United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

Nos. 96-2939/96-3064

___________

United States of America, *

*

Appellee/Cross-Appellant, *

*

v. * Appeals from the United States

* District Court for the District of

Gregory L. Jorgensen, * South Dakota.

*

Appellant/Cross-Appellee. *

*

------------------------------ *

*

National Cattlemen's Beef Association; *

the CATL Fund, *

*

Amici Curiae. *

___________

Nos. 96-2940/96-3064

___________

United States of America, *

*

Appellee/Cross-Appellant, *

*

v. *

*

Martin F. Jorgensen, Jr., *

*

Appellant/Cross-Appellee. *
------------------------------ *

*

National Cattlemen's Beef Association; *

the CATL Fund, *

*

Amici Curiae. *

__________

Nos. 96-2941/96-3064

___________

United States of America, *

*

Appellee/Cross-Appellant, *

*

v. *

*

Deborah L. Jorgensen, *

*

Appellant/Cross-Appellee. *

*

------------------------------ *

*

National Cattlemen's Beef Association; *

the CATL Fund, *

*

Amici Curiae. *

___________

Nos. 96-2942/96-3064

___________

United States of America, *

*

Appellee/Cross-Appellant, *

*

v. *
The Honorable Charles B. Kornmann, United States District Judge for the

1

District of South Dakota.

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Dakota Lean, Inc., doing business as *

Dakota Lean Meats, Inc., *

a corporation, *

*

Appellant/Cross-Appellee. *

*

------------------------------ *

*

National Cattlemen's Beef Association; *

the CATL Fund, *

*

Amici Curiae. *

___________

Submitted: May 21, 1997

 Filed: May 7, 1998

___________

Before McMILLIAN, FAGG, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.

___________

HANSEN, Circuit Judge.

The defendants appeal their convictions and sentences for conspiracy, mail fraud,

wire fraud, and fraudulent sales of misbranded meat. They make numerous claims on

appeal, including insufficiency of the evidence, improper jury instructions, erroneous

evidentiary rulings, abuse of discretion in providing the jury with a copy of the

indictment, and improper sentencing. The government cross-appeals, claiming error

in sentencing. We affirm the district court.1
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I.

In the mid-1980s, Gregory Jorgensen conceived the idea of gathering a group of

South Dakota cattle producers together to market and sell the processed beef derived

from their own cattle, hoping to increase the net return from their raised cattle while

enabling them to better control their own production. Acting on this idea, Gregory and

his father, Martin Jorgensen, incorporated Dakota Lean, Inc., in South Dakota and

began slaughtering cattle raised by them and their neighbors. Deborah Jorgensen

became involved in the company after its initial organization. The company decided

to concentrate on marketing and selling “heart healthy” meat products, produced from

cattle raised on the Jorgensen ranch or from Jorgensen-bred animals. 

When Dakota Lean sold its meat to customers, the product was accompanied by

brochures making various claims about the product. Included in these claims were

statements that the cattle were “genetically selected,” that “strict quality control [was]

maintained through individualized tracking and processing of each animal,” and that the

cattle were “raised on a wholesome diet of native prairie grass and selected feed stuffs

without any growth hormones or implants.” (Trial Ex. 3 at 15-16.) Other brochures

sent to customers stated that the meat had “No Substitutes” and “No Additives” and

came from cattle “selectively bred for over 30 years to yield a much lower fat and

cholesterol content.” (Id. at 2, 4.) Some brochures also claimed Dakota Lean meat

was produced from cattle which had been “raised on a carefully controlled diet of

mother's milk and prairie grasses” which was “supplemented with corn and milo, a

coarse, rough-seeded sorghum, grown and milled on Dakota Lean's 16,000 acre ranch

in South Dakota” as the cattle matured. (Id. at 36-37.) Additionally, according to the

brochures, “computerized records keep track of each animal’s food, and fat and

cholesterol content levels are measured every three months.” (Id.) 

