# Patent

## Title
Tracking of emergency personnel

## Abstract

Techniques are disclosed that allow for the detection, identification, direction finding, and geolocation of emergency personnel in a given multipath environment. For example, the techniques can be used to detect and identify multiple lines of bearing (LOBs) to an IEEE 802.11 emitter of an emergency responder that is inside a building or otherwise hidden from view. LOBs from multiple vantage points can be used to geolocate and/or track the emergency responder. The resulting geolocation can be plotted on a map display or model of the scene (e.g., building, etc) so the precise position of the emergency responder having the targeted wireless emitter can be known.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/487,469, filed Jun. 18, 2009, and titled “Direction Finding of Wireless Devices.” This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/487,511, filed Jun. 18, 2009, and titled “Direction Finding and Geolocation of Wireless Devices.” Each of these applications is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for direction finding and geolocating emergency personnel equipped with wireless devices such as those configured with IEEE 802.11 emitters and other such detectable emitters.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Conventional techniques for locating IEEE 802.11 emitters (e.g., access points as well as laptops with IEEE 802.11 capability and other such clients) are based on measuring the amplitude of the 802.11 emitter with a portable receiver, and moving around to find the direction in which the amplitude increases. The general assumption is that the stronger the signal amplitude, the closer the 802.11 emitter is believed to be. Several commercial devices were developed for this purpose (e.g., Yellowjacket® 802.11b Wi-Fi Analysis System).
There are a number of problems associated with such amplitude-based techniques for locating 802.11 emitters. For instance, the techniques tend to be highly inaccurate due to the incidence of RF multipath created by the RF waveforms emanating from the 802.11 emitters. These waveforms bounce off conductive objects or surfaces in the environment, which causes multiple false readings on increased amplitude (false directions) that then disappear as the user leaves the multipath. Thus, conventional amplitude-based locationing techniques will create many false high amplitude paths to the target that will be incorrect, and will not work in a high multipath environment, such as a neighborhood (e.g., street scene) or building (e.g., home, office building, or café).
There is a need, therefore, for techniques that allow for the detection, identification, direction finding, and geolocation of wireless emitters in a given environment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for tracking personnel at a scene. The method includes measuring one or more response signal parameters for each of Y antenna patterns, thereby providing a Y sample array of response data from a target wireless emitter of a person to be tracked (such as a personal cell phone or a dedicated wireless emitter specifically used for tracking), wherein Y is greater than 1 (e.g., Y=64 or 4096; any number of antenna patterns can be used). The method further includes correlating the sample array to a plurality of entries in a database of calibrated arrays having known azimuths, to determine a line of bearing (LOB) to the target wireless emitter. The method further includes repeating the transmitting, measuring and correlating to determine one or more additional LOBs to the target wireless emitter, each LOB computed from a different geographic location, and geolocating the target wireless emitter based on the LOBs, thereby geolocating the person. The method may further include the preliminary steps of surveying an area of interest to identify wireless emitters within that area (e.g., using established discovery protocols), and selecting a target emitter discovered during the survey. This selection may be, for example, based on user input, or done automatically based on some established selection scheme. In one particular case, the target emitter is associated with a media access control (MAC) address and communication channel learned during the survey. Here, the method may further include transmitting a stimulus signal to the target emitter using the MAC address and communication channel. In another particular case, the correlating includes generating a correlation plot having a peak using correlation factors resulting from correlation of the sample array to the plurality of entries in the database, identifying a target azimuth of the sample array based on the peak of the correlation plot, and determining the LOB to the target wireless emitter based on the target azimuth. In some cases, each of the LOBs is associated with position and heading tags provided by a global positioning satellite (GPS) module to assist in geolocating the target wireless emitter. The method may include graphically displaying geolocations of the target wireless emitter. The method may include periodically repeating the geolocating of the target wireless emitter, thereby periodically geolocating the person as that person moves around the scene. The one or more response signal parameters may include, for example, response signal amplitude. The method can be carried out, for example, using portable devices (e.g., vehicle-based, suitcase-based, and/or handheld devices) configured for performing the transmitting, measuring and correlating, and a command workstation (e.g., vehicle-based, suitcase-based, and/or handheld devices) wirelessly coupled to the portable devices is configured for performing the geolocating.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a system for tracking personnel at a scene. The system includes an antenna array for measuring one or more response signal parameters for each of Y antenna patterns, thereby providing a Y sample array of response data from a target wireless emitter of a person to be tracked, wherein Y is greater than 1. The system further includes a line of bearing module for correlating the sample array to a plurality of entries in a database of calibrated arrays having known azimuths, to determine a line of bearing (LOB) to the target wireless emitter. The system further includes a geolocation module for geolocating the target wireless emitter based on multiple LOBs to the target wireless emitter, each LOB computed from a different geographic location, thereby geolocating the person. The system may be further configured for surveying an area of interest to identify wireless emitters within that area. In one such case, the system includes a user interface for allowing a user to select a target emitter discovered during the survey. In another such case, the target emitter is associated with a media access control (MAC) address and communication channel learned during the survey. In one such case, the system may further include a transceiver configured for transmitting a stimulus signal to the target emitter using the MAC address and communication channel. In another example case, the line of bearing module is configured for generating a correlation plot having a peak using correlation factors resulting from correlation of the sample array to the plurality of entries in the database, and identifying a target azimuth of the sample array based on the peak of the correlation plot, and determining the LOB to the target wireless emitter based on the target azimuth. In another example case, each of the LOBs is associated with position and heading tags provided by a global positioning satellite (GPS) module to assist in geolocating the target wireless emitter. The system may include a user interface for graphically displaying geolocations of the target wireless emitter, and/or a database for storing the geolocation of the target wireless emitter. The geolocation module can be configured, for example, for periodically geolocating the target wireless emitter, thereby periodically geolocating the person as that person moves around the scene. In one example case, the system includes a plurality of portable devices each located at a different vantage point to the scene and configured with a transceiver, an antenna array, and an LOB module. Here, the system may further include a command workstation wirelessly coupled to the plurality of portable devices and configured with the geolocation module. Alternatively, the system includes a single portable device that is moved to provide different vantage points from which measurements can be taken. Note that measurements can be taken while the system is stationary or moving. A number of variations on this system will be apparent in light of this disclosure.
