According to the same source, in this phase the machine shop will also serve
as a training and instruction center for skilled workers to serve the machine
shops which should later be installed in the other two regions of the country.
Thus, HIDROMOC is working to begin training these workers immediately.

The unassembled electric pumps will be imported from Denmark, within the existing
cooperation accord. ‘The company spokesman said that these electric pumps will
be of the Gruding type. A test run conducted even before the machine shop was
inaugurated spoke well for the level of technical training and use of the
installed capacity; however, the informant did not say how many electric pumps
can be assembled on a daily average. "The number will depend on the volume

of orders we receive when we begin to operate in earnest," he said.

6362
CSO: 3442/53

55



MONEY-LOSING RAILWAYS SUPPLYING CARS TO EXPATRIATE STAFF

Harare THE HERALD in English 20 Oct 84 p 5

[Text]

cso:

BULAWAYO.
‘HE railways has con-
firmed it is supplying
cars to its expatriate
tad.

staff.
In reply to questions
from the Chronicle seek-
ing confirmation that the
railways, which is run-
ning at a loss of $70 mil-
Mon, fhad in fact pur-
chased a fleet of cars for
triate workers, an
spokesman said:
“There is no truth what-
soever in this statement.
“We are supplying cars
under a contract agree-
ment to technical instruc-
tors who have arrived
here to assist in the rail-
way training school, but
they are ‘being supplied
with cars for their per-
wonal use from the rail-
‘way pool forthe duration

3400/163

of their two-year con-
tract.”

The spokesman said
the vehicles were the
property of the company
and the expatriates pro-
vided their own fuel.

‘The Minister of Fin-
ance, Economic Planning
and Development, Cde
Be Chidzero, © re-
cently called on the com-
pany, among. other
money-losing tals,

sto take immediate and

effective steps to maxi-
mise revenue and mini-
mise costs,

The vehicles supplied
to the ‘expatriates looked
‘brand new. Théy includ-
ed Nissan Pulsars and
Bluebirds,

Tegela . flats .on the
airport road, where
apparently most of the

119

expatriates are accom-
modated, were. refurnish-
ed snd supplied with
furniture at the expense
of the railways, accord-

ing to railway sources at -

the flats,

On Wednesday the
Chronicle ‘was informed
by a railways spokesman
that although the ques-
tions had .been received
by the railway public re-
lations office, they had
stil not reached the
department concerned,

The railways public re-
lations office , the
spokesman aid, . sent
another copy to . the
@epartment in question
and: answers would be
ready by ‘Thursdays
afternoon. They were still
not ready by then, :

ZIMBABWE



5,000 REFUGEES RECEIVE POLITICAL ASYLUM

Gaborone BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS in English 29 Oct 84 p 3

bas today granted
some § 000 re
from Angola, Lesotho, M
Mozambique, Namibia, South
Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Refugees are one of the greatest
human tragedies of our time.
There are today over 10 million
refugees in the world. Nearly 5
million of them live in Africa
lone.

The UN General Assembly
established the United Nations
High Commissioner for refugees
with the te to protect
refugees and to seck permanent
solutions to their problems. It is
generally, accepted that granting
of asylum is a humanitarian and
non-politcal act.

Unlike ordinary aliens, refugees
cannot return to thelr countries
of origin as long as the cir-
cumstances which made them to
flee still persist. Quite often,
refugees need protection from
their countries of origin. For this
reason the status of refugees In
asylum countries Is regulated by
special legal regime, established
in the 1951 UN Refugee
Convention, as modified by the
1967 Refugee Protocol. Botswana
is a party to both intruments.
Botswana is also » signatory to
the 1969 OAU Refugee
Convention which represents an
attempt to solve the African
refugee problem in a regional
context,

The primary function of
UNHCR in Botswana, as in all
other countries of the world, is
International protection of
refugees. In exercising this
function, UNHCR ensures, inter

CSO: 3400/186

alia,

ethat all refugees and
asylum-seekers are protected
from being deported to thelr
country of origin (non-

that the status of all persons
claiming to be refugees Is
properly determined.

@that there is no abusive
detention of refug
@that the relevant inter-
national Instruments are
effectively implemented at
national
e@that far as possible
refugees should be treated
like Batswana insofar as
economic and social rights
are concerned.

UNHCR's activities in
Botswana Include also
provision of material assitance
to refugees. Through the
Botswana Council for
Refugees UNHCR provides
to the refugees direct financial
assistance, such as
supplementary allowance,
funds for small-scale self-
employment projects,
secondary, vocational and
university scholarships.

Tota! UNHCR direct
assistance In 1983 amounted
to US dollars 649 358; the
expenditure for 1984 Is
expected to climb to US
dollars 1 220 500. Inaddition
UNHCR makes the largest
construction to the Dukwi
Refugees Settlement. UNHCR
‘scontribution in 1983 totalled
US dollars 534 299. The figure
for 1984 Is expected to rise to

21

BOTSWANA

US dollars 934 500.

The presence of refugees
here hi imposed some
burden on Botswana. In
response to this UNHCR has
built Infrastures from which
both refugees and Batswana
benefit. The Dukwi Settlement
Clinic, primary school and
education resource centre are
open to refugees as well as
Batswana. In addition UNHCR
funded the construction of
Lotsane, Palapye and
Moshupa secondary schools
ata total cost of US $443 409.

In an effort to alleviate the
impact of the drought UNHCR
this year made avallable under
the Dukwi Settlement project
further US $140 000 for
exploration of additional
water resources. When

the neighbouring village of
Mosetse, which now depends
entirely on Dukw! for water.

In July 1984 Botswana
participated in the
International Conference on
Assistance to African
Refugees (ICARAII) held in
Geneva to raise funds to assist
countries burdened by the
presence of refugees.
Botswana is expected to
receive some assistance trom
ICARA Hl.

UNHCR's functions In

Botswana are basicallyinthe |

context of the presence of
refugees here. However, its
progr mes benefit
Batswana also.



NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
(] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

PROCUREMENT OF PUBLICATIONS

JPRS publications may be ordered from the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. In order-
ing, it is recommended that the JPRS number, title, date and
author, if applicable, of publication be cited.

Current JPRS publications are announced in Government Reports
Announcements issued semi-monthly by the National Technical
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Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe. Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.



POTENTIAL OF NATIONAL SILK INDUSTRY

Harare THE HERALD in English 25 Oct ‘84 p 13

[Text]

cso:

3400/163

ZIMBABWE may in future have
its own silk industry. Officials
of several ministries are in-
vestigating the feasibility of
establishing silk production in
the country.

Mr D. Mahadevappa, United
Nations Food and Agriculture
Organisation expert of the Asian
Institute of Rural Development
in India, came to Zimbabwe in
June to carry out a pre-feasibi-
lity study on the subject.

He visited Seke communal
lands, Mutare and Chiredzi to
examine huts and mulberry trees
as he looked for a suitable en-
vironment for a pilot silk pro-
ject.

During the last 15 years silk
has. been” produced in ‘Zimbabwe
but only as a hobby. In futuro,
however, it could become a cot-
tage industry benefiting many,
especially those in ‘the vural
areas.

Because silk production 1s
complex, it requires intensive
labour and producers must know
the techniques before they begin.

“This means training courset

necessary,” @ vernmen'
spokesman said. Zimbabwe will
also need experts who can
identify diseases in the egg
worms, mulberry leaves and
filaments and counter them,

Jong to reach @ decision on the
issue of silk production, the
spokesman sald: ‘Ihe Govern-
ment must first find out if the

115

masses are ready to accept silk
tor national consumption, Estab-
lishing the industry also depends
‘en the Government's priorities
and. funding.”

A hectare of mulberry trees
gona. yield about $300 in silk in

ys.
When asked whether the in-

Mtero,

the Ministry of Community
Development and Women’s Af-
fairs replied: “I believe the silk
industry can generate good in-
come for women and for schools.
It Is a cottage industry, sultablo
for rural women, who could tend
the silkworms and do their
chores indoors.”

Cde Mtero added that the
waste of silkworms could be
used ns fertiliser, while mutbe1
leaves could be useful for fal
tening cattle.

On his return to India Mr
Mahadevappa submitted fhis re-
port to the Zimbabwe Govern-
ment. This is now being studied
by the ministries of Lands, Ro-
settlement ang Rural Develop-

Officials are due to meet,
shortly to decifie on the future
of the silk industry, If this in-
dustry is established, what used
to be a small-scale hobby could
welt become the economic base
of mngny rural families. -

ZIMBABWE


provisions. We broke into the shops, entered and started throwing all the
bags and other goods outside. Then we burned the shops. Next, we went to
a textile shop, took everything and burned the shops. We went to establish
a base in an area called 'Eleven,' and from then on we said that now all we
wanted was soldiers."

"Do you mean that, up until then, you had been killing civilians?" To this
question, from a foreign reporter present there, Alberto Macamo replied:

"Well, we killed the civilians who were in the habit of singing certain songs;
for example, those songs that say ‘let's kill the bandits,’ 'the heads of
the matsangas [armed bandits] are full of matequenha [obscenity] and others.
It was those civilians that we killed. Then when we decided to start attack-
ing soldiers, we carried out a first operation near the border, where there
was more than one battalion. There, we cleaned out everyone with the mortar
and the bazooka, and others escaped. Then we took on a large number of
weapons."

Upon reaching this part of his account, Alberto Macamo put his eyes out of
focus, seeming to be reliving the incidents.

"We later went to the town of Catandica. There, we held a battle at 0200
hours in the morning. The soldiers were asleep. They were easily defeated,
and we took many weapons, including a cannon and mortar. The other operation
was in Morunguze; it was at 2300 hours at night. Our medicine man went in
the lead. We kept firing for 3 days and on the fourth day we were finished."

Espionage Course in South Africa

Alberto Macamo claims: "When we reached the base, there was a selection of the
best, among whom I was also included. We were taken to South Africa; we, were
there in August 1979. We flew by helicopter to Nelspruit. When we arrived
there, they lodged us in a barracks. They said that we were going to be
trained as security and espionage agents. When the course was concluded, 50
of us were chosen to return to Mozambique on a spying mission. I was among
the 10 who went to the city of Maputo. They gave us a large amount of money
with which to pay our expenses everywhere."

Every one of the agents sent to Mozambique departed alone, so as to avoid
suspicions . on the part of our country's authorities. Forged documents were
provided to then.

"I boarded the train in Nelspruit and went to Pretoria. There, instead of
using the forged documents that had been given to me, I went to immigration
and said that I was a Mozambican miner and wanted to return to my country.
They asked me which company I was associated with, and since I knew South
Africa well, because I had worked there from 1969 to 1973, I said that it
was one of the companies for which I had worked. They looked at the papers
and found my name. Then they gave me a guidebook and affixed the stamp. I
boarded’ the. train and, when I reached Ressano Garcia, I took 30 contos in

64



NIGERIA

MILITARY URGED NOT TO RUSH TO HAND POWER TO CIVILIANS
Lagos DAILY TIMES in English 3 Oct 84 p 32

[Text] THE military has been urged not to allow itself to be rushed into hand-
ing over power to civilians.

The Chairman of the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Dr. Babatunde Jose,
made the plea yesterday at a public lecture he delivered in Lagos.

Dr. Jose said that the military should first rescue the nation from the "drown-
ing stage" it found it last December 31.

The NTA chairman said that the last military government, headed by retired
General Olusegun Obasanjo, "rushed itselt, most honourably, only to fulfil its
promised deadline."

He added that the military government must however show exemplary leadership as
managers of the country's affairs and also set measurable standard of perform-
ance for every level.

Dr. Jose advised that in future, local government council should be made to
serve as electoral colleges to state and National Assembly as an initial stage
to full legislation.

The NTA chairman further declared that in the attempt to re-structure the econ-
omy "some victims might be bruised here and there" adding that the most impor-
tant thing is for the nation to come out alive.

Siad he, "We must reconcile ourselves to a military-controlled government for
many years to come, and ultimately, elected government.

He said "We extol the end and ignored the means. Professionals are competing
with building contractors, traders and commision agents".

The NTA chairman said that Nigeria has human and financial resources but could
not produce better result due to bad managers.

Alhaji Jose said despite the failures, the nation still had a lot to be proud of.

75



Everything was in place at 10 a.m. on the
parking lot of Colonel Coulibaly’s transport
and liaison air wing. The sound system was
set up, the specialists manning their stations
with only one slight worry: the sky was
suddenly clouding up. A few moments
before the authorities began to arrive, a
deluge flooded the airstrip. The equipment
was quickly stowed in the nearest hangar
and the static presentation went on as best it
could before the Defence, Navy and Internal
Security ministers, along with the French
ambassador, the armed forces chiefs of staff
and a number of high-ranking officers.

As the rain let up a bit, the flight
Presentation got under way. Everyone was
astonished by the maneuvers flown with
considerable expertise by Mr. Yoh under
conditions that were somewhat less than
ideal.

The second week of flights in Africa thus
came to a close and we prepared for the
departure for Togo along with the
Aérospatiale team and the French Air Force
crew led by Commander Seintourens.

On April 1 the stay in Togo drew to a close
after severals days of flight evaluations at
Niamtougou, 400 km to the north of Lome.
Here, the Togolese air group, equipped with
Alphajets, is awaiting the replacement of its
Fougas with Epsilons. This will give them a
training plan ide | to that of the French
Air Force.

Since the beginning of the tour through
West Africa some 45 sorties had been flown
without the least hitch. The flights included
‘stunts, tightly flown patterns, spins, low-
altitude navigation and firing of rockets and
cartridge launchers, one after the other at all
the airfields visited, without a single
incident. This clearly demonstrated the
plane's reliability and its ability to fly a wide
range of missions. The accuracy of the firing
passes flown at Dodji, Bouake and
Niamtougou clearly underscored the
Epsilon’s possibilities as a fire support
aircraft. The rapidity with which the
armament could be deployed was also
continually shown: it took only 30 minutes to
mount the weaponry — machine gun pods,
cartridge launchers or rocket launchers —
and not more than five minutes for
disassembly.

Once ready, the aircraft took off using its
own battery power, which makes it totally
autonomous. The Epsilon no. 3 shown in
Africa carried radionavigation equipment
specially adapted for use in the territories
visited. Two VOR-DME units with ILS
replaced the VOR and the TACAN on the
standard version, 2 VHF units being used for

11

radio links. An additional fan provided extra
resistance to the high temperatures, which
often reached 35° at midday.

Our next stop was Nigeria and the city of
Kaduna, in the north of this vast country of
100 million inhabitants, twice as large as
France. The Nigerian Air Force, equipped
with MiGs, Alphajets and soon Jaguars,
trains its pilots on Bulldogs, backed by L-29s
or Dornier 27s. The Epsilon could thus be
used to replace the older Bulldogs, providing
complete basic training in every aspect of
flight at the lowest possible cost.

Cost is of course a determinant factor
when available resources provide only a
limited budget for the acquisition of new-
generation trainers.

The Epsilon and its Nord-2501 escort were
off for Douala on Friday, April 6, in
Cameroon. In mid-flight we received some
rather alarming information: «All the
airports are closed in Cameroon». We later
learned of an attempted coup that had taken
place. Our detour took us to Calabar, where
our mission intrigued the security officials to
such a point that we were very courteously
detained at the airport and then at city hall
until the next day, when we were given the
green light to head for Libreville (Gabon).

The programme scheduled for Libreville
left little breathing room for the technical
team. There were to be 11 evaluation flights,
attended by the country’s secretary general
for defence and the commander in chief of
the presidential guard. The trials showed the
wide range of possibilities offered by the
Epsilon for the future basic training of
Gabonese pilots. After this round of
demonstrations, the tour headed south for
Brazzaville (Congo). Congo's highest military
authorities watched a flawless presentation
by Mr. Lelaie. Here again, the economic
solutions provided by the plane attracted
keen interest. Whether for preparing pilot
trainees to take the controls of an Alphajet or
of a MiG, the overall cost of this important
intermediate phase constitutes the essential
decision-making element in the eyes of
those in charge of training programmes.

The last day in the Congo was spent at the
firing range, in the valleys that cut through
the Bateke plateau. As soon as the first
cartridges exploded the savannah caught
fire and we were a bit worried as the flames
began to spread — not so our Congolese
hosts, who were used to this sort of thing
happening. The rockets fired at a vertical axis
to the onlookers scored two direct hits.

On April 20 the Epsilon headed for Zaire.
Even though we had only two days for the
presentations, the Epsilon kept up its
intensive aerial pace, starting at the N’Djili



stability of life, after the military victories by our armed forces over the
armed bands, but he gave us a general picture of the situation, At this time, -
the province is one of those which are, in effect, already starting a new life.
Those heroic people, who have been at war since the colonial era and who so
courageously faced the aggression of Ian Smith's military scum and then the
armed bandits, are now determined to rebuild their lives. There is already
evidence of this in the amount of food they are producing, despite the drought.
Their major wealth at the moment, wood, is transported in huge trucks or by
train to other parts of thecountry.

From Chimoio to Manica, the traveler's eyes are filled with the pastoral beauty
of the region. There is a very good highway and the trip was comfortable. As
soon as we got to Manica, we asked for Antonio Valgode. "He went by just now.
He is at the wine factory," they told us without hesitation.

Antonio Almeida Valgode, 70 years old and looking less than 20, is am extremely
popular man. In the little town of Manica, everyone seems always to know where
he is; they areaided by the racket of his ancient jeep, which is on the move
all day long and which knows every corner of the neighboring mountains.

Valgode built the factory which bottles the very pure "Aguas do Vumba" spring
water and soft drinks. He also got into the cultivation of grapes and set up
awine and spirits factory which is:a model of cleanliness and organization.

With all the grapes, from which he produces the "Iions' Tears" brandy and several
other types of wine and bagasse, the presses and the still never stop at the
“Quinta do Couco." We sampled various qualities of this product and can guaran-
tee that it is very good "booze." One of the vats is sealed and rio one messes
with it.

“We are saving this wine for when our president comes to visit," Valgoda said,
adding: "On that day we are going to have the biggest party ever seen in Manica."

This Mozambican has been living in Manica since 1958 and everything he does,

everything he says, shows an enormous love, not only for his country but par-
ticularly for this region which he adopted and into which he has put so much

effort and dedication.

"There are a lot of problems but, with good will, they will all be solved.
I must say one thing: the local structures have made everything available to
me. If they don't do more, it's only because they can't," he said.

It is in this spirit that he recently built a cafeteria for the workers, He

did not trouble himself about the inexistence of stoves and ovens. He worked
out designs and, under his direction, everything was manufactured in the work~
shops of the “Aguas de Vumba." With very little consumption of wood, which

is extremely plentiful in the province, all the equipment works perfectly and
with no smoking. He built the boiler for the still the same way, using scrap
metal from a truck, to distill the excellent spirits which are produced there.

70



CAMEROON

BRIEFS

SHIPPING FLEET INCREASES--The launching recently of two new ships, the Cam
Bilinga and the Cam Ebene has increased the fleet of the Cameroon Shipping Lines
to six. The ships were built by the French shipyard Chantiers de 1'Atlantique
and are of the combo type. The new ships are to operate on the line's Douala-
West European routes, where they replace two vessels chartered from Palm Lines
of London. Cameroon Shipping Lines services to other regions are carried out
through space charter agreements with Lloyd Triestino, Linea Transmare (Italian),
Mitsui, OSK Line (Japanese), Keller Lines (Swiss) and Farrel and Delta Lines of
the US, although in the last two implementation of the agreements is still pend-
ing. [Text] [Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL in English No 49, Sep 84 pp 32-33]

POLICE OPERATIONS--The Cameroonian police and gendarmerie who have now replaced
the army in most control operations since an abortive coup April 6, seem to have
opted for "on the spot" operations rather than systematic controls. The barri-
ers set up by the police have been reduced in number and are only in force at
night. The checks being made are also noticeably less strict than in the first
few weeks following the coup attempt. The deployment of police during the day
is the same now at it was before the Republican Guard rebelled and police and
gendarmes make random identity checks with a certain amount of nonchalance. As
if to make up for this the forces of order sometimes make systematic searches
of a district or a block of houses. When this happens there are classic scenes
of police cordoning off areas, all houses being searched and all the inhabitants
checked. A policeman explained: "Our enemies have not disarmed. If they no
longer have the means to mount large-scale actions, they can still manage iso-
lated acts of provocation." [Text][Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL in English

No 49, Sep 84 p 33]

CsO: 3400/104

28



TERRY-LLOYD MARINE LIFT INAUGURATED
Johannesburg PARATUS in English Oct
[Article by Pte P, N. John]

[Text] HE official opening of the
latest docking installation, a
Marine Lift, to the Naval
Dockyard on Salisbury Is-

land, Durban, took place on 31

August 1984.

The Officer Commanding Naval Logis-
tc Command, Care NF. Wise. explained
that the bringing of the Marine Lift into
service on Salisbury Island. markea the
end of the first phase of the South African
Navy's second full scale occupation of
the Island

Salisbury sland base was built 40
years ago as a last ditch Indian Ocean
Stand against the advancing enemy.
Although the SA Navy then first occupied
the island, the tide of the war changed
and it was never used in a combat
capacity.

The second phase of the Navy's
present occupation and modernisation of
the island will be the further development
of personnel accommodation

“A dockyard is not a dockyard in the
true sense of the word unless it is able to
dock warships, either in a planned
manner or in an emergency, said Capt
JAW Dart, OC Naval Dockyard Durban,
at the inauguration ceremony of the
Marine Lift

HE construction of this shiplift began

in 1980 and by October 1983 it was in
operational service. It 1s the SA Navy's
second shiplift. the other being in service
tn Simon's Town, and it is the fourth one
in South Africa

The basic principle and description of
a shiplift is simple and can be equated to
a large elevator which can be lowered

into the water and have a ship positioned |

over it. The elevator platform and the ship
can then be lifted vertically to the ground

SOUTH AFRICA

84 p 48

99

level of the shipyard. The platform
Supports the ship by means of a transfer
cradle. When the elevator platform has
reached the level of the shipyard, the
transfer cradle holding’ the ship in
Position, is moved on tracks to a marked
inspection and repair area.

The transfer of the cradle to this area
is by means of two steel cables which get
attached to the cradle and are then used
in pulling it to the desired docking
Position. This also enables the lift plat-
form to carry out further ship docking
onto the remainder on the shipyard if
necessary

The extent of the repair work carried
out to the vessel could not take place if
the ship was in the water. The vessel's
hull, shafts, rudders and propellers are
inspected for damage. It is then repaired
and repainted and other equipment is
examined too.

HIEF of the Navy, V Adm A.P. Putter,
explained in his speech at the

ceremony that the expansion and
strengthening of the Navy with the
addition of the Strike Craft Flotilla, and
the decision to base these craft in
Ourban, has led to significant changes in
the shape and size of the Naval Base at
Salisbury Istand. Both Operational Head-
quarters and maintenance facilities had
to be provided for the Strike Craft Flotilla
on the island ~

“The Marine Lift has given Naval
Dockyard Durban a much needed facility,
not only to dock SA Navy vessels close to
the Naval workshops, but also to dock
more than one vessel at a time. This now
enables the dockyard to give full engi-
neering support to our Strike Craft,” said
V Adm Putter.

The strengthening of the SA Navy's
Capabilities can no doubt have been due |
to the positive contribution made by the |



dele Ngolo (public works and construction), Gabriel
Oba Apounou (youth and sports), and presidential
cabinet director, Aimé-Emmanuel Yoka. The Braz-
zaville mayor’s office is full of Mbochi henchmen.
The president’s brother, Maurice Sassou-Nguesso, is
political commissar at the state oil company, Hydro-
Congo, which is responsible for almost 90% of
all exports. Uncle Jean-Marie Ewengué was. named
ambassador to France, where the military attaché is
cousin Capt. Ibarra. They keep a close eye on
opposition movements there.

Ideologically Sassou-Nguesso has allied himself
with M-22 against.the pro-Soviet Impfondo group.
M-22, which only a decade ago fought the regime
in open guerrilla warfare, has gradually softened
its line. The president rehabilitated leading M-22
personalities starting 1980 and has since made them
and his family the backbone. of his. regime. Camille
Bongou, head of the PCT permanent secretariat
and M-22 strongman. (even though he comes from
Impfondo), is now clearly the number two man of
the regime. Other senior M-22 cadre in ruling spheres
are Ambroise Noumazalage, Bernard Combo Mat-
siona, Joseph Elenga Ngaporo, Benoit Moundele

_ Ngollo and Jean-Jules Okbando, the newly-appo-
inted mayor of Brazzaville.

