If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

-1-

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

In re PARIS ACADEMY.

PARIS ACADEMIES OF COMPELLING 

EDUCATION, INC.,

Appellant,

UNPUBLISHED

September 23, 2024

10:40 AM

V No. 367275

Saginaw Circuit Court

THOMAS WOODS, Receiver of the PARIS 

ACADEMY,

LC No. 18-036807-PR

Appellee.

Before: RICK, P.J., and MURRAY and MALDONADO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Appellant, Paris Academies of Compelling Education, Inc. (PACE), appeals as of right the 

trial court’s order terminating a receivership over Paris Academy, and discharging its receiver, 

appellee Thomas Woods. PACE challenges the trial court’s earlier order denying its motion for 

leave to commence suit against Woods for his alleged gross negligence in failing to timely file an 

administrative appeal with the Michigan Department of Education (MDE) to recover state aid to 

which Paris Academy was allegedly entitled. We affirm.

I. UNDERLYING FACTS

Paris Academy was a public school academy located in Saginaw, which began operating 

in 2016 pursuant to a charter contract with the Genesee School Board. On June 30, 2018, Paris 

Academy permanently closed. PACE, who provided education and management services to the 

school, was a creditor of the Academy.

In July 2018, pursuant to a joint motion filed by Paris Academy and PACE, the trial court 

entered a stipulated order appointing Woods as receiver to liquidate the Academy’s assets, wind 
-2-

up its affairs, and dissolve the institution.

1

 The receivership order vested Woods with certain 

powers and duties, including “[t]o maintain, secure, and preserve the Receivership Property,” “[t]o 

assume control over the Receivership Property and to collect and receive . . . all claims for 

State/Federal Aid and Grants . . . .” Pertinent here, the order further provided as follows:

9.A No person or entity shall file suit against the Receiver, or take other 

action against the Receiver, without an order of this Court permitting the suit or 

action provided, however, that no prior court order is required to file a motion in 

this action to enforce the provision of this Order or any other order of this Court in 

this action.

* * *

9.C The [R]eceiver and its employees, agents and attorneys shall have 

no personal liability, and they shall have no claim asserted against them relating to 

the Receiver’s duties under this Order, expect [sic, except] for claims due to their 

gross negligence, gross or willful conduct, malicious acts and/or the failure to 

comply with this Court’s orders. In no event shall the Receiver have any liability 

for any act, conduct or event relating to the Petitioner, to the education of any 

current or former student, or to the School, that occurred prior to the Receiver’s 

appointment.

During the receivership, Woods attempted to recover state aid allegedly owed to Paris 

Academy that MDE improperly withheld after the Superintendent of Public Instruction (SPI) made 

invalid reductions to the school’s student count pursuant to audit determinations involving the 

2016-2017 and 2017-2018 school years. Woods eventually asked the trial court to compel MDE/

SPI to pay the receiver more than $1.7 million in state aid to which Paris Academy was allegedly 

entitled. Woods further claimed that MDE/SPI failed to timely provide the audit results to Paris

Academy, which deprived the Academy of its due-process rights to review the student-count 

reductions and to appeal the findings. The SPI denied that the Academy was entitled to any state

aid, and asserted that neither the Academy nor Woods had availed themselves of the administrative 

process for appealing an audit determination within the required timeframe.

Over one year later, the dispute over the state aid remained unresolved. Woods and the 

SPI eventually agreed to permit Woods to submit an administrative appeal of the audit reports,

pursuant to a stipulated order, which the trial court entered on March 22, 2022, providing as 

follows:

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that The Paris Academy, through the Receiver, 

may submit an administrative appeal of the Genesee Intermediate School District’s 

2016-2017 and 2017-2018 audit reports (Audit Reports) relating to The Paris 

Academy with the Michigan Department of Education’s Office of Financial Management, in accordance with the Pupil Accounting Administrative Code Rules, the 

 

1 See MCL 600.2926; MCR 2.622.
-3-

State School Aid Act, the Michigan Department of Education (MDE) Pupil 

Auditing Manual, and other pertinent statutes, within 20 days after entry of this 

Order. Failure to timely submit the appeal request in accordance with applicable 

statutes, rules, and manuals shall constitute a knowing and intentional waiver by 

The Paris Academy and the Receiver of all rights to challenge the Audit Reports.