In 1989, when demand for their products outstripped their capacity to fill the

orders from slaughtering their own cattle and those of their neighbors having the same
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attributes as their own cattle, the Jorgensens decided to start buying commercial beef

trim from outside suppliers. Beef trim is meat purchased from packing plants which is

ordinarily used to make hamburger. None of the outside suppliers claimed their beef

trim was hormone or antibiotic free, or that the cattle producing the meat had been

genetically bred or fed a special diet. The Jorgensens blended this ordinary commercial

outside beef trim with their own Dakota Lean meat product. Dakota Lean then sold

this blended product to its customers while at the same time making the representations

outlined above to its customers in the accompanying brochures. The company did not

tell its customers that it was blending outside beef trim with its own meat. All told, it

purchased more than a million pounds of outside beef trim to blend with its own meat.

Following a jury trial, the Jorgensens and the corporation were each convicted

of conspiracy in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 (1994), and of several counts charging

the fraudulent sale of misbranded meat in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 610 and 676. The

jury acquitted each defendant of one or more counts of the 25-count indictment.

Additionally, Gregory and Deborah Jorgensen and the corporation were each convicted

of two counts of mail fraud and three counts of wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§

1341 and 1343. The district court sentenced Gregory to 24 months of imprisonment,

Martin to 15 months, and Deborah to 12 months and one day. The court also imposed

substantial fines and periods of supervised release on the individual defendants. The

defendants appeal and the government cross appeals.

II.

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence.

The defendants first argue that there was insufficient evidence to support any of

the counts of conviction and, therefore, that the district court erred in denying their

motions for judgment of acquittal.
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We apply familiar standards in our review of sufficiency of the evidence claims.

We consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and grant the

government the benefit of all reasonable inferences. United States v. Berndt, 86 F.3d

803, 809 (8th Cir. 1996). The elements of the crime may be proven by either direct or

circumstantial evidence. United States v. Hankins, 931 F.2d 1256, 1258 (8th Cir.),

cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 (1991). “We do not judge the credibility of witnesses.” Id.

at 1258-59. We reverse a conviction only if a reasonable fact finder could not have

found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 1259. “This standard is

a strict one, and a jury verdict should not be overturned lightly.” United States v.

Sykes, 977 F.2d 1242, 1247 (8th Cir. 1992).

The defendants’ misbranding convictions were for violations of the Federal Meat

Inspection Act. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 601-695. It is a felony under 21 U.S.C. § 676(a) for

any person, firm, or corporation to violate any provisions of 21 U.S.C. § 610 with an

“intent to defraud.” Section 610(c) prohibits any “person, firm or corporation” from

distributing in commerce meat or meat products “capable of use as human food” which

are “misbranded at the time of . . . sale, transportation, offer for sale or transportation,

or receipt for transportation.” Meat or meat product is “misbranded” under the Act “if

its labeling is false or misleading in any particular.” 21 U.S.C. § 601(n)(1). “Labeling”

is defined as “all labels and other written, printed or graphic matter (1) upon any article

or any of its containers or wrappers, or (2) accompanying such article.” 21 U.S.C. §

601(p).

The evidence supports the jury’s verdicts in this case. First, the brochures that

accompanied the Dakota Lean meat products qualify as “labeling” within the meaning

of 21 U.S.C. § 601(p). The brochures were “written matter” that was “accompanying”

Dakota Lean's meat product when it was distributed in commerce. See 21 U.S.C. §

601(p). Contrary to the defendants’ assertions, Dakota Lean customers testified at trial

that the literature describing the meat arrived with the product. Second, the Dakota

Lean meat products sold were “misbranded” within the meaning of 21 U.S.C. §
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601(n)(1). Dakota Lean's own meat had been blended with outside beef trim that did

not have the qualities specified in the claims contained in the brochures. Thus, the

labeling was false and misleading resulting in the misbranding. Third, the defendants

caused the misbranded meat to be distributed in commerce when they sold the products

to customers in various states. 

There was evidence that each defendant had the requisite intent to defraud.

When tours were given of the processing plant, boxes of outside beef trim were hidden

behind boxes of Dakota Lean marked product to create the illusion that it was all

Jorgensen-bred beef. Gregory Jorgensen gave the final order to purchase outside beef

trim and to blend it with Dakota Lean's own product. He told employees that the

company was mixing the outside beef trim with the company's own product but that this

information was not to leave the plant. He also approved the continued use of the false

and misleading brochures.

