MAURITIUS

FINANCE MINISTER ON RELATIONS WITH IMF
Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French 6 Sep 83 pp 1,5

[Text] The finance minister, Mr Vishnu Lutchmeenaraidoo, held yet another
long working meeting yesterday with the head of the mission from the Inter-
national Monetary Fund [IMF], Mr Abu Zobaa. After the meeting, Mr Lutchmeen—
araidoo told the press that he "now has the means to pursue his program to
reform the Mauritian economy." “The IMF," he said, "has relaxed some of its
budgetary conditions and agreed to look at the economy as a whole in a medium
to long-term perspective."

The minister said the discussions he held yesterday and Friday evening (at
his home) with Mr Abu Zobaa "succeeded in clearing a lot of ground." The IMF
and the Mauritian Government share the same concept with regard to structural
adjustment of the economy. Mr Lutchmeenaraidoo at this point noted that the
IMF provides short-term balance of payments support, in exchange for which

it exerts tight control over the expansion of domestic credit to the public
and private sectors, the budget, budgetary policy, the balance of trade and
the balance of payments. "Traditionalireadjustment under the IMF has gener-
ally resulted in strangling the economy and in a worsening of the unemploy-
ment picture," Mr Lutchmeenaraidoo said.

The government tried to make the IMF understand that in the case of the isle
of Mauritius, the readjustment program has aggravated the situation: .almost no
growth in the economy, reduction in the level of investment and growth in un-
employment. The IMF, according to the minister, fully understands that the
Mauritian economy must be looked at as a whole and that any analysis must take
into account the necessity of promoting economic recovery and job creation.

Mr Lutchmeenaraidoo indicated that the adjustment program put in place by Mr
Paul Berenger, the former finance minister, was incompatible with economic
recovery.

The minister announced that his program of reform for the Mauritian economy
will rely on an aggressive campaign to promote investment in the. tourist,
agricultural and industrial sectors. He also spoke of the arrival of a mission.
from the Central Fund for Economic Cooperation [CCCE] and the French Ministry
of External Relations. Discussion will be focused on French balance. of pay-
ments assistance in the form of a line of concessional credit. Also, the
British minister of trade, Mr Fletcher, is expected to arrive at the end of

57



CAMEROON

COUNTRY ON WAY TO 'RENEWAL' DISCUSSED
Paris LE MONDE in French 21 Sep 83 p 7

[Text] Garoua (Nord-Cameroun)--At least one thing was certain: the presi-
dency of Mr Paul Biya, who by acceding to the position of national president
of the Cameroonian National Union (LE MONDE of 15 September) would now have
the power to carry out his policies, would not be like that of his predeces+
sor, Mr Ahmadou Ahidjo. Did a liberal replace an autocrat? The opposition's
statements are doubtless excessive, or at least premature, even though Cam-
eroonian political life already seems to be characterized by the "change and
renewal" which Biya plans to bring about. Can none imagine Mr Ahidjo affect-
ing a "relaxed style?"...The risk, to be sure, is of getting carried away by
the undertow, by what might pass--in Cameroonian terms--for a kind of "cul-
tural revolution," with the probably inevitable excesses which would be in-
herent here in any sudden liberalization of the right to freedom of speech.
People are indeed speaking out, or rather letting off steam. Before 6 Nov-
ember 1982, the date the presidential system was established, it would have
been difficult to imagine so much public debate about the head of state.

Except for the case of a few isolated individuals, the politicians today
scarcely acknowledge that the man who served faithfully in that office for

22 years has any accomplishments to his credit; this is largely because they
are so preoccupied with their unanimism (both sincere and opportunistic) with
regard to the new president. By a sort of collective amnesia, the historical
dimension of independent Cameroon's first head of state is forgotten, almost
denied. Nevertheless, although his tactics may have been controversial, Mr
Ahidjo was the man who built national unity in a country which has close to
200 different ethnic groups.

Moreover, if Cameroon is still a model of prudence in its management of the
economy, how can Cameroonians fail to acknowledge that this was Mr AHidjo's
doing? His record is not unimpressive, even if it may be true, as people are
fond of pointing out these days, that without that "national genius" which
is the work of all Cameroonians Mr Ahidjo was nothing.

If they were tempted to erase the past, the new leaders doubtless ran the risk
of disappointing an entire people who were encouraged to believe that Camer-
oon's real history began on...Wednesday 14 September 1983 (the date of the
UNC [Cameroonian National Union] congress). That was the big test for Mr Paul

23



JPRS 84683

4 November 1983

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

No. 2866
CoNTENTS
ANGOLA
First-Hand Report on Country's Deteriorating Living
Conditions
(Rui Ramos; EXPRESSO, 10 Sep 83)....ececceeeeestcecceeeere 1

UNITA Announces Offensive Against Luanda .
(A TARDE, 20 Sep 83) .....eeeeeeeeeceee eee e eee cece ee eeeee 12

Savimbi's Military Capabilities Questioned
(Mark Doyle; WEST AFRICA, No 3450, 26 Sep 83)........++-2- 14

Briefs .
Jorge Dismissal Story Denied 16
British Credits 16
BOTSWANA
Briefs
Student Deminstration Dispersed 17
CAMEROON

Delegation Reports on Trip to USSR
(CAMEROON TRIBUNE, 23 Sep 83)....... bee nano e rece nereee 18

Food Quality Control Said To Be Health Problem
(Daniel Sibetcheu; CAMEROON TRIBUNE, 23 Sep 83).........- 20

Country on Way To 'Renewal' Discussed
(LE MONDE, 21 Sep 83)..... escccecocee ee ecccccces a nanenoes 23

CAPE VERDE

Pires Describes Drive To Disseminate Congress Results
(Olivio Pires Interview; VOZ DI POVO, 23 Sep 83).

27

-a- {III - NE & A - 120]



MOZAMBIQUE

SOVIET TRADE REPRESENTATIVE OUTLINES COOPERATION WITH USSR
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 29 Aug 83 p 3
[Article by Yuri Flerov, Soviet trade representative to Mozambique]

[Text] Relations between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of
Mozambique are developing and consolidating on the basis of the Treaty of
Friendship and Cooperation of 31 March 1977. This was reaffirmed repeatedly
in the course of talks which take place periodically among the leaders of
our nations. In the communique approved in March 1983, as a result of the
visit to the Soviet Union of Samora Moises Machel, president of the FRELIMO
party, president of the People's Republic of Mozambique, and marshal of the
Republic; it must be emphasized that participants in the meeting and the
talks expressed their satisfaction with the fruitful development of bilateral
economic and trade relations, based on the long-term program for economic and
trade cooperation for the period of 1981 to 1990.

In terms of the long-term program, the activities of the Soviet-Mozambican
Intergovernmental Commission, founded during Comrade Samora Machel's recent
visit to the USSR, are being developed. The commission proposed to the
respective Soviet and Mozambican authorities that they come up with a docu-
ment regulating mutual trade in terms of perspective. The Soviet and Mozam-
bican partners calculated that the program for the movement of goods would
create, for Mozambican organizations, a secure market for the sale of its
national production--a market not subjected to the phenomena of crises and
changes in political affairs--and guaranteeing, moreover, the supply of
machinery, equipment, and materials needed by Mozambique on a stable basis.
Upon determining the list of Soviet imports, the needs of Mozambican firms
were taken into account in the greatest measure possible.

The work undertaken resulted in the signing, in January 1983 in Maputo, of
the agreement on the mutual supply of goods between the USSR and the People's
Republic of Mozambique for 1983-1985. In compliance with this, the USSR will
supply Mozambique with industrial and transportation equipment, chemical and
food products, and cultural articles and items for household use.

The USSR will be supplied with typical Mozambican export goods, such as sisal-
hemp, tea, and sugar.

66


NAMIBIA

HNP STATEMENT ON NAMIBIA VOTE, JOINT PARTY INITIATIVE

HNP Policy Criticized
Windhoek DIE REPUBLIKEIN in Afrikaans 14 Sep 83 p 6
(Editorial: "Can the HNP Work Wonders?"]

[Text] It is the proper right of the HNP (Reconstituted National Party) to
draw up its policy as a political party and to perpetuate its policies as far
the law allows.

But it becomes a somewhat ridiculous game to want to commandeer everything that
they identify with South-West Africa in order to record a no-vote across the
border on South Africa's planned constitutional system.

In the first place, this is a very distorted policy which tries to pretend that
what has happened in South-West Africa over the last 10 years has been from
beginning to end only bad. The truth of the matter is that South-West Africa
has remained one of the most pleasant countries in which to live.

In the second place, the HNP action diverts the attention of South-West
Africans from the real problems on which they ought to be concentrating.

A no-vote in South Africa will not at all change South-West Africa's
fundamental problems, no more than a change of government in the Republic of
South Africa will change or solve the South-West Africa problem.

This has already been proved by history.

Today it is clear that the replacement of a VP [United Party] government in
South Africa with a NP [National Party] government changed practically nothing
with regard to South-West Africa's international position.

And Dr A.P. Treurnicht and Mr Jaap Marais will be able to work wonders no more

than Dr Malan (or Gen Smuts) could work wonders. They will probably be more
powerless than those two old giants from the past!

77



UNITA sources in Luanda have indicated that more Cuban troops have arrived in
Angola, along with Soviet war materiel which is unloaded at night in the ports
of Ponta-Negra, Luanda and Cuanza Sul.

According to UNITA's clandestine networks and information from captured FAPLA
soldiers, the MPLA and the Cubans are preparing to launch a new offensive from
the cities of Malange, Saurimo, Luena, Cuito Canavale and Huambo in an attempt
to recover lost ground.

9805
CSO: 3442/8

13



MOZAMBIQUE

SOVIET PARTICIPATION REPORTEDLY INCREASING
Lisbon 0 DIABO in Portuguese 20 Sep 83 p 17

[Text] In Inhambane Province, where there has allegedly been an offensive by
FRELIMO troops, sources from the Resistance categorically denied the reports,
calling them "a complete, gross lie designed to cover up the repeated defeats
suffered by the demoralized government army." Also denied were reports claim-
ing that guerrillas were captured by FRELIMO in Maxixe city and exhibited pub-
licly. An RNM representative told me that: "These persons are either the
same ones there were exhibited earlier in Chibuto and Maputo a few months ago,
or they are new people hired or lured by FRELIMO to play the role of prisoners
of war for a few hours. It is really incredible how far Machel's propaganda
machine will go in spreading shameless lies."

There is a guerrilla offensive taking place in Inhambane Province, as part of
the national campaign. There are reports of 43 more desertions from Mabote
barracks, and the destruction of an important FRELIMO base near that city.
According to the guerrillas, a Soviet-made M-18, troop transport helicopter
piloted by two Cuban officers was shot down and the Cubans were killed when
they tried to take off during the attack. More than a dozen and a half mili-
tary vehicles were destroyed at that government post and 49 soldiers from
Machel's army were killed.

Further information received from the Resistance and confirmed by other
sources inside Mozambique indicates increasing use by. government forces of
“T-54" armored vehicles and "BTR" type tanks, both Soviet made. During last
month alone, the guerrillas destroyed three "T-54's" (one in Tete, another in
Inhambane and a third in Gaza), and one "BTR" tank.

Moreover, it is also reported that the Soviet Union is playing a more active
role in the fighting in Mozambique. Russian officers in Mozambique are no
longer serving only as instructors and military advisors but are now taking
over reconnaissance missions.

Meanwhile, six more civilians were shot in Mozambique on the pretext of being
guerrilla supporters. These men were executed in Gurue, in Zambezia Province.
Among those assassinated by FRELIMO was an old chieftain accused of providing
food to Resistance fighters. The person who disclosed this information was
British journalist Joseph Hanlon, a BBC correspondent in Maputo.

9805
CsO: 3442/8

72



The party militants will simultaneously ‘he the recipients and the disseminators
of the ideas we want to disclose; this is why work will be emphasized among them.
But the campaign is not beamed only at party members and also covers broad
groups of workers organized in government agencies and in the mass and social
organizations.

Who are the active participants? Obviously, the party--all of its structures,
from the National Council to the base groups; the militants, especially the
political cadres, the mass organizations(JAAC-cV [Amilcar Cabral African Youth-
Cape Verde], the OMCV [Organization of Cape Verdian Women], the labor unions) ;
the Armed and Security Forces; the government information media which must play
a particularly important role in presenting these decisions throughout the
land; the government services and agencies as well as the public enterprises.
Through its leadership machinery, the party must guide and supervise the cam-
paign on a national level, guiding and clarifying its structures and other
agents involved, pointing out leaders and persons in charge in order concretely
to support local initiatives, publishing the necessary documents.

VOZ DI POVO: Launching the drive on a national level must of course presuppose
an organized system of control and support on various levels. Can you give
us an idea of the work being done in this field?

Olivio Pires: As a matter of fact, so far we do not have any experience in
this field of ideolgocial work; a dissemination campaign which has been planned and
programmed for several months throughout the country in this specific case
calls for more observation rather than control, both on the central level and
on the sector and base levels. The party will direct the campaign through
adequate mechanisms provided in the guidance document approved by the Political
Commission; this is very important to party development and to progress in our
struggle of social emancipation. But its success depends essentially on the
interest, o the canmitment with which each militant--independently of his party or
government responsibilities--will tackle the implementation of this dissemina-
tion action.

5058
cso: 3442/14

30



ZAMBIA

MINISTRY ASKED TO USE RESTRAINT IN GRANTING TEXTILE LICENSES
Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 19 Oct 83 p 1

[Text] PRESIDENT Kaunda has with immediate effect ordered the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry to exercise restraint in granting licences in the tex-
tile industry before the situation gets out of hand.

He said there should be a limit to which new textile mills can be allowed to
come into existence without seriously affecting the viability of existing
investments in the industry.

Speaking when he commissioned the K28 million expansion project at the Kafue
Textiles of Zambia yesterday, President Kaunda said the country could ill-
afford to "pour" a lot of foreign exchange into acquiring additional plants
and machinery "which will only result in rendering unviable those already in
existence and in effect put them out of work".

Referring to the commissioning of the new plant, President Kaunda said this
was not being done because of the presidential and parliamentary elections
next week.

The project was completed within the framework of the plan of action spelt
out by the Party and its manifesto for development projects between 1974 and
1984.

He said during the last ten years Zambia had established many industrial
enterprises of which the Kafue Textile project was just an example.

"This is an achievement to be truly proud of as it clearly reflects the re-
sults of good industrial policies of the Party and its Government," said Dr
Kaunda.

The ceremony was witnessed by Prime Minister Mundia, Secretary of State for
Defence and Security Zulu, top Party and Government officials including
Zimco director-general Mr James Mapoma.

Dr Kaunda said most of the important projects initiated since Independence had

been undertaken by State companies in line with the Party's policy of State
participation in industry.

101



ests, does their interpretation of the past serve, strengthen, give historical
legitimacy or expression? Clearly and unequivocally, that of the ‘national-
ist forces’ whose unexamined unquestioned — by Ogot’s intellectuals —
rejection of the Mau Mau ideology in the sixties, forms the basis of these
~ academics’ logical conclusions that Mau Mau was not the pivot of Kenya
nationalism. What was the Mau Mau ideology rejected by Ogot’s national-
ist forces? Land and Freedom. How were they to be obtained? By armed
struggle. Maina-wa-Kinyatti quotes a verse from one of the Mau Mau
songs:

We shall never, never give up
Without land on which to grow food
And without our own true freedom
In our country of Kenya!

Land. Freedom. A liberated Kenya. National independence. It is all there
—and the uncompromising commitment — ina single verse. But in adocu-
ment Kimathi published in 1953, containing seventy-nine articles, the
Mau Mau is further articulated:

We want an African self-government in Kenya now...

We reject the foreign laws in Kenya for they were not made for
Kenya and are not righteous.

We reject to be called terrorists when demanding our people’s rights.

Our real fight is not against the white colour bar but is against the
system carried on by the white rulers.

Fighting for our stolen land and our independence is not a crime but
a revolutionary duty.

Nothing is more precious than independenceand freedom. Only when
we achieve our independence can our people have genuine peace.

We reject a foreign Attorney General in Kenya for he deals with
appearances more than righteousness.

We reject to be called Mau Mau. Weare Kenya Land Freedom Army
(KLFA). .

We reject colonisation in Kenya for being in that state we are turned
into slaves and beggars.

Our people will chase the foreign exploiters, wipe out the traitors and
establish an independent government of the Kenyan people...

The document, otherwise known as the Mau Mau Charter, was
copied to the governments of India, Egypt, the Soviet Union, France,
Great Britain, to the United Nations, and to pan-Africanists like George
Padmore, and Kwame Nkrumah, and anti-colonialists like Fenner Brock-
way.

Who are Professor Ogot’s nationalist forces? They fall into two cate-
gories. First were the complete sell-outs, the actual Mbwa Kalis or watch-
dogs of colonialism: that is those elements who rejected the Mau Mau
ideology in total and who actively fought on the side of the British colon-
ial forces. They were the renegades otherwise known as loyalists and
homeguards, active collaborators, so well described by Maina-wa-Kinyatti
in his introduction to Thunder from the Mountains:

Finally and most important, the songs speak out bitterly against
those Kenyans, particularly the Home Guards, who betrayed the

Movement to the British imperialists. In almost every song, it is made

clear that the principal enemy of the Kenyan people was the British

colonialists; and all those Kenyans who sided with them and helped
them to oppress and kill the people were declared traitors. And war
was declared on them, just as it was against the foreign occupiers,
Listen to the following verses:

37



In the new document, Lutchmeenaraidoo and Offman speak of the government's
intention to reduce the deficit in regular accounts from 6 percent of the GNP
in 1983 to 3.5 percent of the GNP in 1985. According to Berenger and Ruhee,
the deficit would be reduced from 4.7 percent of the GNP in 1983 to 2 percent
of the GNP in 1985. Repayment of debts (excluding repayments to the Interna-
tional Monetary Fund) would reach a record rate of 20 percent in 1983, grad-...
ually dropping to 12 percent in 1990. "The government is very conscious of
the extreme sensitivity of these forecasts to developments in export promotion
and in tourism growth. Any obstacles such as may arise from retaliatory or
protectionist measures in export markets or even unfavorable climatic condi-
tions will cause a departure from this scenario," it is stressed.

Contrary to the statement of intention contained in the first "Statement of
Development Policy," Lutchmeenaraidoo and Offman were anxious to state that
measures will be introduced into the next budget in order to broaden the capi-
tal of the resident companies after evaluation of the tax burden on those same
companies. They also indicate that the Cargo Handling Corporation will oper-
ate as a private company with majority participation of the government in

the capital. Berenger and Ruhee announced that the Cargo Handling Corporation
would operate with 100-percent government equity participation.

In the chapter "Public Sector Investment Program," the government states that

it will have consultations with the World Bank before including in that program
any project whose cost would exceed 100 million rupees. In the first State-
ment of Development Policy, the ceiling was set at, 150 million. Regarding
imports, Lutchmeenaraidoo and Offman stated that the government would impose
no additional restriction in order to protect local replacement industries,

as long as the revision of industrial policy has not been completed. Berenger
and Ruhee stated that "the government will take extreme care before granting
quantitative import restrictions for the purpose of protecting import substi-
tution industries and will resort to such restrictions only in exceptional
cases."

Another modification, that having to do with World Bank assistance to finance
the initial operating costs of the Mauritius Export Development and Investment
Authority. The first document states that such’ assistance will be sought for
the first two years of operation, while the second emphasizes that World Bank
aid will be requested for the first three years.

In addition, the new Statement of Development Policy. does not, mention the
reduction in the sugar export tax. The following part was taken out of para-
graph 50: "In the meantime, the government. has reduced the surcharge on sugar
export duty from 75 percent to 50 percent and will take other measures, if
required, to enable the industry to overcome its short-term problems pending
the outcome of the Commission of Inquiry."

As emphasized above, all the measures set forth in the Statement of Development

Policy made public in March are again found in the second document. These mea-
sures on the sectorial level can be summed up as follows:

62



What’s In a Name?

Weare here tonight for the 30th anniversary of the start of the Mau Mau
war for national independence which falls on 20 October. It was on sucha
night in 1952 that the Kenya African Union (KAU) and Mau Mau leader-
ship were arrested. A State of Emergency was declared over Kenya by
Governor Baring on behalf of the British government. Kimathi led the
Mau Mau Land and Freedom Army into the forests and mountains and
waged an extraordinary guerrilla struggle that was eventually to compel
British imperialism to seek a political solution out of the colonial impasse.
Even after Kimathi’s capture and subsequent execution in 1957, the Mau
Mau forces never formally surrendered. It was not in fact until after inde-
pendence that the Mau Mau guerrillas finally left the mountains. But what
is the significance of 20 October 1952 in Kenya today?

Why have there never been shrines erected in honour of the Mau Mau
guerrilla fighters? Why has there never been a statue erected in honour of
Kimathi and all those who died in the struggle for our national indepen-
dence? The answers lie in the sort of independence finally settled for by
Kenyatta and the Africa African Union (KANU) leadership. Mau Mau
had forced the issue but their leadership was excluded from the final settle-
ment and were done out of any power in the state. Those elements who
gained out of the settlement now claim that Kenyatta (alone!) brought
independence to Kenya. Keriyatta or Kimathi? KANU or Mau Mau?

The ruling regime in Kenya have already given their own answer.
They have always commemorated the date as ‘Kenyatta Day’. But the
Kenyan peasants and workers know it as the Kimathi or Mau Mau Free-
dom Fighters Day. We too are celebrating 20 October 1952 as Mau Mau
Freedom Fighters Day. By doing so, we are expressing solidarity wit

33



RETURN TO TRADE UNIONISM URGED--Various leaders and prominent members of the
Mauritian Militant Movement [MMM], including the leader of the party (and of
the Opposition), Mr Paul Berenger, are currently considering a demand by the
GWF [General Workers Federation] that they make a new commitment to trade ;
unionism. According to our sources, the executives of the two GWF unions in-
volved in the sugar industry, the Sugar Industry Laborers Union (SILU) and

the Union of Artisans of the Sugar Industry (UASI), have made an official |
approach to the MMM leader and formally asked him to be their chief negotiator.
Mr Paul Berenger confirmed this information Friday afternoon, shortly before
Parliament went into session. The MMM leader said "that a group of comrades
and myself have been approached, not only by STLU but also by the GWF. We

are considering.the matter." Among the MMM members approached by the GWF 4
is Mr Alan Ganoo, the former speaker [of the assembly], who had been approache'
about taking the position of minister of civil service and the interior in
case the MMM came to power. [Text] [Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French,

12 Sep 83 p 4] 9516

SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN COCONUTS--Mauritius could achieve self-sufficiency in
coconuts in 5 years if proper measures are taken by authorities. Dinesh
Virahsawmy, owner of a 7-acre coconut plantation in the northern region of the
island, believes that the objective could easily be attained within that

time. Coconuts could even be exported. Virahsawmy's optimism is justified
in light of the figures he put together. However, the major problem remains
the heavy investment required. [Excerpt] [Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French
3 Sep 83 pp 1, 4] 11,464

ONION SHORTAGE--Mauritius' onion production this year will show a shortfall,
falling 50 percent below our total consumption. The drop is mainly due to

two reasons: 1) the drought during the first quarter and 2) the lack of seed.
According to estimates made by the Marketing Board, production this year will
be about 1,700 tons, while last year, Mauritian production was 2,134 tons,
slightly over 50 percent of consumption. This does not include the 800 tons
of onions from Rodrigues and sold on the local market. [Excerpt] [Port Louis
LE MAURICIEN in French 9 Sep 83 pp 1, 5] 11,464

MMM OFFICIALS CHOSEN--Mr Cassam Uteem, an MMM deputy, has been chosen to be
the opposition whip in Parliament. The decision was made during the first

working meeting of the MMM parliamentary group yesterday. In other matters,
the MMM parliamentary group decided to recommend Mr Krishna Baligadoo to the

speaker for the post of president of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC).

The other members recommended for membership on this committee representing

the MMM are Mssrs Rajesh Bhagwan, Jerome Boulle and Rajen Byalah. [Excerpt]
[Port Louis LE MAURICIAN in French 3 Sep p 4] 9895

CSO: 3419/7

65



Policies

President Kaunda said State companies would continue to play an important
role in the development of the nation and rapped critics of the Party's econ-
omic policies.

"We may be criticised for pursuing these policies and indeed there may be
many who are busy wishing to undo our efforts mainly for their selfish ends,
but we are proud to say that State companies have survived and will survive
and multiply and even more important a good number of them are surviving
viably and profitably."

The viability of such companies and their contribution to the national econ-
omy and the improvement of the standard of living of the people was the Party's
main objective.

He noted that the establishment of the new plant would increase the labour
force from 1,425 to 2,100 representing more than 50 per cent in additional new
jobs when it comes into full production towards the end of the year.

But President Kaunda warned that there was a limit to which Zambia could
allow more additional textile mills to come into existence without having an
adverse effect on the already operating plants.

Advising the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to exercise restraint against
wholesale granting of licences, President Kaunda said:

"I advise the minister of Commerce and Industry to be careful in considering
new applications so as to safeguard against duplication.

"I call upon the minister to rationalise the textile industry right away and
before it gets out of hand."

Following the commissioning of the new plant, the factory would increase its
production capacity from 12 million metres of cloth a year to 18 million
metres.

Indeco deputy managing director Mrs Namukolo Silangwa earlier said Kafue
Textiles had submitted a feasibility study which showed that the manufacture
of mealie meal bags could be viably undertaken by the factory and this had
been accepted.

She said the commissioning of the expansion project had been successfully
undertaken because of the enlightened policies of the Party and its Govern-
ment which had in turn led to peace and security in the nation.

Among the major investors in the project Indeco, which had a 55 per cent stake,
the Commonwealth Development Corporation with a 12.5 per cent investment,
Textile Consult with a 22.5 per cent holding and 33 nominees holding ten per
cent of the portfolio.

102



able religion. All those saints who have turned the other cheek, who
have forgiven trespasses against them, and who have been spat on
and insulted without shrinking are studied and held as examples."

The Kenyan bourgeoisie is a classic case of what Fanon describes.
Their leisure time when they are not attending church to count their bless-
ings one by one is divided between collecting money from poor peasants at
Harambee weekend extravaganzas; golfing and playing a little squash and
tennis; relaxing in sauna baths and massage parlours; gracing shaggy dog
and flower shows; visiting casinos for a little gambling and ogling at
dancing nudes from Las Vegas and Stockholm. Everything seems to be
copied from a book, The ABC of Colonial Manners or Western Decorum
Made Easy. Wrote Fanon:

In its beginnings, the national bourgeoisie of the colonial countries
identifies itself with the decadence of the bourgeoisie of the west...
(and it) will be greatly helped on its way towards decadence by the
Western bourgeoisies, who come to it as tourists avid for the exotic,

for big-game hunting and for casinos. The national bourgeoisie
organizes centres of rest and relaxation and pleasure resorts to meet
the wishes of the Western bourgeoisie. Such activity is given the name
of tourism and for the occasion will be built up as a national industry.

A caricature? Yes, but it accurately describes the infantile imitative men-
tality, the crass world outlook which like borrowed robes sits uneasily on
them, and the total lack of any originality in the Kenya neo-colonial ruling
class. Their vision of society be it economic, political or cultural is derived
from the only experience they know and care to know ~the colonial
economic, political and cultural order. Their image of progress, prosperity,
authority, management is derived from colonialism. They have no policy
directions of their own and confine themselves to carefully following the
well trodden colonial paths.

Hence in industry and finance —say economically — they see them-
selves no more than as an attachment of the Western bourgeoisie, their
mission, to quote Fanon, being ‘the transmission line’ between the nation
and imperialism. They are happy, content really, to be only the agents for
international tractors, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals, textiles, boots,
tinned foods and fruits, videos, TV sets, bottled water, every little thing
manufactured abroad. Their dormant or hidden genius glows momentar-
ily only when devising ways of crushing any competing national initiative
in all areas for which they have been paid a commission to administer.
What they gloat over as being MADE IN KENYA are really branches of
western industries in the form of motor vehicle assemblies, fruit canning,
textiles, papermills, shoes, tyres, pins, needles, and here they are satisfied
if they are made directors and receive sitting allowances or royalties for
the use of their names in the company’s registers or letterheads. What
they called Africanization and Kenyanization was really a localization of
the messenger or transmission role formerly and exclusively played by the
settlers or the European representatives of the mother industries, finance
houses, and big business.

But where the European representatives had the vigour — after all
they really were part of the imperialist bourgeoisie! — these ‘mimic’ men
have not even the blood, and spirit to play their role with conviction. They
are a kind of artificial limb where their European counterparts are real
biological extensions of the mother capitalist class. They do not know
when, where, how or what they peddle comes into being (they are like
little children who blindly trust their father knows everything, and who
live in the security of the ‘fact’ that their father can right every wrong!)
and hence have not developed the responsibility that comes with know-

43



NEW FOREIGN EXCHANGE SYSTEM ANNOUNCED

London WEST AFRICA in English No 3451, 3 Oct 83 p 2324

[Text] .

cso:

3400/104

New foreign exchange arrange-
ments in respect of the importa-
tion of goods have been
announced following the abolition
of the two-tier system last July,
and the fixing of the rate of
exchange at Le2.50 to the dollar.
A release from the Bank of Sierra
Leone announced that a foreign
exchange allocation committee
has been established to supervise
the operation of the new alloca-
tion system. The committee com-
prises government representa-
tives, the Bank of Sierra Leone,
the commercial banks, the Cham-
ber of Commerce, the manufactur-
ing industry and the Sierra Leone
Labour Congress.