MDE, in turn, agreed to produce nonexempt records responsive to Woods’s previous requests 

under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et seq., from December 18, 2018, and 

July 3, 2020, at no cost within 10 business days after entry of the order.

It is not disputed that MDE timely produced the requested records within 10 business days. 

However, Woods did not submit the administrative appeal within the required 20 days after entry 

of the stipulated order, despite his agreement to waive any challenge to the audit reports if he did 

not timely submit the appeal. Woods attempted to remedy the situation by seeking from MDE, 

the day after the stipulated deadline passed, a four-day extension to submit the appeal which MDE 

denied. Woods filed the appeal, nine days past the appeal deadline, but the MDE/SPI denied it as 

untimely. Woods then moved the trial court to retroactively extend the deadline by an additional

10 days in an attempt to render his late appeal timely, which the court denied.

In court filings, Woods asserted that he “made a good faith effort” to file the appeal by the 

stipulated deadline, but that ultimately the agreed-upon 20 days was not enough time to complete 

the task. Woods explained that he received the requested FOIA information from MDE within six 

days of the deadline to submit the appeal, that he had “no idea whether he would receive everything 

he required from the FOIA request or how long it would take to go through the materials,” and 

that he was obliged to examine onerous volumes of data and records.

2

 Woods elaborated that he 

initially requested 30 days to file the appeal, but “MDE made it clear to the Receiver that it was 

20 days take it or leave it.” He explained that, when he agreed to the 20-day deadline, he was 

“faced with a dilemma” of either seeking the trial court’s intervention, which he believed would 

be a waste of time, or accepting that deadline, then attempting to complete the appeal within it or

seeking an extension from MDE if needed.

MDE/SPI disputed Woods’s claim that he was “strong-armed into agreeing to an onerous 

20-day filing deadline,” asserting that Woods himself proposed 20 days.

3

 Further, according to 

MDE/SPI, Woods never expressed the concern that he did not have enough time to prepare the 

appeal.

After MDE/SPI refused to accept Woods’s late appeal, PACE moved the trial court for 

leave to commence suit against Woods for his “inexplicable failure” to timely file the 

 

2 A letter from the SPI to Woods suggested that Woods told MDE/SPI’s counsel that he 

“incorrectly calendared the deadline,” but Woods denied mis-calendaring the deadline. 

3 MDE/SPI supported that assertion with an e-mail thread between Woods and their counsel 

showing that Woods originally proposed 30 business days to file the appeal, after which their 

counsel proposed 10 days, which Woods rejected, but indicated that he would accept 20 days. 
-4-

administrative appeal, which resulted in the waiver of the right to challenge the audit reports and 

forever barred Paris Academy’s claim against MDE/SPI. According to PACE, as Paris Academy’s 

sole creditor, Woods’s conduct caused it “grievous injury.”

In opposition to PACE’s motion, and relying on In re Motion for Leave to Sue the Receiver 

of Venus Plaza Shopping Ctr, 228 Mich App 357; 579 NW2d 99 (1998), Woods argued that an 

element of bad faith was required to bring suit against a receiver, and that the record contained no 

evidence that he had acted in bad faith. Woods asserted that missing the deadline to submit the 

administrative appeal was nothing worse than legal malpractice stemming from ordinary 

negligence, which was not sufficient. Woods alternatively argued that the appeal would not have 

succeeded in any event, because Paris Academy had forfeited the funds PACE sought to recover

before his appointment as receiver. Woods further asserted that PACE had no legal basis to 

recover the funds MDE withheld, because “all property of the Academy acquired with money 

appropriated pursuant to the [State School Aid Act of 1979, MCL 388.1601, et seq.], which would 

include the monies forfeited and then withheld because of pupil accounting and other irregularities, 

would revert back to the state leaving the Academy with no legal right or remedy for the monies 

PACE seeks.”