Although M-22 is one of the rare pan-tribal politi-
cal formations in the Congo, it is clearly dominated
by northerners, including members of the presiden-
tial family. In spite of their ideological penchant for
Marxism, northern M-22 activists want state power

CSO: 3400/166

35

to remain firmly in their. region’s hands. Southern
M-22 members, like Ndalla Graille, have been strip-
ped of power, or, like Célestin Goma-Foutou, rele-
gated to minor posts. Sassou-Nguesso obviously
reckons that he can control M-22 ambitions, even
destroy it if necessary. He is probably over-confid-
ent. M-22 is influential in the youth movement and
in the junior ranks of the armed forces. |
A problem likely to crop up in the near future is
the fate of Sassou-Nguesso’s deposed predecessor,
Joachim Yohombi- Opango..Never brought to trial,
he remains under house arrest. The PCT congress
passed the matter to the new political bureau. We
understand that Yhombi-Opango might be released
at the annual PCT celebrations at the end. of the

year @

Footnotes:

1. The 1 member permanent PCT secretariat’ is composed of
Camille Bongou (party organisation), Jean-Michel Bakamba-
Yangouma (mass organisations), Pierre Nzé M’ba (ideology
and political education), Célestin Goma-Foutou (ideology),
Daniel: Abibi (educational), Jean-Jacques Nicolas Mvouen
(press and propaganda), Pierre Moussa (economy and plan-
ning), Clement Mierassa (economic management), Alphonse
Pouissou Poati (land and agrarian reform), Norbert Dabera
(armed forces) and Jean-Francois Obembé (PCT schools).
Soviet influence is mainly confined to the armed forces. The
airforce is composed of Mig 21 and 23 jet fighters and all
heavy weapons are of Eastern bloc origin. Congolese officers
are trained in Soviet military academies. About 100 Soviet
officers are stationed in the Congo, as are Cuban and East
German military advisers. The internal security forces are also
in Soviet hands. Trade between Brazzaville and Moscow is
insignificant: around 3% of total Congolese trade.

x



MOZAMBIQUE

FORMER BANDITS RECOUNT CAREER EXPERIENCES IN MNR
Emigrant Recruited in Swaziland
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 20 Oct 84 p 8

[Text] Several Mozambican emigrants who had been working on a sugar-cane
plantation in Swaziland were recruited forcefully by armed bandits and taken
into Mozaribique, for the purpose of engaging in acts of destruction, destabi-
lization and dissemination of an atmosphere of terror. This disclosure was
made by Castelo Nguila, who was introduced as one of the Mozambican emigrants
that fell into the hands of the armed bandits.and was finally captured by the
FAM/FPLM in national territory. According to Castelo Nguila, who made these
‘statements at a meeting with native and foreign reporters in Maputo, the armed
bandits entered Swaziland starting in January of this year, and started recruit-
ing Mozambicans in June.

Castelo Nguila, 51. years of age, exhibited extreme nevervousness when he was
brought into the presence of the reporters. He is a native of Inhambane,
which he left many years ago to settle in Maputo, in the Maxaquene District.
He appears to be shy and speaks haltingly. On occasion he succumbs to a
contradiction.

"But when I arrived there, I didn't like the working conditions that I found.
Before the contract was terminated, I managed to move to Swaziland, where I
found employment’ on a sugar-cane plantation belonging to a South African
farmer," relates Castelo Nguila.

These events occurred as early as 1981. Later, as a result of his job, he
procured his own residence in a rural section next to the farm on which he
was working; and this enabled him to send for his wife and children.

The Recruitment

"I lived with my family all these years without any problems. But, in January
of this year, we started seeing many armed individuals moving about close to
our homes. Since they never interfered with us, we were not concerned. But,
at the end of May, Some collaborators of the ieddér' of ‘our section showed up
on our plantation, ‘to ask the names of all the Mozambicans who were working

60



GUNT Troops "Demoralized"

Only the most important officers, like Issa Koua, were exempt from passes
(which would explain his flight). The Libyan staff, he explains, looks down
on the Chadian officers, for they "only need auxiliaries." The GUNT troops
are "morally very low-spirited," they “have nothing to eat," and the Libyans
distribute fuel to them only sparingly. As to the "Islamic legion," Issa Koua
affirms that itis not present in Fada, but "on the point of moving" in the
Tibesti bases, at Bardai, Zouar and Kirdimi.

Will Issa Koua have any scruples in the future about killing the men with whom
he fought the FANT? Not.at all! "I came to fight the Libyans and all those
who help them." In any case, he states, many GUNT fighters are preparing to
follow his example. Issa Koua will very quickly find a command again in the
ranks of the FANT. A little surprised in spite of everything by the "hearty"
welcome he received, he had prepared his business well: he decided to defect
only after having received guarantees--in writing--of his life on the part of
the Chadian Government. On Friday morning, 12 October, in the airplane which
brought him from Biltine to Ndjamena, Issa Koua, reassured as to his fate, had
regained all his arrogance. At his waist, he carried his pistol and in his
hand, he held a briefcase stuffed with documents. The Chadians certainly in-
tend to exploit his defection to the utmost. His testimony will be broadcast
over the radio.

"\ defector?" A traitor to his former comrades? A repentant patriot? A
fantasizer or deceiver? In any case, Issa Koua is a strange character.

9434
cso: 3419/100

31



"In 1976, I was arrested by the PIC [Criminal Investigation Police] and sent
to the Gorongosa Reeducation Center in Sofala. I was later transferred to the
Sacuzi Reeducation Center in Manica, where I remained until 1978. One Satur-
day, Minister Marcelino dos Santos showed up at our. center and, after a long
visit, held a meeting with us, claiming that many of us were already fit to
be rejoined with the society, The next day, Sunday, five helicopters appear-
ed, flying over our center. Meanwhile, on the ground, over 100 soldiers had
surrounded the premises where we were located. At one point, a whistle sound
was given identical to the one used at the center for a general assembly.

All of us came to a halt."

As Alberto Macamo explained, the general idea when that whistle sounded was
that the soldiers had already arrived who would restore our freedom, based
on the statements. made by Marcelino dos Santos.

Macamo continued:"When we reached the site where the whistle had sounded,

one of those surrounding the center ordered our commander to come forward

and when he did so he was the first to be hit on the head with a hammer. Then
there was a great uproar, with the men firing at us, and hitting many. police-
men from our center. Meanwhile, the helicopters landed and four individuals,
all with long black hair,got out of them. They ordered us to take off our
regulation black shirts and to board the helicopters, which took off soon
afterwards."

The Training

According to Alberto Macambo's claim, many reeducated individuals were abduct-
ed, including some wives of the center's policemen. The five aircraft headed
for Mutara, in Salisbury, where they landed on a hill. At night, as the
kidnappers of the reeducated ones claimed, a helicopter kept watch, having
arrived from South Africa with supplies (bread and canned goods) which were
distributed to everyone. :

Alberto Macamo went on to say: "The second week, we started training. This
instruction included physical exercise, weaponry and political courses, in
which we were told that we would fight to abolish communism from Mozambique.
The instruction lasted 6 months. We learned to handle light weapons, including
the double-barreled type, as well as the mortar, cannon and bazooka. At the
end of the instruction, our commander told me: ‘You are well equipped to fight
for our country; go there.'"

When he says this sort of thing, Alberto Macamo gives the impression that he
is doing so proudly, bragging about the application that he demonstrated
during the training.

The First Operations

“after this, we advanced toward the war. Near the Rhodesian. border we reached

the locality of Machaze, where we came upon a line of people. We asked them
what they were doing there. They told us that they were waiting to buy

63



cso:

3400/165

Naval career of the late R Adm MR.
Terry-Lloyd. “R Adm Terry-Lloyd left his
mark on this istand during the Navy's first
occupation,” said Cdre Wise.

After wartime service in the Royal
Navy Volunteer Reserve, R Adm Terry-
Lloyd ’attested in the SA Seaward Defence
Force on 15 January 1940. He was the
Officer. Commanding Naval Base on
Salisbury Island in the mid fifties. His
career progressed rapidly and he was
promoted to Rear Admiral on 1 July 1966.
He commanded several SA Navy ships
and held Senior Staff appointments
ashore, including the post of SA Armed
Forces Attaché in London. He retired on
31 December 1973

100



GHANA

GHANAIAN OFFICIAL ON EFFORTS TO MAKE CIMAO MORE VIABLE
ABO71548 Accra Domestic Service in English 1300 GMT 7 Nov 84

[Text] Moves are underway to make the Cement Company of West Africa, CIMAO,
project economically viable in clinker production. In this connection, the
general manager, financial controller and the operational manager of the proj-
ect have been charged to furnish the board of directors of the project with
the reasons responsible for the ineffectiveness of the corporation. This

was disclosed to newsmen by the secretary for industry, science and technology,
Dr Charles Boadu, on his return to Accra after attending the CIMAO board of
director's meeting in Abidjan. He disclosed thatthe factory is to be closed
down for 29 months.

Dr Boadu said the meeting discussed activities that would be undertaken dur-
ing the 29-month closure period. These include looking into the possible
participation of private companies, the budget and auditors accounts of the
project and the repayment of a 10.3 billion CFA debt.

According to Dr Boadu, the management was also asked to negotiate with the
co-lenders in rescheduling the debt. The secretary attributed some of the
lapses in the organizational setup to its internal structure. He said man-
agement is to reduce the operational staff from 630 to 79 while modalities
for the payment of about 100 million CFA compensation to the affected person-
nel in the redundancy exercise will be worked out. Dr Boadu also complained
about the high prices of CIMAO clinker which far exceed the world market
price. CIMAO is jointly owned by Ghana, Togo and the Ivory Coast.

csO: 3400/192

41



SIERRA LEONE

BRIEFS.

JOURNALIST SENTENCED--Freetown, 6 Nov (AFP)--The Sierra Leone high court today
jailed the editor of an independent bi-weekly newspaper for five years on
charges of contempt of court, it was announced here. Franklyn Bunting-Davies,
editor. of the NEW SHAFT, was accused of breaking a court seal placed on the
offices of his newspaper, which had been involved in a number of legal suits.
Mr Bunting-Davies denied that he had broken the seal to gain entrance to his
offices. High Court Judge Omarie Golley, who passed the sentence, turned down
a defence request to appeal the ruling. [Text] [Paris AFP in English 1450

GMT 6 Nov 84 AB]

cso: 3400/192

83



Conventional wisdom in the oil industry is that it is better to take over oil
reserves through the purchase of companies than investing or exploring for oil.
One of the few companies to buck this recent trend is Chicago-based Amoco,
which has been extremely active in Africa in the past few years, Long-
established in Egypt and Tunisia, it has now picked up several exploration
blocks in Morocco; agreements have been signed with Liberia, Sierra Leone and
Congo; having taken over an offshore Gabonese block previously explored and re-
linquished by Elf and British Petroleum (BP) offshore Gabon, the company is
set to get handsome dividends: the West Oguendjo field there is about to
produce at the rate of 40,000 barrels a day (b/d); major commitments have been
made in Madagascar; it is active around the Seychelles; and it is negotiating
with the Kenyan government.

Other companies have taken on exploration mainly for tactical reasons. BP,
for instance, recently entered an exploration consortium on Angola's block 4
in order to improve the chances of British offshore service and technology
companies getting a slice of the $lbn-plus to be spent by the Angolan govern-
ment on offshore development. Canada has given high priority to the energy
sector in Africa and has negotiated deals for Petro-Canada International As-
sistance Corp. (PCIAC) with Senegal, Ghana and Kenya. To support diplomacy
by the Mitterrand administration Elf has picked up over the past year permits
in Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea, but it adamantly stood its ground
when the Elysee wanted it to move into Mozambique's offshore area.

Political risk is high in Africa. Chevron has had a costly lesson in Sudan.
Conoco has been stymied since the late 1970s in Chad by the interminable
civil war, PCIAC almost burnt its fingers in late 1983 when its drilling off
Senegal's southernmost Casamance province almost led to a border clash with
neighbouring Guinea-Bissau. Likewise, promising oil areas off Guinea-Conakry
have been dormant because of a continental plateau dispute with Bissau.
Ghana's shelf area has not received the attention it merits because companies
have been wary of entering into an agreement with the still unstable regime of
Flt-Lt. Jerry Rawlings.

The leading western oil-producing company in the Gulf of Guinea, stretching
from Ivory Coast to Angola, is Royal/Dutch Shell, principally because of its
large production in Nigeria. Elf, the second largest producer, leads in ex-
ploration. The next largest producers, in descending order, are Gulf Oil,
Italy's Agip and Mobil. Further down the list are Belgium's Petrofina, Texaco,
Phillips, Ashland, Marathon and Exxon.

One weakness of African states is the often marginal role played by their na-
tional oil companies 9NCOs). In 1981, a relatively good year for exploration
activities, about 155 companies held exploration rights in 32 different African
countries. Less than half of the host countries participated in the drilling
of 345 exploratory wells that year, The 237 wells drilled in lesser oil pro-
ducing countries were about 60% financed by major international oil companies,
and about 30% by smaller companies. NOCs contributed only 8%, well below the
level of NOCs in Latin America and Southeast Asia.



GHANA

Ghanaian Refugees Plight in Europe Viewed
(Accra Domestic Service, 5 Nov 84).......

Ghanaian Official on Efforts To Make CIMAO More Viable
(Accra Domestic Service, 7 Nov 84)..

Briefs
Agreement With Brazil

GUINEA-BISSAU

Expanded Fishing Cooperation With Portugal Studied
(NO PINTCHA, 20 Oct 84)...ceeeecccesecscncescccreceres

International Youth Volunteer Work on Farm
(NO PINTCHA, 20 Oct 84)......eceecee cece ccreececcccees

Economic Control Meeting in Bissau
(NO PINTCHA, 17 Oct 84)....cceeeccececenececcccceseces

Briefs
Corubal River Survey
USSR Supreme Soviet-ANP Cooperation
IVORY COAST

Briefs
Intensive Rice Production Scheme

MALI
Briefs
PRC Drought Relief
MOZAMBIQUE
Austrian Economic Aid Program
(NOTICIAS, 15 Oct 84)........eeeee see eeceeecaeeeeenees
Danish Aid To 'HIDROMOC' To Meet Agricultural Demands
(NOTICIAS, 19 Oct 84)....... nen e eee e ene ee cere ceeeee
Women Cooperativists in Maputo Producing More Food
(NOTICIAS, 20 Oct 84).....+e0ee- see eeeeeeee see e ee ceeee
Portuguese Professors for New Economics Courses
(NOTICIAS, 24 Oct 84)....eeeseseeee ee aeesaceves seeeees
-ec.

40

41

42

43

45

47

49

49

50

51

52

54

56

59


ERITREAN SAYS SILENCE, IGNORANCE MASK PLIGHT

Christchurch THE PRESS in English 6 Oct 84 p 16

[Text]

Ignorance and silence are
the main problems facing
the Eritrean people's fight
against war and drought,
says the chairman of the
Eritrean Relief Association,
Mr Paulos Tesfagiorgis.

Although the country had
been at war for 23 years
and was now amet by 2
five-year drought, people
did Tot know about it, he
has said in Christchurch.

“Even people who should
know, such as Government
officials, do not know what
is going on. People who are

int cannot —suppo!
wet is just and cannot
Opt what is unjust.”

itrea is a small count

-about the size of the Sout!
Island in the Horn of Africa.
It has about 1000 kilometres
of coastline on the Red Sea
and a population of 35
million.

The Eritrean. Relief
Association is a non-politi-
cal humanitarian organisa-
tion set up in 1975 to help
the victims of war and
drought.

“The situation in Eritrea
is recarious because
of ‘the ee years of war
against Ethiopia. The econ-
omy has been devastated

CSO: 3400/185

because People fannot farm
rly an nomadic
vopalation is not free to
e care of its animals,”
said Mr Tesfagiorgis.
lages are bombed
constantly by the Ethiopian
military forces, destroyin
‘crops anc le al
animals.” 6 pene

Five years of drought had
aggravated the situation,

“putting 1.25 million people

on the verge of starvation,
he said.

“Many animals have died
and the rest are.too weak to
be of any use, either for
farming or as food. They
cannot even be sold in the
market.”

In some areas families
were rationed to 20 litres of
water a week. In other
places people walked for six

2@ day to get a bucket
of ‘water, said Mr Tesfa-
giorgis.

Disease and malnutrition
were rampant, especially
among children, pregnant
women, — and _hursinj
mothers. The child mortal-
ity rate averaged about 45

per cent.

‘Mr Tesfagiorgis and the
co-ordinator of the Austra-
lian branch of the associa-

38

tion, Mr Feesahaie Abra-
ham, have been brought to *
New Zealand by Corso to
publicise the situation in
‘itrea, .

They have met the Minis-
try of Foreign Affairs to ask
for relief aid, study scholar-
ships for refugees and the
Government's help in find-
ing a political solution to
the war:

“Eritrea was a colony of
Italy until the British took
over after World War Ii.

‘was brought to the United
Nations which decided to
federate Eritrea — with
Ethiopia,” said Mr Tesfa-

giorgi
" “The - lation had
asked for pendence, but

the United States wanted a
military base in the area
because of its strategic posi-
tion and so pushed for
federalisation.”

In 1950 a vote was taken
at the United Nations and
New Zealand voted with the
United States, Australia,
and other countries for
federalisation.

“After a while, Ethiopia
started to violate the terms
of the federal agreement.

‘in the -countr

ETHIOPIA

Use of our language. was

banned, the ernment

dismissed and Ethiopian

military forces occupied Er-

‘itrea, so the war started. All

the Governments that parti-”
elpated in the 1950 resolu-

tion have an obligation to .
see that the violations done

by Ethiopia are corrected,”

he said.

A Political solution had to
be found to the war and
New Zealand could work .
with other countries to

bring the Eritrean case be-

fore the United Nations,
said Mr Tesfagiorgis.

Relief aid was needed for
food, medicines, clothing,
School materials and agri-
cultural equipment.

The association was the
only relief agency working
areas _con-
trolled by ie Eritrean
People's Liberation Front,
where 85 per cent of the
Population lived, he said.
hel em i fealanaers could

lp Erit ving to
the aid appeal now being

run by Corso.
Indirectly they could help
by bringing pressure on the
ernment to take some
action through the United
Nations, said Mr Tesfa-
gis.



MOZAMBIQUE

REPORTER VISITS MANICA PROVINCE, TOURS VINEYARD
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 13 Oct 84 p 2
{article by Jorge Costa]

{Text] When I left Beira to go to Chimoio, I thought our Land
Rover would soon have to join a military convoy, .as had been
the custom for some time. It turned out that this is no longer
customary for the residents of the region. The traffic-~—
heavy-~between the two province capitals goes on calmly and
peacefully.

There are obvious signs of a continuing state of alert, guarding against any
criminal activity which, until a short time ago, was frequent. For exampte,
there are many contré1 points along the road. A special note for them: they
are all properly identified for the motorists and the militiamen or soldiers
stationed at them seemed to us, both going and coming, to show a friendliness
and efficiency that we cannot fail to praise.

At the entry to Chimoio, a Traffic Patrol brigade inspected arriving vehicles.
Ours did not have turn signals, a horn or rear~view mirror and, very properly,
the officer called our attention to the traffic danger this represented~~and
at the same time was filling out a number of forms.

Our driver was not at all pleased, He kept saying: “This does not happen in
Beira. The police know this is a government vehicle and let us pass immediately."

I don't think he was very convinced when he was told that, on the contrary,

the attitude of the Chimoio officer was correct and it was the Beira police

who were in error. In any event, for me, this was a first very favorable impres-
sion of Manica Province capital, which, in our very quick tour, presented a
happy and very clean appearance, indicating what must certainly be constant
attention and care. The houses were shining clean and the gardens were beauti-
fully tended. It was explained to me: “Often the governor himself will visit
various homes and call attention if anything is amiss."

Col Manuel Antonio, governor of the province, welcomed us in his office. He

lamented that we would only be in the province for a short time and, particularly,
that we would not stay long enough to observe some specific evidence of the

69



SOLAR ENERGY CONSIDERED FOR FOOD PRESERVATION

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 18 Sep 84
[Article by Idris M. Bugaje]

[Excerpt] THE harvest season is fast

approaching and already
there is high optimism for a

cso: 3400/103

78

native to NEPA electricity
could be the use of petrol and
diesel, ternal combustioi
engines “coupled with
generat or appropria'
mechanisms. :

This, however; has ‘a
drawback, namely the lack of
a well trained and adequate

maintenance jonel that
faptiy “and properly, apart
mptly ,

from’ the of tual A.
typical ifestation of this
problem is the utter failure of
most of the rural electrifi

ica-
tion jects as a result of
poor ‘maintenance of plants
and lack of-spare parts.

A lasting solution to this pro-
blem, however, can be found
in the use of solar

ration ses, Solar
eerey, ant almost

ly when the need for crop,
vegetable and fish, preserva--
tion is most required. The.
ply. of this is free of
charge and this to its bet-
ter cost effectiveness.

NIGERIA



065160
- JPRS-SSA-84-124

30 November 1984

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

ced From

Reprodu jable COPY

Best Avat

19990810 081

INSPECTED p

[FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

NATIONAL TECHNICAL. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A
INFORMATION SERVICE Approved for Public Release

US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE . n : tat
SPRINGFIELD, YA 2161 ' Distribution Unlimited

tal
AQT



MUGABE ADDRESSES FARMERS

Harare THE HERALD in English 26 Oct 84 p 1

[Text]

ZIMBABWE

COMMERCIAL farmers must help small-scale and communal farmers
by sharing their experience, skills and resources so that they, too, can
become viable, the Prime Minister, Cde Mugabe, said yesterday.

He said the contribu-
tion of small-scale and
communal farmers was
“very -elgnificant” in
national terms,

Accordingly, the Gov-
ernment expected large
commercial farmers _ to
assist these “Jess ex-
perienced” farmers with
advice and ‘even resour-
ces so that they would
follow scientific ‘methods
of farming and become
more viable both for
themselves and for the
national ‘economy.

“Small-scale — farmers
including communal farm.
ers, suffer heavy con-
straints in terms of
ekills, equipment and in-
puts and stand to bene-
Gt immensely from this
co-operation,” he said.

Cde Mugabe flew
directly from Lusaka to
address a meeting of the
Doma Farmers’ Associa-
tion in the

farming ‘area near Mha-!

ngura, and told about
150 farmers that the
Government wag eager to
develop an integrated and
dynamic agricultural sys-
tem encompassing the
commercial, communal,
State and co-operative en-
terprises,

The Government wish-
ed, in the medium term,
to move to a position
where State and co-opera-
tive sectors reached the
same level of technology,
yield and expertise in eg-
riculture as the commer-
celal farming: sector.

“Accordingly we call
upon the commercial
farmers ‘to share their
valuable experience, ad-
vanced skills and resour-
ces gained over many
years cf professional
farming with both the co-
operative and Stats farm-
ers,” he said,

“Government . encour-
ages this co-operation
‘because neither the com-
mercial
State nor the small-scale
farmers can meet
the country’s demands
upon the agriculturaj in-
dustry.” {

He said the . Govern-;
ment’s long-term goal
‘wag to construct the agri-'
cultural industry

vatry upon
socialist principles, add-|
ing’ that te 1)
ture be

accorded ‘a
Place side by side with
the sccialised sector.

He said the commer-
otal , sector should
‘see its le as ‘comple-
mentary and not antago-
nistic to the growth of
the socialised sector.

Responsible

Cde Mugabe said the
agricultural sector was
directly responsible for

fare of about 25
Percent of an estimated
500000 wage earners in
Zimbabwe.

fatmers, the"

But, he noted, one often
saw a modern homestead

104

belonging to the farmer
and his family and‘ sur-
rounding it, a cluster of
shanty hovels for the
farm workers which pro-
vided “an irritation to the
eye and a-shock to the
conscience”,

Zimbabwe would like
to see a tradition of
stable labour . relations
where ail working people
regarded the workplace
and the work environ-
ment as their permanent
home and source of in-
come.

“In as much as ‘the
farm is home and source
of living for the farmer
and hig family, equally
it must be home and
source of living for the
farm workers and their
families,” he said,

On the squatter prob-
lem, Cde Mugabe said any
unilateral decision by any
person or group of per-
sons to settle on land out-
ide the plan of Govern-
ment was unlawful, ‘

By its disorderly nature,
he ‘said, squatting was
not in anybody’s interest.
“The results are uneco-
nomic use of land, random
eutting of vegetation,

loughing on. stream,
Banks = all of which
ead to the devastation of
the lang and its related
resources,” he said.

‘He said the land-hungry
should be settled along
soun id. land use princi-
ples.



Oil May Be Discovered in Kgalagadi
(BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS, 29 Oct 84)......cesececccecceece

5,000 Refugees Receive Political Asylum
(BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS, 29 Oct 84)......eececeececcecees

Fishery Department Success Story
(Linda Pfotenhauer;. BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS, 29 Oct 84)...

Nation May Soon Produce Salt
(BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS, 29 Oct 84)....ccceceesecceccees

Briefs
German-Made Transport Plane

BURKINA

Countermeasures Against Sabotage Urged
(Editorial, Paulin B. Bamouni; CARREFOUR AFRICAIN,
No 852, 12 Oct 84). ..csecccscccceccevccencccescscecene

CAMEROON
Briefs

Shipping Fleet Increases
Police Operations

GUNT Defector Describes Reinforcements
(Laurent Zecchini; LE MONDE, 16 Oct 84).....

