Roberts Mountains Limestone, may be 

found at depth at the mouth of Mill Canyon.

60 Emmons, William H. Gold deposits of the world, with a section on Prospecting: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 562 p., bibliography, 

1937. 

Reviews worldwide distribution and occurrence of gold deposits.

61 Epshtein, Yu. A. Gneysovyy kupol v Yuzhnom Primor'ye i yego vliyaniye 

na razmeshcheniye zolotonosnosti [Gneissic dome in southern Primor'ye and its effect on the distribution pattern of gold]: Sovetskaya 

Geologiya, no. 1, p. 116-118, 6 references, 1968; English translation 

in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 11, no. 1, p. 135-137, 1969. 

A gneissic dome at the intersection of a blind fracture and the northeastern synclinal fold in Permian sediments appears to be related to gold 

mineralization. The position of mineralization is controlled by the same 

fracture and fold. Economic gold placers are known in almost every stream 

valley within the dome and in valleys of streams originating in the dome. 

There are also gold lodes and "shows" in the dome area, and the estimated 

gold content per unit area is considered more than 10 times as high as that 

of the auriferous belt as a whole.

62 Erickson, R. L.; VanSickle, G. H.; Nakagawa, H. M.; McCarthy, J. H., 

Jr.; Leong, K. W. Gold geochemical anomaly in the Cortez district, 

Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 534, 9 p., 9 references, 1966. 

An area in the Cortez district, Nevada, previously established to be 

anomalous in arsenic, antimony, and tungsten has been found to be anomalous also in mercury and gold. Samples from narrow quartz veins, calcite 

veins, and shear zones in partially silicified limestone in the lower plate of 

the Roberts thrust fault (Cortez window) contain as much as 3.4 ounces 

gold per ton. The richest samples are from an outcrop, about 100 feet long, 

surrounded by gravels. Their economic significance is yet to be established. 

(Authors' abs.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY 21

Ref.

63 Erikson, Jane E. Geo.chemical prospecting abstracts, July 1952-December

1954: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1000-G, p. 357-395, 117 references, 1957.

General bibliography includes some abstracts oh geochemistry of gold.

64 Fakhri, A. Zonal'nost pervichhykh oreolov zolotorudnogo mestorozhdeniya i migratsionnaya sposobnost' elementov [Zoning of primary 

dispersion halos over a gold deposit and the migration capacity of the 

elements!: Moskov. Univ. Vestnik, Ser. 4, Geologiya, no. 5, p. 31-43 

8 references, 1965; English abs. in Chem. Abs., v. 64, no. 8, col. 10938, 

1966.

Primary dispersion halos, 8-50 m wide, were found over a gold deposit 

in Kazakhstan and showed zoning produced by differences in migration 

capacity of the individual elements. Horizontal zoning from the halo 

center out was expressed by the series: Bi<Pb<Au<As. Vertical 

zoning was controlled by position of maximum precipitation of the elements 

at depths of formation of 150 m for Bi, 175 m for Pb, 205 m for As, and 

285 m for Au. Correlation indices between pairs of elements, such as As-Au, 

Ag-Au, Bi-Au, Zn-Au, Pb-Au, and Cu-Au, changed regularly in the vertical section of the ore zone. These indices and this type of halo may serve 

as exploration guides for evaluating both geochemical anomalies and 

mineralization at increased depths.

65 Fayzullin, R. M. K probleme promezhutochnykh kollektorov zolota 

[Problems of intermediate collectors of gold]: Sovetskaya Geologiya, 

no. 2, p. 129-132, 2 references, 1968; English translation in Internat. 

Geology Rev., v. 10, no. 12, p. 1383-1385, 1968.

Analyses of auriferous conglomerates in the Kamenskoye gold field, 

eastern Zabaykal'ye, U.S.S.R., indicate that the conglomerates represent 

an intermediate collector or interceptor step in the lode-eluvial placeralluvial placer pattern of placer formation. The conglomerates carry gold 

in free form and in cement (clastogene gold) as well as in ore and rock 

fragments (ore gold). Climate, nature of relief, and stream erosion influence 

the amount and form of gold present in conglomerates. Thus in some places 

the geologic pattern for placer formation should allow for these additional 

steps: lode-interceptor-alluvial placer; lode eluvial (or eluvial-alluvial) 

placer-interceptor-alluvial placer; and, rarely, interceptor-alluvial placer.

66 Firsov, L. V. Formatsiya zoloto-kvartsevykh mestorozhdeniy YanoKolymskogo poyasa [Gold-quartz ore deposits of the Yana-Kolyma 

belt], in Endogennyye rudnyye formatsii Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka 

[Endogene ore formations of Siberia and the Far East]: Moscow, 

Nauka, p. 132-144, 4 references, 1966; English translation in tnternat. 

Geology Rev., v. 9, no. 12, p. 1544-1552, 1967.

The Yana-Kolyma belt is one of the world's largest metallogenetic 

structures. Gold placers in the belt have been worked for 30 years but 

are still important. There are also several hundred gold-quartz ore deposits 

which are the source of the placer gold and need to be developed as new 

gold reserves to replace worked-out placers. The textures of vein fillings 

in the gold-quartz formation are banded, brecciated, brecciform, and 

platy. The ores belong to the low-sulfide type and are Cretaceous in age. 

The ore material was transferred by hypogene solution in the colloidal-state. 

416-169 71 4
22 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Kef.

67 Fischer, R. P.; Fisher, F. S. Interpreting pan-concentrate analyses of 

stream sediments in geochemical exploration for gold: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Circ. 592, 9 p., 1 reference, 1968.

Methods of collecting and processing samples were studied to see if gold 

is present in moderate-sized areas of the northwest part of the San Juan 

Mountains, Colo. Samples of pan concentrates were taken from streams 

which drain "barren" areas where no gold has been reported, slightly mineralized areas where only, a few veins and prospects are known, and wellmineralized areas with many veins and some very productive mines. The 

concentrates were studied as possible ore guides to sites meriting further 

exploration.

68 Fitzgerald, A. C.; Graham, R. J.; Gross, W. H.; Rucklidge, J. C. The 

application and significance of gold-silver ratios at Val d'Or, Quebec: 

Econ. Geology, v. 62, no. 4, p. 502-516, 8 references, 1967. 

In the Lamaque and Sigma ore zones, many gold-quartz veins extend 

as deep as 4,000 ft. The gold-silver values from 30 years of mint returns 

from both zones represent very large samples and increase with depth in 

both mines. The gold-silver ratio obtained from electron probe microanalysis 

of gold grains from stope samples were about three times higher (18:1) than 

from conventional analyses (5.5:1). Both intra-stope variations and increase 

in gold-silver ratio with depth are caused by the presence of Ag-bearing 

minerals other than the native alloy or by the absence of Au-bearing minerals. Gold-silver mint return values may be significant around a mine 

but conclusions of ore genesis based on them are questionable.

69 Fortescue, J. A. C. Background, scope and objectives, Sec. A, in Progress 

report on biogeochemical research at the Geological Survey of Canada 

1963-1966: Canada Geol. Survey Paper 67-23, Pt. 1, p. 1-29, 80 

references, 1967.

This review of the history, objectives, and scope of biogeochemical and 

geobotanical prospecting activities in various parts of the world also includes a little information on gold. The general principles discussed would 

be applicable for use of the technique in gold exploration.

70 Foster, Robert L. Potential for lode deposits in the Livengood gold placer 

district, east-central Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 590, 18 p., 10 

references, 1968.

The Livengood district contains small bedrock deposits that probably 

were the source of the placer gold. Some of the stream sediments, especially 

the Ruth Creek drainage, have anomalously high concentrations of gold, 

arsenic, mercury, antimony, molybdenum and silver; Ruth Creek has 

highly acid water. The geological setting and anomalous metal suite are 

similar to the Carlin-type gold deposits but the significance of these similarities is not yet known. The placer deposits represent a sizable gold resource 

warranting further economic appraisal.

71 Fouche", K. F.; Smales, A. A. The distribution of gold and rhenium in iron 

meteorites: Chem. Geology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 329-339,15 references, 1966. 

Neutron activation analysis was used to determine the gold and rhenium 

content in 70 iron meteorites representative of most structural groups. The 

meteorites contained from 0.55 to 3.61 ppm gold. The results of the analyses 

are discussed in relation to the distribution of other trace elements in iron 

meteorites previously reported.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

Ref.

72 Fouche", K. F.; Smales, A. A. The distribution of trace elements in c.hondritic meteorites [Pt.] 2, Antimony, arsenic, gold, palladium, and rhenium: Chem. Geology, v. 2, no. 2, p. 105-134, 55 references, 1967. 

Contents of gold and the other elements were obtained in the magnetic 

and nonmagnetic fractions of eight bronzite, nine hypersthene, and four 

enstatite chondrites as well as in six carbonaceous chondrites representing 

all three classes. Results showed that all five elements were predominantly 

siderophile in chondrites. The average abundance of gold in parts per million 

was 1.37 in bronzite chondrites, 2.32 in hypersthene chondrites, and 2.21 

in enstatite chondrites. In carbonaceous chondrites, the gold range in 

parts per million was 0.12 to 0.73.

73 Frondel, Clifford. Stability of colloidal gold under hydrothermal conditions: Econ. Geology, v. 33, no. 1, p. 1-20, about 30 references, 1938. 

Colloidal silica protects colloidal gold both against electrolyte and against 

spontaneous coagulation by increase of temperature. The stability of unprotected and, in particular, protected sols toward electrolyte increases with 

increasing temperature. Unprotected sols containing no added electrolyte 

coagulate spontaneously at 150° to 250°C., but protected sols are stable at 

350°C. The stability of protected and unprotected negative gold sols toward 

electrolyte is increased by the addition of NaOH within a certain limit but is 

decreased by the addition of HC1. The conditions of transportation and 

deposition of gold in acid and alkaline hydrothermal solutions are discussed. 

(From author's abs.)

74 Galkin, M. A. Mineral'nyye assotsiatsii na rtutnykh mestorozhdeniyakh 

severo-vostochnoy Yakutii [Mineral associations in mercury deposits of 

northeastern Yakutia]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 169, no. 2, p. 

438-440, 1966; English translation in Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. Doklady, 

Earth Sci. Sec., v. 169, nos. 1-6, p. 165-167, 1967.

Four types of mineral association are recognized in mercury deposits, 

namely gold-antimonite, gold-cinnabar, cinnabar, and cinnabar-realgar; 

they were separated from each other by tectonic movements. Gold-antimonite deposits are localized in discordant mineralized shatter zones and in 

conformable lenticular pockets; gold and pyrite and quartz are main ore 

minerals in shatter zones and antimonite and subordinate gold and pyrite 

are main ore minerals in lenses. Gold-cinnabar deposits associated with 

pyrite also occur in discordant and conformable shatter zones. In these first 

two stages, silicification of wallrock was present and gold was the main 

constituent ore.

75 Gallagher, David. Albite and gold: Econ. Geology, v. 35, no. 6, p. 698-736, 

about 166 references, 1940.

Many gold deposits reported to be genetically related to albite-rich igneous rocks are low in silver and simple sulfides, whereas those related to 

potash-rich rocks are argentiferous, polymetallic, or abundant in sulfides. 

The albite-rich type cannot be explained by a one-magma theory of petrogenesis. The granitic and trondhjemitic suites with their respective pegmatites and gold deposits were derived from two distinct magma types. The 

nature of associated feldspars is significant enough to warrant further study.
24 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Eef.

76 Garrett, R. G.; Nichol, lan. Regional geochemical reconnaissance in 

eastern Sierra Leone: Inst. Mining and Metallurgy Trans., v. 76, Sec. 

B, Bull. 726, p. B97-B112, 29 references, 1967; discussion, v. 77, Sec. 

B, Bull. 738, p. B78-B79, 1968; authors' reply, v. 78, Sec. B, Bull. 

747, p. B54-B55, 1969.

Distribution of minor elements in stream sediments associated with Precambrian schist belts shows variations of both economic and fundamental 

significance. Differences in distribution of As-Au, Or, and Mo may indicate 

the existence of minor metallogenic and geochemical provinces. Association 

of As and Au is such that As may serve as an Au ore guide in almost all the 

auriferous areas studied in eastern Sierra Leone.

77 Gay, N. C. A review of the geochemical characteristics of gold in ore deposits: Witwatersrand Univ. Econ. Geology Research Unit Inf. Circ. 

12, 70 p., 90 references, 1963.

Reviews the ore minerals associated with gold mineralization, the elements 

in gold ores and host rocks, the mode of gold occurrences in sulfide minerals, 

the gold-copper ratio in ores, the composition and trace-element content of 

native gold, and the fineness of gold ores in terms of variations in the goldsilver ratio and its applications. Examples are given from deposits on all the 

continents but with emphasis on the Witwatersrand deposits of South 

Africa.

78 Ginzburg, V. L.; Rogover, G. B. Zakonomernosti raspredeleniya tsvetnykh 

i blagorodnykh metallov v glavneyshikh rudnykh mineralakh i silikatakh Noril'skogo mestorozhdeniya [Regularities in the distribution 

of nonferrous and precious metals in principal ore minerals and silicates of the Noril'sk deposits]: Sovetskaya Geologiya, no. 3, p. 48-60, 

1960; English translation in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 3, no. 10, p. 

917-926, 1961.

Studies were made of copper, nickel, cobalt, platinum, gold, and rhodium 

distribution in basic ore-forming sulfide minerals (chalcopyrite and pyrrhotites) and in the silicate parts of the host rocks of the Noril'sk deposit. The 

cobalt and precious-metal content in the sulfides increased with an increase in nickel content, but the relative contents, estimated for 1 percent 

Ni, differed in chalcopyrites and pyrrhotites. The former showed a high 

platinum, palladium, and gold content and the latter, high cobalt and rhodium. The chalcopyrite contained 20 times as much gold as the pyrrhotites.

79 Gmelin, Leopold. Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, System-Nummer 62, Gold: Weinheim Bergstrasse, Verlag Chemie, 

GMBH., p. 125-133, bibliography, 1954.

Reviews the earlier literature on the occurrence of gold in sea sediments 

and sea water, streams, thermal springs, and in plants and animals.

80 Goleva, Galina Aleksandrovna. Gidrogeokhimicheskiye poiski skrytogo 

orudeneniya [Hydrogeochemical exploration for buried ore bodies]: 

Moscow, Izdatel. Nedra, 291 p., 274 references, 1968; English annotations in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 9, no. 11, p. 1511, 1967 (prepublication note) and Bibliography and Index of Geology, Monthly Abs., 

v. 33, no. 5, p. 823, 1969.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 25

Kef.

Trace-element halos indicate the migration of gold, copper, molybdenum, 

tungsten, and mercury in ground water. Geochemical studies were, made on 

the ground water and also on streams.

81 Goni, J.; Guillemin, C.; Sarcia, C. Ge'ochimie de Tor exogene Etude 

exp^rimentale de la formation des dispersions colloidales d'or et de 

leur stability [Geochemistry of exogenic gold Experimental study 

of the formation, of colloidal dispersions of gold and their stability (with 

English abs.)]: Mineralium Deposita, v. 1, no. 4, p. 259-268, 18 references, 1967.

The stability of colloidal suspensions of gold, their transport and flocculation have been investigated; in addition, the experimental formation of 

gold nuggets under natural conditions was studied. The measurements of pH, 

Eh, and the concentration of ionic gold proved that the possibility of 

transportation of ionic gold .in nature was overestimated. Ionic or even 

metallic gold may give stable colloidal suspensions. It may be easily flocculated and may give by compaction gold nuggests similar to natural gold 

nuggets. By diffusion of gold solutions in silica gel, we obtained direct gold 

films and also some textures frequently present in gold deposits. (Authors' 

abs.)

82 Goodwin, A. M. Volcanism and gold deposition in the Birch-Uchi Lakes 

area [Ontario]: Canadian Mining and Metall. Bull. v. 58, no. 635, 

p. 301-314,10 references, 1965; Canadian Inst. Mining and Metallurgy 

Trans., v. 68, p. 94-104, 1965.

Volcanic components are arranged in superimposed sequences or cycles, 

which show a progression from predominantly mafic effusive rocks below to 

predominantly felsic extrusive rocks above. Gold occurrences are preferentially distributed in respect to the volcanic succession, 39 of 50 occurrences 

being in the upper felsic division of the lower volcanic cycle and 40 associated 

with closely interbanded dacite-rhyolite pyroclastic rocks. A common 

magmatic derivation for gold and the enclosing volcanic rocks is suggested. 

The suggested origin of the gold is the classical hydrothermal theory or the 

direct volcanic theory.

83 Gott, Garland B.; McCarthy, J. Howard, Jr. Distribution of gold, silver, 

tellurium, and mercury in the Ely mining district, White Pine County, 

Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 535, 5 p., 12 references, 1966.

Gold, silver, tellurium, and mercury are distributed in zones related to 

alteration centers, as halos around cores of iron and major copper deposits. 

Discovery of similar zoning patterns elsewhere may serve as ore guides to 

deposits of the Ely type. Gold content is sufficiently high (1.5 to 3.0 ppm) in 

four local areas of high metal concentration to warrant further exploration.

84 Gott, Garland B.; McCarthy, J. Howard, Jr.; VanSickle, Gordon H.; 

McHugh, John B. Distribution of gold, tellurium, silver, and mercury 

in part of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 

543, 9 p., 13 references, 1967.

Surface sampling of volcanic rocks between gold production veins showed 

an average content of 0.6 ppm Au. In an area near the Cresson mine, samples
26 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

averaged 2.5 ppm Au but ranged in content as high as 9.1 ppm Au. This may 

indicate the presence of veins with similar content so that further exploration 

is warranted.