At the motion hearing, PACE asserted that it was not required to establish that Woods acted 

in bad faith in order to bring suit against him, because the receivership order permitted suit against 

the receiver for gross negligence, explaining as follows:

The receiver seems to be arguing that that motion should be denied because 

the magic words “bad faith” appear nowhere within our motion. But you’ve got to 

go back to this Court’s order, specifically. When . . . a separate lawsuit can be filed 

is defined at paragraph 9C of that order that says:

The receiver is essentially immune from suit, and I quote: “. . . except for 

claims due to their gross negligence, gross or willful misconduct, malicious acts, 

and/or failure to comply with this Court’s order.”

So . . . someday, there may be a lawsuit if this Court allows us to bring one. 

In that separate lawsuit, we may be arguing about the necessity for bad faith, but 

bad faith doesn’t appear anywhere within 9C.

If the Court disagrees, the receiver’s conduct in inexplicably blowing a clear 

deadline which resulted in the loss of a claim against the Michigan Department of 

Education, I believe, clearly fits within that definition.

The receiver would have this Court prohibit a lawsuit unless the receiver 

had somehow intentionally or maliciously blown that deadline. But the cases that 

they rely upon for that proposition don’t say that. Those cases simply say that a 

mere failure to exercise good business judgment is not, in and of itself, bad faith.

But this isn’t a receiver trying to run a shopping center or operate a business. 

This was . . . just simply, hey, you’ve got to file this claim by this precise date, and 

the receiver just failed to do so. It’s nothing . . . like an exercise of [business] 

judgment.
-5-

The trial court denied PACE’s motion, explaining that “the law is clear, you have to allege 

or prove bad faith. You may have negligence here, but that’s not the standard in the case of . . .

Venus Plaza . . . .”

This appeal followed.

II. PRESERVATION

Before turning to the merits, we first address Woods’s argument that PACE failed to 

preserve this issue for this Court’s review. 

“[I]ssue preservation requirements only impose a general prohibition against raising an 

issue for the first time on appeal.” Glasker-Davis v Auvenshine, 333 Mich App 222, 227; 964 

NW2d 809 (2020). See also Peterman v Dep’t of Natural Resources, 446 Mich 177, 183; 521 

NW2d 499 (1994). Although, as Woods contends, PACE did not mention gross negligence or bad 

faith in its written motion, PACE raised the issue during the motion hearing. To preserve an issue 

for appeal, “a party need only bring the issue to the court’s attention—whether orally or in a brief 

or both.” Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich App at 228. Accordingly, that PACE “may not have fully 

briefed and argued this issue in their lower court pleadings, or that they now cite [additional]

authority that the circuit court did not consider, does not preclude them from raising the issue on 

appeal.” Steward v Panek, 251 Mich App 546, 554; 652 NW2d 232 (2002). Further, “so long as 

the issue itself is not novel, a party is generally free to make a more sophisticated or fully developed 

argument on appeal than was made in the trial court.” Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich App at 228. For 

these reasons, we conclude that this issue is preserved for plenary appellate review.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court’s denial of leave to sue a receiver for an abuse of discretion. Venus 

Plaza Shopping Ctr, 228 Mich App at 359. “A trial court abuses its discretion when it chooses an 

outcome outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Andreson v Progressive 

Marathon Ins Co, 322 Mich App 76, 83-84; 910 NW2d 691 (2017).

“Whether the pleaded evidence fails to support a claim becomes a question of law where 

there is a total failure to prove one or more elements necessary to a cause of action.” Venus Plaza

Shopping Ctr, 228 Mich App at 359-360. “A trial court’s decision regarding a matter of law is 

reviewed de novo on appeal.” Id. at 360.

IV. DISCUSSION

The sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying PACE’s 

motion to commence suit against Woods for gross negligence. We conclude that it did not.

