# United States **Court of Appeals**  **for the Federal Circuit**

______________________ WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC, I NC., Plaintiff/C ounterclaim Defendant

- Appellant

MEDTRONIC SOFAMOR DANEK USA, INC., C

ounterclaim Defendant

- Appellant

MEDTRONIC PUERTO RICO OPERATIONS CO. , MEDTRONIC SOFAMOR DANEK DEGGENDORF, GMBH, Counterclaim Defendants

v.

NUVASIVE, INC., Defendant/ Counterclaimant

- Cross Appellant

______________________

2013

- 1576
, 2013

- 1577

______________________ Appeal s from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California in No. 08

- CV

- 1512, Judge Cathy Ann Bencivengo.

______________________

Decided: March 2, 2015

______________________

L UKE D AUCHOT , Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Los Angeles, CA , argued for p laintiff/ c ounterclaim d efendant

-WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 2

a ppellant , counterclaim defendant

- appellant

. Also repr esented by A LEXANDER F RASER M AC K INNON , N IMALKA R. W ICKRAMASEKERA , S HARRE L OTFOLLAHI ; J OHN C. O’Q UINN , L IAM P ATRICK H ARDY , Washington, DC.

D EANNE M AYNARD , Morrison & Foerster LLP

, Washington, DC , argued for defendant/counterclaimant

- cross

appellant. Also represented by B RIAN R OBERT M ATSUI ; R YAN M ALLOY , Los Angeles, CA; F RANK S CHERKENBACH , Fish & Richardson, P.C

., Boston, MA ; C RAIG E ARL C O UNTRYMAN , M ICHAEL A RI A MON , T ODD G LEN M ILLER , San Diego, CA; M ICHAEL J. K ANE , Minneapolis, MN.

______________________
Before L OURIE , D YK , and R EYNA , Circuit Judges.

D YK , Circuit Judge

. Warsaw Orthopedic (“Warsaw”) brought suit against Nu V asive, Inc. (“ Nu V asive”) for infringement of U.S. Patent Nos

. 5,860,973 (“the ’973 patent”) and 6,945,933 (“the ’933 patent”). Nu V asive counterclaimed for i nfringement of U.S. Patent No. 7,470,236 (“the ’236 p atent”) against Warsaw and its related company, Medtronic So famor Danek USA, Inc. (“MSD”)

. For each of the three patents, t he district court sustained jury fin ding s of infringement , awarded damages for past infring ement, and awarded an ongoing royalty rate. Both parties appealed. We affirm the district court with respect to invalidity and infringement of all three patents, but we remand for a new trial on damages with respect to the ’973 and ’933 patents

. B ACKGROUND We limit our discussion to the pa tents relevant to this appeal: the ’973 patent, the ’933 patent, and the ’236 patent. Warsaw owns the ’973 patent and the ’933 p a-WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 3

tent. The ’973 patent claims oversized spinal implants. The ’933 patent claims methods and devices for retracting tissue to create a working channel for minimally invasive spinal surgery. NuVasive owns the ’236 patent, which relates to neuromonitoring during sur gery. On October 6, 2008, Warsaw and MSD filed a co mplaint against NuVasive

, alleging infringement of the ’9 73 and ’933 patents. NuVasive counterclaimed, asserting infringement of the ’236 patent. At trial, Warsaw asser ted claims 24, 41, 42, 57, and 61 of the ’973 patent and claims 21, 57, and 66 of the ’933 patent. NuVasive a sserted claims 1, 5, and 9 of the ’236 patent. On Septe mber 20, 2011, the jury found that the asserted c laims of the ’973 patent were not invalid (infringement was not in dispute)

, that the asserted claims of the ’933 patent were infringed under the doctrine of equivalents (validity was not in dispute), and that the asserted claims of the ’236 patent were infringed (validity was not in dispute)

. The jury awarded damages for each.
After trial, Warsaw filed motions seeking suppl emental damages and a permanent injunction with respect
to the ’973 and ’933 patents, and a motion for judgment as a matter of la w (“JMOL”) or a new trial with respect to the jury’s finding of infringement of the asserted claims of the ’236 patent. NuVasive also moved for JMOL or a new trial , challenging the jury’s finding of no invalidity of the asserted claims of the ’973 patent, infringement of the asserted claims of the ’933 patent, and Warsaw’s entitl ement to lost profits. The district court denied the motions for JMOL or a new trial and denied Warsaw’s requests for supplemental damages and a p ermanent injunction for infringem ent of the ’973 and ’933 patents