85 Gott, Garland B.; Zablocki, Charles J. Geochemical and geophysical 

anomalies in the western part of the Sheep Creek Range, Lander 

County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 595, 17 p., 13 references, 1968.

Extensive geochemical anomalies are present along the west side of the 

Sheep Creek Range in Lander County, Nevada. Anomalous concentrations 

of zinc, arsenic, mercury, silver, copper, lead, and to some extent gold, 

molybdenum, and antimony occur in iron-rich material along fracture 

planes and in quartz veins in Paleozoic formations. (From authors' abs.)

86 Gross, W. H. Evidence for a modified placer origin for auriferous conglomerates, Canavieiras mine, Jacobina, Brazil: Econ Geology, v. 63, 

no. 3, p. 271-276, 14 references, 1968.

Quartz-pebble conglomerates and interbedded quartzites of late Precambrian age appear to lie unconformably on acid gneisses and intrusives 

of early Precambrian age at the Canavieiras mine. Here 28 conglomerate 

beds were identified, all containing at least a small amount of gold in the 

matrix between the pebbles and economic concentrations of gold in a foreset 

system of cross beds. These facts seem to support a placer origin for the gold 

deposits. The presence of other economic concentrations at the top of 

conglomerate beds or near intrusive dikes and sills suggests that the original 

placer gold was redistributed within the conglomerates during periods of 

folding, metamorphism, and intrusion.

87 Grout, Frank F. On the behavior of cold acid sulphate solutions of copper, 

silver and gold with alkaline extracts of metallic sulphides: Econ. 

Geology, v. 8, no. 5, p. 407-433, about 25 references, 1913.

Gold is removed from its acid solutions by several minerals, but it is 

removed largely in metallic form rather than as sulfides in the secondary 

enrichment of deposits. Process of enrichment of sulfide ores under weathering conditions can be duplicated in the laboratory. Solution, transportation, and deposition of the gold are involved in secondary concentrations. 

At shallower levels the reaction involves oxidation and solution, whereas 

at greater depths, reduction and deposition are involved. Sulfides can be 

precipitated readily by treatment with dilute alkaline solution followed by 

the addition of an acid sulfate solution of the metals.

88 Haber, Fritz. Das Gold im Meere [Gold in the ocean]: Zeitsch. Gesell.

Erdkunde Berlin, Erganzungsheft 3, p. 3-12, 9 references, 1928. 

During the cruise of the ship Meteor in the South Atlantic Ocean between 

Africa and South America, 1,635 sea-water samples from 186 stations were 

collected. Analyses of these samples for gold content showed an average of 

0.004 ppb.

.89 Haber, Fritz. Das Gold im Meerwasser [Gold in sea water]: Zeitsch.

Angew. Chemie, v. 40, pt. 1, p. 303-314, about 25 references, 1927;

English abs. in Chem. Abs., v. 21, no. 11, p. 1787, 1927.

From a review of the literature on gold content in sea water, the author

reported the generally accepted abundance as 5 to 10 ppb. From his lab-
BIBLIOGRAPHY 27

Ref.

oratory studies of Atlantic and Pacific Ocean waters he decided that these

: 'figures were far too high. Pacific Ocean sea water of. San Francisco Bay 

contained 0.002 to 0.055 ppb Au with an average of 0.015 ppb off Oakland 

and 0.005 to 0.031 ppb Au with an average of 0.010 ppb off Sausalito. Atlantic Ocean water contained 0.001 to 0.044 ppb Au with an average of 

0.008 ppb in the southern part and, from two sets of samples, an average of 

0.047 and 0.040 ppb Au in the northern polar seas. Haber concluded that 

extraction of gold from sea water would not be profitable.

90 Hagen, J. C. Some aspects of the geochemistry of platinum, palladium, 

and gold in igneous rocks with special reference to the Bushveld Complex, Transvaal: Cambridge, Massachusetts Inst. Technology, [Ph. D 

thesis] 300 p., 119 references, June 1954.

Fire assay and spectrographic studies were made of Au, Pt, and Pd contents of rocks in the Bushveld Complex and other areas. The results for Au 

(in ppb) were the following: Bushveld silicic rocks, 92; U.S. silicic rocks, 56; 

basalt, 110, diabase, 47; except for dunite pipes, Bushveld peridotite, 67, 

others, 53; Bushveld gabbro, 87, others, 101; Bushveld pyroxenite, 63, U.S. 

pyroxenite, 27; Bushveld norite, 62; Sudbury norite, 42; Bushveld anorthosite, 60, Essex anorthosite, 26; chondrites, 70(?); igneous rocks, 90(?); 

and Atlantic sea water, 0.2.

91 Harbaugh, J. W. Geochemical prospecting abstracts through June 1952:

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1000-A, p. 1-50, 151 references, 1953. 

General bibliography includes some abstracts on geochemistry of .gold.

92 Hausen, Donald M.; Kerr, Paul F. Fine gold occurrence at Carlin, Nevada, 

Chap. 46, in Ore deposits of the United States* 1933-1967 (GratonSales Volume), [1st ed.]: New York, Am. Inst. Mining, Metall., Petroleum Engineers, Vol. 1, p. 909-940, 37 references, 1968. 

Fine colloidal gold is disseminated in leached carbonate strata of Roberts 

Mountains Formation in the Lynn window of the Roberts Mountains 

thrust fault. The ore body, generally stratiform, is more or less conformable 

with altered beds near the top of the formation. The two recognizable 

systems of mineralization are an earlier base metal-barite assemblage and a 

later low-temperature epigenetic Au-As-Hg-Sb assemblage emplaced near 

the surface. Gold deposition was accompanied by extensive silicification and 

argillic alteration of limestone beds, probably indicating late-stage epithermal mineralization. Gold introduction is attributed to late hydrothermal 

solutions.

93 Hawkes, Herbert E.. Principles of geochemical prospecting: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 1000-F, p. 225-355, 272 references, 1957.

This general guide to geochemical prospecting includes some information 

on gold, with emphasis on its distribution in detrital minerals, plants, rocks, 

and_water and on its mobility in a mineralized environment.

94 Hawkes, Herbert E.; Webb, John S. Geochemistry in mineral exploration: 

New York, Harper and Row, 415 p., about 450 references, 1962. 

(For gold, see p. 20, 163, 365-366.)

Includes good general discussions on geochemical prospecting techniques 

and some information on the geochemistry of gold.
'28 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

95 Hawley, Charles C.; Clark, Alien L. Occurrence of gold and other metals 

in the Upper Chulitna district, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 564, 

21 p., 4 references, 1968.

Gold and other metals form deposits near Colorado Creek, the Golden 

Zone in Bryn Mawr Creek, and Long Creek. The first two occurrences are 

associated with small quartz porphyry stocks and are of vein, disseminated, 

and breccia-pipe types. Those at Long Creek are clustered around small 

quartz porphyry plugs and contain less gold than those in the other two 

. sections. Traces of-gold are present in Blind Creek fault area. Anomalous 

amounts of gold were found in many stream sediment samples.

96 Hawley, Charles C.; Clark, Alien L.; Herdrick, M. A.; Clark, Sandra H. B. 

Results of geological and geochemical investigations in an area northwest of the Chulitna River, Central Alaska Range: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 617, 19 p., 6 references, 1969. ~

Serpentinite intrusive rocks of the area are hosts to small epigenetic

.polymetallic lode deposits of copper, gold, and silver. Other such deposits

[. .. are.in the interlayered basalt and limestone at Partin and Canyon Creeks

, . , ,and in porphyry near Costello Creek. Anomalous concentrations, of gold and

' ' "' other metals are found in stream sediments at Long, Coal, Shotgun, and

McCallie Creeks and near lode occurrences. Some of the streams head into

; -t't'I £Ke' basalt-limestone unit, the host rock at Partin and Canyon Creeks, which

suggests'that other concentrations may be found.

97 Hawley, Charles C.; Martinez, Elizabeth E.; Marinenko, John. Geo-

.' ". ;";, .chemical data on the South ore zone, White Mountain mine and on

the. gold content of other mercury ores, southwestern Alaska, in Some

shorter mineral resource investigations in Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey

Circ. 615, p. 16-20, 1969.

Mercury ores in southwest Alaska generally are free of gold or- contain 

only trace amounts. A gold content of 0.03 ppm was detected in one new 

sample from the South ore zone of White Mountain mercury mine.. One 

sample from Cinnabar Creek mine contained 0.14 ppm Au, the highest 

concentration recorded. Anomalous amounts of Ti, As, Sb, B, Cr, and Zr 

are present in fault gouge of South ore zone. Similar composition of fault 

gouge elsewhere in the region may be a guide to mineralized areas.

98 Helgeson, Harold C.; Garrels, Robert M. Hydrothermal transport and 

deposition of gold: Econ. Geology, v. 63, no. 6, p. 622-635, 39 references, 1968; discussions by R. W. Boyle, v. 64, no. 1, p. 112-115, 1969 

and W. E. Ewers, v. 64, no. 5, p. 575, 1969. ?

Geologic characteristics of hydrothermal gold ore deposits suggest that 

gold-quartz veins form from acid solutions containing 0.001 to about 0.05 

ppm Au. The geologic conclusions agree with the thermodynamic calculations of gold's solubility in concentrated sodium chloride solutions in equilibrium with pyrite and quartz at high temperatures, for enough gold can 

be carried in solution as aurous chloride complexes to explain hydrothermal 

gold ore precipitation above 175° C. Cotectic precipitation of gold, pyrite, 

and quartz accompanies decrease in temperature. Only gold and pyrite are 

precipitated by an isothermal increase in pH and (or) a decrease in the 

oxidation state of the system. (From authors' abs.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY 29

Kef.

99 Huffman, Claude, Jr.; Mensik, J. D.; Riley, L. B. Determination of gold 

in geologic materials by solvent extraction and atomic-absorption 

spectrometry: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 544, 6 p., 9 references, 1967.

Gold content is determined by the cyanide atomic-absorption and the 

fire assay atomic-absorption methods. In the first, gold is leached with a 

sodium cyanide solution. The monovalent gold is then oxidized to the 

trivalent state and concentrated by extracting into MIBK (methyl isobutyl 

ketone) before estimation by atomic absorption. In the second, a goldsilver bead obtained from fire assay is dissolved in nitric and hydrochloric 

acids. Gold is concentrated by extraction into MIBK before estimation by 

atomic absorption. By either method, concentrations as low as 50 ppb Au 

can be determined in a 15-gram sample.

100 Hurst, Vernon J.; Crawford, Thomas J.; Sandy, John. Mineral resources of 

the Central Savannah River area, Vols. 1-2: Washington, D.C., U.S. 

Econ. Devel. Adm., v. 1, 467 p., 245 references, 1966; v. 2, 231 p., 1966.

The Georgia gold deposits covered in this survey are in Lincoln, McDuffie, 

Taliaferro, Warren, and Wilkes Counties and occur as veins, saprolite 

deposits, and placers.

101 Jenne, E. A.; Chao, T. T.; Heppting, L. M. Use of mercurous chloride to 

recover trace amounts of gold from waters: Econ. Geology, v. 63, no. 

4, p. 420-421, 9 references, 1968.

Concentration and recovery of 50-80 percent of gold in solutions containing as little as 0.05 ppb Au are made possible by use of a thin mercurous 

chloride layer on a membrane filter.

102 Jones, Robert S. Gold content of water, plants, and animals: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Circ. 625, 15 p., 74 references, 1970.

The author reviews the literature from 1927 through early 1969 for 

analyses of gold content in water, plants, and animals. In sea water, gold 

content ranges from 0.001 to 44 ppb with an average of 0.05 ppb found by 

neutron activation analyses. For natural fresh water, gold content ranges 

from 0.01 to 2.2 ppb with an average of 0-5 ppb in springs, 0.003 to 4.7 

ppb in rivers, and 0.001 to 0.9 ppb in ground waters. For plant ash, the 

highest gold content found by neutron activation methods seems to be 36 

ppm with an average of 7 ppm. The same methods gave a range of 0.0012 

to 430 ppb Au in dry matter in animals. On the basis of scanty analyses, 

terrestrial plants and animals appear to contain more gold than the marine 

types.

103 Jones, Robert S. Gold in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 610, 27 p., 65 references, 1969.

Gold analyses from reports published between 1886 and 1967 were compiled for 50 rock types, of which more than 25 were igneous; about 15, 

sedimentary; and the rest, metamorphic. Igneous rocks contained from 0.2 

to 73 ppb Au, with an average of 3.0 ppb. Averages in parts per billion for 

individual igneous rocks were: andesite, 5.2; basalt, 3.2; diorite, 3.5; dunite, 

8.2; gabbro, 5.4; granite, 2.8; rhyolite, 12; syenite, 2.5; and trachyte, 6.5. 

Sedimentary rocks contained 0.3 to 41 ppb Au, with averages in parts per 

billion of: overall, 5.0; sandstone, 7.5; shale, 3.9; and limestone, 3.5. Meta416-169 71 5
30 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

morphic rocks contained 0.86 to 22.4 ppb Au, with averages in parts per 

billion of: overall, 4.3; gneiss, 1.8; schist, 5.0; quartzite, 4.8; and marble, 3.1.

104 Jones, Robert S. Gold in meteorites and in the Earth's crust: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Circ. 603, 4 p., 28 references, 1968.

The reported gold contents of meteorites range from 0.0003 to 8.74 ppm. 

Gold is siderophilic, and the greatest amounts in meteorites are in the 

iron phases. Estimates of the gold content of the earth's crust are in the 

range of 0.001 to 0.006 ppm. (Author's abs.).

105 Jones, Robert S.; Fleischer, Michael. Gold in minerals and the composition of native gold: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 612, 17 p., 58 references, 

1969.

Gold occurs as the native metal and as alloys with silver, copper, nickel, 

palladium, and platinum. The native elements contain the most gold and the 

sulfide minerals are second in content. Nonmetallic minerals carry the least 

gold, and of these, the dark-colored rock-forming minerals contain more than 

the light-colored ones. One gold telluride-sulfide, nagyagite, and several gold 

tellurides are known, but no gold selenides have been reported.

106 Joralemon, Peter. The occurrence of gold at the Getchell mine, Nevada:

Econ. Geology, v. 46, no. 3, p. 267-310, 29 references, 1951. 

The Getchell veins are lenticular replacement bodies along a fault zone which 

cuts all the rocks of the area and is dated tentatively as late Tertiary. The 

more intensely mineralized parts of the deposit, to which gold shoots are 

limited, form a shallow blanket with roots projecting downward into areas 

of sparse mineralization. Most of the gold occurs in minute but microscopically visible particles, although some may occur in submicroscopic particles 

and some may be in solid solution in pyrite and carbon. The .Getchell deposit resembles many quicksilver deposits in the area and may be a gradation between common epithermal gold deposits and cinnabar deposits.

107 Karapetyan, A. I. Kharakhter orudeneniya zolota na odom mednomolibdenovom mestorozhdeniy [Character of gold mineralization in a 

copper-molybdenum deposit]: Akad. Nauk Armyan. SSR Izv., v. 14, 

no. 4, p. 37-43, 1961; English translation in Internat. Geology Rev., 

v. 4, no. 8, p. 925-928, 1962.

In this Transcaucasian deposit of gold in copper-motybdenum ores, most 

of the gold came from late stages of a hj'drothermal solution and was deposited with Cu-As-Bi and Pb-Zn-Sb minerals. Early finely dispersed gold 

was precipitated with iron and copper sulfides, and the later gold, in the 

form of both tellurides and coarse-grained native gold, was deposited after 

most of the sulfides. Native gold carries no more than 15 to 20 percent of 

trace elements, including silver, and thus has a high degree of fineness.

108 Kavanagh, Paul M. Have 6,000 years of gold mining exhausted the 

world's gold reserves?: Pacific Northwest Metals and Minerals Conf., 

3d, Portland, Oreg., 1967, Proc., p. 1-10, 35 references, 1967; Canadian 

Mining and Metall. Bull., v. 61, no. 672, p. 553-557, 1968. 

The author reviews the history of gold mining, covering the major producing gold mines and their geology. Their reserve potential is an estimated 

one-billion ounces in the free world at the present price of $35 an ounce. The
BIBLIOGRAPHY- . 31

Kef.

possible effects of a price increase on the potential gold reserves is discussed, 

and it is concluded that, although an exact estimate is impossible to make, 

the source might be largely from Precambrian rocks throughout the world.

109 Kelly, William C.; Cloke, Paul L. The solubility of gold in near-surface 

environments: Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters Papers 1960, 

v. 46, p. 19-30, 7 references, 1961.

. If an activity of 10~5 moles per liter is chosen as the lower limit of its 

geologic solubility, gold dissolves in acid chloride solutions at pH values 

more acid than 5.5, oxidation potentials greater than 0.90 volts, and chloride 

ion activities over 10~3 -2 moles per liter, and auric chloride is the stable dissolved species. Mine waters often have the required chloride ion concentration but lack the combination of high acidity and high oxidation potential. 

This may explain the general immobility of gold in the oxide zone. Study of 

Fe and Mn equilibria in the solubility field shows that gold oxidation to the 

auric state requires reduction of goethite and limonite to ferrous ion and the 

reduction of manganese dioxide to manganous ion.

110 Kinkel, Arthur R., Jr.; Lesure, Frank G. Residual enrichment and supergene migration of gold, southeastern United States, in Geological 

Survey research 1968: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 600-D, p. D174- 

D178, 2 references, 1968.