A receiver’s authority “derives . . . from the statutes and rules of court, the order appointing him, and specific orders which may from time to time be made by the court of his 

appointment.” Woodliff v Frechette, 254 Mich 328, 329; 236 NW 799 (1931). A court-appointed 

receiver “is a fiduciary for the benefit of all persons appearing in the action or proceeding.” MCR 

2.622(A). “The duty of a receiver is . . . , under the order of the court, to preserve and care for the 

property and turn it over to the person who is ultimately decided to be entitled thereto.” Westgate
-6-

v Westgate, 294 Mich 88, 91; 292 NW 569 (1940). The office requires “the exercise of soundest 

judgment, and always the strictest impartiality . . . .” First Nat’l Bank v E T Barnum Wire & Iron 

Works, 60 Mich 487, 499; 27 NW 657 (1886). The standard of care applicable to a court-appointed 

receiver is one of good faith. See Venus Plaza Shopping Ctr, 228 Mich App at 361-362.

“In Michigan, leave of court must be obtained before bringing a lawsuit against a courtappointed receiver.” Id. at 359. An “element of bad faith” is required “when suing court-appointed 

receivers for actions taken and events occurring during the receivership.” Id. at 361. Whether 

“bad faith” needed to be alleged and shown is at the heart of this appeal. On that point, this Court 

explained as follows:

Venus argues that the case relied upon by the trial court, In re Hudson

(William Schuette Co v Hudson), 258 Mich 176; 241 NW 868 (1932), 

[(hereinafter “Hudson I”),] does not directly concern the standard of care under

which a receiver could be held personally liable. That case dealt with the issue

whether creditors could challenge the receivers’ accounts. Id. at 177. Unlike the

present case, where Venus has not alleged any bad faith, the creditors in Hudson 

[I] did allege bad faith on the part of the receivers and sought to hold the receivers

personally liable on those grounds. Id. at 180. The Michigan Supreme Court found

that although the receivers had made errors in judgment, they had, nevertheless,

acted in good faith. Id. at 181. As a result, the Court affirmed the lower court’s

decision to allow the receivers’ accounts over the objection of the creditors. Id. at

183. Two years later, our Supreme Court decided In re Hudson (Morgan Sash & 

Door Co v Hudson), 266 Mich 274; 253 NW 295 (1934) (hereinafter “Hudson

[II]”). Hudson [II] arose when the creditors sought to remove the receivers and sue

one of the receivers for fraud that allegedly occurred within the context of the real

estate transaction at issue in Hudson [I]. Id. at 275. The Court noted that such

litigation was barred by res judicata, having previously determined that the

receivers had acted in good faith. Id. at 275-276. Had bad faith not been a required 

element of the claim against the receiver, the fact that the Court had previously 

determined that the receivers acted in good faith would not have been dispositive. 

Therefore, we find that the holding in Hudson [II] requires an element of bad faith 

when suing court-appointed receivers for actions taken and events occurring 

during the receivership.

Venus also argues that the receiver’s standard of care is to be determined 

solely by the court’s order appointing the receiver. However, the Michigan Supreme Court has stated:

It is urged on the part of the respondent that, as the receiver 

is an officer of the court, the control of the court over him is plenary, 

that whatever he does is done under the direction of the court, and 

that he is bound to observe the order of the court . . . . It is true that 

receivers are officers of the court. It is also true that less discretion

is given to passive receivers, whose duty consists simply of taking

possession of property, and converting it into money, and

distributing it, than is allowed to an active receiver, who is required
-7-

to manage a going concern . . . . Such an officer, to be successful,

must possess large executive ability, and must be clothed with

considerable discretion. . . . He may do such things, in the ordinary

course of business, as to him, in good faith, seem necessary to render

the business . . . profitable and successful.

The [above] clearly outlines the standard of care owed by a court-appointed 

receiver as one of good faith. Where a receiver is managing a going concern, as in 

the present case, errors in business judgment are not actionable. Because Venus’

motion did not allege bad faith by the receiver, we find no abuse of discretion in 

the trial court’s denial of Venus’ motion. [Venus Plaza Shopping Ctr, 228 Mich 

App at 360-362, quoting Morley v Saginaw Circuit Judge, 117 Mich 246, 250; 75

NW 466 (1898).]