The features and advantages described herein are not all-inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification, and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and not to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless emitter locating system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2a illustrates a detailed block diagram of the wireless emitter locating system shown in FIG. 1, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2b illustrates further details of the wireless emitter locating system shown in FIG. 2a, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2c illustrates example states and modes of the wireless emitter locating system shown in FIG. 2a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 3a and 3b illustrate a vehicle-based version of the wireless emitter locating system shown in FIG. 2a, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example user interface of the wireless emitter locating system shown in FIG. 2a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5a illustrates a method for determining a line of bearing to a wireless emitter, and geolocating that emitter, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5b illustrates a correlation process carried out by the method of FIG. 5a, to identify which calibrated array best matches a sample array, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5c illustrates a correlation scan or plot of correlation coefficients resulting from the correlation process shown in FIG. 5b, and having a peak that corresponds to an azimuth (or LOB) to the target, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 illustrates a system for direction finding, geolocating, and tracking emergency personnel, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Techniques are disclosed that allow for the detection, identification, direction finding, and geolocation of emergency personnel in a given multipath environment. For example, the techniques can be used to detect and identify multiple lines of bearing (LOBs) to an IEEE 802.11 emitter attached to or otherwise possessed by the emergency responder that is inside a building or otherwise contained area not easily viewable from the outside. The LOBs from multiple vantage points can be used to geolocate and/or otherwise track the emergency responder. For instance, by integrating two or more of direction finding devices as described herein via wireless network, and locating those devices on respective emergency response vehicles placed around an incident scene, the individual LOBs can effectively be fused together to calculate a 3D geolocation (the geospacial intersection of 3 or more LOBs) of an IEEE 802.11 emitter carried by an emergency responder inside a building. The resulting geolocation can then be plotted on a map display or model of the building so the precise position in the building of the emergency responder having the targeted wireless emitter can be known.
General Overview
Wireless communication devices, which are typically configured with a networking card or a built-in chip or chip set, are vulnerable to stimulation or otherwise exploitable for on-demand direction finding. Typical such wireless devices include, for example, laptops computers, cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs), access points and repeaters, and other portable communication devices. In addition, such devices typically include a physical address (e.g., MAC address) by which they can be identified and subsequently directly communicated with.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a tracking system is provided for direction finding and geolocating wireless devices (e.g., IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n/etc capable devices, all channels) worn by or otherwise possessed by emergency responders at the scene of an incident (such as a building fire or other such situations requiring emergency responders to move within an area having no or poor visibility such that visually tracking their movement is not possible). The tracking system generally includes a plurality of vehicle-based wireless emitter locating systems, each wirelessly coupled to a mesh network that also includes a command workstation that receives LOBs and any other pertinent information and uses that information to track the emergency responder associated therewith, as will be explained in turn. The wireless emitter locating systems may be integrated, for example, into emergency responder vehicles (fire truck, police car, ambulance, etc). Alternatively, or in addition to, the wireless emitter locating systems may be contained in self-contained suitcases that can be deployed along the perimeter or otherwise suitably located at a scene. Alternatively, or in addition to, the wireless emitter locating systems may be contained in a handheld unit that can be used by someone tasked with tracking emergency responders at a scene.
Each of these wireless emitter locating systems (whether vehicle-based, handheld, etc) generally includes a wireless transceiver, a switchable antenna array, and a direction finding algorithm that correlates measured responses with calibrated responses to continuously identify an LOB to a target wireless device associated with an emergency responder as that emergency responder moves around at the scene. The various computed LOBs (along with relevant data, such as time stamp and GPS position and heading tags) are communicated to the command workstation via the mesh network, which uses the LOBs to geolocate and/or otherwise track the emergency responder. The command workstation can be configured, for instance, similarly to the individual wireless emitter locating systems, but further includes the capability to receive information (LOBs, etc) published to the network and to compile and present that information in a useful manner. The various wireless devices (and their corresponding emergency responders) in the tracking system's field of view (FOV), such as cell phones of the emergency responders and/or dedicated wireless emitters sewn into the emergency responder's gear, can be targeted based on their specific MAC address (or other suitable physical address or identifier), thereby allowing for individual tracking of each emergency responder at a scene.
In operation, the tracking system may initially carry out a survey process once deployed in the field, where each of the wireless emitter locating systems discovers or otherwise detects wireless emitters (and hence a corresponding emergency responder) in its FOV. For instance, IEEE 802.11 discovery protocols can be used by the tracking system to discover and handshake with each emitter in its FOV. During this discovery process, the wireless emitter locating system learns information associated with the various emitters, such as the emitter's media access control (MAC) address, service set identifier (SSID), and/or communication channel. In other embodiments, a network detector can be used to unobtrusively detect and interpret information being transmitted by wireless emitters in the FOV. Once this survey process is completed, the discovered wireless emitters and their respective information are reported to the command station. The tracking system can then selectively target each of the discovered emitters (and corresponding emergency responders) for continuous direction finding, geolocation, and tracking as they move throughout the scene.
For instance, each of the wireless emitter locating systems is capable of transmitting a stimulus signal (e.g., an IEEE 802.11 compliant RF signal, or any suitable signal that will cause a desired response signal) to stimulate a target emitter based on that emitter's MAC address, and captures the response from the target emitter. Alternatively, or in addition to, each of the wireless emitter locating systems may be capable of passively listening to target emitters that are capable of automatically broadcasting their existence and pertinent information (e.g., pilot or beacon signal) in accordance with a discovery protocol (i.e., no stimulus signal is required). To facilitate description herein, such automatic broadcast signals can be thought of as a response as well, even though no stimulus signal is required. In any such cases, the switchable antenna array of the wireless emitter locating system operates in synchronization with a transceiver, and allows for response signal detection over numerous antenna array configurations.
For example, an antenna array having six horizontally-polarized switchable elements has up to 64 different configurations (i.e., 26). Other antenna array configurations will be apparent in light of this disclosure. In any such cases, one or more response signal parameters (e.g., amplitude, or amplitude and phase) can be detected for each of the Y antenna array configurations, so as to provide an array (having Y entries) of response signal data associated with the target emitter. The wireless emitter locating system's direction finding algorithm operates to convert this array of measurements into an LOB relative to the current position and orientation of array, and publishes those LOBs to the mesh network.