Recent studies in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia indicate 

that near-surface residual and supergene enrichment occurs in addition to 

normal placer formation. The enrichment appears where there has been 

removal of soil particles by surface wasting on gentle slopes but not in thick 

colluvial material or recently farmed land. The appreciable amounts of gold 

in limonite deposited in many areas by ground water indicate solution and 

migration of gold in ground waters, especially when oxidizing sulfides are 

present. Both the enrichment and supergene transport should be factors for 

consideration in planning a geochemical sampling program.

111 Kogen, V. S. Mineral'nyye assotsiatsii tsentral'no Apsakanskogo rudnogo 

polya (Stanovoy khrebet) [Mineral associations of the central Apsakanskoye ore field (Stanovoy range)]: Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdeniy, 

no. 1, p. 58-67, 7 references, 1968; English translation in Internat. 

Geology Rev., v. 11, no. 8, p. 860-866, 1969.

The auriferous quartz low-sulfide veins were formed during the following 

mineral association stages: quartz-sericite in association with pyrite, albite, 

and carbonate (pre-ore stage of beresitization or hydrothermal alteration 

of acidic rocks); quartz-pyrite (early ore stage); gold-sulfide-polymetallic 

complex association (late ore stage at the end of which most of the gold 

was deposited) with galena, gray tetrahedrite ores, arid tellurides. Multistage 

veins or combined early and late mineral associations yield the most gold. 

Presence of galena and gray copper ores is a mineralogical indicator of 

richest gold mineralization, while lead and antimony dispersion halos form 

a geochemical indicator.

112 Komov, I. L. Novyy tip zolotogo orudeneniya v Yeniseyskom kryazhe 

[New type of gold-ore mineralization in the Yenisey Range]: Sovetskaya 

Geologiya, no. 4, p. 143-144, 1968; English translation in Internat. 

Geology Rev., v. 11, no. 3, p. 298-299, 1969.
32 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ecf.

The area contains hydrothermal ore deposits of several types of which 

the quartz-vein deposits had been considered most promising. More recent 

discoveries of gold-sulfide ore shows in metasomatic quartzites occur both 

as native gold and as fine disseminations in pyrite. Though the quartzites 

have been worked primarily for tungsten, they are much more abundant 

than the quartz-gold veins and thus may furnish a new rich source of ore.

113 Koroleva, N. N.; Korolev, V. A.; Ovechkin, V. V. Zoloto-sul'fidnoye

[orudeneniye] v karbonatnykh porodakh Novyy tip zolotorudnoy

mineralizatsii v Sredney Azii [Gold-sulfide mineralization in carbonate

rocks A new type of gold mineralization in Middle Asia]: Geologiya

Rudnykh Mestorozhdeniy, v. 8, no. 5, p. 30-44, 11 references, 1966;

English rev. in Econ. Geology, v. 64, no. 3, p. 354-355, 1969.

The country rocks are lower Paleozoic schists, Lower Devonian quartz

porphyries, and Middle and Upper Devonian carbonate rock series. Pyrite

is the main part of the ore deposit and is accompanied by gold tellurides,

silver, bismuth, and tetrahedrite. Of the four generations of pyrite, the

second makes up 20-90 percent of the ore bodies and has an average gold

content of 113.3 g per ton. Tetrahedrite, next in abundance, contains

microscopic inclusions of gold tellurides. Petzite and calaverite form irregular

inclusions and veinlets in native gold.

114 Koschmann, Albert H.; Bergendahl, Maximilian H. Gold in the United 

States exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral 

Inv. Resource Map MR-24, scale 1:3,168,000, with text, 310 references, 

1962.

Resource map shows locations of principal gold-mining districts in 

conterminous United States. Only districts which have produced more 

than 10,000 oz of gold are discussed, and these are classified into the following production groups: 10,000 to 100,000 oz; 100,000 to 1,000,000 oz; and 

more than 1,000,000 oz. The 459 districts covered are in the following 20 

States: Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Michigan, 

Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, 

South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, 

and Wyoming.

115 Koschmann, Albert H.; Bergendahl, Maximilian H. Principal goldproducing districts of the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 610, 283 p., about 590 references, 1968.

Principal gold-producing districts are described for the following 21 

States: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, 

Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, 

Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, 

Washington, and Wyoming.

116 Krauskopf, Konrad B. The solubility of gold: Econ. Geology, v. 46, no. 

8, p. 858-870, 16 references, 1951.

Solubility of gold in various solutions as calculated from electrode potential and free-energy data, agrees well with reported experimental results. 

In acid solutions, gold dissolves as the ion AuCl4~, of which the formation 

requires that the solution contain excess Cl~, and contain or be in contact 

with a fairly strong oxidizing agent. Naturally-occurring and effective 

oxidizing agents are Mn02 , 02, Fe+++, and Cu++. H+ and S04 are not
BIBLIOGRAPHY 33

Ref.

strong enough agents to affect gold at ordinary temperatures. Although 

the effect of temperature on solubility cannot be predicted from available 

thermodynamic data, experiments show that gold solubility increases with 

rising temperature in both acid and alkaline solutions.

117 Kreyter, V. M.; Aristov, V. V.; Volynskii, I. S.; Krestovnikov, A. B.; 

Kuvichinskiy, V. V. Povedenie zolota v zone okisleniya zoloto-sulfidnykh mestprozhdenii [The behavior of gold in the zone of oxidation of 

auriferous sulfide deposits]: Moscow, Gosgeoltekhizdat, 268 p., 

bibliography, 1959; English rev. by 0. Zvyagintsev in Geochemistry, 

no. 6, p. 683-685, 1959, and by C. F. Davidson in Econ. Geology, v. 

55, no. 8, p. 1761, 1960.

The book is a study of the distribution of gold in primary and supergene 

zones of sulfide ore deposits in the Maikain ore field, at Dzhusaly in Kazakhstan, and at Blyava and Novy Sibai in the southern Urals, U.S.S.R. 

Reviewed are the current theories on hypogene and supergene gold, the 

formation of secondary auriferous zones, the work done on solubility of 

gold, the conditions for solution and migration of gold in the oxidation zone, 

and the problems in the mineragraphic study of gold ores.

118 Lakin, Hubert W.; Nakagawa, Harry M. A spectrophotometric method for 

the determination of traces of gold in geologic materials in Geological 

Survey research 1965: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 525-C, p. C168- 

C171, 11 references, 1965.

Gold in geologic material such as soil, gossan, and silicified limestone is 

dissolved with sodium bromate and hydrobromic acid and extracted from 

dilute hydrobromic acid with ethyl ether. On evaporation of the ether, the 

aqueous solution of the residue is. extracted with 4,4'-bis (dimethylamino) 

thiobenzophenone, or TMK (Thio-Michler's ketone), in isoamyl alcohol. 

The absorbance of the red gold-TMK complex is proportional to the amount 

. of gold present. As little as 20 ppb gold can be determined. Thallium in 

large amounts interferes with the determination. (From Authors' abs.)

119 Law, Stephen L.; Green, Thomas E. Analysis of large samples of low grade 

gold ores by methyl isobutyl ketone extraction and atomic absorption: 

U.S. Bur. Mines Heavy Metals Program Tech. Prog. Kept. 7, 7 p., 

4 references, 1968.

A method for determining small quantities of gold in large splits (500 

grams) from field samples of low-grade ores is described. It is based on the 

dissolution of the gold in aqua regia, extraction of the gold into MIBK 

(methyl isobutyl ketone) in the presence of the insoluble residue, and 

determination of the gold in the MIBK phase by atomic absorption. The 

method is especially useful for samples from which representative small 

splits cannot be obtained. (Authors' abs.)

120 Legedza, V. Ya. 0 roli diageneza v kontsentratsii zolota v sul'fidakh 

nekotorykh osadochnykh porod [Role of diagenesis in the accumulation 

of gold in sulfides of certain, sedimentary rocks]: Akad. Nauk SSSR 

Doklady, v. 172, no. 5, p. 1177-1179, 20 references, 1967; English 

translation in Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec., v. 172, 

nos. 1-6, p. 206-208, 1967.
34 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

Two current views on behavior of gold under supergene conditions are: 

(1) gold from bedrock deposits and igneous rocks is continuously being 

disseminated in sedimentary rocks as a result of erosion, and (2) gold can 

become concentrated in certain types of sedimentary rocks, mainly silty 

and clayey deposits. In a.study of the sulfides, sandstones, and other sedimentary deposits of the Russian Platform in regard to the relative concentration of gold in sulfides and enclosing rocks, the author concluded that 

gold becomes concentrated in the sulfides in rocks while the rocks themselves 

are "cleaned" of gold. Thiosulfate apparently acts as a carrier for both 

gold and sulfur in sea water and in mud suspensions in sediments to form 

the diagenetic auriferous pyrite on the Russian Platform.

121 Lenher, Victor. The transportation and deposition of gold in nature: 

Econ. Geology, v. 7, no. 8, p. 744-750, 15 references, 1912.

The author;reviews the various studies showing that gold is soluble in 

alkaline sulfides, from which, however, it is not precipitated by pyrite or 

metallic iron. Such gold-bearing alkaline sulfide solutions can pass through 

pyrite beds and perhaps enrich themselves by dissolving some gold from 

the pyrite without losing their own gold content. Precipitation of gold can 

occur when such a solution meets an acid in a reduced zone or reaches a 

zone of oxidation.

122 Lincoln, Francis C. Certain natural associations of gold: Econ. Geology, 

v. 6, no. 3, p. 247-302, about 125 references, 1911.

Studies were made on associations of gold with igneous rocks, subcrustal 

waters and veins, surface waters and salts, organisms and organic rocks, 

sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, gold minerals, and minerals in 

rocks and veins. Gold content was found to average, in milligrams per 

metric ton, about 62 in igneous rocks, 15 in sedimentary rocks, and 28 in 

sea water. Gold has been found to be associated with more than 173 mineral 

species, but only a limited number, including pyrite and galenite, quartz, 

and minerals containing As, Bi, Se, or Te, are apt to carry intergrown or 

disseminated gold.

123 Lodder, Willem. Gold-alunite deposits and zonal wall-rock alteration near 

Rodalquilar, SE Spain: Amsterdam Univ. Geol. Inst. Mededel. 318, 

93 p., 117 references, 1966.

The gold deposits near Rodalquilar, Spain, are in the Neogene volcanic 

ranges of Cabo de Gata. Gold-alunite veins are limited to a complex of 

strongly altered rocks, most of which are considered ignimbritic in origin. 

A penecontemporaneous syngenetic origin of the gold ores and the ignimbrites is suggested by the absence of gold veins in underlying rhyodacite and 

overlying rock units, the wedging out of gold veins towards the rhyodacite, 

and the concentration of gold deposits below several levels which probably 

indicates the upper surface of several ashflows. Besides the alunite-quartz 

zone carrying the gold, other alteration zones are dickite-(pyrophyllite), 

kaolinite-illite, mixed layer illite-smectite, mixed layer smectite-chlorite, 

and mixed layer chlorite-vermiculite zones.

124 Lovering, T. G.; Lakin, H. W.; Hubert, A. E. Concentration and minor 

element association of gold in ore-related jasperoid samples in Geological Survey research 1968: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 600-B, 

p. B112-B114, 7 references, 1968.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 35

Ref.

Sixty-eight samples of jasperoid associated with base- and precious-metal 

ore deposits in 25 U.S. western mining districts in Arizona, Colorado, 

Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota, and Utah were analyzed for gold by 

atomic-absorption spectrophotometry, a method capable of detecting 

concentrations as low as 0.04 ppm. The gold content of these samples ranged 

from less than 0.04 to 32 ppm, with a median content of 0.2 ppm. A statistical 

comparison of the gold concentrations in these samples with the corresponding 

concentrations of 16 minor elements indicates that gold is significantly 

associated with tellurium, mercury, tin, arsenic, and silver. (From authors' 

abs.)

125 Luttrell, Gwendolyn W. Base- and precious-metal and related ore deposits 

of Virginia: Virginia Div. Mineral Resources, Mineral Resources 

Rept. 7, 167 p., 88 references, 1966.

A summary is given of early history and development of 496 gold and 

other mines and prospects in the State based on source material dating 

back to 1837. First gold production took place in 1829.

126 McCarthy, J. H., Jr.; Learned, R. E.; Botbol, J. M.; Lovering, T. G.; 

Watterson, J. R.; Turner, R. L. Gold-bearing jasperoid in the Drum 

Mountains, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 

623, 4 p., 7 references, 1969.

Geochemical studies and sampling showed anomalous gold concentrations 

in jasperoid outcrops. One sample contained 100 ppm Au and 20 samples 

from an outcrop 50 by 200 ft averaged 10 ppm Au.

127 McCarthy, J. H., Jr.; Vaughn, W. W.; Learned, ,R. E.; Meuschke, J. L.

Mercury in soil gas and air A potential tool in mineral exploration:

U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 609, 16 p., 7 references, 1969.

Mercury content in soil gas and the atmosphere was measured in various

mining districts to see if it was higher over ore deposits than over barren

 ground. At Cortez, Nev., anomalous amounts of mercury in soil gas at the

surface corresponded to the position of gold deposits, which often were

covered by as much as 100 feet of gravel. Mercury content in soil over the

same deposits did not reflect gold distribution as well as that in the soil

gas.

128 McCauley, Camilla K.; Butler, J. Robert. Gold resources of South 

Carolina: South Carolina Div. Geology Bull. 32, 74 p., 35 references, 

1966.

The gold resources of the State have been produced from low-grade 

siliceous replacement deposits, from quartz veins less than 10 ft thick, and 

from placer deposits of stream, gravel or other surficial material. Most of 

the deposits are in Lancaster, McCormick, Chesterfield, and York Counties, 

although occurrences are also present in 11 other counties.

129 Machairas, Georges. Dissolution et recristallisation de 1'or primaire pendant l'oxydo-re"duction des sulfures aurifferes [Solution and recrystallization of primary gold during oxydo-reduction of gold bearing sulfides 

(with English abs.)]: [France] Bur. Recherches Ge"ol. et Minieres Bull. 

5, p. 111-121, 1967.

During natural oxidation-reduction of auriferous pyrite, the primary 

native gold disseminated in the pyrite is dissolved and then recrystallized
36 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Eel.

into cubic crystals with goethite. This precipitated secondary gold is less 

argentiferous than the primary xenomorphic gold remaining in the residue of 

the. nonoxidized pyrite. Experimental studies indicate that the process takes 

place in three phases: oxidation of pyrite causes gold to be dissolved; reduction causes FeSO4 to recrystallize the gold; and local hydrolysis precipitates 

the iron oxide around the newly formed gold crystals. Meteoric alteration in 

the oxidation zone is believed to play an important role in modifying primary 

gold deposits.

130 Machairas, Georges. Mise en evidence de diffe"rentes categories d'or 

exogene par I'Stude du mode de repartition de 1'argent Raflexions sur 

le cycle de Tor exogene [Evidence of different categories of exogenic 

gold by study of the mode of distribution of silver Reflections on the 

cycle of exogenic gold (with English abs.) ]: Soc. Frangaise Min6ralogi& 

et Cristallographie Bull., v. 90, no. 3, p. 387-393, 2 references, 1967,

Distribution of silver in primary exogenic gold which was precipitated as 

nuggets in the oxidation zone shows that recrystallization of the gold occurred in several forms, namely, as successive argentiferous crusts of gold in a. 

ferruginous matrix, as argentiferous gold with an aggregate structure, and as 

idiomorphic and virtually silver-free gold crystals forming cubes, cubooctahedrons, and octahedrons. The dissolving and recrystallization of gold 

appear to be linked with the oxidation of auriferous sulfides such as pyrite.

131 Mackay, Robert A. The purity of native gold as a criterion in secondary 

enrichment: Econ. Geology, v. 39, no. 1, p. 56-68, 1 reference, 1944.

Emmons believed that, at times, some secondary gold may be of greater 

fineness than primary gold within the same ore body whereas Mackay suggests that divergence in purity and its relation to gold particle size in certain 

types of ore bodies may indicate the zone of the ore body and the approximate degree of secondary enrichment. When coarse gold was separated from 

fine gold by crushing or by amalgamation with fine gold followed by cyanidation, the coarse or amalgamated fraction had a higher fineness of gold than 

the smaller particles. The divergence of fineness was proportional to the 

degree of secondary enrichment. Materials from Nigeria and Tanzania 

(formerly Tanganyika and Zanzibar) were used.

132 MacKevett, E. M.f Jr.; Smith, James G. Distribution of gold, copper, and 

some other metals in the McCarthy B-4 and B-5 quadrangles, Alaska: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 604, 25 p., 6 references, 1968. <

The highest concentration of gold found in the area was 66.0 ppm in a 

channel sample from a prospect north of Crumb Gulch. A chip sample from 

the Taylor prospect contained 15.4 ppm AU; a small channel sample across a 

vein in the Porphyry Mountain area contained 11 ppm Au. In general, the 

range of gold content in rocks, altered zones, and lodes ranged from 0.01 to 

6.8 ppm but generally was less than 0.3. In stream sediments, gold content 

in many samples was detectable but not determinable, but also reached a 

maximum of 1.5 ppm in others, one anomalous sample containing 9.6 ppm.

133 McKinstry, Hugh E.; Ohle, Ernest L., Jr. Ribbon structure in gold-quartz 

veins: Econ. Geology, v. 44, no. 2, p. 87-109, about 45 references, 1949; 

discussion by E. Y. Dougherty, v. 45, no. 2, p. 177-179, 1950.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 37

Ref.