Under Venus Plaza and the cases cited, to be permitted to sue a court-appointed receiver, 

the party must allege that the receiver acted in bad faith. Accordingly, a trial court does not abuse 

its discretion by denying a motion for leave to bring suit against a receiver when evidence of bad 

faith is lacking.

PACE, however, argues that bad faith was not a required showing because the receivership 

order provided that the receiver may be held liable for gross negligence. But as this Court has 

stated in the context of evaluating a trustee’s duty of good faith, “[a]n exculpatory clause generally 

is not considered to reduce or enlarge the standard of care required of the trustee in administering 

the trust, but acts to relieve the trustee of personal liability under the stated circumstances.” In re 

Green Charitable Trust, 172 Mich App 298, 314; 431 NW2d 492 (1988). “The exculpatory clause 

does not preclude judicial review or application of the required standard of care.” Id. The 

receivership order at issue here contained such a clause, limiting Woods’s liability to claims based 

on his “gross negligence, gross or willful misconduct, malicious acts, and/or the failure to comply 

with the Court’s orders.” Although that clause limits Woods’s personal liability to certain claims, 

it does not reduce or enlarge the standard of care required of Woods in performing his receivership 

duties. Accordingly, contrary to PACE’s argument, bad faith remains a necessary element for an 

actionable claim against Woods for his actions taken during the receivership. Venus Plaza

Shopping Ctr, 228 Mich App at 361-362. PACE may therefore bring an action for gross negligence 

against Woods, so long as factually supported allegations demonstrate that he acted in bad faith.4

 

4 PACE attempts to distinguish Venus Plaza as follows:

Neither Venus Plaza, nor the cases on which the Court relied in reaching its 

holding in Venus Plaza, involve a receiver’s decision not to meet an agreed-upon 

and court-imposed deadline knowing the adverse consequences of failing to meet 

such deadline—actions which amount to gross negligence. Rather, the cases in 

which Michigan courts have required a showing of bad faith to sue a receiver 

involve the exercise of discretion and business judgment. Although subsequent 

unpublished cases have overgeneralized the holding of Venus Plaza, which 
-8-

This Court in Venus Plaza, however, did not specifically address what constitutes “bad 

faith” in the context of a receiver’s actions. As discussed, this Court did indicate that, where a 

receiver is managing a going concern, errors in business judgment, made in good faith, are not 

actionable. Venus Plaza Shopping Ctr, 228 Mich App at 361. But, as PACE contends, this case 

did not involve Woods’s management of a going concern; Woods was appointed to wind up Paris 

Academy’s affairs and dissolve it. And, although Woods exercised his business judgment in

deciding to attempt to recover the allegedly improperly withheld state aid by filing an

administrative appeal with MDE, the record does not indicate that his failure to file the appeal by 

the stipulated deadline involved any error in that business judgment. For instance, the record does 

not indicate that, at that time, Woods, after further evaluating the claim, made a good-faith decision 

to forgo an appeal because he honestly believed that the claim lacked merit, or otherwise was not 

worth pursuing. To the contrary, Woods’s actions after the deadline, in seeking an extension to 

submit the appeal with MDE as well as the court, and filing the appeal late, revealed his intent to 

vigorously pursue the appeal, not abandon it. Yet, Woods failed to take adequate action to seize 

the administrative appellate opportunity within the timeframe on which the parties had agreed.

5

The issue thus becomes the extent to which Woods’s lack of diligence in failing to timely 

file the administrative appeal was sufficient to establish bad faith as necessary for PACE to bring 

suit against him for gross negligence. 