The geolocation algorithm at the command station operates to continuously accumulate LOBs and geolocate the precise location of the emitter (based on an intersection of the LOBs computed from multiple vantage points and/or global positioning satellite (GPS) position and heading tags associated with each computed LOB). The continuous LOB and/or geolocation can be communicated to a user (e.g., person responsible for monitoring the command work) station, for example, via a display or other suitable user interface. In one particular such embodiment, results can be visually depicted on a map display or polar plot to indicate in real-time the direction to and/or location of the target device. Likewise, the results can be projected onto a model of the structure where the emergency responders are deployed, if so desired. The user interface may be further configured to allow for control and tasking of the system, as will be apparent in light of this disclosure.
The tracking system and techniques do not interfere with service to the target device (operation is effectively transparent to target device). In addition, the techniques work at the hardware layer regardless of device mode, thereby bypassing various impediments such as encryption techniques, MAC address filters, and hidden SSIDs. The tracking system and techniques can be used for a number of geolocation and/or tracking applications, such as locating or tracking personnel in rural and urban environments, or within a military zone.
A number of system capabilities and features will be apparent in light of this disclosure. For instance, the individual wireless emitter locating systems of the tracking system can be implemented in a compact fashion thereby allowing for form factors amenable to suitcase-based, handheld, vehicle-based or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) configurations, and can be employed to survey, detect, identify, direction find, geolocate, and/or track wireless emitters (e.g., 802.11 access points and clients, cell phones, PDAs, etc). The LOB to and/or geolocation of such target emitters can be identified from within the same building or from outside a building or in an outdoor area or other multipath environments (at ground level, aerial, etc) thereby providing the capability for precise locationing and tracking.
Other emitters that broadcast their existence and/or are vulnerable to stimulation (e.g., Bluetooth emitters) and characterization can be detected using the techniques described herein, and the present invention is not intended to be limited to IEEE 802.11 emitters. In addition, note that the number of antenna configurations provided by each of the wireless emitter locating systems will depend on the number of switchable elements included in the array and whether or not those elements are vertically-polarized and/or horizontally-polarized. For instance, an antenna array having six switchable elements that are each both vertically-polarized and horizontally-polarized has up to 4096 different configurations (i.e., 212).
Wireless Emitter Locating System
FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless emitter locating system 10 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The system 10 can be implemented, for example, in a handheld-based platform, vehicle-based platform, or suitcase-based platform to allow for portable direction finding, geolocationing, and/or personnel tracking in multipath environments. As will be apparent in light of this disclosure, a number of systems 10 can be wirelessly coupled to provide a personnel tracking system, an example of which is shown in FIG. 6. Note that some systems 10 included in such a tracking system may be configured differently from others. For instance, not all systems 10 have to be configured to compute geolocations. Rather, a command workstation to which all computed lines of bearing, position data, and timing information are transmitted can be configured to compute the geolocation and to provide a map or other suitable user display having the person's location indicated thereon.
As can be seen, system 10 is capable of transmitting stimulus signals to its field of view (FOV), and receiving responses (or broadcast signals used in discovery process) from any number of wireless emitter devices 50 located in that FOV. The example wireless emitter devices 50 depicted include laptop 50a, PDA 50b, cell phone 50c, and wireless access point 50d, and a personnel tracking emitter 50e. Each of these devices 50 can be, for example, IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless emitters. In a more general sense, devices 50 can operate in accordance with any wireless communication protocol that allows, for instance, discovery based on an established handshake or other messaging technique by which devices 50 and system 10 make their existence known to each other to establish communication links there between. Other detection techniques, whether based on such two-way messaging schemes or one-way covert detection mechanisms, will be apparent in light of this disclosure.
Thus, system 10 may initially transmit a stimulus signal to survey the currently available devices 50. The survey signal transmitted by system 10 may be responsive to signals being transmitted by the devices 50, or may be the initiating signal that wakes-up devices 50 so that they can respond in accordance with an established wireless communications protocol. During such discovery processes, the devices 50 may share information about themselves with system 10. For instance, devices 50 that are compliant with IEEE 802.11 may share information including their MAC address, SSID, channel, and current encryption status (e.g., encrypted or not encrypted). In other embodiments, the discovery process can be covert or otherwise transparent to the wireless emitters 50 in the FOV. For instance, a network detector (such as KISMET or NETSTUMBLER) can be used to detect and interpret information being transmitted by wireless emitters in the FOV, thereby allowing information such as MAC address, SSID, channel, and current encryption status to be identified. Thus, pertinent information about the potential target wireless emitters 50 in the system's FOV can be acquired by a survey that uses at least one of discovery protocols and/or network detection techniques, and the system 10 can then communicate with specific ones of the various available target wireless devices 50, so as to direction find and/or geolocate that target device.
The devices 50 can be located, for example, in a building or outdoors in a park area or along a roadside. The system 10 can be located in the same building, a different building, or outside as well. In short, system 10 can direction find and geolocate devices 50 regardless of the environment (multipath or not) associated with the respective locations of system 10 and devices 50. As explained herein, when a person such as an emergency responder carries, or is otherwise outfitted with, a wireless emitter device 50, that person's location can be tracked by a tracking system that includes a number of the systems 10. The distance between each system 10 and devices 50 can vary depending on factors such as transmit power and the communication protocols employed. In an embodiment using IEEE 802.11 communication protocols, the distance can be, for instance, out to hundreds of meters.
FIG. 2a illustrates a detailed block diagram of the wireless emitter locating system 10, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As previously explained with reference to FIG. 1, the system 10 is capable of identifying potential target emitter devices, and computing one or more LOBs to a target device. The system can then geolocate the target device on the LOB, based on an intersection of LOBs from multiple vantage points and/or GPS position and heading tags associated with each computed LOB, as will be discussed in turn. This geolocation capability can be provisioned, for example, to a command workstation to which LOBs are communicated via a wireless network, as best shown in FIG. 6.
As can be seen in FIG. 2a, the system 10 generally includes a computer 200, a multi-element beamforming array 216, a GPS module 213 and GPS antennas 213a-b, a network detector 215 and omni-directional survey antenna 215b, an Ethernet hub 219, and an optional mapping module 221. The multi-element beamforming array 216 includes an RF transceiver 217 and a beamformer 218 that includes an RF switching network 218a and a multi-element antenna array 218b. The computer 200 includes a user interface 201 having controls 201a and display area 201b, a processor 203, and a memory 205. The memory 205 of this example embodiment includes calibration files 209, a LOB module 207, and a geolocation (Geo) module 211. Other conventional componentry not shown will be apparent in light of this disclosure (e.g., busses, storage mechanisms, co-processor, graphics card, operating system, user interface mechanisms, etc). The system may be powered by batteries, or may derive its power from other sources, such as a vehicle in which the system is operating. A number of suitable power schemes can be used here.