The new system which replaces
the tender system which was abo-
lished in July requires that orders
in respect of imports can only be
placed: (a) after obtaining the
necessary import licence and ex-
change control approval and (b)
only against the establishment of
letters of credit of local commer-
cial banks or after receipt of fore-
ign exchange on terms and condi-
tions determined by the foreign
exchange allocation committee.

The release emphasised that
goods brought into the country in
contravention of the regulations
will be deemed to have been
imported illegally, and will be
confiscated and/or a fine imposed
on the importer. The release
added that goods imported under
lines of credit and now at the
quayside will be cleared through
Customs without the payment of,
the 50 per cent deposit on the
invoice value stipulated. More-
over, the leone value of deposits’
made in respect of such goods
already cleared through customs
will be released to the importer
provided that there is a written
undertaking not to request, at any
time, foreign exchange for the
settlement of invoices relating to
such goods.

The system of importing goods
against the utilisation of credit
lines held abroad as well as any
. other form of special unnumbered
licences have been banned. With
regard to export, the release states
that all exports except diamonds,
shall now be made only against
exports letters of credit opened
with the Bank of Sierra Leone.

85

SIERRA LEONE


not get them because they told me that the sale of those items had been can-
celled by the provincial commissioner." (This letter was published a year ago,
as the magazine still has this social function--but the truth is that the con-
crete results are always nil).

Hierarchy of Supply
However, how does the state supply system work?

The system shows several characteristics: the supply card (forever indis-
solubly tied to the governmental activity of the MPLA), stores graded accord-
ing to a social hierarchy, rationing, weekly shopping recorded on the supply
card, denial of credit, refusal to sell to anyone who does not work, includ-
ing students.

The state monopolizes imports, warehouse facilities and retail sales. State
enterprises have been created for those purposes, subordinate to the Ministry
of Home Trade [MINCI], under. whose authority all merchandise remains, to be
later channeled through a complex sales network, depending on criteria of
priority, generally as follows:

1. Directors' store (ministers, deputy ministers, members of the Central
Committee of the MPLA, FAPLA [People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of
Angola] General Staff, secretaries of the central labor organization, the
MPLA youth and the OMA [Organization of Angolan Women], in addition to the
national directories of the ministries). The appropriate credentials must
be presented on admission. Whiskey, wine and beer are sold and there is a
"boutique" for the wives of the highest officials. There is a supermarket
a fish market, a meat market and a produce deparmtent. It is the famous
Zamba 9.

2. Cooperants' store. With the proper credentials, one may shop in a mini-
market and a meat market (two kilos of frozen meat per week).

3. Party store, for functionaries of the party with proper credentials.

4. Store for leaders (department heads, technicians), with a mini-market
containing few supplies but with a meat market, fish market, soft drinks and
manufactured products. Here too proper credentials are necessary for admit-
tance.

5. Meat and fish markets for blood donors, with a strict control on donations
exercised. on entering. If the donor goes more than 3 months without giving
blood he loses the right to buy fish and meat.

6. Meat and fish market for invalids--the doctor issues a prescription
specifying that the patient should eat meat and fish. With the authenticated
prescription, theinvalid goes to the distributor who issues a credential giv-
ing him the temporary right to buy two kilos of meat and five of fish each
week,



ZAIRE

Kengo Finds Deterioration, Disrepatt in Equateur

(ELIMA, various dates)..... ~ 92
Urges Infrastructure Repair
Continues Visit
Sees Handicap to Development, by Monsa Iyaka Duku
Comment on Trip, by Makoko Munshenie
ZAMBIA
Kabwe Industrial Fabrics Makes First Profit Since Inception
(TIMES OF ZAMBIA, 14 Oct 83)..........05 Stee e eee eens seeee 98
Famine in Chama, Mpika District Reported
(TIMES OF ZAMBIA, 19 Oct 83)........200% tect eee eee eeneee .- 99
Chama District Families Migrate
ZAF Emergency Relief Operation
MEMACO Directors Report 1983 Sales Negotiations 'Very
Difficult’
(TIMES OF ZAMBIA, 18 Oct 83)..........000% pee eeceeeeecee 100
Ministry Asked To Use Restraint in Granting Textile
Licenses
(TIMES OF ZAMBIA, 19 Oct 83)....scseseecsceeeeeee eee eeeeee 101
Mundia Praises Companies Making Reinvestment Loans
(DAILY MATL, 15 Oct 83).........605 Pee e reenter ween eeene 104
Kaunda Says Government Determined To Meet IMF Conditions
(DAILY MAIL, 15 Oct 83)........eeeee bee e cece eee e eee enne 106
Briefs
UNDP Agreement Signed 108
Maize Bags Marooned 108
Smuggling Along Frontier 'Rampant' 108
Canadian Wheat Research Project 109
UNIP Headquarters Construction 109
Kaunda Candidacy Endorsed 109
ZIMBABWE
Harare Comments on Muzorewa's Visit to Israel
(Harare Domestic Service, 21 Oct 83)....ceeeeeeeeee eee eees 110



of Mau Mau begantaking the offensive in the field of historical scholarship.
The book was a thunderbolt in the university’s academiccommunity.Some
of the people described in the book as. ‘the leading anti-Mau
intellectuals’ wrote to Maina-wa-Kinyatti threatening to sue him unless he
apologised, withdrew the book from the market and paid for the damage
to their spiritual wounds. Maina-wa-Kinyatti refused to apologise. There
was expectation in the air. The interpretation of Mau Mau and our past
was going to be on trial, in an open court. They hesitated. The suits never
came.
Maina-wa-Kinyatti pressed on with the offensive. He collected Kima-
thi’s papers and other original material he had go from his contacts with
—Mau Mau survivors under the title: A Profile in Patriotic Courage: Dedan

Kimathi Letters and Documents. At the end of 1981 he handed the com-
pleted manuscript toa publisher. In May 1982, he completed his monumen-
tal work The History of Kenya seen from the viewpoint of the peasantry
and the working class in the tradition of Walter Rodney’s How Europe
Underdeveloped Africa and A History of Guyanese Working Class. In this
history, the peasantry, the proletariat and the Mau Mau movement were
going to occupy their rightful place in the successive struggles of Kenyan
people against the Portuguese, the Arabs and the British. This was going to
bethe first history of Kenya written bya Kenyan, Significantly, it wastoend
in 1980, the formal beginning of the United States neo-colonial presence in
the country with military bases in Mombasa, Nanyuki and possibly other
spots in eastern Kenya. The last chapter was entitled: The Current History
of Kenya 1979-80. At long last, Mau Mau was going to have a voice ina
documented, meticulously researched and well written history by a
Kenyan scholar trained in schools and universities in Kenya and America.
Such a history could not be faulted on scholarship, nor could it be dis-
missed as wishful myth-making among a poverty ridden peasantry; nor,
indeed, could it be faulted on the basis that it was a work of fiction in the
form of novels or theatre. The news that he had been writing this history;
that he had interviewed many Mau Mau cadres and generals; had, for a
long time been an open secret. His lectures on Kenyan, African, Black
and third world history were attracting hundreds of students. The peas-
antry and the working class had found their voice. Mau Mau was coming
back.

Maina-wa-Kinyatti had clearly angered more than just the bourgeois
academic and intellectual establishment. He had frightened the men at the
top whose position the academic establishment merely reflected. They
who in the fifties had feared the possible consequences of the British
colonialists leaving the country had invited into the country a new, more
powerful neo-colonial master in the United States of America. Were they
perhaps disturbed by the vision of a Mau Mau coming back even though
only in books and lecture halls? Could they perhaps hear in the distance
the determined approach of a million awakened chanting songs similar to
those of the fifites? .

You who sell us out are great enemies

Look around you and look at the British
And also at yourselves

The British are foreigners

And they will surely go back to their country
Where will you, traitors to your country,
~Run to?

Perhaps to America!
At any rate, on June 3rd 1982, Maina-wa-Kinyatti was arrested. The
police raided his home in his absence. The result of 4/% months of police

custody was that he had to be hospitalized in chains for an eye operation,

40



It must be mentioned that Zambezia provides close to 50 percent of Mozambique's
income, and several Western and socialist countries are involved there. When
he visited Zambezia at the end of July, Samora Machel said that "the bandits

do not want to allow us to develop."

Aside from producing tea, copra, and corn, and providing a large percentage
of shrimp for export, Zambezia has great mineral resources. In the case of
tantalite, an English prospecting technician told us that the world's largest
known reserves of this mineral are located there. This ore is used to rein-
force chromium and steel alloys, and it is worth $100,000 per ton.

12353
CSO: 3442/4

71



A realistic politician makes use of the options that are available to him for
the moment.

What the domestic parties realize is that, after independence, they will always
have to move forward on the rocky path together. At any rate, they will have
to engage in conversation with one another somewhere in the future.

Surely it is not necessary for South-West Africans to call for UN help before
they can talk with one another meaningfully about their common concerns and
their mutual future.

If SWAPO is so poor at laying out the issues that it needs UN help before it
ean accomplish the most basic underlying principle of democracy, specifically,
the exchange of thoughts, then it has indeed not yet gotten to the most
fundamental element of politics.

3. South-West Africa's problems and the good of its people are not matters
which can be put off for settlement some day; the people can rightly demand
that its politicians tackle those issues right now which are right now at hand.

If SWAPO thinks that South-West Africa's only problem is the attainment of
independence, then it really does not know what the needs of the people are.
Independence is an important matter; no one will deny that.

But man cannot live by independence alone!

SWAPO sees the initiative by the parties as a "different initiative" (besides

Resolution 435). The truth is that this is an interim initiative. To
understand this really does not require much intelligence.

12271
csO: 3401/5

80



9242388
JPRS 84683

4 November 1983

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

No. 2866

“9991018 058

FBIS| FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

NATIONS. “ECANI TAL /
INFORMA" ON OER ECE Y


ZAMBIA

KAUNDA SAYS GOVERNMENT DETERMINED TO MEET IMF CONDITIONS
Lusaka DAILY MAIL in English 15 Oct 83 p 1

[Excerpt] THE PARTY and its government is determined to instil discipline in
the economic sector and meet all the tough conditions set by the International
Monetary Fund and World Bank, President Kaunda said yesterday.

"We intend to work very hard and restructure our economy and meet our obliga-
tions to international lending institutions. We do not want to saddle our
future with heavy debts," Dr Kaunda said before the start of talks with
seven executive directors of the World Bank at State House.

He said, however, that the World Bank and its sister institution, the IMF,
must also understand the problems that face Zambia, a landlocked country with
a high import bill and an unfavourable balance of payment.

Dr Kaunda explained to the World Bank officials that the country's oil bill
at the moment was about K250 million per annum and copper price on the world
market had dropped but services from the developed countries had gone up.

“These are problems that we have no control over. The protectionist policies

of the developed North do not help us in any way to restructure our economy,”
he said.

Dr Kaunda added that although Zambia complained about the tough conditions
of the IMF, "deep in our hearts of hearts, we know that the conditions will

help us resuscitate our economy and instil a sense of discipline in our in-
dustries."

"I am not trying to encourage you to be more difficult in future, but to as-
sure you of our confidence in the conditions you set. We do not want to
saddle our future with heavy debts and we know that your conditions are aimed
at helping us to be self-reliant."

He said the Party was leading the people in working in a disciplined manner
and urging them to make more sacrifices for the nation.

"Zambia understands fully the objectives of the World Bank. Is there anything

the World Bank can do to assist us knowing fully well that we are determined
to work in a disciplined manner?" Dr Kaunda asked.

106



fe

Farming Equipment From Brazil 74
Moma, Chinde Ports Reopened 74
Economic Cooperation With Sweden 74
Fishing Vessels From USSR 75
AIM, TASS Sign Agreement 75
Swedish Donation 75
Delegation Returns From Hungary 76
Soviet Ships Offshore 76
Spanish Health Assistance 76

NAMIBIA |

HNP Statement on Namibia Vote, Joint Party Initiative
(Editorial, DIE REPUBLIDEIN, various dates).........+....0+. 77

HNP Policy Criticized
Joint Party Initiative
SWAPO Attitude

Interview With SWAPO's Representative in West Africa
(Eddy E. Amkongo Interview; TAKUSAAN, 26-28 Aug 83)........ 81

SIERRA LEONE

New Foreign Exchange System Announced
(WEST AFRICA, No 3451, 3 Oct 83) ...ceeeeccececccecreeseceees 85

Briefs
New Hotel Management 86
Regional Ministers 86
Koroma in Korea 86
Jordanian Air Links 86
Cultural Delegation Visits China 87
SOUTH AFRICA
Briefs
Future Role for Blacks 88
Transkei Leaders' Anniversary Addresses 88
TANZANIA:
Caution Urged in Increasing Prices of Essential Goods
(Editorial; MZALENDO, 9 Oct 83)........ 89
Briefs
Fuel Shortages Hamper Harvesting 91
Norwegian Aid Pledge 91



He described the industrialised North as "stingy" and not willing to assist
developing countries through buying of their commodities at favourable
prices.

Dr Kaunda noted that some of the decisions which the government has taken
in its efforts to revive the economy have been painful. "Decontrol was a
painful exercise but necessary to our salvation."

cso: 3400/132

107



of the construction of social progress in Cape Verde. Now, to be correctly
implemented, these guidelines must be known, understood, accepted, assimilated,
adoptéd, and defended especially by party militants, by the cadres and workers
of the government and the enterprises, by the members of the mass organizations
and other social organizations, by the members of the Armed and Security Forces
and, finally, by the popular masses in general.

Thus, the campaign's central objective is the dissemination of the resolutions
of the Second Congress, within the party and the state, and the working masses,
with a view to their implementation. This gradual materialization of the
guidelines charted by the Congress boils down to strengthening the political,
economic, social, and cultural as well as defense and security institutions and
organizations as well as the improvement of the quality of their service; the
elevation-of the patriotic consciousness of the citizens; the further in-depth
development of the country's national revolutionary democracy; the broadening
of the bases of independence; finally, an improvement of the people's living
conditions. Summarizing the drive's objectives, the slogan is: "Let us study
and implement resolutions of the Second Congress!"

Naturally, the disclosure of these decisions will involve a differentiated
approach in terms of the topics to be taken up, consonant with the sector which
we want to reach; this means that, for example, looking at the party bylaws,
the political cadres will go much more deeply into the study of that document
than the members of a social organization. Or another topic will be taken up
in a different manner depending on whether we are dealing with militants in

an urban area or in a rural area.

We think that the resolutions of the Second Congress are a valuable instrument
which is indispensable to the development not only of the party but also of
Cape Verde society and that its implementation is a collective task of national
interest; this is why it is important for everybody to assume his responsibility
and individually to work toward the campaign's success, regardless of whether
he may be a minister, a general manager.or an enterprise manager, a supervisor
or a worker; a party militant or a member of a mass organization.

VOZ DI POVO: “In the footsteps of Amilcar Cabral" was the slogan of the Second
Congress and the campaign is being launched on Nationality Day as well as the
ceremonies commemorating the events of 1959, the anniversary of the birth of
Amilcar Cabral, These two factors seem to point to the particular importance
of combining the study of the resolutions and the thinking of Cabral.

Olivio Pires: Amilcar Cabral is always present in our life, in the party's
activities and in its ideology. He occupies an unequalled place in the history
of the people of Cape Verde not only because of the role he played in the
national liberation struggle but also because of his theoretical legacy which
continues to inspire the party's collective thinking and to guide our daily
actions.

But we think that, in addition to all that--which is a task for generations to
come--it is necessary to carry out specific but immediate activities in order
to keep the thinking and even the figure of Cabral alive and current. Thus
our party, with great international emphasis, at the beginning of this year,

28



CULTURAL DELEGATION VISITS CHINA--The Parliamentary Special Assistant in the
Ministry of Tourism and Cultural Affairs, Mrs. Amy Hawa Kallon has led a three-
strong delegation on a two-week visit to China as guests of the Chinese As-
sociation of Friendship for foreign countries. The delegation also includes
the renowned artist, Mr. Hassan Bangura of the Mano River Union, and the acting
general manager and editor of the Daily Mail, Mr. Arika Awuta Coker. [Text]
[London WEST AFRICA in English No 3451, 3 Oct 83 p 2324]

cso: 3400/104

87



The truth is that the "council of state" is going to fail, just like the DTA
(the state structure created by Pretoria) did. The Namibian people have al-
ready demonstrated their opposition. So the "council of state" has been
rejected by the Namibian people, and even by several of the puppets.

[Question] At the Second Conference to Support the Namibian People (held at
UNESCO headquarters in Paris), South Africa and the United States were accused
of delaying your country's independence. In addition, some African countries
asserted that the contact group countries had failed in their mission. Does
SWAPO still support the continuation of the contact group?

[Answer] During the Paris conference, SWAPO insistently demanded (but did not
obtain) dissolution of the contact group. We have been in a deplorable situa-
tion for the last 6 years while the contact group has buckled under Pretoria's
pressure. Instead of applying pressure on South Africa, the group always
opted to make concessions to the detriment. of SWAPO, thereby aiding the racist
regime of Pretoria. During the last 6 years we have witnessed a massive
effort to kill United Nations Resolution 435. The contact group has urged
us, for example, to abandon the armed struggle. And finally we have seen
"linkage" between the withdrawal of Cuban troops in Angola and Namibian inde-
pendence. It was on this basis that SWAPO demanded dissolution of the con-
tact group. A consensus was.reached to refer the Namibian problem to the
Security Council, which gave the UN secretary general, Javier Perez de Guellar
{as printed], a mandate to hold informal discussions.

[Question] Javier Perez de Cuellar visited Namibia in May of this year. Was
his mission a positive step? If so, in what respects?

[Answer] The secretary general of the UN had a Security Council mandate to
hold direct talks with the parties in the conflict: the illegal South African
regime and SWAPO, the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people.
Javier Perez de Cuellar is to implement Resolution 532, which specifies the
secretary general's obligation to submit a report on his activities to the
Security Council. One cannot be very optimistic, because Pretoria has shown
its disagreement by announcing creation.of a council of state in Namibia.

[Question] Ronald Reagan reasons that the departure of South African forces
from Namibia before the departure of the 20,000 Cuban soldiers in Angola
could leave a politico-military vacuum which Moscow, through Havana, would
exploit. Do you give credence to this theory espoused by the man in the White
House?

[Answer] We are well acquainted with Ronald Reagan's imperialist and expan—
sionist policy. SWAPO has already stated its position: independence should
not be tied to the situation in Angola. Moreover, Angola is a sovereign
state, which has the right to maintain whatever bilateral relations it wants,
with whatever regime it wants. The precondition established by the United
States is a pretext to prolong Pretoria's imperialist policy, while at the
same time protecting its economic interests. SWAPO deplores, condemns and
rejects that belligerent position and the famous ideas of Ronald Reagan about
“protecting the security of legitimate interests in the region."

82



Neither is the notable urban explosion unrelated to the critical state of the
cities. The population of the countryside, tired of hunger and without
clothes to wear, is moving to the cities in search of a better life.

In 1940 the urban population was 3.4 percent of the total; in 1970, 15 per-
cent; in 1980, 23 percent. By the year 2000 it is anticipated 50 percent, with
a third of the total in Luanda.

With civil construction paralyzed, the people build their own residences pre-
cariously, due to the lack of materials. The result. is that the slums are
spreading in all directions, with all their problems.

Buildings made of cement, abandoned by the colonists, were occupied by the
leaders, the foreign cooperants and the Zairian "returnees."

Evictions are a daily occurrence. When the authorities need a building and
it is occupied by members of the population, they send the police to evict
them. A curious coincidence: early this year the tenants of a building on
the former Brasil Street (today Hoji ia Henda) were being evicted when the
National Radio announced that "the racist South African authorities (had just)
evicted the black tenants from some buildings in the suburbs of Johannes-
burg. . ."

Party Radio, Press, TV

Whoever speaks for the purpose of informing speaks through the press, radio
television in the RPA. This sector is one of those most rigidly controlled
by the party.

In 1974/75, a period when a certain openness prevailed as far as the press
was concerned, both newspapers and radio stations proliferated, some follow-
ing a party line and others not.

Beginning in late July of 1975, with the expulsion from Luanda of the FNLA
and UNITA and with the Portuguese authorities completely paralyzed, the MPLA
decided that information also would have to begin transmitting and defending
its point of view.

Then came the (aborted) nitista [supporters of Nito Alves] coup and the MPLA
shut down the Catholic station as well as the DIARIO DE LUANDA. However, the
authorities had shut down the weekly ANGOLA, the last bastion of independent
journalism, long before.

Information has thus been reduced to one official radio station, one official
daily newspaper and one equally official television and one information
agency (ANGOP--[Angolan Press Agency])--all directly controlled by the Central
Committee of the MPLA, the Ministry of Information being extinct.

All information is filtered, stereotyped and officialized. For example, it is
not possible for a journalist to write an editorial if it is not in agreement

10



cso:

singing demonstrations outside the courtroom, mostly by middle-
aged country women, is an indication that the Mau Mau ideals that
Kinyatti symbolizes for many ordinary Kenyans are still strong thirty
years later.

What are these ideals so shamelessly betrayed? Land, food, houses, jobs,
education, unity of Kenyan people, democracy, independence. But more
than this. For in the words of Fanon,

Independence is not a word which can be used as an exorcism, but an
indispensable condition for the existence of men and women who are
truly liberated, in other words who are truly masters of the material
means which make possible the radical transformation of society.

That for me is the revolutionary significance of 20 October 1952 in
Kenya to-day: repression by the powerful met by the indomitable resist-
ance from those they thought powerless to liberate Kenya from neo-
colonialism, what Oginga Odinga once described as a state of Not Yet
Uhuru. And as Mau Mau was a precursor of armed liberation armies
against colonialism in Africa, so is to-day’s struggle in Kenya against a
neo-colonialism now led by USA part of the world wide people’s battle
against imperialism. The spirit of Mau Mau is coming back!

3400/134

52



At the offices of the National Rice Program (PNR) the first commissar of state
took a keen interest in the continued smooth operation of that center. He
took advantage of the opportunity to resolve some of the problems it was fac-
ing. Instructions were given to send two tractors and two trucks to the cen-
ter immediately in order to improve operations.

Communication Links: A Handicap

Communications links unquestionably remain the major problem of the Equateur
region. One cannot really speak of development until this problem is satis-
factorily resolved. At every stop-~in Bumba, Isala, Gbadolite, Lihenge,
Gemena, Mbandaka--one heard the same refrain: give us good roads, build us
metal bridges... Indeed, rapid circulation of people and goods is a crucial
necessity for the region's economic operators. ANEZA's national president
has underlined this: there are practically no good.roads, i.e. asphalted
roads, or modern ferry boats.

Naturally, these things are expensive today. A single kilometer of asphalted
road currently costs $350,000. But development requires roads. What can be
done? The fact that the trip was made by air shows the relevance of the prob-
lem. It takes more than 4 hours to traverse the 150 kilometers of the Bumba-
Lisala road, if it has not been raining. If it has been raining, it takes
even longer. That is one point. The other is that modern bridges and ferry-
boats are virtually nonexistent. Given ONATRA's insufficient resources and
the very onerous cost of air transport, the economic operators have to prac~
tically work miracles to deliver and ship out agricultural products.

The situation is more alarming in the dry season, when the boats cannot travel
their usual course because of sandbanks. This results in some sub-regions,
such as Nord-Ubangui, experiencing great delays in the delivery of fuel, or
not getting it at all. This in turn creates problems in supplies of energy
and potable water.

At Bumba people expressed the desire to see the 200-kilometer-long Bumba-
Aketi road, the Bumba-Lisala-Gemena road, and the Bumba~Yandongi~Abuzi-Yakoma
road rehabilitated, and the renovation of the metal bridges over the Mainda-
nyinda rivers. In Gemena, there were requests for the asphalting of the Akula~
Gemena road and the sideroads to Ghadolite and Libenge. The same story was
heard at Lisla and Ghadolite.

Comment on Trip
Kinshasa ELIMA in French 10 Aug 83 pp 1,6
[Commentary by Makoko Munshenie]
[Text] Wherever he went in the regions, of which Haut-Zaire and Equateur were
the last two visited, Kengo wa Dondo, first commissar of state, minced no
words when he spoke about development in the broadest possible sense. "The

impetus and creative imagination must come first of all from the territorial
authorities," he said at the working meetings he chaired at each stop of his

94



MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

CSSR DELEGATION VISITS NAMPULA--The delegation of the Czechoslovak Committee
of Solidarity with the Peoples of Asia and Africa, headed by Miloslav

Vacik, has been in Nampula since day before yesterday, continuing the visit
that it is making to our country at the invitation of the AMASP (Mozambican
Association of Friendship and Solidarity With Peoples/. On his visit to
Nampula, Miloslav Vacik, who is also Vice President of the Central Committee
of the National Front of the Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia, is
accompanied by the Secretary General of the AMASP, Abner Sans&o Muthemba.
The delegation was received on Saturday by a member of the Political Bureau,
Marcelino dos Santos. The Mozambican leader used the occasion to brief the
visitors about the work that the Mozambican people are currently engaged in,
specifically the fight against armed bandits and against hunger. The Czech
delegation has already begun conversations inMaputo with a delegation from
the AMASP, to whom it delivered a document formalizing an offer of candelabra
for the future headquarters of the Association. At the meetings that it has
held with Mozambican leaders, the Czech delegation has promised to intensify
its efforts to develop relations of cooperation and solidarity between the
Mozambican and Czech peoples. (/fext/ Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 24 Aug
83 p 37 12430

TRADE AGREEMENTS SIGNED WITH CSSR--The People's Republic of Mozambique and
the Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia, last night in Maputo, signed agree-
ments and protocols in the area of foreign trade after conversations held
under the aegis of the Mixed Subcommission. According to information ob-—
tained, the most important agreement signed between the two socialist coun-
tries deals with payment arrangements for trade between Mozambique and
Czechoslovakia. Under this agreement, Mozambique is to supply Czechoslovakia
with tea, cotton, cashew nuts, sisal and other products, while Czechoslovakia
for its part undertakes to send Mozambique general consumer goods, metal
products, construction materials, and raw materials for brewing beer. Among
the Czech consumer goods are noted textile articles, toys, missangas /frans-
lation unknown/, sporting goods, and domestic appliances. The agreement

also establishes lists of goods to be covered by an interbank credit line for
sundry machinery and equipment, spare parts, and metal products that Czecho-
slovakia will supply Mozambique in 1984. The talks in Maputo within the frame-
work of the Mixed Subcommission for Foreign Trade were led by Joao Coutinho,
National Director of Finance and Vice Chairman of the Mixed Commission, on the
Mozambican side, and by Joseph Koci, Vice-Minister in the Federal Ministry of
Foreign Trade and Vice Chairman of the Mixed Commission on the Czech side.
[ext] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 31 Aug 83 p J/ 12430

73



Kenyan people, for it is their Day! The day, the month, the year Kimathi
with the Kenya Land and Freedom Army started the ten year armed
struggle against imperialist colonial occupation of Kenya, to enable
Kenyans to determine their economic, political and cultural life. For no
people are free as long as their economy, politics and culture are controlled
by imperialism!

It is therefore bitterly ironic to millions of Kenyans that as we talk
here tonight, there are, in Kenya, three foreign military presences — the
British, Israeli and American. The USA has military bases in Mombasa,
Nanyuki and other places in Eastern Kenya. American and British pilots
fly Kenya’s aeroplanes. Thousands of Kenyans are in detention camps,
prisons or exile. Many others have been and continue to be killed. The
University of Nairobi for instance, is closed and many of our bright lec-
turers and students are dead or in jail or awaiting trial.

Kenyatta Day or Mau Mau Freedom Fighters Day! What’s in a
name? Everything, especially if it has to do with the past, that is with

__history, How we look at our yesterday has important bearings on how we
look at to-day and how we see possibilities for tomorrow. The sort of past
we look back to for inspiration in our struggles affects the vision of the
future we want to build. What heroes or heroines do we identify with?
Waiyaki or Kinyanjui? Koitalel or Mumia? Me Katilili or Wangu Makeri?
Kimathi or Kenyatta? People’s leaders or colonial chiefs? Patriots or
loyalists? Mau Mau fighters or Homeguards? Resistance heroes or collab-
orators with the imperialist enemy? Imperialist foreigners and their
oppressor friends or national patriots and their comrades in struggle?

We know that when one nation conquers another nation, it tries to
disfigure the history of the conquered nation. Thus when imperialist
nations conquered and colonized Africa, they rewrote the history of the
continent in terms of a continent of darkness preceeding the European
slave or colonial presence. Those who fought against the colonizing nation
were depicted as villains or witches. Those who collaborated were seen in
terms of outstanding courage and intelligence. In the same way and within
a single nation, the dominant economic class disfigures the history of the
dominated classes. Those among the dominated and exploited who took
arms against those dominating and exploiting are written off as villains
while those who put down people’s uprisings are shown in heroic colours.
Moreover, the history of that nation is often written in terms of the heroic
deeds of kings, chiefs, exceptional individuals and classes, that is, in terms
of those elements in that nation’s past which give historical rational
expression or confer legitimacy to the claims of the dominant class. The
dominant class looks at history from the heights and needs of its present
position.