Martin Jorgensen knew of the blending of outside beef trim with the Dakota

Lean product. He told the sales manager to represent the blended product as it was

described in the misleading brochures. He loaned the corporation $25,000 so it could

buy outside beef. Martin himself also promoted the blended product by making these

same representations.

Deborah Jorgensen was actively involved in the daily operations of the company.

This included selling the product to customers. She also knew that the company was

blending its own meat with outside beef trim. She was personally involved in the

purchasing of some of the outside beef trim. She represented the product as it was

described in the misleading brochures. She was also the contact person within Dakota

Lean for an advertising firm that produced many of the false and misleading brochures.

While her involvement with the company was interrupted, the jury convicted her on

substantive counts that occurred only after she returned to the company in September

1992, and of the conspiracy count.
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Gregory and Deborah also challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support

their convictions under the mail and wire fraud statutes. The mail fraud statute, 18

U.S.C. § 1341, makes it a crime to use the mails to execute “any scheme or artifice to

defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent . . .

representations.” The wire fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, makes it a crime to

“transmit[] or cause[] to be transmitted by means of wire, radio, or television

communication in interstate or foreign commerce, any writings, signs, signals, pictures,

or sounds for the purpose of executing” a “scheme or artifice to defraud, or for

obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent . . . representations.” 

The record contains sufficient evidence to support the mail and wire fraud

convictions. Gregory and Deborah each had used telephones and the mails to carry out

the scheme to defraud customers by misrepresenting and misbranding Dakota Lean

meat for each count upon which they were convicted.

The defendants also challenge their convictions for conspiracy. The federal

conspiracy statute, 18 U.S.C. § 371, makes it a crime for “two or more persons” to

“conspire to commit any offense against the United States” when “one or more of such

persons do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy.” Under this section the

government must prove “that there was an agreement to achieve an illegal purpose,

that the defendant knew of this agreement and that the defendant intentionally joined

the conspiracy.” United States v. Agofsky, 20 F.3d 866, 870 (8th Cir.), cert. denied,

513 U.S. 909, and cert. denied, 513 U.S. 949 (1994).

The evidence is sufficient to prove each element of conspiracy. There was

evidence that each defendant knowingly contributed to the furtherance of the

conspiracy to misbrand. Contrary to the defendants’ claims, our review satisfies us that

there is evidence in the record from which a reasonable jury could infer that all the

defendants had voluntarily agreed to join in the conspiracy to misbrand and
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misrepresent their product. See United States v. Murphy, 957 F.2d 550, 552 (8th Cir.

1992) (agreement can be an informal tacit understanding between coconspirators).

B. Jury Instructions.

The defendants next argue that the district court erred in failing to give their

proposed jury instruction requiring the government to prove materiality as an element

of misbranding. The defendants claim that without a material false or misleading

statement in the labeling, the meat is not “misbranded.” The defendants further argue

that without such a materiality requirement the misbranding statutes, as applied to them

in this criminal prosecution, are overly broad and vague, thus violating their due

process rights. Because this claim requires us to interpret the misbranding statutes, we

review the claim de novo. See United States v. Brummels, 15 F.3d 769, 771 (8th Cir.

1994).

When we interpret a statute, “the beginning point must be the language of the

statute, and when a statute speaks with clarity to an issue judicial inquiry into the

statute’s meaning, in all but the most extraordinary circumstance, is finished.” Estate

of Cowart v. Nicklos Drilling Co, 505 U.S. 469, 475 (1992). We thus examine the

language of the statute in question to resolve this claim. The relevant language

provides that meat is misbranded “if its labeling is false or misleading in any

particular.” 21 U.S.C. § 601(n)(1) (emphasis added). The statutory language does not

require that the false or misleading statements be “material,” and we decline to

judicially rewrite the statute to add such a requirement.