CONGO
President Wins Decisive Victory Over Pro-Soviets
(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 17 Oct 84)........ccceceeeeecees
Briefs
Naval News
DJIBOUTI
Briefs
Panhard Tests
ETHIOPIA

Eritrean Says Silence, Ignorance Mask Plight
(THE PRESS, 6 Oct 84).........00-

Briefs
Aircraft Acquired
Boat Building

20

21

22

23

24

25

28
28

29

32

36

37

38

39

. 39



cso:

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He said, however, that
squatting was a social
problem caused by salient
anomalies in past ap-
roaches to Jand distribu-
ion and in the political
economy of Zimbabwe
toda;

ye.
‘The necessity to set-

‘te farmers systematical-

ly remained a top priority
of Government,

discussed in Cabinet next

week.
But he would not say
increases:

‘to the ex-
tent Siting dairy
to countries in

the SADOC
‘The meeting was‘ at-

» tended by the Minister of

Agriculture, Senator
Denis Norman, and thie
president of the Commer-
cial Farmers’ Union, Mr
John Laurie.

105



Whereas the first group are political demagogues, upstarts and gogetters full
of their own importance, the other group are extremists with dogmatism for
their war flag, making them ideologically of no consequence because they prefer
to hurl incoherent pamphlets at the people rather than going physically to
meet them. As little extremist bourgeois, they find themselves in the company
of the pseudorevolutionaries fighting for a lost cause. What steps are they
taking to sabotage the August Revolution?

While in a general way they think they have found an adapted form of struggle
by infiltrating their activists into the RDP /Democratic Peoples Revolution/,
they continue to hold meeting after meeting to elaborate short and long-term
destabilization strategies. With a few Fr 500 or Fr 1,000 notes, these
politically-retarded individuals recruit elements from the proletariat mass
for controlled base actions.

In the area of administration, they encourage laxity, carelessness, the mis-
placing of files while at the same time making photocopies of some of them for
themselves. By urging certain petty bouregois to insubordination, indiscipline
and irresponsibility, they hope to create an administrative slump while they
have their flunkies listen in to some of the comrade president's telephone
calls. And in the area of military training, they encourage their elements

to put up with it until "tomorrow"; a hypothetical tomorrow!

When it comes to social affairs, they invite some workers to go on strike
against businesses by inciting the unions, who are said to be of their opinion,
to demand ridiculous "rights." Talking of the workers' weak buying power, of
an economic crisis and galloping inflation, they ask workers to refuse to make
any sacrifice required by the revolution. To them, it is outrageous exploita-
tion anda means for thwarting the free action of the unions.

In foreign affairs, they have begun to weave a web of relations by cozying up
to imperialist chancelleries in Burkina where some representatives, downright
secret agents who mean to be done with the RDP by next June, are giving them a
helping hand. Expecting assistance from the CIA if Reagan is re-elected in
the American elections, some have made advances to Israel and South Africa.

In military affairs, while relying on their trained CDR /Committee for the
Defense of the Revolution/ elements, they are trying to have men in the army
to destroy its political homogeneity and monolithism rediscovered since the
revolution. What should be said to all this?

Generally speaking, these are vain attempts because the people are determined
to fight regardless of who the enemy is. For the August revolution has taken
convincing, mobilizing actions which have resulted in the unconditional support
of the masses. And it enjoys an uncontested reception abroad.

On the social and administrative levels, the workers as a whole have declared
themselves ready for the sacrifices whose validity they understand. For it is
in this way that a country which would like to be truly independent must be
built. If in administrative affairs bureaucratism is hanging on, no one
despairs of its eradication. Little by little, its defenders will be unmasked
and thrown out. So woe betide the entristes!

26


The other Somali liberation fronts met a similar
fate. In 1963 the Ogaden Liberation Front (OLF),
under the leadership of Makhtal Dahir, intensified
its struggle. The Front opened independent trading
links within the region and popularised the name
“‘Ogadenia’’. It even introduced a new currency, the
British shilling, as the main regional currency of
exchange.

Imperial Ethiopia, unable to handle the fast expan-
ding OLF, attacked Somalia directly, precipitating
the mini-war of 1964. Somalia’s tiny army, incapable
of resisting Ethiopia’s vastly superior forces, was
forced to close its borders to the OLF, which was
then slowly squeezed into near-oblivion. A few small
units survived in the Ogaden hinterland until the
Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) resumed
guerrilla activity there in 1974.

Somali nationalism was greatly encouraged in
1977. Djibouti got its independence, and the WSLF,
hard on the heels of the retreating Ethiopian troops
(demoralised by the 1974 Ethiopian revolution and
its aftermath), quickly overran the lower region of
the Ogaden. Somali government troops, well-armed
with Soviet equipment, were soon in the Ethiopian
highland town of Harar. Finally it seemed to Somali
nationalists that unification of the Somali peoples
was on the verge of reality. The Soviets then sided
with Ethiopia. Somali was defeated, and divisions
of such magnitude developed among Somalia that
the very existence of Somalia suddenly seemed in
jeopardy.

The Ogadeni people, many of whom ended up in
the squalor of refugee camps in Somalia, felt cheated
of victory by the intervention of the Somali army,
which in its turn felt humiliated by Gen. Barre’s
policies. In 1978, Col. Mohamed Osman, on his
return from the Ogaden, led an unsuccessful coup
plot against Barre. He was executed together with
several other officers. But the co-leader of the plot,
Col. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, fled to Kenya. Shortly
after he surfaced in Addis Ababa, where he formed
the first anti-Barre front - the Somali Salvation
Front (SOSAF), which started armed struggle in
Somalia in 1979.

The initial weakness of SOSAF - as has been well-
documented (AC Vol 24 No 15) - was its domination
by the Majerteen people of central Somalia. Barre
successfully mobilised public opinion in Somalia
against the group’s reliance on Ethiopia. The Ogaden
clan, which together with the Majerteen, Marehan,
Dolbhante and Warsangeli, make up’ the Darod
Confederacy, was particularly disappointed with the
Majerteen defections to Ethiopia, the arch-enemy.
By the end of last year (AC Vol 24 No 24), SOSAF
(or the Democratic Front for the Salvation of Soma-
lia - DFSS - as it had-by then changed its name to),

was in terminal decline. Today it hardly exists as a
guerrilla organisation.

The biggest threat to the last vestige of pan-
Somalism now comes from the northern, Isaq-based
movement, the Somali National Movement (SNM).
Strongly opposed to Barre’s southern-dominated
government, it is seeking equal representation for
the Isaq. The movement is threatening to opt for
secession if its demands are not met. It is encouraged
by the separate existence of Djibouti, which enjoys
all the privileges of a sovereign state despite its size
and limited resources.

In sharp contrast to the DFSS, the SNM has
several times fairly peacefully replaced its leadership.
Recently it held a congress at which the colonels
(AC Vol 24 No 24) were ousted by a more mature and
determined group of politicians. Its new chairman is
Ahmed Mohamed Silyano, the former chairman of
the SNM’s United Kingdom branch and a longstand-
ing minister of commerce and planning in Barre’s ©
government. Ibrahim Megag Samatar, an equally
longstanding political and economics adviser to
Barre, is the new representative in North America.
Abdirahman Tour, until recently the Somali ambass-
ador to the United Arab Emirates, is the new UK
representative. In addition to being strongly pro-
western, the new leadership has close ties with the
Saudis. :

In an attempt to thwart what they see as a Darod
onslaught, the Isaq have coopted the Hawiye - the
biggest clan in the south. Barre, encouraged by the
return of disillusioned Majerteen from Ethiopia,
has turned to his Darod brethren to strengthen his
position. Majerteen officers have been dispatched to
the north :to’ support the Marehan, Ogaden and
Dolbhante troops already there.

Clan: warfare has reached alarming proportions.
Once again, the Ogadeni people are taking the brunt
of it. The United States,.'which: maintains low-key
support for Barre, has told the latter that Somalia
cannot expect to receive the weaponry it constantly
asks for unless it ceases all support for the WSLF.

Somali government support for the WSLF has
indeed been reduced considerably, and many of its
groups have returned home. But several independent
splinter groups have now’ appeared in the Ogaden.
The biggest group operates in the Nogab area, under
the command of Mohamed Abdi. Reports of increa-
sed activity in the Ogaden gave rise this summer to
a rumour that an Ogadeni-Dolbhante group had
tried to take power in Mogadishu. In fact there was
no coup plot. But events illustrated the growing
rift between the Ogadenis and Barre, a delicate
relationship that has for long been crucial to Barre’s
maintenance of power. :

In July, Col. Sultan Bihi, an Ogadeni airforce

85



PLATEAU STATE INTRODUCES FEES IN HOSPITALS

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 22 Sep 84 p 12

[Article by Andrew Orolua]

[Text ]

cso:

3400/103

PLATEAU State Government
has introduced hospital fees
in all government hospitals
‘and clinics In the state. .

‘The state Commissioner for «
Health, Mr. Abok Musa Nyam,
‘told newsmen on Wednesday
that: civil servants on admis-

sion in Plateau Hospital would ©

pay nine Naira per night, whle
non-civil servants would pay
15 “Naira. He ‘said , other
hospitals In the state would
charge one Naira.

Mr, Abok Nyam said charges
for medical Services in Plateau .
Hospital ‘involving minor, | in-.
termediate and major operations
would be 15 Naira, 25 Naira and
Naira. vely,. while in
other hospitals. five Naira, 10
Naira and 15 Naira would be

80

. sultancy set
~ Naira in clinics and four Naira in
all _governrhent. hospitals. Out--

charged for similar operations.
He said that plain X-ray would
cost five Naira, complex
laboratory test eight Naira:‘and
ordinary routine tests four Naira
in Plateau Hospital . .
He said patients seeking con-
ices would pay two

patient cards would cost one
Naira.

The charges take immediate
effect. .

The commissioner said the fees
had beer considered by the state
government as minimal and were
recessary to. augment govern-
ment efforts on medical care.

He said the government was
aware of fees being charged b:
voluntary agency hospitals an

vate Clinics in the state and

id taken them into account.
before arriving at ‘the present
charges. .

NIGERIA



cso:

3400/166

For the past 30 years, the United Nations
forces have operated on the same principle.
Since the great majority of the OAU
members do not produce any weapons
themselves, each nation will continue for
some time to equip itself outside of the
continent, but this hardware could quite
simply be put to use for a collective, peaceful
cause.

Unemancipated minors?

All of these arguments, whether economic
or political, that have been put forth to delay
the adoption of a military draft agreement
under the sponsorship of the OAU, make
sense only if one continues to consider
African nations as unemancipated minors
that have no idea what they really want.

It's easy to talk about compromising one’s
sovereignty, but this is already the case in a
great many cases. And as for the fear of
weakening our already anemic economies,
our governments already maintain armed
forces at the greatest possible cost.

It would seem that the authors of the Plan
of Action defined at Lagos forgot to take into
account that the desired economic
development will not come to pass as long
as the arms race exists in the region, with all
of its political, economic and social
consequences. This is the sad but hard truth
that simply cannot be hidden. Unless of
course this OAU force is itself but another
myth...



IVORY COAST

BRIEFS

INTENSIVE RICE PRODUCTION SCHEME--Gilles Laubhouet-Vally, minister of tural
development, was in Bouafle last weekened, where he visited the swampy areas
of the Kossou Lake with a view to launching an emergency program for rice pro-
duction, Because it is situated near the waters of the Koussou Lake,’ the
subprefecture of Bouafle offers immense potentials for the implementation of
a rice production program that the government proposes to launch in order

to cut down on the importation of this foodstuff which eats up a lot of for-
eign exchange. In implementation of this program, the minister of rural
development has had his technical services enumerate six sites with a total
area of 10,000 hectares of which 3,000 hectares will be cultivated as early
as 1985, The minister disclosed that Boudfle will be the departure point
for an emergency program for rice production because of its fertile land and
its appropriate seasonal rains. The minister appealed to "all to make rice
a cash crop." [Excerpts] [Abidjan FRATERNITE MATIN in French 6 Nov 84 pg
AB)

CsO: 3419/127

50



Frankel has determined that the retuin on foreign investment in South
African goldmines between 1887 and 165 was a mere 5,2 percent, and en-
tirely in step with profit rates in the i:ternational capital markets.® The
latest information points to a dividend return rate on capital of approx:
imately 26 percent from 1970 to 1980. There was a drop in this rate during
1974 and 1975, but it increased rapidiv thereafter to reach a peak of 33,2
percent in 1980. (Compare table 2.) On capital and reserves it was just over 5
percent for the same period. Dividends plus retained profits on capital and
reserves yielded approximately 15 percent during the same period. Viewed
in the light of ‘the wide fluctuations occurring in this average rate of
return, this is not particularly significant. These fluctuations are caused by
changes in retained profits; in 1973. three times as many profits were
reinvested as in the previous year, and in 1980 the increase on the previous
year's figure was 155 percent. (Compare table 2 and graph 3.) Spandau
also points out that American investors earn less on their investments in
South Africa than in other countries.*’ In ‘spite of this, South Africa re-
mains one of the foremost investment countries in the world. This is an im
portant factor in the evaluation of the dangers posed by the disinvestment
propaganda. .

For the purposes of such an evaluation, it is also necessary to take
note of the nature of foreign investment. Foreign capital reaches South
Africa in the form of loans or in the form of investments. Investments are
made either directly or indirectly. Foreign investors may purchase the
shares of the most important South African companies on overseas stock
exchanges. The other South African shares may be bought on the Johan-
nesburg Stock Exchange. With such a portfolio investment, ownership of
South African shares is simply transferred from South African
shareholders to foreigners. South Africa naturally receives foreign ex-
change, and because the demand for the shares is increased by foreign pur-
chases, the price of the shares will be higher, while the dividend yield rate
will be lower than would have been the case without foreign purchases. By
taking up newly-issued shares, foreigners finance the expansion of produc-
tion capacity in South Africa, and in this way contribute to economic de-
velopment,

Foreigners ‘may have so much confidence in the South African
economy that they invest in it directly by establishing undertakings
themselves or in co‘operation with South Africans, or by financing the ex-
pasion of existing undertakings. After the Second World War, the empha-
sis shifted from portfolio to direct investment.’ This was however,
definitely not merely the result of greater confidence. Foreign companies
also tried to evade the restrictions of the import substitution policy by
establishing affiliates within the South African tariff walls. From 1957 the
increase in direct investment has also been the result of the reinvestment of
profits and reserves. !!?

Previously, under the securities rand system, foreigners could not sell
their shares to inhabitants of South Africa. Although they could sell them
to other foreign investors, the demand overseas for the shares of South
African companies was lower than the total demand for them and the
price was consequently also somewhat lower. At present, foreign investors
may sell the shares of South African companies in their portfolios to South
Africans. This may be regarded as disinvestment in one sense only: funds
which could possibly have been invested in South Africa are appropriated
to buy shares from foreigners. The increase in the supply of shares will
push down their prices, provided the demand remains constant. Under
such circumstances, the dividend yield rate would rise, and this would be

92



“We are going to produce very good wine here. My vineyard and the state's are
just the pioneers. Our people here really love to work and are very dedicated,
and it won't be many years before this is the principal crop in the zone."

Valgode also initiated an experimental coffee plantation, which can be seen up

there, 1,050 meters above us on the Vumba mounain. "I still have another 15
years to work before I retire," he said.

6362
CSO: 3442/53

71



CONGO

PRESIDENT WINS DECISIVE VICTORY OVER PRO-SOVIETS

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 17 Oct 84 pp 1-3

[Text]

President Dénis Sassou-Nguesso won a decisive
battle against pro-Soviet hardliners at the August
congress of. the ruling Parti Congolais du Travail
(PCT). But the political concessions he had to make
to various ideological and ethnic factions wiil make
effective government of the country increasingly
difficult. And his skillful and often ruthless political
manoeuvring leading up to the congress has alienated
many senior cadre in the party and the armed forces.
The constitutional reforms he pushed through, in
theory give him unprecedented hegemony over the
political process and state institutions. But coordina-
tion of the new government machinery, particularly
‘the PCT permanent secretariat! - which virtually
acts as a second cabinet, could raise a host of
problems at the same time as diminishing govern-
ment authority. Sassou-Nguesso might thus have
created a political-ethnic puzzle which will be hard
to hold together.

Sassou-Nguesso’s declared goal at the congress
was to assure himself an automatic majority within
the PCT political: bureau and central committee.
Last year (AC Vol 24 No 18) he was twice out-voted
in the central committee by. a coalition of forces
spearheaded by the pro-Soviet Commander Frangois-
Xavier Katali. In order to rally support, the president
Postponed this year’s congress for five months. Dur-
ing this respite, he travelled throughout the country,
fixing up new tactical alliances in most of the regions
and undermining the position of once prominent
politicians. His most dramatic move was the arrest
of Ndalla Graille, co-founder of the PCT and creator
of the myth surrounding the late president, Marien
Ngouabi. Graille was one of the few remaining
members of the pro-Chinese Mouvement du 22 fév-
rier (familiarly referred to as M-22) still loyal to the
activist line of Ange Diawara. It was feared that

32

Graille would influence members of M-22 from the
southern part of the country to form an alliance
with Commander Katali. By keeping him away from
the congress, Sassou-Nguesso scored a major tactical
victory.

The opposition, within the country and abroad,
was active in the run-up to the congress. The nor-
thern-based Marxist opposition in France, Front Uni
de l’Opposition, headed by Ekondi Akola, adviser to
former president Joachim Yhombi-Opango, Maitre
Moudileno-Massengo, former vice-president. under
the late president Alphonse Massamba-Débat, and
the noted intellectual Théophile Obenga, published
in their sophisticated bulletin several documents
which attempted to pin most of the responsibility
for Ngouabi’s assassination on Sassou-Nguesso. The
moderate Lari opposition behind Dr Séraphin Bak-
ouma’s Parti Démocratique Congolais (PDC) publi-
shed in its journal, Eveil Congolais, articles
condemning Sassou-Nguesso’s regime.

The president. was also embarrassed by a nasty
domestic affair: children. who had been kidnapped
in Brazzaville were rumoured to have been sacrificed
in the northern part: of Tai-Langai by members of
the Anzimba sect to assure that state power remained
in, northerners’ hands. The affair took on such
proportions that the president personally had to allay
public fears in a radio broadcast. Commander Katali
and his allies in the security forces then attempted
to foul Sassou-Nguesso’s plans in the Vili region’
around the Pointe Noire oil centre by capitalising
on a succession dispute in the Christian Zephyren
sect. After the sect’s founder, Father Zephyren, died
at the beginning of the year, his son returned from
Zaire to take over the leadership. But he was rejected
in favour of his cousin. The son then asked for
Commander Katali’s help. The sect rebuffed the



To observe at first hand the progress achieved in our fishing sector, the Portu~
guese secretary of state for fishing and his delegation visited the existing
joint companies and on-shore infrastructures.

The Portuguese delegation had an opportunity to observe the efforts by the Repub-
lic of Guinea-Bissau to establish the infrastructures for its fishing sector;

the delegation reiterated its willingness to pass on its experience and provide
all the support and cooperation possible within its means.

Commander Faria dos Santos and his delegation also went to Cacheu, where they
visited the facilities of the Unmechanized Fishing Project, financed by the
EEC.

The two parties voiced their pleasure at the cordiality and mutual understanding
which characterized the working sessions.

At the end of the visit, speaking for himself and for his government, Commander
Faria dos Santos invited his Guinea~Bissauan counterpart to pay an official
visit to Portugal, accompanied by a delegation from the Secretariat of State
for Fishing, during the next International Maritime Fair in Lisbon.

The invitation was accepted, and the visit will take place in November,

Commander Faria dos Santos expressed his deep gratitude and that of his delegation
to the Guinea~Bissauan authorities, and voiced his desire and determination

to continue to strengthen and develop cooperation in the area of fishing.

He noted that this visit was within the framework of the traditional and solid
bonds of friendship, cooperation and solidarity between the two peoples.

The Portuguese delegation included Engineer Antonio Quina, general director

of fishing, Engineer Antonio Pereira, member of the Administrative Council of
the Allotment and Sales Services, Dr Jose Manuel Torres Couto, deputy secretary
general of the UGT [General Union of Workers], and Marcelino de Brito, adminis~
trator of the Luso-Guinea-Bissauan Joint Fishing Association GUIPEIXE.

6362
CSO: 3442/51

44



Now, 5:years later, the minority parties are at it again offering a neo-colon-
ialist capitalist alternative. It is a power by any means necessary and the
end justified the means of approach. This is an unacceptable perversion of
democracy and a cynical disregard of the national interest. The whole idea of
a general election degenerates into a farce.

But from the point of our national stability and peace there are some questions
the government must ask now and not as a post-mortem exercise after the elec-
tion.

After the 1980 elections it was soon revealed that certain minority parties

were nothing more than South African front organisations. Who has or is going
to fund this projected United Front?

CSO: 3400/169

113



GUINEA-BISSAU

BRIEFS

CORUBAL RIVER SURVEY--On Monday morning in our capital, the Government of Guinea~
Bissau and the French Fund for Air and Cooperation signed an agreement in which
the second party granted 850,000 French francsin financing to survey the width
and length of the Corubal River. The document was signed by Comrade Bernardino
Cardoso, secretary of state for international cooperation, representing Guinea-
Bissau, and by French Ambassador Louis Bouroux, accredited in Bissau. The agree~
ment is within the framework of studies conducted by the Geographic Institute

of the French Republic for construction of a hydroebectric dam on the Corubal
River, which will make our country energy-independent in electric power. These
complementary studies, to be conducted in a l-year period by the Office of
Adjudicative Studies, will provide the basis for a memorandum for construction
of the dam. The current agreement is within the scope of the cultural, scien-
tific, technical and economic cooperation accord signed between the governments
of Paris and Bissau in 1976. The signing ceremony was also witnessed by Comrade
Antonio Afonseca, director general of energy, and Monsieur Salier, chief of

the French Cooperation Mission in Bissau. On that occasion, both the secretary
of state for cooperation and the French ambassador reiterated their readiness

to make every effort to expand and develop cooperation in the interest of both
parties. [Text] [Bissau NO PINTCHA in Portuguese 17 Oct 84 p 3] 6362

USSR SUPREME SOVIET-ANP COOPERATION--Comrade Mario Mendes, first vice president
of the National People's Assembly [ANP], met last Tuesday with Comrade Yuriy
Tehepik, counselor of the Soviet Embassy in Guinea~Bissau. They discussed mat-
ters related to cooperation at the level of the highest organs of our two govern-
ments: the USSR Supreme Soviet and the ANP. The Soviet diplomat stressed the
desire of the USSR Supreme Soviet to strengthen the bonds of friendship and
cooperation between the two bodies and, through them, to expand that cooperation
in economic and social areas. For his part, and on behalf of the ANP, Mario
Mendes voiced a willingness to work to further strengthen the traditional ties
of frzendship and cooperation between the USSR Supreme Soviet and the ANP. [Text]
[Bissau NO PINTCHA in Portuguese 20 Oct 84 p 3] 6362

CSO: 3442/51

49



GUINEA~BISSAU

INTERNATIONAL YOUTH VOLUNTEER WORK ON FARM
Bissau NO PINTCHA in Portuguese 20 Oct 84 p 8

[Text] A voluntary work day, organized by the Youth Work Brigade of the JAAC
{Amilcar Cabral African Youth] to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the GDR

and the 12th World Youth Festival, was held last Saturday at the "PLO Solidarity
Farm," located in the Prabis sector (Biombo Region).

The event, which brought together such young progressive inernationalist [groups]
as the FDJ (Free German Youth), the Leninist Komsomol (of the Soviet Union)

and the UJC (Union of Cuban Youth), was honored by the presence of Senhor Ahmed
Hammad, Palestinian ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary in our country.

In the course of that patriotic work, which was a way of raising funds in
preparation for the World Festival of Youth and Students, to be held in Moscow
in 1985, the Palestinian diplomat praised the initiative, because it demonstrated
“that progressive youth is united as one and is increasingly involved in the
international struggle against imperialism.

“Progressive youth," the ambassador said, “must demonstrate that it is a force
which can stand up to imperialism, Zionism and other cancers of modern societies,
and bring about peace and freedom of the peoples."

According to Ahmed Hammad, this volunteer work is clear proof that “together,
we can build a happy future." It “is a symbol of the building of a new progres~
sive world" and a proof that"imperialism is going down to defeat.”

Instill Working Spirit

This reporter attended the event and took the opportunity to chat a bit with
the brigade chiefs. They all agreed: "We chose this farm to show our ties and
solidarity with the Palestinian people in struggle," although this activity

is within the framework of actions which these young people have been developing
in recent years in this country, specifically this type of activity--"red Satur-
day"--which means “volunteer work with no expectation of remuneration.”

According to Abdulai Queita, member of the JAAC National Secretariat and chief

of the JAAC Youth Work Brigade Department: “Work is what makes everything pos~
sible; nothing falls from the sky. We cannot eliminate hunger without work."

45



POLICY TO FORESTALL RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE SAID UNDER WAY

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 13 Sep 84 p 1

[Article by Nkem Agetua]

[Text]

HEAD of State, Major-General Muham-
madu Buhari has said that the Federal
Military Government (FMG) would evolve a
policy that would forestal any religious

“disturbances in the country.

General Buhari disclosed this plan when he recelv-
ed the report on the recent Jimeta, Yoia religious.
disturbances at the Dodan Barracks, Lagos yester-
day.

The head of state assured the five-man panel set up
to probe the religious upheavals that government would
“study your report and come out with policies so that
we don’t have a repeat of such crises in future.”

General Buhari said that the Federal Government could
not act faster than it did at the time of the Yola disturbances
because the new administration had not then settled down.