The dominant nation or class recruits either from amongst its own or
other ranks, an army of historians, philosophers, writers, journalists, ina
word, intellectuals, who draw pictures of the universe corresponding to its
material objective position. These become its seers, visionaries or song-
sters, its intellectual force. They assume the standpoint of the exploiter
and oppressor. But the dominated nation or class also throws out its intel-
lectual force either from amongst its own or other ranks which explain the
world from the material basis and objective needs of the struggle of that
class or nation. Such intellectuals assume the standpoint of the exploited
and the oppressed.

These two intellectual forces will look at the past very differently,
often in conflicting terms. What they have in commonisan awareness of the
importance of the pastand its interpretation and they go aboutit with fierce
commitment even when hiding under slogans of objectivity and search for

34



bee taxation system every weekend. Here the Kenyan regime overreaches
itself: is there any other country in the world where the President or Prime
Minister or Chief of State spends every other weekend collecting money
from people under full national television cameras? . .
Insuch a situation, is it surprising that the economy is gradually grind-
ing to a halt or else keeps marking time with less and less vigour? The
foreign investors, despite the new free port policy are holding back: the
lady is too willing! As even the Grindlays Bank Group review of September
1982 put it: ‘the short term outlook for the economy is not encouraging.’
The Bank politely describes recent agricultural production as ‘erratic’;
manufacturing output as ‘well below capacity’; and high unémployment
as ‘causing serious social problems’. It continues sadly, ‘a steady deterior-
ation in the terms of trade has caused serious balance of payments difficul-
ties. In the past three years real personal incomes have risen marginally, if
at all,’ and, the Bank concludes, ‘little improvement is expected in the
short term at least.’ The fact is that the Kenyan ruling authorities have
been able to bravely soldier on only through loans, aid and grants, from
the so-called friendly countries which means Western Europe and USA.
The USA is particularly willing because such a dependent regime gradually
turns the country into a client of the IMF and the World Bank and readily
makes its territory and people part of the notorious US Rapid Deployment
Force and nuclear strategy in the Indian Ocean. When Fanon wrote that
brilliant chapter Pitfalls of National Consciousness in The Wretched of
the Earth he could have been writing about Kenyatta’s and Moi’s Kenya: _

The economic channels of the young state sink back inevitably into
neo-colonialist lines. The national economy, formerly protected, is
today literally controlled. The budget is balanced through loans and
gifts, while every three or four months the chief ministers themselves
or else their governmental delegations come to erstwhile mother
countries or elsewhere, fishing for capital.

The former colonial power increases its demands, accumulates
concessions and guarantees and takes fewer and fewer pains to mask
the hold it has over the national government.

The failure to break new grounds, the whole philosophy of economic
Nyayoism (which literally means the system of following the trodden
paths or somebody else’s footsteps!), has led to mass poverty and the
alienation of the regime from the people. It is this increased alienation
which more immediately explains the turn the events are taking.

Neo-colonial Theatre

Over the years, the regime has responded to this alienation by becoming
distrustful of the people. Compulsory public meetings are held where
people are actually blamed for the poverty: women are bearing too many
children. Some top government ministers are on record as saying that
African women breed like rabbits! Indeed Charles Njonjo has said in
parliament, that parents with more than three should be penalized. ‘Our
development plan was for 16 million people and suddenly because of irres-
ponsibility the population goes up to 17 million making the development
plan out of date,’ he has told parliament. These men who do not believe in
a planned economy, that is who believe that people should be at the mercy
of blind free market forces now find they can plan human beings. Any
wonder that the people are scared of them? At first the regime was only
alienated from ordinary peasants and workers —these poor who cannot
control their appetites! —but gradually the professionals like dentists,

doctors, lawyers and the university community became repelled by the

46



independence. Organized repressive terror was met by organized revolu-
tionary-resistance. Had not that been the lesson they had learnt from their
history? _ ne Se ere

When British colonialism invaded Kenya at the turn of the century,
they were resisted by the different nationalities in Kenya. Waiyaki, Koita-
lel, Me Katilili: they all led people’s armies against the colonial occupiers.
But they were defeated by the superior British weaponry, the superior
British organization, and also, we must admit, by internal divisions within

- each nationality and between the different nationalities. As a result our
land was taken away and for the first time in our history there was born a
wage-earning class. Capitalism had entered Kenya: we were now connec-
ted to the world system of imperialism in the colonial stage. So our land,
our labour, and our wealth were taken from us. Forced labour, taxation,
slave conditions became our lot. We had no control over our lives. But
once again our people regrouped, they rejected ethnic divisions and in the
twenties, thirties and forties, they once again organized against British
colonialism. The working class born in the new coffee, tea, sisal, sugar
cane and wheat plantations — agricultural proletariat — and their counter-
part in towns, born of the new commerce and industry —the industrial
proletariat — and though small in number, led the peasantry to wage a
national cultural and political resistance. In 1922 workers of all nationali-
ties marched to the Central Police Lines in Nairobi to demand the release
of the workers leader. They were led by Mary Nyanjiru. She anda hundred
and fifty others were shot dead.

Meanwhile a cultural movement swept through the land. The Muthi-
rtgi dancers and poets; the Mumboist singers: even the Dini-ya-
Mswambwa artistes—these were cultural manifestations of an anti-
colonial resistance. These struggles found political expression in the anti-
colonial nationalist organizations, which, although based in different
nationalities, were united by the anti-imperialist content of their demands
and assertions. Once again the nationalist leaders were jailed, detained or
exiled. People’s cultural and political organizations were banned. Defeat?
No. For in the fifties they came back and organized at a higher level to
deal a mortal blow to British colonialism not only in Kenya but in Africa.
The Mau Mau armed struggle was the first of its kind in Africa: others,
FLN, MPLA, FRELIMO, the Patriotic Front parties, etc were to come
later.

That is the main lesson of Kenya history. People’s movements were
suppressed, sometimes even weakened by religious and ethnic divisions
delibrately sown among them, but they would re-emerge at a higher level,
stronger, brighter, more determined. People’s leaders were imprisoned.
But others emerged and quietly took up the baton of struggle. In Kenya,
autocracy has always met with popular opposition, repression with resist-
ance, reactionary violence with revolutionary heroism.

That spirit of resistance in Kenyan history is to-day being exemplified
by the astonishing composure of the young students who, without law-
yers, and in court on sedition charges which bring ten years in jail, courag-
eously call for power to the people even as they are led away in chains.

After Maina-wa-Kinyatti was sentenced to six years in prison, the
crowd of peasants and workers, some of whom had come from more than
fifty miles away, burst into defiant liberation songs. Police charged into
them but according to the Daily Nation of October 19 1982, ‘the police had
a hard time dispersing the crowd of women from the court corridors.’ The
lesson of that gesture, two days before 20 October, the 30th Anniversary
of the Mau Mau armed struggle, was not lost on Kenyans. As the Guard-
ian of Tuesday 19 October 1982 commented:

The trial and its verdict are clearly intended asa government warning
to Kenyans of the consequences of dissent, But the highly unusual

51



naked avarice of the regime. ‘My back is against the wall,’ Moi was
compelled to admit last June (1982).

If you have lost faith in the people, then you cannot trust them with
democracy, can you? They will spoil the game. You cannot allow them to
organize anything on their own: What might they not whisper together?
Thus in Kenya it is illegal for more than five people to meet without a
police licence. Real workers’ organizations, even such bodies as University
Staff Union, the Kenya Civil Servants Union, National Union of Students,
are outlawed. Indeed any organization such as drama or social welfare
societies which might bring ordinary people together are banned. And of
course students and workers have no right to strike. There is too much

democracy, Moi and his henchmen have been known to complain. So for
years, opposition has been hounded into jails and detentions or harassed
into an uneasy silence. Elections are few and far between and even then,
popular leaders like Anyona and Oginga Odinga are barred from standing,
and the results are often rigged. The party over the years became a bureau-
cratic skeleton manipulated into occasional motion by one or two people. In
the end, this skeleton legalized itself into the only Party. Without a debate,
parliament in June agreed with the President that too many parties, even if
they only exist on paper, spoil the national broth. Wrote Fanon:

In a certain number of under-developed countries the parliamentary
game is faked from the beginning. Powerless economically, unable
to bring about the existence of coherent social relations, and stand-
ing on the'principle of its domination as a class, the bourgeoisie
chooses the solution that seems to it the easiest, that of the single
party. It does not yet have the quiet conscience and the calm that eco-
nomic power and the control of the state machine alone can give. It
does not create a state that reassures the ordinary citizen, but rather
one that rouses his anxiety.

The state, which by its strength and discretion ought to inspire
confidence and disarm and lull everybody to sleep, on the contrary
seeks to impose itself in spectacular fashion. It makes a display, it
jostles people and bullies them, thus intimating to the citizen that he
is in continual danger. The single party is the modern form of the dic-
tatorship of the bourgeoisie, unmasked, unpainted, unscrupulous
and cynical.

But in the end, the regime was even scared of the party skeleton
(might it not harbour ghosts of nationalism?) and increasingly it came to
rely more and more on the army and the police, thus fulfilling another of
Fanon’s prophecies:

In these poor, under-developed countries, where the rule is that the
greatest wealth is surrounded by the greatest poverty, the army and
the police constitute the pillars of the regime; an army and a police
force (another rule which must not be forgotten) which are advised
by foreign experts. The strength of the police force and the power of
the army are proportionate to the stagnation in which the rest of the
nation is sunk. By dint of yearly loans, concessions are snatched up
by foreigners; scandals are numerous, ministers grow rich, their
wives doll themselves up, the members of parliament feather their
nests and there is not a soul down to the simple policeman or the
customs officer who does not join the great procession of corrup-
tion,

You rule by fear and you are also ruled by fear. Both the Kenyatta
_and Moi regimes were afraid of their own army and police force. They
relied instead on secret military and defence pacts with foreign powers.
Kenyatta started it in 1964 with a military pact with Britain which allowed

47



DELECATION RETURNS FROM HUNGARY--A delegation led by the secretary general of
the Organization of Mozambique Women (OMM] returned to the country yesterday
from Hungary, where it took part in the meeting of the council of the Women's
International Democratic Federation. During its stay in Hungary the OMM dele-
gation held talks with the National Council of Hungarian Women, and it was
decided that the Hungarian women will support OMM in the preparation of its
extraordinary conference and in production centers, particularly needlework.
[Excerpt] [MB231149 Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 1700 GMT 21 Oct 83]

SOVIET SHIPS OFFSHORE--The "Voice of South Africa" has reported an undetermined
number of Soviet ships off the coast of Mozambique. The broadcasting station,
citing Western diplomatic sources in Maputo, said that the movements of the
Soviet fleet were related to "Soviet plans to rescue the 24 Soviet citizens
taken prisoner last 21 August by the Mozambican National Resistance," the
guerrilla movement opposed to the FRELIMO regime. The "Voice of South Africa”
added that this Soviet action could affect the already precarious balance
between the East and the West in this part of southern Africa and termed "posi-
tive" the. possibility that "the Portuguese, who are stepping up their coopera-
tion activities with Mozambique, would offer to replace the Soviet, Cuban and
East German advisors currently in Mozambique." According to the station, the
possibility was "suggested" by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to Portuguese
President Eanes during recent talks in Washington. The 24 Soviets were cap-
tured by the National Mozambican Resistance (RNM).at the Morrua mining complex,
where two Russians died. Morrua, in Zambezia Province, brings in about 50 per-
cent of Mozambique's foreign exchange. [Text] [Lisbon O DIA in Portuguese

21 Sep 83 p 23] 9805

SPANISH HEALTH ASSISTANCE--The Kingdom of Spain has offered surgical equipment
valued at 1,000,200 meticals to the People's Republic of Mozambique. The gift
was delivered by Spanish Ambassador Alvaro de Castilla during a ceremony in
Maputo this morning attended by Fernando Vaz, deputy minister of health

Deputy minister disclosed that the equipment will go to clinics and health
centers in Sofala, Manica and Zambezia to replace equipment that has been
destroyed by the armed bandits and to equip new clinics. It was also disclosed
during the ceremony that in the framework of cooperation between Mozambique

and Spain in the field of health, the Kingdom of Spain has agreed to-equip a
highly specialized otorhinolaryngology clinic. As part of the same cooperation
eight doctors and various medical experts are scheduled to arrive in the country
soon. [Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 1400 GMT 21 Oct 83 MB] Y

cso: 3442/20

76


SIERRA LEONE

BRIEFS

NEW HOTEL MANAGEMENT--The management of three of Sierra Leone's top hotels is
to be turned over to international financiers, according to an announcement
by the Ministry of Tourism and Cultural Affairs. They are the Bintumani,

Cape Sierra, and Lungi airport hotels. Meanwhile, a german entrepreneur, Mr.
Arno Peter Dietzel is to set up a 400-bed luxury floating hotel off the coast
of Freetown during the next tourist season. A 10-year agreement for the estab-
lishment of the ship hotel has been signed in Freetown by the Minister of
Tourism and Cultural Affaris, Dr. I. M. Fofana on behalf of the government and
Mr. Dietzel on behalf of his associates. The floating hotel is expected to be
fitted with all the facilities of a first-class hotel, and will provide job
opportunities for several Sierra Leoneans, according to sources close to Mr.
Dietzel. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3451, 3 Oct 83 p 2324]

REGIONAL MINISTERS--According to a recent government Gazette. President
Siaka Stevens has decided that the name of resident ministers has been re-
designated and "shall henceforth and until further notice be known and refer-
red to as "Regional Ministers." Similarly, the Minister of Interior will
henceforth be known as Minister of Internal Affairs and his ministry, the
Ministry of Internal Affairs. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3451,
3 Oct 83 p 2324]

KOROMA IN KOREA--A high-powered delegation led by First Vice President, Mr.

S. I. Koroma recently participated in the 35th anniversary celebrations of the
founding of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, in Pyongyang. The team
also included the Minister of State and Leader of the House, Mr. Tom Smith,
Mr. Hector Bultman of the APC Central Committee and a nominated Member of
Parliament, Mr. Ibrahim Langley, who is also President of the Sierra Leone
Labour Congress. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3451, 3 Oct 83

Pp 2324]

JORDANIAN AIR LINKS--The government of Sierra Leone and the Kingdom of Jordan
have agreed to establish air links between their two countries. A delegation
from Freetown headed by the Minister of Transport and Communication, Dr. A. F.
Joe Jackson was in Jordan recently for talks on the issue, after which an air
transport agreement was initialled. The necessary legal measures now have to
be worked out in accordance with the respective constitutional procedures of
both countries, after which the agreement will be signed and ratified. [Text]
{London WEST AFRICA in English No 3451, 3 Oct 83 p 2324]

86



He was then formallly tried for being in possession of a ‘seditious’ publica-
tion: Moi’s divisive tactics exposed. Among the documents produced in
court as evidence of sedition and subversion was the last chapter of that
monumental history: The Current History of Kenya 1979-80.

The ruling authorities were trying to stage an impossible drama: they
were putting Kenyan history on trial for being subversive of the existing
order. That order is one of repression, and exploitation of Kenyans by
neo-colonial forces headed by the USA and aided by proven colonial |
homeguards and Black Empire Loyalists. They wanted to bury that his-
tory and to silence for ever those who wanted to unearth it for Kenya and
the world.

So on October 18, 1982 two days before the 30th anniversary of Mau
Mau Freedom Fighters Day, Maina-wa-Kinyatta was jailed for six years.
Four and a half months in police custody had led to the hospital: what are
six years in prison meant to do?

The ‘Mimic’ Bourgeoisie

The drama was farcical, though obviously punitive and vengeful in its
intention. Beneath the farce is a cruel historical irony. This: those who are
presiding over Kenyan affairs — driving patriots into prisons, detentions
and death — are the same people who in the fifties were actively opposing
the Mau Mau struggle for independence (Moi’s KADU, homeguards, and
loyalists) or those that compromised the struggle for personal and family
gains (Kenyatta and Gema-type chauvinists) and made alliances with out-
right traitors and sellouts now grouped under the bureaucratic party skele-
ton labelled KANU. .

I need go no further than Moi (KANU president and Head of State);
Charles Mugane Njonjo (Minister for Constitutional Affairs, and the man
who steered Kenya into a KANU rule one-party state); Justus Ole Tipis
(KANU treasurer and the Minister in charge of detentions without trial);
Robert Matanu (KANU secretary-general); Stanley Oloitiptip (Cheer
leader of the Kenyatta and Moi regimes) and Jeremia Kiereini, chief secre-
tary and the executive head of the entire administration.

At the height of the British colonial terror campaign against Mau
Mau Freedom fighters and the Kenyan people, 1954-1955, Daniel Toroi-
tich arap Moi was a colonial government appointee in the then settler run
Kenya Legislative Council. He had been hand picked for the job as a good
African. Later Moi, the good African, became chairman of the KADU, a
Muzorewa type of black front for settler interests, whose main plank was
majimboism, splitting an independent Kenya into regional fiefdoms. Thus
up to 1963, Moi as a KADU leader was openly working against a strong

_united Kenya.

Charles Mugane Njonjo has a parallel record in colonial service.
From 1954-60he was an assistant registrar-general in the Registrar-General
Department. He rose to Crown Counsel, Senior Crown Counsel and
deputy public prosecutor at the time of independence. Thus in 1955 and
five years after, he was in active administration of the State of Emergency
Laws that saw thousands of Kenyans hounded into prisons, detention
camps and to death. His colonial service was in the family tradition. His
father Josiah Njonjo, was among the colonial chiefs to form the first
ever loyalist association —that is loyal to crown and colony —in the
country.

Maino, Oloitiptip and Tipis were all prominent leaders of KADU.
Tipis-for instance was its treasurer, a position he holds in to-day’s KANU.

Jeremiah Kiereini who has been signing the detention orders of the
lecturers and others was in the colonial rehabilitation programme in

41


ZIMBABWE

BRIEFS

HIGH COURT APPOINTMENT--Mr John Oliver Manyarara has been appointed a judge of
the High Court of Zimbabwe. The appointment, which comes into effect Monday,
was made in terms of subsection 2 of section 84 of the constitution. Mr Justice
Manyarara was appointed president of the Administrative Court in January this
year. [Text] [MB231147 Harare Domestic Service in English 0600 GMT 22 Oct 83]

MUGABE OPENS TRAIN SERVICE--The prime minister, Comrade Robert Mugabe, this morn=
ing commissioned Zimbabwe's first electric passenger train service at Gweru
railway station. ZIANA reports that as the train inched its way forward, blast-
ing its horn and breaking a ribbon stretched across the line, a large crowd
erupted into cheering and chanting. The historic ocassion was witnessed by the
deputy prime minister, Comrade Simon Muzenda; the minister of transport, Comrade
Farat Masango; other government ministers, members of the diplomatic corps, and
civic leaders. The prime minister was given a red-carpet welcome when the

train arrived in Kwe Kwe. [Text] [MB231147 Harare Domestic Service in English
1115 GMT 22 Oct 83]

WAGE, SALARY POLICY--The minister of labor and social services, Comrade Kumbirai
Kangai, has reacted to press reports that the national union of the clothing
industry might take him to court on its wage dispute with the clothing manu—
facturers. Comrade Kangai told newsmen yesterday that the government will make
no exceptions when awarding wage and salary increments. He said the dispute
referred to took place before the government had taken a position on the
question of wage and salary increments, which became effective on 1 September.
The minister said the union has no basis on which to take the government to
court. Noting that the clothing and mining-industries ahve been the worst hit
by the drought and depression, Comrade Kangai said that the union workers will
not get preferential treatment. An official of the clothing industry union

told the Sunday mail that according to the industrial conciliation act, Comrade
Kangai should have appointed an industrial tribunal to look into the dispute.
The official said the matter had been handed over to the ombudsman because of
the minister's inaction. [Text] [MB240834 Harare Domestic Service in English «.
0600 GMT 24 Oct 83]

MAIZE MILL OPENS--The government wants equal development in all parts of
Zimbabwe so that people will stop going into the already overcrowded towns. The
deputy prime minister, Comrade Simon Muzenda, made this statement in a speech
read on his behalf at the official opening of the national foods maize mill in

111



ETHIOPIA

Briefs
Accord With Hungary

KENYA

Mau Mau Ideals Said To Remain Alive in Nation Today
(Ngugi wa Thiong'o; JOURNAL OF AFRICAN MARXISTS,

No 4, Sep 83)
MALI
Briefs
President's Discreet Visit to Algiers
MAURITIUS
Parties Show Disapproval of "Speech From Throne!
(LE MAURICIEN, 7, 9 Sep 83)..... Penne cence ence canes ene
MMM Party

Lalit Party

Census Results Will Not Be Known Until 1984
(LE MAURICIEN, 7 Sep 83)

Finance Minister on Relations With IMF
(LE MAURICIEN, 6 Sep 83).......

Duval Interviewed on Diego Garcia, Other Questions
(LE MAURICIEN, 2 Sep 83)........ on

Statement of Development Policy Made Public
(LE MAURICIEN, 12 Sep 83)..........00.

Briefs i

Return to Trade Unionism Urged
Self Sufficiency in Coconuts
Onion Shortage

MMM Officials Chosen

MOZAMBIQUE

Soviet Trade Representative Outlines Cooperation With USSR
(Yuri Flerov; NOTICIAS, 29 Aug 83).

Reactions, Consequences of RNM Kidnappings
(Alves Gomes; EXPRESSO, 3 Sep 83)....

Soviet Participation Reportedly Increasing
(O DIABO, 20 Sep 83)....0.......04,

Briefs
CSSR Delegation Visits Nampula
Trade Agreements Signed With CSSR

-b-

ee

31

32

53

54

56

57

66

69

72

73
73



ZAMBIA

MUNDIA PRAISES COMPANIES MAKING REINVESTMENT LOANS
Lusaka DAILY MAIL in English 15 Oct 83 p 1

{Excerpt] PRIME Minister Nalumino Mundia yesterday praised 42 international
companies based in Zambia which have decided to lend the government K44.3
million for re-investment instead of externalising it as dividends.

An agreement on the loan was signed by Mr Mundia and Bank of Zambia governor
Bitwell Kuwani on behalf of the Zambian government while Anglo-American
Corporation (Central Africa) managing director, Mr Vernon Webber and his
manager, Mr. Owen Phillips signed on behalf of the 42 companies.

Speaking at the Ministry of Finance offices after the signing of the loan
agreement, Mr Mundia, who is also Minister of Finance, thanked Anglo-American
Corporation and Mr Kuwani for carrying out the ground work for the loan agree-
ment.

He said at present the government had about K500 million in the pipeline for
externalisation but because of the financial constraints and foreign exchange
problems the country has been facing, this had not been possible.

"K44.3 million is involved which has been removed from the pipeline and passed
on to the government for re-investment," Mr Mundia said.

He said this was the beginning of the exercise and it was hoped that a large
number of companies will be enticed to re-invest between K100 and K300 mil-
lion during the following years.

"We are not only encouraging companies to lend to the government but to re-
invest it in new projects. In this case they will get better terms on re-
investment," he said.

Mr Mundia said already a number of companies had approached the Government,
one to withdraw K5 million and another K3 million from the pipeline so as to
re-invest it.

"I request Anglo-American Corporation to convene another group of people and
explain to them the issues involved," he said.

104



promotion of self-help projects and small enterprises in order to create new
jobs 5) the drafting of a manpower development program with the assistance
of the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation 6) a review of labor
legislation and a reduction in the number of public holidays 7) the estab-
lishment of a Contributory Unemployment Scheme.

Energy

1) The development of new sources of energy and promotion of energy conserva-
tion 2) the production of electricity from bagasse 3). the completion of

a study on possibilities of developing new sources of hydroelectric power

4) production of ethanol. The opinion of the World Bank will be sought before
any project is begun.

117464
cso: 3419/5

64



contrast to the dominant imported culture of borrowed plumes. They fit
the Fafonist honest, anti-imperialist intellectual: .

In underdeveloped countries, there are certain members of the elite,

intellectuals and civil servants, who are sincere, who feel the necessity

for a planned economy, the outlawing of profiteers and the strict

prohibition of attempts at mystification. In addition such men fight

in a certain measure for the mass participation of the people in the
_ ordering of public affairs.

Inthe mentality of the Kenyan ruling class, to put Kenya first; to love
Kenya; to have faith in the capacity of the people to change their lives; to
insist that people are the subjects and not just the passive objects of devel-
opment; to insist on certain minimum professional ethics and democratic
principles; to reveal that ordinary peasants and workers struggled for
liberation; to sing praises to the Mau Mau movement; to write positively
about the anti-imperialist heroes of Kenyan history — Me Katilili, Koitalel,
Waiyaki, Nyanjiru, Kimathi, etc. —; to reject foreign bosses; to reject a
a society based on corruption; to reject the rule of fear; to oppose imper-
ialism and its local Kenyan allies, is a crime. Above all, to criticise the slave
philosophy of nyayoism — that is the mentality of always following in the
footsteps of USA and Britain; the policy of begging and charity; the pro-
gramme of looting the peasantry and working class; the chronic depend-
ence complex — is sedition, subversion and‘treason.

For such crimes many Kenyans — lecturers, lawyers, writers, journal-
ists, students, democrats, ordinary peasants and workers —have been
incarcerated in the very prisons and detention camps originally built by the
British colonial settler regime to hold Mau Mau Freedom Fighters and
other patriots. Maina-wa-Kinyatti for instance was in the very prison cells
where his father and elder brother were held during the colonial State of
Emergency declared over Kenya on 20 October 1952!

Repression Breeds Revolutionary Heroism

What then is the significance of 20 October 1952 in Kenya to-day? The
date brought suffering to us Kenyans, on a scale hitherto unknown.
People’s newspapers and books were banned. Writers and journalists
were jailed for sedition. People’s cultural organizations were banned.
People’s schools were outlawed, others literally razed to the ground. Our
people’s culture was being strangled: patriotic songs and dances for
instance meant prison for the composers and singers. Workers’ organiza-
tions were banned and their leaders jailed. Strikes were banned. Political
Parties were banned. Ban this, ban that, ban, ban, burn. The British killed
our men, women and children. They hounded thousands of others into
prisons and detention camps. The rest of the population was incarcerated
in ‘protected’ villages where many more died of starvation and beating by
the British-led homeguards. Our women were raped. Men and women
were tortured in the most brutal revolting fashion. Death, Detention,
Prison, and Exile: 20 October 1952 was the start of a ten year rule of
terror.

But the same years saw the Kenyan people organize and resist on a
scale they had never before attempted. People — ordinary peasants and
workers — organized in their villages, towns, fields, forests, mountains
and refused to be cowed by the colonial tyrant. Led by the Mau Mau, they
fought back, deliberately, consciously, tenaciously, courageously, driven
on and strengthened by their conviction that their anti-colonial cause was
right and just. In short, the extreme and well organized repression of the
British imposed State of Emergency called forth in Kenyan people organ-
ized resistance on a scale that later forced British colonialism to concede

= nn

50



FAMINE IN CHAMA, MPIKA DISTRICT REPORTED

Chama District Families Migrate

Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 19 Oct 83 p 5

[Excerpts]

MORE than 100 families of
Thisunga in. Chief Mulilo’s
area, Chama district have
migrated to Muyombe in the
Northern Province to look for
food because of famine which
has hit the area.

Chisunga ward chairman
Ms Kennedy Sinyiza told

“area governor Mr Sande

Goma that because of the
drought experienced by
some parts of the country

“in the past two years people
had no food and had now
turned to unripe mangoes for
food. :

Mr Sinyinza asked the
office of the governor to
deliver bags of maize there
immediately before elections
next week so that people
would stay in the area and
participate in the president-
ial and parliamentary elec-
‘tions on October 27.

ZAF Emergency Relief Operation

Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 19 Oct 83 p 5

[Excerpt]

cso:

3400/132

‘And Zambia Air Force
(ZAF) air support unit has
‘aunched an emergency relief
operation to the Nabwalya
area of Mpika district.

The operation in .which
‘two ZAF helicopters are
ferrying mealie meal for sale
to hunger-stricken villagers
there started on Monday and
is expected to go on for
another nine days.

ZAF commander Major-
General Ananniah Lungu
“who visited the area with a
Zana reporter yesterday said
the famine had been caused
by a severe drought at the last
farming season.

99

ZAMBIA



Biya. This sudden letting off of steam we are seeing is inseparable from the
immense sense of hope which Mr Ahidjo's accession to the prime ministership
had inspired, a sense of hope which he also knew how to sustain.

North-South Rivalry

First of all, people were wondering what Mr Biya would do about the north-
south rivalry. As a "southerner," would he not show favoritism to his own, as
his predecessor, a "northerner," had done? Overall, it is difficult at this
point to state positively that the peoples of the central and southern part

of the country have benefited from any "swing of the pendulum," either in terms
of lucrative positions or powerful offices, as a result of the four minister-
ial shake-ups that have taken place since November 1982.

Naturally, one may be somewhat amused by the vehement protests heard in Yao-
unde regarding a sort of conspiracy of the French press, which was doing all
it could to depict the Cameroonian crisis in terms of a simple north-south
confrontation. If this issue did not exist at all, it. would not be the focal
point of all conversation and the government would not have made a computer
printout listing all public servants including, in addition to their cursus
[translation unknown], their ethnic extraction.

