[Cite as Berhane v. Walmart, Inc., 2024-Ohio-3163.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

YORDANOS BERHANE,

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 vs.

WALMART, INC., 

 Defendant-Appellee.

:

:

:

:

:

APPEAL NO. C-230628

TRIAL NO. A-2202387

 

 O P I N I O N.

Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

 

Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Cause Remanded

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: August 21, 2024

McIntosh & McIntosh, PLLC, and M. Todd McIntosh, for Plaintiff-Appellant,

Reminger Co., LPA, Nathan A. Lennon and Michael J. Caligaris, for DefendantAppellee.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

2

BERGERON, Judge.

{¶1} After plaintiff-appellant Yordanos Berhane filed her claim for damages 

relating to a slip and fall at a Walmart store in Cincinnati, her attorney admittedly 

dropped the ball a few times early in the litigation, failing to attend case conferences 

and haphazardly keeping up with the trial court’s docket. Nonetheless, defendantappellee Walmart, Inc., (“Walmart”) encountered its own difficulties by failing to 

assert or explain how Ms. Berhane’s service of process by certified mail at the Walmart 

store where the injury occurred failed to put Walmart on notice of the action. After 

reviewing the record and the parties’ arguments, we conclude that the trial court erred 

by granting Walmart’s motion to dismiss based on the applicable statute of limitations 

and insufficiency of process because Ms. Berhane’s certified mail service on the store 

raised a presumption of proper service that Walmart never rebutted (and that the trial 

court never addressed). We thus reverse its judgment and remand the cause for 

further proceedings.

I.

{¶2} Ms. Berhane alleges that she was injured at a Walmart store on 

Ferguson Road in Cincinnati, Ohio, on July 12, 2020. She filed a complaint against 

“Walmart, Inc.” on July 1, 2022, claiming that it failed to remove debris in an aisle that 

was open to the public, causing her to slip and fall and leading to severe injuries. 

Although she identified only Walmart, presumably the overarching, multinational 

corporate entity, as a defendant, she listed as its address the location of the local store 

on Ferguson Road. She requested personal service on Walmart at that store, which

was completed shortly thereafter, as confirmed by the clerk of courts on July 8, 2022.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

3

{¶3} After about nine months of inaction, on April 7, 2023, Ms. Berhane filed 

a written request for service via certified mail to two locations: to Walmart at the 

Ferguson Road store address, and to “Walmart, Inc., Statutory Agent, CT Corporation 

System,” Walmart’s registered statutory agent, at its address in Columbus, Ohio. The 

docket reflects that certified mail service was completed at the Ferguson Road store 

on April 10, 2023, per a postal receipt signed by “Eric Manz” that was returned to the 

clerk and entered on the docket a week later. Nothing in the record indicates that 

Walmart’s statutory agent was ever served pursuant to the April 2023 request.

{¶4} On July 21, 2023, more than one year after filing the complaint and 

more than three years after her injury, Ms. Berhane again filed for certified mail 

service on Walmart’s statutory agent. Per a receipt returned to the clerk and entered 

on the docket on July 31, 2023, the statutory agent was served on July 24, 2023. But 

on July 25, 2023, Ms. Berhane and her counsel failed to appear at a case management 

conference that had been scheduled for that day. Subsequently, noting Ms. Berhane’s 

failure to appear, the court issued a notice of intent to dismiss without prejudice due 

to lack of proper service on Walmart, citing Civ.R. 41(B) and Civ.R. 4(E), if Ms. 

Berhane did not perfect service before the next case management conference, which 

was rescheduled to September 19, 2023. The notice was entered on the docket on July 

27, 2023.

{¶5} Taking its cue from the court, Walmart followed up with a motion to 

dismiss with prejudice under Civ.R. 12(B)(6), generally alleging that Ms. Berhane 

failed to commence the action within one year of the filing date as required by Civ.R. 

3(A). Thus, it argued, the two-year statute of limitations for her claim had expired, 

and she could not refile the claim. Ms. Berhane alleges that she never received this 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

4

motion to dismiss. Walmart’s motion included a certification that the motion was 

served on Stuart Richards, who had filed the complaint on behalf of Ms. Berhane. No 

other attorney representing Ms. Berhane had entered an appearance by that time.

{¶6} On August 21, 2023, attorney Todd McIntosh for the first time entered 

his appearance as counsel for Ms. Berhane. The same day, Ms. Berhane filed a “Notice 

of Service on Defendant” responding to the court’s July 2023 notice of intent to 

dismiss. She claimed that Walmart was served “at its street address” on April 27, 2023,

and acknowledged that she had requested certified mail service on Walmart’s 

statutory agent but that it had not been returned to the clerk as of July 20, 2023. She 

then noted that certified mail service on the agent was again requested on July 21, 

2023, and was confirmed by the clerk on July 31, 2023. Finally, she acknowledged the 

upcoming September 19 case conference but did not mention Walmart’s motion to 

dismiss.