The RF transceiver 217 generates RF signals to stimulate a target emitter (e.g., based on MAC address of emitter) and captures response signals from the target emitter. Recall that the ‘response’ signals may also be provided automatically (without stimulus). The multi-element antenna array 218b is capable of providing coverage of the spectrum of interest in azimuth (horizontal field of view), and optionally in elevation (vertical field of view) and polarization (frequency), if so desired. The RF switching network 218a is configured to select elements of the antenna array 218b (based on control signals provided by computer 200) in synchronization with the transceiver 217. The joint operation of transceiver 217 and beamformer 218 effectively forms beams for long range transmission/detection.
Each of the transceiver 217 and beamformer 218 can be implemented with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment, such as a COTS 802.11 transceiver and a multi-element beamformer. For example, in one specific embodiment, the multi-element beamforming array 216 (including transceiver 217 and beamformer 218) is implemented using a MediaFlexTM access point produced by Ruckus Wireless, Inc. This commercially available beamformer has a clam-shell configuration and can be coupled to the system 10 via an Ethernet connection. In another example embodiment, the transceiver 217 and beamformer 218 may be implemented as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,362,280, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
The computer 200 can be implemented with conventional technology, including display area 201b (e.g., LCD display), processor 203 (e.g., Intel® Pentium® class processors, or other suitable microprocessors), and memory 205 (e.g., any RAM, ROM, cache, or combination thereof typically present in computing devices). However, as will be explained in turn, the LOB module 207, calibration files 209, and geolocation module 211 are programmed or otherwise configured to carryout functionality described herein. Likewise, user controls provisioned for the user interface 201 (such as controls 201a) may be programmed or otherwise configured to control and/or task the system 10 to carryout functionality described herein. In some specific embodiments, the computer 200 can be implemented, for example, with a miniature or so-called ultra mobile computer, such as the OQO model 2+ produced by OQO, Inc., or the VAIO® UX Series Micro PC produced by Sony Corporation. Any number of small portable computing platforms can be used to implement computer 200.
The LOB module 207 is programmed or otherwise configured to convert a response signal from transceiver 217 into a line of bearing (LOB) relative to the current position and orientation of array 218b. The geolocation module 211 is programmed or otherwise configured to identify the actual location of the target emitter on the LOB, based on the intersection of LOBs from multiple vantage points (e.g., on a map display) and/or GPS position and heading tags associated with each computed LOB. For instance, in the example embodiment shown in FIG. 2a, the system includes GPS module 213 and its corresponding antennas 213a-b, so that each LOB to a target device can be associated with position and heading tags. The GPS module 213 and antennas 213a-b can be implemented with conventional GPS receiver and antenna technology. In one example embodiment, GPS module 213 is implemented with a Crescent® Vector OEM board produced by Hemisphere GPS, Inc. This particular GPS board, which can be operatively coupled to computer 200 by an RS-232 serial port or otherwise integrated into computer 200, provides a GPS compass and positioning system that computes heading and positioning using two antennas for greater precision. Other suitable GPS receivers can be used as well, as will be apparent in light of this disclosure. In any such cases, the geolocation module 211 accumulates bearings provided by GPS module 213 to produce a geolocation, which can then be provided, for instance, on a map display.
The user interface 201, including controls 201a and display 201b, allows the user to control and task the system 10. In one specific case, the LOB results can be mapped or shown on a polar plot to indicate in real time the direction to the target emitter. The user interface 201 may include, for example, a probe button that when pressed or otherwise selected initiates transmission of a stimulus signal by the transceiver 217 and beamformer 218 to a target device, so that the signal response (or other signal, whether provided automatically or in response to stimulus) from the device can be received at the antenna array 218b over multiple antenna configurations to provide a sample array of response data for that device. The multiple antenna configurations can be selected, for example, automatically by the control provided to the transceiver 217 and beamformer 218 by computer 200, or by operation of the beamformer 218 itself. The array of response data can then be analyzed by the LOB module 207 to identify an LOB to the target device. In addition, the computer 200 may be configured to direct transceiver 217 to transmit a specific stimulus signal having parameters customized to a given target device. In any such cases, the computer 200 receives the response signals from transceiver 217 for processing by the LOB module 207. The geolocation module 211, whether present in the same system 10 or remote to system 10, can then compute a specific location based on the computed LOBs from different vantage points.
Each of the modules 207 and 211 can be implemented, for example, as a set of instructions or code that when accessed from memory 205 and executed by the processor 203, cause direction finding and geolocation techniques described herein to be carried out. In addition, the user interface 201 can be programmed or otherwise configured to allow for functionality as described herein (e.g., wherein controls 201a are implemented as graphical user interface with touch screen functionality). The calibration files 209 effectively make up entries in a database that can be, for example, any suitable data storage populated with gold-standard response data having a known azimuth to which test data can be correlated. The gold-standard response data may be, for instance, empirical data measured by the system 10 in a multipath environment under known conditions (e.g., where the azimuth/LOB from the antenna array 215b to the target emitter device 50 is known, and a full set of calibration measurements are taken at each known azimuth). Alternatively, the gold-standard response data can be theoretical data (assuming the theoretical data is sufficiently accurate to provide accurate results). In any such cases, the database 209 can be populated with gold standard data for any number of azimuths. The number of azimuths represented in the database 209 can vary depending on factors such as the desired azimuthal resolution and FOV. In one example embodiment, the FOV is assumed to be 360° with a desired resolution of 1° (i.e., 360 azimuths). Other embodiments may have a narrower FOV and/or a finer resolution (e.g., an FOV of 360° and a resolution of 0.1°, wherein there are 3600 azimuths; or an FOV of 180° and a resolution of 1°, wherein there are 180 azimuths; or an FOV of 360° and a resolution of 20°, wherein there are 18 azimuths; or an FOV of 90° and a resolution of 2.0°, wherein there 45 azimuths. As will be appreciated in light of this disclosure, the azimuthal resolution and FOV will depend on the particular demands of the application at hand. The azimuth entry in the database having the calibrated array of data that best matches or otherwise correlates to the measured array of data directly corresponds to the LOB to the target device associated with the measured array of data.
In other embodiments, the calibration files 209, each of the modules 207 and 211, and any graphical user interface (GUI) such as controls 201a, can be implemented in hardware such as purpose-built semiconductor or gate-level logic (e.g., FPGA or ASIC), or otherwise hard-coded. In other embodiments, calibration files 209, modules 207 and 211, and GUI 201a may be implemented with a combination of hardware and software, such as with a microcontroller having input/output capability for providing control signals to transceiver 217 and beamformer 218, and for receiving response data from transceiver 217, and a number of embedded routines for carrying out direction finding and geolocation techniques described herein.