The ethnic problem has been is now and will remain fundamental to understand-
ing what is happening in Cameroon--which does not mean that today it is the
most important factor in analyzing the astonishing change which may be taking
place in the society at large. Cameroon may be changing from the inside,

by replacing its elites, by changingits standards and by demanding a new moral-
ity in public life.

The emergence of a group of younger ministers surrounding the new president,
the appearance on the political scene of a brilliant generation of techno-
crats strongly imbued with French culture and European democratic values, is
potentially a source of change.

The moralization of public life is also on the agenda. The system of ficti-
tious warehouses* which has greatly enriched the aladji (businessmen from
the north, Muslims such as Mr Ahidjo)--the Bamilekes in the south have for
their part realized substantial profits by trafficking in alcohol--is to be
gradually suppressed, if one can believe government statements. There are
two strategies being advanced in this regard: the first, which a number of
industrialists are advocating, is a major crackdown, making examples of

some offenders; the second is to make the aladji pay their debts. Reliable
sources estimate that almost all of Cameroon's 10 banks are implicated in
these fraudulent operations to one degree or another. The risk posed by a
high-visibility campaign against corruption is that it would focus attention
on the gangrene which afflicts the banking system, thus discouraging foreign
investors.

In that connection, it. should be pointed out that the presence in the govern-

ment of Mr Sadou Hayatou, Minister of Agriculture and former general manager
of the Cameroonian affiliate of the BNP [National Bank of Paris]--a man who

24



CAMEROON

FOOD QUALITY CONTROL SAID TO BE HEALTH PROBLEM
Yaounde CAMEROON TRIBUNE in French 23 Sep 83 p 11

[Article by Daniel Sibetcheu, Department of Nutrition, Ministry of Public
Health]

[Text] Food self-sufficiency is not an empty phrase in our country. And yet,
in the fight being waged by the government to improve the nutrition and there-
fore, the state of health of our people, several.factors stand in the way of
full enjoyment of our abundant agricultural production. They are, among
other things: inadequate distribution of food to the entire national terri-
tory; poor use of available food because of various taboos, beliefs and bans
and sometimes, insufficient knowledge of nutrition; and a lack of adequate
methods of preserving foodstuffs, which still results inmajor losses of the
fruits of our harvests.

Actually, the climatic and ecological diversity of our country favors the
development of highly varied agricultural production, although with zones
specifically suited to certain plants and animals.

Often, production zones are far from major consumer centers. It then becomes
necessary to ship food products from such’ production zones to the major con-
sumer centers comprised of urban areas.

The difficulties linked to such shipping increase food prices of the production
areas to double or even triple the amount in consumer centers, which is an
obstacle to adequate consumption by low-income families.

At times, certain commodities that are abundant in production zones are rare
in other regions of the country. And yet, the creation of shipping facilities
alone is not enough because the long distances sometimes separating production
areas from consumer centers can wipe out the benefits of the effort, espe-
cially when highly perishable foods are involved. It then becomes necessary
to have adequate methods of preserving food in order to limit losses and the
sometimes great price variations from one region to another and from one sea-
son to another. Food shipped under improper conditions sometimes arrived

at consumer centers already starting to spoil.

20



General manager Mr Rolf Klein informed President Kaunda that K7.2 million
which represented 25 per cent of the expansion project was paid in cash by
his company.

And with the stocks and assets it possessed the company on its own had been
able to secure medium term loans for foreign exchange requirements from the

International Finance Corporation, the Commonwealth Development Corporation
and the Development Bank of Zambia.

CsO: 3400/132

103



MAU MAU IDEALS SAID TO REMAIN ALIVE IN NATION TODAY
London JOURNAL OF AFRICAN MARXISTS in English No 4, Sep 83, pp 18-44

{Article by Ngugi wa Thiong'o: "Mau Mau Is Coming Back--The Revolutionary
Significance of 20th October 1952 in Kenya Today"]

(Text] Introduction

This paper was written for and read at the commemoration of the 30th
anniversary of the start of the guerrilla struggle in Kenya by Mau Mau
(Kenya Land and Freedom Army) on 20 October 1952. Led by such free-
dom fighters as Dedan Kimathi (executed in 1957 by the British colonial
administration), the Mau Mau struggle eventually compelled Britain to
seek a negotiated solution to the colonial problem. The political leadership
of the Kenya African Union (KAU) who had been arrested in 1952 when a
State of Emergency was declared, were released and under the Kenya
African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta they negotiated for
‘independence’ in 1963. The post-colonial regime incorporated collabor-
ators who had opposed Mau Mau, who have since tried to expunge the
memories of the people’s struggle. Thirty years after the beginning of Mau
Mau, committed intellectuals like Maina-wa-Kinyatti who have extolled
the people’s struggle have been imprisoned for their stand against neo-
colonialism and subservience to foreign culture. The struggle between
bourgeois scholars and revolutionary intellectuals and the growing repres-
sion in Kenya indicate that the ideals of Mau Mau and the struggle against
neo-colonialism of Britain and the United States are alive.

32



MAURITIUS

CENSUS RESULTS WILL NOT BE KNOWN UNTIL 1984
Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French 7 Sep 83 p 1

[Text] Results of the recent population census will not be known until June
1984, Actually, according to the Bureau of Statistics, the processing of the
data will take considerable time.

Nevertheless, an estimate of the population as of 31 December 1982 was pub-
lished inthe most recent Bureau of Statistics report which was released yes—
terday. Based on the results of the 1972 population census, it was estimated
that on 31 December 1982 the population had reached 994,878, of whom 959,905
were on the isle of Mauritius, 34,643 on Rodrigues, and 350 on the other is-
lands in Mauritian territory.

- This report (the Bi-Annual Digest of Statistics--December 1982) also indicates

fluctuations in the birth rate on Mauritius and Rodrigues since 1972. Thus,
on 30 June 1972 the populationon Mauritius was given as 826,199, of whom
413,580 were males and 412,619 were females. On the same date, the number
of inhabitants of Rodrigues was 24,769, of whom 12,270 were male and 12,499
female. On Mauritius, from July 1972 to December 1982, 238,352 births were
recorded, of whom 121,243 were males and 117,107 were females. On Rodrigues,
there were 11,842 births, including 5,939 males and 5,903 females. The mor-
tality rate for the corresponding period is also indicated. Thus, during the
same period, 69,461 deaths were recorded on Mauritius, of whom 39,734 were
males and 29,727 were females; and of the 2,268 deaths on Rodrigues, 1,171 were
males and 1,097 females.

The report also compares the annual demographic growth rate on Mauritius and
several other countries in various regions.. Thus, the annual growth rate for
the isle of Mauritius during the period 1963-1972 was 2 percent, while for
India the rate was 2.2 percent, for the Republic of China 1.8 percent, for
Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 2.3 percent, for Japan 1.1 percent, for Pakistan 2.4 per-
cent, for France 0.9 percent, for England 0.4 percent, for Australia 1.9 per-
cent and for Canada 1.6 percent.

9516
cso: 3419/6

56



ZIMBABWE

HARARE COMMENTS ON MUZOREWA'S VISIT TO ISRAEL
MB211955 Harare Domestic Service in English 1600 GMT 21 Oct 83
[Station commentary]

[Text] We, have reported in our news bulletins today that Bishop Abel Muzorewa
is in Zionist Israel. He is reported to have gone to attend a religious con-
ference. He is also reported to have told this religious conference that the
prime minister, Comrade Robert Mugabe, and his popularly elected government
should establish diplomatic links with Zionist Israel. Reports quote Muzorewa
as saying Zimbabwe is losing out on agriculture and technology due to stupid
political policy, at the expense of Zimbabwe's prosperity.

These are extremely irresponsible statements. The prime minister, Comrade
Mugabe, was elected by the people of Zimbabwe to rule this country. His
government is capable of making decisions which are best suited to the people
of Zimbabwe. Why Zimbabwe (?does not have any) belief in Zionist Israel and
apartheid-ruled South Africa should be very clear to all progressive persons
and all those who respect human dignity. Zionism and apartheid are internation-
al crimes because they are based on racial superiority. This is anathema to
Zimbabwe. Muzorewa, whose crimes are still fresh in our minds, has the audacity
to travel to Zionist Israel in broad daylight and tell the world that the
popularly elected government of Zimbabwe should dine and wine with (?racists
and fascists).

If what Muzorewa is reported to have said is true, as we believe it is, he has
no room in our midst. We believe that there are good reasons for the authorities
to investigate thoroughly the reported utterances by Muzorewa. We are concerned
because we do not believe that this man was attending a religious conference.
Secondly, no responsible government which has the interests of its people at ii:
heartecan stand by when its well thought out policies are referred to as stupid
political policies.

We know that the prime minister has been magnanimous. But he also has been on
record warning that his hand of friendship can be pulled [words indistinct]. It
should be noted that we believe very strongly in the freedom of worship, speech
and movement but we do not believe that such fundamental principles should be
abused. When true Zimbabweans travel abroad, they defend their country. They
speak well of their country's government. Only those with subversive intentions
use the kind of language used by Muzorewa. Shall we not believe that Muzorewa,
by visiting a country, whose policies we know are completely at variance with
Zimbabwe's, is deliberating undermining the authority of our government? On
whose side is he?

110
cso: 3400/129



FARMING EQUIPMENT FROM BRAZIL--Twenty-two Brazilian farm machines that have
been on display at the FACIM/83 /Agricultural, Industrial and Commercial
Fair of Mozambiqué/ will be delivered at the conclusion of this exposition
to the Meat Control Unit for use in our country, as reported by Jaime Molina,
Brazilian farm technician at that country's booth at the fair. The machines
being left in Mozambique include threshing machines, rice hullers, and silo
loaders, which will be installed in various production locations. According
to our source, the machines were built in Brazil. Jaime Molina also said
that because of the simplicity of their construction and operation, these
machines lend themselves more readily to use on family farms. The Brazilian
technician said that this is the second time that Brazilian machines of that
type have been left with the Meat Control Unit after the fair, since in 1981,
15 machines stayed in Mozambique. To assure the operation and maintenance of
these farm machines, a course will be given at the Brazilian Pavilion for
several Mozambican workers, to be sent by various companies. According to
Jaime Molina, this course will not only guarantee good operation and main-
tenance of this machinery, but will also improve the production capacity of
the other 15 pieces of equipment that have been in our country since 1981.
(Excerp=7 /Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 1 Sep 83 p 87 12430

MOMA, CHINDE PORTS REOPENED--The ports of Moma and Chinde, in the Provinces
of Nampula and Zambezia respectively, have been reopened to coastal ship-
ping after being closed for almost 15 years, NOTICIAS has learned from the
National Directorate of River and Ocean Transportation (DNIMF) in Maputo.

The port of Moma, which had been closed since 1968, was reopened on 11 August
by the Mozambican coastal ship Muanza, which loaded 1,000 tons of copra from
the Boror Company into its hold. Up to that time the port served only very
small sea-going units, primarily fishing craft, the DNTMF source declared.
The port of Chinde was also reopened to coastal shipping this past 31

July by the ship Liazi. This port will serve as the shipping point for
various farm products from the Province of Zambezia, especially sugar from the
Sena Sugar Estates. It will also serve as the port of entry for supplies
being shipped into that province. According to the DNIMF source, the Port
of Moma was closed in 1968 because of difficult access. Its reopening was
made possible as a result of a large hydrographic survey and navigational
marking project undertaken by work teams from the DNIMF's Department of
Navigation and Hydrographic Surveying over a period of about 10 months.
[Text7 Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 23 Aug 83 p 87 12430

ECONOMIC COOPERATION WITH SWEDEN--"Mozambique has great possibilities for
developing quickly, because the people have all the necessary will and
strength, and the workers demonstrated that right here at the FACIM. What
you need is simply equipment and technology. Cooperation between Mozambique
and Sweden is going to show that some of the fundamental objectives of your
development will soon be achieved," said Lars Hogblom, Director of the
Swedish Pavilion, which won first place at the exposition. The areas of
cooperation between Mozambique and Sweden are vast; in addition to the
financing of equipment imports, they cover the sectors of agriculture,
industry and energy, transportation, communications, consulting, and the
training of Mozambican technicians in various specialties. Sweden began
cooperating with Mozambique through the Mozambique Liberation Front in 1965.

74



the state has lost close to Fr CFA 90 billion in uncollected customs revenue
through this scheme. We have been assured that a "stop order" has been given
to the aladji's profitable commerce, but the state does not expect to recover
more than Fr CFA 50 billion, as most of the swindlers used false names or
could not be brought to ‘justice.

9516
cso: 3419/10

26



ZAIRE

KENGO FINDS DETERIORATION, DISREPAIR IN EQUATEUR
Urges Infrastructure Repair
Kinshasa ELIMA in French 3 Aug 83 pp 1,7

[Text] Citizen Kengo Wa Dondo, first commissar of state, complained Monday
in Gemena about the deterioration of administrative buildings, schools and
hospitals in the Sud-Ubangui sub-region, during a working meeting he chaired
which brought together the members of the sub-regional MPR [Popular Movement
of the Revolution], the heads of state agencies and the members of ANEZA [Na-
tional Association of Zairian Enterprises].

The first commissar of state called on the political-administrative authorities
and businessmen of the sub-region to use creative imagination in rehabilitat-
ing the entire infrastructure of the sub-region, in the framework of decen-
tralization and coordinated economic liberalism.

He asked about the utilization of the revenue collected in the territorial
authorities in taxes and wondered whether Kinshasa's help would be needed
in filling the potholes on the public roads, a job which was once taken care
of by the roadmen.

He expressed surprise that the economic operators of the sub-region have done
nothing to provide the schoolrooms with desks, or to rehabilitate the health
care centers, both of which provide services to their children, brothers and
sisters.

Citizen Kengo publicly chastized the conduct of the commissar of the Gemena
area (an old pensioner with the territorial administration) and the commissar
of Bujula for being more concerned with their businesses than their adminis-
trative responsibilities. In that connection he criticized the easy-going
temperament of the sub-regional-commissar, who has not taken action to deal
with that situation.

He emphasized that fault is to be found both with actions taken and actions
ommitted. The first commissar of state informed the businessmen that the
“welfare state" is dead and economic liberalism is opening up a new era for
the private sector. Henceforth, foreign exchange will not be allocated;
economic operators will have to rely on themselves to generate the hard curr-
ency they need to import raw materials and spare parts.

92



7. People's stores, the lowest step on the ladder of distribution, for the
manual laborers and minor clerks who possess only the common "supply card."
Purchases are made once a week and require presentation of the "card," (which
is the citizen's most important document), of the B.I. [expansion unknown] and
of a declaration of services attesting that services have been performed.

All "supply cards" are valid for 1 year. Failure to buy during any week does
not give the right to any later compensatory purchase.

Organzed or Controlled?

In these almost vacant stores (some of them are completely empty) the few
items actually for sale are severely rationed. Recently, every addition to
the family, without regard to how many are involved, has a right every fort-
night to one kilo of sugar and one of rice, one 750 ml. can of oil and one tube
of toothpaste.

In the capital there is also the Diplomatic Store [ANGODIPLO], where the for-
eigners shop if they have bank accounts in foreign currency, in addition to
the ministers and central committee members. This is the best-stocked estab-
lishment, which can even sell bread at $1.00 a loaf.

Thus the worth of the citizen is only that of the job he performs. Only MPLA
militants rise to be directors-general. For this reason there are great
struggles for higher positions in the services, which give a right to "supply
cards" for the special stores.

Jose Eduardo dos Campos himself stated a short time ago:

"The volume of production has not corresponded to the quantities fed into the
legal circuits of distribution due to the detouring of goods to illegal cir-
cuits of trade and parallel markets where the prices are not controlled (. . .)
This situation causes the rapid enrichment of the wheedlers, an uncontrolled
increase in the cost of living. (. . .) In addition to that it also forces
us to put more money into circulation without the corresponding counterpart

of merchandise, because the speculators keep their money at home, thus causing
inflation.

The organization of the economy or the political control of the country: one
of these tasks had to be given priority over the other. As one crosses ‘the
country from east to west one finds the party structures in place even down
to the village level. At the same time there is an enormous. economic vacuum.

It shall not be a surprise, then, that in the Province of Quanza-Norte, for
example, according to official data, there are only 15,222 workers in a popu-
lation of 487,500 inhabitants.

The Stone Business

However, there is a sector of economic life that has especially begun to worry
the authorities in Luanda. This is the mining industry. The 1981-85 directive



Oct 83]

From then until the proclamation of national independence, Swedish financing
for Mozambican projects grew continuously. In 1982 alone, that European
country's financing of Mozambican development projects reached 1.2 million
meticals, the highest figure ever in some 20 years of solidarity and coopera-
tion. For the 1983-1984 two-year period, Sweden will make available to our
country through the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) the
amount of 260 million Swedish kronor, equivalent to more than 1.3 billion
meticals, basically for the agricultural and forestry sector but also for
imports and consultants. (/Bxcerpt/ /Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 29 Aug 83
Pp 12430

FISHING VESSELS FROM USSR--The joint Soviet-Mozambique Fishing Comapny
[MOSOPESCA] will receive three new fishing boats from the Soviet Union by the
end of 1985. The vessels will add to the present fleet of eight boats. Each
of them will have the capacity of catching between 1,500 and 2,000 tons of
shellfish every year. According to the representative of the Soviet Ministry
of Fisheries in Maputo, the first vessel will arrive in Mozambique this year.
He said 20 Mozambicans will go to the Soviet Union this year.for-training in
the sailing and repair of fishing vessels. Meanwhile, in Maputo port 1,800
tons of fish from the Soviet Union have been unloaded for Maputo and Beira
cities. [Text] [MB211903 Maputo in English to Southern Africa 1100 GMT 21

AIM, TASS SIGN AGREEMENT--The Mozambique Information Agency (AIM) and the
Soviet New Agency (TASS) signed an agreement in Maputo for the establishment
of a telegraph line between Maputo and Moscow. The agreement will permit

the two agencies to establish the circulation of an informative volume much
greater than that which exists at this time. It was signed by Carlos Cardoso,
director of AIM, and P. Chnelkov, minister-counselor of the Embassy of the
Soviet Union in the People's Republic of Mozambique. Speaking at the signing
ceremony, the national director of propaganda and publicity, Jose Freire,
representing the Mozambican ministerof information, said that the agreement
will permit "a greater knowledge of the realities of the two peoples and a
greater closeness between the two nations." For his part, the minister-
counselor of the Embassy of the Soviet Union in Maputo fit this agreement
into the fight against imperialism'spredominance in information. The two
agencies have cooperated since 1976, when a general cooperation agreement

was established. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 29 Aug 83 p 8]

12353

SWEDISH DONATION--Most of the Swedish products on exhibit at the International
Fair of Maputo will stay in Mozambique, announced the director of that
country's pavillion. According to Lars T. Hogblom, Swedish companies have
already shown an interest in letting the products stay, for they reflect

some of the main areas of cooperation, aside from the fact that there is an
interest on the part of the Mozambicans. The director of the Swedish pavil+
lion said that, of the 15 Swedish companies present at this fair, 4 will open
offices in Mozambique and they are already negotiating the formalities with
Mozambican authorities. These companies specialize in consulting and planning;
the production of synthetized carbides; special steels, saws, and tools;
hydroelectric and energy systems; telecommunications consultants; and shipping
companies with the container or pallet system, and "RORO" ships. Atlas Copo,
Scania, Viak, Volvo, and Dinapac are among several Swedish companies already
represented in Mozambique. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 29 Aug 83

p 4] 12353

75



NAMIBIA

INTERVIEW WITH SWAPO'S REPRESENTATIVE IN WEST AFRICA

Dakar TAKUSAAN in French 26-27-28 Aug 83 pp 18,17

[Interview with Eddy E. Amkongo, SWAPO [South-West African People's Organiza-
tion] representative in West Africa, by Moustapha Toure; date and place not
specified]

[Text] Mr Eddy E. Amkongo, SWAPO's West Africa representative
based in Dakar, was not charitable toward the illegal and
racist government of South Africa in his interview with us.

He also accused the contact group (France, FRG, Canada,

Great Britain and the United States) of trying to impede
SWAPO's advance by attempting to force it to accept deci-
sions made by Washington, in collaboration with Pretoria.

Mr. Amkongo noted the special ties SWAPO maintains with
the socialist countries, including the USSR, which are pro-
viding unconditional aid to his movement...

[Question] Despite the negotiations going on between the contact group
(France, FRG, Canada, Great Britain, the United States) and the front-line
states (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Namibia
is still occupied by South Africa. By what other means can you hope to
accelerate the move toward independence?

[Answer] By intensifying the armed struggle. We think that is the only

way to accelerate our independence. It is both an effective technique and a
strategy. Pretoria's political arrogance clearly shows that only the path
of armed struggle will inevitably lead to a breakthrough inthe Namibia inde-

pendence negotiations.

[Question] What use is it to have a "council of state" in Namibian territory
(put in place by South Africa's Administrator General, Willie Van Niekerk)
when the state is ruled by a South African pro-consul?

[Answer] It is a deceptive maneuver to prolong an illegal and colonial occu-
pation of Namibia. Logically, one cannot establish a "council of state" in
a colony. Its only purpose is to serve the interests of the illegal South
African regime and to resurrect the DTA [Democratic Turnhalle Alliance].

81



He ordered an elevator installed for his second floor lodgings in Maculusso.
This is a right that pertains to him as well as to all the leaders of the
party and the state, in addition to the chauffeur, bodyguard, laundress, cook,
gardener, waiter, a white Fiat 132 (member of the Central Committee), a Rang
Rover [as published] (same reason) and a blue Fiat 132 (minister).

As everyone knows, the MPLA stands out in the country's political life as

“the revolutionary vanguard of the proletariat, the directing class on the road
struggling toward socialism" and its leaders declare themselves to be repre-
sentatives of the working class. The official propaganda considers that the
internal enemy is the "petty bourgeoisie." (Lopo do Nascimento, when he was
prime minister, went so far as to say: "We must smash in the teeth of the
petty bourgeoisie").

If the "workers' representatives" can make themselves into a caste of privil-
eged members with the mission of running the business of the state, then the
generalized criticism of institutionalized socialism, today common on the
level of the ordinary citizen, the return of private property and even, here
and there, the return of the Portuguese, is seen as the lesser evil.

The days of independence are already far in the past. Much has changed in
the People's Republic of Angola, to the desperation of many old fighters
against colonialism.

Struggle for Survival

"At the end of all these years we still have not.been able to define the role
that private enterprise should and:can have in the process of commercialization,
when left without regulation"--as was written in the magazine NOVEMBRO (Luan-
da, April 1983). And later:

"The balance sheet of these and many other contradictions in our ailing commer—
cial machine, together with the low level of production and high level of pur-
chasing power, has produced up to now the most unproductive asset we possess-~
the waiting lines. Perhaps we could even say we invented "bureaucratic lines"
since the only thing lacking is a piece of stamped paper permitting a purchase,
since an identity car is already required."

The daily formation of interminable lines in all urban centers in front of

the state-owned stores has come about as a consequence of the progressive
degradation of the economic situation, the increase of hunger and bankruptcy.
The "arrangement" resorted to by the majority of the population has arisen as

a way of acquiring a few basic items. Bread, rice, sugar, milk. . .are acquired
by means of "arrangements," by swapping, a real “struggle for survival." Hence
the popular expression "arranged socialism." . . .(See 0 Esquema, p 25-R)

Jose Eduardo dos Santos, president of the republic, declared in 1982 that the
production of foodstuffs for the population in 1981 had been lower than the
1980 production. Milk production came to 59 percent of the planned figure and
edible oils and soap did not even reach half their planned goals, for which
reason imports generally increased (the port of Luanda handled 8000,000 tons
of merchandise in 1981, 500,000 tons of it being imports.)



privilege to import goods without payment of duty. This I believe is
rampant along frontier posts. "I am not aware of this prerequisite, and my
copy of the Customs and Excise Act does not have these provisions and
naturally members of the public who see you flout the laws of the country
will feel they have an equal right to do so and hence the endless scourge
of smuggling," Mr Nkunika said. [Excerpt] [Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in
English 14 Oct 83 p 5]

CANADIAN WHEAT RESEARCH PROJECT--THE Canadian government is to spend about
K10 million in the next six years on wheat growing research in Zambia, a
spokesman for the Canadian high commission said in Lusaka yesterday.
Counsellor in charge of development, Mr Bruce Wilson, said the research,
which would cover various parts of Zambia was aimed at establishing the

kind of wheat suitable for Zambia's climatic conditions. The Canadian gov-
ernment has already spent about K1.5 million over the past two years on the
programme. Mr. Wilson said the main objective was to establish areas where
wheat could be grown by rain-fed means which was much cheaper than irrigation
schemes. "This is a good project we are carrying out for the benefit of pea-
sant farmers who cannot afford to grow wheat by irrigation scheme," he said.
Mr Wilson said the money would be given to the Zambian Government in the form
of grants. [Excerpt] [Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 18 Oct 83 p 5]

UNIP HEADQUARTERS CONSTRUCTION--LONRHO Zambia Limited yesterday donated
K208,000 torwards the construction of the new Party headquarters and the
election campaign. The donation was received at State House by President
Kaunda from Lonrho Zambia chairman Mr Ton Mtine. Dr Kaunda commended Lonrho
for the generous contribution and described the Lonrho chief executive, Mr
Tinv Rowland as the most welcome capitalist to Zambia. "The way he eased
himself out of the Times of Zambia when the Party moved in, shows the way he
thinks about Zambia. He has shown us that capitalism can be in responsible
hands," he said. “When we condemn capitalism, we do not mean to condemn
capital as such. But to condemn capitalism which exploits." Dr Kaunda said
the construction of the new Party headquarters was extremely important in
that it was a key to the country's progress. "People who make decisions for
the country need to be in good surroundings," he said. He recalled that the
Party has from time to time been using Mr Mtine to campaign for funds for the
Party since the pre-independence days, "however this is the biggest single

contribution you have raised." [Excerpt] [Lusaka DAILY MAIL in English
15 Oct 83 p.1]

KAUNDA CANDIDACY ENDORSED--Zambian workers have a duty to ensure that the
president is reelected on Thursday, to ensure continued freedom of the labor
movement in the country. This is one of the resolutions passed at an extra-
ordinary session of the Zambia Congress of Trade Unions [ZCTU] executive com-
mittee meeting held in Kitwe on Saturday, under the aegis of ZCTU Secretary
General (Milton Chimba). The ZCTU noted that Zambia was one of the four
countries in Africa with a free labor movement, and its freedom is enshrined
both in the republican and the party constitutions, which was ensorsed from
the strong views of the freedom of the movement. The resolution said: It is
for this reason that the congress:.called upon all workers to support and in-
sure that President Kaunda is given the much needed vote during the present
project. [Text] [MB241351 Lusaka Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 24
Oct 83]

109
CsO: 3400/128



which no other parties could be allowed, was indicated most clearly by the
wording and style of the statement.

Everything suggests reflection and the honest exchange of thoughts.

Every true South-West African party will be able to identify with this. For
each one there is ample opportunity for meaningful contributions.

SWAPO Attitude
Windhoek DIE REPUBLIKEIN in Afrikaans 20 Sep 83 p 4
(Editorial: "Distorted Picture'']

[Text] The refusal of SWAPO [South-West African People's Organization] to take
part in the multiparty conference once again shows very precisely how distorted
this organization's picture of the present situation is.

1. SWAPO has not yet even received an invitation to the conference and thus
has not been informed first-hand about the goal of the conference, but it is
simply said beforehand that they will not take part.

Does this seem to be a sensible approach, when other South-West Africans with
clear South-West African motives wish to create an opportunity to at least talk
with one another?

Previously, SWAPO's criticism was that the domestic parties were accomplices of
South Africa; for that reason it did not want to talk with them. And now that
the domestic parties have demonstrated their unattachedness and their integrity
in all respects, SWAPO still does not want to think things through with them.

2. The motivation for the refusal to take part in the multiparty conference is
that the UN settlement plan has been accepted by all interested parties and
that most of the problems have reportedly been solved.

Apparently SWAPO is now sitting around, in all its childishness, and merely
waiting for the implementation of this plan!

They apparently do not acknowledge the controversy surrounding the Cubans.
And, in the same way, SWAPO has apparently been unaware of the outstanding
points about which the domestic parties have not to this day heard a word.

A lot of water will flow under the bridge before Resolution 435 will be
implemented. This is as clear as "the stars in the sky." But SWAPO does not
see this.

3. If all the parties were to fold their hands and timidly sit around waiting
for wondrous works by the United Nations, this would simply mean that
South-West Africans would be ruled by South Africa indefinitely--1 year,

2 years, 3 years, perhaps 5 more years.

79



He assured the companies that President Kaunda was happy with the exercise
and it now could be seen that companies were fully participating in the de-
velopment of the country.

He said the government was going to have three seminars on investment in
the country at which various international companies were going to be invited.

Cso0: 3400/132

105



We are saying this because as a result of the real situation at present, many
citizens strain themselves greatly in order to obtain their essential daily
requirements as a result of taxes on and high prices of these requirements.

Often there are usually very basic reasons which make the prices of things
increase. Truly, we cannot expect the prices of things to remain the same
constantly. But we think that there is a considerable need to take care be-
fore taking steps to increase prices, especially for things which are for
regular and necessary daily use for citizens. Because if citizens are unable
to be well enough off to purchase things like these, their work productivity
may be affected and our efforts to produce income hindered.