Laminated banding in mesothermal and hypothermal gold-quartz veins 

is formed by interlayering of quartz with slabs or films of country rock. If 

layers are relatively thick, 1 millimeter to several centimeters, and are 

formed of country rock, the aggregate is called book structure. When layers 

are thin films or septa and lack the texture or appearance of country rock, 

ribbon structure is formed. The origin of the book type has been ascribed to 

accretion and to replacement, that of the ribbon type, to post-quartz shearing or accretion, or to replacement. From field and laboratory studies the 

authors decided that the laminated structures are caused by replacement, 

which not only can produce both types but also can do so in a continuous 

operation.

134 MacLaren, James M. Gold Its geological occurrence and geographical 

distribution: London, Mining Jour., 687 p., footnote references, 1908. 

(See p. 13r26 and 59-64.)

Reviews the geology and distribution of gold throughout the world.

135 McLaughlin, D. H.; Wise, E. M. Sources and recovery of gold, Chap. 1, 

in Wise, E. M., ed., Gold Recovery, properties, and applications: 

Princeton, N. J., D. VanNostrand Co., Inc., p. 1-24, 42 references, 1964.

Reviews gold occurrences, types of deposits, and properties.

136 Mantei, Erwin J.; Brownlow, Arthur H. Variation in gold content of 

minerals of the Marysville quartz diorite stock, Montana: Geochim. et 

Cosmochim. Acta, v. 31, no. 2, p. 225-235, 14 references, 1967.

The gold content of mineral samples from the Marysville quartz diorite 

stock had ranges of 0.002-0.924 ppm in biotite, 0.003-0.823 ppm in hornblende, 0.003-0.329 ppm in magnetite, and 0.006-0.176 ppm in quartzfeldspar samples. Lowest values occur at the center of the stock and high 

ones near the edge; highest values are found near gold mines along the 

periphery of the stock. Because it did not form bonds in crystallizing 

minerals, gold was concentrated in residual fluids of the magma and finally 

deposited in quartz veins at the edge of the stock. It was probably entrapped 

as unchanged gold atoms in the minerals, the amount present being determined by the mineral structure and the gold concentration in the magma 

at the time of mineral crystallization.

137 Markham, N. L. Synthetic and natural phases in the system Au-Ag-Te 

(in two parts): Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 6, p. 1148-1178, 1960; v. 55, 

no. 7, p. 1460-1477, 48 references, 1960; discussion by P. L. Cloke, 

v. 58, no. 7, p. 1163-1166, 1963, and by Ulrich Petersen, v. 59, no. 7, 

p. 1390-1394, 1964.

From results of a study of the subsolidus phase relationships of Au-Ag-Te, 

an isothermal section at 300° C was drawn showing compatible phases of 

solid solution. All natural Au-Ag-Te minerals except krennerite and 

montbrayite have been synthesized. Krennerite seems to be the lowtemperature, low-pressure polymorph of AuTe2, whereas calaverite develops 

under higher temperatures and pressures. Comparison of the mineral assemblages in tellurides of Western Australia and the Fiji Islands with those 

obtained experimentally indicates good agreement between the two sets of 

data.
38 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Eef;

138 Markward, Ellen L. Geochemical prospecting abstracts, January 1955- 

June 1957: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1098-B, p. 57-160, 268 references, 

1961.

General bibliography contains some abstracts on geochemistry of gold.

139 Masson, Donald L. Plants for geobotanical prospecting Indicator and 

accumulator plants used for sampling for geochemical prospecting: 

Washington State Inst. Technology Giro. 1, 9 p., 1962.

Includes some information on gold indicator plants.

140 Mazzucchelli, R. H.; James, C. H. Arsenic as a guide to gold mineralization 

in laterite-covered areas of Western Australia: Inst. Mining and Metallurgy Trans., v. 75, Sec. B, Bull. 720, P; B286-B294, 18 references, 

1966; discussion, v. 75, Sec. B, Bull. 726, p. B127-B129, 1967; reply 

by authors, v. 76, Sec. B, Bull. 732, p. B218, 1967.

In Western Australia, geochemical studies of arsenic distribution in 

laterites demonstrated that the presence of underlying arsenic-gold deposits 

may be indicated by detection of anomalous arsenic patterns in the laterites. 

In some cases the arsenic was concentrated in the ferruginous coarser fragments of the lateritic soil, and analysis of the material seems to define broad 

patterns which may be useful in the reconnaissance stage of prospecting.

141 Merwin, Roland W. Gold resources in the Tertiary gravels of California: 

U.S. Bur. Mines Heavy Metals Program Tech. Prog. Kept. 3, 14 p., 

13 references, 1968.

Preliminary studies of U.S. gold deposits offering a large tonnage potential 

indicate that the Tertiary gravels of California contain one of the largest 

known reserves. Their grade is such that a breakthrough in mining or 

metallurgy could stimulate the resumption of work on these deposits, 

which ceased production because of hydraulic mining problems in the 1800's. 

Remaining gravel reserves are estimated to total 3-4 billion cu yds with 

an average grade of 25 cents per cu yd. Zones in the lower sections of gravels 

are estimated to contain 600 to 800 million cu yds with an average value 

of $1.00 per cu yd.

142 Miller, Thomas P.; Ferrians, Oscar J., Jr. Suggested areas for prospecting 

in the central Koyukuk River region, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 570, 12 p., 12 references, 1968.

Anomalous amounts of gold were found in some stream-sediment samples 

and in rock samples from mineralized outcrops at the Indian Mountain, 

Purcell Mountain, and Zane Hills areas. Mineralization is related to the 

Upper Cretaceous granitic plutons, which have intruded possibly Upper 

Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks ranging in type from quartz 

latite to andesite. Gold content in rock samples ranged from 0.04 to 6 ppm 

in the Indian Mountain area, from 0.05 to 2.4 ppm in the Zane Hills area, 

and from 0.02 to 0.3 ppm in the Hawk River locality of the Purcell Mountain area.

143 Moore, George W.; Silver, Eli A. Gold distribution on the sea floor off 

Klamath Mountains, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 605, 9 p., 

5 references, 1968.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 39

Eef.

Gold anomalies in the continental shelf sediments developed during 

the Holocene rise in sea level when encroaching waves attacked. and reworked gold-bearing Cenozoic sediments derived originally from the 

Klamath Mountains deposits. The gold content was 0.1 ppb for the background and more than 10 ppb to 390 ppb for the anomalies.

144 Moore, Lyman. Gold resources of the Mother Lode belt, El Dorado, 

Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Counties, California: 

U.S. Bur. Mines Heavy Metals Program Tech. Prog. Kept. 5, 22 p., 

13 references, 1968.

The Mother Lode belt, which has produced 13.5 million ounces gold 

from lodes and twice as much from placers, is considered a source of additional gold made available by improved mining technology. Estimates of 

gold content in 22 properties with extensive low-grade mineralization are 

thought to be 16.0 million tons of measured ore averaging 0.8 oz Au per 

ton for four properties and 27.0 million tons averaging 0.075 oz Au per 

ton for eight properties. Assuming that other low grade ore will be available 

from known mineralized areas, a total of 148 million tons averaging 0.055 

oz Au per ton is.inferred for the 22 properties. Similar deposits may be 

present in other unexamined properties.

145 Murdoch, Joseph; Webb, Robert Wallace. Minerals of California 

Centennial Volume (1866-1966) with sections by lan Campbell and 

Eleanor M. Learned: California Div. Mines and Geology Bull. 189, 

559 p., references, p. 402-515, 1966.

The gold deposits in 31 counties of the State include both lode and placer 

deposits. Leading lode-gold producers were Amador, Calaveras, El Dorado, 

Kern, Mariposa, Nevada, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Trinity, and Tuolumne 

Counties. Leading placer-gold producers were Butte, Merced, Placer, 

Sacramento, Stanislaus, and Yuba Counties.

146 Narayanaswami, S. Geochemical prospecting for gold-bearing lodes in 

the Kolar gold fields, India, .in Symposium de exploracion geoquimica, 

Vol. 3: Mexico, D. F., Internat. Geol. Cong., 20th, 1956, p. 541-553, 

4 references, 1960.

The gold-bearing lodes occur in regionally metamorphosed mafic volcanic 

rocks of Precambrian age. The main Champion lode is a quartz vein with 

native gold and minor tourmaline, scheelite, magnetite, ilmenite, galena, 

pyrrhotite, and arsenopyrite. Three western lodes in the Nundydroog 

mine are mineralogically similar to the Champion lode but much richer 

in sulfides, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. 

Three experimental geochemical soil sample lines spaced across the strike 

of the projected outcrop zone of the sulfide lodes and over underground 

workings of the Nundydroog mine showed high arsenic anomalies over the 

three western sulfide lodes.

147 Nichol, lan; James, L. D.; Viewing, K. A. Regional geochemical reconnaissance in Sierra Leone: Inst. Mining and Metallurgy Trans., v. 75, 

Sec. B, Bull. 712, p. B146-B161, 30 references, 1966; discussion, v. 76, 

Sec. B, Bull. 723, p. B69-B72, 1967; Authors' reply, v. 78, Sec. B, Bull. 

747, p. B52-B54, 1969.
40 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

Geochemical prospecting in the Sula Mountains and -Kangari Hills area was 

based on analyses of stream sediments from a mineralized Precambrian 

schist belt. The latter has widespread distribution of alluvial gold, which 

has rarely been traced to its source, and also arsenic-gold and molybdenum 

mineralization. Arsenic anomalies were present around known primary and 

alluvial gold deposits. ~~~

148 Paley, L. Z.; Murovtsev, A. V.; Borozenets, N. I. K geokhimii zolota v 

Sultanuizdage [The geochemistry of gold in Sultanuizdag]: Uzbek. Geol. 

Zhur., v. 11, no. 6, p. 50-55, 7 references 1967; English translation 

in Geochemistry Internal., v. 4, no 6, p. 1197-1201,1967.

Gold contents (determined by neutron-activation analysis) of rocks and 

minerals in the vicinity of the Sultanuizdag auriferous veins are extremely 

variable (0.0002 to 0.4 ppm) but can be grossly correlated with degree of 

alteration. Material balance calculations for some samples indicate that 

only 30 percent of the total gold in the rock is of primary origin, that is, 

the bulk of the gold was introduced during postmagmatic alteration processes (sericitization, albitization, silicification, and so forth).

149 Pares, Yvette; Martinet, Raoul. Intervention des bacte"ries dans le cycle 

de Tor Etude biologique du phe'nomene [Intervention of bacteria 

in the gold cycle Biological study of the phenomenon]: [France] 

Bur. Recherches Ge"ol. et Minieres Bull. 3, p. 1-29, 90 references, 1964; 

English abstract in Chem. Abs., v. 64, no. 13, col. 19240. 1966.

Lateritic ores of Ity, Ivory Coast, contain as much as 18.3 ppm of finely 

dispersed gold. Studies were made on ore samples to discover whether 

bacterial action might have helped in the dissolution of the gold. Bacteria 

were found to have some influence in gold solubilization and reprecipitation. 

Results of many of the experiments showed initial solubilization of gold 

to concentrations of 6 mg per liter, followed by slow reprecipitation of the 

dissolved gold.

150 Peshchevitskiy, B. I.; Anoshin, G. N.; Yerenburg, A. M. 0 khimicheskikh 

formakh zolota v morskoy vode [Chemical forms of gold in sea water]: 

Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady,v. 162, no. 4, p. 915-917,13 references, 1965; 

English translation in Acad. Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec., v. 162, 

nos. 1-6, p. 205-207, 1965.

On the basis of a recalculation of the redox potential of sea water as 0.74 

volt, the chemical forms of occurrence of gold in sea water have been recalculated and are tabulated in terms of standard potentials of complex 

gold compounds. All the equilibrium concentrations were similiarly calculated. Gold is present in sea water chiefly as the complex anion AuCl2~. 

(Authors' abs.)

151 Peterson, Donald W.; Yeend, Warren E.; Oliver, Howard M.; Mattick, 

Robert E. Tertiary gold-bearing channel gravel in northern Nevada 

County, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 566, 22 p., 26 references, 

1968. .

A huge Tertiary gravel-filled channel in the area between the South and 

Middle Yuba Rivers was the site of very productive hydraulic gold mines 

in the 1800's. The highest gold values were in the lower parts of the deposits, especially in the so-called blue gravel. A two-mile stretch of the
r -..:;:. 'BIBLIOGRAPHY 41

Ref.

channel near North Columbia at depths of 100 to 400 ft is thought to contain more than half a million ounces of gold dispersed through about 22 

million cu yds of gravel of a grade averaging 81 cents per cu yd. The entire 

area and others like it may be promising potential gold sources if the hydraulic mining problems can be overcome.

152 Pings, W. B. Bacterial leaching: Colorado School Mines Mineral Industries Bull., v. 11, no. 3, p. 1-19, 82 references, 1968.

Bacterial leaching or biological mining has been used to recover metals 

from waste dumps or in situ in mines. French workers found that Agro~ 

bacterium tumefaciens solubilized gold in amounts as much as 1.5 mg per 

liter. Autotrophic nitrous and nitric bacteria were capable of solubilizing 

gold but had much weaker activity than the heterotrophic type.

153 Polikarpochkin, V. V.; Kitayev, N. A.; Sarapulova, V. N. Stroyeniye i 

vertikal'naya zonal'nost' pervichnykh oreolov rasseyaniya Baleyskogo 

zolotorudnogo polya [Structure and vertical zonation of the primary 

dispersion aureoles at the Baley gold deposits: Geokhimiya, no. 8, 

p. 1024-1037, 7 references, 1965; English translation in Geochemistry 

Internat., v. 2, no. 4, p. 741-753, 1965.

The Baley epithermal gold-quartz vein deposits are in a structural basin 

covered by a thick blanket of unconsolidated post-ore sediments. Anomalies 

in Au, Ag, Sb, Cu, Pb, and Zn were mapped by spectrographic analysis of 

samples from underground workings and drill-holes. Well-defined halos 

extend up to 300 ft above the ore zone and expand upward from widths of 

30 ft to several hundred meters with definite vertical zonation, the Au-Ag 

zone being deepest with the As-Sb zone above it and the copper zone on top. 

Careful study of many similar structural basins in Siberia and elsewhere 

may reveal new gold deposits.

154 Razin, L. V.; Rozhkov, I. S. Geokhimiya zolota v kore vyvetrivaniya i 

biosfere zolotorudnykh mestorozhdeniy Kuranakhskogo [Geochemistry 

of gold in the weathered crust and biosphere of gold deposits of the 

Kuranakh type]: Moscow, Nauka, 253 p., 87 references, 1966; English 

rev. in Geochemistry Internat., v. 4, no. 4, p. 830, 1967, and in Internat. 

Geology Rev., v. 10, no. 6, p. 730-731, 1968.

Kuranakh ores are auriferous sandy-clay fillings in old karst cavities in 

the Aldanian anteclise, that is, mostly blind ore bodies in the taiga-covered 

difficult terrains of the Aldan highland, southern Yakutia. Studies were 

made on gold content in soils, waters, vegetation, and fauna of the area. 

About 63 percent of all plants analyzed, which consisted of 497 samples 

from 21 families and 79 species, accumulated gold. Content in trees and 

shrubs decreased with age. Highest content in plant ash was 1.96X 10~s 

percent. The best indicator plants were raspberry, rosemary, dog rose, 

cedar, Lilicea, mosses, and fungi.

155 Richter, Donald H.; Matson, Neal A., Jr. Distribution of gold and some 

base metals in the Slana area, Eastern Alaska Range, Alaska: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Giro. 593, 20 p., 5 references, 1968.

Anomalous concentrations of gold and copper are associated with dioritequartz diorite intrusive rocks as indicated in stream sediments carrying 

from less than 0.02 to 7 ppm Au and random samples of dioritic rocks,
42 GEOCHEMISTRY OP GOLD

Hef;

from 0.02 to 0.3 ppm Au. Placer gold deposits may be present in streams 

draining the principal areas anomalous in gold content, and bedrock sources 

of the anomaly should be evaluated as possible low-grade disseminated gold 

deposits.

156 Rickard, Thomas A. The formation of bonanzas in the upper portions of 

gold-veins: Am. Inst. Mining and Metall. Engineers Trans., v. 31, 

p. 198-220, about 15 references, 1902.

Enrichment of gold-bearing quartz lode veins associated with pyrite to 

form gold bonanzas near the surface can occur either by a method of natural 

concentration or by deposition of additional gold through secondary reactions. Weathering may cause the concentration by removal of base and more 

soluble constituents of the vein, thus making the same volume of gold ore 

richer per ton. Secondary enrichment by descending surface waters may 

also increase the gold content. Rickard considers all ore deposits, regardless 

of size, to be secondary because the ore to be mined is only the last stage 

of a series of solution-precipitations through which the ore has passed in a 

constant shifting caused by underground water circulation.

157 Rickard, Thomas A. The geologic distribution of gold: Eng. and Mining 

Jour., v. 119, no. 12, p. 486-487, 4 references, 1925.

Suggests that the origin of gold and silver lodes was connected directly 

or indirectly to dikes and sills of intrusive rock, of which the age, when it 

could be determined, was generally early Tertiary.

158 Rose, T. K.; Newman, W. A. C. The metallurgy of gold [7th ed.]: London, 

C. Griffin and Co., Ltd., 561 p., 365 references, 1937.

Although this volume is mainly on metallurgy, it includes four chapters 

on the physical and chemical properties of gold, alloys of gold, chemistry 

of compounds of gold, and modes of occurrence and distribution of gold.

159 Rosenbaum, Joe B.; May, Joan T.; Riley, J. M. Gold in sea water Fact 

or fancy: Soc. Mining Engineers Preprint 69-AS-82, 9 p., 11 references, 

1969; Mines Mag., v. 59, no. 9, p. 14-17, 1969.