We have been pointed to no case in the receivership context that defines “bad faith.” In 

the insurance context “ ‘[b]ad faith’ refers to an ‘arbitrary, reckless, indifferent, or intentional 

disregard of the interests of the person owed a duty,’ involving something more than honest errors 

of judgment.” Auto-Owners Ins Co v Campbell-Durocher Group Painting & Gen Contracting,

LLC, 322 Mich App 218, 228; 911 NW2d 493 (2017), quoting Miller v Riverwood Recreation Ctr, 

Inc, 215 Mich App 561, 571; 546 NW2d 684 (1996). See also Commercial Union Ins Co v Liberty 

Mut Ins Co, 426 Mich 127, 136; 393 NW2d 161 (1986) (insurance); Green Trust, 172 Mich App 

at 315 (applying a similar definition in the trust context). In the governmental-immunity context, 

 

involved a receiver’s exercise of discretion and business judgment, published 

Michigan cases do not so clearly require a showing of bad faith in every situation, 

and none address a situation such as this where the order appointing the receiver 

specifically provides that the receiver may be liable for gross negligence. 

Although the cases PACE discusses may not involve the precise factual situation presented in this 

case, the Venus Plaza Court plainly set forth the applicable standard of care as one of good faith, 

such that an element of bad faith is required to bring suit against a receiver. Venus Plaza Shopping 

Ctr, 228 Mich App at 360-362. 

5 Although Woods subsequently asserted, in response to PACE’s motion for leave to commence 

suit, that the administrative appeal would not have succeeded in any event because Paris Academy 

had already forfeited the funds PACE sought to recover, and PACE had no legal standing to claim 

the withheld monies, his efforts immediately after the deadline passed, in attempting to obtain an 

extension to file the appeal and filing the late appeal, do not support his assertion on appeal that, 

before the appeal deadline, he “concluded that he lacked sufficient basis to successfully prosecute 

an administrative appeal.” 
-9-

the Supreme Court has similarly described “a lack of good faith as malicious intent, capricious 

action or corrupt conduct or willful and corrupt misconduct . . . ,” elaborating that good faith is 

lacking where an individual acts with improper purpose, “maliciously or with a wanton or reckless 

disregard of the rights of another.” Odom v Wayne Co, 482 Mich 459, 474; 760 NW2d 217 (2008) 

(quotation marks, citations, and emphasis omitted). “[C]onsistent with the negation of the 

common-law definition of ‘good faith’ ” “ ‘willful misconduct’ ” is characterized by “ ‘conduct or 

a failure to act that was intended to harm the plaintiff,’ ” while “ ‘wanton misconduct’ ” is 

“ ‘conduct or a failure to act that shows such indifference to whether harm will result as to be equal 

to a willingness that harm will result.’ ” Id. at 475, quoting M Civ JI 14.12 and 14.11. Further, 

Black’s Law Dictionary defines “bad faith” as “[d]ishonesty of belief, purpose, or motive,” 

elaborating as follows:

“A complete catalogue of types of bad faith is impossible, but the following 

types are among those which have been recognized in judicial decisions: evasion 

of the spirit of the bargain, lack of diligence and slacking off, willful rendering of 

imperfect performance, abuse of power to specify terms, and interference with or 

failure to cooperate in the other party’s performance.” [Black’s Law Dictionary 

(10th ed), quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 205, comment d (1979).]

As the Supreme Court has explained in the insurance context,

honest errors of judgment are not sufficient to establish bad faith. Further, claims 

of bad faith cannot be based upon negligence or bad judgment, so long as the actions 

were made honestly and without concealment. However, because bad faith is a 

state of mind, there can be bad faith without actual dishonesty or fraud. If the 

insurer is motivated by selfish purpose or by a desire to protect its own interests at 

the expense of its insured’s interest, bad faith exists, even though the insurer’s 

actions were not actually dishonest or fraudulent. [Commercial Union Ins Co, 426 

Mich at 137 (citations omitted).]

Accordingly, negligence does not necessarily indicate bad faith. See Commercial Union 

Ins Co v Med Protective Co, 136 Mich App 412, 423; 356 NW2d 648 (1984) (“ ‘Bad faith’ on the 

part of the insurer is necessary to sustain an action for breach of the insurer's duty to settle. 