As previously explained, the network detector 215 and its omni-direction antenna 215a can be used to carryout a covert or otherwise transparent survey process to identify various wireless emitters in the FOV of system 10. In one such embodiment, the network detector 215 is implemented with KISMET software executing on processor 203 of computer 200. The omni-directional survey antenna can be implemented, for example, with a Wi-Fi (802.11b/g) PCMCIA card (e.g., whip antenna) that is operatively coupled to computer 200, or otherwise integrated into computer 200 to provide wireless connectivity. The detector 215 detects and interprets information being transmitted by wireless emitters in the FOV, and identifies information such as MAC address, SSID, channel, and current encryption status to be identified. Any number of network detectors can be employed for this surveying purpose.
The optional mapping module 221b can be used to provide map displays upon which computed LOBs and/or geolocation markers can be overlayed or otherwise integrated, so as to allow a visual display that can be used in tracking the person associated with the targeted wireless emitter device 50. In one such embodiment, the mapping module 221 is a satellite based mapping system (e.g., Google EarthTM mapping service) executing on a secondary computer system (e.g., laptop similar to computer 200, configured as a command workstation, along with the geolocation module 211). Alternatively, the mapping module 221 can be implemented on a computer 200. In one such case, the display area 201b of the user interface 201 provides a map display area having LOBs from multiple vantage points overlayed thereon (assuming a moving system 10, or multiple systems 10 each deployed at a distinct vantage point). Other information may also be included, as will be discussed with reference to FIG. 4.
The Ethernet hub 219 can be implemented with conventional technology, and operatively couples various components of system 10 to effectively provide a communication network by which those components can communicate. In the example embodiment shown, each of computer 200, mapping module 221, and multi-element beamforming array 216 are coupled to the Ethernet hub 219 by respective Ethernet ports provided with each. Any number of conventional networking/connectivity technologies can be used here to operatively couple the components of system 10, and embodiments are not intended to be limited to Ethernet based solutions.
FIG. 2b illustrates further details of the wireless emitter locating system 10 shown in FIG. 2a, with respect to the geo module 211 and the LOB module 207, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As can be seen, the geo module 211 includes a geo compute module 211a and a SQL database 211b, and the LOB module 207 includes a scan scheduler 207a and an LOB compute module 207b. In general, computing multiple LOBs as the system 10 is actively moving (such as the case of a handheld or vehicle-based system 10) gives rise to various timing issues and can generate a significant amount of data. For instance, example timing considerations may involve when the next survey and/or target probe should take place and on what channels, and example data includes emitter detections, multiple LOBs, and corresponding navigation data for each of a plurality of points along the travel path of system 10. To this end, the scan scheduler 207a directs scheduling of system 10 operations in response to user survey and probe commands (from user interface 201a), and SQL database 211b efficiently stores (and makes accessible) pertinent data to the system 10.
In more detail, the scan scheduler 207a of this example embodiment is programmed or otherwise configured to direct the network detector 215 to survey the FOV of system 10 for wireless emitters. The scheduler 207a specifies the channel to survey. For instance, the scheduler may sequentially schedule scans for each available channel associated with a given protocol (e.g., IEEE 802.11). The detector 215 provides any detections for each such survey back to the scan scheduler 207a, which then stores those detections (along with any pertinent learned information, such as MAC address, channel, encryption status, etc) in database 211b. Note that although SQL technology is used in this example, other suitable database technologies can be used as well. Once the survey is complete (or if the target devices are already known), the scan scheduler 207a can then select any of the detected emitters (e.g., based on MAC address or other suitable identifier selected by user via user interface 201a and indicated in the probe command), and instruct the LOB compute module 207b to compute an LOB for that particular emitter at that current location of the system 10. For each LOB provided by module 207b to scheduler 207a, the scheduler 207a queries the database 211b for navigation data at that particular time (time X). As can be further seen, the database 211b responds by sending the scheduler 207a the appropriate navigation data. The scheduler 207a then stores the LOB along with its corresponding navigation data to the database 211b. The scheduler 207a may repeat this process periodically, so as to provide a continuous LOB from the vantage point of that particular system 10 (which effectively allows the emergency responder or other person associated with the targeted emitter to be tracked, particularly when multiple deployed systems 10 are providing continuous LOB measurements). In the example embodiment shown, scan scheduler 207a also directs the beamforming array 216 in conjunction with module 207b. In alternative configurations, module 207b can direct beamforming array 216 after scheduler 207a instructs module 207b. Additional details of how module 207b operates and interacts with the cal files 209 and beamforming array 216 are provided with reference to FIGS. 5a-c. 
As previously explained, the GPS module 213 provides current heading and position data, which is also stored in the database 211b and made available the LOB module 207. The geo compute module 211a is programmed or otherwise configured to compute, in response to a geolocate command from the user (via interface 201a), a geolocation for the specified target emitter. As previously explained, the geolocation can be computed based on the intersection of the corresponding LOBs and/or the navigation data (position/heading tags) associated with those LOBs. As previously explained, in some embodiments, the geo compute module 211a can be implemented in a command workstation that receives via a wireless network the LOBs and related data (GPS position and heading tags, time stamps, and other pertinent information) computed by a number of systems 10 deployed at a scene where emergency responders or other personnel are present. By continuously computing geolocations to a target emitter based on LOBs to that emitter from multiple vantage points, the person associated with that emitter can be tracked so their precise location at any one time is known (even when that person is inside a building and not visible from outside the building). The computed geolocations may be stored in the database 211b by module 211a, if so desired.
FIG. 2c illustrates example states and modes of the wireless emitter locating system 10 shown in FIG. 2a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As can be seen, the diagram includes two main portions: one for the computer 200 (which is a laptop in this example) and another for other hardware (detector 215 and array 216) of system 10. At power-up, the system 10 transitions from its OFF state to its Online state, where upon the database 211b becomes available and modules 201a and 213 come online. During an Offline/Editing state, only the computer 200 (with its modules and database 211b) may be powered-on (e.g., leave module 213 powered-down or in low power mode to conserve power), which allows for offline tasks such as importing/exporting data and computing of geolocations.
Once computer 200 is in its Online state, the user may task system 10 hardware to survey, probe, etc. To conserve power, note that detector 215 and array 216 can be powered-down or held in a low power mode during extended periods of not receiving any user tasks. Once a task is received, the system 10 can transition from a Standby state to either a Survey state or a Probe state, depending on the user task received. For instance, if the survey button (or other user interface mechanism) is selected, the system transitions to the Survey state where available channels are surveyed for wireless emitters. The channels to survey can be automatically selected (e.g., by operation of scheduler 207a as previously described), or specified by the user. In one such case, after the survey is complete, the user can select a new set of channels for survey, or set the channels list to 0 (i.e., no further surveying). Note that, in some embodiments, surveying may not be necessary if each of the deployed emitters is already known to the system 10.