Reviews history and results of early determinations of gold content of 

sea water. Present method used by U.S. Bureau of Mines in determining 

gold content used solvent extraction for initial concentration, evaporation 

of gold-loaded organic extractant for. further concentration, . and atomic 

absorption analysis of gold in the concentrated organic extractant. Sea water 

now appears to contain about 11 parts of gold per trillion parts of sea water 

or 0.001 cent's worth of gold per ton.

160 Rowe, J. J.; Simon, F. 0. The determination of gold in geologic materials 

by neutron-activation analysis using fire assay for the radiochemical 

separations: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 599, 4 p., 16 references, 1968. 

In this rapid technique for determining gold at the parts-per-billion 

concentration level, 1-gram samples are irradiated for 10 hours in a flux of 

5X1012 neutrons per square centimeter per second and are allowed to decay 

for 10 days. The samples are then carried through classical fire-assay separations in the presence of 20 to 50 milligrams of gold carrier, and the gold-198 

(half life: 2.7 days) is counted in a gamma-ray spectrometer. Forty samples 

can be processed in 8 hours, and a detection limit of 0.05 part per billion gold 

in a 1-gram sample is attainable. (From authors' abs.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY 43

Eef.

161 Safronov, N. I.; Polikarpochkin, V. V.; Trushkov, Yu. N. Kompleksnyye 

metody poiskov mestorozhdeniy zolota [Complex methods of prospecting 

for gold deposits]: Sovetskaya Geologiya, no. 4, p. 92-110, 9 references, 

1960; English translation, 30 p. ms.

Reviews the geological, geophysical, and geochemical prospecting methods 

used for discovering primary and placer gold deposits. The following geochemical methods were found to be useful: gold content survey, tracing dispersion halos of invisible gold in silt-clay fraction of water sediments, use of 

primary dispersion halos, and hydrochemical and biogeochemical methods. 

Gold deposits are grouped as quartz-gold ore, sulfide gold ore, deposits of 

dispersed and interspersed ore, and gold fields. These deposits are described 

and suggestions are made as to the best prospecting methods to be used for 

each type.

162 Safronov, N. I.; Polikarpochkin, V. V.; Utgof, A. A. Spektrozolotometricheskaya syemka kak metod poiskov zolotorudnykh mestorozhdeniy

ne soprovozhdayemykh mekhanicheskimi oreolami (rossypyami)

[Spectrographic aurometric surveying as a method of prospecting for

gold ore deposits not accompanied by mechanical halos (placers)], in

Novoye metodike i tekhnike geologorazvedochnykh rabot, Sbornik 1:

Leningrad, Gostoptekhizdat, p. 100-108, 5 references, 1958; English

translation in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 2, no. 3, p. 254-258, 1960.

A combined chemical-adsorption spectrographic method of analysis of

metallometric gold samples has a detection limit of 0.03 g gold per ton or

approximately 3X10~6 percent gold and is also economical for general use.

The process involves enriching of a sorbent material with gold from analysis

samples. The enriched sorbent is analyzed by a quartz spectrograph. This

method was used successfully in the field in Transbaykal by the Russians,

where concentration of gold in halos was found to be 0.05 g gold per ton.

It may also be applicable to studying the gold content of plants.

163 Sakharova, M. S. Mineralogiya zolota Darasunskogo mestorozhdeniya 

(Vostochnoye Zabaykal'ye) [Mineralogy of Darasun gold field in 

eastern Zabaykal'ye]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Izv., Ser. Geol., no. 11, p. 

51-68, 24 references, 1968; English translation in Internat. Geology 

Rev., v. 11, no. 1, p. 45-59, 1969.

Gold is concentrated in sulfides mainly by selective precipitation from 

gold-bearing solutions. Gold content decreases from highest in arsenopyrite 

and pyrite to less in sulfosalt ores and still less in chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, 

and galena. Gold crystallization occurs in open cavities and by metasomatic 

replacement of sulfides. Gold grains, generally pure and containing 84-94 

percent gold and 8-16 percent silver, differ by 2-4 percent or more in gold 

concentrations in margins and cores because of either silver concentration 

or gold diffusion in sulfides. Gold content increases to depths of 200-400 m 

but then decreases because of changes in the physicochemical conditions of 

deposition.

164 Schwartz, George Melvin. The host minerals of native gold: Econ. Geology,

v. 39, no. 6, p. 371-411, 118 references, 1944.

Study of the literature and microscopic examination of many ores shows 

that gold occurs most often in direct contact with the following ore minerals, 

in order: pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, ohalcopyrite, bismuth minerals, pyrrhotite and tetrahedrite-tennantite. Most common gangue minerals
44 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

are quartz, carbonates, chlorite, graphite and other carbonaceous material, 

and tourmaline. Many other minerals are occasional hosts. Few minerals 

are effective precipitants of gold under natural conditions although a host 

mineral might cause such precipitation. Relations between gold and host 

minerals vary, so that each occurrence requires separate study to determine 

which may be guides to gold deposits.

165 Shakhov, F. N. Osnovnyye napravleniya nauchnykh issledovaniy v zolotonosnykh rayonakh Sibiri [Major trends in scientific investigations in 

the auriferous districts of Siberia]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Sibirsk. Otdeleniye, 

Geologiya i Geofizika, no. 10, p. 89-101, 23 references, 1961; English 

translation in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 6, no. 2, p. 202-211, 1964. 

Certain questions are discussed pertaining to new problems or new 

trends in scientific research in the geochemistry of gold and the geology of 

gold deposits, particularly to the genesis and types of endogenic gold deposits and their relationships to placers and magmatic processes. Special 

consideration is given in this paper to the examination of the problem of the 

possible connection between primary deposits of gold and granitic batholiths 

in regard to the pulsation crystallization of the magmatic melt. (From 

author's abs.)

166 Shcherbakov, Yu. G. Raspredeleniye i usloviya kontsentratsii zolota v 

rudnykh provintsiyakh [Distribution and conditions of gold concentrations in ore provinces]: Moscow, Nauka, 267 p., 490 references, 

1967; English rev. in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 11, no. 4, p. 511-512, 

1969.

Conclusions are based largely on author's gold studies in western Siberia, 

in Chukotka, U.S.S.R., and in Romania. He systematically analyzed 

spatial and genetic relationships of endogene gold ore deposits. Topics 

reviewed are: the geochemistry of gold, distribution of various genetic types of 

gold deposits, mineral associations, structure of certain gold provinces and 

position of gold in them, and gold potential of magmatic complexes.

167 Shcherbakov, Yu. G. Zolotorudnyye provintsii i formatsii [Gold ore 

provinces and formations] in Endogennyye rudnyye formatsii Sibiri i 

Dal'nego Vostoka [Endogene ore formations of Siberia and the Far East]: 

Moscow, Nauka, p. 124-131, 26 references, 1966; English translation 

in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 9, no. 12, p. 1537-1543, 1967. 

Metals associated in gold ore formations are mobilized from volcanic and 

sedimentary rocks of a geosynclinal series by magmatic and metamorphic 

activity. Granitic magmas result from refusion of sedimentary rocks. Behavior of metals during the mobilization, transfer, and deposition processes 

is controlled by their atomic structure and electromagnetic properties. Ionic 

density and concentration of coefficient of metals may be used as coordinates 

for plotting the associations of metals in different gold ore formations. Degree of complexity of the associations results from the degree of heterogeneity 

of the geosynclinal rock series and from the intermittence of the ore-deposition process.

168 Shcherbakov, Yu. G.; Perezhogin, G.A. K geokhimii zolota [Geochemistry of gold]: Geokhimiya, no. 6, p. 518-528,17 references, 1964; English 

translation in Geochemistry Internat., no. 3, p. 489-496, 1964. 

Gold determinations by radioactivation analysis of 300 samples, mostly 

from the Altay-Sayan folded belt, U.S.S.R., indicated that the average
: BIBLIOGRAPHY 45

Bef.

gold content decreased from meteorites to ultramafic rocks, from extrusive 

to plutonic rocks, and from ferromagnesian silicates to feldspars. In a 

group of igneous rocks, shales and sandstones, and limestones and marbles, 

the gold content ranged from 0.0032 to 0.010 g per ton. In the group of 

igneous rocks carrying anomalous amounts of gold, the gold content ranged 

from 0.0006 to 0.14 g per ton. Average gold content in meteorites ranged 

from 0.067 to 1.15 g per ton, in ultramafic rocks from 0.0037 to 0.031 g per 

ton, and in miscellaneous rock-forming minerals from 0.0038 to 0.077 g per 

ton.

169 Shcherbakov, Yu. G.; Perezhogin, G. A. 0 geokhimicheskoy svyazi zolotogo 

orudeneniya s intruziyami i vmeshchayushchimi ikh porodami v 

zapadnoy Sibiri [Geochemical relation between gold mineralization, 

intrusives, and the enclosing rocks in western Siberia]: Geokhimiya, 

no. 9, p. 851-858, 14 references, 1963; English translation in Geochemistry, no. 9, p. 882-890, 1963.

Radioactivation analyses for gold in various subphases of granitoid 

intrusive rocks in west Siberia and in the country rocks surrounding them 

show that intrusive rocks associated with gold mineralization are found in 

lower Paleozoic volcanic rocks containing an average of 0.0065 g gold per 

ton. Volcanic rocks contain almost twice as much gold as the sedimentary 

rocks in the section, granites contain the same amount as the sedimentary 

rocks, and mafic granitic rocks contain more than the younger more silicic 

types. These gold contents suggest that potentially auriferous magmas form 

from preexisting rocks with a relatively high gold content. Gold mineralization results from volatiles lost in last phases of magma crystallization and is 

often represented by felsite, rhyolite, and aplite dikes.

170 Shcherbina, V. V. 0 geokhimicheskom znachenii kolichestvennogo 

otnosheniya Ag-Au [Geochemical significance of quantitative Ag-Au 

ratios]: Geokhimiya, no. 3, p. 65-73, 23 references, 1956; English 

translation in Geochemistry, no. 3, p. 301-311, 1956[1960].

The accepted silver-gold ratio of the earth's crust is .on the order of 

20:1 and may be a geochemical indicator for the evaluation of depth, 

temperature, pH of medium, and other characteristics of the ore-forming 

process. Gold enrichment, in general, is observed in higher temperature, 

deeper seated ore deposits, in older geologic formations, in the more alkaline 

hydrothermal. solutions, and predominantly in telluride ores. Gold is 

transferred less readily in near-surface processes and is less mobile than 

silver, as indicated by the higher silver-gold ratio of 37.5:1 in sea water.

171 Shcherbina, V. V.; Zar'yan, R. N. Paragenezis telluridov serebra i zolota, 

kak mineralov sistemy Ag-Au-Te [Paragenesis of silver and gold 

tellurides as solid phases in the system Ag-Au-Te]: Geokhimiya, no. 7, 

p. 635-640, 12 references, 1964; English translation in Geochemistry 

Internat., no. 4, p. 653-657, 1964.

Parageneses of gold and silver tellurides from Armenia sulfide deposits are 

described and discussed in terms of the experimentally determined parts of 

the system Ag-Au-Te. The assemblages hessite-petzite-gold and hessitepetzite-krennerite were formed by deposition from hydrothermal solutions 

during the galena-sphalerite stage of mineralization and by later replacements. Native silver and tellurium formed by the decomposition of goldsilver tellurides occur in some assemblages.
46 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

172 Shilo, N. A. Nekotoryye problemy korennoy i rossypnoy zolotonosnosti 

[Certain problems of auriferous lodes and placers]: Akad. Nauk SSSR 

Sibirsk. Otdeleniye, Geologiya i Geofizika, no. 2, p. 3-11, 8 references, 

1968; English translation in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 10, no. 11, 

p. 1241-1246, 1968.

The origins and positions of gold fields, ores, and especially placers in 

the Yana-Kolyma area and elsewhere in the northeast of U.S.S.R. are 

reviewed in the light of morphostructural analysis and the behavior of gold 

in endogenic and exogenic processes.

173 Sidorov, A. A. Epitermal'nyye zoloto-serebryanyye rudoproyavleniya 

Sopki Rudnoy [Occurrences of gold and silver epithermal mineralization of Sopka Rudnaya]: Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdeniy, v. 7, 

no. 2, p. 91-96, 4 references, 1965; English rev. in Econ. Geology, v. 63, 

no. 5, p. 577, 1968.

Sopka Rudnaya is in the northern part of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic 

belt. Veins of arsenopyrite-quartz and stibnite-quartz composition cut the 

the strongly deformed formations of Late Triassic age and wedge out in the 

Upper Cretaceous volcanic formations. The oldest mineral association is 

represented by quartz, arsenopyrite, and pyrite. It is followed by the polymetallic association with which gold is connected. Gold (electrum) forms 

dendritic intergrowths with sulfosalts of silver. The hydrothermal wallrock 

alteration is characterized by silicification and deposition of adularia. The 

mineralization is of Paleogene age as indicated by potassium-argon dating. 

This occurrence of gold-silver mineralization is similar to the numerous 

occurrences within the Pacific ore-bearing belt. (From English rev.)

174 Sinha, R. K.; Sharma, N. L. World resources of minerals and their strategic importance: Metals and Minerals Rev., pt. 1, v. 6, no. 11, p. 19-28, 

1967; pt. 2, v. 6, no. 12, p. 22-28, 1967; pt. 3, v. 7, no. 1, p. 16-28, 1967. 

Includes information on worldwide gold occurrences and production.

175 Smith, F. Gordon The alkali sulphide theory of gold deposition: Econ. 

Geology, v. 38, no. 7, p. 561-590, 42 references, 1943.

After making certain geological and chemical assumptions, it is postulated 

that the natural solutions which deposit primary gold ores contain alkali 

sulphide and that the gold is transported as alkali thioaurite. It is shown 

experimentally that gold is soluble in, and can be crystallized from, such 

solutions. Two other common gold minerals, electrum (Au,Ag) and calaverite (AuTe2), can be similarly synthesized. Other associated features, such as 

wallrock alteration and associated minerals, are shown to be compatible 

with the primary postulate. (From author's abs.)

176 Thompson, C. E.; Nakagawa, H. M.; VanSickle, G. H. Rapid analysis 

for gold in geologic materials in Geological Survey research 1968: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 600-B, p. B130-B132, 5 references, 1968. 

Trace amounts of gold in geologic materials are determined by atomicabsorption spectrophotometry of an immiscible organic solvent containing 

the extracted gold. Samples are dissolved by either hot or cold hydrobromic 

acid-bromine mixtures. In both methods, the gold is extracted from the acid 

solution with methyl isobutyl ketone which is atomized in an atomicabsorption spectrophotometer for the estimation. The results compare favor-
BIBLIOGRAPHY 47

Ref.

ably with those from assay methods. Up to 100 samples a day can be analyzed, 

by the cold method and a sensitivity of 0.02 ppm is attained. (From authors' 

abstract.)

177 Tyurin, N. G. O tonkodispersnom zolote v pirite [Finely disseminated 

gold in pyrite]: Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdeniy, v. 7, no. 5, p. 

70-75, 23 references, 1965; English rev. W'Econl Geology, v. 63, no. 7, 

p. 853, 1968.

Results of experiments to study conditions under which pyrite containing 

disseminated gold can be formed indicated that such pyrite is precipitated 

at atmospheric pressure and 95°C when pH drops from 5.6 to 3.5. The gold 

is deposited simultaneously with the pyrite and represents an impurity in 

it.

178 Umitbayev, R. B.; Sindeyev, A. S.; Zhupakhin, E. N. K voprosu opoiskakh epiterrnal'nykh mestorozhdeniy zolota na severo-vostoke 

SSSR [Prospecting for epithermal deposits of gold in northeastern 

U.S.S.R.]: Sovetskaya Geologiya, no. 3, p. 131-134, 4 references, 1968;. 

English translation in Internat. Geology Rev., v. 10, no. 7, p. 745-748, 

1968.

A very large epithermal gold-quartz vein occurs in subvolcanic trachyliparites of Late Cretaceous-Paleogene age in the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanogenie belts, U.S.S.R. It is a fissure filling which is unaccompanied by any 

hydrothermal alteration of the host rocks. The ore minerals in the vein are 

gold, argentite, hematite, magnetite, limonite, and pyrite.

179 U.S. Bureau of Mines, Field Staff. Production potential of known gold 

deposits in the United States: U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 8331, 24 p., 91 

references, 1967.

Engineering appraisal of more than 1,300 lode and placer gold deposits in 

the United States determined their production potential. Although their 

estimated gold content is more than 400 million ounces, only 9 million ounces 

or slightly more than 2 percent, almost all from Nevada and South Dakota, 

would be producible at $35.00 per ounce under prevailing mining and metallurgical technologies. Any significant increase in the number of economically 

producible sources would have to come from new discoveries or improved 

mining and metallurgical techniques.

180 U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey Heavy Metals program, 

progress report 1966 and 1967: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 560, 24 p., 1968. 

This review covers the development and projects of the Heavy Metals 

program for 1966-67 and the discovery of potential gold producers at Carlin, 

Nev., Cripple Creek, Colo., northwestern Wyoming, and Ely and Northumberland Canyon, Nev. Exploration work in other States and the geochemical phases of the program are briefly described.

181 U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey Heavy Metals program 

progess report 1968 Field studies: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 621, 34 p., 

6 references, 1969.

Individual summaries describe briefly the geochemical and geological, 

field studies carried out in 19 States and the special marine studies along the 

coasts of California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska and on Pacific and 

Atlantic Ocean sediments. There is also a bibliography of publications and, 

of open-file reports completed under the Heavy Metals program in 1968.
48 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

182 U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey Heavy Metals Program 

progress report 1968 Topical studies: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 622, 

19 p., 5 references, 1969.