. T he court set ongoing royalty rate s.WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 4

Warsaw appealed, arguing that the district court erred in denying supplemental damages to compensate for NuVasive’s infringement between the close of discovery and trial and in decli ning to award a higher ongoing royalty rate. Warsaw also argues that the district court erred in determining that MSD infringe d the ’236 patent. NuVasive c ross

- appealed, challenging the determinations that the asserted claims of the ’973 patent were not invalid

, the determination that NuVasive infringed the asserted claims of the ’933 patent, and the damages calculation for infringement of the asserted claims of the ’973 and ’933 patents

. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295. We review denials of motions for judgment as a matter of law de novo. See Revolution Eyewear, Inc. v. Aspex Ey ewear, Inc. , 563 F.3d 1358, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2009); Janes v. Wal

- Mart Stores, Inc. , 279 F.3d 883, 886 (9th Cir. 2002). We review the district court’s cla im construction under the standard set forth in Teva Pharm

. USA , Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc. , No. 13

- 854, slip op. at 13 (Jan. 20, 2015). We review underlying factual determinations concerning extrinsic evidence for clear error

. Id. at 12. We review intrinsic evidence and the ultimate construction of the claim de novo. Id. Infringement is a question of fact, DePuy Spine, Inc. v. Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. , 469 F.3d 1005, 1013 (Fed. Cir. 2006) , reviewed for substantial evidence. Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc. v. Maersk Drilling USA, Inc. , 699 F.3d 1340, 1356

– 57 (Fed. Cir. 2012)

. We review damage s determinations by the court for “an erroneous conclusion of law, clearly erron eous factual findings, or a clear error of judgment amoun ting to an abuse of discretion.” Micro Chem., Inc. v. Lextron, Inc. , 318 F.3d 1119, 1122 (Fed. Cir. 2003) ( inte rnal quotation marks , citation omitted).WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 5

D ISCUSSION
I. Invalidity and Infringement We address first the arguments with respect to the distric t court’s liability determinations as to the asserted claims of the ’973 , ’933, and ’236 patents.

A. ’973 Patent Invalidity

T he ’973 patent claims are directed to oversized spinal implants capable of lateral insertion. The human spine has a series of st acked vertebrae. In between each vert ebrae is a disk, which is composed of spongy material and provides flexibility to the spine. Prior to the invention, implants were typically smaller than the size of the corresponding vertebrae and were inserted eithe r anter iorly or posteriorly , i.e., from the front or back, rather than the side . The claims of the ’973 patent disclosed an ove rsized spinal implant capable of lateral insertion. The oversized implant arguably provided more stability than the smaller implants, and the lateral directionality of the insertion arguably made the surgery safer

. Although

c laim 35 is not asserted, most of the asserted claims depend from c laim 35, 1 and NuVasive appears to argue that the in validity of the asserted claims turns on the in validity of claim 35

. Claim 35 covers: A translateral spinal implant for insertion from the lateral aspect of the spine in the disc space b etween two adjacent vertebrae, said implant ha ving

1 Claim 24 depends from independent claim 1; claims 41, 42, and 57 depend from independent claim 35; and claim 61 is an independent claim.WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 6

a length that is greater than one half the tran sverse width of the vertebrae

, said length being substantially greater than the depth of the vertebrae, a height for contacting each of the two adja cent vertebrae, and a width that is at least as great as the height.
’973 patent, col

. 13 ll . 1–7 (line breaks added)

. NuVasive argues that the claim is anticipated and obvious in li ght of two prior art references: spinal implants used by su rgeon Dr. John Bra ntigan before the critical date and U.S. Patent No. 5,192,327 to Brantigan ( collectively, the “Brantigan references ”).

The district court construed the preamble of claim 35 not to be limiting, but nonetheless instructed the jury that “said implant” refers to “a spinal implant capable o f being inserted translaterally, ” and that “capable” should be given its plain meaning. See J.A. 206. We see no error in the court’s determi nation that the claims require lateral insertion, and NuVasive therefore fails to show its entitlement to a new trial on that issue

. Warsaw also presented substantial evidence to the jury distinguishing the ’973 patent from the Brantigan references. Warsaw argued that the Brantigan reference s

were not “capable” of lateral insertion because ( 1) the FDA ha d not approved the implant for lateral insertion, ( 2) the ridges, grooves, and tool holes of the Brantigan references suggested they w ere intended for ant erior or posterior insertion , not lateral insertion