“The admumstration was

Mr. Justice Mohammed

‘new and was faced with
peoblems of trying to job of a sensitive issue.”

stabilize the country,” he

said.

The head of state
however expressed the
hope that the report would
be very helpful to govern-
ment in finding a perma-
nent solution to religious
upheavals in the country.

He thanked members of
the panel for “taking time
to make a very thorough

cs0: 3400/103

Uwais, chairman of the
panel submitting the four
volume report thanked the
government for giving
them the opportunity to
serve the country. Other
members of the panel were
Professor Olatunde Aluko,
Dr. G.A. Adeosun, Alhaji
Hamidu Alkali and Alhaji’
Tanko Soba.

74

NIGERIA



SOMALI SUPPORT FOR OGADENIS WANES

SOMALIA

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 17 Oct 84 pp 5-7

{Text ]

President Mohamed Siyad Barre is moving decisively
away from the long-held Somali government policy
of unconditional support for the Somali inhabitants
of the Ogaden and north-eastern Kenya. For the
first time since the Berlin Conference in 1884, the
majority of Somalis in Somalia no longer wish to
pursue pan-Somali ideals. Somalia is now bitterly
divided on clan lines, with each clan, armed to the
teeth, fending for itself. Below we recap on the
tortuous history of the nomads of the Horn before
analyzing their present predicament.

Following the Berlin Conference, Somalia was
divided into five regions. Ever since, Somali nomads
have struggled for freedom and survival. Their com-
mon aim was unity - pan-Somalia - a goal, now
lost forever, that first came in sight after the second
world war, when Britain assumed Tesponsibility for
all Somali territories. But the Italians soon returned
to the southern part of the country, the Ogaden was
handed back to the Ethiopians, and the French
tesumed their occupation of Djibouti. With the
joining up at- independence in 1960 of Italian and
British Somalia into present-day Somalia, again pan-
Somali hopes were raised.

In 1962, in a British-sponsored referendum, the
Northern Frontier District (of Kenya) became the
first missing territory to vote for unity with Somalia.
The following year Kenya was to gain independence.
The mass Somali-supported Northern Peoples’ Pro-
gressive Party (NPPP), which was behind the vote,
was promptly banned by the British colonial adminis-
tration, and its leaders - Alex Kholekhole (president)
and Deqow Maalim Stambul (secretary-general) -
detained. At this point the NPPP went underground,
and formed the Northern Frontier District Liberation
Front (NFDLF)!.

Under the leadership of the NPPP vice-president,

Wako Hapi Taro, and its treasurer, Abdikadir
Sheikh. Hussein,. the NFDLF opened camps in the
lower Juba region of Somalia. Several thousand
volunteers joined the movement in its early stages.
Its guerrilla campaign started in November 1963.
The most senior northerner (Somali) in the Kenyan
administration, district commissioner Daudi Wab-
era, became the first prominent victim of the move-
ment, whose conflict with the Kenyan government -
known as the Shifta war - was to claim over five
thousand lives.

In 1967 the Somali government of. Mohamed
Ibrahim Egal signed a peace treaty with Kenya,
without consulting the NFDLF, whose office and
guerrilla camps in Somalia were immediately closed
down. Half the front’s leadership was detained in
Kenya, half in Somalia. Despite widespread sympa-
thy in Somalia for the NFDLF, many Kenyan Soma-
lis returned home, In 1969, Kholekhole and Stambul
were released by President Jomo Kenyatta. Kholekh-
ole joined the ruling party, KANU, and was elected
MP for Marsabit South. Later he became a Muslim,
changing his name to Haji Mohamed Adichareh,
and is. now an assistant minister in President Daniel
Arap Moi’s government.

On his release, Stambul refused an offer to stand
for parliament unopposed in his home town of
Garissa, and slipped. quietly into Somalia, arriving
in Mogadishu just in time’ for Gen. Barre’s military
coup in 1969. The young officers there were keen
to show their support for the Somali cause. Stambul
was encouraged to re-open the former NFDLF train-
ing camp:at Dobley: But the Somali government,
anxious not to provoke trouble, declined Stambul’s
requests to rekindle the guerrilla war. The NFDLF
office in Mogadishu became moreorless a welfare
station for Kenyan Somalis fleeing the repression in
north-east Kenya.

84



ETHIOPIA

BRIEFS

AIRCRAFT ACQUIRED--The civil aviation academy has received the first of 10
Siai Marchetti SF-260 TP trainers (Italy). An option on ten additional planes
is in the offing as well. Ordered in 1983, six Twin Otter twin-turboprop
transport planes made by de Havilland Canada are soon to be delivered to
Ethiopian Airlines. [Text] [Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL in English Oct 84
p 20)

BOAT BUILDING--A boat assembly agreement was signed between the Maritime
Transport Authority of Ethiopia and the Machinery Import Export Corporation of
the Ethiopia and the Machinery Import Export Corporation of the DPRK. Under
the agreement, boat building will begin in 18 months. [Text] [Paris AFRICAN
DEFENCE JOURNAL in English Oct 84 p 20]

CSO: 3400/166

39



ZIMBABWE

LEADERS TOAST HARMONIOUS TIES WITH SPAIN
Harare THE HERALD in English 20 Oct 84 p 5

[Text] RAISING their glasses in 2 toast to
the continued friendship and
co-operation between Zimbabwe and
Spain are the Spanish Ambassador to
Zimbabwe, Mr Jose Briones, and the
acting. Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Ode Maurice Nyagumbo. They were at
@ reception in Harare to mark the
Spanish national day yesterday.

Cde Nyagumbo said Zimbabwe's
experience in bilateral co-operation :
with Spain had proved that the country
was interested in finding areas of
nrutual beneficial co-operation and in
establishing friendship based on equality
and understanding.

‘These were some of the features of |
North-South co-operatfon which should
be established worldwide because :
Zimbabwe should be freed from ‘
unequal relationships. . 1

He said the exchange of
parliamentary delegations between
two countries bore concrete .
manifestations of Zimbabwe's
commitment to greater areas of
co-operation between the two countries.

He hoped that this would further
promote and define new areas of
€o-operation.

Plans were already under way for
a ministerial delegation to visit Spain
to examine possible areas of further
economic co-operation,

Cde Nyagumbo said that the two
governments shared | similar views on

; Many International issues, especially
on some facing the Southern African
yegten. Spain Was among countries

‘Were unegnivocal in opposing
apartheid and domestic policies in
South Africa and Namibi-, ,

He applauded Spain for its
sympathetic appreciation of the call
by the underdeveloped countries for
negotiations to establish a new
international economic order.

cso: 3400/163

109



JOINT TOUR PACKAGE WITH MAPUTO PLANNED

Harare THE HERALD in English 20 Oct 84 p 1

[Text ]

cso:

3400/155

ZIMBABWE and Mozam-
bique have agreed to give
each other first prefer-
ence in tourism, natural
resources, national parks
and wildlife management,
the Minister of Natural
Resources and Tourism,
de Victoria Chitepo,
sald.

Speaking at a Press
conference after a week-
long visit to Mozambique, '
Cde Chitepo said the dis-
cussions held between the
two delegations broad-°
eneg areas of agreement
and ‘co-operation in tour-
aT,

The Mozambican Min-
istry of Agriculture
to co-operate in
training, forest trees seed
supply, introduction of
species and genetic im~-
provement, interchange
of technical information
and specific co-operation
in the Mutare-Manica

area,

The Zimbabwe College
of Forestry in Mutare
will take students from
Mozambique next year
for on-the-job training in
indigenous forestry f-
serves of Zimbabwe.

oneration in the use of
trained animals for ‘log-
ging purposes.

The forestry depart-
ment in Mozambique is to
be given first preference
as a buyer of tree seeds
through regular quotas.

Bhe sald Mozambique
hed agreed to put aside
@, suitable site for raising

118

need ‘trees of species dif-
ficult to, grow in Zintba-
bwe, region in the
Sofala Province was sug-
gested. A joint -commis-
sion was to be set up soon
to deal with uncontrolled
fires on the border.

Cie Chiteno eaid foint
tourism skages would
be marketed. Specific
areas of. co-operation in-
cluded refurbishing hotels
‘and restaurant develop-
Ment. Zimbabwe was wil
ling ‘to provide the neces-
sary inputs such as food
supplies, building mate-
ie hoa

, depending on the
financial agreements,

Mozambique wag to
provide local labour and
other related services.

‘Aigreement was reached
on exploring problems in
natural resources, in-
creasing difficulty in con-
servation, at use of m-
sources in the two coun-
tries, This would form
the basis for scientific,
technical and training co-
operation.

‘There wag also interest
in training in conserva-
tion, environmental . ‘im-
pact stidies and erosion
affecting the two coun-
tries,

Co-operation had start-
ed between ‘the Mozam-
bican wildlife manage-
ment and the Zimbabwe
counterpart with the visit
of a delegation in 1981.

Further assistance was
discussea and agreed
upon:

_ ZIMBABWE


JPRS-SSA-84-124

30 November 1984

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

CoNTENTS

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Constructive Engagement, RSA's Destabilization Policies Hit
(Editorial; JOURNAL OF AFRICAN MARXISTS, No 6,
Oct 84) .ccccccecescccceccecceeseeeensseeseereresceeees 1

Search for Oil. Described :
(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 17 Oct eee 3

OAU Defense Force Concept Examined
(Letotoi Apendi Pala; AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL,
Oct 84).....eeeee

Epsilon-3's Success in Africa Reported
(Paul Huguet; AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL, Oct 84)........ 9

ANGOLA

UNITA's Soviet Weapons Described
(Fred Bridgland; THE STAR, 1 Nov 84)....+++++eeeeeeres 13

BOTSWANA

Drought has Affected Some Government Programs

(BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS, 29 Oct 84). ene ee eeeeee 14

Water Restrictions Have Setbacks in Development
(BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS, 25 Oct 84)...

Sese Village Struggles Against Drought
(Bapasi Mphusu; BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS, 29 Oct 84).....-. 16

Security, Rehabilitation Main Prison Aims
(BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS, 29 Oct C/o 18

-a- {III - NE & A - 120]



BELGIAN EXPERTS TO BUILD DIP TANKS IN KATETE

Lusaka ZAMBIA DAILY MAIL in English 11 Oct 84 p 5

{Text ]

cso:

ZAMBIA

THE Belgian animal disease control project in Chipata is

to construct a number of dip tanks in Kateie district in
a bid to contain East Coast fever and tripanosomia which
have killed several cattle there this year.

One of the experts in the
team said construction of
the dip tanks had already
started, adding that they
initially intended to const-
ruct about 20 dip tanks in
the area.

The expert, who could
not tell how much had been
set aside for the progra-
mme, also said that apart
from constructing dip tanks
the team will be carrying
out vaccinations of animals
against the killer disea-
ses.

The expert, who admi-
ited that several cattle
were dying there from
East Coast fever, could
not, however, tell how long
it will take them to contain
the diseases.

In a teport presented to
the second provincial coun-
-cil meeting held recently,
Katete ‘district governor,
Mr. Zongani Banda said
about 1,400 cattle have
died of the diseases in the

3400/149

district this year.

Mr. Banda said the high
rate of cattle deaths in
the district was due to,
lack of drugs and dip
tanks. He said the district,
which has a cattle popula-
tion of 100,000, has only
14 dip tanks and. out of
these only five are in
operation. He also said
the shortage of .water.and
drjigs., had led. to ,the. .clo,
sure of many dip tanks.

Meanwhile, the Indepe-
ndence anniversary celeb-
rations committee in Chi-
‘pata has raised over K8,000
for this year’s celebrations

‘to mark 20 years of Inde-

pendence, the 60th birth-
day for President Kaunda
and the 26th anniversary
of the founding of UNIP.

It was reported at yes-
terday’s preparatory mee-
ting held in the council
chamber that the fund-
raising committee has
raised K7,165 while the

102

five wards in the township
have raised K1,337.00.

Acting chairman of the
committee, Mr Jackson
Ngoma commended the
efforts the. fund-raising
committee and the Party
leaders are making in
raising more funds to make
this year’s massive celeb-
rations a success.

Meanwhile, Mr Ngoma
has urged people charged
with duties of carrying out
this year’s Humanism
Week projects to take their
work seriously and ensure
the completion of the pro-
jects.

Aad in Chadiza the dist-
rict executive secretary
there, Mr Pandwe Yamba-
yamba has expressed fear
that this year’s celebrations
might prove a flop due to
lack of funds.

Mr Yambayamba said
since the fund raising ca-
mpaign _ started only
K375.00 had been raised.



he was to tell him that his friends (he claimed not to remember the names of
the two bandits) were waiting at the agricultural-livestock enterprise, where
they would remain,

"I walked a long way and later, since I was not familiar with the area, I met
two women, whom I approached, asking where the medicine man’s house was. It
was already becoming dark and the two women invited me to accompany them to
their house, because since it was already dark it would not be easy for me
to find my way. I accepted, mainly because I was tired of walking. When

I reached their house, one of them sent a child to call her husband in the
next house. When he appeared, they described what had happened."

The chief of that group ordered a meal. served to the "guest," after which he
invited him to sleep, so as to continue the trip when the sun rose. About
30 minutes later, the owner of the house reappeared with three militiamen
and an individual introduced as secretary of the zonal GD [Mobilizing Group].

Castelo Nguila concluded his account by saying: "They woke me up and started
questioning me. I explained everything, but they said that I would have to
accompany them; and they took me to the zonal barracks, where I was turned
over to. the FRELIMO troops. That occurred on 9 June. A few days later, I
was sent to Maputo, where I have been held until now."

Trained for Espionage
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 22 Oct 84 ps

[Text] A few days ago, a prominent armed bandit trained in Salisbury, in then
Southern Rhodesia, and later taken to South Africa, where he attended an espi-
onage course, at the end of which he was sent to Maputo, was introduced to
native and foreign reporters in the nation's capital, giving them a detailed
account of his career in those ranks. He is Alberto Macamo,,a native of
Maputo, who joined the armed gangs when they were still calling themselves
the "Free Africa Movement," in 1978.

Well spoken and gifted with great loquaciousness (his account took nearly an
hour and a half), Alberto Macamo is extremely arrogant. “His statements,
often filled with violent catch-words marked by the most. primitive anti-
communism, reveal a mind sickly impregnated with indoctrination, wherein

the ideas instilled by imperialist propaganda take the form of values accepted
out of conviction.

Joining the Bandits

Alberto Macamo, 33 years old, confers upon his remarks a redundancy that is
accompanied by theatrical gesticulations and facial expressions.

Let's listen to what the reporter's notes managed to establish from the
statements made by this armed bandit:

62



Better Control

The chief of state also caled the officials' attention to the need for better
oversight of distribution and of storage conditions, which have resulted in
the loss of huge quantities of products which are essential, of great public
utility and acquired at great expense to the nation.

Comrade Nino Vieira also stressed the pressing need for better planning by the
competent government agencies to avoid the frequent interruptions in stocks
of basic products, which certainly are a hindrance to the government's overall
policy of increasing production and productivity.

The Economic Control Council proposed that the competent government agencies
draft a memorandum to be forwarded as quickly as possible to the EEC, before
the visit by Edgar Pisani, EEC commissioner for development, who is scheduled i
to arrive in this country before the end of the year. |

Finally, it was decided to amend the legisation regulating the activity of the
National Economic Control Council, to make it more effective.

The next meeting of the council should take place next Saturday in Bissau.

6362
CSO: 3442/51

48



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97



FISHERY DEPARTMENT SUCCESS STORY

Gaborone BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS in English 29 Oct 84 p 6

[Article by Linda Pfotenhauer]

[Text]

cso:

APPROXIMATELY 700
fishermen and women partici-
pating in a 3-year-old Fisheries
Department programme to
intensify and expand the fishing
industry in Botswana now harvest
over 1 250 tons of fish annually,
sald coordinator of the
programme Mr John Rogers.

Fisheries Department officials
hope to eventually increase the
yield to approximately 10 000
tons per year, which isestimated
to be Botswana’s maximum
potential.

The programme assists
fishermen and women in the
Okavango, Lake Liambezi, Lake
Ngami, Boteti, Mopipi and
Shashe dam areas by teaching
modern fishing methods, fish
processing and efficient
marketing and money mana-
gement practices at training
courses given at Maun's Rural
Training Centre.

The Financia! Assistance
Policy (FAP) has greatly
facilitated the success of the
programme by providing grants
(22 per cent of the country’s
total for small-scale businesses)
to fishermen and women who
otherwise would not have had
enough capital to establish such

3400/186

businesses.

While the Fisheries Department
has existed under the Ministry of
Agriculture forthe past 16 years,
its previous programmes have
met with little success. This was
largely due to: lack of training,
lack of capital, and lack of a
properly developed marketing
infrastructure.

The creation of a local market
for fish was seen as essential for
the programme's success. Part
of the problem lay with getting
Batswana to develop more of a
taste for fish and to recognise It
as anexcellent source of protein.

This was partially if not
inadvertently achieved through
the drought feeding scheme. The
Department of Food Resources
gave the Fisheries Department
P50 000 annually to buy dry and
salted fish from local fishermen,
which they then gave to clinics
tobe distributed as food rations.

Mr Rogers believes that this
has inculcated within Batswana
a taste for fish and a desire to
buy more fish, thus creating a
broader fish market.

90 per cent of the programme's
fishermen and women are
subsistence farmers who sell to
the domestic market. Many are
quickly learning the profitability
of such a venture. At Mopipi,

22

FAP fish farmers earn as high as
P7 000 per year.

Future plans do include
commercial expansion of the
industry and further development
of foreign export markets.

Says Mr Rogers, “Basically,
we have a large resource
potential which we are trying to
develop.”

Problems which the
programme has encountered
Include: crocodiles becoming
entangled in fish nets, some
fishermen and women being
inhibited by fear of hippos near
their fishing grounds, some
fishermen’s troubles with money
management, and poor roads
and infrastructure.

However, Mr Rogers says these
problems are not critical or
crippling and in fact calls the
programme's progress
“excellent.”

He attributes a good deal of ;

their success to “‘close
government supervision” where
strategically placed extension
workers visit fishermen and
women at least monthly.

But, Mr Rogers warns, in order
for the industry to further expand,

BOTSWANA

the Fisheries Department will ©

need more and better trained
staff and expansion of the
marketing infrastructure.



SECURITY, REHABILITATION MAIN PRISON AIMS

Gaborone BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS in English 29 Oct 84 p3

[Text]

PEACE and stability, like charity,
must begin at home. It is when we are
at peace with ourselves that we can
be at peace with the rest of the world.
— President Dr Quett Masire

‘The Botswana Government has
made remarkable progress since
independence towards improving
the lives of prisoners by providing
secure human facilities where
convicts serve their terms of
imprisonmentand are atthe same
time encouraged to reform
themselves.

As one of the five Departments
of the Ministry of Home Affairs,
the Prison Department's two main
alms are security and rehabi-
litation, First, the safe custody
for inmates committed to its care
by the Law Courts as a result of
being sentenced to a term of
Imprisonment or reformatory
training or to their being
remanded in custody by the
courts. Second, the training and
rehabilitation of all classes of
sentenced prisones in such skills
and social behaviour as may be
necessary to effect a change In
their attitudes and facilitate thelr
social resettlement into the
community on their release so
that they can become law
abiding members of the society.

Since the number of prisoners:

and prison officers has increased
considerably, staff housing,
Inmates accommodation, and
sanitation to attain the required
standard are being facilitated by
the department. .

In 1977/78, the Department
spent P1 080 000 on recurrent
expenses; which represented
about P495 per prisoner per year.
And for the 1979 -85, the
Department has been allocated
@ recurrent expenditure growth
rate of 10,7 per cent per annum.

The Prisons Department
operates eighteen prisons, four

18

of them in Gaborone. Last year,
the dally average population was
2936 compared with 2 556 in
1982, increasing the average by
380. At the beginning of 1979,
however, 2 600 inmates were held
and it is estimated that by 1985
about 000 inmates will be held.

From early next year the
country’s prisoners will benefit
from the newly introduced parole
Provision which allows a
conditional release of a prisoner
before the expiry of his sentence.
The Commissioner of Prisons,
Mr Lucas Ramokhua, said the
Prisons Act has been amended
to incorporate the necessary
parole provision within the Act.

“We are now in the process of
implementing those provisions,”
sald Mr Ramokhua. "The parole
does not cover all categories of
offenders,” he added.

Aparole isa conditional release
of a convict before the expiry of
his sentence so that the latter
portion of the sentence Is served
outside prison while he lives in
his own house.

Only one prisoner has been
released on parole. And Mr
Ramokhua expressed the hope
that rehabilitated prisoners with
good conduct will benefit from
the provision when a national
Parole Board is established and
comes into effect early next year.

BOTSWANA

|
i
|



OFFICIAL EXPLAINS STUDENT LEADER DEPORTATION

Johannesburg RAND DAILY MAIL in English 26 Oct 84 p 6

[Article by Patrick Laurence]

[Text]

cso:

3400/187

THE former SRC president
of the University of Swazi-
land — who was deported
to South Africa last week —
‘was deported for his “ac-
tivities Th the sugar indus-
fy and not for his African
jational Congress connec-
tions, Dr George Msibi, a
top member of Swaziland’s
Su preme National Council,

terday.

The former student
leader, Mr Babalazi Bu-
lunga, was detained by
South African Police when

‘he crossed the border.

The SAP Directorate of
Public Relations has con-
firmed that he is being held
under Section 29 of the In-
ternal Security Act.

Dr Msibi mphatically
denied reports that Mr Bu-
lunga was a Swazi citizen.

But, according to Swazi- -

land informants, his father
was a Swaziland citizen
who was a ynigrant worker
‘in South Africa.
Before his deporation to
so Africa, Bulunga
ed to the UN's Com-
ioner for Refugees in
Swaziland and to ‘the Swazi-
land Council of Churches to
intercede on his behalf to

101

pers suade the Swaziland au-
ities not to deport him.
Told of his detention by
the South African Police,
Dr Msibi said: “That is not
our problem. He was not
rted because of his

IC links.

Dr _Msibi conceded that
Mr Bulunga had been in
Swaziland for a long time,
having been to school there

g on to study at
ter University of Swazi-

avo pillesed ANC insur-
. have been captured
the SAP while trying to

leave South Africa for Swa-

path are now being held
under Section 29 of the In-
ternal Security Act.

Follow-up investigations
by Security Police after the
capture of the two Suspect
ed insurgents — announced

the Commissioner of Po-
ice, General Johann Coet-
zee — led to the discovery
‘of caches of Soviet-made
arms, including AK-47 ri-
fles, limpet mines and hand
grenades.

South African and Swazi:
land signed a security
in February 1982, wi ct
provides for joint action in
combating terrorism.

SWAZILAND



Issa Koua, 35 years old, with one wife in Ito (the others FANT base east of
Kalait), another in Ati, drinks his scalding tea in front of us and "comes
out with it" with a good, clear conscience. What he says contradicts all the
information distilled, both in Paris and Ndjamena, by the French authorities
regarding the Libyan troop withdrawal. Since the 17 September agreement
between Paris and Tripoli, according to him, the Libyans have not carried out
any withdrawal maneuver to the north.

Blacks Are Replacing Whites

On the contrary, they are strengthening their military potential. Since that
date, he affirms, some 20 armored cars (AML, Cascavel and caterpillar-track
tanks) have arrived in Fada, bringing to 60 the number of armored cars sta-
tioned in this locality. In addition, 12 long-range BM-21 ground-to-ground
missile launchers have also been unloaded at the 3 airports that the Libyans
have put in in this zone. Each day, "at least" two large C-130 transport air-
craft "bring in black soldiers and evacuate white Libyan soldiers."

In brief, to believe him, Colonel Qadhdhafi's troops are in no way preparing

to withdraw to Libya, on the contrary. According to Issa Koua, the Libyans
are in a way engaging in a transfusion, black soldiers being easier to mistake
for those of GUNT. A month ago, according to this talkative witness, the Libyan
staff brought together all the GUNT officers to inform them of the "dealings"
between Paris and Tripoli. The speech that was held before Issa Kous was
probably the following: "It is a question, in the beginning, of getting the
French to leave, then we will give you all the military means to return to
Ndjamena." The Libyans, who had a veritable "obsessive fear" of the Manta
soldiers, are said to have offered to pay 2 million CFA francs for any French
soldier killed or made prisoner and 5 million for an officer. About 12 days
ago, a new meeting took place, with an identical message: "We will never leave
Chad." Finally, on Tuesday, 9 October, Goukouni Weddeye, the chief GUNT offi-
cial, was expected in Fada, to go ahead with an “offensive reorganization" of
GUNT. According to Issa Koua, the latter is, moreover, very much in need of
one. Since Acheikh Ibn Oumar was dropped from his duties as "defense minister,"
in favor of Rackis Manani, many leaders of trends have been dismissed from the
Revolutionary Democratic Council (CDR). The Libyans, this "big military
official" affirms, are sowing discord within GUNT, and Goukouni Weddeye probably
no longer has any authority at present over the GUNT officers based in the Fada
zone, who are calling for the rehabilitation of Acheikh Ibn Oumar. In the big
palm grove, only Libyan troops are settled in inside the city. Their strength
is about 2,000 men, basically made up of motorized companies. Some 20 heli-
copters are also stationed there, as well as ground-attack Marchetti airplanes.
As for the GUNT troops, they are relegated to outside the city. Fada's defense
is organized according to a circular plan of action: 5 circles surround the
locality, the last being situated 15 kilometers from Fada. It is a question
at the same time of a look-out line and a sort of "cordon sanitaire" made up
solely of Libyan components. The GUNT forces (four groups representing nearly
900 men in total) are thus closely watched and surrounded. No one may enter

or leave Fada without a written authorization from the Libyan administration,
and this ban essentially concerns the Chadians.