As can be further seen, selecting the probe button (or other user interface mechanism) causes system 10 to transition to the Probe state for targeted probing of an emitter having a specified MAC address. If after N seconds (e.g., 5 to 15 seconds) no response is received from the targeted emitter, system 10 may transition back to the Survey state in effort to identify other emitters in the FOV or to correct identifying information associated with the target emitter. Alternatively, the system 10 can transition back to the Standby state. Any number of timing/abort schemes for controlling state transition can be used here.
FIGS. 3a and 3b illustrate a vehicle-based version of the wireless emitter locating system 10 shown in FIG. 2a, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As can be seen, the system 10 includes inside vehicle componentry 10a (as best shown in FIG. 2a), a multi-element beamforming array 216, GPS antennas 213a-b, and survey antenna 215a as previously discussed with reference to FIG. 2a, and that previous discussion is equally applicable here. In addition to these components, this embodiment further includes a mobile platform 311 and cabling 307. The vehicle 310 can be any type of suitable vehicle given the particular application at hand (e.g., military vehicles or emergency responder vehicles), and numerous deployment schemes for system 10 will be apparent in light of this disclosure.
In this example embodiment, the platform 311 is used to support a clam-shell configuration that houses the multi-element beamforming array 216. The cabling 307 is for operatively coupling the outer vehicle componentry to the inside vehicle componentry 10a, and may include a bound cable harness or a number of independent dedicated cables operatively coupled between respective components. The clam-shell assembly including the beamforming array 216 can be implemented, for example, using a MediaFlexTM access point produced by Ruckus Wireless, Inc. As previously explained, the user interface 201 can be used to task or otherwise activate system functions. Alternatively, the system 10 may operate automatically once deployed and powered up at a given scene, so as to provide continuous LOB data to wireless emitters in its FOV to a command workstation that continuously computes, maps and displays geolocations based on those LOBs, to track location of target emitters. Any number of user interface and/or activation mechanisms may be implemented to allow for control and/or tasking of the system 10, as will be apparent in light of this disclosure.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example user interface 201 of the wireless emitter locating system 10 shown in FIG. 2a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As can be seen, the interface 201 is implemented within a browser and includes a map display area for displaying multiple LOBs computed by the system 10 as well as the vehicle's path. In other embodiments where multiple systems 10 are each deployed at fixed locations (e.g., such as locations along the vehicle path shown), a similar plot can be provided, where the multiple LOBs are provided by multiple systems 10 as opposed to a moving system 10. In any such cases, map setting and information can also be provided, to allow the user to configure the map as desired (e.g., to show more or few details, zoom level, labels, etc).
In this example user interface, an LOB resulting from the process carried out by LOB module 207 is visually depicted on a polar plot, along with the vehicle heading, to indicate in real-time the direction to the target device relative to the current position and orientation of array 216. As can be further seen, specific LOB details may also be displayed to ease the user's viewing, if so desired.
Also shown above the LOB polar plot are response signals and the corresponding correlation factors computed by the system 10 as described herein. As can be seen, each response signal parameter of amplitude (Am . . . ) that has been measured has an ID value and corresponds to a computed correlation factor (Corr.) and a corresponding azimuthal (Az . . . ) value. The user may search this data and/or scroll the data for review. In this specific example, the user can also specify a maximum LOB age (to prevent stale readings), if so desired.
The interface 201 of this example further includes a section for survey results showing discovered wireless emitters and corresponding information associated with each such emitter. The information includes, for instance, a callsign, SSID, type of emitter (e.g., 802.11b, 802.11g, etc), MAC address, communication channel, category (e.g., 0=unencrypted; 1=encrypted), the number of LOBs computed for that emitter (if any), emitter ID (if assigned), and the client MAC (which may be helpful in embodiments where there is more than one system 10 providing information as described herein and best shown in FIG. 6).
For instance, in one such embodiment, and assuming results from multiple systems 10 are shown in the section for survey results (or the section showing available emitters), the client MAC may be one of three or four (or more) systems 10 deployed at a scene. In one such case, the user interface 201 is only provided at the command workstation (i.e., the systems 10 computing and transmitting the LOBs and other pertinent data need not have displays or other user interfaces, so long as they publish that LOB data to the mesh or other suitable network for receipt by the command workstation). Once the person operating the command workstation selects a particular system 10 for display (e.g., via touch screen selection), then the LOBs associated with that system 10 can be, for instance, highlighted on the map display area. In addition, the last computed LOB for that system 10 can be shown on the polar plot section, and the corresponding measurement data can be shown in the response signals and correlation factors section of the user interface 201. Any number of such user interface schemes can be used.
The interface 201 of this example further includes a Probe button (e.g., touch screen activated or otherwise selectable by the user) for initiating a probing task of a selected emitter device. The interface 201 may also include a Survey button to initiate surveys. Other embodiments may combine the tasking functions for Probing and Survey into a single button. The interface further includes a Geolocate button, which initiates a geolocation computation for a selected emitter based on its LOBs and associated navigation data. As previously explained, the system 10 may simply operate automatically once deployed, and need not include a tasking interface.
Line of Bearing Determination
FIG. 5a illustrates a method for determining an LOB to a wireless emitter and geolocating that emitter based on multiple LOBs, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As previously explained, the method can be carried out, for example, by one or more systems 10 (e.g., with one configured as a command workstation for tracking target emitters, and others for computing LOBs and publishing those LOBs to the command workstation).
The method begins with surveying 501 the area of interest to identify wireless emitters within that area (e.g., by MAC address, and/or other suitable identifiers). The user can task this survey, for example, using the user interface 201 (e.g., survey button on graphical user interface that is coded to generate control signals commanding the transceiver 217 and beamformer 218 to transmit the survey signal). Note that this step may be done contemporaneously with remaining portions of the method, or at any time prior to the remaining portions. Alternatively, this surveying step may be carried out automatically (at power-up and/or periodically thereafter), or not at all if wireless emitter devices are already known.
The method continues with selecting 503 a target emitter discovered during the survey (e.g., based on the target device's MAC address or other suitable identifier, and using the channel associated with that emitter) for probing to direction find and geolocate that emitter. The user can task this probing of the target device, for example, using the user interface 201 (e.g., user can select the target emitter using graphical user interface that is coded to display a list of emitters identified during the survey, and then user can select probe button on graphical user interface that is coded to generate control signals commanding the transceiver 217 and beamformer 218 to transmit the probe signal). Alternatively, the selecting can be automatic, such that the method includes systematic and periodic probing of available wireless emitters based on a pre-set tracking schedule.