, and ( 3) the lack of tapering or rounding on the Brantigan implant made it ill

- suited for lateral insertion. Because there was su bstantial evidence for the jury to conclude that the Brant igan references did not teach an implant capable of lateralWARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 7

insertion

, the jury was entitled to find that the Brantigan references did not anticipate or render obvious the asser ted claims of the ’973 patent

. NuVasive also argues that the asserted claims of the ’973 patent are indefinite because, given the relative nature of the claim limitations, one cannot know whether an implant infringes until it is selected for a particular patient. Under the Supreme Court’s decision in Nautilus, Inc. v. Biosig Instruments, Inc. , 134 S. Ct. 2120 (2014), a claim is indefinite if “viewed in light of the specification and prosecution history,” it does not “inform those skilled in the art about the scope of the invention with reason able clarity.” Id. at 21 29

. The relative nature of the claim does not itself make it indefinite , and NuVasive failed to establish, by clear and con vincing evidence, that human anatomy varies so significantly that reliance on the well

known dimensions of human vertebrae makes the claims indefi nite

. See Howmedicia Osteonics Corp. v. Tranquil Prospects, Ltd. , 401 F.3d 1367, 1371

– 73 (Fed. Cir. 2005). Indeed, the parties stipulated that “[t]he average dime nsions of the human vertebrae are well

- known, easily ascertainable, and well

- documented in t he literature.” J.A. 2882.

B. ’933 Patent Infringement
The ’933 patent is directed to instruments and met hods for minimally invasive tissue retraction during su rgery. It discloses a two

- pronged device in which each prong forms one

- half of a hollow cylin der. In combination, the two prongs form a working channel through the cylinder, through which the surgeon can pass instruments for spinal surgery. Neither prong is fixed

— both can be moved away from each other and pivoted to adjust theWARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 8

size of the channe l

. Although claim 1 is not asserted, one of the asserted claims depends from c laim 1, 2 and NuV asive appears to argue that the infringement of the asser ted claims turns on the infringement of claim 1. Claim 1 provides: A tissue retractor for percutaneous surgery in a patient, comprising:

a first portion having a proximal end and a distal end; and

a second portion having a proximal end and a di stal end, said second portion forming with said first portion a working channel in communication with an exterior o f said first and second portions at said proximal ends and said distal ends with said working channel being enclosed by said first po rtion and said second portion between said distal and proximal ends, wherein said working channel is enlargeable by lateral ly moving each of said first and second portions away from one another and pivoting each of said distal ends of said first and second portions away from one another such that only a portion of said working channel is e nclosed by s a id first and second porti ons. ’933 patent, col. 13 ll 32

– 48.

As NuVasive identifies, the accused product has three, not two, portions. Moreover, one of the portions is fixed

— incapable of lateral movement or pivoting. Thus, although NuVasive does not dispute that the other claim limitation s are met, NuVasive argues that the accused

2 Claim 21 depends from independent claim 1, claim 57 depends from independent claim 56, and claim 61 depends from independent claim 63.WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 9

device does not literally infringe the asserted claims of the ’933 patent because there are three, not two, prongs, and the third prong is not capable of lateral movement or pivoting

. Warsaw argues th at the jury did not err in finding infringement under the doctrine of equivalents. NuVasive disagrees.

Warsaw submitted substantial evidence that the di fferences between the accused device and the patent ed technology are insubstantial. For example, there are admissions by NuVasive’s own witnesses that a working channel enclosed by three prongs “i[s] the same working channel as with only two [prongs] ” and that “when the working channel is in the close d position, two and th ree [prongs] are equivalent.” J.A. 10735, 11755

– 56. Thus,

s ubstantial evidence exists to support a finding of i nfringement under the doctrine of equivalents because a jury could find that two enclosing prongs capable of lateral movement and pivoting was equivalent to three enclosing prongs, two of which were capable of lateral movement and pivoting

. 3

C. ’236 Patent Infringement
The ’236 patent is directed to a method for detecting the presence of and measuring the distance to a nerve

3 NuVasive argues that application of the doctrine of equivalents would result in claim vitiation. As we

recen t ly explained, vitiation is not a separate argument from insubstantiality. See Brilliant Instruments, Inc. v. GuideTech, LL C , 707 F.3d 1342, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“ ‘ Vitiation’ is not an exception to the doctrine of equiv alents, but instead a legal determination that the evidence is such that no reasonable jury could determine two elements to be equivalent.” (quoting Deere & C o. v. Bush Hog, LLC , 703 F.3d 1349, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2012)) ).WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 10

during surgery. Dur ing surgery, surgeons want to avoid contact with or damage to any nerves, as doing so could result in patient paralysis. The patented monitoring device sends a series of signals in increasing strength. When a nerve fires after receiving a signal, the dev ice can predict its proximity to the nearest nerve based on the signal strength most recently sent by the device. The farther away it is from a nerve, the stronger the signal must be to trigger a response. Claim 1 is representative. It provides:

A metho d for assessing the proximity of a spinal nerve relative to a distal end of at least one probe or surgical tool being introduced towards at least one of a lumbar region and thoracic region of a p atient's spine, said lumbar region and said thoracic region o f said spine having a ventral column and a dorsal column , said ventral column including a plurality of vertebral bodies and a plurality of i ntervertebral discs disposed in between said vert ebral bodies, said vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs each h aving an anterior a spect, a posterior aspect opposite from said anterior aspect, and a lateral aspect extending between said anterior and posterior aspects, said dorsal column including a plurality of bone elements e xtending from said vertebral bodies to form a sp inal canal that contains and protects the spinal chord, said spinal nerve exiting from said spinal canal and disposed generally parallel to a longit udinal axis of said spine along said lateral aspect, the method comprising: (a) emitting a stimulus signal from an electrode disposed on a probe or surgical tool as said probe or tool is introduced towards a lateral aspect of at least one of a vertebral body and an intervertebralWARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 11

disc of at least one of a lumbar region and thoracic region of a patient's spine; (b) electromyographically monitoring muscles coupled to said spinal nerve to determine if a pr edetermined neuromuscular response is elicited by the stimulus signal; (c) increasing the intensity level of said stimulus signal until said predetermined neuro

- muscular response is elicited by said stimulus pulse and stopping the emission of said stimulus signal i mmediately after said predetermined neuro

muscular response is detected; and (d) communicating to an operator said intensity level of said stimulus signal required to elicit said predetermined neuro

- muscular response, wherein said intensity level required to elicit said pred etermined neuro

- muscular response represents the proximity of said spinal n erve to said probe or surgical tool.
’236 patent, col

. 17 l

. 47

– col

. 18 l

. 6. The court construed “stimulus signal” to mean “an electrical signal for eliciting a neuromuscular response.” J.A. 208.
MSD argue s that its product, the NIM

- Eclipse, do es not infringe be cause, contrary to step (c), the NIM

- Eclipse does not “stop[] the e mission of said stimulus signal immediately after said predetermined neuromuscular response is detected.” ’236 patent, col. 17 ll

. 58

– 60. According to MSD, “stopping” requires t he termination of subsequent pulses, whereas the accused product conti nues to emit pulses, just at a lower level of power. MSD also argues that there is insufficient evidence to prove induced infringement.WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 12

NuVasive urges that t h e NIM

- Eclipse signal does “stop. ” According to NuVasive, a “signal ” is a series of increasing pulses. S ignal strength decreases when a neuromuscular response is elicited

. By decreasing the signal strength, the old signal terminate s and a new one begins

. This understanding is consistent with the claim construction presented to the jury. The district court def ined “stimulus signal” in functional terms, to mean “an electrical signal for eliciting a neuromuscular response.” J.A. 208. Thus, according to NuVasive and consisten t with the claim construction

, the old signal successfully elicited a response, and the decreased pulse is not part of the previous series of increasing pulses. Instead

, it is the first pulse of a new signal. This “restart” involves a stop followed by a start. There was substantial evidence to support a finding of infringement. Treating a “restart” as a type of stop was clearly envisioned by the claims. For example, dependent claims 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 all claim methods in which the method of claim 1 is repeated. And , NuVasive’s expert testified that a “stimulus signal,” which he interpreted to be a s eries of continually increasing pulses, stop ped after eliciting a response because the pulse strength dropped and the gradual in c rease in pulse strength started over. Additionally , NuVasive put forth enough evidence to support a jury finding o f induced infringement. There was evidence that MSD was aware of the patent prior to the litigation and that MSD specifically taught doctors to use the product during the surgical procedures in an infringing manner

. In rebuttal, MSD argues that interpreting the sto pping step in such a way is barred by the prosecution history, in which “stop” was added to overcome a prior art reference

. But, no construction of the “stop ping ” step wasWARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 13

presented to the jury, nor did Warsaw request a constru ction beyond its plain and ordinary meaning