Summaries describe briefly the topical studies under the Heavy Metals 

program for 1968 covering geological, geochemical, and geophysical phases 

of research, abundance of gold and other heavy metals in rocks, minerals, 

and organic materials, and development of new analytical methods for 

detection of gold and other heavy metals.

183 Vakhrushev, V. A.; Dorosh, V. M. Raspredeleniye selena i tellura v 

sul'fidakh rudnykh mestorozhdeniy Altaye-Sayanskoy oblasti [Selenium and tellurium distribution in sulfide ore deposits of the AltaySayan region]: Geokhimiya, no. 11, p. 1349-1354, 5 references, 1966; 

English translation in Geochemistry Internat., v. 3, no. 6, p. 1076- 

1081, 1966.

Selenium and tellurium have been determined quantitatively in monomineralic sulfide samples from endogene deposits of two genetic types: 

skarn deposits and vein deposits of gold-quartz ore. Different behavior of 

selenium and tellurium has been established in both types of deposits. It 

is proposed to single out deposits of gold-bearing skarns as a separate genetic 

type or as an independent skarn-gold ore formation. (From Authors' abs.)

184 Vakhrushev, V. A.; Tsimbalist, V. G. Raspredeleniye zolota v sul'fidakh 

skarnovykh mestorozhdeniy Altaye-Sayanskoy Oblast [Distribution 

of gold in sulfides of the Altay-Sayan skarn deposits]: Geokhimiya, 

no. 10, p. 1076-1081, 7 references, 1967; English translation in Geochemistry Internat., v. 4, no. 5, p. 972-977, 1967.

Little exploration has been done on the Altay-Sayan skarn deposits 

although similar deposits of this genetic type are known to contain 

economic concentrations of gold. Sulfide minerals in both gold-quartz ore 

and auriferous skarns are enriched in gold regardless of their time of deposition in the course of sulfide mineral formation. In evaluations of skarn deposits, the gold content in pyrite gives a direct indication of commercial 

gold mineralization.

185 VanSickle, Gordon H.; Lakin, Hubert W. An atomic-absorption method 

for the determination of gold in large samples of geologic materials: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 561, 4 p., 8 references, 1968. 

A laboratory method for the determination of gold in large (100-gram) 

samples has been developed for use in the study of the gold content of 

placer deposits and of trace amounts of gold in other geologic materials. 

In this method the sample is digested with bromine and ethyl ether, the 

gold is extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone, and the determination is 

made by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. The lower limit of detection is 

0.005 part per million in the sample. The few data obtained so far by this 

method agree favorably with those obtained by assay and by other atomicabsorption methods. About 25 determinations can be made per man-day. 

(Authors' abs.)

186 Vaughn, W. W. A simple mercury vapor detector for geochemical prospecting: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 540, 8 p., 10 references, 1967. 

The detector utilizes a- large-volume atomic-absorption technique for 

quantitative determinations of mercury vapor thermally released from
BIBLIOGRAPHY 49;'

Bef.

crushed rock. A quartz-enclosed noble-metal amalgamative stage, which: 

is temperature controlled and is actuated by a radio-frequency induction* 

heater, selectively traps the mercury and eliminates low-level contamination. As little as 1 part per billion of mercury can be detected in a 1-gram 

sample in a 1-minute analytical period. [Because of the frequent association 

of mercury as an ore guide to gold deposits, this instrument may become a, 

valuable additional tool in geochemical prospecting programs.] (Author'sabs.)

187 Vikhter, B. Ya.; Razumova, R. V.; Khol', F. I.; Kurbanov, A. Sh. K.

voprosu o kharaktere zolota v kolchedannykh mestorozhdeniyakh.

[The form of gold in pyrite deposits]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v...

178, no. 2, p. 432-433, 4 references, 1968; English translation in Acad..

Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec., v. 178, nos. 1-6, p. 152, 1968. 

Gold is almost ubiquitous in pyrite deposits associated with spilite and' 

keratophyre but often does not exceed a few grams per ton. The presenceof high gold concentrations in pyrite appears to date from the polymetallicstage of mineralization. In the Urup deposit of the North Caucasus, gold 

content in pyrite increases with increasing copper and lead content; the 

values were highest in bornite ore, in which the gold contained 85.43 percent gold and 8.99 percent silver. Much emphasis has been placed on thetheory that gold placers cannot form from gold pyrite deposits. In the case 

of the Urup River placer, however, gold concentrations were found to behighest below the pyrite bodies of the Urup gold deposit.

188 Vincent, Ewart A.; Crocket, James H. Studies in the geochemistry of 

gold [Pt.] 1, The distribution of gold in rocks and minerals of theSkaergaard intrusion, East Greenland: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta,. 

v. 18, nos. 1-2, p. 130-142, 13 references, 1960.

The neutron activation method of analysis was used to determine the gold! 

content of a suite of rocks in the strongly differentiated gabbroic complex 

and in some of the constituent silicate, oxide, and sulfide minerals in theSkaergaard intrusion, East Greenland. Chilled marginal gabbro contained! 

0.0046 ppm gold and with four exceptions all rocks and minerals analyzed hadl 

a content between one half and twice this amount. The gold content was0.0042 to 0.034 ppm in gabbro with lower olivine content, 0.0024 ppm in 

middle gabbro, and 0.0031 ppm in hortonolite-ferrogabbro. In constituent 

minerals the gold content was 0.0013 to 0.0031 ppm in middle gabbro and 

0.0018 to 0.0043 ppm in hortonolite-ferrogabbro. The gold showed nopreference for any of the various silicate oxide and iron sulfide minerals but 

was very strongly concentrated in copper sulfides, thus emphasizing thechemical similarity of copper and gold atoms.

189 Vincent, Ewart A.; Crocket, James H. Studies in the geochemistry of 

gold [Pt.] 2, The gold content of some basic and ultrabasic rocks and1 

stone meteorites: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 18, nos. 1-2, p.. 

143-148, 11 references, 1960.

Analyses by the neutron activation method of two Tertiary basalts from 

Morvern, Scotland, and the Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland, and of one 

from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, showed an average content of 0.002 ppm Au. 

Similar studies of a dunite from North Carolina, a peridotite from the Isle of 

Rhum, Scotland, and six olivine-rich nodules in basalts from Europe, Hawaii,
-50 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Eef.

and North America gave 0.001 to 0.01 ppm gold. Four chondritic meteorites 

from Finland, Ireland, France, and the U.S.S.R. contained an average of 0.1 

to 0.3 ppm Au with 0.74 to 1.5 ppm Au in their metallic phase.

190 Vinogradov, A. P. Zakonomernosti raspredeleniya khimicheskikh elementov v zemnoy kore [Regularity of distribution of chemical elements in 

the earth's crust]: Geokhimiya, no. 1, p. 6-52, 182 references, 1956; 

English translation in Geochemistry, no. 1, p. 1-42, 1956 [I960].

Examination was made of the gold and other element content in the rocks 

of the earth's crust. With some reservations, the author believes that the 

gold content may be on the order of 0.001 ppm with an increase in the 

direction of the mafic rocks to as much as 0.01 ppm. Most published gold 

averages appear to him to be too high, and almost all the six figures he cites 

here need further checking. The weight percentages he gives are: 1X10~5 

for ultramafic rocks; 5X10~6 and 1.7X10~6 for mafic rocks; 3.7X10~5 and 

1X10~6 for silicic rocks; and 2.5X1Q-4 for sedimentary rocks (clays and 

shales). There seems to be no explanation for the high gold content of the 

sedimentary rocks.

191 Vlasov, K. A., editor. Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare elements and 

genetic types of their deposits Vol. 3, Genetic types of rare-element 

deposits: Jerusalem, Israel Program for Sci. Translations, IPST Cat. 

No. 2193, 916 p., bibliography, 1968; English translation of Geokhimiya, mineralogiya i geneticheskiye tipy mestorozhdeniy redkikh 

elementov Vol. 3, Geneticheskiye tipy mestorozhdeniy redkikh 

elementov: Moscow, Nauka, 860 p., 77 gold references, 1966.

The volume includes sections on the association of rare elements and rareelement minerals, especially Te and Se, with gold ore deposits, and of gold 

in telluride and selenide deposits, with examples from various'parts of the 

U.S.S.R. and other countries. It also covers rare-element associations in 

placers.

192 Voskresenskaya, N. T.; Zvereva, N. F. Nekotorye voprosy geokhimii 

zolota v svyazi s rudonosnost'yu magmaticheskikh kompleksov 

Severnogo Kazakhstana [Geochemistry of gold and its distribution in 

the magmatic complexes of northern Kazakhstan]: Geokhimiya, no. 4, 

p. 422-431, 11 references, 1968; English translation in Geochemistry 

Internat., v. 5, no. 2, p. 373-381, 1968.

The distribution of gold has been studied in three magmatic complexes of 

different ages and in sedimentary, volcanogenic-sedimentary, and volcanic 

rocks. Small, but statistically significant differences in average contents of 

gold are observed for the three magmatic complexes (1.1, 1.6, and 2.1 ppb 

gold). Hybrid rocks of the endocontact zones contain 1.5 to 4.5 times as 

much gold as the granitic rocks. A high gold content (3.5 ppb) is characteristic of rocks of minor intrusive bodies, with which gold mineralization is 

associated. Possible causes of this enrichment are: (1) assimilation of gold 

from enclosing rocks and (2) alteration of rocks by postmagmatic solutions. 

(From authors' abst.)

1193 Ward, Hector J. Albite porphyries as a guide to gold ores: Econ. Geology, 

v. 53, no. 6, p. 754-756, 8 references, 1958.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 51

Ref.

Gold ore deposits related to albite porphyries may be found in silicified 

albite porphyry, quartz veins in albite porphyry, quartz veins in country 

rock, or sulfide lodes in country rock. Each type represents a stage in the 

differentiation of an albite porphyry magma, which may be the end stage 

differentiate of a basic magma. In the albite porphyry deposits, the gold is 

commonly associated with pyrite, pyrrhotite, and arsenopyrite with small 

amounts of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena or scheelite. Sometimes 

gold tellurides are present. The most striking similarity of the various 

deposits is the high ratio of gold to silver in the veins. This ratio and the 

simple mineral associations point to a genetic association.

194 Warren, Harry V.; Delevault, Robert E. Pathfinding elements in geochemical prospecting, in Symposium de exploracion geoquimica, Vol. 2: 

Mexico, D. F., Internat. Geol. Cong., 20th, 1956, p. 255-260, 3 references, 1959.

Although the gold pan is still a useful tool in prospecting for gold, where 

gold occurs largely as a telluride, panning below or near the outcrop may 

not be effective. In such cases, the facts that manganese is associated commonly with epithermal gold deposits and that zinc, in small amounts, is 

associated with both gold and silver deposits may make them useful as 

indicator elements. Both manganese and zinc are detected readily in soils, 

stream silts, and vegetal matter.

195 Warren, Harry V.; Delavault, Robert E.; Barakso, John. The arsenic 

content of Douglas fir as a guide to some gold, silver, and base metal 

deposits: Canadian Mining and Metall. Bull., v. 61, no. 675, p. 860-866, 

16 references, 1968; Canadian Inst. Mining and Metallurgy Trans., 

v. 71, p. 205-211,1968.

Arsenic has been a pathfinder element for many precious metal deposits. 

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is an accumulator of high amounts of 

arsenic, generally 10 to 100 times more than the content in soil and other associated trees and plants. Over the Hedley gold mine, British Columbia, 

Douglas fir contained 1,165 ppm As and Lodgepole pine and spruce, only 13 

ppm As. Douglas fir over the King vein of the Bralorne gold mine contained 

from 180 to 2,110 ppm arsenic. Douglas fir is widely distributed in western 

North America and, through its arsenic content, may furnish a new biogeochemical prospecting guide for gold, silver, and base metal deposits.

196 Warren, Harry V.; Thompson, Robert M. Minor elements in gold: Econ.

Geology, v. 39, no. 7, p. 457-471, 5 references, 1944. 

Many elements are present in gold ore in -minor amounts and vary in 

gold ore from different districts, which suggests that the differences may be 

related more to the metallogenic zones or provinces than to the type of 

deposit. Silver, copper, and iron seem to be present in all samples tested 

from British Columbia and Yukon Territory, Canada, and from other 

countries. Other groups of elements, found less often and in smaller amounts, 

are: cadmium and zinc; bismuth and lead; tin, mercury, and zinc minerals, 

all which are easily recognized; and, as individual elements, platinum, 

arsenic, vanadium, manganese, and titanium. Spectrographic analysis 

studies may make it possible to identify the metallogenic province or even 

the mine, where the gold sample originates.
52 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

197 Washington, R. A.; Holman, R. H. C. A rapid and sensitive method for

determining gold in rocks and other geological materials: Canada

Geol. Survey Paper 65-7, 18 p., 14 references, 1966.

Preliminary tests show the feasibility of using the fire assay method to

concentrate gold in a silver bead from silicate rocks for subsequent neutron

activation analysis. Following this, no radiochemical separation of gold is

needed. Detection limit, using silver as a collector, is about 0.01 ppm Au for

a sample weighing one assay ton (29.2 g). Precision for homogeneous

samples is about 1 to 2 percent at 1 ppm falling to about 50 percent near the

detection limit. Probable output is 25 to 30 determinations per man-day.

Suggested additional new techniques may lower the detection limit by a

factor of ten.

198 Wells, John D.; Stoiser, Lee R.; Elliott, James E. Geology and geochemistry of the Cortez gold deposit, Nevada: Econ. Geology, v. 64, 

no. 5, p. 526-537, 14 references, 1969.

Gold was discovered at Cortez in dolomitic limestone and siltstone in the 

upper part of the Silurian Roberts Mountains limestone and is disseminated 

in a large zone where rocks have been fractured and bleached and the pyrite 

oxidized. It occurs in micron-sized particles of native gold mostly with 

silica between original silt grains or, less often, in quartz-filled microfractures and hematite-goethite pseudomorphs after pyrite and was probably 

carried by hydrothermal solution from igneous rocks nearby. It is associated 

with an As-Sb-W-Hg geochemical anomaly, a typical feature of other gold 

deposits in the area.

199 White, William H. The mechanism and environment of gold deposition in

veins: Econ. Geology, v. 38, no. 6, p. 512-532, 5 references, 1943;

discussion by W. James Bichan, v. 39, no. 3, p. 234-241, 1944.

A study of hypothermal, mesothermal, and epithermal gold ores from 27

districts which represented the main types of gold deposits in the United

States and Canada showed that a number of characteristic features were

common to almost all the deposits. The process of cataclasis, that is, the

minute fracturing and almost contemporaneous recrystallization of quartz

in gold veins, is considered an important factor in allowing residual solutions

to permeate the quartz and distribute the gold. Vacuoles in vein quartz aid

this deposition. In general, gold was deposited from mobile residual solutions

under uniform conditions of low or waning stress at temperatures possibly

less than 200° C even though the initial temperature of the quartz veins may

have been high.

200 Wilson, Harry D. B. Geochemical studies of the epithermal deposits at 

Goldfield, Nevada: Econ. Geology, v. 39, no. 1, p. 37-55, 3 references, 

1944.

Spectrographic examination of about 50 ore samples of vein and wallrock 

indicated that bismuth, silver, and tin are genetically associated with gold 

values in the deeper veins and can be determined even in very low-grade 

vein material. Quantitative variation of some elements in wallrock may 

help determine the distance of a given wallrock from a vein.

201 Wrucke, Chester T.; Armbrustmacher, Theodore J.; Hessin, Thomas D. 

Distribution of gold, silver, and other metals near Gold Acres and 

Tenabo, Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 589, 19 p., 

8 references, 1968.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 53

Kef.

Geochemical investigations on the east flank of the Shoshone Range 

showed two well-defined belts of anomalous concentrations of antimony, 

arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, copper, gold, lead, mercury, molybdenum, 

silver, tin, tungsten, and zinc. Gold is enriched in the eastern parts around 

a granodiorite stock which contains from less than 0.1 to more than 10 ppm 

Au and on the flank of a magnetic anomaly thought to represent a buried 

stock at Gold Acres.

:202 Zul'fugarly, D. I. Verbreitung der Spurenelemente in Kaustobiolithen,

Organismen, Sedimentgesteinen und Schichtwassern [Distribution of

trace elements in caustobioliths, organisms, sedimentary rock, and

ground water]: Leipzig, VEB Deutscher Verlag f. Grundstoffindustrie,

291 p., 741 references, 1964; German translation of Rasprostraneniye

mikroelementov v kaustobiolitakh, organismakh, osadochnykh porodakh i plastovykh vodakh: Baku, Izdatel. Azerbaydzhan. Univ.,

230 p., bibliography, 1960; English abs. in Bibliography and Index of

Geology exclusive of North America, v. 28, p. 633, 1963.

This German version of the Russian book reviews the history and gives

the bibliographic references for reported trace amounts of gold and other

elements in ash from petroleum, coal, and tissues of organisms, and in

sedimentary rocks and sea water.

203 Zvyagintsev, 0. E. Concerning the action of minerals on gold solutions: 

Acad. Sci. URSS Comptes Rendus (Doklady), v. 21, no. 4, p. 176-178, 

2 references, 1938.

Gold in gold chloride solutions is precipitated by sulfide minerals at 

varying velocities, namely, slowly by galena and sphalerite and rapidly 

by iron-bearing sulfides, such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, and arsenopyrite. An 

increase in the room temperature or in the sulfide surface also increases 

the rate of gold precipitation. In the case of red colloidal gold solutions, 

pyrite causes all the gold to settle in a few minutes, galena and sphalerite 

each cause it to settle in 24 hours, whereas chalcopyrite causes it to settle 

in 48 hours.