{¶7} After Ms. Berhane and her counsel failed to attend both the September 

19 case conference and another conference scheduled for October 24, the trial court 

granted Walmart’s motion to dismiss with prejudice pursuant to Civ.R. 3(A) and 

12(B)(6) because the case was not timely commenced under Civ.R. 3(A) and because 

the two-year statute of limitations period under R.C. 2305.10(A) had expired.

{¶8} About a month later, Ms. Berhane moved to vacate the dismissal order 

under Civ.R. 60(A) and 60(B), claiming that Walmart was properly and timely served 

in April 2023 and that personal matters regarding Mr. McIntosh led to her failure to 

attend case management conferences and to meet filing deadlines. Ms. Berhane

further maintained that if the matter were to be dismissed for lack of service, the 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

5

matter should have been dismissed per Civ.R. 12(B)(5), under which dismissal with 

prejudice would have been inappropriate, rather than per Civ.R. 12(B)(6). 

{¶9} The trial court overruled Ms. Berhane’s motion, noting that she never 

responded to Walmart’s August 11 motion to dismiss and that dismissal was 

appropriate pursuant to the court’s authority under Loc.R. 14(B) of the Hamilton 

County Court of Common Pleas. It also concluded that the dismissal was appropriate 

for the reasons expressed in Walmart’s memorandum in opposition to the motion to 

vacate the dismissal order. Ms. Berhane now appeals the dismissal and the court’s 

entry overruling her motion to vacate.

II.

{¶10} Across four assignments of error, Ms. Berhane challenges the dismissal 

and the denial of her motion to vacate on several grounds. We first consider the 

parties’ respective claims that the other party waived its right to appeal the dismissal.

A.

{¶11} Walmart claims that Ms. Berhane waived her right to appeal the order 

granting dismissal by failing to respond to its motion to dismiss, insisting that her

August 2023 notice of service did not suffice as a response. In that notice, filed ten 

days after Walmart filed its motion to dismiss, Ms. Berhane defends against the court’s 

assertion that she failed to commence the action within one year of filing, as required 

by Civ.R. 3(A). In essence, she claims that she timely and appropriately perfected 

service upon Walmart within the commencement period and thus within the statute 

of limitations. Although she does not explicitly refer to Walmart’s motion to dismiss, 

her notice was filed within the 14-day period for responding to a motion to dismiss, 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

6

see Civ.R. 6(C)(1), and her response substantively rebuts the main argument of the 

motion to dismiss—that Walmart was not timely served.

{¶12} Therefore, with an eye toward this court’s preference to resolve cases on 

the merits, we construe Ms. Berhane’s notice of service as responsive to Walmart’s 

motion to dismiss. See Williams v. Hill, 2010-Ohio-4189, ¶ 5 (10th Dist.), citing 

Whipps v. Ryan, 2008-Ohio-1216, ¶ 23 (10th Dist.) (“[T]his court prefers to resolve 

cases on their merits rather than upon procedural default.”). Ms. Berhane thus 

preserved the argument for appeal that her April 2023 certified mail service at the 

Walmart store in Cincinnati constituted effective service on Walmart.

{¶13} Ms. Berhane, in her third assignment of error, claims that Walmart 

waived its chance to challenge the effectiveness of the April 2023 service upon the 

Walmart store in Cincinnati by failing to address that attempt at service in its motion 

to dismiss. But Walmart did at least assert that service was ineffective until the July 

2023 certified mail service on its statutory agent, which fell beyond the one-year time 

limit for service after the filing of a complaint under Civ.R. 3(A). Although Walmart’s 

failure to address the April 2023 service affects the analysis that follows, we provide it 

the same leniency we give Ms. Berhane at this stage in the proceedings and construe 

as preserved its general argument that service was untimely. We thus overrule Ms. 

Berhane’s third assignment of error.

B.

{¶14} Turning to the substance of the trial court’s dismissal order, Ms. 

Berhane primarily argues that the trial court erred by granting the dismissal, with 

prejudice, because the April 2023 certified mail service on the Walmart store was 

effective, rendering her action timely commenced under Civ.R. 3(A). She also faults 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

7

the court for failing to take judicial notice of the April 2023 certified mail service upon 

the Walmart store in Cincinnati, and she points out that the court did not convert 

Walmart’s motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment even though it 

asserted a statute of limitations defense and contained information beyond the four 

corners of the complaint. 