. We have previously explained that, “ where the parties and the district court elect to provide the jury only with the claim language itself, and do not provide an interpretation of the language in the light of the specification and the

pr osecution history, it is too late at the JMOL stage to argue for or adopt a new and more detailed interpretation of the claim language and test the jury verdict by that new and more detailed interpretation. ” Hewlett

- Packard Co. v. Mustek Sys., Inc. , 340 F .3d 1314, 1321 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

II

. ’973 and ’933 Damages Issues
Having sustain ed the district court’s determinations with respect to liability under the three asserted patents,

we consider Warsaw ’s and NuVasive’s appeal s from the damages award s for the ’973 and ’933 patents. Warsaw does not appeal the denial of injunctive relief. Although Warsaw owns the ’933 and ’973 patents, it does not practice the patented technologies. Rather, it ( 1) licenses the technolog ies to related companies Medtronic Sofamor Danek Deggendorf, GmBH (“Deggendorf”) and Medtronic Puerto Rico Operations Co. (“M Proc”)

, which manufacture and sell the patented products to MSD and pay royalties to Warsaw on those sales and ( 2) manufa ctures “fixations,” 4 which it sells to MSD for prof it. MSD packages the fixations and the patented products together into medical kits, which it sells to hospitals and surgeons

.

4 “Fixations” are medical products such as surgical rods and screws that are used in connection with the patented devices during surgery.WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 14

Warsaw asserts it has three sources of income related to the patent ed technologies. First, it receives revenue from the sale of fixations to MSD , which it argues should be treated as convoyed sales ; second, it receives royalty payments from M Proc and Deggendorf; third, it receives
pay ments from MSD result ing from an inter

- company transfer pricing agreement

, which are characteri zed by Warsaw as “true

- up” payments

. At trial, Warsaw characterized all three sources of i ncome as representing potential lost profit s to Warsaw and sought to recover revenue decline s allegedly the result of infringement by NuVasive. Warsaw also sought to reco ver a reasonable royalty

. T he jury awarded Warsaw $101,196,000 in total damages

. The verdict form indica ted that the $101 million award was for “Lost Profit Da mages (with royalty remainder)” and provided royalty rates for each patent. I t is impos sible to determine from the verdict form what portion of the verdict is attributable to lost profit s and what portion is attributable to a reason able royalty, much less how much of the lost profit s portion is attributable to each of the three different rev enue streams. After trial, the district court denied Warsaw’s request for supplemental damages, and it set the ongoing royalty rate for the ’973 patent at 13.75% of sales of infringing implants and set the ongoing royalty rate for the ’933 patent at 8.25% of sales of infringing retractors. NuV asive challenges the award of lost profits. Warsaw cha llenges the district court’s refusal to award supplemental damages and the ongoing royalty rate. Our treatment of damages is guided by the statute, which provides in part: “the court shall award the clai mant damages adequate to compensate for infringement, but in no even t less than a reasonable royalty for the useWARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 15

made of the invention by the infringer.” 35 U.S.C. § 284. Our case law recognizes two measur es of damages: lost profit s and reasonabl e royalties. As we have previously explained: Through section 284, Congress sought to ensure that the patent owner would in fact receive full compensation for any damages he suffered as a result of the infringement . Damages is the amount of loss to a patentee. A patentee may seek to recover actual damages, usually, the amounts of profits actually lost, or if unable to prove actual damages, the patentee is entitled to a reasonable royalty. SmithKline Diagnostics, I nc. v. Helena Labs

. Corp. , 926 F.2d 1161, 1164 (Fed. Cir. 1991) ( internal quotation marks, citations omitted). At least with respect to any particular sale, a patentee is entitled to either a reasonable royalty or lost profits

— not both. See id. at 1164

. At oral argument, counsel for Warsaw admitted it was not entitled to both a reasonable royalty and lost profit s on a single sale, nor was it seeking both. Lost profits and reasonabl e royalties measure dama ges differently. Lost profit s as a measure of dam age s is intended to make the party whole

— to compensate the patent holder for profits lost as a result of the infring ement. I t is not solely a “but for” test. Rite

- Hite Corp. v. Kell e y Co., Inc. , 56 F.3d 1538, 1 546 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc).

A reasonabl e royalty, on the other hand, is intended to compensate the patentee for the value of what was taken from him

— the patented technology. See Aqua Shield v. Inter Pool Cover Team

, 774 F.3d 766

, 770 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (“The ‘value of what was taken’

— the value ofWARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 16

the use of the patented technology

— measures the roya lty.” ( quoting Dowagiac Mfg. Co. v Minn. Moline Plow Co.