30



\
Earlier, the project manager, Cde Miao Hongkun of the China National Complete
Plant Export Corporation, said the Chinese Prime Minister, Cde Zhao Ziyang,
directed that the work be "executed perfectly".

The Ambassador, Cde Chu Qiyuan, said economic and technical co-operation be-
tween the two countries was now increasing and new areas would be examined.
The stadium symbolised friendship, solidarity and co-operation.

CSO: 3400/163

111



MOZAMBIQUE

DANISH AID TO "HIDROMOC’ TO MEET AGRICULTURAL DEMANDS
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 19 Oct 84 p 2

[Text] With the inauguration of a specialized machine shop for

the assembly of electric pumps and the repair of five different
makes of diesel engines, HIDROMOC [Water Pumping, Equipment Company
of Mozambique] intends to provide more direct and effective support
to agricultural development programs, according to a spokesman

for the management of that company. He added that the shop
complex will give priority to the maintenance of equipment used

in farm irrigation, particularly MWM, Styer, Faryman, Maritza

and Lister motors.

To help HIDROMOC expand its workshops to meet the demands imposed by the agricul-
ture sector, six technical specialists in irrigation machinery should arrive

in our country this year, ‘he technicians will come from Denmark under the
cooperation agreement between HIDROMOC and the Danish development agency DANIDA.

Since early this year, a Danish hydraulic engineer has been working with the
company to train workers in the repair of motors and in the assembly of electric
pumps. According to the company administration, about 50 workers have already
been trained in these courses.

The DANIDA representative in Maputo, who is also the Danish ambassador to Zimbabwe,
reported that within the framework of cooperation with HIDROMOC, our company

was granted 20 million Danish kroner last year, part of which is being used

to finance the installation of the machine shop and the professional training
courses at the company.

According to a HIDROMOC spokesman, by turning its attention to the specific
problems of agriculture, the state company means to contribute to the efforts
in progress to reactivate production in all sectors, from the state sector to
the cooperative, private and family farm sectors.

The informant added that, in a first phase, the newly inaugurated machine shop
will serve the city and province of Maputo, repairing diesel engines, sewage
pumps and water treatment equipment. In the near future, as technical capacity
permits, the plant (now considered as only a technical department) will serve
the entire southern region of the country, handling orders for the repair of
motors.

54



ITALIANS TO PROBE WATER RESERVES SOUTH OF KARIBA LAKE

Harare THE HERALD in English 25 Oct 84 p 4

[Text]

cso:

3400/155

ZIMBABWE and an Italian company
yesterday signed q technical co-
operation agreement to explore the
underground water resources along the
south shore of Lake Kariba.

The contract was signed by the
Minister of State (Water Resources
and Development), Cde Cephas Msipa,
tand the director of Aquater, Dr Salva-
tore Russo,

‘Under the egreement most of the
costs will be met by the Italian gov-
ernment.

specialises in hydrogeologi-,

Agquater
eal studies and the Kariba water pro-
fect, which should be completed in
About two years, will consist of a gen-
eral hydrogeological study covering an
‘area of about 10000 sq. km.

“The study will select the most pro-
mising areas for underground water for
‘human and agricultural use.

‘The project is an extension of a
‘similar project on the eastern side of
‘the dam by Aquater.

Total cost of the contract signed
yesterday is satiated at $2,8 million,
of which the Italian government will
fontribute @ grant of about $1,95 mil-

ion,

Speaking efter signing, Cde Msipa
said the project would cover Omay,
Siabuwa, Chete, Manjola and Hwange
communal lands. “These areas are our-
rent, suffering from a critical water
sho!

Zimbabweans would also be trained
by the Italian experts.

108

ZIMBABWE



KANO OFFICIALS DISCUSS AGRICULTURAL QUESTIONS, DROUGHT

Governor Makes Suggestions

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 18 Sep 84 pp 1, 7

[Article by A. B. Tapidi]

[Text ]

wet of a three-day
a ae ete

ure, Wai
and: ‘Develop-

ment of agricultural sector in the
country was being retarded and
threatened erratic rainfall,

Other. factors ymilitatin
agains’ levelopment of
ture, he said, were. in-
riminate destruction of our
natural forests and disminishing
pastures for our livestock.

especialy in the northern par of
ly of
the country, which had resulted
into our total dependence on rain-
fed agriculture should be tackled
seriously and with dispatch. © .
He said the situation was such
that even where dams for irriga-
tion have. been constructed, the
Yolume of water impounded, year
Painkshing ear _ Seemed to be

72

;,, Governor Hamva said uf
Tinderpest ic Was on

decline “we should not relax our

ctiort, to see te its total eradica-

He said adequate Provision of
vehic! S vaccine
the rediral Government shout
be maintained and the incidence
of killer disease should be
monitored on a continuing basis.”

The governor suggested that
other, elghbouring ou countries

oo alone co could not fines ate

rinderpest and other similar
diseases in isolation.

Governor Hamza stressed that
the concept of the Agricultural
Development ‘Projects (ADP)

was good and could go along way
tom meet the desired objective. He
however stated that the failure of
the civilian government to pro-
vide the necessary guidance and
control were very much evident
in the way. the projects were im-

According to the governor, at-
tention should be focussed on the
problems of. lack of proper
marketing arrangement to relieve
the farmer of his st produc-
tion, He said for a long time to
come ofagricultural pro-
duction would :come from “the
small farmer and he was still the
first to: suffer in .hands of
unscrupulous middleman.
Governor Hamza Said that the
Nigerian Agricultural and- Co-
operative Marketing Association
should ‘redouble its. efforts in

NIGERIA



BOTSWANA

BRIEFS

GERMAN-MADE TRANSPORT PLANE--The national airline, Air Botswana is to take de-
livery this month of a German-made Dornier 228-100 transport plane. The plane
was ordered in February of 1983 and show in flight at the Farnborough Air Show,
held at the beginning of September in Great Britain. Its serial number is 7 036.
An option was also taken on a second plane. [Text] [Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOUR-
NAL in English Oct 84 p 32]

cso: 3400/149

24



SOUTH AFRICA

IMPACT OF DISINVESTMENT CAMPAIGN STUDIED

Pretoria EISSU STRATEGIC REVIEW in English Jun 84 pp 32-45

{Article by Dr P Haasbrock: "Disinvestment Propaganda: Economic Sabotage?"

[Text]

Officials of the South African Council of Churches (SACC), particularly |
Bishop Desmond Tutu, have for some time been propagating the with-
drawal of foreign capital funds from South Africa. After having investi-
gated the propaganda, the Eloff commission came to the conclusion that it
was not in the national interest.” Members of the commission argue that if i
the propaganda were to succeed, production would be harmed by disin
vestment, and unemployment, particularly among the less-skilled and un-
skilled Black workers, would follow. On the basis of this possibility, the
commission has recommended that the government consider the question _|
whether encouraging disinvestment is “economic sabotage”, and whether
it should be regarded as a punishable offence.?’

The commission does not explain how the possible results of disin-
vestment propaganda — an increase in Black unemployment — would
prejudice the national interest, but nor on the other hand, does the SACC
venture to say how disinvestment would help to bring about the radical |
changes they would like to see in South Africa. However, a mutual expec-
tation may be inferred from the observations of the SACC and those of the
commission: disinvestment will harm the economy; the means by which the
government carries its policy into effect will thereby be cut off, while th
economic lot of the Blacks will deteriorate and political, social and
economic reform will eventually be forced onto the government that is try-
ing to stave off revolution in South Africa.

The use of the term “economic sabotage” should be seen in context |
with this mutual expectation. This expectation is founded in the specific i
conception of how important foreign capital is to the economic life of
South Africa, and especially how this would be affected by disinvestment.

It requires no special insight to realise how important foreigh capital
can be to the process of economic development in general Not only does it
supplement the investment funds available in the recipient country, but a
higher level of domestic investment is also made possible by it. The favour-
able result is that new job opportunities are created. Furthermore, capital
inflows were normally followed by foreign entrepreneurial and managerial
skills. New technology accompanies the flow of foreign capital and this in- |
creases productivity. When foreign capital is combined with locally avail :
able resources production possibilities are created that did not exist
previously, better use is made of all resources and as a result, the welfare of
the community is improved. Lastly, any economically underdeveloped

90



Proven African oil reserves stood at the beginning of this year at 56,8bn
parrels, representing 8-9% of the world total. But many African semimentary
basins have only been superficially explored. To capitalise on this im-
mense potential, African states will certainly have to improve their NOCs
and establish more pragmatic relationships with the Western oil indus-

try.

CSO: 3400/166



Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 21 Sep 84 p 7

developing interstate marketing
of af tural produce and ex-
plore the: possibilities of
establishing small vegetable pro-
cessing cottage industries in the

areas.

On the strategic: grains
reserve, the governor said the
Federal Government should take
full: resposibility. of this project
instead of each state maintaini

its own.
On the of fertilizer, the
governor said National Fer-
\izer Company of Nigeria should
undertake delivery of fertilizers
with sufficient time to allow the
states te distribute to the rural
The Minister of Agriculture
Water Resources and Rur:

De ent, Dr. Bukar Shaib
said’ although there had ‘been

report of drought in the extreme
northern parts of Sokoto,
duna, i and

no, the harvest in the rest parts of
the country would be bumper this
year. .

He assured that the conference
would discuss progress
on the activities of river basin
development authorities and the
states agricultural developmen:

project

ment for the

storage of grains from the ex-
harvest. :

pected i.

The minister announced that
the present administration had
accorded top priority to
agricultural development:so that
the economic recovery would be
based on a solid foundation of self
sufficiency.

Commissioner Scores Development

[Article by Abu Tapidi]

[Text]

THE Kaho State Commissioner
for Agriculture and Natura
Resources, Alhaji unanmeduy
Kazaure, has. cbserved that, the,
country has very little to show to
justify the huge expenditure in
agriculture.

According to the commis-
sioner, this is moreso beacause,
we cannot feed ourselves, we
have also lost our leading position
in exporting our traditional cash
crops and it a number of our in-
dustries have been closed down
for lack of raw materials,

Speaking at the meeting.<f the
National Council on Agri¢ulture,
Water Resources and ‘ Rural
Development, Alhaji Moham-
madu noted that, some of the in-
dustries that were still operating
were doing. so at very low
capacities because of lack of raw
materials and spare parts.

He said, although, develop-
icultural projects re-
ng gestation period,

cso: 3400/104

73

there was no doubt that, the
development of agriculture
should seriously be re-examined
in the country: - : woos
Alhadi Muhammadu stated:
‘Wat, it was’ difficult to’ unders-
tand and reconcile our continued
importation ‘in increasing
quantities of items such as rice,
wheat, maize, sugar and
vegetable oil when we: have all’
fhe | resources to produce them
The commissioner stressed,
that, “undoubtedly we have a lot
of agricnitural activities at both
federal and state levels, but one
continues to get the feeling that,
pa balance, we don’t have: much
‘toshow, to jus e huge expen-
diture "owedved f ue vue
Alhaji -Mohammadu ‘appealed
tothe members to be both con-
structive :and productive so that,
‘it eiould, be Identified as the.
meeting that propel e nation
to the stagé of at least feeding



BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS, EQUIPMENT BLAMED ON LACK OF MAINTENANCE

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 21 Sep 84 p 12

{Article by Victor Attai]

[Text] LACK: of maintenance of

tionaries has often led to a ible
df both human and material resources, the

Headquarters, Brigadier Tunde Idiagbon, has said.

The Chief of Si
conférence of the national c

stated this in a speech read on his-behalf by the.
Inspector-General of Police, Mr. Etim Inyang, at the opening of the
i on works in Lagos attended by the

state commissioners of works and housing including Abuja

pictionof 2 development project

. Pletion of a ent pro;

a the installation: of a -plant.
machinery or equipment, the pro-
hems of maintenance ‘in-
evitably arise because, according
tohim, “this is one of our weakest
points as a nation.”

Brigadier Idiagbon regretted
public alles, pants and equp-
public utilities, plant i
ment have not been aceorded the
iad they deserve in the coun-

fe said people had blamed this
unsa Oe state of attains on

country’s poor logis
development and therefore ask-
ed: “For how long must we wait
for other ’s technology to
be transfe to us?”

‘Brigadier Idiagbon wondered
why we should not devise means
to make our lifts work, keep out
vehicles maintain our
roads in motorable condition, en-
sure uninterrunted supply of elec-

cso: 3400/103

f tricity, revolutionise out
iculthre and ké ‘the wheels
our industries -

He asked “must we wait for
foreigners. to do our construction
‘and maintenance job for us?”

‘The Chief of Staff believed that
i transferred

willingly
its Sotnnclogy te another country
without any string attached to
such transfers and that condi-
tions for such transfers varied
from one country to another.

‘He said each country should try
to create, adopt, adapt and re-
adapt technology to. suit its own

liar circumstances.

In his speech, the Minister of
Works and Housing, Dr. Em-
manuel Nsan said some basic
problems that would be tackled
at the conference would include
budgetary constraints in view of
our present economic problems
and an inadequate executive
capacity.

79

NIGERIA



INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT, RSA'S DESTABILIZATION POLICIES HIT
London JOURNAL OF AFRICAN MARXISTS . in English No 6 Oct 84 pp 2-4

[Editorial]

[Text] The path of revolution to socialism and democracy is fraught with prob-
lems and frustrations, and every revolutionary knows the agony of losing
a dear comrade, of losing a battle, and, the secret joy of knowing thata
final victory lies with the people.

The struggle in Southern Africa has raged for centuries, taking
various forms at different times, bursting into open resistance, and chal-
lenging the oppressive colonial system relentlessly. It has grown and
matured from spontaneous rebellions and uprisings, to organised and dis-
ciplined revolutionary war. The mid-70’s saw the emergence of a new
phenomenon in the region — the tables were turned for the first time in 400
years, and a new and real home for a free and democratic future arose. The
final victory over Portuguese colonialism by the people of Mozambique,
Angola, Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde, signalled the beginnings of anew
era in the history of Southern Africa, and posed a concrete and powerful
challenge to the racist South African regime and to imperialism generally.

The oppressed people of South Africa and Namibia greeted with
great joy and expectation these great victories, soon to be followed by the
liberation of Zimbabwe in 1980. Southern Africa was inevitably moving
towards a future of democratic prosperity and peace, after centuries of
oppression, racist violence and exploitation.

But revolutions do not occur in a vacuum, they are not the act of
taking over the structures and institutions of the state, the colonial state.
Rather, they are a real and difficult process, a continuous struggle to build
anew and free society in a world still dominated by racism and imperial-
ism. The war of liberation is only the prelude to an even greater task of
reconstruction, of transformation, not only of the infrastructure and
institutions of the economy, but more importantly, of the people, from
passive, oppressed, and exploited beings, into active participants taking
decisions to change their lives and the lives of future generations.

But this cannot happen without an even greater struggle against the
machinations and trickery of the oppressors, who remain unvanquished in
some of the countries of the region, and in the world. In the euphoria sur-
rounding the first few years of liberation, it is easy to forget some of the
lessons learnt so carefully and painstakingly during the long war for free-
dom. Suddenly we are presented with what we have all fought for so cour-
ageously —state power. But how do we make that power PEOPLE‘S
POWER!



BRITAIN TO EXTEND ARMY TRAINING ROLE

Harare THE HERALD in English 25 Oct 84 pp 1, 13

[Article by Tim Chigodo]

[Text]

cso:

BRITAIN his agreed to Zimbabwe's request to keep the British Military
Advisory and Training Team a little longer, the Secretary for Defence,

Cde James Chttauro,
said yesterday.

It had been hoped that
the number of BMATT
members would be
reduced considerably. by
the end of this year.
“However, the army have
identified further areas
which they consider im-

rtant and following the
rime Minister’s visit to
Britain recently, addition-
al staff were, ‘requested
ang agreeg between Cade
Mugabe and the British’
Prime Minister, Mrs Mar-
garet Thatcher,” Cde
Chitauro told The Herald.

He said the British
military experts were
helping at the Zimbabwe
Staff College, Zimbabwe

‘Milita Academy and
the “Battalion Y pattie
School.

The British Military
Advisory and Training
‘Team has done a com-
mendable job in training'
the Zimbabwe National
Army since iadepen-
dence, he said.

Cde Chitauro said the
British army: would have
Wked = to reduce the
strength of its forces in
fey that ria was

that it eed
to Zimbabwe's request.
“In these circumstances
it is evident that BMATT
‘will not be able to assist
for very much jonger in
the new year.” i

Instructers

3400/155

Emphasis was being
placed on the training of
future indigenous in-
structors. Several courses

been completed
which would enable Zim-
babwe's own officers and
non-commissioned — of-
ficers to take over from.
BMATT. :

‘Cae Chitauro pointed
out that running estab-'
lished schools such as the |
Staff College was not’
simply a question” of!
passing a course, but of
gaining the necessary ex-;
perience — ich the
first crop of instructors;
should now have as ft was
four years since they
graduated from the train- |
ing institutions, . i

Asked whether there
were plans to expand the
existing defence system
in view of threats from
enemies, Cde Chitauro:
said it Wag not a question
of expanding ‘but con-
solidating what had been
produced in the way of
further training and use
of appropriate equipment.

The defence forces
should keep their state of
preparedness’ and effi-
ciency at a peak. “The
moment J the army lowers

e enemy may
strike with devastating
getect” Cde = Chitaura

‘The accounting system
in the army had improved
remarkably since , in-
dependence. Cée Chitauro

107

however, pointed out that
-effciency in accounting
largely on the
training of the
entrusted = with

In. the the prob-
Jems had been due to lack
of training and ex-
perience among the ex-
combatants.

“General awareness in:
now |
all:

accountability | is
clearly noticeable
ranks of the army,’
. He said discipline in
the army after in-
tegration was. acceptable.
There were iewer in-
eidents of absence with-
out leave and fewer de-
sertions ‘and courtamar-
tial.

Indiscipline was a
teething problem which
faced the army at the in-
tegration phase. The core
of the army had always
been highly disciplined.
Chitauro denied
reports that the army
was harassing civilians.
He said it was a people’s
army and any suggestion
to the contrary was ailm-
“malicious”.

army
pendence on the taxpayer
for food supplies, le
Chitauro said some pro-
jects had been started on
a small scale. He pointed
out that contrary to com-
mon belief, the defence
forces did not receive
food ‘handouts from the
Government.

ZIMBABWE ~~



NIGERIA

YUGOSLAVIA CALLED ON TO IMPROVE TRADE RELATIONS
Lagos DAILY TIMES in English 4 Oct 84 p 13

[Text] CHIEF of Staff, Supreme Headquarters, Brigadier Tunde Idiagbon has
called on Yugoslavia to improve her trade relations with Nigeria.

He made the call while receiving in audience, the country's ambassador to
Nigeria, Mr Ramadam Marmulaku at Dodan Barracks yesterday.

The Chief of Staff pointed out.that although the trade relations between both
countries dated back to the sixties, the balance of trade had always been in
favour of Yugoslavia.

He therefore expressed the hope that she would take necessary steps to rectify
the situation.

Brigadier Idiagbon told the ambassador that the present military leaders in
Nigeria had accepted the challenge the economic problems posed and were deter-
mined to resuscitate the economy and also improve the living standard of
Nigerians.

Before the damaged economy could be fully redeemed, the Chief of Staff said:
"It is inevitable that Nigerians would encounter some difficulties because we
all have to sweat before we can enjoy".

Commenting on the IMF loan, Brigadier Idiagbon reiterated that in as much as
Nigeria needed the loan, it would not accept the conditions the world organisa-
tion demanded from Nigeria before the loan could be granted.

On the international scene, Brigadier Idiagbon praised Yugoslavia for her lead-
ing role in the non-alligned movement of which Nigeria is a member, and also
for the encouraging support she was giving liberation movements in South Africa.
Earlier, Mr. Marmulaku had praised the Federal Military Government for the
steps taken so far to stabilize the country's economy and also praised the ad-
ministration for its War Against Indiscipline.

He remarked that his country was impressed. and strongly supported the steps.

cso: 3400/103 77



ZAMBIA

NEW PROTOCOL WITH ROMANIA TO BOOST TRADE
Lusaka ZAMBIA DAILY MAIL in English 11 Oct 84 p 1

[Text] ZAMBIA nad Romania have signed a trade protocol aimed at boosting bi-
lateral co-operation between the two countries.

Minister of State for Mines, Mr Nathan Siafwa, said yesterday that the agreement
was concluded last week in Bucharest.

Mr Siafwa has just returned from Romania where he was part of a six-man Zambian
delegation assigned to review the Zambia-Romania Joint Permanent Commission.

"Once effected, the new agreement will enable Zambia to even export food and
other items," he said.

He noted that the 1982 barter protocol between Zambia and Romania was not exe-
cuted but that this was due to "matters which needed ratification from Cabinet."
Some of the issues in the barter agreement, he said, may be effected in the new
trade protocol.

"The first barter protocol of 1981 was a success although we ran into difficul-
ties by settling it with payment of foreign exchange in the end.

"Three hundred tonnes of copper which were supposed to have been bartered were
instead settled by a payment of a little over K700,000 in foreign exchange,"
he said.

"The programme was, nevertheless, a success because we do not owe the Romanians
anything and I believe they do not owe us anything because we were the first to
make an order."

On the establishment of a repair workshop for mining equipment announced by
Mines Minister, Mr Basil Kabwe in July, Mr Siafwa said his ministry has pre-
pared documents which Cabinet Office have yet to approve. .

"Once our suggestions are approved, we shall forward them to the Romanian gov-
ernment for scrutiny. We shall also send our experts to see how the Romanians
repair their mining equipment," he said.

After the studies, Mr Siafwa explained is when it will be known if it is feasi-
ble to establish a repair plant for mining equipment in Zambia.

cso: 3400/149 103



Transkei National Independence Party, the former
army commander, Brig. R.A. Keswa, and a Matan-
zima relative, Prince Madikizela, typifies the style
of the regime. Prison conditions outside Umtata are
bad enough to be fatal for the unhealthy.

All queries to ministers on the detentions are
referred either to Gen. Jabu Mantutle, the commis-
sioner of police, or to Brig. Leonard Kawe, chief of
the security police. Satisfactory answers are rarely
provided. The minister of justice, T.T. Letlaka,
formerly a law lecturer at Isleworth Technical Col-
Jege in Britain, has reservations about police conduct,
not least because violent crime, especially in Umtata,
has greatly increased. White South Africans are now
reluctant to drive through the Transkei because of
intimidation by the local police.

In three areas of the Transkei there is a more
legitimate security problem. The two northern
areas - one an ‘island’ enclave - adjoining Lesotho,
provide access to the Republic for saboteurs, dissid-
ents and smugglers of dagga crossing Transkeian
territory. The frontiers here are, of necessity, largely
unmanned. In the eastern area of Pondoland there
has been inter-tribal fighting, which is probably at
least partly attributable to ANC exploitation of anti-
Matanzima opposition. The Transkei government
continually reiterates its belief in the stability and
loyalty of all groups of people in the territory -
because of the perceived soundness of the system,
in which the established hierarchy has been assimi-
lated into a national political party. In reality, the
system is unstable in all but the short-term.

Crucial: to the maintenance of the Matanzima
regime is the fledgling Transkei Defence Force
(TDF), under the command of Gen. Reid-Daly, the
former commander and main creator of the once
notorious Rhodesian Selous Scouts. With a 32-strong
team of ex-Rhodesians, mostly recruited from the
Selous Scouts, he is firmly in control of the force.
The TDF works closely with the South African
Defence Force (SADF), which is the only outside
source of training, equipment and financial aid for
military purchases. (South African military advisers
withdrew from Transkei in late 1977 “owing to
the prevailing political situation”. Small groups of
Transkeian officers were then trained in Zimbabwe
before independence there, but it was inadequate to
compensate for the total lack of an established
military order in Transkei. The arrival in 1981 of 40
Rhodesians saved the TDF from complete collapse).

The desired format of the TDF is broadly along
the lines of an SADF motorised counter-insurgency
unit. It will be supported by a Special Forces Tegi-
ment, now under formation in Port St. Johns, for
intelligence gathering and reconnaissance. Hence an

air wing and amphibious capability is required. (The
Wild Coast, treacherous and indented, is ideal for
infiltration by small boat). TDF strength is planned
to increase from its present 1,500 (compared to a
police force of 3,500) to 4,500 in eight to 15 years.
A TDF depot, an Infantry School and a training
camp just outside the capital, Umtata, are under
construction. The above will depend heavily on aid
from the Republic.

Recruitment to the TDF is unlikely to be a prob-
lem. All nine ethnic tribes in Transkei have to be
represented proportionately. Because pay and living
conditions are comparatively good, there are plenty
of volunteers from which to choose the 250 men
taken in annually. (12-18% of those applying pass
the entrance test). Recruits are put through the
Infantry School, which is commanded by Lt-Col.
Madikiza, who in turn is advised by Maj. J.C.
Bosch, a Rhodesian.