The method continues with transmitting 505 a stimulus signal to the target emitter. Recall that computer 200 of system 10 may be configured to direct transceiver 217 to transmit a specific stimulus signal having parameters customized to a given target device, if so desired (e.g., as commanded by LOB module 207). Alternatively, the stimulus signal can be any signal that causes the target emitter to provide a response signal that can be detected and processed by system 10 as described herein. Recall that no stimulus signal is required in instances where a given target device automatically broadcasts or otherwise transmits its information (such voluntary signals can be considered a ‘response’ as well, for purposes of this disclosure). In such cases, the system executing the method can passively listen for target emitter transmissions.
The method continues with measuring 507 the response signal parameter (or parameters) for each of Y antenna patterns, thereby providing a Y sample array of response data. As previously explained, the antenna array 218b is configured with a number of elements that can be selected by switching network 218a to provide various antenna configurations. In one example case, the antenna has six horizontally-polarized elements, thereby providing 26 different configurations (i.e., Y=64). In another example case, the antenna has six horizontally-polarized and vertically-polarized elements, thereby providing 212 different configurations (i.e., Y=4096).
The method continues with correlating 509 the sample array to a plurality of entries in a database of calibrated arrays having known azimuths, to generate a correlation plot. This process can be carried out, for example, by the LOB module 207, or a dedicated correlation module. As is generally known, a correlation process measures how well two populations match one another. Any conventional correlation technique can be used to perform this correlation, where such techniques typically provide a correlation factor between 0 (low correlation) and 1 (high correlation). FIG. 5b illustrates a correlation process to identify which calibrated array best matches a sample array, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As can be seen, the cal files 209 include 360 calibrated arrays, one for each LOB ranging from 1° to 360° (with a 1° resolution). In this example of FIG. 5b, the antenna array has two elements capable of providing four distinct antenna patterns (indicated as 0,0; 0,1; 1,0; and 1,1). Thus, once the sample array of response data is provided by the transceiver 217 to the computer 200, that sample array can be compared against the cal files 209 to generate a correlation factor for each comparison. Each of these correlation factors can then be plotted to provide a correlation scan or plot as shown in FIG. 5c. The peak of the correlation plot corresponds to an azimuth (or LOB) to the target emitter. Note that LOB is effectively interchangeable with azimuth in this context.
The method therefore continues with identifying 511 the target azimuth of the sample array based on the peak of the correlation plot, and determining a line of bearing (LOB) to target based on the target azimuth. In the example of FIGS. 5b and 5c, the sample array best matches the cal file 209 corresponding to the LOB of 280°. As will be appreciated, the number of azimuths and antenna patterns used for this example was selected for ease of depiction. Other embodiments may have any number of azimuths (represented in cal file 209) and/or antenna patterns. In any such case, the target LOB can be graphically displayed to the user (e.g., as shown in FIG. 4).
The method continues with geolocating 515 the target emitter based on two or more LOBs, from multiple vantage points. In one such embodiment, this geolocation is carried out by the user moving to a second location and then repeating steps 505 through 513 to get a second LOB to target. The user may repeat at any number of additional locations, providing an LOB at each location. The user may collect such LOBs at multiple points, for instance, along an L-shaped path, or other path that will allow for geolocation based on LOBs to be carried out. Alternatively, a plurality of systems 10 can be deployed, each at a respective vantage point (effectively having the same results as a mobile single system 10). In any case, the computed LOBs can be stored, for example, in a memory of each computer 200 or only in a command workstation, and/or displayed to the user as shown in FIG. 4 (along with travel path and/or multiple vantage points and system 10 locations). Alternatively, the user can manually plot the LOBs. In any such cases, the LOBs will generally intersect. The more LOBs provided to the target, the more robust and accurate the intersection will be. The user can then translate this intersection to a geographic location, using conventional geolocation techniques. As previously explained, each LOB may be further associated with position and heading data (from navigation system), which can also be used to readily and accurately geolocate the target emitter.
Personnel Tracking System
FIG. 6 illustrates a system for direction finding, geolocating, and tracking emergency personnel, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In a more general sense, the system can be used to track people (or animals, or other items) in any number of tracking applications, as will be apparent in light of this disclosure.
As can be seen, the tracking system is deployed at the scene of a burning building and includes a number of wireless emitter locating systems 10. In this particular example scenario, system 10a is located on a fire truck, system 10b is located on an ambulance, system 10c is located on a police car, and system 10d is configured as an incident commander workstation. Any number of emergency responder vehicles or other vehicles can be configured with systems 10. Likewise, other systems 10 may be brought to the scene in a suitcase (such as the command workstation) and/or a handheld unit. An example handheld unit is provided in the previously incorporated U.S. application Ser. No. 12/487,469. Each of the systems 10 communicates with one another via a wireless network (e.g., mesh network). The tracking system is configured for tracking the movement of a first responder (a fireman in this example), who has a wireless emitter (e.g., sewed into coat of fireman, or fireman's personal cell phone). The emitter can be, for example, an IEEE 802.11 emitter.
In operation, the incident commander's workstation system 10d receives information published to the wireless network by the other systems 10a-c. The published information includes, for example, LOBs to the fireman which are periodically computed (e.g., every 1 to 15 seconds) by each system 10 as well as time stamps and GPS location data associated with those LOBs. In the moment depicted in FIG. 6, system 10a has computed and published LOB 1, system 10b has computed and published LOB 2, and system 10c has computed and published LOB 3. Each of systems 10a-c can compute the LOBs as previously described (e.g., with reference to LOB module 207). The system 10d receives the published information from the mesh network, and periodically computes (e.g., every 1 to 15 seconds) geolocations of the fireman, and then publishes that location on a map (e.g., user interface 201). In one example case, the intersection of the three LOBs is calculated in 3D and plotted on a 3D model of the burning building. Any display that allows the fireman to be located can be used.
The wireless network can be implemented with any number of suitable conventional technologies. In one example embodiment, the network is implemented with a First InterCommTM mesh network produced by BAE Systems. The First InterCommTM system allows radios operating on different frequencies and protocols to communicate with each other. The First InterCommTM system unit can be mounted, for example, inside a vehicle, and uses the responder's radio frequency, runs off the vehicle's battery, and requires no operator involvement.
The foregoing description of the embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of this disclosure. For instance, some embodiments are discussed in the context of a ground vehicle-based device. Other example embodiments may be any vehicle-based (e.g., airplane, ship, etc). Still other example embodiments may be backpack-based, such that a user can don the backpack and control and task system using a wired or wireless remote having a small display screen to allow user to see computed LOBs/geolocation results. Alternatively, such a backpack-based system can be configured to respond to voice commands, and aurally present computed LOBs/geolocation results so that user's hands remain free. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.