, 235 U.S. 641, 648 (1915) )).

Under our case law a patentee may not claim, as its own damages, the lost profit s of a related company. See Poly

- America, L.P. v. GSE Lining Tech

. , Inc. , 383 F. 3d 1303, 1311 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (explaining that related companies “may not enjoy the advantages of their sep arate corporate structure and, at the same time, avoid the consequential limitations of that str ucture

— in this case, the inability of the patent holder to claim the lost profits of its non

- exclusive licen see ” ); s ee also Mars, Inc. v. Coin Acceptors, Inc. , 527 F.3d 1359, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (refusing to award “lost profits ” to the patent holder when its subsidiary corporation lost sales due to infringement ), mandate recall ed and amended on other grounds , 557 F.3d 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2009)

. Indeed, Warsaw admits it is not entitled to the lost profits of Deggendorf, M Proc, or MSD.

A. Convoyed Sales
NuVasive challenges treating decreases in revenue from the sale of fixations (e .g., rods and screws for holding the implant and vertebrae in place ) as “lost profits.” At trial, Warsaw’s damages expert testified that NuVasive’s infringement of the patented technologies resulted in Warsaw ’s making fewer sales of fixations to MSD, b ecause MSD itself lost sales of the patented medical kits as a result of NuVasive’ s infringement. The expert calcula ted that Warsaw lost $27.8 million in lost sales, $24.5 million of which was lost profit s (the remaining $3.3 million was recouped in cost savings). Such a claim is based on the theory that the sales were convoyed sales. A convoyed sale is a sale of a product that is not patented, but is sufficiently related to the patented product suchWARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 17

that the patentee may recover lost profits for lost sales. See Am. Seating Co. v. USSC Grp., Inc. , 514 F.3d 1262, 1268 (Fed. Cir. 2008). To be entitled to lost profits for convoyed sales, the r elated products (e.g., the fixations) must be functionally related to the patented product and losses must be re asonably foreseeable. See Rite

- Hite , 56 F.3d at 1546

– 50

. Being sold together merely for “ convenience or business advantage ” is not enough. Am. Seating , 514 F.3d at 1268. If the convoyed sale has a use independent of the paten ted device, that suggests a non

- functional relationship. See, e.g.

, DePuy Spine, Inc. v. Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. , 567 F.3d 131 4 , 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2009).
On appeal, NuVasive argues that the sale of fixat ions to MSD are not recoverable as “convoyed sales” because there is no functional relationship between the alleged convoyed sales and the patented products . That is, a ccording to NuVasive, the unpatented components “can be and are frequently used indepen dently of the patented implants and retractors.” NuVasive ’s Opening Br. 48. In rebuttal, Warsaw argues that these sales are recoverable as convoyed sales because the unpatented components are part of comprehensive medical kit s that “contain ever ything ne cessary for a fusion procedure.” Warsaw’s Reply Br. 48

. The fixations here are not convoyed sales recoverable as lost profits. Warsaw failed to prove a functional rel ationship necessary to support a jury verdict awarding lost profit s for convoyed sales

. Warsaw points to its marke ting material, in which it tout ed the kits’ “comprehensive set of instruments and implants including fully integrated neuromonitoring, streamlined access instrumentation, anatomically designed implants and percutaneous fix ation systems.” J.A. 20587. This does not establish aWARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 18

functional relationship. This is the precise sort of conve nience or business strategy excluded by American Seating

. See Am. Seating

, 514 F.3d at 1268 (“Our precedent has not extended liability to inc lude items that have essentia lly no functional relationship to the patented invention and that may have been sold with an infringing device only as a matter of convenience or business advantage.” (quoting Rite

- Hite , 56 F.3d at 1538 )). Warsaw never present ed testimony that the fixations it sold to MSD had no independent function

— that is, that they would not work as well in other surgeries not involving the patented technologies. Therefore, the district court erred in den ying NuVasive’s JMOL motion on this issue

. B. Royalty Payments from M Proc and Deggendorf NuVasive next challenges the inclusion of lost royalty payments from M Proc and Deggendorf in the lost profits award. At trial, Warsaw explained that, under its bus iness model, it would license the patented technolog ies to related companies such as Deggendorf and M Proc , who would manufacture the patented devices

. NuVasive’s infringement detrimentally affected those manufacturers’ sales, which in turn negatively affected the royalty pa yments they made to Warsaw. On appeal, NuVasive argues that Warsaw is effectiv ely claiming as “lost profits” the lost profits of its related companies. That is, that Deggendorf and M Proc are the companies actually harmed by NuVasive, and that by claiming “lost profits ,” Warsaw is seeking to recover the lost profit s of those companies. W arsaw recognizes that Poly