Not requiring a materiality element is also consistent with the public policy

underlying the Federal Meat Inspection Act. Congress has determined that the

companies and people engaged in the food business have an affirmative duty to insure

that the food they sell to the public is safe and properly labeled. See United States v.

Park, 421 U.S. 658, 670-73 (1975); United States v. Cattle King Packing Co., 793 F.2d
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232, 240 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 985 (1986). Judicially adding a materiality

requirement when none exits in the statutory text would not further congressional intent

and would instead hinder it. 

We also reject the argument that the statute, as applied in this criminal case,

violates due process because it is overly broad and vague. The “in any particular”

language of 21 U.S.C. § 601(n)(1) is not overly broad or vague. It simply prohibits any

false or misleading statements in meat labeling without limiting the prohibition to any

particular types of false or misleading claims. This is not a difficult provision for those

in the food business to follow. They may comply simply by not including any false or

misleading statements in their meat labeling. We therefore hold that the district court

did not err in rejecting the defendants’ proposed jury instruction on materiality.

The defendants next argue that the district court abused its discretion in refusing

to give a proposed jury instruction concerning when a corporate officer may be held

criminally responsible for the actions of the company. The proposed instruction would

have informed the jury that “a person is not responsible for the acts performed by other

people on behalf of a corporation, even if those persons are officers, employees or

other agents of the corporation.” (Appellants’ App. at 83).

“When reviewing a challenge to the jury instructions, we recognize that the

district court has wide discretion in formulating the instructions and will affirm if the

entire charge to the jury, when read as a whole, fairly and adequately contains the law

applicable to the case.” United States v. Casas, 999 F.2d 1225, 1230 (8th Cir. 1993),

cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1078 (1994).

A corporate officer who is in a “‘responsible relationship’” to an activity within

a company that violates provisions of the federal food laws, such as meat misbranding

under 21 U.S.C. §§ 610 and 676, “can be held criminally responsible even though that

officer did not personally engage in that activity.” Cattle King, 793 F.2d at 240
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(quoting Park, 421 U.S. at 673-74). As previously noted, the misbranding provisions

of which the corporate officers were convicted require the officer to act with an “intent

to defraud.” 21 U.S.C. § 676(a). Thus, the jury could convict a defendant corporate

officer if it found a defendant: (1) had an intent to defraud; and (2) either personally

participated in the misbranding or was in a “responsible relationship” within the

company regarding the misbranding of meat.

We first note that the defendants’ proposed jury instruction does not accurately

state the law set out above as it applies in this case. Under the proposed instruction the

jury could not have convicted a defendant based on the actions of any officers,

employees, or other agents of Dakota Lean, Inc. However, a defendant can be held

criminally responsible for the acts of other people who are officers, employees or other

agents of the company if the defendant is in a “responsible relationship.” See Cattle

King, 793 F.2d. at 1230. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing

to give the proposed instruction.

We also find no error in the instructions that were given. They correctly required

the jury to find that each defendant had a specific intent to defraud and that each of

them had caused misbranding of meat to occur. Because the jury found the corporation

guilty of six counts of misbranding without also finding any of the Jorgensens guilty of

these counts, we are convinced that the jury did not find any of the Jorgensens guilty

of misbranding merely because they held positions of authority in the company. We

cannot say the district court abused its discretion in giving these instructions. We

reject the defendants’ claims on this issue.

The corporate defendant next claims that the district court erred by failing to

instruct the jury on the findings necessary to hold a corporation criminally liable for the

acts of its officers, agents, or employees. Because the corporation did not offer such

an instruction in the district court, nor object to the court’s failure to give such an

instruction, we review this claim for plain error. There is plain error if the omitted
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instructions should have been given and the error affected the defendant’s “substantial

rights” and “the error ‘seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of

judicial proceedings.’” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736 (1993) (quoting

United States v. Atkinson, 297 U.S. 157, 160 (1936)) (alteration in original).

A corporation is criminally responsible for the “acts of its officers, agents, and

employees committed within the scope of their employment and for the benefit of the

corporation.” United States v. Richmond, 700 F.2d 1183, 1195 n.7 (8th Cir. 1983)

(citing United States v. DeMauro, 581 F. 2d 50, 53 (2d Cir. 1978)) abrogated on other

grounds, United States v. Raether, 82 F.3d 192 (8th Cir. 1996).