The idea is eventually to organise Transkei into
three military districts, each probably with an opera-
tional unit. If the TDF’s development goes ahead as
planned it will have a small squadron of helicopters,
three or four inshore patrol boats, and a mounted
unit, which will also, inevitably, be used for cere-
monial. The estimated total annual cost is R16 -
R2Im.

The TDF is at present cutting its teeth in Pondo-
land, where police units also work under its com-
mand. The tactics in Pondoland involve strategically-
located: observation posts informing a centrally-
located ‘reaction’ force of up to battalion-strength,
which then goes into action against bandits armed
with home-made weapons and FN rifles. Much of
Transkei is open ground. But Pondoland, like the
north-of the homeland, has large patches of forest.
It is ideal for counter-insurgency training.

Political control of the TDF seems to rest primarily
with prime minister cum minister of defence George
Matanzima, who in turn consults closely with Gen.
Reid-Daly. (The deputy minister of defence and
police, D. Tezapi, does not appear to be of much
importance). Theoretically, the approval of the
prime minister is required for deployment of the
TDF in aid of the civil power. Budgetary approval
depends nominally on the single-chamber _parlia-
ment. In practice, in all operational matters, Gen.
Reid-Daly:has considerable executive discretion.

Quite: apart from its own manifest internal prob-
lems, the security of Transkei will be substantially
affected-by a spillover of grievances from the Repub-
lic, especially via migrant labour and from deliber-
ately imported dissidents of local ethnic origin. The
Republic would probably intervene in the event of
serious disorder or an attempt to overthrow: the
Matanzima regime. But Pretoria would first have to

88



MOZAMBIQUE

WOMEN COOPERATIVISTS IN MAPUTO PRODUCING MORE FOOD
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 20 Oct 84 p 2

[Text] On the eve of the Extraordinary Congress of the OMM
[Organization of Mozambican Women], one of the liveliest topics
of discussion is undoubtedly the liberation of Mozambican
women. There are distinct aspects to the liberating process,
and one which has certainly had very concrete results is the
experience of the General Union of Agricultural and Livestock
Production Cooperatives in the city of Maputo. The association
now numbers about 10,000 members, 95 percent of whom are women.
In its last amual report, the General Union declared: "Thousands
of women have affirmed their dignity and worth, contributing
significantly to their households with food and money earned

by their own efforts." It is to the involvement of these
thousands of women, both as peasants and as women, that most of
the capital is indebted for the food it consumes. In this light,
we feel it is appropriate here to reprint a passage from the
report of the General Union of Cooperatives.

A basic aspect of the activity of the agricultural cooperatives is that they

are self-managed collective enterprises with the primary purpose of improving
the living standard of their members, particularly with regard to food. In

this respect, they are radically different from the state or private enterprises,
which are basically market-oriented. For the cooperatives, the marketing of
surplus production is of secondary importance,

Despite this basic difference, sales of produce by the agrictltural cooperatives
in Maputo surpassed 98 tons in 1981 and increased four-fold by 1983, to 396
tons. The estimate for 1984 is about 1,000 tons. ‘These are basically sales

of vegetables, pork and fruit. Oleaginous products and ducks are also marketed,
although in relatively small quantities.

Some products, produced in even more limited quantities, are retained solely

for the cooperative members; they include chicken and most of the duck. For
various reasons, many peasants do not eat pork. When the hogs are slaughtered,
these peasants keep the ducks for themselves. Oleaginous products; principally
peanuts, are produced in very limited quantities, owing to the shortage of seeds,
and because there is no product on the market to substitute for them, they

56



MOZAMBIQUE

AUSTRIAN ECONOMIC AID PROGRAM
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 15 Oct 84 p 1

[Text] The Government of Austria will grant more than $1 million
to Mozambique to build a village for 120 orphaned children.
Austraa may also take part in a program to rehabilitate 80
pumping stations and in the recovery of the Steel Pier at the
port of Maputo. It is also expected that Austria will sign

a technical and financial cooperation accord with Mozambique.

The purpose of the program to build a village to shelter about 120 orphaned
children is basically to provide the necessary conditions for their sound
development.

NOTICIAS learned from Dr Alexander Otto, the Austrian ambassador, who was accom
panied by the domestic trade minister, that the Austrian Government plans to
take part in the rehabilitation of 80 pumping stations to benefit agricuttural
production. There is another project to repair small-scale irrigation instal-
lations,

Ambassador Otto said that his country had participated since May in a program
to resume production of irrigation equipment at CIFFL (Itidustrial Ironworks
Company). Another program in which Austria is participating is a livestock
center, under a contract signed with the Beef Management Union. AUStria wilt
send Mozambique 300 head of cattle, an Austrian breed which should adapt very
well to conditions in our country. Mozambique will also receive eight bulls.

According to Dr Otto, specialists will also be sent to Mozambique to assist
in the organization and management of the projected livestock center.

In addition, Austrian technicians are currently meeting with Mozambican officials
in our country to discuss the rehabilitation of the Steel Pier at the port of
Mozambique.

“We are convinced that we can achieve positive results in this cooperation between

Austria and Mozambique, to the benefit of our relations, Since Austria is a
neutral country amid the military blocs, it appreciates all the efforts of

52



DROUGHT HAS AFFECTED SOME GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS

Gaborone BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS in English 29 Oct 84 p 2

[Text]

GABORONE, October 27:
Botswana needs P52 million and
50 000 tons of foodstuffs for
drought relief in the current
‘season, the Minister of External
Affairs, Dr G. Chiepe told the
Royal Commonwealth Society
and the UK/Botswana Society
on ‘Democracy and Development
In Botswana’ in London this week.

The Minister pointed out that
the drought had affected
government programmes, and
both human and financial
resources were being diverted
from long-term development to
drought relief schemes.

Drought was described as the
most serious of the country’s
Internal problems and Dr Chiepe
noted that even if rain falls, there
‘would be no harvest before the
middle of next year.

Discussing democracy, the
Minister said that “our
parliamentary institutions of
today are nurtured by our
democratic past.”

Giving a short history of the
country’s democratic system, Dr
Chiepe said it summarised the
country’s philosophy and
“commitment to democracy.

“Our belief in: democracy is
based on the conviction that
liberty Is the right of all,” Dr

CSO: 3400/186

Chiepe sald, “a conviction for
which elsewhere many have died
and for which tragically in
Southern Africa many still die.”

She argued that democracy
had great practical merits, and
noted that only a society could
Prosper.

She spoke at length on
development and stated that
Botswana had set our four
Principal objectives in its
development strategy; acce-
lerated development, social
justice, self-reliance and
sustained development.

The Minister explained: “Our
strategy has been vigorously to
explore, develop and exploit our
national resources in order to
maximise opportunities for the
economic advancement of our
country and people.”

Or Chiepe said that Botswana
‘was developing impressively, and
economic growth had been
sustained at remarkably high
levels tor almost two decades.

She singled out mineral wealth
as having helped the country
with revenues which have been
applied to rural development,
and to the development of
physical and social infra-
structure.

Commenting on the cattle

14

industry, Minister Chiepe said
the government had been
envolving and implementing
policies for supporting arable
agriculture especially for small
farmers.

“We recognise the employment
aspect of agriculture in oursmall
and developing economy,” she
sald.

Stressing the importance of
food production, Dr Chiepe
pointed out that the government
was now promoting irrigated
farming in the Okavango and
along the Chobe and Limpopo
rivers,

The Minister noted that the
new road to Kazungula and the
Maun-Nata road would facilitate
marketing from these areas.

Expressing concern over the
high rate of unemployment, the
Minister noted that National
Development Plan VI places
emphasis on the promotion of
Productive activities which would
generate employment.

On SADCC, Dr Chiepe said
Botswana expects “considerable
jong-term benefits from it, in
such flelds as agricultural
research, animal disease control,
electrical interconnection,
transport and communication
links and industrial dev-

BOTSWANA

elopment.”

She noted that two months
ago, the President Dr Q.K.J.
Masire and Prime Minister
Mugabe of Zimbabwe in-
augurated the SADCC tele-
communications link between
Botswana, Zimbabwe and
Zambia.

Commenting on South Africa,
Dr Chiepe said that “the
geopolitical situation next door”
was that of Black subjugation.

On the new constitutional
dispensation by South Africa,
the Minister said: “What we fail
to understand is how anyone
sees signs of progress towards
the dismantlement of apartheid
when a racially segregated
constitution has just been
Imposed.”

‘She stated that while Botswana
abhors apartheld and colo-
nialism, “we will not allow our
country to be used for armed
attacks against our neighbours.
We therefore have no reason to
sign @ pact with South Africa.”

Or Chiepe also spoke atlength
on “partnership” with the rest of
the world so that development
could progress and democracy
flourish. BOPA



GUINEA-BISSAU

EXPANDED FISHING COOPERATION WITH PORTUGAL STUDIED
Bissau NO PINTCHA in Poruguese 20 Oct 84 pp 1,3

[Text] Commander Faria dos Santos, Portuguese secretary of state for fishing,
visited our country from 13 to 20 Octobere The visit, at the invitation of
Luis Sanca, his Guinea~Bissauan counterpart, ended yesterday with the signing
of a joint communique.

The document stresses the support which Portugal will offer Guinea~Bissau in
the development of its fishing sector.

In their conversations, the two secretaries of state shared many views in common,
which contributed to the success of the discussions.

During the proceedings, the two delegations took an accounting of all the actions
developed in the area of fishing under the terms of the cooperation accord signed
between the two governments on 20 May 1977.

In Article 1 of that accord, the two parties pledged to promote, foster and
support the development of scientific cooperation in the area of fishing and
relatéd industries. The two delegations were pleased to note the entry into
operation of the first joint fishing association, GUIPEIXE, which will soon
have a large number of ships operating in Guinea-Bissauan waters in this joint
venture.

Both parties also agreed to a minimum quota of 3,000 tons TAB (Gross Tonnage),
granted, under a licensing system, to Portuguese ships; in the next 2 years,
more than 15 Portuguese ships, most of which are now under construction, are
expected. to go into operation in Guinea~Bissauan waters.

The Portuguese delegation readily agreed to take part in the construction of
new facilities for the Secretariat of State for Fishing, and immediately made
part of its contribution available to the Government of Guinea-Bissau.

Also regarding bilateral relations, the delegations were pleased with the total
agreement of views in all matters taken up pertaining to the fishing area and
voiced their determination to pursue and expand cooperation.

In this regard, the Portuguese party reaffirmed its readiness to ‘end assistance

in cadre training at all levels in the Portuguese fishing institutes and schools
and in its firms in this sector.

43



GUINEA-BISSAU

ECONOMIC CONTROL MEETING IN BISSAU
Bissau NO PINTCHA in Portuguese 17 Oct 84 pp 5-6

{Text] “The National Economic Control Commission met day before yesterday in
Bissau. The meeting was chaired by Comrade Bernardo Vieira, president of the
Council of State [PCE], and was attended by officials in the economic area;
namely, comrades Vasco Cabral, minister of economic affairs; Mario Cabral,
minister of trade and tourism;, Finance Minister Victor Freire Monteiro;
Bartolomeu Pereira, miniser of economic coordination, planning and international
cooperation; and Godinho Gomes, minister of the National Bank.

According to the press secretary of the PCE, the Economic Control Commission
discussed the report on the recent government mission to the World Bank and

the IMF; the report was presented by Comrade Godinho Gomes, who led the delega~
tion to the proceedings of the general assemblies of these international financial
institutions.

The commission also analyzed questions relatedto the implementation of the Economic
Stabilization Program, particularly some of the results obtained up to now in
the round tables in Lisbon with our principal: economie partners.

The Economic Control Commission also discussed the issue of imports, with parti-
cular attention to improving the supply of essential products for the people.

In addition, the commission reviewed the relationship between Guinea-Bissau

and some of its trading partners and noted the urgent need to improve the organi-
zation of our public enterprises. ~

Foreign Debt

According to the same source,. the participants examined the question of renego-
tiating our foreign debt, considering the country's current circumstances and
our effort to implement the First 4-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development.

In several speeches, the comrade president emphasized how important it is for
the country to insure the speedy and secure shipment of merchandise. In addition
to the time factor, he stressed that the government, through the competent
agencies, should consider a system by which we would no longer be dependent

on a single navigation company, one of the handicaps resulting in the constant
interruptions to distribution and in spoilage of the imported products.

47



He said: First, we have managed to survive as a nation. We have used part of
our resources for the expansion of social services and infrastructural facili-
ties in the nation. And today, collectively we aré making a concerted effort

to correct the ills of the past, to develop a more just society and to build a
better future for ourselves".

€s0: 3400/103

76



EPSILON~3'S SUCCESS IN AFRICA REPORTED

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL in English Oct 84 pp 39-41

[Article by General Paul Huguet]

[Text] , ,
Spanking new on the parking area of the

1st Senegalese air group, the aircraft stood
next to Fokker 27s, which, until more modern
aircraft could be provided, ensured liaison
and transport for the Senegalese Air Force.
Two Fougas returning from patrols also
pulled up next to the Epsilon, while off to one
side, three DC3s that had been taken out of
service collected dust in oblivion. From the
moment it arrived, the Epsilon sparked keen
interest among aviators. Delivered in the
cargo bay of a regular airliner, it had been
Put into flight condition in less than two
days, and the test flight had gone off without
a hitch. The Nord-2501 charged with
providing technical support throughout the
trip also arrived in Africa with spare parts
and part of the Epsilon’s weaponry. The rest
of the armament arrived on a French Air
Force Transall. The French Air Force helped
Prepare the tour.

The team of professionals from
Aerospatiale was joined by representatives
from the Matra, Alkan and Lacroix firms. The
weather was clear and not excessively hot
for the season, as a promising day of
aeronautical prowess got under way. Five
flights were made before nightfall, plus five
more the following day, while an audio-
visual presentation was given at general
staff headquarters for officers from the three
branches of the armed forces. Our two pilots,
Mr. Lelaie and Mr. Yoh, took turns at the
controls, and the Epsilon stayed in the sky
over Quakam without a break. One of the
first to try the plane was Colonel Seck,
former Air Force chief of staff and presently
adjoint to the chief of the general staff. A
seasoned pilot, he required only a short
briefing before taking off for an hour-long
flight. He returned extremely satisfied with

his initial contact with the plane and
impressed with the aircraft’s flight
capabilities. The official presentation of the
Epsilon was planned the following
Wednesday before Senegalese and French
military authorities. The white-coveralled
mechanics and red-suited pilots gathered
around the plane at center stage. After the
technical presentation, Mr. Lelaie did a series
of stunts for hundreds of officers gathered
along the runway.

A support aircraft, the Epsilon was
scheduled to show off its firing capabilities
the next day, March 15, at the Dodji firing
range in the north of the country. That
evening, though, a mist covered the sky and
it was feared that this important
demonstration would have to be called off
because of the sandstorms that had already
hit Saint-Louis.

Several years ago these sandstorms were
relatively rare, but with the progressive
encroaching of the desert this phenomenon
has become relatively frequent. Nothing
could be done except hoping for a break in
the wind. Luck was with us, and on March 15
the almost totally clear sky signalled a go for
Dodji. The inseparable Nord-2501 took off
ahead of the Epsilon, which was followed by
a Fokker F-27 piloted by Colonel Seck and
Lieutenant-Colonel Diop, who had just
completed training at Paris’ advanced
military academy. On board were a number
of Senegalese officers, including Lieutenant-
Colonet Lame, Air Force chief of staff, who
had flown the 02 version of the Epsilon at the
1981 Le Bourget Air Show.

The landings on the laterite airstrip at
Dodji were impeccable, particularly that of
the Epsilon, which had no trouble putting
down on the pebble-spotted clay, thus



MALI

BRIEFS

PRC DROUGHT RELIEF--The minister of interior, Lieutenant Colonel Abderhamane
Maiga, this morning received in audience the PRC ambassador to Mali,. His Ex-
cellency Zhou Haiping. The audience was held to sign documents related to
PRC assistance to drought-strickenbrothers in some of our. regions. Under the
agreement, the PRC will purchase and transport 1,000 tons of corn, amounting
to $158,000. [Summary] [Bamako Domestic Service iin French 1500 GMT 2 Nov
84 AB)

csO: 3419/127

51



Former Bandits Recount Career Experiences in MNR
(NOTICIAS, various dates)....

Emigrant Recruited in Swaziland
Trained for Espionage
Zimbabwean Criticized

Reporter Visits Manica Province, Tours Vineyard
(Jorge Costa; NOTICIAS, 13 Oct 84)....... Be eccveseeces

NIGERIA

Kano Officials Discuss Agricultural Questions, Drought
(A.B. Tapidi; NEW NIGERIAN, 18, 21 Sep 84)..

Governor Makes Suggestions
Commissioner Scores Development

Policy To Forestall Religious Violence Said Under Way
(Nkem Agetua; NEW NIGERIAN, 13 Sep 84)......eeeeeeeees

Military Urged Not To Rush To Hand Power to Civilians
(DAILY TIMES, 3 Oct 84)......ecceeecceeceeeeee se eeeeee

Yugoslavia Called on To Improve Trade Relations
(DAILY TIMES, 4 Oct 84)...

Solar Energy Considered for Food Preservation
(Idris M. Bugaje; NEW NIGERIAN, 18 Sep 84)..

Breakdown of Plants, Equipment Blamed on Lack of Maintenance
(Victor Attai; NEW NIGERIAN, 21 Sep 84)..

Plateau State Introduces Fees in Hospitals
(Andrew Orolua; NEW NIGERIAN, 22 Sep 84)...

Briefs
250 Industries Shut Down
Fleet Expansion Plans Dropped
Fewer Ships Berthed

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

Briefs
Coasting Vessel 'Pague'

SIERRA LEONE

Briefs
Journalist Sentenced

60

69

72

74

75

77

78

79

80

81

81

82

83



were devoted to obscurantist beliefs; and they didn't like to study. I was
not in agreement with that. I often tried to make them realize that they
were mistaken. Then they started persecuting me, claiming. that I had the
complex whereby I thought that I knew more than the others."

Augusto Goncalves continued: "We moved from Garagua, when the base was bombed,
in October 1981. We went to Tome. During the bombing, our chief was taken
by helicopter to South Africa. He had been wounded. But’ I didn't. stay in
Tome very long, because I was unhappy there. One night, I escaped from the
Tome base, but along the way I met other bandits, who recaptured me. When

we arrived at the base, they put me in the prison."

He concluded his account by saying: "I finally fled from Tome in July 1983
‘(this camp was attacked and dismantled, by the FAM/FPLM in August 1983).

It was my intention to reach Maputo, because it.would have been difficult to
reach Manica, since there are many camps along the way. So, I walked to Gaza,
spending many weeks; and I came upon Manjacaze,.where I was found by the
FRELIMO troops. They captured me and took me to Chibuto, from which I was
moved to Maputo in August of last year."

After making these comments, August Goncalves made a point of saying that he

was not captured, but surrendered. He claimed that he had no intention of
escaping from jail, nor any idea of becoming an armed bandit again.

2909
CsO: 3442/54

68



NATION MAY SOON PRODUCE SALT

Gaborone BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS

[Text]

cso:

GABORONE: Botswana may be
producing her own salt by the
end of this decade.

Revealing the good news in
Parliament today, the Minister of
Mineral Resources and Water
Affairs, Mr Archie Mogwe said:
“The companyworking on the
‘Sua Pan Project was now In the
final stages of drawing up its
detailed feasibility study and we
believe that given reasonable
co-operation from the parties
involved, the project will be
developed and operating within
the next four to five years.”

The Minister had earliercalled
for the diversification of the
country’s economy, noting that
while Botswana has achieved
‘one of the highest economic
growth rates in the years since
independence, due mainlyto the
profitable and well-managed
mining sector, the “miracle may
not be repeatable.”

Mr Mogwe said the current
contract between the Govern-
ment and De Beers on the
marketing of diamonds through
the Central Selling Organisation
expires next year.

Negotiations on the next
agreement covering 1986-90, he

3400/186

BOTSWANA

in English 29 Oct 84 p 2

sald, were expected to start next
year.

He observed that the value ot
mineral products has increased
tremendously over the last six
years, resulting in an increase of
over 50 per cent of citizen
employment.

He said Debswana was
committed to recruiting local
labour where possible and thata
varlety of education and training
Programmes were being
conducted where so far, 86 locals
have successfully obtained
degrees, diplomas and or
certificates since the Inception
fo the trainign scheme in 1969.

Currrently, he added there
were 116 students doing studies
at home and abroad in various
fields for the purpose of
localisation which was being
monitored by the Departments
of Mines and Labour to ensure
that localisation in mines was
consistent with the overall
Government policy.

On the BCL mine in Selebi
Phikwe, Mr Mogwe said that while
there have been only reports on
its financial problems, the mine
has been successful in some
ways,

23

He said the mine employed
more Batswana than any other
private employer and it offered
opportunities for training in
education, health care, water
supplies and modern social
amenities for many thousands
of citizens.

The Minister however reported
to the House that the anticipated
recovery in the world diamond
market had not materialised and
that as such, Botswana has not
beenable to sell all her diamond
production.

Regarding the energy sector,
the Minister reported that work
was underway at the Morupule
Power Station, which he said
will bring considerable economic
benefits and increased security
of electricity supplie:

However, he said, itwas evident
that most of the rural population
will not be able to afford to
purchase electricity from the
station.

“It was for this reason that
Government policy on rural
energy focuses on increasing
the supply of renewable energy
and on increasing the efficiency
of energy use,” Mr Mogwe said.



would smoke a cigarette. It is for this reason that my head is not yet 2
straight; sometimes when I recall certain things, I think that I am still
there. But I no longer consider myself a:bandit,.and all ‘the more:so since

I was taken there by force, and didn't surrender voluntarily," replied Alberto
Mcambo in response to the aforementioned question. i

When urged to give the names of his chiefs while with the armed bandits, -and
at the South African barracks in Nelspruit, he replied:

"During the training in Salisbury, I had a chief named Ismael Quincas. During
the operations, we were commanded by Vasco Massinga, Antonio Chico and Fabio
Matusse. Now, in South Africa, I don't know the names, because they didn't
trust us enough to let us know their names. I only know that they were white
South African officers. There was a major among them."

"and how many people did you kill during the time that you were going about
waging battles?"

"It is difficult to tell how many. There must have been a few dozen, or
even hundred, because I operated with a bazooka, a mortar or a cannon: which,
when fired, hit many persons at a single time. Furthermore, when one is in
a battle such as this, there is no time to count how many persons were killed
by my bullets."

Zimbabwean Criticized
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 23 Oct 84 p 8

[Text] A Zimbabwean citizen with moderate schooling spent 4 years in the ranks
of the armed bandits, after having been trained in South Africa in the special
function of radio operator in the Infantry and Air Force, and also as a trans-
lator of messages from Portuguese to the English language. During this period
he worked in some of the bandits’ leading camps in Manica and Inhambane
Provinces, specifically, in Sitatonga, Garagua and Tome.

Named Augusto Goncalves, aged 30, he is a Zimbabwean citizen, son of a Mozam-
bican father. Upon being introduced during the meeting held a few days ago
with native and foreign reporters in Maputo, he said that he had an academic
standing equivalent to the ninth grade, and that he was an accountant by
profession.

Starting the story of his activities, August Goncalves said: "I was abducted
by the armed bandits in 1979, in Manica, near the Zimbabwe border, while I
was on vacation in my father's country. They took me to a place located 4
kilometers from Untali, in Zimbabwean territory, where I remained for 3
months."

Training and Specialization

During his 3-month stay in Untali, August Goncalves was given training and, at
the same time, started the radio operator's course.

66



MOZAMBIQUE

PORTUGUESE PROFESSORS FOR NEW ECONOMICS COURSES
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 24 Oct 84 p 8

{Text] University extension activities, which will permit the continuing train~
ing of graduates in economics and other cadres linked to the management of the
economy, are being developed by the Faculty of Economics at Eduardo Mondlane
University in Maputo. This year, enrollment has already been opened for three
special courses in the faculty. This week, another program of this kind will

pe initiated, with the arrival of two Portuguese professors who will lecture

on foreign trade and offer a seminar in economic management.

This action is part of a whole effort by the Faculty of Economics to expand
university extension activities with courses that will permit the further training
of graduates in economics and of cadres linked to the sector.

One of the Portuguese professors, Ir Amadeu Paiva, will offer a lecture course

in foreign trade, which is a normal part of the batealaufeate curriculum.

Adelino Torres, the other Portuguese professor, will conduct a seminar on economic
development. Both courses are open to undergraduates.

The foreign trade course will be intensive, i.e., from 1700 to 2100.hours, 5
days a week. Priority will be given to applicants whose activity is linked

to foreign trade and who have the academic background to understand the material.
The course will be conducted in the Faculty of Economics.