{¶15} This appeal turns on whether Ms. Berhane properly and timely served 

Walmart with the summons and complaint.1 We typically review the trial court’s grant 

of a motion to dismiss de novo. Perrysburg Twp. v. Rossford, 2004-Ohio-4362, ¶ 5. 

But “[w]e review a trial court’s finding [regarding whether] service of process was 

accomplished for an abuse of discretion.” Simpson v. Simpson, 2024-Ohio-4, ¶ 29 (1st 

Dist.), citing Belisle Constr. Inc. v. Perry, 2022-Ohio-239, ¶ 22 (3d Dist.). An abuse 

of discretion occurs when “a court exercis[es] its judgment, in an unwarranted way, in 

regard to a matter over which it has discretionary authority.” Johnson v. Abdullah, 

2021-Ohio-3304, ¶ 35.

{¶16} Under Civ.R. 4.2(F), service of process upon a corporation shall be made 

“by serving the agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of 

process; or by serving the corporation at any of its usual places of business by a method 

authorized under Civ.R. 4.1(A)(1); or by serving an officer or a managing or general 

agent of the corporation.” Civ.R. 4.1(A)(1) allows for court clerk service by express or 

certified mail or by commercial carrier service but does not permit personal service. 

1 Although Ms. Berhane characterizes the court’s dismissal order on service of process and statute 

of limitation grounds as resulting from its failure to take judicial notice (under Evid.R. 201) of her 

April 2023 service on the Walmart store in Cincinnati, she never asked it to take judicial notice of 

that fact below. Accordingly, the appeal is best resolved by examining the merits of the attempt at 

service rather than through the lens of judicial notice.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

8

And under Civ.R. 3(A), a civil action is “commenced” by obtaining service upon the 

defendant within one year of filing a complaint that names it.

{¶17} The parties do not dispute that the statute of limitations for bodily 

injury claims like Ms. Berhane’s is two years under R.C. 2305.10(A). Walmart seems 

to acknowledge that the one-year commencement requirement under Civ.R. 3(A) 

effectively allows for an action to continue where the filing of the complaint, but not 

service of process, occurs within the statute of limitations period, so long as service is 

perfected (and the case is thus “commenced”) within one year of the filing of the 

complaint. See Anderson v. Borg-Warner Corp., 2003-Ohio-1500, ¶ 23 (8th Dist.)

(holding that plaintiffs failed to commence their action under Civ.R. 3(A) and thus that 

dismissal with prejudice was appropriate where plaintiffs’ complaint was filed within 

the statutory period but service was not obtained within one year after filing and where 

the statute of limitations expired during that one-year commencement period). Ms. 

Berhane timely filed her complaint on July 1, 2022, within the two-year limitations 

period that expired on July 12, 2022, and her action could therefore continue so long 

as she properly “commenced” the action under Civ.R. 3(A) within one year after filing 

the complaint. See id; Moore v. Mt. Carmel Health Sys., 2020-Ohio-4113, ¶ 16 

(holding that Civ.R. 3(A) allows for the statute of limitations for medical claims under 

R.C. 2305.113(A) to be met even if the action is “commenced” by service of process 

occurring outside of the limitations period, so long as the complaint was timely filed 

within that period).

{¶18} Ms. Berhane’s attempt at personal service on the Walmart store in 

Cincinnati in July 2022 was ineffective against Walmart because personal service is 

not “a method authorized under Civ.R. 4.1(A)(1).” Civ.R. 4.2(F). And she admits that 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

9

the July 2023 certified mail service on Walmart’s statutory agent fell outside of the 

one-year commencement period. Therefore, whether service was effective and thus 

whether the action was timely “commenced” under Civ.R. 3(A) depends on whether 

the April 2023 certified mail service upon the Walmart store in Cincinnati was 

effective.

{¶19} Generally, “[d]ue process requires that notice must be reasonably 

calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency 

of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” In re 

Foreclosure of Liens for Delinquent Taxes, 62 Ohio St.2d 333, 333 (1980), citing 

Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950). Applying this 

principle in the context of Civ.R. 4.2(F)’s rule that a plaintiff can serve a corporation

at “any of its usual places of business,” one of our sister courts has held that a 

“presumption of proper service arises when a plaintiff makes service to a corporate 

location reasonably calculated to apprise the corporation of the pendency of the action, 

and when the Postal Service returns a receipt signed by any person from that location.” 

City of Youngstown City Demolition v. Rainy Day Rentals, 2023-Ohio-3601, ¶ 16 (7th 

Dist.). When a presumption of proper service is established, “it is incumbent on the 

defendant to provide evidence demonstrating failure of service or improper service.” 