The evidence shows that on all counts of which Dakota Lean, Inc. was convicted

an officer, agent, or employee of the corporation was acting within the scope of his or

her employment when the act charged against the corporation was committed. Thus,

even assuming arguendo that the jury was improperly instructed on this issue, Dakota

Lean suffered no prejudice from this error. The integrity and fairness of the trial was

not so affected as to produce a miscarriage of justice. We therefore hold the district

court did not commit plain error.

The defendants next contend that the district court erred in failing to submit their

“theory of defense” instructions regarding the government’s alleged failure to give them

notice of their violations of the Federal Meat Inspection Act. The defendants claim that

the government was required to give them notice of any violation of the Federal Meat

Inspection Act and to bring administrative proceedings against them before the

government could bring criminal charges against them, citing 21 U.S.C. § 607(e) and

9 C.F.R. § 355.40(a). The proposed instructions did not state that the government must

give the defendants notice prior to bringing criminal charges, and also failed to tell the

jury what to do if the jury found that the government did not give the defendants the
Martin Jorgensen’s proposed jury instruction provided: 2

If the Secretary of Agriculture has reason to believe that any

marking or labeling or the size or form of any container in use or

proposed for use with respect to any article subject to the Meat Inspection

Act is false or misleading in any particular, he may direct that such use be

withheld unless that marking, labeling, or container is modified in such

manner as he many prescribe so that it will not be false or misleading. If

the person, firm, or corporation using or proposing to use the marking,

labeling or container does not accept the determination of the Secretary,

such person, firm, or corporation may request a hearing, but the use of the

marking, labeling, or container shall, if the Secretary so directs, be

withheld pending hearing and final determination by the Secretary. Any

such determination by the Secretary shall be conclusive unless, within

thirty days after receipt of notice of such final determination, the person,

firm, or corporation adversely affected thereby appeals.

(Appellants’ App. at 60.) The defendants’ joint proposed jury instruction provided:

You are instructed that the law establishing the crime of misbranding also

provides that the Secretary of Agriculture does not need to report for

prosecution cases where it is believed that the public interest will be

adequately served by a suitable written notice of warning.

(Appellants’ App. at 92.)

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notice referred to in the instruction. (See Appellants’ App. at 60, 92.) The proposed 2

instructions were inadequate and incomplete. We further hold that this claimed theory

of defense, i.e., that the government failed to abide by its own regulations before

seeking the indictment, is not a defense submissible to the jury. Rather, it is the kind

of attack on the indictment that should be made by a motion to dismiss before trial

pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 12(b)(1) since it is a claimed defense

or objection based on a defect “in the institution of the prosecution.” See United States

v. Henderson-Durand, 985 F.2d 970, 973 (8th Cir.) (holding a defendant’s failure to
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raise a claim of outrageous government conduct in a pretrial motion

pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) constituted waiver of the claim), cert. denied,

510 U.S. 856 (1993). The district court properly declined to submit these

proposed instructions.

The defendants next argue that the district court erred in failing to instruct the

jury that they had to be unanimous in determining which overt acts they found

supported the conspiracy count conviction. The defendants did not object to the

conspiracy instruction given and they did not offer a unanimity instruction regarding the

overt acts. Thus, we review for plain error. We reject the argument because the

defendants suffered no prejudice from any claimed error. The jury unanimously found

all the defendants guilty of several of the same substantive misbranding counts. The

facts of those misbranding counts were alleged in the indictment as overt acts done in

furtherance of the conspiracy to misbrand. Thus, in finding all the defendants guilty of

these acts when they were alleged as substantive counts, the jury also unanimously

found that the defendants had committed these overt acts in furtherance of the

conspiracy. 

C. Evidentiary Rulings.

The defendants first claim the district court erred in admitting hearsay statements

of coconspirators. The defendants also claim the court erred when it failed to make an

explicit ruling of admissibility regarding these statements at the close of all the

evidence, in violation of United States v. Bell, 573 F.2d 1040, 1044 (8th Cir. 1978).