204 Zvyagintsev, 0. E. Geokhimiya zolota [Geochemistry of gold]: Moscow, 

Akad. Nauk SSSR, 114 p., 56 references, 1941; English translation by 

V. P. Sokoloff, 127 p., 1949.

This review of the geochemistry of gold includes chapters on the following 

topics: properties, physical and chemical, of gold; gold alloys; behavior in 

metallurgical processes; gold in coal, plants, and meteorites; gold minerals 

(native through tellurides); accumulation processes; types of gold deposits; 

accumulation from crystallization of acidic and basic magmas; processes 

in the oxidized zone of gold particles; formation of placers and dissipation 

of gold; and the gold cycle in nature.

AUTHOR INDEX

Ref. 

Andrew-Jones, D. A......................... 1

Andreyev, M. I..... ...................... 37

Anoshin, G. N............................... 2,150

Antrobus, E. S. A.--.-..--------.----.-.-.... 3

Antweiler, J. C ..---------------------- 4

Aripova, Kh................................. 5

Aristov, V. V................................. 117

Armbrustmacher, T. J....................... 201

Augustithis, S. S............................. 6

B

Badalov, S. T................................ 7-9

Badalova, 11. P.............................. 8-10

Barakso, J................................... 195

Barker, F.................................... 11

Harriett, P. E................................. 12

Bastron, H_.................................. 35

Bateman.A.M.-.-.-.-...-.-...-.-...-.-.-.. 13 

Beamish, F. ~E............................... 38

Beevers, J. "R................................ 14

Berg, H. C................................... 15

Bergendahl, M. H...-..................... 114,115

Bichan, W. J................................. 199

Bilibin, Yu. A.__ ---- -- -.... 16

Borovitskiy, V. 7........................... 17,17

Borozenets, N. I............................. 148

Botbol.J. M............................. __ 126

Bowen, H.J.M............................. 19,20

Boyle, R. W.............................. 21-24,28

Brokaw, A. D...-...---.---.-.--.-.-......._ 25,26

Bronshteyn, B. M__................_... 27

Brooks, H. C .............................. 28

Brownlow, A. H.__._.___........._.._ 136

Bugel'skaya, L. V..........._.............. 29

Buryak.V. A......--.-.-.-.-.-.-...-....-.. 30-33

Butler, J. R.................................. 128

C

Cabrl, L. J................................... 34

Cannon, H. L___._...................... 35

Chamber of Mines Journal................... 36

Chao, T. T_._................................ 101

Chernyayev, A. M__....................... 37

Chernyayeva, L. E.................__..... 37

Chow, A..................................... 38

Chukhrov, F.V.............................. 39

Cieslewicz, J......_..............._._. 52

Clark, A. L.................................. 95,96

Clark, S.H.B............................... 40,96

Clifford, T. N...........__.........._........ 41

Ref.. 

Clifton, U. E................................. 42-44.

Cloke, P. L_............................ 45,109,137'

Cobb, E. H............................... 15,46,47V

Coetzee, F................................... 48 

Condon, W. H............................... 40.

Crawford, T. J............................... lOOi

Crocket, J.H........................... 49,188,189'

Curtin, O. C............-.-..--...-...-.-..-. 50 i

Davidson, C. B.............................. 51,52 

Davidson, C. F.............................. 117"

DeGrazia, A. H.............................. 53'.

Delevault, R. E............................ 194,195.

Denisov, S. V................................ 54*

Dorosh, V. M_............................... 183-

Dougherty, E. Y............................. 133'.

Douglas, J. S....................._......... 55

Dvornikov, A. G -------------------------- 56,57'

E

Bales, H.V.................................. 58;.

Elliott, J. E................................. 59,198

Emmons, W. H.............................. 60-

Epshtein, Yu. A...... ------------------- 61

Erickson, R. L............................... 62"

Erikson,J. E................................. 63

Ewers,W. E. ._..............-............... 98.

Fakhri, A.................................... 64

Fayzullin, R. M.............................. 65

Ferrians, O.J., Jr............................ 142-

Firsov, L.V_._._._........................... 66

Fischer, R. V................................ 67 '

Fisher, F. S.................................. 67-

Fitzgerald, A. C ------------------- 68 .

Flelscher, M.. ... 105 .

Fortescue, J. A. C............................ 69

Foster, H. L................................. 40-

Foster, R. L-__----~--.--------------- 70-

Fouche, K. F................................ 71,72

Frondel, C-.................................. 73'.

G

Galkin, M. A.. 

Gallagher, D_. 

Garrels, R. M. 

Garrett, R. G.

74 . 

75*.

76-
-56 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

Ref.

 Gay, N. C.~ ..................... - 77

 Ginzburg, V. L..._.___.__............. 78

 Gmelin, L................................ 79

-Goleva, Q. A....... . ...........-.. 80

*Goni, J....................................... 81

 Goodwin, A. M._.......................... 82

-Gott, G. B..............__..__........... 83-85

-Graham, R.J..........___................ 68

 Green, T. E..._....._.................... 119

-Gross, W.H.................................. 68,86

-Grout, F. F_..-............... ......-..... 87

-Guillemin, C.. ...... .-. ..... -.---- 81

H

-Haber, F..................................... 88,

.'Hagen, J. C.................................. 90

.Harbaugh, J. W....................... .... 91

iJHaskin, ~L.................................... 53

Hausen, D. M................................ 92

Hawkes, H. E................................ 93,94

.Hawley, C. C ...... .................... 95-97

..Helgeson, H. C ............................ 98

Heppting, L. M.............................. 101

:Herdrick, M. A............................... 96

:Hessin, T. D................................. 201

Hoare, J. M._.__________.....___ 40

Holman, R. H. C............................ 197

Hsieh, S...................................... 49

"Hubert, A. ^............................ 43,50,124

Huffman, C., Jr.............................. 12,99

'Hunter, R. E................................ 44

::Hurst,V. J................................... 100

-James, C. H_________________. 140

-James, L. D.................................. 147

-Jenne, E. A.................................. 101

Jones, R. S................................. 102-105

-Joralemon, P._____________.___ 106

"Karapetyan, A. I....... .................. 107

Karpova, A. S............................... 27

"Kashcheyeva, T. V..........___.......... 33

"Kavanagh, P.M.._.......................... 108

"Keays, R. R...........................__.. 49

'Kelly, W. C .............................. 45,109

"Kerr, P. F................................... 92

"Khmelevskaya, N. M__................._ 33

"Khol', F. I................................... 187

Kinkel, A. R., Jr............................. 110

Kitayev.N.A.......... ............-..... 153

Kogen, V. S.................................. Ill

"Xomov, I. L................................. 112

Korolev, V. A................................ 113

"Koroleva.N. N_............................. 113

Koschmann, A. H.... ................... 114,115

Koshman, P. N.............................. 54

TKrauskopf, K. B............................. 116

Krestovnlkov, A. B.. ...... ........ 117

jKreyter.V.M................................ 117

Ref. 

Kurbanov, A. Sh.. ........................ 187

Kuvichinskiy.V.V.......................... 117

Lakln, H. W........................ 50,118,124,185

Law, S. L.................................... 119

Learned, R.E............................. 126,127

Legedza,V. Ya...._.___________ 120

Lenher,V_................................... 121

Leong.K.W................................. 62

Lesure.F. G................................. 110

Lincoln, F. C-.......... . . .......... 122

Lodder, W................................... 123

Love, J. D................................... 4

Levering, T. G............................. 124,126

Luttrell, G. W-.............................. 125

M

McCarthy, J. H., Jr............... 62,83,84,126,127

McCauley, C. K---.-.-.....-_-.-.._......... 128

McConnell, G.W............................. 23

Machairas, G................... ......... 129,130

McHugh.J. B................................ 84

Mackay, R. A................................ 131

MacKevett, E.M............................ 132

McKinstry, H. E............................. 133

MacLaren, J. M....______________ 134

McLaughlin, D. H-.......................... 135

Mantel, E. J.................................. 136

Marinenko, J______...____........_... 97

Markham, N. L.............................. 137

Markward, E. L............................. 52,138

Martinet, R.................................. 149

Martinez, E. E......_.........._.___.. 97

Masson, D. L............__.........._.. 139

Matson, N. A., Jr............................ 155

Mattick, R. E................................ 151

May, J.T.................................... 159

Mazzuchelli, R. H_......................... 140

Mensik, J. D.___....___.________ 99

Merwln, R. W.~ .......................... 141

Meuschke, J. L............................... 127

Miller, A. D.................................. 17

Miller, T. P.................................. 142

Moore, G.W................................. 143

Moore, L............................_..... 144

Murdoch, J-.................................. 145

Murovtsev, A. V.. ... . . 148

N

Nakagawa, H. M........................ 62,118,176

Narayanaswaml, S.....___....._____ 146

Neuerburg, G. J.......__.......__ 50

Newman, W. A. C---........................ 158

Nichol, I.................................... 76,147

Ohle, E. L., Jr....... ..-.... - . . 133

Oliver, H. M................................. 151

Ovechkin.V.V..- ........................ 113
INDEX

ReU 

Paley, L. Z.................................. 10,148

Pares, Y..................................... 149

Perel'man, A. I.............................. 29

Perezhogin, Q. A........................... 168,169

Peshchevitskiy, B.I......................... 150

Petersen, \S.................................. 137

Peterson,D.W............................... 151

Phillips, R. L................................ 43,44

Pings, W.B.................................. 152

Polikarpochkln, V. V................... 153,161,162

Potap'yev.V.V.............................. 2

R

Ramp, L....-_-_..-.-.-.-.-.-__...-.----..__- 28

Razin, L.V.................................. 154

Razumova, R.V...........______..... 187

Richter, D. H~.............................. 155

Rickard.T. A....-.-.---.--.............. 156,157

Riley.J.M................................... 159

Riley, L. B.................................. 99

Rogover, G. B............................... 78

Rose, T.K................................... 158

Rosenbaum, J. B.-_..._................. 159

Rowe, J. J................................... 160

Rozhkov, I. S_............................... 154

Rucklidge, J. C.. . ... ... 68

Safronov, N. I.............................. 161,162

Sakharova, M. S............................. 163

Sandy, J..................................... 100

Sarapulova, V. N.__......._...._..... 153

Sarcia, C..................................... 81

Schwartz, G. M.............................. 164

Shacklette, H. T............................. 35

Shakhov, F. N............................... 165

Sharma, N. L................................ 174

Shcherbakov, V. P........................... 57

Shcherbakov, Yu. Q_.................... 166-169

Shcherbina,V.V-~....................... 170,171

Shemyakin.V. N............................ 17,18

Shilo, N. A................................... 172

Sidorov, A. A.......-.--.-.................. 173

Silver, E. A............. .................. 143

Simon, F. 0__.............................. 160

Sindeyev, A. S............................... 178

Sinha, R. K.................................. 174

Skinner, D. L................................ 12

Smales, A. A................................. 71,72

Smith, F. G.................................. 175

Smith, J. O.................................. 132

Sokoloff.V. P...._...-.....................__ 204

Stoiser, R. L................................. 198

Stumpfl, E. F................................ 58

Swanson, F. J...... ....................... 44

Ref..

Talipov, R. M... ............................ 5

Thompson, C. E............................. 176

Thompson, R. M............................. 196-

Trushkov, Yu. N............................ 161

Tsimbalist, V. G............................. 184-

Turner, R. L................................. 126-

Tyurin, N. Q................................ 177'

U

Umitbayev, R.V............................ 178:

U.S. Bureau of Mines, Field Staff............ 179'

U.S. Geological Survey.................... lSfl-182-

Utgof, A. A.................................. 162-

Vakhrushev.V. A.......................... 183,184-

VanSickle, G. H..................... 62,84,176,185

Vasilevskaya, A. E........................... 57

Vaughn.W.W.............................. 127,186-

Viewing, K. A............................... 147

Vikhter, B. Ya............. ............... 187

Vincent, E. A.............................. 188,189

Vinogradov, A. ~P............................ 100'

VJasov, K. A............... ............... 191

Volynskii.I. S............................... 117

Voskresenskaya, N. T........................ 192-

W

Ward, H. J................................... 193;

Warren, H.V............................... 194-196-

Washington, R. A....... ........... . 197

Watterson, J. R.............................. 126-

Webb.J. S................................... 94

Webb, R.W.................................. 145

Wells, J. D.................................. 59,198-

White, W.H.................................. 199

Wilson, H. D. B.............................. 200«

Wise, E. M................................... 135

Wrucke, C. T................................ 201

Yeend.W. E................................. 151

Yeremeyeva, M. N........................... 37'

Yerenburg, A. M__.................. 150-

Yugay, T. A_.............................. 54

Zablocki, C.J.-.............................. 85-

Zar'yan, R. N................................ 171

Zhupakhin, E.N............................ 178

Zul'fugarly, D.I............................. 202-

Zvereva, N. F................................ 192-

Zvyagintsev, O.E..................... 117,203,204-

SUBJECT INDEX

Ret 

Abundance, altered zones___-.-...._._...-- 132

animal ash............................ 20,79,102

coal.................................. 20,202,204

colluvium, cobbles........................ 50

pebbles__._ ......_._.-...._ ._..._. 60

earth crust......................... 1,53,104,190

glacial drift............................... 50

igneous rocks 1,20,78,90,103,122,166,167,168,169 

basalts......--...-.-.-.-.--......... 1§0, 189

diabase....-.....-.....-.-.--....-.-.. 160

diorite...-------.-.-.-------.-.---.-.. 155

dunite....--.-_________---.....-__.... 189

felsic.................--.-......--.-.. 1

gabbro.._...__....--.-.-.-.......- 188

granite........................... 2,142,160

granodiorite...__.__.-.-----.-----...- 201

hortonolite-ferrogabbro............... 188

mafic..-......-....-..------.......... 1,190

magmatic complexes_.. .............. 192

peridotite_.___............._.- 189

silicic....-...-..-...-.---.-.-.-.....- 190

ultramafic;....................... 1,168,190

volcanic.....-.....-...-----------.-.- 84

lodes_.......__....................... 132

metamorphic rocks.... --------____. 103,166

jasperoids._...................... 124,126

metasedimentary rocks, phyllite.......... 40

quartzite_.......................... 40

meteorites---.-.--.....---.---.- 104,166,168,204

chondrites................ 49,72,167,168,189

iron.........-.....-......-.---..---.- 71

minerals..............-.--...---.--.-..- 168,188

biotites............................... 136

feldspar..'............................ 2

hornblende...-....-.-..-------..---.. 136

magnetite..__.....-...-.-.-...-.--. 136

quartz...---.-.-...-...-.-...--------. 2

quartz-feldspar_...... ___.._.-._ 136

'Offshore deposits, Continental Shelf,

Oregon._....--.-.----....___ 42

Continental Shelf, Oregon-California. 143 

ore deposits,mercury..................... 97

organicmatter_....................... 19,202

petroleum....----.-.....-.....-.-....--.- 202

plant................................ 79,102,204

plant ash, algae.-.........-..--.-.__.. 20

angiosperms........._..-_--.._._-.... 20

ferula..........._...........'....... 5

horsetail (Eguisetum)................. 35

Kuranakh area, U.S.S.R............. 154

saltwort.........___........_.... 5

wormwood........................... 5

rocks.......______......__..... 53,132

Ref. 

sedimentary rocks....... 20,103,122,166,167,202

quartzite conglomerate, Wyomi ng..... 4

sediments,marine................. 42,43,79,143

stream.....-..."............. 40,132,142,155

soils, mull, humus-rich forest soils......... 50

ore-free zone cover.................... 5

orezonecover........................ 5

water,ground-....-..................... 37,102

pit waters in mines.-.......-.-..-.... 17

river....._........................ 20,102

sea......... 20,79,88,89,102,122,150,159,202

springs............................... 102

springs in gold mines...'............... 17

streams -......__..._..'.'.....'......... 79

streams near mines................... 17

thermal springs. ..................... 79

Africa, metallogenic provinces, cratons........ 41

production............................... 41

resources, cratons.-......-.......-.--.---. 41

Alaska, central Alaska range.................. 96

central Koyukuk River.._..__........... 142

McCarthy area........................... 132

Me Grath area......___................ 35

Red Devil area........................... 35

resources, lode gold deposits__........... 15

lode gold deposits, map...__....... 15,46

placer gold deposits, map....... .. 47

potential, Livengood district......... 70

SikonsinaPass._....................... 40

Slana area....................._... .. 155

upper Chulitna district.................. 95

Albite..-----.. -.-I....... - 75,193

Alteration, adularia deposition....._...... 21,173

albitization.............................. 21,148

alunitization............................. 175

beresitization........................ 31,111,192

bleaching...........__________.. 198

carbonitization...._...____._..... 21,31

hydrothermal............................ 2

muscovitization......._...__........ 2

oxidation.......__.__......._...... 26,198

propylitization.......................... 31,192

pyritization.............!........... 21,175,198

sericitization.._.__.........._._._.-_.... 31,148

siliciflcation............... 21,31,74,133,148,173

wallrock...... 21,31,74, 111, 123,133,173,175,192

zonation................................ 30,123

Analyses, mercurous chloride layer........... 101

precision................................. 44

required sample size..._._...___.-.. 44 

Ash, animal.................'............. 20,79,102

plant....................... 5,20,35,102,154,204

Atlantic Ocean, north polar seas.............. 89

southern part............__.....__... 88,89

' " 59
60

Ref.

Atomic-absorption technique. See Spectrophotometric investigations.