CSO: 3449/2

90



September for negotiations regarding provision of a new line of crédit on
the order of 180 million rupees. These credits will be used for importation
of capital goods.

In other matters, Mr Lutchmeenaraidoo spoke of the upcoming publication of a
document describing the economic situation in detail. The document will con-
tain a reproduction of the "letter of intent" signed last March with the IMF
and a copy of the "statement of development policy" signed last May with the
World Bank. The document, according to the minister, will be given the widest
possible distribution in order to stimulate public discussion about the econo-
mic future of the isle of Mauritius. Mr Lutchmeenaraidoo has established a
committee to take charge of dissemination of the document and to encourage de-
bates on televisionand radio and in the press. "This measure is an integral
part of our policy of frank dialogue between the government and the populace,"
he added.

9516
CSO: 3419/7

58



MAURITIUS

PARTIES SHOW DISAPPROVAL OF 'SPEECH FROM THRONE'
MMM Party
Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French 7 Sep 83 pp 1,4

{Text] "The speech from the throne was uninspired and unimaginative, and full
of contradictions and eloquent omissions." It was in these terms that Oppo-
sition Leader Paul Berenger commented on the government's official program-
speech.

"The program-speech was uninspired, especially considering the fact that
after the alliance's electoral campaign people were expecting a solid push
for change, a great call for national unity among the people. This program-
speech is unimaginative, because it is in fact almost completely composed of
the same items that were contained in the speech of 25 June 1982. It isa
list that was presented without any coherence and without any new ideas."

Mr Paul Berenger added: "As to the contradictions, they are enormous to a
point verging on the ridiculous. For example, the government says it is
going to continue to guarantee the autonomy of MBC/TV [Mauritius Broadcasting
Corporation]. Another contradiction: the same government that decided to
provision and supply manpower for the improvements on Diego Garcia has just
called for the dismantling of foreign military bases in the Indian Ocean."

"In the very same speech from the throne, the government has just claimed it
will wage a 'restless fight' against drug trafficking, while in fact nothing
at all has been done in this area for a year. Also, the government has an-
nounced the nationalization of five sugar enterprises, while Sir Seewoosagur
Ramgoolam and Sir Gaetan Duval pretend to look the other way.

"As for the omissions, the most eloquent concerns the struggle against corrup-
tion and waste. There is the matter, for example, of everything that was said
in the speech from the throne of 25 June 1982 regarding the powers of the Om-
budsman, the permanent anti-corruption tribunal, the need for deputies and
ministers to declare their assets--all that has disappeared. Neither was any-
thing further said 'on our gradual economic links with South Africa,' as men-
tioned in the speech of 25 June 1982. Nor was there a single mention of Air
Mauritius, the elderly, the handicapped, the Ilois community, or workers let
go because of their participation in labor actions.

54



ANGOLA

BRIEFS

JORGE DISMISSAL STORY DENIED--Angola has denied that Sr. Paulo Jorge has been
dismissed from his post as Minister of Foreign Affairs. An official state-
ment said he had just returned from one month's holiday, that he had recently
held a press conference, and would shortly be flying to New York for the UN
General Assembly. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3451, 3 Oct 83
Pp 2325]

BRITISH CREDITS~-Britain has agreed to lend $300m. to Angola in export credits,
reports Afrique-Asie, adding that this bears witness to the confidence of the
Conservative government in President Eduardo dos Santos' government. [Text]
{London WEST AFRICA in English 3451, 3 Oct 83 p 2325]

CSO: 3400/104

16



nor to farm more intensively, nor to integrate their farming systems
into a genuinely national economy.

2 In fact, the landed proprietors will insist that the state should
give them a hundred times more facilities and privileges than were
enjoyed by the foreign settlers in former times. The exploitation of
agricultural workers will be intensified and made legitimate. Using
two or three slogans, these new colonists will demand an enormous
amount of work from the agricultural labourers, in the name of the
national effort of course. There will be no modernization of agricul-
ture, no planning for development, and no initiative; for initiative
throws these people into a panic since it implies a minimum of risk,
and completely upsets the hesitant, prudent, landed bourgeoisie,
which gradually slips more and more into the lines laid down by
colonialism. In the districts where this is the case, the only efforts
made to better things are due.to the government; it orders them,
encourages them and finances them. The landed bourgeoisie refuses
to take the slightest risk, and remains opposed to any venture and to
any hazard. It has no intention of building upon sand; it demands
solid investments and quick returns. The enormous profits which it
pockets, enormous if we take into account the national revenue, are
never reinvested. The money-in-the-stocking mentality is dominant
in the psychology of these landed proprietors.

The result in the case of Kenya has been low farm productivity, and the
burden of feeding the entire population is still on the peasantry through
their individual plots or cooperatives. This means their feeding others by
depriving themselves. But even where the peasants have produced enough
to feed the nation for a number of years as in the 1978-79 bumper maize
harvest, top men in authority smuggle it to foreign countries, and leave
the people to starve. Once again the regime falls back on the favourite
time-worn solution: begging. In 1979-80 we Kenyans had the humiliating
spectacle of the leader accompanied by nearly all his cabinet flying from
one western capital to another begging for food. Begging and its corollary
charity have become the central themes in an elaborate system of depend-
ency. On this occasion the USA bailed them out with tons of yellow
maize. The price? The regime immediately gave America military bases
on Kenyan soil, our soil, without any debate or any form of consultation

with parliament or with the seventeen million Kenyans whose lives would
now be part of American war games! The regime, in callous disregard of
the wishes of the people, thus turned the country into a launching pad for
US imperialist interest in Southern, Eastern, North-eastern Africa, and
the Middle East, and also placed Kenya at the frontline in the event of a
nuclear war.

Thus neither in industry nor in agriculture was there any attempt to
break with colonial structures. There was a small change though. Where
before, the country was the exclusive province of British interests, the
regime had to prove its independence and neutrality by opening the doors
of the country to wider imperialist interests from Japan, Western Europe
and USA. Otherwise, the comprador bourgeois elements thought it revo-
lutionary enough to merely insert itself in the structure by becoming the
business agents of western capital. It is in fact erroneous to think there is
an African capitalist class in Kenya. If there was, its activities would by
now have been reflected in investments in new industries, in agriculture, in
manufacturing, in creative ventures, in real production, that is in the
increase of use-values, real wealth. What we have had is a class of middle-
men with lucrative commissions for recycling what is produced by peas-
ants, or by foreign or local branches of foreign enterprises. Their mono-

_ poly of the state also allows them to loot the nation through direct haram-_

45



where they were and where they were heading. Even the actual language
used — verbs, adjectives, adverbs included ~— could create certain attitudes
— negative or positive toward a given event. For him people ‘had 'to start
with themselves, their environment and their heritage. Above all, he hated
pretentiousness be it in scholarship or in life style. And of course, his
sympathies with and faith in people — ordinary workers and peasants —
never wavered.

He returned to Kenya in 1973 and joined the History Department,
Kenyatta University College, where his lectures and seminars started
attracting a wide circle of students because in him they saw a new, fresh
interpretation of history, an approach that made sense of their past and
did not alienate them from Kenya. Through his efforts they were able to
look at Kenya, Africa and the third world as men and women of that envir-
onment and not outsiders or foreigners. Of course he asked awkward
questions: the masses were the makers of history, but how come they
always lost out? What were the historical roots of the post-independence
betrayal of the people? It was these questions and the fact that he put
Kenya first and did not steal or buy farms or run extra businesses that
have led to six years in prison. Putting Kenya first: this is what unites him
with the others arrested before and after him and detained without trial.

Willy Mutunga for instance was a brilliant law lecturer in the Faculty
of Law at Nairobi University. As Secretary-General of the University
Staff Union (banned by Moi in 1980) he had worked tirelessly to make it
into a strong organization. But perhaps his greatest crime was giving free
legal advice to the poor. This was never heard of in Kenya: a lawyer giving
his services free? .

Kamoji Wachira, lecturer in Geography, has made the only compre-
hensive study of Kenyan indigenous trees. He is a respected ecological
consultant. What? Study Kenyan trees? Suspiciously entering forests and

__bushes and coming out with mere twigs and seeds? Detain this man!

Al Amin Mazrui is a brilliant linguist and writes plays in Kiswahili,
about the struggles of ordinary Kenyans. He is asthmatic, has a weak
heart, but works incessantly. In a society where working hard for your
daily bread is despised — that’s for peasants and workers! ~an educated
person who taxes his health draws suspicion. It is worse when such a
person is taxing his health, not to amass some ill-gotten wealth, but to
write in praise of the struggles of Mau Mau patriots or of peasants and
workers. Why should he write a play called The Cry for Justice and in the
language of the people?

The others are of similar breed. Edward Oyugi, expert in Educational
Psychology believes in and talked on the primacy of Kenyan cultures,
people’s cultures, in the education of Kenyans. Children can and should
critically draw upon the wealth of knowledge of Kenyan people acquired
in their struggles in history. He was also a trustee of the University Staff
Union. Mukaru Ng’ang’a, a historian did research among ordinary peas-
ants and chose to spend his time in the villages and write about the Mau
Mau struggles.

The two politicians, George Anyona and Koigi-wa-Wamwere, both
detained by Kenyatta and now by Moi, were conspicuous, not only as con-
sistent critics of corruption and who never amassed wealth, but also for
their hard work and attention to detail. As for Khaminwa, lawyer and
advocate of the High court, he had the audacity to be faithful to his profes-
sional ethic and take up the cases of even those at loggerheads with the
president — Anyona and Odinga for instance.

I could go on!

The fact is that at the University of Nairobi and Kenyatta College
there had, over the years, developed a new breed of young scholars —
bright, confident, original, honest — whose simple life style was a stunning

49



Joint Party Initiative
Windhoek DIE REPUBLIKEIN in Afrikaans 15 Sep 83 p 6
(Editorial: "Wise Step"]

[Text] The manner in which South-West Africa's political parties and alliances
have made contact with one another during the past few weeks, as well as the
consequences of this, holds out much to praise for South-West Africa's
political future.

1. These political organizations acted with great self-control and remarkable
self-discipline for the sake of South-West Africa.

It is highly exceptional that these parties could succeed in placing the
national interests above party interests.

It would be easy to try to profit from the initiative of the last few weeks,
But they have refrained from doing so. If things can proceed in this way, the
planned multiparty conference will be largely safeguarded against trivialities.

2. It appears as though the parties and alliances have seen the task ahead of
them very clearly.

Their immediate task is not to deliberate upon the independence of South-West
Africa or upon the establishment of an interim authority; their first task is
to create the machinery through which the country's political parties can come
together in order to discuss the situation with which the country is
confronted.

And this is what the affected parties have been working on.

The multiparty conference will naturally have to face today's reality with an
open mind. Is it going to be something beyond the planned National Council of
the Administrator-General? Is it going to be something similar to the National
Council? Is it going to attempt to ignore both the United Nations and South
Africa and go its own course? Is it going to petition South Africa to initiate
formal ventures according to the wishes of the conference? Is it going to
petition the Adjutant-General to recognize the conference by proclamation as
the organ that, in the name of the people of South-West Africa, can work out an
interim deal?

But these questions are for later.

The most important question right now is: how should the multiparty conference
be composed? How will it function? What issues will it address?

3. It is clear from the short press statement of the evening before last that
the parties which have assumed the leadership role do not wish to claim any

honor for themselves at the expense of the other parties. The fact that they
have not yet finished their talks and obviously did not form into a camp into

78



with the official "diktat." Furthermore, in order to be able to practice
journalism in Angola one must be an MPLA militant. .. .

As far as radio and television are concerned, their news stories obey a strict
hierarchy: 1. News about the activity of the president; 2. About Party
activities; 3. About the government; and 4. About activities of the "mass
organizations" (unions, women's groups, MPLA youth).

Thanks to the professional capacity of its director, Rui de Carvalho, the
National Radio even so has achieved a quality which is considered to be the
best in black Africa. He is now responsible for television and is also mark-
ing it with another level in terms of programming.

The international page of the JORNAL DE ANGOLA (the only daily published today
in Angola--in Luanda alone two morning papers and two afternoon papers were
published until 1975) is based on an exclusive collaboration with the Soviet
agency TASS and the Cuban agency PRENSA LATINA.

Foreign publications are also subject to a strict control. Only newspapers
and magazines politically aligned with the USSR may circulate in the country.

Play Leading to Prison

In September 1982 a meeting to constitute the UJA [Union of Journalists of
Angola] was held on the initiative of the MPLA Central Committee. During the
closing ceremony, Ambrosio Lukoki, who was then still the central committee
secretary for information and propaganda, would declare:

"We would like to emphasize that the appointment of the secretary general by
the party leadership indicates the great interest and attention that the
MPLA-PT devotes to the role of mass organizations and social and professional
organizations in the construction of scientific socialism in Angola."

The leadership of the MPLA had chosen Costa Andrade, poet and ex-guerrilla
(white) to be the secretary general of the UJA. Five months later he would
be arrested following the presentation of "The Cord," a play by Artur Pestana
("Pepetela") in the official residence of Jose Eduardo dos Santos. Symboli-
cally, a cord was presented pulled at one end by the people and by the MPLA
Central committee at the other.

12,116
CSO: 3442/1

11



MALI

BRIEFS

PRESIDENT'S DISCREET VISIT TO ALGIERS--The greatest discretion surrounded
President Moussa Traore's recent visit to Algiers; he was there, observers
concluded, as was President Haidallah of Mauritania, to discuss Chad and
the Western Sahara with Algerian President Chadli Benjedid. After bilateral
and tripartite meetings, President Traore said "suggestions" could be made
soon as to resolving the Chad problem. Any solution, the President added,
would have to be an African one-~"so we can resolve the impasse in our own
interests". [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English 3451, 3 Oct 83 p 2325]

CSO: 3400/104

53



Briefs
High Court Appointment
Mugabe Opens Train Service
Wage, Salary Policy
Maize Mill Opens
Cooperation With Ethiopia
Agreement Signed With Canada

111
111
111
111
112
112



Our source, nevertheless, mentioned the fact that, after the announcement in
Lisbon of the Soviet technicians’ kidnapping, only on Wednesday (the 31st)
and when "rumors ran through Maputo that a few more hostages had been killed",
the "Resistance" radio station--broadcasting from the Transvaal (South
Africa)--claimed responsibility for the act and declared that if the Mozam-
bican army tried to free the Soviets by force, it would be ready to kill the
entire group.

Unforeseeable Consequences

For its part, and after having released a communique on the attack on the
tantalite mine in Morrua and this week announcing that it will give the text
of this communique to the UN Security Council, the Mozambican government has
not commented on the military development of operations to free the group of
Soviets. People coming from Zambezia told us, however, that the army has
"the group under control" and is proceeding with enormous movements.

The choice of Soviet citizens as a target for this operation is being inter-
preted in unofficial circles as yet another proof of South African involve-
ment, with this government trying to direct its military destabilization
operations in such a way as to prove that it acts in defense of the West
“against the Soviet presence in Africa." However, in the case of Morrua,
South African intentions do not seem to be encountering among Western diplo-
mats the same reaction as that which surrounded the capture of a Soviet
sergeant in Angola in 1981. It should be noted the Portuguese and West
German technicans were not directly endangered during the attack,

The fear of Western diplomats in Maputo is that this type of operation may
force the Mozambican Government to break with its policy of independence,

or that the Soviet Union will find it justifiable to increase substantially
its military support in Mozambique, which, according to the diplomatic source
contacted by EXPRESSO, would contradict the present American policy of
approximation to Maputo.

The attack on the mine in Morrua occurred practically 1 month after President
Samora Machel visited the province of Zambezia, where he named a new military
command, led by one of the most highly esteemed Mozambican officials,
Brigadier General Jose Ajape. The Mozambican leader then criticized and fired
several officials, accusing them of being responsible for the deterioration
of the military situation in the province.

Attacks Via Malawi

The Resistance's activities in Zambezia began last year, leading to a deteri-.
oration of relations between Mozambique and Malawi. Today, as then, it is
claimed in Mozambique that these groups enter Zambezia from Malawi, to which
place they are taken by South African aircraft. Encounters at a military
level have since taken place between the two countries, with Malawian author-
ities affirming that, although they accept the possibility that South Africans
are utilizing inhospitable areas in their country, they know nothing of such
activities.

70



is also the son of the former lamido (sultan) of Garoua and.the uncle of the
present lamido--is well calculated to ease tension between northerners and
southerners. A former banker (as is the minister of finance), he also has the
invaluable advantage of knowing precisely what individuals are involved in
the system of fictitious warehouses. It is easy to imagine, therefore, that
these two factors work together...

Moralizing

The task of moralization seems all the more immense because the bureaucracy
has habitually closed its eyes to the problem at every level. There is
another matter on which the government will have to prove its political will:
oil revenues, which up to now have escaped any accounting, even budgetary,
because the head of state has determined this was a "privileged domain."

..The government's justification for its lack of enthusiasm for total trans-
parency is perhaps acceptable though not. terribly convincing: noting what
ravages the "oil miracle" has wrought in Nigeria and Gabon, the Cameroonian
authorities fear that too much publicity about the total amount of oil revenue
would encourage the people to quit making efforts and abandon their indus-
trious ways.

Replacement of the elites, moralization of public life, changes in standards—-
particularly political standards--and liberalization: on the latter point,
President Biya and his government intend to move cautiously, because in their
estimation the danger of things getting out of control is substantial. Liber-
alization is supposed to take place both by means of legalization of new news-
papers and by changing the internal procedures of the party (LE MONDE of 15
September). In that area, standards might change gradually. In any case,

it would be folly to think that there is not a process of "de-Ahidjization"
going on in the UNC. Gradually, all the party general secretaries will be
replaced and positions of responsibility given to trusted individuals.

The president of the Republic of Cameroon intends to set his country on the
path of "renewal." He apparently holds the necessary levers of power. Will
Mr Ahidjo join in that effort, knowing, in the words of Mr Kuoh Tobie, the
mayor of Douala, that "Biya's success will also be Ahidjo's success, and Biya's
failure will be Ahidjo's?"

FOOTNOTES

* The system of fictitious warehouses is rather simple: an aladji with con-
nections in the government would obtain a sizeable loan from a bank, the order
having previously gone to the banker to satisfy that request. The aladji
would not pay back either the loans or the interest! With the money obtained,
he would buy merchandise to sell for export. The items for export had to
transit’. various warehouses where customs duties were imposed. Now even be-
fore the purchase, the aladji would obtain (real) certificates showing the
taxes had been paid, even though he had never paid them. By re-selling the
merchandise, the aladji made a double profit: the sale price less the cus-
toms duties, as well as the total amount of the unrepaid loan. It is estimated

25



It can be said that trade with the Soviet Union and other socialist countries
contributes to the acceleration of economic development in Mozambique, namely
in the primary branch of its economy-~agriculture.

The volume of Soviet-Mozambican trade is increasing. In 1982, it grew 38
percent in relation to 1981, constituting 50.9 million rubles. The progres-
sive development of Soviet-Mozambican trade relations and their considerable
activation in 1983 has confirmed that the wide potential of multilateral
cooperation between the USSR and Mozambique have already begun to be realized
and bear fruit. The conviction that these fruits will be even more consider-
able was expressed in the greeting of the CC [Central Committee] of the PCUS
[Communist Party of the Soviet Union] at the 4th Congress of the FRELIMO
party: "The ties of friendship between our parties, ties proven with time,
will also consolidate and develop in the future, in the interests of the Soviet
and Mozambican peoples...."

Soviet-Mozambican cooperation is a clear confirmation of the USSR's attitude
toward progressive cooperation with developing countries, formulated in the
speech by the secretary-general of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union, Yuriy Andropov, in the Central Committee's November
plenary (1982): "Solidarity with the nations which freed themselves from
colonial oppression and with people who defend their independence was and
continues to be one of the fundamental principles of Soviet foreign policy."

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MAURITIUS

STATEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT POLICY MADE PUBLIC
Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French 12 Sep 83 pp 1, 4

[Text] On Friday, Minister of Finance Vishnu Lutchmeenaraidoo made public the
"Statement of Development. Policy," a document’ addressed to the World Bank in
May 1983 detailing the commitments of the Mauritian Government within the
framework of the second structural reorganization loan. The document, signed
by the minister of finance himself and former Minister of Planning Karl Off-
man, differs little from the one drawn up by Paul Berenger and Kailash Ruhee
when the latter served as minister of finance and minister of planning.

For the most part, the structural reorganization program for’ the Mauritian
economy remains the same. Amendments made in the first document mainly con-
cern economic indicators.

In the second document (signed by Lutchmeenaraidoo and Offman), it is stated
that the economic growth rate for this year will amount to 3.2 percent (the
latest estimates of the Ministry of Finance indicate that it would be under
2.8 percent), rising to 4.2 percent in 1985. Berenger and Ruhee estimated in
the document published in March that the 1983 growth rate would be 3.5 per-
cent, which figure would rise to 4.4 percent in 1985. The two documents point.
to the deterioration in the level of savings. Lutchmeenaraidoo and Offman
foresee an increase of 15 percent in 1983, 17 percent in 1984 and 19 percent
in 1985. In the first document, the estimated increase is 13 percent in 1983,
14 percent in 1984 and 19.8 percent in 1985. "The decision we have taken to
liberalize interest rates is expected to contribute to this increase and to
channel adequate credit to productive sectors," the document states.

Regarding the regular and development budgets, both documents state that the
government will exercise close control over spending. Lutchmeenaraidoo and
Offman state that the goal is to reduce the budget deficit from 13.8 percent
of the gross national product (GNP) in 1981-1982 to 5 percent in 1985-1986.

On the other hand, in the first document, the objective set.was a reduction
in the deficit from 13.8 percent of the GNP in 1981-1982 to 5.2 percent in
1986-1987. "This reduction is based on an increase in government revenues
from 20.6 percent of the gross domestic product in 1981-1982 to 25 percent of
the gross domestic product in 1985-1986," Lutchmeenaraidoo and Offman empha-
size, while their predecessors noted that the government's revenue would go to
22.7 percent of the GNP in 1985-1986. Both documents emphasize a policy of
holding down wages, reducing rice and flour subsidies and closing more private
schools labeled as "substandard." The revision of water and electricity
rates is also announced.

61



CAMEROON

DELEGATION REPORTS ON TRIP TO USSR
Yaounde CAMEROON TRIBUNE in French 23 Sep 83 p 11

[Text] Responding to an invitation from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a
delegation from our National Assembly, headed by its president, Salomon Ton-
deng Muna, visited the USSR from 25 to 31 August 1983. The delegation also
included deputies Azaou Dogo, Jean Betambo Epoko and Mrs Marie-Therese Assiga.

During the meeting they had with the chairman of the Soviet of Nationalities
of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, V. Ruben, and the chairmen and members of
the standing commissions of the chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR,
the Cameroonian deputies were informed of the essential guidelines of the
domestic and foreign policy of the USSR and of the self-sacrificing work of
the Soviet people to carry out the grandiose tasks of economic, social and
cultural development of the USSR, as set by the 26th Congress of the CPSU and
the llth Five-Year Plan of the USSR.

They were also informed of the structure and activities of the Supreme Soviet
of the USSR, its chambers, their standing commissions and the parliamentary
group of the USSR.

For their part, the Cameroonian deputies presented the activities of the Na-
tional Assembly of Cameroon, the profound and important political, economic
and social changes that have occurred in Cameroon. They also emphasized the
constant efforts made by the Cameroonian Government to raise the standard of
living of the Cameroonian people, the contribution of the United Republic of
Cameroon to the struggle to eliminate colonialism from Africa once and for all.
They noted the important contribution which the Soviet Union has made in the
fight for the liberation of the colonial yoke from the African Continent.

They also exchanged views on current international problems and on the bilater-
al relations that so fortunately exist between the Soviet Union and Cameroon.

Arms Race
The Soviet and Cameroonian officials emphasized that in the current situation

of international tension, it is necessary to do everything possible to put an
end to the arms race, continue the process of detente and consolidate peace.

18



truth. Butitisatruth, an objectivity, fromthestandpoint of oneortheother
class. Itis as if they both realize that the distance between the barrel of agun
and the point of a pen is very small: What’s fought out at penpoint is often
resolved at gunpoint with the possible overthrow of the one class by the
other, or the overturning of the existing and apparently fixed status quo, or
relations between the two contending classes or nations. __

The interpretation of Kenya’s past, of Mau Mau, even of the signifi-
cance of 20 October 1952, is no different. Kenyatta Day or Mau Mau Free-
dom Fighters Day? It depends on who is looking at that crucial event and
from whose viewpoint or angle of vision. Nowhere is this better illustrated
than in the fierce debate that erupted amongst the University academic
community, preceeding the current repression and resistance.

Recovering the Peoples’ History

In 1977 for instance the editors and publishers of The Kenya Historical
Review released a special issue on the Mau Mau Movement. The cover is a
picture of British forces and their African collaborators hunting down
Mau Mau Freedom Fighters in the forests of Nyandarua and Mount
Kenya. Inset in the bottom right corner of the cover is a tiny frame of a
pathetic face of a dead Mau Mau guerrilla made even more so by the pale
sickly yellowish background against the luxurious green of the British
forces. The editors and the publishers were Kenyan. But the issue in the
choice of contributions and cover illustration, and in the arrangement of
the content, was clearly a scholarly attempt at the ideological burial of
Mau Mau as a credible anti-imperialist nationalist movement. The
triumphant tone of the introduction by Professor Ogot sounds more like,
an obituary of a dreaded enemy:

We are to a large extent merely indulging in the politics of nostalgia.
The Mau Mau ideology, as I have argued, was already rejected by the
nationalist forces. How can we then regard Mau Mau as the pivot of
Kenyan nationalism? This is a painful conclusion.

Kenyan reactionary scholarship was about to give the final coup de grace
to what Kenyatta had started when in 1954 at his trial in Kapenguria, he
described Mau Mau as an ‘evil thing’ which ‘I have done my best to
denounce ...and if all other people had done as I have done Mau Mau
would not be as it is now’. Such scholars wearing the cloaks of apparent
objectivity, were burying Mau Mau in a heap of footnotes. They might
well have succeeded.

But squeezed somewhere in the middle of the special issue was a well
argued contribution by a brilliant and committed scholar, Maina-wa-
Kinyatti, in which he took issue with the entire anti-Mau Mau intellectual
establishment and described Mau Mau as ‘the peak of African nationalism
in Kenya.’ He made a passionate call to Kenyan intellectuals to repudiate,
in the words of Franz Fanon, ‘its own nature in so far as it is bourgeois,
that is to say in so far as it is the tool of capitalism, and make itself the
willing slave of that revolutionary capital which is the people.’ He wrote:

...interest groups and individuals, including ...some University

historians have started revising important aspects of Kenya’s polit-
ical history, especially of Mau Mau development. If crucial docu-
mentable occurrences of the Mau Mau Movement are ignored,
purposely or otherwise, if dubious new information is smuggled into

the discussion, then certainly unjustifiable analysis, deductions and

35



"Finally, it was said that the Public Accounts Committee will be authorized
to perform its functions, but not a word was said about the Estimates Commit=
tee which the alliance pledged itself to establish in its campaign platform."

"Moreover, it is ridiculous that, after trumpeting the word that thousands
of Mauritians would be able to find work in the Malvinas, not a word was
spoken on that subject in the speech from the throne. It is just as ridicu-
ous to speak about prospects for getting jobs in Singapore."

Lalit Party
Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French 9 Sep 83 p 4

[Text] Leaders of the "Lalit" Party commented yesterday in a press conference
on the speech from the throne delivered by the governor general, Sir Dayen-
dranath Burrenchobay, in which the programs of the government in power were
announced.

In the view of this party, which is on the extreme left of the political spec~
trum, "the measures called for in no way move toward a socialization of the
economy, but are on the contrary oriented toward a more advanced liberalism."

The Lalit. leaders stated, in that regard, that certain measures should have
been taken "to reduce theinequalities in Mauritian society and to eliminate
special privilege and discrimination." Lalit's principal spokesman, Mr Vijay
Ram, said in that connection that the government's program makes no mention
of a tax on wealth, or the rural tax, or even the tax on encampments.

The Lalit leaders also denounced the MMM for its position on the "best losers"
issue and accession of the country to republic status.

Commenting on the economic measures proposed in the speech, Mr Ram said that
before the elections the finance minister had declared that measures would
. be taken to provide for decentralization of economic power. Now, according
to Mr Vijay Ram, it appears from this program-speech that an important role in
economic development was given to the private sector.

The Lalit party notes, however, that some of the proposed measures are good
ones, such as the introduction of the 40-hour workweek in the sugar industry.
In that connection, the Lalit spokesman said that the 40-hour - workweek should
be introduced in all job sectors. Lalit also declared itself in favor of a
lowering of the retirement age, but judged inopportune the proposal to reduce
the number of public holidays.

The Lalit leaders also commented on other proposals contained in the speech
from the throne.

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55



Canned Goods

Given this lack of adequate methods of long-term preservation, canned food-
stuffs have become very popular on our markets in recent years, encouraged by
new living habits (working husbands)... And yet, one has to. observe that these
canned goods are not always without danger to the consumer.