District courts should be careful to make sure that final Bell rulings are made.

Prosecutors who offer coconspirator statements under the nonhearsay exception have

a duty to protect their record by making sure they request final Bell rulings at the close

of all the evidence. A final Bell ruling determines whether or not the government has

shown by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) that a conspiracy existed; (2) that the

declarant and the defendant were members of the conspiracy; and (3) that the
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declarant’s statements were made during and in furtherance of the conspiracy, thereby

satisfying Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E). Bell, 573 F.2d at 1043.

Because the defendants have failed to specify by record references any particular

coconspirator statements which the court allegedly erroneously admitted, we do not

address their contention that the court erred in initially admitting them. United States

v. England, 966 F.2d 403, 407 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1025 (1992).

Likewise, because no particular hearsay statement has been called to our attention, we

are unable to test whether or not the statements were made during the course of and in

furtherance of the conspiracy as required by Bell. Lacking such information (and it not

being our responsibility to dig through 20 volumes of trial transcript to ferret out and

examine each such statement as it may appear), we are unable to say that the failure of

the district court to make a final Bell ruling so affected the substantial rights of any of

the defendants as to constitute reversible error. 

The defendants next claim the district court abused it discretion in admitting

evidence of the Department of Agriculture’s Policy Memo 114. In reviewing this

evidentiary ruling, we note the district court “has broad discretion in determining what

evidence to admit and its decision will be overturned on appeal only if there has been

an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Rogers, 939 F.2d 591, 594 (8th Cir.) cert.

denied, 502 U.S. 991 (1991). 

Testimony at trial indicated that Policy Memo 114 was sent to all meat producers

who had obtained a grant of federal meat inspection, although the defendants denied

ever receiving it. The federal meat inspector assigned to the Dakota Lean plant said

he had not seen it either. The memo advised producers that “point of purchase”

literature should only make claims that could also be made on meat wrappers or labels.

The defendants argue that by admitting the memo the jury was allowed to convict them

for a violation of this policy memo, rather than for a violation of the statute. We reject

this argument.
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First, the district court cautioned the jury prior to the admission of the policy

memo that the memo itself did not set out the law. Also, the district court properly

instructed the jury on the elements required to be proven for misbranding, including the

required intent to defraud. The court specifically set out what “intent to defraud”

meant. We are therefore confident that the jury did not use the memo for the improper

purpose of using a standard different from the statute whose violation could be

punished criminally.

The memo was also relevant. The government’s proffered reason for admission

of Policy Memo 114 was to show “discourse between [the] Dakota Lean Meat plant

and [the] Food Safety Inspection Service regarding claims that they would put on a

product that may relate to nutrition, and diet, and so forth regarding the labeling.” (Trial

Tr. 144.) The memo, dated July 1988, was relevant to show the defendants had been

told the literature accompanying their meat shipments could be considered labeling and

that it should not be false or misleading. There was testimony that the defendants had

planned to put their claims of “no hormones” and “no antibiotics” on their meat

package labels, but the federal meat inspector “wasn’t going to allow that.” Instead,

the company decided to put the claims in the literature accompanying the meat, and in

the so-called “point of purchase materials” distributed at meat counters. The memo

was relevant because it tended to show that the defendants acted with an intent to

defraud when they made the representation on the accompanying literature. It was for

the jury to determine whether the defendants ever saw the memo. We hold the district

court’s admission of Policy Memo 114 into evidence was not an abuse of discretion.

With respect to the admission of the testimony of the government’s witness Mel

Coleman, we agree with the district court that it was of limited relevancy. Given the

cautionary and limiting instruction that court gave to the jury concerning Coleman’s

testimony, we do not believe the court abused its broad discretion in permitting the jury

to hear it.
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The defendants next claim the district court erred in submitting an unredacted

indictment to the jury because they claim some overt acts alleged in the indictment

were not proven. “Submission of the indictment to the jury is a matter within the sound

discretion of the trial court provided the jury is admonished that the indictment does not

constitute evidence of any kind.” United States v. Wagoner, 713 F.2d 1371, 1377 (8th

Cir. 1983). Although the “better course” is for the trial court to redact the indictment

“if the government has not presented evidence supporting allegations in the

indictment,” reversal is required only if the defendant suffered prejudice as a result.