The economic development seminar will be presented in the normal classroom for
economic development, three times a week, exclusively for students in the
Economics Faculty. It is planned, however, to repeat these sessions for
interested parties, through several conferencesat a location still to be confirmed,

6362
cso: 3442/53

59



SESE VILLAGE STRUGGLES AGAINST DROUGHT

BOTSWANA

Gaborone BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS in English 29 Oct 84 ps5

[Article by Bapasi Mphusu]

{Text]

SJWANENG: When a BOPA
vehicle arrived at a dam
construction site at Sese
village outside Jwaneng, about
20 men and women working
on the site immediately
demanded their money which
they said had been delayed by
officials of the drought relief
project.

The Village Development
Committee (VDC) Vice-
Chairman Mmabene
Alemarumo, who led the
BOPA team to the site,
explained that whenever the
People saw a government
vehicle, they demanded their
money which they said was
now overdue.

They are each paid P2 a
day as labourers for drought
relief projects and the money
comes at the end of the month.

Labour-based drought relief
projects at Sese include
construction of adam, building
of akgotla and the clearing of
asite for future kgotla offices.
The workforce involves both
men and women.

The headman, Mr Kabelo

Bagwasi, said not all the people
were participating in
development projects in the
village, but some were out at
different parts of the Southern
District looking for water for
their livestock. He described
the shortage of water for
livestock in the area as acute.

He added that people did
not attend kgotla meetings
because of their constant
search for water for their
livestock. Cattle wandering
in the village look weak and
are already dying from the
effects of drought.

Sese started in the early
sixties when people were
allocated land for ploughing.
Some people came from as
far as Moshupa. And with the
arrival of people who were
displaced by mining activities
in 1979 the area developed to
village size.

The Southern District
Council is working on a plan
to move more people from the
Jwaneng settlement to Sese.

There used to be about 70
cattleposts in the area; and
according to Mr Bagwasi,

16

most people moved their
livestock somewhere else as
the grazing area was reduced
and the water problem became
more serious.

The water problem and
reduced grazing area forced
both humans and their
livestock to move elsewhere.

But early this month,
domestic water supplies
became more reliable with
the completion of a water-
reticulation project by the
Department of Water Affairs.

The 370 population of Sese
has been depending on water
rations from the Jwaneng
township, supplied by the town
council and Debswana, and
also from a borehole whose
yield later dropped drastically.

Mr Bagwasi said the new
water supply from taps had
relieved the people, although
they were not sure if it would
last for long.

But the problem of supplying
livestock with water remains.
The water is pulled from a
second borehole which was



son’s attempt to gain the leadership. During ensuing
demonstrations, the security forces fired on.a crowd,
killing at least 13 sect. members. The incident raised
an uproar in Pointe Noire, and. severely tarnished
the regime’s image among the Vili. Leading Vili
politicians like ex-prime minister Louis-Syivain
Goma and former PCT ideologue Jean-Pierre Tchi-
caya-Thystére, threatened to resign.

However, Sassou-Nguesso was unanimously re-
elected party president. The politbureau. was
expanded from 10.to 13 members and the central
committee from 40 to 50 members, thus enabling
the president to place many of his supporters in both
bodies. About 60% of the central committee appears
to come from Sassou-Nguesso’s Cuvette region. The
party secretariat’s supposed aim is to assure liaison
with the PCT rank and file without having to go
through the existing party organs. Following the
endorsement ofa constitutional reform, the presi-
dent is now the head of government, a function
previously exercised by the prime minister. The latter
will henceforth be responsible for. ‘‘coordinating
ministerial activities”. The post has been maintained
for reasons of patronage and ethnic balance. But its
functions effectively have been abolished. The main
losers in the PCT power struggle were potentates
from the Vili group and Katali’s Impfondo faction.
All the ‘old-guard’ of Vili politicians has now been
side-lined.

The most dramatic event of the congress was
the exclusion of Tchicaya-Thystére from the party
hierarchy. After a session of self-criticism (‘‘Marx-
ist’? Congo’s version of the Catholic confession
ritual) during which the PCT ideologue blamed him-
self for a host of petty shortcomings, Sassou-
Nguesso pulled off a well-timed coup: at 4 a.m. he
suddenly asked Tchicaya-Thystére if he was ready
to admit to his crimes. When the latter exclaimed
his innocence, the president unveiled a supposedly
compromising document linking Tchicaya-Thystére
to the 1982 bombings in Brazzaville. (AC Vol 24
No 18). The “‘incriminating evidence”’ was a video
cassette on which Ndalla Graille accuses him of
masterminding the bombings. When a special! party
commission interviewed Graille, he retracted his
statements, saying they were extracted by the threat
of torture. Nonetheless, Tchicaya-Thystére was dis-
missed. Sasso-Nguesso thus has one less potential
rival from the south. Tchicaya-Thystére’s treatment
has brought waves of protest from party ranks,
which so far have been successfully contained.

The presidential manoeuvres in the Vili region
were made possible by the influence of Marie-
Antionette Sassou-Nguesso, the president’s influen-
tial Vili wife. Significantly, the president reserved

his last pre-congress trip for Pointe Noire, where he
met Burkina president, Thomas Sankara. He is also
determined to build a $500m pulp mill in the Vili
capital (see box). Vili politicians still in important
posts are Hilaire Mountault, minister of transport
and aviation, Jean-Baptiste Tati-Loutard, minister
of culture and art, who is reputedly close to Tchi-
caya-Thystére, and Bernadette Bayonne Mountou,
minister for basic education and literacy.

In the extreme northern Impfondo-Sangha
regions, a possible anti-Sassou-Nguesso coalition was
thwarted: by the curtailment of Katali’s power. He
was reposted from the key defence and security
portfolio (taken over by the president) to the mnor
agriculture and livestock ministry. He might well be
sent abroad as an ambassador next year. The pro-
Soviet foreign minister, Pierre Nzé M’ba, was relie-
ved of his post and relegated to the PCT permanent
secretariat. Emerging in the Sangha region as the
presidential man is Daniel Abibi, minister of higher
education. He could replace Tchicaya-Thystére as
official ideologue, and appears assured of a spectacu-
lar career.

In the Impfondo area, the rehabilitation of
Ambroise Noumazalaye, appointed minister of indu-

The economy: disaster looms

Structural deficiencies have worsened during the last few
years of largely artificial growth. Sassou-Nguesso postponed
spending cuts before the PCT congress in order to avoid
stirring up ethnic and regional displeasure. Unless financial
discipline is imposed soon, the economy’s:medium-term out-
look will deteriorate sharply.

Investment spending is‘running wild, often on uneconomic
schemes designed primarily to recycle petro-dollars as part of
Sassou-Nguesso’s political patronage. In 1982, for example,
planned investment of $353m was exceeded by about $150m.
Attempts to restrain 1983 and 1984 expenditures have been
largely futile. Expenditure is concentrated on infrastructural
projects. Almost 80% of road building is in the north, where
only 20% of the population lives. Such schemes are lucrative
for Congolese entrepreneurs who, often with European part-
ners, control public works and transport firms. The 74.5 km
Bihoua road, mainly financed by the European Development
Fund, overran its $3m projected cost by 1000%. The road
has now disintegrated, thus requiring further enormous sums
to repair it. Another example of waste is the rebuilding of the
‘Congo-Ocean (CFCO) railway. Begun in 1976 and supposed
to be completed in 1979, the work might be completed next
year, thanks to an emergency $5m loan by the Sudan-based
eee development bank. The final cost will be about

335m.

The corrupt and incompetent parastatal sector and the
financially disastrous state farms need immediate attention.
It will be a difficult task socially, because parastatals have
provided employment for Congo’s increasingly well-educated
youth, and state farms are meant to stem the rural-to-urban
drift. ‘Already about a third of Congo’s 1.5m population is
crowded into the capital, which is growing at nearly 10% a
year. State farms produce at prohibitive prices. For example,
the chicken farm near Pointe Noire, sold to Congo by France’s
“red millionaire’, Jean-Baptiste Doumeng (AC Vol 23 nos
4 & 13), sells chickens on the domestic market at twice the
price of imported frozen foul.

The balance of payments is well in deficit, largely due to

33



friendly countries which are following a path of real nonalignment. In fact,
T am convinced that the existing relations between us can pe even further
expanded and will achieve even more positive results."

The Austrian ambassador made a point of stressing that the People's Republic
of Mozambique is the second African country to benefit from Austrian aid.
In recent years, over 20,000 tons of grain have been channeled to this country.

Another aspect noted by Dr Alexander Otto pertained to the technical and financial
cooperation accord which could be signed before long between Mozambique and
Austria. According to the ambassador, this will further relations between the
two countries and will permit increased assistance in the social and economic
development of Mozambique.

6362
CSO: 3442/53

53



cso:

At the moment there Is a dally
average of about3 000 prisoners
in Botswana's prison institutions,
some of whom would benefit
from the new conditions.

Subject to other provisions of
this part, a prisoner shall be
eligible for release from prison
on parole If he is serving a
determinate term of imprison-
ment of not less than four years,
whether that term consists of a
single punishment or punishment
running concurrently or
consecutively, neither the whole
nor part of which was imposed
forstealing stock or for unlawful
dealing in or possession of
precious stones and he has
served half of that term or three
years imprisonment, whichever

" Is longer.

Such eligibility for release
involved a determinate term of
imprisonment of more than five
years whether that term consists
of a single punishment or
punishment running con-
currently or consecutively, the
whole or part of which was
imposed for stealing stock or for
unlawful dealing in or possession
of precious stones and he has
served one half of that term or
five years imprisonment which
ever is longer.

Another condition for release
on parole is a term of

3400/186

imprisonment for life or
confinement during the
President's pleasure, of which
seven years Imprisonment has
already been served.

in this process, an officer in
charge ofa prison will be required
to submit a report on the
prisoner's conduct and progress
made in rehabilitation.

“If the conduct and reha-
bilitation of the prisoner are
satisfactory, the Parole Board
would make a recommendation
for his release on parole to the
Minister of Home Affairs,” said
Mr Ramokhua.

In this process, the Parole
Board would attach a report on
the conditions under which such
a prisoner should be released.

The Ministry of Home Affairs
is In the process of instituting
one parole board as opposed to
each prisoner having his own
board. Once the new board Is
established, prisoners who
qualify under the prescribed
conditions will be released on
parole.

In pursuance and impleme-
ntation of security and
rehabilitation of prisoners, the
prison legistation is strictly
observed in accordance with the
constitution which has a solid

19

basis for the protection of
fundamental human rights and
individual freedom.

The Constitution and the laws
of Botswana prohibit cruelty,
torture, Inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment of
Persons subjected to any form
of detention or imprisonment as
well as slavery and forced labour.

In order to reduce the rate of
increase In the prison population
and to assist the integration of
offenders into the community
on their release, the department
has amended the Prison Act
which permits the introduction
of parole and a greater use of
extra-mural labour.

In this area, the industries
contribute adversely towards
general progress. Last year, the
workshop equipment vote was
allocated P25 000 for the
purchase of wood-working
machines.

Despite shortcomings which
are sometimes unavoidable, it is
important to note that the Prison
Department's elghteen penal
institutions utilise all the
remedial, moral, educational,
spiritual and other forces and
forms of assistance which are
appropriate and available and
apply them to the welfare needs
of the prisoners.



officer, was found dead on the beach at Mogadishu
with a bullet through the head. A group of senior
officers, including three Ogadenis, and Col.
Mohamed Osman Qadi, head of military personnel,
Col. Dolal, head of political affairs in the armed
forces, and Co. Abdirahman Khalif, head of the
Mogadishu military academy, were then sent to
Cairo for training. More recently, Maj. Shamsuddin
Abdisalaam, the former Ogadeni commander of the
Somali Commarido Unit, has returned to Ethiopia,
where he has been appointed by the Ethiopian
government to assemble a small paramilitary unit to
Patrol towns and wells against guerrilla attack.

In comparison to the Ogaden and the WSLF,
north-eastern Kenya and the NFDLF is relatively
easy for Barre to handle. The US and Saudi Arabia
have worked hard to persuade him of the merits of
completely disbanding the NFDLF as a prerequisite
to good relations with Kenya. Moi’s visit to Somalia
in August was the outcome of several meetings
last year between Kenyan officials and their Somali
counterparts, led by the Ogadeni minister of infor-
mation, Col. Mohamed Omar Jays. During Moi’s
visit, the NFDLF leadership was locked up and all
publicity denied to Stambul.

In September Moi paid a rare visit to Garissa, his
first since the Wajir massacre in February (AC Vol
25 No 5). During the visit, 15 members of the
NFDLF allegedly handed themselves in to Kenyan

CSO: 3400/166

86

authorities. They included Wako Hapi Taro, second
vice-president, Sheikh Ali Abdullahi, finance secre-
tary, and Ali Falir Ibrahim, commander of the
military wing. However, Stambul later said that the
15 were among the 18 people expelled from the
NFDLF last April for disciplinary reasons. (He said
they were involved in selling arms to the Degodia
and Ajuran clans).

Another significant factor for the prospect of
peace in the north east of Kenya, is the presence in
both the Somali and Kenyan armies of several high-
ranking officers born in the region. The most senior
Somali officer is Gen. Aden Abdullahi ‘Gabeyow’,
the former commander of the Halane training camp,
now deputy defence minister. (He was first an officer
in the Kenyan army, but defected to Tanzania in
1964 to avoid serving in his home district). He played
a key role in suppressing the 1978 coup attempt
against Barre). Lt-Gen. Mohamoud Mohammed, the
commander of the new Kenyan airforce - and also
a key figure in suppressing the 1982 coup attempt
in Kenya - comes from the same village as Gen.
Gabeyow. Both were ‘recruited into the army in
19560

Footnote: .

1, The NFDLF is composed of a 35-member government-in-exile.
Its main officers are: Deqow Maalim Stambul (president),
Abdikadir Sheikh Hussein (vice-president), Ahamad Badawi
(foreign relations), Gududow Garad (defence), Sayyid Ahamed
(interior), Khatif Mohamed Ibrahim (education), Abdi Laafa
(adviser)@



GHANA

GHANAIAN REFUGEES PLIGHT IN EUROPE VIEWED
AB052149 Accra Domestic Service in English 1800 GMT 5 Nov 84
[From the press review]

[Text] On page 3 of the GRAPHIC is a letter from one Odeyefoo Akoto Bonsu,
secretary of the Ghana Sufferers Union of Hamburg, West Germany, recounting
the atrocities being meted out to Ghanaian refugees in that country. Accord-
ing to Odeyefoo Akoto Bonsu, some Ghanaians have been murdered, some have gone
mad and others have got their belongings confiscated by the West German police.
The GRAPHIC says about 3,000 Ghanaian refugees have been deported from West
Germany since June and about 5,000 of them will soon be deported from Britain.
The paper recalls that some of these refugees, when they were in power,
drained the country's coffers and kept them in foreign banks and others,
since leaving the country, have made attempts to destabilize it. The GRAPHIC
writes: As these prodigal Ghanaians return and in spite of the shame to
which they have put the rest of us, we must endeavor to explain to them what
we are trying to do. This is a task for the defense committees which we
trust they will take up and tackle. But even so, as we do so, we must take

a new look at Europe as the current theme of a series of activities by
Alliance Francaise, Goethe Institute and British Council has put it and

at ourselves first of all [sentence as heard]. Europe is not baked beans,
shoddy plastic and television soap operas, as the secretary for culture said
in his speech last week. We must equally know that Europe is facing an eco-
nomic crisis unknown to them for two generations. Therefore, those who go

to Europe because life is too hard here will learn to their cost that life

is even harder there in spite of the over brimming shops. But then that
knowledge may cost such a great deal to the individual's personality that

she or he will not be of any use either by himself or herself or to the na—
tion.

CsO: 3400/192

40



NIGERIA

BRIEFS

250 INDUSTRIES SHUT DOWN--MORE than 250 industries have so far been closed dow
this year throughout the country due to lack of raw materials and spare-parts,
Mr. Oladapo Fafowora, Executive Director of the Manufacturers Association of
Nigeria (MAN), has said. He disclosed this to the New Nigerian at an interview
in his office in Lagos. Mr. Fafowora explained that many of such manufacturing
companies were closed because of their inability to secure enough import licen-
ces and foreign exchange to import raw materials and spare-parts required to
keep them running. He said if the situation was not checked, more industries
would be closed down and more workers retrenched. He explained that even in-
dustries that were able to secure import licences would not be able to make
profit if the prevailing situation persisted. [Text] [Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in
English 25 Sep 84 p 1]

FLEET EXPANSION PLANS DROPPED--The Nigerian National Shipping Line (NNSL) has
dropped a plan to acquire 15 new vessels at a cost of 300 million naira, be-
cause of Nigeria's foreign exchange problems. The shipping line had entered a
contract in September 1982, with the Hamburg-based firm, Hamstorf Consulting
and Engineering, to acquire the ships. NNSL Public Relations Manager, Mr. Willy
Nwokedi said that the cancellation of the project was in line with the Federal
Military Government's ban on new major projects for the rest of the year. The
NNSL's fleet expansion phase I completed in 1980 had involved the purchase of
11 new ships, built in South Korea and Yugoslavia, at a total cost of about 200
million naira. The NNSL subsequently sold some of its older ships and now has
24 vessels in its fleet. Phase II of the programme, which should have increased
the fleet to 39 has however always been uncertain. When it was first proposed,
the government had said that the NNSL should find the finance itself, but later
relented. In the recent economic difficulties, the government is again anxious
to get the more commercially viable parastatals (among which NNSL) to finance
their capital investments, and if the programme had not been suspended, the
NNSL would almost certainly have been asked to raise the finance on its own.
[Text] [Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL in English No 49, Sep 84 p 29]

FEWER SHIPS BERTHED--The number of ships berthing at Nigerian ports fell sharply
again in the first half of 1984. Only 1,734 ships berthed, 507 fewer than the
2,250 that berthed in the second half of 1983, Nigerian Ports Authority reports.
Cargo throughput recorded was 5.5 million tons inward and 817,104 tons outward.
[Text] [Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL in English No 49, Sep 84 p 29]

cso: 3400/104 81



to the opening of social
of bread and the formation of consumer cooperatives.

centers in the cooperatives, the organized distribution

It is a matter of a justi-
fiable demand by the cooperativists for a supply of other goods in return.

Table: Consumption ami Sales by Cooperatives over a 4~Year Period

Category

Gross Production

Consumption
Sales

Average consumption
by cooperative mem-
bers per year

6362
CSO: 3442/53

1981

148 tons

50 tons
(34 percent)

98 tons
(66 percent)

42.5 ke

58

1982

350

130
(40

220
(60

61

tons

tons
percent)

tons
percent)

ke

1983

706 tons

310 tons
(44 percent)

396 tons
(56 percent)

1984 Cestinate)
{as published]

660 tons

660 tons

79.5 ke



SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

BRIEFS

COASTING VESSEL ‘PAGUE'--The Transportation and Communications Ministry took
delivery on August 5 of the coasting vessel Pague, built with hull number 344
at the Chantiers et Ateliers de la Perriere (France). Put into dry dock on
January 27 and launched on April 20, the Pague measures 40 m in length (36,5 m
between perpendiculars), 7,50 m moulded breadth and 30 m in depth. With a dead
weight displacement of 230 tons, it has 180 m of transport capacity in the
rear hold and 160 m3 in the forward hold. The propulsion unit is comprised of
a diesel Poyaud A~12-150SRM engine, outputting 600hp at 1500 rpm and giving the
vessel a speed of 10 knots, [Text] [Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL in English
Oct 84 p 17]

Cso: 3400/149

82



THIS SEASON'S COFFEE EXPORTS MAY EARN $30 MILLION

Harare THE HERALD in English 24 Oct 84 p 3

[Text]

CSO:

3400/155

FOREIGN exchange earnings from
coffee could be about $30 million
in 1984/85, the chairman of the
Coffee Growers’ Association, Mr
Robin Fennell, has told the Com-
mercial Farmers’ Ustion’s monthly

council meeting.

In 1983/84 coffee earned $21,5 mil-
Hon compared to $17 million in 1982/

‘The chairman of the Commercial’

Cotton Growers’ Association, Mr Peter
Flanagan, reported that growers felt
the new ginnery should be sited in
Bindura to save transport costs incur-
red by farmers there.

While he hinted that ft could be
stted in the Mazowe Valley, the Minis-
ter of Agriculture, Senator Denis Nor-
man, has remained non-committal about
the final chiice.

He told. the agricultural viability
conference that experts had already
been sent to America to buy the new
ginnery.

The chairman of the Commercial”

Poultry Producers’ Association, Mr
Dave Irvine, told the meeting that the
association would apply for an increase

in broiler prices. as soon as the new

stockfeed prices were announced,

He. also reported that there were
signs egg prices would ease in the next
few weeks as the normal summer in-
crease in production hits the market,

117

ZIMBABWE


ZIMBABWE

BRIEFS

TRANIAN EMBASSY CONDEMNS APARTHEID--The Iranian Embassy in Harare has issued
a statement castigating the apartheid regime as retrogressive and evil. The
statement says South Africa's racially separate development of way of life is
inhuman and a threat to peace and justice in the world. It points out that
one of the most important objectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the
elimination of racial or tribal discrimination all over the world. The state-
ment also endorses the proposal given by the prime minister, Comrade Robert
Mugabe, at the United Nations recently to support all liberation movements in
Southern Africa to fight with apartheid. [Text] [Harare Domestic Service in
English 0500 GMT 3 Nov 84 MB]

JAPANESE FOR CHIPINGE--SEVEN Japanese voliinteers are due to arrive in Zimbabwe
next month to help improve the condition of displaced people at Tongogara camp
in Chipinge. Miss Hiromi Shimizu, the representative of the (Japanese) Associ-
ation to Aid Refugees, said this was part of her organisation's policy to expand
its activities to Africa, because of the increasing displaced persons problem on
the continent. [Text] [Harare THE HERALD in English 19 Oct.84 p 11]

cso: 3400/163 - END -

120



As far as the army is concerned, it is far from laying itself open to division
at the moment. The garrison CDR's, morever, when it comes to the facts are
more virulent in ‘the struggle against opportunists, i.e., the saboteurs of

the August revolution, than_anywhere else in the country. The many old soldiers
who come before the CRD's /Revoltuionary Disciplinary Committees/ are proof of
the fact.

In any case, vigilance is nevertheless still indispensable. For countermeasures
against /the sabotage of/ the August Revolution need to be made quickly. Thus
in the entire apparatus of state and social life, activists must unmask
opportunists of every stripe. During general meetings, CDR discussions, revolu-
tionary weeks in the services or state companies, to oust publicly the enemies
of our revolution with files that have been well outlined ahead of time, remains
a task to be begun in the present phase of the struggle by all acknowledged
sincere activists. In a new situation there must be new methods of carrying

on ‘the struggle. The profound clarification desired by all true revolutionaries
tends in that direction.

9824
cso: 3419/91

27



INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

SEARCH FOR OIL DESCRIBED
London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 17 Oct 84 p 8

{Text] O41: The Reluctant Search. Sub-Saharan Africa has lost over the past
two years most of its attraction for major multinational oil companies. Ex-
ploration and development activities have declined faster in Africa’. than
anywhere else. The continent befitted from the diversification away from

the Middle East after the 1973 ofl price rise. A rethinking of geographical
investment priorities by company strategists, and a general trend towards re-
duced investment outlay has now reversed this situation.

Many oil companies are trying hard to convince African leaders that better in-
centives are needed if they are to undertake new exploration. That applies
especially to those African countries embarking for the first time in explor-
ation. The point was clearly stated at a recent conference in Morocco on
Africa's energy future. Gilbert Rutman, vice-president of France's Elf
Aquitaine, praised Angola for being the first country to revise its taxation
and royalty regimes to encourage the oil industry. Congo, Gabon and Nigeria
have also recently increased profit margins for operating companies,

Cameroun is thinking of doing so.

While many large oil companies are shying away from new exposure in new sub-
Saharan Africa, others are actually reducing their operations. Conoco has
even decided to abandon almost all its African operations. The second French
national group, Campagnie Francaise de Petroles (CFP-Total), has recently re-
linquished exploration acreage in Ivory Coast, Cameroun and Angola. Gulf Oil
is also downgrading its African ventures. (Its exploration permits in the
deeper offshore zones of Angola's Cabinda enclave will probably be abandoned
soon). Phillips Petroleum gave up apparently promising offshore acreage in
Ghana, and is unenthusiastic about its holdings on the Ivory Coast continental
plateau. Elf, though Africa accounts for around 80% of its oil supplies, has
declared North America and the North Sea to be its new investment priorities.
In Africa only Angola is destined to be a prime exploration-production oper~
ation for the rest of the decade. Profits from Elf's African affiliates--
totalling FF1.46 bn in 1983, to which half came from Gabon--are enabling Elf
to diversify to better risk zones in the developed world. It has abandoned
licence areas in Senegal, Gambia and Sudan.