Likewise, these new ways of life promote the development of community eateries,
especially in urban areas. The consumer is thus exposed, when rules of hygiene
are not properly observed, to infections transmitted due to unclean habits
during the preparation, preservation and distribution of food. Many of our
fellow countrymen of: different social’ classes are not aware of the risks
connected with large restaurants when the rules of hygiene regarding the
handling and preparation of food leave something to be desired. Actually,
such places can be the source of disease when improper conditions exist:

food not covered during sale; food handlers with infections, especially of

the hands and arms; unclean. drinking water and food preparation; the ab-
sence or lack of cleanliness of toilets; the presence of animals on premises
where food is prepared (dogs, cats and rodents); improper hygiene during
preparation.

It will be noted that many Cameroonians are not concerned about the cleanli-
ness of the premises, the state of health of food handlers or even the quality
of the food served because one often sees in lower-class restaurants the
leftovers from the previous evening eaten without the most basic precautions.

Likewise, canned food no longer fit for consumption is still sold on our
markets, which is a great danger to Cameroonian consumers. Cases of. mass
food poisoning, even death, after the consumption of a meal are not rare in
our country, as the newspapers often point out. It is therefore necessary to
be concerned, not only with satisfying our hunger, but. with paying particular
attention tothe quality of food we eat, for such food can be the source of
various infections that can harm our health. :

Control a Necessity

Given these real risks which the consumer faces, the role of food quality
control becomes indispensable.

In our country, despite their limited numbers and means, technicians responsi-
ble for food quality control are not only concerned with the food itself, but
also with the condition of areas where food is prepared and eaten and with
the cleanliness and health of handlers. A medical certificate valid for

6 months will testity to their fitness -- that is, the absence of infections
that may be transmitted to consumers.

However, it is not rare to find food handlers who are not only filthy, but
who have open infections that could spread disease to consumers and who still
have health certificates. Unfortunately, many medical certificates are issued
carelessly, without regard for the effort to protect the health of consumers.

21



SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

FUTURE ROLE FOR BLACKS--The South African minister of constructional develop-
ment and planning, Mr Chris Heunis, says there is nothing in the proposed new
constitution for South Africa that says the black peoples are at the end of
their own constitutional development. The black people already have more
rights than the colored and Asian communities. Speaking in the eastern
coastal city of Durban, Mr Heunis said the South African Government was con-
tinuing to work on the constitutional development of the black people. It
was possible that the black peoples could eventually have what he referred to
as their own city-states, and these could ultimately become part of a confed-
eration of states. Mr Heunis said that change in South Africa was inevitable.
He was of the opinion, however, that no matter what system South Africa
adopted it would not satisfy the whole international community. [Text]
{MB210750 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 21 Oct 83]

TRANSKEL LEADERS' ANNIVERSARY ADDRESSES--President Matanzima of Transkei says
it has become clear that people in other countries such as the United States,
Britain, Europe, and even in Africa are ignorant of the situation in Transkei.
President Matazima was addressing a crowd of more than 1,000 people at
Nqamakwe during the 7th anniversary celebrations of Transkei. He said that
as an erstwhile Britain colony it was common cause that Transkei should have
been granted freedom along the same lines as the former high commission ter-
ritories of Lesotho, Botswana, and Swaziland, which are members of the United
Nations. Addressing a gathering in Umtata, Prime Minister Chief George
Mantanzima, said Transkei faced increasing unemployment which had been ag-
gravated by the recent drought. He said that although it had been asserted
in the past that agriculture was the backbone of the Transkeian economy, the
drought of 1982-83 had highlighted the risk factor in agriculture.

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88



detention camps. At the notorious Athi River Camp, he was among other
duties in charge of censorship of plays and drama sketches, making sure
that only, those which were anti-Mau Mau went through. He was thus the
effective head of the anti-Mau Mau theatre, education and culture. Indeed
many of the top men in the army, police and administration in both the
Kenyatta and Moi regimes were in active colonial service in the fifties.

Moi and Njonjo have at different times on different occasions singled
out a colonial governor, Malcolm McDonald for praise for his contribu-
tion to Kenya’s independence! These survivors from the colonial service
allied with Kenyatta and the elements later grouped under Gema are, des-
pite the often bitter struggles between them, only representatives of a
social stratum, the comprador bourgeois ruling class. Absurd as it might
seem or sound, this class perceives its role as effectively that of colonial
restoration with themselves as the business representatives of the West
and the modern landlords or white settlers in black skins. Let me illus-
trate:

The arrest of Maina-wa-Kinyatti on 3rd June 1982, was preceeded
and followed by intensified cultural repression with plays being stopped
and an open air theatre, built by peasants and workers at Kamiriithu,
razed to the ground. The plays stopped, fall into three groups: those
depicting the historical emergence of neo-colonies as in Joe de Graft’s
Muntu ; those exposing the brutality of colonial labour conditions and
showing the determined struggle of the Kenyan workers against them as in
Maitu Njugira (Mother Sing for Me); those glorifying armed resistance to
colonialism as in Al Amin Mazrui’s Kilio Cha Haki (The Cry for Justice),
or those merely showing the betrayal of hopes as in Kilio (The Cry) by the
Nairobi School students. It is quite telling that Al Amin Mazrui was him-
self arrested and detained without trial exactly two weeks after his play
Kilio Cha Haki was performed at the University in May 1982.

In the same period, and in dramatic contrast to this censorship of any
cultural expression that exposes colonialism was the state patronage of

western shows and pro-colonial culture. Thus for instance, almost the
entire establishment (ministers, civil servants, top businessmen) headed by
Charles Njonjo as guest of honour, trooped to the Kenya National
Theatre to see a ballet version of Alice in Wonderland. But even more tell-
ing was the government purchase of the TY version of colonialism, The
Flame Trees of Thika, which they gave prime time on national television in
April and May 1982. The film show is part of the current literary nostalgia
for the pre-1952 settler period, not by the white settler remnants, that
would be natural, but by top Kenyan blacks: Nairobi shops are lined with
books and memoirs glorifying the colonial adventures of the early foot-
loose aristocrats. Obviously the top men in authority identify, not with the
menial servitude of the Kenyan worker or his resistance to such servitude,
but with the heroic deeds of the colonial adventurers on wagon carriages,
horseback or rickshaws among natives smitten dumb and wide-eyed in ser-
vile gratitude for charitable deeds and kindly light amidst the encircling
gloom.

Lead kindly light: it is not an accident that the missionary —the holy
race of Simpsons, Arthurs, Beechers, Carey Francis, Leakeys — is held in
great esteem as the educational mentor of this class. Powerful men in
today’s Kenya virtually grovel at the feet of the missionary remnants as if
still seeking approval and praise. Father, I'll never forget that you were the
first to notice me: What Ihave you gave me: the path you showed me, Istill
follow. Well, they might show gratitude: Like their colonial counterparts
they have learnt the value of religion in its call for love, peace, unity and
non-violence between the oppressor and the oppressed.

‘The colonialist bourgeoisie,’ wrote Franz Fanon in The Wretched of
the Earth, ‘is helped in its work of calming down natives by the inevit-_

42



Security for whom? It is a policy of conspiracy. That is at the bottom of
this imperialist strategy to preserve their economic interests in Namibia
in particular and in southern Africa in general. It is also Ronald Reagan's
policy to protect the domination exerted by the white minority in Namibia.
South Africa continues to facilitate wholesale exploitation of the Namibian
people by imperialist American mltinationals.

[Question] Piether Willen Botha (South Africa's prime minister) said that
there could be no "free and fair elections" in Namibia as long as the United
Nations pursued its policy of favoritism to SWAPO. What do you think about
such a statement?

[Answer] It is a monumental lie that the United Nations::shows favoritism to
SWAPO. The UN plan spelling out how elections are to be held has been care-
fully crafted. All political parties must be able to participate freely in
the elections, under the supervision of the UN. What actually upsets Pieth
Botha is SWAPO's popularity.

If free elections are held, SWAPO will get the great majority of the votes.
Botha's statement imposed a neo-colonial status on Namibia, which would con-
tinue to be a pawn of Pretoria.

[Question] Sam Nujoma, the head of SWAPO, is often described by South African
leaders as a "Marxist terrorist." Are the South African racists so afraid of
the Marxist line spouted by some of SWAPO's leaders?

[Answer] Sam Nujoma is a Namibian nationalist, an incontestable leader of
SWAPO, a fighter for Namibia's total liberation. South Africa uses that term
to try to frighten the white and black populations of Namibia. Marxism is de-
picted in the schools in Namibia and South Africa as a frightening thing.
Marxism is likened to "Satan." Sam Nujoma is not a slave to ideology, and I
do not think he is going to impose his own ideology on the Namibian people.

Pieth Botha cannot speak on behalf of the Namibian people, cannot reject
Marxist ideology on their behalf...It is true that SWAPO maintains relations
with the socialist countries like the USSR which are unconditionally provid-
ing arms for the struggle against the South African invader that is illegally
occupying Namibia.

But, because the socialist countries are helping our movement, the Western
countries try to treat SWAPO as a "Marxist terrorist organization." Who are
the real terrorists? Who massacred 10 innocent Namibians at Oshikuku in 1983?
Who massacred the Namibians at Windhoek in 1959? Who massacred the civilian
population at Kassinga in 1978? With whose arms were these massacres perpe-
trated? These killings were carried out with arms manufactured in the Western
countries. But these same countries refused to send us arms, arguing that
their arms are for maintaining peace.

[Question] France often cites its rejection of the "linkage" created by South

Africa and the United States. But beyond verbal. action, what is the socialist
government really doing for SWAPO?

83



[Question]: One notices in your remarks, both before and after the elections,
a certain realism and much modesty. Is this a new management style for the
country's business?

[Answer]: I come back to what I said. The wheel turns in political matters
and arrogance is out of place.in a period of austerity. If one is asking the
people to make sacrifices, it is better to ask nicely and in a human fashion.

[Question]: What is your opinion of Mr Jugnauth's government?

[Answer]: It is a good team with people who have experience, and we have
young people who will soon be promoted.

[Question]: What does the PMSD represent today?

[Answer]: The PMSD's contribution to these elections was decisive in some
constituencies and moreover was helpful everywhere. But in the present con-
text, we foresee a fusion of what constitutes the alliance today. But I
stress "we foresee", because we must take into consideration what the PMSD's
supporters think of it.

[Question]: During the electoral campaign, one of the attacks launched
against the PMSD was what has been called the "Duval dynasty."

[Answer]: When all is said and done, it is the electorate which is the judge.

There are three of us in the Assembly and two in Mr Jugnauth's government.
It is up to us to prove ourselves.

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60



[Answer] SWAPO approves Paris's. position, which condemns the ostrich policy
adopted by Ronald Reagan. Socialist France has taken a very bold position on
that. Verbally, France opposes the policy of the contact group. However,
Paris continues to sell nuclear technology to the South African regime. France
also continues to participate in exploiting the mineral riches of Namibia
(uranium) at Rhossing, and it exports that uranium for its industry. Now
Decree No. 1 of the UN prohibits the exportation, importation or purchase of
uranium, diamonds and other natural resources coming from Namibia.

The same socialist France of Francois Mitterrand has not accorded SWAPO any
practical recognition as the sole and unique representative of Namibia. Of
course, the current government has provided facilities enabling us to keep
open an information bureau in Paris since. 1981. Concretely, the position has
not changed much, because Paris plays a double game and France remains in the
camp of the Western imperialist countries.

[Question] Once Namibia becomes independent, what will be SWAPO's first
priorities?

[Answer] To establish first of all in Namibia a democratic government founded
on good will and the participation of all the Namibian people. This govern-
ment is going to exert effective control, under majority rule, and it is going
to follow a line that will attempt to put the country's resources in the hands
of its om people. It will work urgently for the creation of a classless
society, a society where the exploitation of man by man is eliminated, a so-
ciety without oppression. That government will cooperate with all independ-
ent African countries and strengthen the unity of the OAU [Organization of
African Unity]. The government is also going to cooperate with all freedom-
loving countries in the world to promote peace and world security.

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84



organized the Amilcar Cabral Symposium for the purpose of marking the 10th
anniversary of “his death, assembling some of the best specialists on the
works of Cabral; thus, the Amilcar Cabral Institute, the central school of the
PAICV, will soon begin to train new political cadres for the country; in this
way we are also studying the coming establishment of the Amilcar Cabral
Foundation for the purpose of disseminating and further studying his work

and fomenting theoretical research in fields to which Cabral devoted most
attention; in this way, the party will next year mark the 60th anniversary

of Cabral's birth with various events including a monument to the founder of
our nation.

It is therefore quite natural that the Party Congress and the dissemination of
its resolutions should be combined with the thinking of Amilcar Cabral who
continues to be the chief ideological guide in the struggle which we are fight-
ing today against underdevelopment, for the construction of a modern, peaceful,
and prosperous society, without any exploitation of man by man.

VOZ DI POVO: Does the nationwide study and dissemination of these resolutions
follow a thematic distribution plan in terms of time?

Olivio Pires: The campaign consists of a series.of political and ideological
actions, planned for the last quarter of this year and the first half of 1984;
but it does not cover all of the indoctrination and information initiatives
around the results of the Second Congress. Later, in line with past experience,
the party will adopt other forms of ideological dissemination.

The campaign thus will last about 9 months and is divided into seven phases.
The first one will start on the 12th (this, unfortunately, is not by chance;
we tried to combine the commemoration of national dates with the campaign):

it will go on until the end of September and is designed to communicate the
general guidelines, the presentation of objectives, the development of specific
work plans for the party structures on the various levels, for the mass
organizations, and for government agencies.

Each of the following phases will cover a particular topic which will be the
object of study and dissemination during that period of time. For example,
between 1 October and 30 November, our full attention will be focused on the
study and dissemination of the ideological foundations and the organizational
principles of the party; this will fundamentally be expressed in the dissemina-
tion of the program and the bylaws of the PAICV adopted by the Congress.

VOZ DI POVO: Who will the active individuals be during that drive and who is
supposed to be reached especially?

Olivio Pires: As in any ideological party activity, the important thing is to
reach the militants and the popular masses. The important thing is to bring

the conclusions of the congress, our decisions which were adopted democratically
by the party's highest instance, to the mind and heart of each militant, each
worker in Cape Verde. The important thing is on the basis of the congress
resolutions, to take new steps forward in our people's political—ideolgocial
indoctrination.

29



of the laboring masses." Worried about "socialist emulation," which always

falls far short of its goals, UNTA's representatives constantly oversee the
productivity of the workers and channel a large part of the obligatory quotas
for expenses to their sophisticated dance band and to their powerful First
Division professional club (which has a foreign trainer paid in foreign ex-
change), to which it has given the name of "1 May," in addition to having to
pay the thousands of professional union members who make up its cadres.

The problem of cadres in general is also one of the most worrisome questions
today in the RPA [People's Republic of Angola]. Faced with the vacancies caused
by the departure of Portuguese cadres and technicians in 1975, the MPLA policy
of intolerance and rigidity has aggravated the situation even more. In 1977
more than 1,000 Angolan cadres were in prison for political reasons and many
others were obligated to leave the country by constant persecution in their
places of employment.

Theft--National Institution

The supply situation in 1983 is much worse than in was in 1982, even though
there are no data on the problem. However in December of 1982 the Ministry of
Home Trade publicly declared that the population would be without a food
supply at least during the first quarter of 1983, which also included a lack
of meat, since imports were suspended. In December 1982 the only article
sold (a Christmas present) was a jug of Portuguese wine, for 600 kwanzas.

The ELA dairy products plant (now CELL [expansion unknown]--a state enter-
prise) in Luanda, which during the colonial period produced fresh milk, Flem-
ish and Serra cheese, butter, yogurt, cream, etc., reopened in 1977 with Portu-
guese advisors and began a "sui generis" production. The EEC and the US
regularly send large quantities of powdered milk fortified with vitamins "for
the Angolan people". The bags, which can be seen in the installations of
CELL, bear the legend: "Not for sale" (The bags given by the US bear the de~
sign of two offering hands and the legend "Not for sale"). At any rate, the
milk is mixed with water and bottled in one-liter containers, which are then
sold at 15 kwanzas each to employees of strategic enterprises, embassies and
foreign enterprises, to state stores and to the principal football clubs in
the First Division, on requisition. On the black market each container costs
100 kwanzas.

Such "pilfering" is already a national institution. This is what one reader
wrote to the previously cited magazine NOVEMBRO:

"The Delegation of the Ministry of Home Trade here in Cunene exists in name
only. Its products are seen when they are unloaded, but they are not distri-
buted. Thus many people make requisitions. Even so, however, the delegation
says that the provincial commissioner has ordered all kinds of requisitions

to be cancelled. This complaint now comes from Ngiva (formerly Pereira d'Eca).
And in Lubango we are undergoing the same situation. At bottom, Home Trade

is selling products, including whiskey, to its friends. None of that is sold
to the people. They distribute things among themselves. I have children in
school. I submitted a requisition to buy raincoats and rubbers, but I did


ledge. Their laziness, inefficiency, corruption, nepotism, ethnic chauvin-

ism, does not make them play their messenger role efficiently. Foreign

exchange reserves which should have gone into maintaining essential

services have been depleted in importing expensive toys, buying houses

and estates abroad, ana opening secret ‘bank accounts in Switzerland!
Suddenly as in the case of Moi’s KANU regime, they wake up one morning
to find that there are no more vacancies in the messenger sector — foreign

investment has slowed down increasingly, unsure about the reliability of
the mimic men to keep stability — and, hence, their power of patronage, a
little circumscribed. They become nervous. Where is my father? The result
is the recent spectacle of Moi’s New Economic Policy, unfurled with

fanfare and applauded by liberal journalistic pundits and court poets. But
it amounts to no more than the leader begging for European expatriates to
come back and have a completely free hand in the management of our
national affairs. In fact many are still there but the regime wants them to
come in even bigger numbers. The export of profit will be made immeasur-
ably easier. (But even here, there is an element of self-deception: Many
companies were already carting away all the profits helped by the very
greed and corruption in high places). The state will give bonuses to any
company or industry that exports. Now since these industries are mostly
foreign owned it means taxing the already overtaxed peasantry and work-
ing class on behalf of foreign companies. Even the projects in which the
state participated (after being ground to nothing by corruption and ineffi-
ciency in high places) are now up for sale to private, mostly foreign, hands

at give-away prices. The new economic policy is carte blanche to foreign
investors to do whatever they want. Even the nationalistic thetoric with

which Kenyatta used to Kenyanise the messenger role has been aban-
doned. Is it any wonder that even foreigners are a little wary about the new
Sree port economy? It is too good to be true or real. Besides, there is too
much desperation in the begging tone of the leader.

In agriculture, it has been the same story. After independence, there
was the rush to Africanise the inequalities of the colonial era. The state
bought out the settlers. Many of the huge farms were then handed over toa
few top officials in the civil service, the army and the private sector. A
number of European settlers and multinationals still own huge coffee,
sisal, fruit, and sugar plantations. Land hunger, the very basis of the Mau
Mau struggle, haunts the vast majority of Kenyans. This situation cannot
be justified by arguing that it resulted in higher productivity. On the con-
trary! For unlike their settler white counterparts who farmed full-time and
reinvested in ‘their’ lands, the new owners did so on the telephone for they
had fulltime jobs as government ministers, MPs, civil servants, or else
were busy running after a multitude of retail and wholesale trades. Yet
they wanted the state to continue guaranteeing them profits by underwrit-
ing their losses, giving them unlimited credit, and in some cases, as in the
Narok wheat fields, a state agency did all the farming, harvesting and
marketing and then handed over the profits to the owners. The farms
handed over by the state were seen as endless sources of income and inval-
uable status symbols. No need to plough anything back, better bank the
money abroad or buy a few transport vehicles for taxis ‘Matatus, or goods!

And trust the state or foreign expertise or more loans to come to the rescue.
It was Franz Fanon who once again prophetically and accurately des-
cribed this phenomenon:

The big farmers have, as soon. as independence was proclaimed,
demanded the nationalization of agricultural production. Through
manifold scheming Practices they manage to make a clean sweep of
the farms formerly owned by settlers, thus reinforcing their hold on
_the district. But they do not try tointroduce new agricultural methods,

4h



In Luanda, in 1979, ENSUL [Luanda Supermarket Enterprise] (a state enterprise)
was created. It imports directly, warehouses and sells through 10 state-owned
outlets. According to the director general, "superfluous" goods such as pickles,
garlic, powdered pepper "serve only to remind homemakers that there is no fish,
meat, or cuttlefish, foods which are hard to find at the official prices."

The panorama observed in retail trade is the same in all urban centers (in

the countryside there is purely and simply no trade): the rare existing stores
show little more than empty shelves and a couple of dozing clerks. When one

of the stores has the privilege of receiving one-kilo bags of sugar or rice,
dense crowds head for the place, forming lines kilometers long, with the "sélf-
defense" (ODP [Organization of Popular Defense]) intervening frequently with
swords. The lines reach to the point of even challenging the rigorous obli-
gatory curfew that reigns in almost all cities. In a country that has not

sold plates and forks for 8 years a simple can of scouring powder, a cake of
soap, a kilo of sugar, a can of milk, a loaf of bread, for example, create a
social -disturbance so severe that it can cause death (How many persons have
met death in the lines?).

Infernal Crying Noises

However, ~““wheedling" and "parallel markets"' are everywhere in existence in
broad daylight. In Huambo, where desperate hunger prevails, a loaf of bread
sells for 400 kwanzas (1 kwanza = 4 escudos), a cup of flour for 800 kwanzas;
in Dondo a glass of beer sells for 100 kwanzas; in Lunda-Norte 10 pastihas
elasticas [translation unknown] sell for 1000 kwanzas; in Malange a bag of
cornmeal that legally costs 1000 kwanzas sells for 15,000; sugar (22 kwanzas)
is sold everywhere for 1500 kwanzas a kilo; a little can of vegetable oil
costs 1500; a kilo of salt costs 1,000, 1 egg, 100, a can of milk 3,000
kwanzas.

The magazine NOVEMBRO, in its issue No. 56, spells it out in greater detail.

"For anyone to go to any of the markets and carry home a reasonable larder,
one will have to spend a minimum each week, in the official market, of course,
the quantity of 5,000 kwanzas. When accounts are cast this comes to 20,000
kwanzas a month, to which must be added the rent for the house, water, light
and other food. . .The honest worker gets home and steps into an infernal
noise of crying. . .the children are hungry!

As far as the average income is concerned, the situation is no better. Em-
ployees in the cleaning industry earn 3500 kwanzas (in 1980 the government
lowered their pay, which had been 5,000 kwanzas), loading and unloading per-
sonnel make 5,000, typists 5,700, chauffeurs 7,000, unskilled labor, 7,000,
section leaders, 12,900, journalists 12,000. Ministers get 25,000, not count—
ing the wages of their employees and their other perquisites in addition to
the payment of house rent. Rent subsidies amount to 1,000 kwanzas for a liv-
ing room and 500 for a bedroom.

For its part, the UNTA [National Union of Workers of Angola], created by the
party, is far from carrying out its designated statutory role as "defender



You who sell us out are our great enemies
Look around you and look at the British
And also look at yourselves.

The British are foreigners,

And they will surely go back to their country
Where will you, traitors to your country,
Run to?

And you traitors

Who have joined forces with the enemy
You will never be anything

But the whiteman’s slaves

And when we win the war

You will suffer for your betrayal.

Further, the songs make it very plain to the Kenyan mercenaries who
were serving the British armed forces that, in helping the British to
kill their compatriots, they were committing an act of treason against
their nation and would be treated accordingly:

We must continuously increase

Our militant vigilance

And intensify our battle

Against these mercenaries and traitors
Wiping them out one by one mercilessly.

In the same vein the colonial puppet chiefs were attacked:

Don’t you think you are a patriot,
When you join the enemy forces,
Remember that to betray your people
Is an act of treason.

In organizational terms these types were later represented by Ronald
Ngala and Daniel arap Moi who led Kenya African Democratic Union
(KADU) which was a black front for continued settler colonial interests.
They can all be called loyalists. They concealed their sell-out under nation-
alist slogans.

_____Segondly, there were those who only partially accepted some aspects

of the Mau Mau ideology, those constitutionalists afraid of revolutionary
change, once described by Franz Fanon as violent in their words and
reformist in their attitudes, those who, when they see the masses up in
arms, rush to the colonialists to exclaim ‘This is very serious... we don’t
know how it will end; we must find a solution, some sort of compromise,’
those who use the anger of the masses as the bargaining argument for
concessions and private deals with colonialism:

This idea of compromise is very important in the phenomenon of
decolonization, for it is very far from-being a simple one. Compro-
mise involves the colonial system and the young nationalist bourgeoi-
sie at one and the same time. The partisans of the colonial system
discover that the masses may destroy everything. Blown-up bridges,
ravaged farms, repressions and fighting harshly disrupt the economy.
Compromise is equally attractive to the nationalist bourgeoisie, who
since they are not clearly aware of the possible consequences of the
rising storm, are genuinely afraid of being swept away by this huge
hurricane and never stop saying to the settlers: ‘We are still capable
of stopping the slaughter; the masses still have confidence in us; act
quickly if you do not want to put everything in jeopardy.’ One step
more, and the leader of the nationalist party keeps his distance with

38



BOTSWANA

BRIEFS

STUDENT DEMONSTRATION DISPERSED--A student demonstration at the University of
Botswana has been broken up by police. It is reported from Gaborone that
camouflaged police armed with guns and teargas yesterday dispersed a group of
about 1,000 students who were protesting against the appointment.of a lecturer
at the university. The students, who were on the second day of their protest,
were demanding that a British lecturer in sociology, Mr J. Glickman, be dis-
missed. They dispersed peacefully after the police told them over loudspeakers
to leave the area. Unnamed academic sources at the university say the students
were upset in part because a black Botswana professor was not given Glickman's
job. [Text] [MB211012 Umtata Capital Radio in English 0900 GMT 21 Oct 83]

csO: 3400/129

17



ANGOLA

UNITA ANNOUNCES OFFENSIVE AGAINST LUANDA
Lisbon A TARDE in Portuguese 20 Sep 83 p 2

[Text] UNITA will'be initiating an offensive against Luanda shortly. In its
most recent communique, UNITA announced that its central committee “gave in-
structions to the FALA high command to begin another generalized 3-month offen-
sive aimed at reaching Luanda Province. FALA Headquarters was asked to gather
the materiel and place men at the appropriate place, and to report to the cen-
tral committee the date operations will begin."

Moreover, the French weekly LE POINT said in its latest issue that "Jonas
Savimbi's UNITA guerrilla movement presents an increasing threat to the Angolan
regime." It went on to say that "the Luanda authorities are warning foreign
diplomats that they cannot guarantee their safety beyond 25 kilometers from the
capital."

In its latest communique, UNITA reports widespread offensives on 2 August and
9 September, encompassing activities in the provinces of Cuanza-Norte, Malange,
Cuanza-Sul, Benguela, Huambo, Huila, Bie, Cuando-Cubango, Cunene, Moxico, Lunda
and Uige.

As part of these military activities, UNITA has killed 1,812 FAPLA [People's
Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola] soldiers, 349 Cubans, and 12 Soviet
advisors, and has taken 49 foreign prisoners of various nationalities. During
the same offensives, UNITA reports that it destroyed 523 vehicles, 8 armored
cars, 13 helicopters, 10 MIG-17 planes and 21 and 5 "Antonov" aircraft [as
published], and 57 bridges, 4 of them by the fleeing enemy, that it captured
112 vehicles in good condition, 3,714 weapons and 311 soldiers, and that it
made 38 attacks on convoys.

UNITA says that because of pressure by its troops, "the MPLA evacuated strate-
gic positions at Vila Nova de Armada in Cuando-Cubango Province and Kalabo in
Moxico Province, which opened access to Luena. The bridge built in April of
this year was destroyed by the MPLA itself."

During this period UNITA incurred 125 losses,. including a major and 5 captains,

the communique reported. Some 60 soldiers have disappeared and 370,000 people
who support UNITA in its drive north have been liberated.

12



ANGOLA

FIRST-HAND REPORT ON COUNTRY'S DETERIORATING LIVING CONDITIONS
Lisbon EXPRESSO in Portuguese 10 Sep 83 pp 32-37
[Article by Rui Ramos]

[Text] Four years after the death of the man who was
the tutelary leader of the struggle for the independ-
ence of Angola, the country is convulsed by an extremely
dramatic situation. The following is the polemical tes-
timony of an observer who has closely followed the An-
golan situation since 1974.

Luanda, February 1983. Eight years after raising the ruby and black flag of
independence, 5,000 hands make the sign of the cross on that hot Saturday
afternoon in the Alto das Cruces Cemetery opposite the Miramar Garden, now
completely dry.

Dr Africano Neto, well-known physician and until 2 years ago director of the
Luanda Psychiatric Hospital, had just been buried.

The funeral eulogy, pronounced by Manuel Rui Monteiro, Luanda attorney and in-
tellectual (author of "Quem me Dera Ser Onda," a novel about a pig raised in
an apartment after independence) but seeming rather to be a lampoon by the
interdicted Angolan opposition;

"The person guilty of your death is the one who kept you from practicing your
profession. You, who have saved so many persons from suicide, came to an end
by committing suicide. Your name will certainly not be givenTMto any street."

The psychiatrist had committed suicide 2 days earlier, after dinner, in the
presence of his children. Forced into unemployment by Health Minister Mendes
de Carvalho, he left behind him a life of frustrations, having been obliged
to beg bread for his family.