- America prohibits it from claiming its related co mpanies’ lost profits as its own, but it argues that it is not seeking damages that other companies suffered

. R ather, because those companies would remit money back to Warsaw, Warsaw argues it is asking for that money

— theWARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 19

money it would have received but

- for NuVasive’s i nfringement. To be entitled to lost profits, we have long recognized that the lost profits m ust come from the lost sales of a product or service the patentee itself was selling. As we explained in Rite

- Hite , “[n]ormally, if the patentee is not selling a product, by definition there can be no lost pro fits.” 56 F.3d at 1548. Similarly, in Poly -A merica we noted, “the patentee needs to have been selling some item, the profits of which have been lost due to infringing sales, in order to claim damages consisting of lost profits.” 383 F.3d at 1311. Here, there is a failure of proof and as a result t he revenue stream is not recoverable. 5

C. True

- Up Payments NuVasive’s final challenge is to the inclusion of the “true

- up” payments from MSD to Warsaw. At trial, Warsaw ’s accounting witness explained that Warsaw engages in various transactions with related companies throughout the year. But, those initial transactions do not necessarily reflect the fair market value of the product or service exchanged. To comply with relevant tax and accounting laws, a t ransfer pricing agreement is used to require those related companies to transfer funds back and forth to compensate each other for the fair market value of the property previously exchanged. The “true

- up” payments are post hoc transfers to ensure that War saw receives fair

- market

- value. The number is substantial; MSD remits back 9 5 % of the profit it made from the sale

5 Warsaw also argues that Warsaw, not its related manufa cturers , was the one that really made the sales because the manufacturers were nothing more than Warsaw’s contractual agents. The evidence does not support this characterization.WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 20

of patented technologies, and that accounts for the major ity of the total lost profit s requested by Warsaw. It is not immediately clear fro m Warsaw’s accounting witness’ testimony what the underlying transactions were that made the 9 5 % true

- up payments necessary. T he
true

- up payments from MSD to Warsaw appear to result from a variety of transactions. Some are for royalty payments, suggestin g an implied licensing agreement between MSD and Warsaw for the sale of various paten ted technologies. Others

, as suggested by spreadsheets in the record, are for other transactions

— for example, management fees or implied licenses on other patents. See J .A. 23556

– 637; see also Medtronic Sofamor Danek USA , Inc. v. Globus Med

. , Inc. , 637 F. Supp. 2d 290, 309 (E.D. Pa. 2009).
Warsaw apparently contends that the true

- up pa yments are recoverable because they contain, in part, royalty payments from MSD to Warsa w for sales of the patented products to surgeons and hospitals. B ut Wa rsaw makes no effort to distinguish what percentage of the
true

- ups was attributable to those payments as opposed to payments on unrelated transactions. Indeed, the transfer pricing policies indicate that the true

- ups are established
on a company

- by

- company, not a technology- by

technology or even a product

- by

- product, basis.

T he district court erred in denying JMOL as to these payments. J ust as the paym ents from M Proc and De ggendorf are not recoverable as lost profit, so too are the
true

- up payments not recoverable as lost profit.

D . Reasonable Royalty Our rejection of Warsaw’s claims for lost profit s does not mean that Warsaw is precluded from any reco very

. Warsaw is entitled to a reasonable royalty sufficient toWARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 21

compensate it for the value of what was taken from it

— the value of the patented technology. As we recently explained, a reasonable royalty compensates the owner not for the damage he suffered, but for the value of what was taken. See Aqua Shield

, 774 F.3d at 770 (“The ‘value of what was taken’

— the value of the use of the patented
te chnology

— measures the royalty.” ( quoting Dowagiac
, 235 U.S. at 648 )). Neither party argues it is possible to parse out and compute a reasonable royalty based on the jury verdict. Although the jury verdict did state a reaso nable royalty rate, it is not entirely clear the period for which that reasonable royalty was determined or whether the jury impermissibly rel ied on evidence not probative of the value of the patented technology. We therefore r emand for a new trial to determine a reasonable royalty on the patented technologies

. Evidence of a number of existing royalty agreements entered into at arms

- length can be evidence of the value of the patent. See Georgia

- Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Plywood Corp. , 318 F. Supp. 1116, 1120 (S.D.N.Y. 1970) (listing “[t]he royalties received by the patentee for the licensing of the patent in suit, proving or tendin g to prove an established royalty” as the first factor in determining a reasonable royalty); Monsanto Co. v. McFarling , 488 F.3d 973
, 978