## Claims

1. A method for tracking personnel at a scene, the method comprising:
transmitting a stimulus signal to a target wireless emitter of a person to be tracked using a known physical address associated with that target wireless emitter to stimulate a response signal from the target wireless emitter;
measuring one or more response signal parameters for each of Y antenna patterns, thereby providing a Y sample array of response data from the target wireless emitter, wherein Y is greater than 1;
correlating the sample array to a plurality of entries in a database of calibrated arrays having known azimuths, to determine a line of bearing (LOB) to the target wireless emitter;
repeating the transmitting, measuring and correlating to determine one or more additional LOBs to the target wireless emitter, each LOB computed from a different geographic location; and
geolocating the target wireless emitter based on the LOBs, thereby geolocating the person.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the preliminary steps of:
surveying an area of interest to identify wireless emitters within that area; and
selecting a target emitter discovered during the survey.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the transmitting includes transmitting the stimulus signal to the target emitter using a media access control (MAC) address and communication channel associated with the target emitter learned during the survey.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the correlating comprises:
generating a correlation plot having a peak using correlation factors resulting from correlation of the sample array to the plurality of entries in the database;
identifying a target azimuth of the sample array based on the peak of the correlation plot; and
determining the LOB to the target wireless emitter based on the target azimuth.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein each of the LOBs is associated with position and heading tags provided by a global positioning satellite (GPS) module to assist in geolocating the target wireless emitter.

6. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
graphically displaying geolocations of the target wireless emitter.

7. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
periodically repeating the geolocating of the target wireless emitter, thereby periodically geolocating the person as that person moves around the scene.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein there are 64 or 4096 antenna patterns.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more response signal parameters include response signal amplitude.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the method is carried out using portable devices configured for performing the transmitting, measuring and correlating and a command workstation wirelessly coupled to the portable devices is configured for performing the geolocating.

11. A system for tracking personnel at a scene, the system comprising:
a switchable antenna array for measuring one or more signal parameters for each of Y antenna patterns, thereby providing a Y sample array of signal data from a target wireless emitter of a person to be tracked, wherein Y is greater than 1;
a line of bearing module for correlating the sample array to a plurality of entries in a database of calibrated arrays having known azimuths, to determine a line of bearing (LOB) to the target wireless emitter; and
a geolocation module for geolocating the target wireless emitter based on multiple LOBs to the target wireless emitter, each LOB computed from a different geographic location, thereby geolocating the person.

12. The system of claim 11 wherein the system is further configured for surveying an area of interest to identify wireless emitters within that area, the system further comprising:
a user interface for allowing a user to select a target emitter discovered during the survey.

13. The system of claim 12 wherein the target emitter is associated with a media access control (MAC) address and communication channel learned during the survey, and the system further includes a transceiver configured for transmitting a stimulus signal to the target emitter using the MAC address and communication channel.

14. The system of claim 11 wherein the line of bearing module is configured for generating a correlation plot having a peak using correlation factors resulting from correlation of the sample array to the plurality of entries in the database, and identifying a target azimuth of the sample array based on the peak of the correlation plot, and determining the LOB to the target wireless emitter based on the target azimuth.

15. The system of claim 11 wherein each of the LOBs is associated with position and heading tags provided by a global positioning satellite (GPS) module to assist in geolocating the target wireless emitter.

16. The system of claim 11 further comprising:
a user interface for graphically displaying geolocations of the target wireless emitter.

17. The system of claim 11 wherein the geolocation module is further configured for periodically geolocating the target wireless emitter, thereby periodically geolocating the person as that person moves around the scene.

18. The system of claim 11 wherein the system comprises a plurality of portable devices each located at a different vantage point to the scene and configured with a transceiver and a switchable antenna array and a line of bearing module, and the system further comprising a command workstation wirelessly coupled to the plurality of portable devices and configured with the geolocation module.

19. The system of claim 11 wherein the target wireless emitter is associated with a physical address, the system further comprising:
a transmitter for transmitting a stimulus signal to the target wireless emitter using the physical address to stimulate a response signal from the target wireless emitter, the response signal having the one or more signal parameters.

20. The system of claim 11 wherein the switchable antenna array includes a plurality of elements, the system further comprising:
a switching network for selecting the elements to provide each of the Y antenna patterns.

21. The system of claim 20 wherein the switchable antenna array includes both vertically-polarized and horizontally-polarized elements.

22. The system of claim 11 wherein the database has an azimuthal resolution of 1 degree or higher for a field of view of view that includes the scene.

23. A system for tracking personnel at a scene, the system comprising:
a user interface for allowing a user to select a target emitter of a person to be tracked, wherein the target emitter is associated with a media access control (MAC) address and communication channel learned during the survey;
a transceiver for transmitting a stimulus signal to a target wireless emitter using the MAC address and communication channel;
an antenna array for measuring one or more response signal parameters for each of Y antenna patterns, thereby providing a Y sample array of response data from the target wireless emitter, wherein Y is greater than 1, and the one or more response signal parameters include response signal amplitude;
a line of bearing module for correlating the sample array to a plurality of entries in a database of calibrated arrays having known azimuths, to determine a line of bearing (LOB) to the target wireless emitter;
a geolocation module for periodically geolocating the target wireless emitter based on multiple LOBs to the target wireless emitter, each LOB computed from a different geographic location, thereby geolocating the person; and
a user interface for graphically displaying geolocations of the person.

24. The system of claim 23 wherein the line of bearing module is configured for generating a correlation plot having a peak using correlation factors resulting from correlation of the sample array to the plurality of entries in the database, and identifying a target azimuth of the sample array based on the peak of the correlation plot, and determining the LOB to the target wireless emitter based on the target azimuth.