Still a member of the National Health Council, he expressed the opinion that a
certain patient should go abroad for treatment in the company of a family mem-
ber who had been helping him regularly. However that was not the opinion of
the minister, who decided to replace the companion's name with that of one of
his relatives. The physician maintained and defended his opinion, which earned



ZAMBIA

BRIEFS

UNDP AGREEMENT SIGNED--ZAMBIA appreciates the various forms of assistance of-
fered by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) without distortion
of the aims. Foreign Affairs Minister Professor Lameck Goma said this at
his office yesterday when he signed the Standard Basic Agreement with the
UNDP. The Minister signed the agreement on behalf of the Zambian government
while the UNDP resident representative Mr Dusan Dragic signed on behalf of
the Organisation. Mr Dragic was accompanied by three officials. The agree-
ment is the legal document which embodies the rights and obligations of

the Zambian Government on one hand and of the UNDP and its executing agencies
on the other with regard to UNDP's co-operation in the country. Professor
Goma said the UNDP has played an important role in the nation's development
and is part and parcel of the efforts made in improving the people's welfare.
He told the delegation that such assistance was not only of economic nature
but also cultural, social and political. [Excerpt] [Lusaka DAILY MAIL in
English 15 Oct 83 p 5]

MAIZE BAGS MAROONED-~ABOUT L5,000 bags of maize may be destroyed by rains in
Muyombe and Thendere in Isoka district, if bridges are not repaired to en-
able trucks to reach the areas. Northern Cooperative Union (NCU) general
manager Mr Longa Sichalwe disclosed this yesterday. He said people there
were working hard to repair the bridges so that their produce could be col-
lected. The union had asked them to deliver the maize to central places
where it could be covered with tarpaulins. The NCU had so far collected
598,630 bags of paddy rice and paid out K11.7 million to farmers. In
Lusaka, the provincial Cooperative and Marketing Union has taken measures to
protect produce from the rains, general manager Mr Stephen Muyakwa said the
union has covered the crops with tarpaulings. [Excerpt] [Lusaka TIMES OF
ZAMBIA in English 18 Oct 83 p 1]

SMUGGLING ALONG FRONTIER 'RAMPANT'--SMUGGLING by some customs officers along
frontier posts is rampant, controller of customs and excise Mr Japhter Nkunika
said in Livingstone yesterday. He feared that the public who saw officers
flout the laws of the country would feel that they had an equal right to do

so and hence the endless scourge of smuggling. Officially opening a two-day
17th collectors annual conference at a Livingstone hotel. Mr Nkunika said
although every effort was being made to combat smuggling, he felt it was the
officer's degree of honesty which would deter would-be smugglers. "I under-
stand that there are among us some officers who feel or think it is their

108



The volume of trade between the USSR and Mozambique should double in compari-
son with 1982 during the next 3 years.

According to evaluations by specialists in Mozambique's chamber of commerce,
the trade agreement signed by the two countries for 1983-1985 brought a new
impulse toward mutually advantageous cooperation, and the governor of the
Bank of Mozambique, Prakash Ratilal, defined the agreement as an operative
and needed mechanism for the regulation of mutual cooperation. He added that
the goods produced by Mozambican workers and farmers will be supplied to the
Soviet Union, which will reinforce the alliance between the workers and
farmers of the two countries.

The establishment of the trade operations rests on the solid base of the trade
agreement.:of 12 February 1976 and the documents signed on that base. The
bulk of Soviet exports to Mozambique continues to be made up of machinery,
equipment, and the respective spare parts. The list of supplies is constantly
growing. In 1983, the first contracts referring to some types of mining
equipment were drawn up.

Certain successes were reached in the promotion of the technical services
system. The network of Soviet auto and tractor maintenance centers includes
practically all the provinces in Mozambique. With the assistance of Soviet
specialists, more than 6,000 qualified workers and technicians have been
trained.

The USSR's participation in FACIM [expansion unknown] has already become a
tradition. The exhibits of Soviet foreign trade organizations permit their
Mozambican partners to obtain more detailed information on the possibilities
of exporting to the USSR.

In 1982, the technique for harvesting and processing cotton, displayed in the
open area of the Soviet pavillion, acquired enormous popularity, Machines
which are similar to those exhibited will work in the country's state explora-
tions. The Soviet Union's state committee for economic relations will con-
tribute to the organization of its operation.

In 1983, the Soviet pavillion presents the technique of automobiles and tractors
to the fair's hosts and visitors. Many know it well already. In this country,
LADA, NIVA, and UAZ automobiles enjoy wide popularity. One can see them often
on the streets of Maputo. In only 1 year (1982), Mozambique imported approxi-
mately 950 automobiles of this--and other--types. In the fields of state
cooperatives and explorations in Mozambique, 600 Soviet tractors are being
used, as well as other agricultural techniques from the USSR.

At FACIM-83, the Federal Republic of Moldavia is participating in the exhibit
at the Soviet pavillion. There, the successes reached by this republic in
the development of the food and agro-industrial complex are demonstrated,
Modavia's agriculture specializes in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables,
as well as their transformation into industrial bases.

In this way, however, visitors to the Soviet pavillion at FACIM-83 will be
able to gather much interesting and useful information.

67



Actually, all persons who have infections of the hands, face or scalp, runny
noses and running ear infections, diarrhea, vomiting or nausea should be elim-—
inated from food handling. The same is true of persons with tuberculosis, who
should not be allowed to handle food until they are certified as completely
cured.

As we can see, the risk of spreading disease by food is our country is a real
problem. That is why control of food and water quality must be of prime
importance in pursuing the objective of "good health for all by the year 2000."
Such control requires the following in order to be truly effective: awell- |
equipped laboratory for analyses of food samples; basic legislation and flexi-
ble and well-adapted application regulations; food standards for proper appli-
cation of legislation; and competent personnel for sampling, on-the-spot in-
spections and laboratory analyses.

At the present time, these four elements are not adequately present.

However, technicians now in the field all have a major role to play in improv-
ing the quality of food made available to consumers.

In the absence of biological examinations, issuance of a medical certificate
to a food handler should follow a very strict clinical.examination. A com-
plete physical for hiring should weed out persons with tuberculosis.

Technicians responsible for on-the-spot inspections should be extremely
strict in their work, particularly in destroying any food not fit for consump-
tion, no matter what the quantity or source, and in penalizing improper main-
tenance of areas where food is prepared and distributed.

Food vendors themselves must exercise self-discipline, removing from the
market any food no longer fit for consumption and refraining from handling
food when they carry infections that could be transmitted to consumers.

Consumers must also pay particular attention to what they eat and to the
cleanliness of food handlers and eating areas.

Transmission of Diseases

If such an effort is made by every individual in his own area, it will help
halt the transmission of most diseases still spread by food in our country.
We shall then be able to limit the damage caused by inadequate measures of
food hygiene from which many families suffer.

We can never stress strongly enough that "an ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of cure."

11,464
cso: 3419/8

22



for the extractive industry, prepared by the MPLA, emphasizes the existence
in Angola of fluorides, radioactive minerals, copper, phosforites, sulfur,
asphaltites, iron, manganese, tungsten, tin, gold, granite, coal and bauxite,
in addition to petroleum and diamonds.

At the close of 1977 a group of Soviet geologists went to Angola where, after
a time, they drew up a map of minerals showing the promising regions, es-
tablished an order of research and made recommendations regarding the pros-
pection of several minerals. Finally, they drew a detailed geological map.

In its turn, beginning in 1977, the Angolan Government, through the interme-
diary of SONANGOL, initiated contacts with various foreign businesses with
the goal of investigating and exploiting petroleum in Angola.

At this moment Cabinda Gulf, Petrofina, Texaco, Elf, Total, Petrobras, Agip,
Catermar and Dowel are operating in Angola, in addition to other companies.
Between 40 and 50 oil wells a year are being drilled, the production in the
Soyo basin (Zaire Province) being 60,000 barrels a day and in Cabinda 100,000.

Due to the diminution of foreign exchange that has taken place since inde-
pendence, the government had to turn to mining as a way to reduce the enor-
mous foreign debt. The purchase of luxury automobiles for its leaders, the
exorbitant subsidies granted abroad, the payment of a growing number of un-
productive cooperants, the purchase of rather costly war material from the
Soviet Union and miscellaneous expenditures (for example, the decoration of the
Kalandula Inn, for leaders, cost the state $450,000, according to Riccy Oscar,
chief engineer of the work) further impede the importing of foodstuffs.

The authorities have recently come to the conclusion.that diamonds, an im-
portant source of foreign exchange, were not being advantageously handled

by the state, due to the lack of control in mining and marketing them.

This occurred notwithstanding the fact that a section of State Security is
devoted exclusively to diamonds: the black market was quite well developed
and the diamonds were being taken to Portugal, where great fortunes were made,
to the prejudice of Angola, which did not receive its foreign exchange.

Then in February of this year an important repressive campaign was undertaken
against the diamond smugglers which sent nearly 700 suspects, both Portuguese
and Angolan, to prison, subject to sentences of more than 8 years of imprison-
ment. This campaign, which is being directly coordinated by the Portuguese
Judiciary Police--and on which EXPRESSO published a story at the time--has
the collaboration of Interpol and Angolan Judiciary and Security. Many ad-
visers from the Portuguese Judicary Police are lending their services in
Angola at this moment and their effectiveness seems to have made the "stone
business" retreat temporarily.

Bodies Traded for Food

Youth is obviously the principal victim of the current situation in the RPA.
The JORNAL DE ANGOLA for 20 October 1982 wrote that "the state of the schools
is lamentable, painful and unacceptable, due to the lack of seats, window
glass and cleanliness."



CAPE VERDE

PIRES DESCRIBES DRIVE TO DISSEMINATE CONGRESS RESULTS
' Praia VOZ DI POVO in Portuguese 23 Sep 83 p 5

[Interview with Maj Olivio Pires: "Study and Dissemination Campaign for Results
of Second Congress"]

[Text] During its meeting on 9 September the Policital Com-
mission of the PAICV [African Party for the Independence of
Cape Verde] approved a document containing guidelines on

the study and dissemination of the results of the Second
Party Congress. According to the guidelines adopted, there
will be a nationwide study and dissemination drive between

12 September and 31 July 1984 on the decisions of the congress,
covering the party structures, the social organizations, and
the government agencies. Given the importance of this matter,
VOZ DI POVO interviewed First Maj Olivio Pires, member,
Political Commission and Secretariat, CN [National Council],
PAICV.

VOZ DI POVO: In broad outline, what is the objective in terms of political-
ideological indoctrination and how will the drive be set up in human terms
(in other words, concerning the population or social groups)?

Olivio Pires: The drive now being launched is the first of that scope carried
out by the party. This of course is due to the historical importance of the
Second PAICV Congress.

Due tothe nature and quality of the guidelines that were drafted, the Second
Congress has defined the party better, reaffirming and clarifying its political
and ideological options and pointing out the way to the construction of the
new society. The way this was done turned this into the congress of democracy
which certainly will fashion the party and the nation in a decisive form.

As the comrade secretary-general affirmed, by the way, this is an event which
will influence the destiny of each citizen and the nation's future; it is
a reference point in the present stage of our struggle.

The Second Congress of our party adopted important resolutions and documents

as well as specific guidelines for the actions of the party, the government,
and the mass organizations over the next several years, aimed at the continuation

27



Austerity for everyone. That is to say that many Zairians in the middle and
upper income brackets will have to lend their support for some months to come
to the efforts unceasingly employed by the public authorities to ameliorate
the effects of the world crisis.

Somber prospects, I will be told? Yes and no. Yes, because it is better for
the people to be told, so they will know what must be done now, rather than
for them to be completely overhwelmed by the crisis.

No, in the sense that a tremendous effort is under way, in terms of economic
liberalization, with all the consequences resulting from it, particularly

in the mining sector, where revenue generated by the sale of gold and diamonds
is contributing to improve our external balance.

All the same, with regard to distribution and services--well-known for being
highly susceptible to inflation--regulation must be more strict, in order to
avoid overburdening families of modest means. For price liberalization is not
a synonym for anarchy. Thus, liberalization must be accompanied by adequate
regulatory measures so the people do not bear the cost. The weight of evi-
dence indicates that this situation created by lack of regulation should not
go on indefinitely; otherwise some social classes--several, in fact--will find
themselves unable to procure the basic necessities for subsistence.

On the other hand, the public authorities should assist some enterprises which
are really furthering the country's development to get out of their current
predicament, by considering offering them access to interest rates which will
be "deconnectes" [fixed-rate] and establishing moratoria when this is neces-
sary to cope with their indebtedness. In other words, it will be necessary
for the Central Bank and the private banks to work for a general lowering of
interest rates.

But there is one vital area which Kengo wa Dondo has not talked about in the
last few days: preparation of the 1984 budgetary forecasts.

Though the first commissar of state is temperamentally averse to making big
speeches, he has not been exactly mute when it came to explaining the ins and
outs of regional administrative budgets: how one must elaborate it starting
from the level of the community, going through the levels of the zone and the
sub-region, up to the regional level, by what administrative procedures it
should be executed once it has been approved by the Legislative Council and
promulgated by the President.

Kengo wa Dondo is staking the entire reputation of the Executive Council on
the budget now in preparation for the next fiscal year.

But between the necessity of a vigorous struggle against waste and the impera-
tive of putting an end to the slippage involved in certain prestige expendi-
tures, the path that must be trod over the coming year by the executive coor-
dinator is by no means lacking in pitfalls. In fact, people in economic and
diplomatic circles are saying that by appointing him to Council House, the
President-Founder was demonstrating his utmost confidence that Kengo wa Dondo

96



TANZANIA

CAUTION URGED IN INCREASING PRICES OF ESSENTIAL GOODS
Dar es Salaam MZALENDO in Swahili 9 Oct 83 p 1
{Editorial: "Our Views"]

[Text] The trade officer for Dar es Salaam Region, Vincent [sic] Mosha, an-
nounced the day before yesterday that the price of a half kilogram load of
bread in this region has increased from 5. shillings to 6.15 shillings. He
stated that this increase was caused by a 25 percent increase in the turnover
tax. In past years, and especially before our independence and the first few
years after independence, loaves of bread were [only] for some groups of
people with good incomes. But, as a result of the stage of development which
we have achieved, these loaves of bread are now standard food for nearly every
person in our cities. For this reason, the increase in the price of a loaf of
bread, undoubtedly will affect many citizens.

We know that our country, like many other countries in the world, is compelled
to have procedures to collect the citizens’ taxes in order to obtain money for
the cost of our development prpgrams and the service work of the community.
Many citizens now are aware of this situation.

For more than 3 years, the government has been trying to cease increasing di-
rect taxes in its annual estimates of income and expenditure. Similarly, re-
cently the government objected to taxes which city and district councils
wanted to collect in order to reduce the burden for citizens of paying more
taxes than they are paying now. These councils were advised to develop another
procedure for seeking income for themselves which would not strain the funds
of their population.

But before these matters were relieved, the price commission announced yester-
day price increases for 27 communities, including clothing, cooking oil, con-
struction material, laundry and bath soap, matches, radios, sacks, mattresses,
pails, dyes, nails, jars of tea, etc.

It will be remembered that recently the price of hoes was also increased. We

should expect that as a result of the importance of hoes in our economy, their
price would have been lowered instead of increased.

89



It is very frequent for girls to resort to prostitution, giving themselves
to:cooperants for a can of beer or a shot of whiskey, a package of cigarettes,
a pair of shoes or plastic sandals, a plate of food; "going to school preg-
nant," according to the same Luanda newspaper, which added: "Aid to violated
children in Luanda maternity wards has become commonplace."

The Health Ministry itself recognizes today that venereal diseases are now
epidemic and resist the strongest antibiotics.

Furthermore, the number of children engaged in crime is steadily growing.
According to the National Department for the Reeducation of Minors, 23,248
erimes of theft, drugs, homicide, speculation and assault were committed by
3,532 minors (majority occurs at 18 years of age) in 1981, all of them lead-
ing to arrest. The same organism alerted the public to the "frightening in-
crease in pre-delinquent minors."

A case of discrimination in education was recorded less than a year ago in
the former S$. Jose de Cluny School in Luanda. As it was one of the best
schools, the government planned to make it a "model school," not for the best
students but for children of the leaders of the MPLA-PT and of the state.

In the middle of the academic year the decision was made to transfer all the
pupils. The parents got sitrred up, protested and revolted, managing to
postpone the transfer.

"If Minister Mendes de Carvalho has his children studying in the United States
and the others have their children studying in Portugal, why can't I have

my child in this school?", one parent asked Graciano Mande, vice minister of
education for basic education, as she gave vent to her feelings.

Chaos in the Cities

However, it is not only the state of the schools that is lamentable, painful
and unacceptable.

If it is true that the colonial cities were built more with the intent of
easy profits than as a function of estheticconcerns and public health, it is
nonetheless true that since independence the new government has nothing to
preserve what was already built.

"In Luanda more than 100 buildings are already considered uninhabitable due
to their advanced state of deterioration," according to the official press.

Cesspools are overflowing, water does not flow to upper rooms, there is no
light and garbage accumulates on terraces and in the streets. The city has
no gardens and the raw and naked truth is that the slums of Luanda are larger
today than they were 7 years ago (JA, December 1972).

One of the largest buildings in the City of Uije (formerly Carmona) collapsed
completely in October of last year because of great cracks caused by the
water table extending to the piers.



inspection tour. The executive coordinator defended his point of view by cit-
ing the austerity measures currently in force in all the organs of the State
Party.

But austerity for whom, and for how long? To that question, Kengo wa Dondo
responded with points which he does not’ seem to believe will make the citi-
zenry deliriously happy under present... circumstances. This is especially
true at a time when the state's budget has not risen back to its former levels
and businesses suffering from the international economic crisis are simul-
taneously sending discreet distress signals to the public authorities asking
for help in staying alive. They are in a dangerous position, said one influ-
ential member of ANEZA, and the help they are expecting does not appear to be
enough to save them.

"We must prepare ourselves to endure the crisis, which may last a long time
and which will have worldwide consequences." It was in something like these
terms that the first commissar of state often expressed himself to the re-
gional authorities, while urging them to redouble their efforts to surmount
the problems of every kind that have resulted from the world crisis. But
Kengo wa Dondo is not trying to sweeten the pill. No more do we hear asser-
tions like "Soon the cows will be fat" or "Rapid growth is just around the
corner."

Nevertheless, as a good executive coordinator, he did not fail to suggest
several practical steps to lighten the social burden of the people, starting
with exploitation of the region's economic assets. Henceforth, First Commis-
sar of State Kengo wa Dondo is putting this world economic crisis~-whose
effects some have minimized or even denied in the past--squarely at the center
of the Executive Council's daily concerns, as it gives urgency to the Presi-
dent-Founder's appeals for improved production and strictness in the manage-
ment of public affairs.

And this is certainly in part because he has believed, since the time Marshal
Mobutu Sese Seko named him to Council House, that Zaire--thanks to joint
efforts, to the sacrifices it can endure-~should be able to avert the worst
consequences of the world economic crisis by raising budgetary revenues and
outlays, that the Executive Council must now practice and preach a policy
which resolutely turns away from archaic methods of administration, for today
as well as tomorrow.

At the end of 4 months of inspection tours around the country, the results
appear both grim and full of useful lessons: public buildings dilapidated,
in some cases even abandoned because of lack of upkeep; unuseable roads;
salaries of government employees or teachers diverted or used oftimes for
secret purposes; no forceful initiatives to restore or organize the agricul-
tural farms, etc.

But the first commissar of state still remains confident about the future of

the regions, because in his view they constitute the matrix, the nucleus for
all development in the country.

95



MEMACO DIRECTORS REPORT 1983 SALES NEGOTIATIONS 'VERY DIFFICULT’

Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 18 Oct 83 p 2

[Excerpt]

cso:

THE Metal Marketing Corporation oj

to finally sell 588,304 tonnes of copper because
including uneconomic metal prices. _ —

According’ to the
Memaco directors’ re-
port the 1983 sales nego-
tiations were ‘‘very diffi-
cult”? as customers in
some countries resisted
sales terms while other
suppliers maintained the

1982 premiums or even

reduced them_

<> Mr Mapoma, who is Zimco
director-general, said the fact
that the K3,753,000 pre-tax
profit had been made against a
background of severe econo-
mic constraints, was indicative
that it was being operated by
people with the required exper-
tise.

But the director's report just
released in Lusaka said refined
copper production during the
year was 575,518 tonnes which
was about the same as that in
the previous year.

“Considering production
levels of over 600,000 tonnes
which have been attained in the

3400/132

past tonnage achieved during
the year reflected the serious
difficulties posed by declining
ore grades, uneconomic metal
prices and the subsequent lack
of sufficient foreign exchange
for spare parts and which
ZCCM continued to face.””
‘The report observes that
witebar production in. parti-
cular was adversely affected as
Nkana operations were disrup-
»ted by a transformer blow-up
‘in November.
Besides this calamity, tech-
{ nical problems ‘were encoun-
tered periodically which resuli-
ed in the under-utilisation of
smelter and tank house capa.
city: Production of cathodes
on the other hand, particularly
“at Mufulira division, remained
consistently higher ‘than  per-
formance during the previous
year.
In line with international
demand, about 80 per cent of
the total sales tonnage during

cthe year were cathodes while_

100

f Zambia (Memaco) had to struggle
of various problems

‘the balance was wirebars and
‘other shapes.

But the corporation was able
to sell all the copper that_was
available for 1983 by increas-
ing sales tonnage in some
countries and concluding busi-
ness in new markets.

As in- previous years, the
corporation continued with the
arrangements of copper ex-
changes. The total switch ton-
nage involved was 68,292 ton-
nes which ‘was shipped to
Europe; United States and
India. Sales from France were
153,240 tonnes.

“Considering the keen com-
Petition in view of the substan-
tial idle production capacity in
Europe and new plants coming
on stream there and in other
markets the sales performance

, Was satisfatory.”” 7

The average LME price for
copper for the financial year
was K1,478.22 a tonne com-
pared with K1,485.70 during
‘the previous year. ~

ZAMBIA



Industry

1) The development of export enterprises 2) the establishment of an Equity
Fund to be administered by the Development Bank 3) the establishment of the
Mauritius Export Development and Investment Authority and an Industrial
Coordination Unit 4) a promotional campaign in the Gulf countries and Mauri-
tian participation in international fairs 5) the creation of a Productivity
Council this year and an Industrial Training Scheme with the participation of
the government and enterprises 6) the development of small business with the
establishment of the Small Industry Development Organization.

Tourism

1) Revision of air access policies in order to increase the number of tour-
ists arriving 2) the organization of charter flights and the introduction
of new services by Air Mauritius 3) the launching of promotional campaigns
on new markets 4) participation by the Office of Tourism in international
fairs 5) an increase in the Office of Tourism (14 million rupees)

6) revision of hotel prices in order’ to make them competitive 7) the con-
struction of new hotels and the use of camps (about 1,500) by tourists

8) remodeling of the Plaisance airport 9) the construction of runways

at St Brandon and Agalega with aid from the French Government. 10) encourage-
ment of the consumption of local products in hotels and aid to the development
of handicrafts.

Agriculture

1) Encouragement of agricultural diversification 2) the establishment of a
Land Bank Authority and an Agricultural Diversification Corporation 3) maxi-
mum use of land of the crown for new crops.

Irrigation

1) Adoption of the drip system in order to save on water and reduce energy
costs 2) the launching of irrigation projects by small parcels 3) produc-
tion of 40 percent of the country's meat needs by 1990 4)- the establishment
of a National Fishing Corporation.

Parastate Bodies

1) Redeployment of 2,000 workers’ from the Development. Works Corporation
(DWC) 2) the conversion of 2,895 acres of Tea Development Authority (TDA)
lands into small holder plots and the redeployment, by'the ‘end of 1984, of
1,250 TDA employees 3) a review of administrative problems of the Central
Housing Authority.

Education and Labor
1) A reduction of spending to 4 percent of the GNP or 14 percent of the cur-

rent budget 2) an increase in the pupil/teacher ratio and the closing of
more private schools 3) finding jobs abroad for Mauritian workers 4) the

63



MOZAMBIQUE

REACTIONS, CONSEQUENCES OF RNM KIDNAPPINGS
Lisbon EXPRESSO in Portuguese 3 Sep 83 p 13.
[Article by Alves Gomes, Maputo]

[Text] The kidnapping of 24 Soviet citizens in Zambezia by a Mozambican
National Resistance (RNM) group in provokinga strong reaction in Western
diplomatic spheres. A European diplomat told EXPRESSO that "this time, the
South Africans have gone too far", adding that "in light of the existing
evidence of South Africa's connection to these groups, it is acceptable to
exert pressure on the Pretoria government."

The person in charge of U.S. affairs in Maputo who, in the meantime, met with
the minister of foreign affairs, Joaquim Chissano, also affirmed this worry
shared with the Mozambican government, according to what we learned from the
aforementioned source, who requested that the name of his country not be
mentioned.

Western diplomats’ concern for the 24 Soviet technicians, kidnapped on

20 September in Morrua, is based on the fact that "after all, citizens of a
world power are involved" and this power can "be brought to act in a way
which could completely alter the correlation of forces in the area."

Last week in Maputo, the Soviet ambassador confirmed that his country did not
feel intimidated by this action and that it would continue to support the
Mozambican Government. The vice-minister of mines, who came to Maputo to
attend the funeral of the two slain Soviet technicians, made the same declara-
tion.

In. spite of the diplomats' having "confidence in the way the Mozambican §Sovern-
ment will act" in this case, there are rumors in those circles that the

Soviet Union has moved some warships to the coast of the Zambezia province

so that they will be ready to lend support to the Mozambican army at any time.

Furthermore, according to our source, "it is accepted that whether it is the
2 technicians slain during the attack.on Morrua or the 24 kidnap victims,
there is no connection with the army," there being indications that Western
powers' embassies will exert pressure on the South African regime so the
technicians will be freed.

69



SAVIMBI'S MILITARY CAPABILITIES QUESTIONED

London WEST AFRICA in English No 3450, 26 Sep 83 p 2220

[Article by Mark Doyle:

[Text]

IF THIS region were threatened by
UNITA, I would certainly not travel
through it in a FAPLA jet helicopter. The
fact is that Jonas Savimbi’s public relations
network is far more effective than his
military capability, in marked contrast, on
both counts, to the skills of the MPLA
government.

Savimbi recently claimed to have attack-
ed Calulo, half-an-hour’s drive from here,
causing, he said, considerable damage and
killing hundreds of Angolan troops. A
minor attack may indeed have taken place,
diplomatic sources report and official
sources acknowledge. But there were only
afew dozen FAPLA troops in the region at
the time because of the relative insignifi-
cance of the town, and, like sharks in
murky waters UNITA would have left
soon after terrorising the population, as is

_their style. a :

South African ,and UNITA attacks on
Angolan territory — few here make any
distinction between the two — have con-
Centrated on localities of economic’ or
public relations value. The tactic is to hit
bridges, trading centres or the all-too-
vulnerable Benguela railway, which runs
through the centre.of the country. Savimbi
and the Boers (as Angolans and Namibians
tefer ‘to the South Africans) haye in this
way created a sense of insecurity in some
regions — certainly not the capital, as
some reports suggest — and also in disrupt-
ing the economy.

It is nevertheless important to emphasise
that despite eight years of fighting since
independence, UNITA does not control a
single major town. Part of the south-
eastern, Ovimbundu-dominated corner of

"Sharks and Refugees"]

the country is indeed the scene of regular
UNITA attacks. Western diplomats,
whose dream is of a truly non-aligned
‘Angola, for the potential wealth of the
country is enormous, even talk of “con-
trol” by UNITA in this region. But this is
misleading, for the south-eastern region is
barely populated and certainly of limited
economic value.

More important than UNITA attacks
are South African interventions. Recently,
the South African-defence force. helped
UNITA to take Cangamba, in Moxico

—Province. Once Savimbi had got the de---

ANGOLA

sired publicity, and the South African

aircraft withdrew air cover, FAPLA, prob-
ably with Cuban help, retook the town.
The attack is understood to have been
timed to coincide with the visit to Luanda
of UN Secretary-General Perez de Cuellar.
This would be in order to force Savimbi
into the “Namibia equation”, Presenting
UNITA as a national force. This, clearly, it
is not. Although tribalism and merely
“wanting a change” are potential political
cards for an opposition leader, Savimbi is
generally seen for what he is — not a
nationalist leader at all, but the stooge of
South African and. certain international
business interests.

The human consequences of South Afri-
ca’s aggression against Angola are im-
mense. SWAPO Information Secretary,
Hamutenya, explained that there are at
least 70,000 Namibian refugees in Angola
alone. About 45,000 to 50,000 of these are
based in a camp at Kabuta, located this far
north to avoid any repetition of the South
African massacre of refugees at Kassinga
in 197!

14

3. Many y_of the children at Kabuta


would be able to deal strictly and fairly with everyone, both in terms of
issues between government agencies and in terms of the dialogue with the pri-
vate sector.

It is generally believed, because of the current crisis, that to raise revenue
there will probably be some new taxes, even if existing taxes are spread more
evenly; but all the same there will inevitably be substantial simplifications.
On the expenditures side, the Executive Council might tend to be selective,
promoting a resumption of work toward modernizing the fabric of the economy.
As soon as we get tough about. operating expenditures and re-examine a number
of appropriations, thus realizing some considerable savings, it will be easier
to find the necessary revenue.