– 79 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“An established royalty is usually the best measure of a ‘reasonable’ royalty for a given use of an invention because it removes the need to guess at the terms to which parties would hypothetically agree.”) . But, royalties paid by related parties have little probative value as to the patent’s value. See Allen A rchery, Inc. v. Browning Mfg. Co. , 898 F.2d 787, 790 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (rejecting agreements between related parties as establishing a royalty rate because the transactions
were not arms

- length).WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 22

Here, the parties are related. As we discussed above, the true

- up payments have no relevance to the calculation of the reasonable royalty because Warsaw made no effort to determine what percentage of these payments repr esented royalties for the asserted patents. At this jun cture, we do not decide whether royalty payments by Deggendorf and M Proc have any relevance in determi ning a reasonable royalty. 6 We leave that question to the district court on remand to determine in the trial proceedings

. 7

6 We note that Judge Shapiro in Medtronic Sofamor described the relationship between Warsaw and its rela ted companies as follows : Warsaw, the patentee, is entitled to royalties u nder its license agreements with [M Proc] and De ggendorf. Under those agreements, Warsaw receives royalties of 23% of net sales by the lice nsee. However, since [M Proc] and Deggendorf are corporate entities related to Warsaw, the royalty rates provided under the license agreements do not prove a royalty rate established by an arms

length transaction. There is no evidence that Warsaw licensed the patents to unrelated parties (although it retained the right to do so), so there is no established royalty rate for the patents in suit. This factor has no effect on the royalty rate.

637 F. Supp. 2d at 309

. 7 We note that it is established that the impact in the United States that granting a license might have on sales of the patented inventions by Warsaw’s related companies can be relevant to the hypothetical negotiation, even if the amounts of intercorporate transfers are not.WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 23

E. Supplemental Damages
Warsaw challenges the district court’s denial of su pplemental damages. Discovery closed in June of 2010, but the jury did not render its verdict until September of 2011. Neither the court’s instructions nor the verdict form specified the period of infringement during which the jury should award damages. The district court h eld that whether damages for the gap period were awarded was within the province of the jury . Because the court lacked “critical information about the jury’s calculations, the court would

. . . be unable to formulate a suppl ement[al] damages award that would be consistent with the jury’s verdict.” J.A. 30259. Any attempt to do so, the court explained, “would be an improper invasion of the provi [] nce of the jury.” Id

. Warsaw contends on appeal that the district court erred in not awarding supplemental d amages.
We need not resolve this issue because, as noted above, we are remanding for a new trial on damages. At the new trial, Warsaw may appropriately assert a claim for supplemental damages limited to a reasonable royalty

. But, the time period of the claim must be presented to the jury with clarity so as to avoid the ambiguity that existed at the first trial. The jury instruction and jury verdict form s should make clear the period for which the jury is supposed to determine damages. If that period en ds before the date of the jury verdict, the district court may award supplemental damages in light of that gap period.

See Union Carbide Chems. & Plastics Tech. Corp. v. Shell Oil Co. , 425 F.3d 1366, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2005), overruled on other grounds

, Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. v. St. Jude Med., Inc.
, 576 F.3d 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (en banc)

.WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC , INC

. v. NUVASIVE , INC

. 24

F. Ongoing Royalty
Finally, Warsaw challenges the district court’s dete rmination of an ongoing royalty. Warsaw argues that the award is too low because it does not fully compensate Warsaw for lost profits, fails to account for the fact that validity and infringement must be assumed when dete rmining ongoing r oyalties, and fails to account for the fact that some kits were used multiple ti mes, thus resulting in multiple acts of infringement of the method claims

. NuVasive argues that that the ongoing royalty determ ination should be redone because it includes a lost profit s component

. Because the ongoing royalty impermissibl y includes a los t profit s component, we vacate the award and remand for the district court to determine an appr opriate ongo ing royalty rate in light of this opinion and the jury verdict after a new trial

. C ONCLUSION We affirm the district court with respect to invalidity and infringement for the ’973, ’933, and ’236 patents. We
vacate Warsaw’s damages award and remand for a new trial on damages consistent with this opinion. At the new trial, Warsaw will be limited to a reasonable royalty and
cannot recover lost profit s.
AFFIRMED

- IN

- PART, VACATED

- IN

- PART, AND REMANDED

- IN

- PART

C OSTS Costs to neither party

.