Id., citing Blon v. Royal Flush, Inc., 2022-Ohio-1958, ¶ 18 (7th Dist.). “One way to 

defeat the presumption that certified-mail service is valid lies in demonstrating a 

procedural flaw in the service: use of the wrong address, receipt by someone who is 

not a proper person, or untimely mailing or receipt.” Gaston v. Medina Cty. Bd. of 

Revision, 2012-Ohio-3872, ¶ 14.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

10

{¶20} Here, despite the return and docketing of a postal receipt showing that 

certified mail service had been completed upon the Walmart store in Cincinnati where 

Ms. Berhane’s alleged injury occurred, neither Walmart nor the trial court ever directly 

addressed the efficacy of that service. Both only touched on the issue by inference—

Walmart impliedly challenged it by arguing that no service was effective until the July 

2023 certified mail service, and the trial court perhaps impliedly rejected it (or 

otherwise disregarded it) by entering a notice of intent to dismiss and a final dismissal 

order months after the completed service.

{¶21} Perhaps the form of effective service most likely to apprise Walmart of 

Ms. Berhane’s action against it was certified mail service upon its registered statutory 

agent. But Civ.R. 4.2(F) does not require a plaintiff to choose the best method of 

service; it requires service upon “the corporation at any of its usual places of business,” 

Civ.R. 4.2(F), and due process requires that method of service “be reasonably 

calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency 

of the action.” In re Foreclosure of Liens for Delinquent Taxes at 333; see Russell v. 

McDonalds Inc., 2020-Ohio-4300, ¶ 15-17 (8th Dist.) (holding that the plaintiff’s 

certified mail service at a McDonalds restaurant where she was injured was reasonably 

calculated to apprise the store’s operating corporate entity of the plaintiff’s pending 

action against it). Without more of an argument from Walmart (or a finding by the 

trial court)that the Walmart store in Cincinnati was not one of Walmart’s “usual places 

of business,” and without an explanation as to why or how that service was not 

reasonably calculated to put Walmart on notice about Ms. Berhane’s action against it, 

we conclude that the postal receipt showing certified mail service upon the Walmart 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

11

store raised a presumption of proper service on Walmart. See City of Youngstown 

City Demolition at ¶ 16.

{¶22} Of course, Walmart had the opportunity to rebut this presumption of 

proper service by filing an affidavit or other response contesting the effectiveness of 

service. Indeed, it now argues on appeal that the Walmart store in question is operated 

by “Wal-Mart Stores East, L.P.” and not by “Walmart, Inc.,” the defendant named in 

the complaint. Accordingly, it now argues Ms. Berhane sued the wrong corporate 

entity. But where was that argument below? As this court has repeatedly established, 

a party who fails to raise an argument to the trial court below waives its right to raise 

it on appeal. See U.S. Bank Natl. Assn. v. Broadnax, 2019-Ohio-5212, ¶ 13 (1st Dist.), 

citing Ditech Fin., LLC v. Balimunkwe, 2019-Ohio-3806, ¶ 11 (1st Dist.). Not only did 

Walmart fail to raise that argument below, but we also see no record substantiation of 

the point. 

{¶23} Given Walmart’s failure in its motion to dismiss or elsewhere in the trial 

court proceedings to rebut the presumption of proper service with any argument about 

Ms. Berhane serving the wrong entity, using the wrong address, or otherwise failing to 

apprise it of the action, the trial court abused its discretion by finding service improper 

and accordingly erred in granting Walmart’s motion to dismiss. We therefore sustain 

Ms. Berhane’s first assignment of error in part as it relates to the trial court’s grant of 

Walmart’s motion to dismiss.

{¶24} Because Ms. Berhane succeeds on the merits of her core argument, we 

need not consider whether the trial court should have construed Walmart’s motion to 

dismiss as a motion for summary judgment, and we decline to rule on her second 

assignment of error as moot. We also need not consider whether the trial court erred 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

12

in overruling Ms. Berhane’s motion to vacate under Civ.R. 60, and we decline to 

address her fourth assignment of error and her first assignment of error in part as it 

pertains to that judgment.

* * *

{¶25} In sum, the trial court erred by granting Walmart’s motion to dismiss 

because Ms. Berhane’s confirmed certified mail service upon the Walmart store in

Cincinnati in April 2023 raised a presumption of proper service that Walmart failed to 

rebut. We thus sustain her first assignment of error in part as it relates to the dismissal 

order, reverse the judgment of the trial court granting Walmart’s motion to dismiss 

with prejudice, and remand the cause for further proceedings. Additionally, we 

overrule her third assignment of error relating to waiver and decline to address as 

moot her second and fourth assignments of error in full and her first assignment of 

error in part as it relates to the trial court’s judgment overruling her Civ.R. 60 motion 

to vacate.

Judgment reversed and cause remanded.

ZAYAS, P.J., and WINKLER, J., concur.

Please note:

The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.