England, 966 F.2d at 408. The district court admonished the jury that the indictment

did not constitute evidence of any kind. The district court instructed the jury at both

the beginning and the end of the trial that the indictment was not evidence.

Further, even assuming arguendo that no evidence was presented for some of the

overt acts alleged in the conspiracy count, we find there was no prejudice to the

defendants. Proof of one overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy is sufficient to

convict under the statute in this case. See United States v. Parker, 586 F.2d 1253, 1258

n.2 (8th Cir. 1978). There was ample proof of at least one overt act here. We hold the

district court did not abuse its discretion in submitting the indictment to the jury.

D. Sentencing.

The defendants next challenge the district court's sentencing order. They argue

the district court erred in determining the amount of loss caused by the defendants’

fraud. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2F1.1(b) (1995). The government

cross appeals the sentencing order, claiming the district court calculated too low of a

loss figure. We review the district court's factual determination of the amount of loss

under the clearly erroneous standard. United States v. Strassburger, 26 F.3d 860, 862

(8th Cir. 1994).
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To determine the amount of loss attributable to each defendants’ mislabeling of

meat, we consider the actual loss suffered by the victims as provided in Application

Note 7 of USSG § 2F1.1. Id. This note states that when a fraud involves “the

misrepresentation of the value of an item that does have some value . . . the loss is the

amount by which the [item] was overvalued.” USSG § 2F1.1, comment. (n. 7(a)). In

other words, the loss is the amount the victim paid for the misrepresented item minus

the price the victim would have paid for the item absent the misrepresentation.

Strassburger, 26 F.3d at 862-63. However, “if an intended loss that the defendant was

attempting to inflict can be determined, this figure will be used if it is greater than the

actual loss.” USSG § 2F1.1 comment. (n.7). Thus, the proper loss amount under

section 2F1.1 is “either the amount of loss the defendant intended to inflict or the actual

loss resulting from the fraudulent conduct, whichever is greater.” United States v.

Pendergrast, 979 F.2d 1289, 1292 (8th Cir. 1992).

The Sentencing Guidelines allow the court to calculate the amount of loss with

a view towards practicality, providing “the loss need not be determined with precision.

The court need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss, given the available

information. This estimate, for example, may be based on the approximate number of

victims and an estimate of the average loss to each victim.” USSG § 2F1.1, comment.

(n.8).

In this case the district court first ruled that the price the victims would have paid

for the defendants' products if they had been properly labeled could not be determined

from the evidence presented. The court instead calculated the loss by using an estimate

of the loss to each victim. The court found that the retail profit margin on the meat

bought from the defendants was one percent. The court then calculated the total

amount of misbranded meat sales attributable to each defendant by totaling the

misbranded meat sales in dollars under each count in which the jury had found the

particular defendant guilty. The court then determined that the retail profit margin

represented an estimate of the actual loss suffered by the victims who received the
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mislabeled meat from the defendants. The court multiplied the total dollar amount of

mislabeled meat attributed to a particular defendant by the one percent profit margin

to determine the amount of loss under section 2F1.1 attributable to that particular

defendant. 

Although the district court employed a somewhat novel approach in calculating

the loss value, we cannot say that it resulted in a clearly erroneous loss amount. As

explained above, the loss figure is only required to be an estimate; it need not be

determined with precision. See USSG §2F1.1, comment. (n.8). We conclude that the

district court calculated a reasonable estimate of the losses attributable to each

defendant. 

We also reject the government's argument on the cross appeal that the loss

figures were too low. The government points to evidence in the record supporting a

higher loss calculation. The district court found this evidence was not persuasive. We

hold this finding was not clearly erroneous and affirm the district court’s sentencing

orders.

III.

We have considered all other arguments raised by the defendants in their appeal

and find them to be without merit. We therefore affirm the judgments of the district

court. 

A true copy.

Attest:

 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.