Negligence is not enough.”), aff’d in part and remanded, 426 Mich 109 (1986). “Bad faith is not 

a specific act in itself, but defines the character or quality of a party’s actions.” Green Trust, 172 

Mich App at 315. It “is a state of mind which must be determined from proof of conduct,” Medley 

v Canady, 126 Mich App 739, 747; 337 NW2d 909 (1983), and “depends on the facts of the 

individual case,” Green Trust, 172 Mich App at 315. Accordingly, the existence of bad faith itself 

presents a factual issue, Med Protective Co, 136 Mich App at 423, which may be determined on 

the basis of all attendant circumstances, Detroit Nat’l Bank v Union Trust Co, 145 Mich 656, 668; 

108 NW 1092 (1906). In determining if bad faith exists, “[t]he conduct under scrutiny must be 
-10-

considered in light of the circumstances existing at the time.” Commercial Union Ins Co, 426 

Mich at 139.6

Bearing in mind these definitions, we agree with the trial court that the element of bad faith 

necessary to bring suit against a receiver was lacking. Woods’s inability to timely complete the

administrative appeal, without taking sufficient action to preserve that opportunity, such as 

procuring assistance to help meet the deadline or attempting to obtain an extension before the 

deadline, while knowing that a late appeal would result in the waiver of his right to challenge the

audit reports, suggests that Woods did not exercise reasonable care or diligence in pursuing the 

appeal and thus acted with some measure of carelessness.

7

 However, the facts of record do not 

suggest that Woods was acting out of malice or ill will, or with harmful intent, dishonest purpose, 

self-interest, or any other improper motive characteristic of bad faith, when he missed the appeal 

deadline. Rather, the record reveals that Woods went to great lengths to preserve Paris Academy’s 

opportunity to appeal the audit reports, but that, despite his efforts under challenging 

circumstances, was unable to complete the administrative appeal by the agreed-upon 20-day 

deadline. Standing alone, Woods’s conduct in failing to seek an extension before the appeal 

deadline expired, underestimating the time it would take to review the apparently voluminous data 

involved, misjudging when MDE would provide him the requested records that he allegedly 

needed to complete the appeal, possibly miscalculating the due date, or misjudging MDE/SPI’s 

willingness, or lack thereof, to permit him more time to submit the appeal, appear to be nothing 

more than honest errors of judgment. But, as noted, errors of judgment are not sufficient to 

establish bad faith. See Commercial Union Ins Co, 426 Mich at 137; Venus Plaza Shopping Ctr, 

228 Mich App at 361-362. Woods’s apparent carelessness in pursuing the appeal did not indicate 

that he arbitrarily or intentionally refused to act, acted with indifference in the matter, or otherwise 

showed a willingness to forgo that opportunity. Because bad faith requires more than negligence, 

we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying PACE’s motion for leave 

to commence suit against Woods for the reason that PACE failed to show that Woods acted with 

an element of bad faith.

 

6 On the other hand, “gross negligence” is defined under the governmental immunity statute as 

“conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether an injury results” 

to the aggrieved party. Xu v Gay, 257 Mich App 263, 269; 668 NW2d 166 (2003) (quotation 

marks and citation omitted). See also M Civ JI 14.10; MCL 691.1407(8)(a) (from the 

governmental tort liability act). It is the failure “to exercise the degree of care that even a careless 

individual would employ under the circumstances.” St Onge v Detroit & Mackinac R Co, 116 

Mich App 128, 131-132; 321 NW2d 865 (1982) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Similarly, 

Black’s defines “gross negligence” as “[a] lack of even slight diligence or care,” or “[a] conscious, 

voluntary act or omission in reckless disregard of a legal duty and of the consequences to another 

party . . . .” Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed), p 1197. In contrast, ordinary negligence is the 

failure to use ordinary care that a reasonably careful person would use under the circumstances. 

See M Civ JI 10.02. 

7

 See Coleman v Gurwin, 443 Mich 59, 63 n 5; 503 NW2d 435 (1993) (an attorney owes a “duty 

to use and exercise reasonable skill, care, discretion and judgment”) (quotation marks and citation 

omitted). 
-11-

Affirmed.

/s/ Michelle M. Rick

/s/ Christopher M. Murray

/s/ Allie Greenleaf Maldonado