B

Bibliographies, geochemical prospecting...... 29

geochemical prospecting, abstracts..-...- 51,

52,63,91,138 

resources, California...._.._____.. 145

United States, Heavy Metals program

1968.............................. 181

Biogeochemical prospecting, bacterial leaching............................... 152

history................................... 69

principles................_............. 69

scope....._.._.__.......__...... 69

techniques--.......-...-....-.---.-.-.--- 69

trees as guides............................ 55

Brazil, Jacobina, Canavieiras mine........... 86

British Columbia............................ 196

Bralorne gold mine....................... 195

Hedley gold mine......._......... . 195

Watson Bar creek........................ 55

C

California, Mother Lode belt................. 144

Nevada County...__......___...... 151

resources, bibliography............... 145

resources, lode deposits...-.............--- 145

placer deposits....-.....-__........ 145

potential........._.__....... -.. 141

Tertiary gravel-filled channels...... 141,151

Canada, resources....... 23,55,68,82,97,195,196,199

vein deposits.......-..----...-.-.--.- 199

Carbonate rocks_.................._-.... 113

Chemical-adsorption technique. See Spectio- : graphic analysis. 

Chemical properties................_...-- 158,204

Colloidal gold, effects of colloidal silica........ 73

experimental studies............--.------ 94

genesis--.---......___._.....-.-.-.- 92

precipitation rate..... -..-.-__...... 203

role in ore formation........---.--...----- 92

stability............................... 73,81,94

suspension studies..._....-.-.-.. -. 81

transportation____.........-....------ 73

Colorado, Cripple Creek district............. 84,118

Cresson mine area......-..-.-. 84

Needle Mountains, Precambrian conglomerates --........-.-.--------- 11

Silver Mountain...----.----.------------- 50

Composition, atomic structure -_._----..- 167

chemical forms in sea water....... . 150

diagenesis-------------.-....------------- 120

minerals, auriferous.......... - -- 105

native gold.......... . . ... 105

Continental Shelf, Oregon..__...... 42

Oregon-California... . 143

D

Descriptions, geochemical.......... 23,76,90,94,204

Determination methods, fire assay........... 38

wet extraction____ . 38

E

Ref, 

Endogenesis.-. .-.._........__........ 165,16&

Epigenesis..-...-.......-.__._.__. 24,92,96-

Epigenetic mineral deposits..... __. __ 24,92,96

Ethiopia, Onodonoc..._._________ 6-

F

Fiji Islands, Vatakoula deposits.............. 137

Fineness, color as index...............___ 105

degree_...............__...._...... 9,107

divergence in native gold.__......._. 131

grain-size effect___.._.____....... 105-

guide to temperature of ore formation.... 105-

increase with increased grade... __ ----- 105-

relation tosulfides.-.....--.-.-..-.--..--. 58-

relationship in hypogene deposits_.--... 58

Fire-assay technique, description............. 12

laboratory detection limits__........... 12

materials tested__.....-...-.---....... 12

a

Genesis, alluvial origin...................._ 3

cataclastic effects..-.--.-.---.--....---... 199-

direct volcanic theory..........._..... 82

effects of metallogenetic relationships..... Ifr

enrichment, primary........_____.... 15&

secondary............. 87,110,117,148,15ft

epigenetic gold-quartz veins...-_-- .---. 23- 

grain-size relationship.................... 48

hydrothermal.. 33,66,82,98,106,107,133,173,200 

in carbonate rocks..........._.......... 113

low-temperature solutions......._...... 19£

ore shoots.....-. .... ......-.. 165-

placers.---........-.....-----..--.- 32, 86,187

pyrlte deposits.-.---.---.-.---.---.--- 177,187 

skarns.................................... 18S

structure relationship.._......__..-.. 172

sulfide content_........................ 167

sulfide deposits_._.__._.._... 117 

syngenetic gold-alunite veins..---.-.----. 12*

supergene transport__................. 1101

Geochemical prospecting, applications....__ 22

bibliographies........... 29, 51, 52, 63, 91, 138-

biological. See Biogeochemical prospecting, 

epigenetic mineral deposits, future exploration..._...........__........ 24

host rocks..__...__............... 24

mode of transport.................... 24

precipitation mechanism............. 24

source_._...-.--....._...... 24

future research problems. .............. 22

Heavy Metals program................ 180,181

history........-........---.. .- . 22

India, soil samples....--.. .... 146

indicator elements, arsenic... 1, 21, 146, 147, 195 

copper... -_--- -- Hi 

galena.....--------- - HI

Iron............................ .-. 21

manganese...-- ...----------.-- -- 194

mercury................... 56,57,97,127,186
INDEX 61

Ref.

mical prospecting Continued 

Indicator elements Continued

silver.....__....................... 21

sulfur............................._ . 21

tellurides.............................. Ill

zinc.................................. 194

indicator plants..................... 35,139,154

Instruments, mercury detector........... 186

methods.._............................ 93,94

ore guides, albite........................ 75,193

anomalous concentrations of metals

Other than gold........ 70,85,97,198,201

anomalous gold concentrations........ 5,

50, 59, 62, 70, 95, 96, 142, 155 

antheaps.....................___.. 36

arsenic.................. 76,140,146,195,198

carbonates........................... 18

correlation Indices............._.... 64

galena....._._.................... Ill

gnoissic domes...-.-.--------------.- 61

gold halos......................... 5,83,153

gold-silver ratio.--------------------- 8,170

halos of other metals... 56,57,64,80, 111, 153 

hydrogeochemical............. .... 3,7

magnetic anomalies ------------------ 27

mercury.............-.---- 56,57,97,127,186

pan concentrates.........-.-----...-- 67

quartz veins......._.-..........---. 98

trace element content... ... .... 196

trees.........._..........._..... 55

principles.............................. 1,93,94

stream sediment sampling............. 67,95,96

techniques .. .... 1,161

Georgia, resources, central Savannah River

area............_.___.._. 100

Glossary........___.__.....__..._.. 1

Greenland, East, Skaergaard intrusion...._ 188

Heavy Metals program__........ .. 180,181,182

Host minerals, quartz..... . 23

sulfides ........................... 163,164

variation in relationship_..__......... 164

Host rocks, relationship to intrusions_.... 165,169

Hypogenic transport..___________... 66

Igneous rocks .1,20,78,90,103,122,166,167,168,169 

See ako Abundance.

India, Kolar gold fields, geochemical prospecting.._.__._._...__. 146

Ion-exchange technique, description.......... 12

laboratory detection limits .. .... 12

materials tested.... ...-. 12

Ivory Coast, Ity________.__.__.__ 149

Lode deposits..... 15,46,114,115,125,132,157,165,166

M

Magnetite.............__.______..._ 136

Ref. 

Maps, mineral resouices, Africa.......___.. 41

mineral resources, Alaska, lode........... 15,46

Alaska, placer.__._.___...... 47

United States........................ 114

Virginia.............................. 126

Maiinesediments...................... 42,43,79,143

Metallogenetic relations!! ips.... ____..... 16

Metamorphic rocks..__________.... 103,166

Metasedimentary rocks. See Abundance. 

Meteorites. See also Abundance... 104,166,168,204 

Migration, colloidal hypogene solutions...... 66

compounds........_._............... 80

effects of differences in capacity........... 64

ground water......-.----,____........ 37,80

oxidation zone......_................. 39,117

types..................................... 204

Mineral associations.........___.... 1,13,77,204

albite.................................... 75,193

alloys__.___..._..............__ 158

arsenic.......................... 76,105,122,198

chalcopyrite.......________........ 7,78

galena_.........____.............. Ill

iton meteorites..._..................... 71

iron oxides__....___......__...... 178

manganese...._____..._.__...... 194

mercury...................... 56,57,74,83,84,97

polymetallic.............. 1,85,111,196,198,200

pyrite.............. 6, 7, 48, 74, 113, 129,177, 187

quaitz_.................____....._ 10,60

selenides-.............................. 105,122

silver...... 23,68,83,84, 111, 130,170,171,193,200

silver-gold ratio............ 8,21, 68, 111, 170,193

sulfides-----......... ............. ... 1,

10,23,31,50,66,77,78,87,92,105,107, 111, 

122, 163,164,166, 167,178, 193 

tellurides..... 34,83,84,105,107,122,137,166,171

trace element content.... _____ 54,191,198

uranium....... ._._.......... .. 48

volcanic rock sequences......._........ 82

zinc...................................... 194

Mobility..................................... 1,45

Montana, Marysville quaitz dlorite stock..... 136

N

Native gold, colloidal, stability............... 81,94

common mineral associations......._... 105

composition............. 77, 81, 94, 105, 167, 187

Neutron activation method, advantages...... 38

comparisons..............._._.._.. 38

description.......................... 38,160,197

detection limits, laboratory... ___. _ 160,197 

materials tested...__._._____.. 160 

output per day.........____._... 160,197

precision............... . 197

Nevada, Carlin mine............__......... 92

Cortez district....................... 62,127,198

Ely...................................... 83

Getchellmine_________ '.......... 106

Goldfield................................. 200

Lander County, Sheep Creek range...... 86

Mill Canyon...._____________ 59

production, potential resources...._... 179

New Mexico, Picuris Range._____... 11 

Tusas Mountains..............__..._ 11

Northwest Territories, Yellowknife district... 23
62 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GOLD

O

Ref.

Occurrences, distribution..__._._._ 8,9,16,134,166

distribution, lode deposits. ___. _ 27,157,166

placer deposits....--.._ . 27,166

provinces_..----.-.-....-.--..-... 166,167

relation to structure..---------------- 172

stream sediments..---....._-.-..... 76

production, history..---,--.-............. 108

major producers.---.-.----------.-..- 108

reserves, potential........................ 108

South Carolina..-...----..---------..... 128

types-. -...... .. .l, 10, 77,134,161, 204

albite....... 75,193

alluvial.........----...-..-.-.-...... 3

carbonate rocks......__- _._. 113

classification.. _ .__ .__ 134 

conglomerate-______ 21,48,65,86 

deposits in fracture systems.. ..... 135

disseminations ......... 7,30,112,135,177

distribution...------.---------..-.. 9,134

epigenetic gold deposits..... _... 24,92,96

genesis..__ ....... .... 204

gold-quartz veins.......... 21,30,46,66,100,

111, 112,114,115,156,165,178,193 

gold-sulfide deposits............ 46,113,114,

115,117,165,193 

hydrothermal deposits .... ..--.. 33,

82,98,106,107,133,173,200 

lode deposits. 15,46,114,115,125,157,165,166. 

magmatic complex.- - - -__- 192

mechanical concentrations.. - -.-- 135 

placers. - 10,21,47,65,100,114,115,135,165,166 

polymetallic__..._..__.....__ 96,173

replacement...--.-..-.-.-..-----... 133,135

residual concentrations... 135

saprolite deposits---.--------.......-- 100

siliceous replacement....... _....... 135

skarn..................... .. 21,183,184

sulflde replacement....._........... 135

sulfldes .. .. 30,111,113,117,193 

Tertiary gravel-filled channels.__ 141,151 

tungsten_-..-.-.-- .. . 112 

United States, principal producing districts.. . 115

principal producing districts, map.._. 114 

types..-..___ _. - 115

Virginia....--.-.---...-.-.---..... 125

world, classification................. 13,60,135

descriptions- - 13,60

distribution..-..-..... ...... 60,158

major deposits______......_.. 13,135

types..-...------.---.--------. 13,60,158

Ontario, Birch-Uchi lakes area._ ._. 82,97 

Oregon, Blue Mountains.. .-. ......... 28

Brookings to Coos Bay...-._........... 43

Cape Arago to Cape Sebastian. 42 

Klamath Mountains...._ 28

resources...-.--..- -.----..---- ------- 28

Western Cascades....-.-----.-.----. 28

Pacific Ocean, Continental Shelf. _. 42,89,143

Paragenesis, gold-quartz-tourmaline veins.... 6

gold-silver tellurides.... 34,137,171

order of crystallization...... ......... 171

Ref. 

Physical properties__ 158,204

Plant ash.._.__.......____.__ 5,20,35,154

Precipitation, agents......................... 204

effect of alkaline sulfide solutions....... 121,175

effect of recrystallization...._...__.... 130

effect of reduction....__.____.__ 129

effectofsulfides.......-...-.. ......... 203

effect of temperature.______.___ 98,203 

secondary-agents-.-.--.._.-..... ..-.. 25

Production, Nevada, potential resources-...-. 179 

South Dakota, potential resources_..... 179 

United States, potential resources........ 179

Purity, criterion of secondary enrichment.... 131 

effect of sulfldes......_._........._. 9

Q

Quebec, Val d'Or.

Rhodesia, Blanket mine.

68

58

Sea water. See Abundance, water.

Sedimentary rocks. See Abundance.

Sierra Leone, eastern......................... 76

Sula Mountains-Kangaii Hills.._ . .. 147 

Soils. See also Abundance

arsenic anomalies .. .__.._-__-... 146 

Solubility, acidity effect......... -_ ...... 45,109

bacterial effect......................... 149,151

chloride ion effect..._.___.____ 45,109 

effect of alkaline sulfide solutions... 116,121,175 

ferrous salts.-----------................. 26

manganese dioxide.._.........__. _... 26

near-surface environment................. 109

oxidation..-........ ...... 26,45,109,129,130

pressure changes.......--..-.....-...--.. 116

sulfide oxidation...----...-..-------.-... 130

surface-alteration.- . 26

temperature changes-...-------. ... 116

theories and current studies -__ --.__ . 117 

Solvent-extraction technique. See Spectrophotometric investigations. 

South Africa, Republic of, Transvaal, Bushveld Complex.....-..----.------------. 90

Witwatersrand, Basal Reef.- --- 3

Witwatersrand, Central Rand gold field 11

distribution....__.__ __...... 48

genesis.. - ... -- - 48,77 

South Carolina, resources.------------------- 128

South Dakota, production, potential resources. . - - -- --- -- - 179

Spain, Rodalquilar area....-. .-----.------. 123

Spectrochemical technique, description....... 12

laboratory detection limits...------------ 12

materials tested.. --------------------- 12

Spectrographic analysis, chemical-adsorption 

technique, laboratory detection 

limits -....-... .- 162

chemical-adsorption technique, description.. 162
INDEX

Ref.

Spectrophotometric investigations, atomicabsorption technique, description. 14, 

99,118,119,124,159,176,186 

atomic-absorption technique, interference

factors....... ............... 118,176

laboratory detection limits........... 14,

99,118,124,176,185 

materials tested...................... 118,

119,124,159,176,185 

output per day....._.___........ 118,

119,176,185 

principal reagents..... 14,99,118,119,176,185

solvent-extraction technique, description.. 14,99 

laboratory detection limits............ 14,99

principal reagents.................... 14,99

Stability, alkaline sulflde solutions.......... 121

colloidal, experiments..__.............. 81,94

in weathering zone....................... 1

Stream sediments................... 40,132,142,155

Supergenic transport......................... 110

Syngenetic deposits. ....................... 123

Texture, types............................. 6,31,163

Transportation, agents....................... 204

alkaline sulfide solutions................ 121,175

cycle in nature........................... 204

hydrothermal solutions................... 98

thermodynamic requirements............ 98

thiosulfate carrier...._.._.___.-._.-......_ 120

U

United States, bibliographies, Heavy Metals

program.......................... 181

conterminous....-.-..-......-...--.. 35,114,115

Heavy Metals program............. 180,181,182

production, potential resources............ 179

resources, mineral resources map ..... 114

principal producing districts. ..... 114,115

types.-.-.---.--..---.----.----------. 115

vein deposits.-....-.-.--...-----.-.-. 199

southeast...---.-.......-..----.---.-.---- 110

west...................................... 124

U.S.S.R., Aldan............................ 17,18

Almalyk................................. 7

Altay..................................... 2

Altay-Sayan............................ 183,184

Amur.................................... 64

Armenian S.S.R.......................... 171

Darasun gold field....__................ 163

Donets Basin......._......... ....... 56

Kamonskoye gold field................... 65

U.S.S.R. Continued Ref. 

Karamazar............................... 8 .

Kazakhstan......................... 64,117,192-

Kolyma River basin...................... 27

Kuranakh area........................... 154

Lena gold fields....................... 30,31,32 

Maikan............_.................... 117

middle Asia.............................. 113-.

Nagolnyi Range.......................... 57

Noril'sk.................................. 78..

Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt....... 173,178-.

Patom highlands............-.-.---...... 33 .

Primor'ye................................ 61

Russian platform_...................... 120-.

Siberia................................. 165,169 .

Stanovoy Range_...................... Ill

Sultanuizdag............................. 148 .

Tamdynsk Mountains.................... 5».

Transbaykaliya.......................... 2,153 .

Transcaucasia..._...................... 107

Ural Mountains._...................... 117

Urup gold deposits..__................ 187

Uzbekistan.............................. 8,9,10'.

Yakutia.................................. 74

Yana-Kolymaregion......_........... 66,172 

Yenisey Range........................... 112 

Utah, Drum Mountains..................__ 126.,

Virginia, resources, lode deposits............. 125-

resources, mineral resources map......... 125-.

placer deposits ..................... 125-.

W

Water. See Abundance. 

Western Australia, Kalgoorlie................. 137'

laterites...........---...---.------....... 140^

World, resources, classifications._..._. 13,60,135 , 

resources, descriptions......... .... 13,60,174

distribution......................... 60,158..

major deposits.---..-.--..--------.-- 13,135 .

major producers...................... 108.

production history................... 108..

production dotential----------------- 174

types............................ 60,77,168 .

reserves, potential. - ........... .... . 108 . Wyoming, northwest part.................... 4

Yukon Territory............................. 196;