Without making the tax burden too harsh, a major effort of solidarity has
been demanded this year. It will be necessary to renew it. But it may be
difficult to go beyond that. Everyone knows the perverse effects of exces-
sively high taxes: the spirit of initiative is discouraged, and inflation is
encouraged. Moreover, this would still leave unresolved the problems of fi-
nancing public services (increased costs for water and electricity, medical
care, public transport, etc.) One must not overload the boat.

However that may be, the circuit of the regions has’been made. Now it is time
for the report on this important tour. Kengo wa Dondo doubtless has every
reason to feel satisfied with his performance as missi dominici for Marshal
Mobutu Sese Seko with the regional authorities. He will present a complete
report to the President-Founder upon his return from the United States of
America. During the trip he showed himself more of a pedagogue and pragma-
tist than an admirer.

Is it too early to speak of a profound upheaval in store for the regions in
1984? All that we can say is that the first commissar of state showed him-
self resolved to imprint a strengthened management style on regional adminis—
trations, as he has on some departments of the Council. A more traditional
pyramid administrative structure will succeed the personalistic style of the
despot. But this again depends on the action of the new personnel who will
come with the restructuring. Put the right men in the right place. The
slogan is clear. Competence, efficiency and honesty are required.

9516
CSO: 3419/36

97



The deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the National Assembly of
Cameroon expressed their firm conviction that relations between nations must
be organized on the basis of strict respect for the fundamental principles
governing international life, such as the rejection of force or the threat

of force, equality, respect for the sovéreignty, independence and territorial
integrity of nations, the inviolability of borders and noninterference in the
domestic affairs of other nations in any form.

Elimination of Shameful System of Apartheid

Examining the situation in Africa, the Soviet and Cameroonian officials de-
clared their great concern over the tense situation that persists in the
southern part of the continent and came out for an urgent solution to these
problems and the elimination of the shameful system of. apartheid. They as-
sured the martyred people of South Africa of their active solidarity and sup-
port. They demanded a halt in the acts of aggression of the racist regime of
South Africa against neighboring African countries, the immediate liberation
of the territory of Angola from the South African forces of aggression. ‘They
stressed their agreement in affirming that South Africa's aspiration to have
nuclear weapons represents a serious threat to Africa and the rest of the
world.

The officials of the two countries expressed their complete support for the
just struggle of SWAPO. They condemned maneuvers aimed at preventing the
speedy and complete enforcement of Resolution 435 of the UN Security Council
on the granting of independence to Namibia. They categorically rejected
attempts to link that problem to the presence of Cuban troops in Angola.

The deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and of the National Assembly
of Cameroon gave a positive evaluation of the role of the OAU and especially,
its contribution to the fight of the peoples of Africa against imperialism,
colonialism, neocolonialism, racism and apartheid.

On the bilateral level, the discussions highlighted the friendly nature of
relations between the Soviet Union and Cameroon, as well as the need to develop
cooperation on the basis of mutually beneficial advantages in the political,
economic, commercial and cultural domains, for the well-being of the peoples
of both countries.

The delegation of deputies from Cameroon laid a wreath on Benin! s Tomb and on
the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, near the Kremlin wall.

In addition to Moscow, the Cameroonian.delegation visited the autonomous
Soviet socialist republics of Tartar and Kazakstan, where they observed

the life of workers, visited industrial enterprises. and farms and saw a number
of historical and cultural monuments.

The officials of both countries expressed their support for increased develop-

ment of relations between the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the National. Assem-
bly of the United Republic of Cameroon, in order to contribute to better mutual
understanding and greater friendship and cooperation between the two countries.

11,464
cso: 3419/8 19



a British military presence in Kenya: Moi completed it, on a grand scale,
by. giving military bases to the USA. The fact is that over the years the.com-
prador ruling class has come to look at Kenya and its people through'the
eyes of a foreigner. How else can we explain the extreme distrust of any
genuine Kenyan initiative in any area of our lives?

Speaking in Mombasa after the attempted coup of August 1, Stanley
Oloitiptip who is currently the Minister of Culture, is reported to have
bragged to his audience: ‘Kenyans thought we were finished!’ The story
was carried in the Daily Nation and the Minister, to my knowledge, has
never disclaimed it.

The identification with a foreign colonial regime is complete! The
result is that what is happening in Kenya to-day October 1982 is almost
word for word, act for act, character for character a replay of the events of
October 1952 when the British declared a State of Emergency, suspended
any pretence of democracy and the rule of law, mounted cultural repres-
sion on a mass scale, killed thousands of Kenyans, and hounded others to
detention, prison or exile. A colonial restoration, in other words.

There is a difference, of a kind, I suppose. The theatre then was colo-
nial, the local directors were the British settler regime acting on behalf of
the real masters in London. To-day the theatre is neo-colonial, the local
directors are the Kenya comprador bourgeois regime acting on behalf of
the real masters in London and Washington. But there are unbroken links,
economic, political, cultural and even character, between the colonial and
the neo-colonial theatre and these are concretely illustrated in the arrest,
trial and jailing of Maina-wa-Kinyatti and the detention without trial of all
the other patriots.

But even more dramatic symbolism of this continuity is provided by
the regime’s systematic attempt at the humiliation of Oginga Odinga. He
was one of the founders of KANU when it was still a nationalist party in
1960. Now, for telling the world that Mau Mau was a heroic revolutionary
struggle Odinga was excluded from power by the British and deprived of
his passport several times. Today those who were opposing KANU then
are denying him any participation in the political life of Kenya by exclud-
ing him from the Party he had helped found. Again he has been deprived
of his passport and now he is under house arrest, under the provisions of
the notorious Preservation of Public Security Act, a carry-over from the
colonial State of Emergency.

Those Who Oppose

Maina-wa-Kinyatti was ten years old when the British declared the State of
Emergency all over Kenya on 20 October 1952, arrested the KAU and Mau __
Mau leadership, and unleashed a reign of terror which was to last for ten
years. Kinyatti’s father and elder brother, like thousands of other
Kenyans, were imprisoned. He himself, though only a boy, was forced to
go into hiding. Maina-wa-Kinyatti, later, at the beginning of the sixties,
went to the United States for his undergraduate and graduate studies. The
sixties in the States was a period of peopte’s awakening and Maina-wa-
Kinyatti immersed himself in the Black Movement and generally in the
struggles of third world peoples. He was a great believer in the unity of
struggles of all peoples, and particularly those of African peoples on the
continent, in the Caribbean and in America. His studies and research on
the history of African people, at home and abroad, had led him to see how
their negative conception of themselves and their capacities was often
rooted in their images of themselves acquired in the kind of historical liter-
ature they were forced ta cram in schools and colleges. How people inter-
_Preted their past and their history was important in the crucial questions of

48



To those who applied for credit for the agricultural season, Citizen Kengo
replied that the Executive Council, which has become more liberal, cannot inter-
vene with the financial institutions to obtain credit for economic operators.
Besides, the commercial banks are a part of ANEZA.

Continues Visit
Kinshasa ELIMA in French 4 Aug 83 p 12

[Text] Citizen Kengo Wa Dondo, first commissar of state, and the Executive
Council delegation accompanying him on his tour of the regions, arrived
Tuesday at 1400 hours at Mbandaka for a 3-day stopover.

The first commissar of state was welcomed at the foot of the ramp by Citizen
Sabi Ngapoum Mubiem, deputy governor; Citizen Kititwa Tumansi, the governor
of the region, had welcomed him at Bumba, the first stopover on his visit to
Equateur.

Citizen Kengo, who left Gemena Tuesday morning, stopped over for a few hours
at Basankusu. At 1600 hours he started on his schedule of visits, including
the naval shipyard of ONATRA [National Transportation Office], Bralima and the
Bamania training center,

On Wednesday the first commissar of state made a brief trip to Boende, in the
Tshuapa sub-region, in the morning.

Upon his return to Mbandaka he chaired a working meeting with the regional
MPR committee, the economic operators and the division chiefs of governmental
agencies. He is scheduled to return to Kinshasa on Thursday.

Sees Handicap to Development
Kinshasa ELIMA in French 6-7 Aug 83 pp 1,7
[Article by Monsa Iyaka Duku]

[Text] After leaving Butu, the chief town of the sub-region of Bas-Uele, the
Executive Council delegation, traveling in a Hercules C-130 and a Scibe Air
Life transport, came to Bumba, in the Equateur region. On their arrival,
the first commissar of state and his retinue received the warmest welcome.
Debarking from the airplane, Citizen Kengo wa Dondo was welcomed by Citizen
Kititwa, member of the central committee and governor of the region. At his
side was General of the Army Bumba Moasso Djogi.

In Bumba Citizen Kengo wa Dondo paid visits to several rice-mills, including
the one belonging to SOCAM (Mongala Company), which is a new facility that
produces something like 220 bags of rice per day. Then he went to the GRIZA
(Great Rice Mills of Zaire) facility, which has a capacity of 150 bags per
day. He also went to Nogueira, where he visited in turn the rice mill and
the farm operated by the enterprise, which consists of a piggery and a hen-
house. The piggery has a capacity of 2,000 head. There are plans to expand
it by building a maternity unit.

93



ETHIOPIA

BRIEFS

ACCORD WITH HUNGARY--Socialist Ethiopia and the Hungarian People's Republic
this morning signed a 3-year cultural, educational and scientific cooperation
accord. The accord, which will be effective from 1983 to 1985 was signed

for socialist Ethiopia by Comrade Girma Yilma, culture, sports and youth
affairs minister and COPWE Central Committee member, and Comrade Elek Toth,
Hungarian ambassador to socialist Ethiopia on behalf of his country. The
accord, in addition to strengthening bilateral relations in the fields of
science, culture and education, will also promote existing relations inthe
fields of sports, information organizations and other sectors. [Text]
[EA250012 Addis Ababa Domestic Service in Amharic 1700 GMT 24 Oct 83]

cso: 3403/4

31



cso:

Camp are orphans or’ survivors of Kas-
singa. The camp itself is a chain of tents
and home-made brick buildings stretching
some ten kilometres into the coffee planta-
tions of the Northern Plano Alto Moun-
‘tains. .

- Conditions in the camp are dramatic,
worsening considerably in the rainy season
from October to April. Some aid does get
through to the people from socialist coun-
tries, the UN High Commission for Re-
fugees, agencies in capitalist countries and
non-governmental organisations around
the world, especially Scandinavia. But
there are still serious shortages: Last year,
40 children died of measles, due to the lack
of an adequate vaccination programme.
There is not enough corrugated iron for,
roofs; so many live in tents which need
changing — and are not — eyery three
months. Sanitary towels arid shoes are
considered luxuries.

A: Moscow-trained SWAPO doctor ex-
plained that the refugees he was treating
came from all over Namibia. There were
Ovambos, Damaras, Hereros and Bush-
men. This variety was borne out by the
liberation songs, delivered impressively
and in Oshivambo and Suvia languages:
“Namibia will be free”; “Nujoma will lead
us back to our homes, back to our fami-
lies”... ‘

Despite the shortages and poor condi-
tions at the camp, there is an atmosphere
of hope, a real confidence in the future.
Thus the main theme of.the camp, as with
all SWAPO camps in Africa, is education.
Officials explained that it was their aim to
constantly reduce the numbers in the camp
by sending students abroad, to study medi-

! cine, law, teaching or social work. Most of
these students — for example, 3,000 ip

Cuba, 5,000 scattered around West Africa
— return to the camps on completion of
their studies to spread their knowledge.
“Whether they are Masters or PhD,”
Hamutenya said, “they return to teach
ABC.”

Namibian refugees are not Angola’s
main refugee problem. Numerically and in
terms of cost to the Angolan state, internal
“displaced persons” are more serious. The
Angolan State Secretary for Social Affairs,
Robert dos Santos, said there were some
160,000 displaced Angolans. But he con-
ceded that this could be an under-estimate.
Aid sources put the number at four or five
times dos Santos’ figures. These people

__flee to the towns to escape the UNITA and
He to the towns to escape the UNITA and

3400/105

South African attacks and also to escape
the drought in the central and southern
provinces. Thus in Huambo there are
hundreds, perhaps thousands, of children
who will soon be dead because of malnutri-
tion, one aid worker said.

The international agencies, including
UNHCR, do not have a mandate to help
these “internal refugees”. This limitation
was implicitly criticised by the Angolan
Foreign Minister, Sr. Paulo Jorge, when he

-said Namibians were in an “apparently

privileged position” vis-a-vis their Angolan
brothers and sisters. Sr. Jorge’s remark
was made in his usual articulate and
charming tone, but nevertheless firmly in
the presence of a UNHCR official. Angola
also has to cope with Zairois refugees,
estimated at some 30,000 to 40,000. Many
of the Zairois see Luanda as more attrac-
tive than Kinshasa, an interesting reflec-
tion on the relative merits of the two
regimes’ political options.

Indeed, despite the state of war and the
drought, the Angolan capital appears to
operate surprisingly well. The shanty
towns are large and disgusting, but condi-
tions there seem to compare very favour-
ably with similar slums around Dakar or
Lagos. It is also true that there is a lack of
technicians — using lifts in government
buildings is a hair-raising experience due to
the lack of maintenance — but given the
flight of Portuguese at independence and
the almost constant state of war since 1961,
is this situation surprising?

The multi-layered bureaucracy does not
help matters, nor do certain political ex-
igencies, such as the building of a grand
and expensive mausoleum for the
embalmed cadaver of Agostino Neto. The
contract for the edifice has gone to the
Soviets,.as did the one for the original
embalming in 1979. The mausoleum will
cost some 53m. kwanzas, which, depend-
ing on whether you go by the official or
parallel rate, amounts to some $1.7m or
$20m.

On the equally important. internal ex-
change market, the disparity between
theory and reality has harsh consequences.
Tomatoes which are supposed'to sell at 40
kwanzas per kilo change hands at closer to
800 kwanzas. Prices for food are, of
course, lower in the countryside, but as
“speculation” (often blamed on the Zairois
but practised by many) is illegal, arbitrage
between town and country rates 1s

15



MAURITIUS

DUVAL INTERVIEWED ON DIEGO GARCIA, OTHER QUESTIONS
Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French 2 Sep 83 p 4

[Article: "Sir Gaetan Duval to RFI: 'At the Moment, I Am Not Trying To
Find Out Who Owns the Chicken, But Rather Who Will Profit From the Eggs'"]

[Text] A nearly ten-minute interview with the deputy prime minister, Sir Gae-
tan Duval, was broadcast Tuesday night over the airwaves of Radio-France Inter-
nationale (RFI) on the program "24 Hours in Africa''. In this interview on
French radio, Sir Gaetan Duval spoke of the political climate in Mauritius
after the recent elections, the circumstances under which he was named deputy
prime minister, Mauritius' foreign policy, the "Duval dynasty" and Diego Garcia.

On the subject of the Diego Garcia archipelago, the interviewer asked if
Mauritius would consider signing a lease with the United States for use of the
base on Diego Garcia, and Sir Gaetan Duval replied: "The legal aspect of the
matter does not interest me for the moment. I am not trying to find out who
Diego Garcia belongs to right now. I am not trying to find out who owns the
chicken, but rather who will profit from the eggs. Diego Garcia has a poten-
tial for hiring Mauritian workers and a market for Mauritian products."

The interview was conducted by Mr Nand Kumar Bodha, an MBC journalist and one
of the Mauritian correspondents for Radio-France Internationale. Asked about
his being named to the post of deputy prime minister, while during the elec-
toral campaign he had been presented as the possible minister of foreign
affairs, Sir Gaetan Duval stated that the change occurred after Mr Kader
Bhayat, designated to be deputy prime minister, had proposed this change him-
self. Sir Gaetan Duval added: "There will be no-change, however, in the for—
eign policy that I advocated. Mr Anil Gayan, the minister of foreign affairs
appointee, is a reliable man."

Some of the interview's other questions and answers:

[Question]: You were minister from 1965 to 1973. You return to the government
in 1983. Is Sir Gaetan Duval's wandering in the wilderness over with?

[Answer]: Listen. The wheel turns; one day one is in power, and then another

day, one is not. What I have learned during ten years is to respect the peo-
ple's choice.

59



(Mashingo) by the minister of trade and commerce, Comrade Richard Hove. He said
the national foods effort in establishing depots throughout the country is
commendable, and it is appreciated because the action proves that the firm has
confidence in the future of the country. The statement also touched on the

. achievement of the establishment through cooperation between members of the
firm, management,and the government. Comrade Hove said it was also [words
indistinct] that much of the machinery and materials used in the construction
of the maize mill were made in Zimbabwe. He said of a total of 4,448 employees
of the company, 117 have started working at the new maize mill, some of whom
have just completed a course in first-aid. [Text] [MB231230 Harare Domestic
Service in English 1115 GMT 23 Oct 83]

COOPERATION WITH ETHIOPIA--Zimbabwe's minister of foreign affairs, Farai
Mabango, and his Ethiopian counterpart, Yusuf Ahmed, have begun talks on
developing bilateral cooperation in the field of transportation, according to
a report Monday from the Ethiopian capital. The two ministers specifically
discussed the project prepared by Ethiopian experts on ways to rationalize
and develop commercial aviation in Zimbabwe. You will recall that Ethiopia
and Zimbabwe signed an. agreement protocol on cooperation in the field of
transportation during Ethiopian President Mengistu. Haile Marian's recent
official visit. Ethiopia in turn wants to take advantage of Zimbabwe's long
experience in railways. [Text] [Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese

21 Sep 83 p 12] 9805

AGREEMENT SIGNED WITH CANADA--Zimbabwe's Prime Minister Robert Mugabe, on an
official visit to Canada, signed a contract for $500,000 with the Canadian
telecommunications firm at a meeting on Monday with Canadian Finance Minister
Mare Galonne. This sum will be used to set up a radio telecommunications sys-
tem. The State of Quebec will export to Zimbabwe electrical equipment, tech-
nology for processing amianthus and locomotives, Quebec's minister of foreign
trade reported on Monday. [Text] [Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese

21 Sep 83 p 12] 9805

CSO: 3442/8 END

112



him the persecution of Mendes de Carvalho, culminating in being banned from
practicing medicine in the country.

Generalized Mental Illness

Africano Neto is linked to the drama of thousands of persons since 1975.
Hunger, long lines,persecution, arbitrary arrests, the systematic disappear-
ance of persons have changed life into an inferno. People of all ages are
suffering from mental illness. The director of the Luanda Psychiatric Hos-
pital tries to introduce new therapy but is rapidly overcome by the number
of patients. He had to see as many as 50 persons a day. The incurable wan-
dered through the streets, slept in garbage containers, where they also ate.
They bathed in the gutters.

Taking advantage of a structure left by the Portuguese, Africano Neto tried
to create a therapeutic complex by working in his spare time. In 1980 the
work was inaugurated in the presence of Minister Mendes de Carvalho. To the
horror of those present, the minister made it clear: this was a rest clinic
for party and government leaders.

His replacement as the head of the hospital, Raul Neto. who studied medicine
in Romania and the corps of Cuban advisers, in collaboration with the police,
launched a campaign to capture thousands of mentally deficient persons who
wandered through the streets of the capital. Days later, however, the opera-
tion was interrupted.

"Unfortunately, we cannot continue picking up the insane, because we don't
have food for them," the new director declared publicly.

In the eyes of the silent multitude the image remains of the health minister
who, in the. middle of the ceremony, abandons the official party, scowling,
wearing his blue cap and carrying a blue balalaika, closely followed by his
bodyguard as they head for his blue Fiat 132--to which he has a right as a
member of the government.

Privileged Caste

Mendes de Carvalho, one of the old political prisoners of the PIDE [Police
for the Control of Foreigners and Defense of the State], is today the leader
of the so-called "Catete group" in the divided MPLA-Labor Party Central Com-
mittee, having in the meantime been relieved a short time ago of his position
as health minister. Suffering from terrible complexes, he gave a speech for
the Portuguese in commemoration of a 25 April and did not allow the delega-
tions of his department to travel abroad by way of Lisbon. On one occasion
after this had happened, in our presence--by inherence, the health minister
is president of the Angolan Red Cross--he connected his telephone with Lis~
bon and said to one of the members of a delegation:

"Who told you to go by way of Lisbon? When you get to Luanda you're all
going to be arrested! Well, as long as you are there you can buy parts for
my Peugeot. Bring the receipts with you. This expense is to be paid by the
top level of the Ministry. Don't come back without the parts!"



TANZANIA

BRIEFS

FUEL SHORTAGES HAMPER HARVESTING-~Arusha--Arusha region requires 200,000 liters
of diesel fuel and gasoline to resume the harvesting of coffee and wheat in
the region. The Arusha regional commissioner, Ndugu Charles Kileo, said in
Arusha that the stated quantity. of fuel would have to be available within the
next 2 weeks if the wheat crop which is deteriorating in the fields is to be
saved. He said farming in-the Arusha region greatly depends on the availability
of fuel to operate harvesters and coffee drying and husking plants on large
farms. The regional commissioner said that wheat harvesting in Oldiani and
Karatu districts had come to a halt due to the nonavailability of diesel fuel
for harvesters. He added that only half the crop in the region has been har-
vested. He also said that’ the picking and drying of coffee in Karatu, Oldiani,
Arumeru and Munduli districts have come to a standstill because the diesel
fuel and paraffin to dry the coffee beans are not available. Coffee husking
has also been affected. [Text] [EA212223 Dar Es Salaam Domestic Service in
Swahili 0700 GMT 21 Oct 83]

NORWEGIAN AID PLEDGE--Arusha--The Norwegian minister for foreign aid and develop-
ment, Mrs Reidun Brusletten, left Arusha today for Nairobi, Kenya, at the end of
a 1-week working visit to this country. The minister was escorted to Namanga

on the Tanzania-Kenya border by government and party officials. She pledged
that her country will give Tanzania aid worth 7.2 million shillings over a 4-
year period starting from 1984. While in the country, apart from touring vars<
ious projects run through Norwegian aid, Mrs Brusletten gave an assurance that
her country will not reduce its aid to Tanzania. The minister also toured the
Arusha game reserve. [Text] [EA240516 Dar es Salaam Domestic Service in “
Swahili 1000 GMT 23 Oct 83]

cso: 3449/1

91



conclusion will result. I insist that if our reputation is to remain worth
anything or if we wish to play a positive and enlightening role in the
future development of Kenya’s society we must discard the speculat-
ive and encourage the objective. Clearly, a national movement whose
goals and aims were so appropriate to the common desires of so
many, a movement which so profoundly influenced Kenya’s political
evolution and inspired so many fraternal peoples, in short, a move-
ment which was a part of the world-wide anti-colonial onslaught can-
not be dismissed merely with a flick of a pen.

Quite clearly for Maina-wa-Kinyatti, Mau Mau symbolised that revo-
lutionary capital, the people, Kenyan people, ‘third’ world peoples, all
peoples the world over struggling against colonialist and neo-colonialist
domination.

In 1980, Maina-wa-Kinyatti followed up that call for committed

_ patriotic scholarship by editing and publishing Mau Mau songs under the_
title: Thunder from the Mountains — Mau Mau Patriotic songs. Kinyatti
spent many days and nights in the homes of former Mau Mau guerrillas,
peasants and workers, recording their voices as they sang, and he clearly
wanted Kenyans to share with him the elation he himself had felt when
listening to the guerrilla lyrics:

\
One can sense the very flames of war in them. They glorify the revolu-
tionary aspects of the Movement: its dialectical relationship with the
worker and peasant masses on the one hand, and its principled con-
tradiction with British colonialism on the other. They again praise the
heroism of the guerrillas and their leaders. They tell stories of out-
standing battles fought by the Mau Mau forces; they speak of the
patriotism of the women and youth and the great sacrifices they had
to make in support of, and for participating in, the fighting. At the
same time the lyrics articulate the guerrillas deep hatred for British
colonialism. They often point out that both these foreign occupiers
and the local traitors should be regarded as Kenya’s enemy number
one who should be wiped out mercilessly. There runs through the
songs a consistent spirit of optimism that the people of Kenya and
their Mau Mau army will, in the end, win the war. The content of
these lyrics is patriotic, anti-colonial and anti-imperialist.

But his main objective is clearly to fight against the reactionary inter-
pretation of Mau Mau in historical scholarship. In his preface he writes:

In summary, the main objective in translating these songs is to let
them answer the anti-Mau Mau Kenyan intellectuals and their imper-
ialist masters who, until now, continue to deny the Movement’s
national character.

The need to answer these scholars comes from a realization that
scholarship has never, and will never be neutral. Intellectuals are not dis-
embodied voices. They stand for these or those social forces. They articu-
late the world outlook of this or that class. Put concretely, the question is
this: if you deny Mau Mau its national character, if you, by an intellectual
magic wand, were to wave it away from the central stage of Kenya’s
history of struggle, to whom have you left the stage? For Professor Ogot
and his ilk, it is to the ‘nationalist forces’ —rid of the deviationist Mau
Mau armed struggle, of course — with which he so completely identifies:
‘the Mau Mau ideology was rejected by the nationalist forces. How can we
then regard Mau Mau as the pivot of Kenya’s nationalism?’

Who are Professor Ogot’s we? Intellectuals, of course. On whose
side are they? In other words, whose viewpoint, outlook, position, inter-

36



ZAMBIA

KABWE INDUSTRIAL FABRICS MAKES FIRST PROFIT SINCE INCEPTION
Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 14 Oct 83 p 2

{Text] FOR the first time since its inception in 1968, Kabwe Industrial
Fabrics has made a profit of K1,040,000 within five months from April to
August this year, Indeco managing director Mr Dixie Zulu announced yesterday.

He said in Kabwe this success was against a sad background of poor performance
of the company which had resulted in the accumulated loss of K8.7 million from
the time it was set up on March 31.

Mr Zulu who is visiting Indeco subsidiaries from Kabwe to the Copperbelt ac-
companied by his deputy managing director (finance), Mrs Namukolo Silangwa,

said from 1977 to 1978 the total sales of the company were K2,244 while the

total loss was K1,390.

From 1978 to 1979, the sales were worth K3,678 and the loss K919 while total
sales for the period 1979 to 1980 were K3,724 and recorded a loss of K1,223.
During the 1980 to 1981 the sales were worth K6,097 and losses K934.

From the 1981 to last year, the sales were K6,691 and losses K228 while sales
for the period 1982 to August this year were K9,122 with a profit of K656.

Mr. Zulu told management officials in the board room that this improvement
in the performance of the company was because of their deliberate effort to

improve production efficiency. He said the management had cut down on waste
and recycled the scrap which used to be thrown away.

cso: 3400/132

98



regard to that violence. He loudly proclaims that he has nothing to
do with these Mau-Mau, these terrorists, these throat-slitters, At
best, he shuts himself off in a no-man’s-land between the terrorists
and the settlers and willingly offers his services as go-between; that is
to say, that as the settlers cannot discuss terms with these Mau-Mau,
he himself will be quite willing to begin negotiations. Thus it is that
the rear-guard of the national struggle, that very party of people who
have never ceased to be on the other side in the fight, find themselves
somersaulted into the van of negotiations and compromise — precisely
because that party has taken very good care never to break contact
with colonialism.

Organizationally, these constitutionalists eager for seats around the baize
table to negotiate deals and pacts with colonialism, came to be represented
by the Kenya African National Union (KANU) party leadership of Jomo
Kenyatta and Tom Mboya. They can all be called betrayers. They con-
cealed compromise under nationalist slogans.

It was these elements, loyalists and betrayers who received the flag
from the British. Those led by Moi’s KADU and Kenyatta’s KANU had a
common platform in their rejection of the Mau Mau ideology. It was only
natural that they should merge as they did in 1964, under KANU. Hand in
hand they now went on to weed out any radical elements sympathetic to
Mau Mau from prominent positions in the party, government and admin-
istration. The radical nationalist elements regrouped in the Kenya Peoples
Union party led by Oginga Odinga and Bildad Kaggia. Over the years the
Kaggias, the Oginga Odingas, the Wasonga Sijeyos, the J.M. Kariukis,
the Waruru Kanjas were driven out into prisons or death. Kinyatti
explains why

After highjacking our national independence in 1963, the remnants
of these traitors, with full support of the ruling compradors, began to
preach ‘peace and brotherhood’ — always invoking such slogans as
‘enough blood has been shed’, ‘we all fought for independence’, ‘Let
us forget the past’, etc —in their attempt to make us forget the blood
debts they owe. Since some of these individuals are now in positions
of power and wealth, they have made it their main job to silence
mercilessly any Kenyan patriot who speaks or writes about this heroic
struggle. But if the past is any guide these efforts will be in vain. Two
stanzas from the people’s songs explain:

You Home Guards must know
We shall never forget that
You had us put in prisons
And treacherously revealed
The secrets of the Africans.

There can never be compromise with the traitors
And no mercy towards them,

For the blood of hundreds of our martyrs
Cannot be forgotten

And is crying for vengeance.

The Ogot-Kinyatti struggle on the interpretation of Kenya’s history
was thus more than an academic debate: it was an intellectual reflection of
the warring, antagonistic class positions in Kenyan society since October
20, 1952. The opposed positions of Ogot’s ‘nationalist forces’ and of Mau
Mau radical ideology reflect the direction Kenyan society had taken in the
fifties and sixties and now in the seventies and eighties.

With the publication of Thunder from the Mountains two years ago

_and particularly Maina-wa-Kinyatti’s introduction to the songs the voice

39