GHANA

BRIEFS

AGREEMENT WITH BRAZIL--Ghana and Brazil are to establish a joint fertilizer
blending and granulating plant in Ghana. An agreement to this effect has
been signed in Accra. According to an official statement, the agreement also
includes rehabilitation work on grain silos at Sunyani, Accra and Tema as
well as the construction of new ones at district and regional capitals. The
rehabilitation work, according to the statement, is aimed at establishing

an integrated national storage and grain handling system. The agreement also
provides for a new sugar factory with a capacity of 10 to 30,000 tons in ad-
dition to rehabilitation work to be carried out on the Asutsuari and Kominda
sugar factories. The statement said a training center to train local person-
nel in the housing and construction industry will be established by the
Brazilian Government in conjunction with the Bank for Housing and Construc-
tion. [Text] [Accra Domestic Service in English 1800 GMT 2 Nov 84 AB]

cso: 3400/190

42



cso:

M. Ncube says in this issue that ‘South Africa’s destabilisation poli-
cies against the countries in the region have aclass and ideological basis. In
other words, destabilisation is at once a weapon for the defence of the
immediate interests of the Afrikaner dominated South African ruling class
and of the international bourgeoisie in their attempts to safeguard their
social priviledges and property interests. It is ipso facto anti-independent
development, anti-socialist and anti-communist.’ Destabilisation in the
region is therefore clearly an imperialist policy!

Hence, the role of US imperialism in the Southern African region, and
in the whole of the unfree world, must be exposed and fought vigorously.
The character of US imperialism in particular has been one of subterfuge,
disguising its support for the apartheid state on the one hand with calls for
so-called ‘constructive engagement’ while providing the racists with all the
military, technical, financial and logistic know-how to enable the Boers to
maintain a repressive and exploitative capitalist system, and keep the
majority of South Africans in bondage.

But we know what ‘constructive engagement’ is.all about. It means
the retention of a racist, capitalist system which serves the interests of
imperialism very well, while millions of Black people live in misery and
oppression. It means the crushing of any attempts by the oppressed major-
ity in South Africa to free themselves from centuries of bondage, and the
imposition of a status of servants of capitalism and imperialism. It means
the violent repression of any attempts by any state in the region to adopt an
anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist path of development, which would deprive
the South African racists and their imperialist allies of the hegemonic
Power they have wielded over the peoples of the region for so long. It
means aggression against Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe, and any of
the Front-line states which give shelter and support to those people who
dare to challenge the racist South African régime. And, it means that
South Africa will continue to illegally occupy Namibia, parts of Angola,
or any country in the region, as long as it feels that its interests and those of
imperialism are threatened.

The recent ‘accords’ between Mozambique and the South African re-
gime have raised critical issues for all Progressive elements who saw the
Mozambique revolution asa step to the liberation of the whole of Southern
Africa. How do we explain these recent actions by a friendly state? What
are the implications of the ‘co-operation’ with the racists, for the South
African struggle, the Namibian struggle, and very importantly, for the
Mozambique revolution? Has something gone wrong? What has Teally
been happening within Mozambique since 1975? Has FRELIMO stood up
to the test of time and safeguarded the revolution, or, is this the time to
make a critical assessment of FRELIMO’s policies and programmes?
These issues must be faced and resolved for the struggle to move forward.

Complaining about destabilisation, aggression by the racists, and US
imperialist machinations in the region and in the world, will not solve the
problems of poverty, oppression, racism and exploitation: We must stand
up to the racists and their imperialist allies, we must acknowledge that as
long as any part of the Southern African region, of the African continent,
or in the unfree world, remains under the domination of imperialism, the
struggle must continue.

Only the people, through PEOPLE’S POWER, can successft ully fight
the war, win, and safeguard socialism.

3400/164



CONGO

BRIEFS

NAVAL NEWS--The patrol P-601 Marien Ngouabi has been put into dry dock at
Pointe Noire. The Transportation Ministry received the 300 hpH push boat
no. 830 in July, the last vessel in a river convoy that also includes four
barges. All of these vessels were built by the SFCN shipyards. (Societe
Francaise de Constructions Navales. {Text} [Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL
in English Oct 84 p 17]

Cso: 3400/166

36



ELECTRICITY BOOST FOR RURAL AREAS

Harare THE HERALD in English 26 Oct 84 p 1

[Text] THE Government is

cso:

electrifying 25 growth
points throughout the
country and, depend-
ing on the people’s
co-operation, the cen-
tres will have elec-
tridity within two,
years, a spokesman
for the Ministry of
Energy Resources and
Development said yes-
terday. .

He told The Herald in
en interview that the
Electricity. ly Com-
mission was lement-

the programme
Peg had already been

‘The rural electrification
programme ig part of

ernment and Town Plan-
ning as the core for rural
“development.” -

The spokesman said
each of the country’s 55
districts would have its
growth point electrified
to ensure that everyort

3400/155

‘was ‘catered for.

Apert from the 55
growth points, ‘the Min-
fstry of Local Govern.
ment ang Town Planning
had identified more than
150 otner service and
pusiness centres which
would form the second
phase of the programme.

The last phase would
be for prospective con-
sumers who were not
«within the designated cen-
tres, such as. irrigation
gchemes:

. However, the implemen-
tation of the programme
wag belng hampered by
unsatisfactory mapping,
insufficient development
to warrant electrification,
delays by. prospective
consumers to reply to

BSC quotations and the

shortage of skilled per-
sonnel.

In areas like Gokwe,
Murewa, Mutoko, Neshu-
ro, Hauna, Nyawa, Huru-
ngwe, Lukosi and Chi-
manda, planning and
costing had been comple-

ted and construction was!

already in progress,

_. The spokesman said his
iministry fad set aside
$22 million for the pro-
ject and this was expec-
ted to double in the next
financial year. :

To avoig further prob-
Jems, he said, the selec-
tion procedure, would be

116

ZIMBABWE

changed so time would
not be wasted by going
to areas which were
under-developed,
“Therefore provincial
governors have been con-
tacted to Provide lists ae
growth centres in a pri-
ority order of develop-
ment for the next finan-
cial year’s projects, One

demand
could pay the tariffs.

Since the costs of grid
extensions were some-
times “prohibitively ex-
pensive’ the Department
of Energy Resources and
Development had  pro-
posed that while electri-
fication was continuing
in some centres, a feasi-
‘bility study be conducted
to find cheaper means.

‘The ‘ministry intended
introducing isolated inte-
erated generation sys-
tems, ‘These were small
power stations that used
local ene! resources
lke ethanol, the wind or
the sun,

West Germany had
agreed ‘to finance the
feasibility study and the
Government was now
looking for technicians in
‘hat country.



[Text]

cso:

GABORONE: Water restrictions
should be lifted in Gaborone
because there is now enough
water from the Ramotswa Water
Scheme and from the Gaborone
Dam, Mr David Magang, MP for
Kweneng East, has told
Parliament.

Mr Magang said since the
imposition of water restrictions
in Gaborone, there has been
serious setbacks in industrial
development. He said this has
jed to unemployment.

He stressed that ever since the
operation of the Ramotswa Water
Scheme, the water situation is
normal. Therefore the restrictions
Imposed when the situation was
grave should either be lifted or
relaxed, to allow development
projects to go ahead.

Mr Magang noted that
Botswana has adopted a
Westminster type of government
where the incumbent government

‘must see to It that the public”

service implements its policies.

He said Botswana has lost
Prospective investors to other
countries because of the
unreasonable rules and
regulations demanded by
Government when one applies
for commercial or industrial
business.

No country can develop
without industries, he stressed.
Therefore the private sector must
be encouraged to set up
industries,

“Until we reduce a number of
regulations and antiquated laws

3400/186

WATER RESTRICTIONS HAVE SETBACKS IN DEVELOPMENT

which hinder the progress of
industrial development, we will
never move forward,” he warned.

He called for the establishment
of chambers of commerce similar
to those which exist in other
countries.

Commerce and Industry
Minister Mr M.P.K. Nwako
pointed out that he agreed that
there should be such chambers.
He noted however that the
business community here has
bodies which “come and go.”

But Mr Magang charged that
such bodies came and went
because there is something
wrong with the running of
commerce and industry.

Earlier, the Assistant Minister
of Finance and Development
Planning, Mr P.H.K. Kedikilwe,
had made a motion requesting
Parliament to consider the
Income Tax (Amendment) Bill
1984 as a matter of urgency. The
motion by this BDP MP for
Mmadinare was passed.

15

BOTSWANA

Gaborone BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS in English 25 Oct 84 p 2

Speaking in support of his
motion, Mr Kedikilwe pointed
out that the Bill has to be urgently
considered to allow changes
agreed upon by Government to
be put into effect.

Amongst the changes was the
exemption from income tax of
terminal allowances of
councillors and members of land
boards.

He added that the Botswana
Telecommunications Corpo-
ration should, fike other
parastatal bodies, be exempted
from tax forthe national interest.
Mr Kedikilwe told the House that
itwas important forthe Sechaba
Investment Trust, which was
formed recently, to also be
exempt from tax to ensure Its
success.

Through this trust, ownership
of investment by the Botswana
Development Corporation could
be channelled to certain
institutions and to citizens of
this country.



demonstrating its all-terrain capability.
Dodji, a town of 600 was bustling with festive
activity. Never had the airfield seen such
aeronautic goings-on. The Epsilon, the Nord-
2501 and the Fokker were joined by three
Rallyes from the AIF pilot training school,
which did not want to miss out on the event.
Senegalese Army vehicles had been waiting
for the planes’ arrival since the previous
evening. With the villagers looking on the
colomn headed for the firing range,
maneuvering between the thorn bushes and
the baobab trees. From a hill overlooking the
target — consisting of a heap of metal
carcasses — the spectators had a good view
as the 68 mm rockets and Lacroix cartridges
scored direct hits. Having finished its
demonstration, the Epsilon barrel-rolled off
into the sky. The Epsilon was returning to
Dakar, mission accomplished.

Following a few more evaluation flights
we left Senegal in the direction of Bamako in
Mali, for another presentation. Among the
crates of equipment in the Nord-2501 there
was a row of seats for 9 passengers.
Although a little rustic, the accommodations
were not uncomfortable and the
temperature at flight altitude was reasonably
cool. With the Epsilon about § nautical miles
ahead of us, we made a pit stop at
Tambacouda (Senegal), where the Dakar-
Bamako highway and rail link go through,
and not far from Gambia. The 2000 m airfield
was in the middle of the brush country. As a
safety measure, the Epsilon’s fuel tank was
topped off. There was no shortage of fuel in
the dozens of barrels, but since the station
didn’t take checks the Epsilon was rolled
under the wings of the Nord-2501, which
took but a few minutes to transfer the
necessary fuel. in the meantime, we had a
brief encounter on the runway with a TB-10
making a tourist trip. Then, just as we started
our engines, we were told that we had to pay
a landing fee. Mr. Jesus, our tireless
technical support chief, took care of matters
in no time, leaving behind a few Epsilon
stickers. At Bamako we left the Epsilon under
its tarp and headed for the city. That evening,
Aerospatiale held a reception at the Hotel de
VAmitie for Matian civilian and military
authorities. Also invited were the French
ambassador and the French, Algerian and
Soviet military attaches. On Sunday, March
18, at 8 a.m., the Epsilon was exhibited at the
civilian airport, complete with its armament.

There was a briefing attended by the
French ambassador, Colonel Coulibaly, the
Air Force chief of staff, the commanders of
the gendarmerie and the police,
representatives from a number of ministries,
the commanding officers from the military
bases, the civil aviation director and the

10

Soviet military attache. Then came the turn
of Mr. Yoh to make the presentation flight,
which he did with a brilliance that was
particularly appreciated by Colonel Coulibaly
and all the other spectators grouped in the
shade of the wing of the Nord-2501. The
chief of staff made no secret of his interest in
an aircraft as operational as the Epsilon,
whose low cost per flight hour gives it an
additional advantage. At midday we were off
to Bouake, in Ivory Coast. We flew the leg at
9,000 feet, with the Epsilon in patrol
formation and without encountering any of
the clouds that often form in the zone during
the warm afternoons.

Bouake, the second largest city in Ivory
Coast, counts some 500,000 inhabitants, The
recently built Bouake base is a model
installation. Capable of receiving a full
fighter squadron, it is equipped with all the
facilities required for the deployment of
combat aircraft. The specialized technical
inspection and support equipment is
Operated by highly competent personnel
that trained at French Air Force
establishments. On the parking area, the
Alphajets stood ready for takeoff. Next to the
runway are small concrete hangars with
specially designed doors of the same type as
those used at French operational bases. Near
them, the Epsilon fits in perfectly,
representing the essential link in the process
designed to ensure complete training of
military pilots. All of the Ivory Coast pilots,
who received.their flight training at Tours,
took turns at the controls of the Epsilon.

While these flights were being made we
went to Abidjan with Mr. Reynaud, who had
organized the tour, in order to meet with
ranking military and political authorities.
They accorded us an extremely cordial
welcome and showed their interest in the
particularly economic solution represented
by the Epsilon, whose multirole capabilities
adapt perfectly to the needs of the three
branches of the Ivory Coast's armed forces.

Back in Bouake, a firing demonstration
was held with cartridge launching pods for
the commanding officers of the Ivory Coast's
gendarmerie and of the 3rd military region,
along with the officers from the nearby
armed forces training academy. Well placed
at just 200 m from the target set between the
runway and the taxi-way, the spectators
were able to judge the accuracy and
effectiveness of the hits which riddled the
barrels used as targets. After pulling out the
Epsilon immediately went into a series of
stunts, thus demonstrating the plane’s
handling ability with an underwing payload.
The touring team then returned to Abidjan
for the final presentation on March 23.



SOMALIA

Somali Support for Ogadenis Wanes
(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 17 Oct 84).....seseseceeeceeeees 84

SOUTH AFRICA

Homelands' Problems, Politics Examined
(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 17 Oct 84)...+eeeseeseeecceeeere 87

Impact of Disinvestment Campaign Studied
(P. Haasbrock; ISSU STRATEGIC REVIEW, Jun B84). eee eeeee 90

Terry-Lloyd Marine Lift Inaugurated

(P.N. John; PARATUS, Oct 84).... eeeee 99
SWAZILAND
Official Explains Student Leader Deportation
(Patrick Laurence; RAND DAILY MAIL, 26 Oct B4) cee eeee 101
ZAMBIA
Belgian Experts To Build Dip Tanks in Katete
(ZAMBIA DAILY MAIL, 11 Oct 84)......-+++ sees 102
New Protocol With Romania To Boost Trade
(ZAMBIA DAILY MAIL, 11 Oct 84).....- 103
ZIMBABWE
Mugabe Addresses Farmers
(THE HERALD, 26 Oct 84)....seseeeceecercececccerrecees 104
Daily Farm Plan With Romania
(Andrew Rusinga; THE HERALD, 25 Oct 84)....+-+-++eeee> 106
Britain To Extend Army Training Role
(Tim Chigodo; THE HERALD, 25 Oct 84).....seeeceeseeres 107
Italians To Probe Water Reserves South of Kariba Lake
(THE HERALD, 25 Oct 84)...eeeeeeeeeceecescecceereseece 108
Leaders Toast Harmonious Ties With Spain
(THE HERALD, 20 Oct 84)....seeecceceeccerserecceeseree 109
Mugabe Lays Foundation Stone in Future Chinese-Built Stadium
(THE HERALD, 13 Oct 84).....seeececceeecceceeeeseeeces 110
Editorial Criticizes Minority United Front
(THE SUNDAY MAIL, 21 Oct 84).....seeeeeeececcceseceeee 112



DAIRY FARM PLAN WITH ROMANIA

Harare THE HERALD in English 25 Oct 84 p 3

{Article by Andrew Rusinga]

[Excerpts]

. farm in the

ZIMBABWE and Roma-
nia are carrying out a
feasibility study into the
possibility of establishing
@ joint venture dairy
Midlands, the
Firat Sec! at the
Romanian Embassy, Cde
Dumitru Lupea, said this
week,

‘A pre-feasibility study
been carried

has ly
out and the basic data on
the project has been col-
lected and studied by
both sides, Cde Lupea
told Business Herald.
The dairy farm will
probably be 10000 hec-
tares and will eventually
include a milk processing
plant. Land also be
set aside for crop pro-
Som ia will bring in
all the necessary equip-

plements. We will also
bring in ‘the technology
arid uipment for the

If the project material-
it will be the first

Romania in a Zim-
babwean agricultural
project and could pave.
the way for further co-
operation in other fields,
‘The two countries sig-
ned an agreement to co-
operate in agriculture

cso: 3400/155

about two years ago. It
covered the exchange of
specialists,  documenta-
tion, ‘breeds and seeds
and information on estab-
shment of co-operatives.
Romania is an agricul-
tural country by tradi-
tion. After its revolution
at the end of the second
world war la. con-
centrated on modernising
iis agriculture by re-
Placing ene eS win
inery, Te
tilisers and chemicals on
a ‘larger scale and re-
claiming lands, .

Cde Lupea said with all
the experience it has in
agriculture Romania

co- te with
Zimbatbwe in a number of

fields.

“We can help Zim-
ibabwe with technica! as-
sistance and equipment

a

gerictitura ‘machinery
and implements to satisfy
its needs and for export.”

‘The First Secretary
said Romania could also
assist Zimbabwe in land
reclamation programmes
- and the construction of
huge irrigation echemes,
a Romania

sector where
had invested heavily.

106

ZIMBABWE

Although Zimbabwe
bad an established fer-
tiliser industry it did not
produce all the necessary

'ypes in Jarge quantities.

And Romania could
and the industry ‘here,
P here.
“We are  roparel it Zim-*
‘babwe expresses its wish,
to build a and sup-
EY Production’ of urea,”

e juct a
Cde Epes said.

Romania had a well-de-
veloped chemical industry
which had tly con-
ied

he it ro-
ductivity, P
. While in 1950 industry
delivered 5900 tonnes of
chemical fertilisers to
agriculture, this quantity

ew to %3400 in 1965,

en to 92°79) tonnes in

1975 and io 1418
tonnes in 1983, had
Zimbabwe's _fledglin,
co-operative movenent
could draw a lot from
ve rience in

running viable and ef-
ficient co-operatives.
The process of
specialisation of ‘pro-
Romania's
agricultural co-operatives
2 special: tnt th ta
especial fou; -
treduetion of eater oo.
operative economic as-
tions,



rands and gave them to one of the officials. Then they didn’t 'bear down' on
me very much. I managed to get by until I reached my house."

In Maputo

"I arrived in Maputo in 1980, and contacted my family. .Some members of the
family began hounding me with questions, claiming to have heard it said that

I was kidnapped for the armed bandits at the Reeducation Center. I categoric-
ally denied it, saying that in the confusion that occurred during the abduc-
tion, I had managed to escape to Vila Paiva de.Andrade, and from there I went
to. Beira, where the authorities bought an airplane ticket for my return home.
Nevertheless, there was one relative who demanded the airplane ticket from

me to prove it, and I said that I had not kept it."

Thus, Alberto Macamo succeeded in living in Maputo, without ever working,
from 1980 until 1982, assuring himself that his.return had gone unnoticed.
But, despite all the precautions that he had taken, the security forces
were already on his trail.

"In 1982, I was at the Tico-Tico eating and drinking with a friend. I had
bought a six-pack of beer and chicken. That friend was a neighbor with whom
I used to associate some time ago. But that. day, when we were becoming
exhilarated from the beer, he started telling me that he had been kidnapped
by the bandits at the Reeducation Center in Sacuzi and taken to Rhodesia. I
was quite surprised, because I didn't remember him at the Reeducation Center;
but since the details that he gave fit well into the account, I made the
foolish mistake of confiding in him. He was the first and only person to
whom I confided; then I told him my story."

Several months elapsed without anything happening. The friendship between
Alberto Macamo and his neighbor and "drinking" companion became increasingly
close.

"He told me that he worked for the National Planning Commission, and I was
far removed from suspecting him, because he had also confided some secrets
to me which could have destroyed him. Suddenly, in November 1982, security
agents arrived at my house and rang the bell. When I opened the door they
told me to accompany them for a few minutes, just to ask a few formal ques-
tions. They took me to Security, but when we arrived there they locked me
in a cell, and on 12 December they took me to Machava, where I have been
up until now."

I Arrived ‘Worn Out'
"In your statements, you. mention. ‘we in the resistance," .and in nearly all
your accounts you give the impression that you still assume that you are an

armed bandit. So, don't you regret having been with them?"

"Well, you know I arrived from there quite ‘worn out,'. because hashish comes
in the bags from South Africa. Therefore, we smoked every day, just as one

65



OIL MAY BE DISCOVERED IN KGALAGADI

Gaborone BOTSWANA DAILY NEWS in English 29 Oct 84 pl

[Text]

cso:

3400/186

GABORONE: Botswana is
hopeful that eventually oil will
be discovered in the Kalahari
Desert, sald Dr Gaositwe Chiepe,
the Minister of External Affairs.

She told Journalists at a world
development (CWDE) seminar
in London on Tuesday that there
was a likelihood that our deserts
can provide “even a smaii partof
the oil wealth of the desert areas
of North Africa and the Middle
East.”

She said Botswana has had an
impressive pace of social and
economic growth and that it has
had a balanced budget over the
last financial year,

This, she explained, was made
Possible by the near-doubling of
mineral revenues and the
Government's continued
expenditure constraints.

Minister Chiepe said
Botswana's foreign reserves are
equivalent to about seven
months’ imports. She pointed
Out that the reserves are held at
high level because of the volatile
nature of mineral prices.

Dr Chiepe said income trom
minerals was used to improve
the rural areas, where about 65
Per cent of Batswana live.

She stated that the inter-
national trade statistics were
distorted in reflecting that about
85 per cent of Botswana's, imports.
came from South Africa.

The External Affairs Minister
said many European, North
American -and Japanese
manufacturers export to
Botswana via South Africa.

20

“About 20 to 25 per cent of
imports recorded Into Botswana
from South Africa are merely
through South Africa and not
really from South Africa,” said
Dr Chiepe.

She noted that trade with
Zimbabwe has recently shown
Considerable growth. She added
that the establishment of SADCC
will foster trade and economic
links between Botswana and its
Northern neighbours.

She emphasised that Botswana
wanted to create productive
employment. “We reject the idea
of increasing the workforce for
cosmetic as distinct from
economic reasons.

“We want as every free and
independent nation, must, to
increase the localisation to
managerial and skilled
occupations.”

“We reject a policy of
localisation for its own sake and
Insist that Batswana taking over
from expatriates are fully
qualified to do so,” sald Dr
Chiepe.

She pointed out that Botswana
encourages the formation of joint
venture companies between iocal
and forelgn representatives, But,
she added, these must not be a
fronting exercise where
foreigners dominate and control
the activity and the locals are
merely names on letterheads,

Or Chiepe said Botswana's
economy was based on free
enterprise where the alm is to
see individual and companies
investing’ in Botswana making
profit. “Otherwise they will make
trouble,” she added. BOPA

BOTSWANA



OAU DEFENSE FORCE CONCEPT EXAMINED

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL in English Oct 84 pp 88-89

[Article by Letotoi Apendi Pala:

[Text]

While it may be relatively easy to adopt a
plan for the economic integration of Africa,
military unity and regional cooperation in
defence matters is continually hindered by
two types of obstacles, political and
economic. On closer examination, however,
it appears that these obstacles are little more
than a means of evading the issues at hand.
In short, they are myths.

Nations that have opposed such military
integration cite the threat to their national
sovereignty, the ideological disp:
between a number of the member nations,
the non-priority nature of an OAU Defence
Force, the extremely high cost of military
operations and the dependence upon
developed countries for military hardware.
Following is an examination of each of these
different aspects.

Threat to the sovereignty

of member nations

It is always extremely interesting and
instructive to attend an OAU meeting. All of
the delegations express their views in total
freedom and with great conviction and pride
— they speak with the assurance of the
representatives of sovereign nations. Thanks
to the principle of equality among member
states, a given country’s small size, its
limited wealth, the low contribution it makes
to the OAU or its small population and real
weight do not hinder it from freely
expressing its viewpoint. This equality in
terms of rights and responsibilities has
occasionally resulted in irresponsible
decisions that consequently were never
executed.

Many OAU members feel that an OAU
Defence Force would pose a threat to their
sovereignty by reinforcing an organisation
that is not designed to have any

"OAU Defence Force:

supranational function and which would
then transcend the contro! of the member
states. This would in turn fimit their own
independence in making decisions. Without
going into great detail in examining these
arguments, one can simply ask that if being a
sovereign nation means the ability to make
one’s own decisions in function of one’s own
interests, can countries that harbour foreign
military bases be considered as sovereign?
Or what about states that are part of an
ideological bloc and which have to follow the
leader of the bloc?

From this point of view, it becomes clear
that numerous are the African nations that
have sold off their sovereignty themselves.
And that which they have so graciously
accorded to a former or present colonial
power they now refuse to accord to a
collective comprised of their own brothers.
Saying that an OAU force is a threat to
sovereignty is pure and simple fantasy.

Ideological incompatibility
The member states of the OAU are
generally classifield as moderate,
progressive or middle-of-the-road countries.
In reality, there is little difference in these
three groups of countries, outside of the
style of their policy statements. African
countries, with the exception of two or three,
are all very much alike: there is a single,
omnipresent and totalitarian party
controlled by a self-appointed, military-
bureaucrat bourgeois class; policy is
dispensed in demagogic statements in the
name of the people; there is incompetent
management and an inability to organise the
economy and satisfy the veritable needs of
the masses, all of which leads to the further
impoverishment of the country.

As the report by the committee assigned

Myths and Realities"]



BURKINA

COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST SABOTAGE URGED
Ouagadougou CARREFOUR AFRICAIN in French No 852, 12 Oct 84 p 7

(Editorial by Paulin B. Bamouni: "Sabotage and Countermeasures for the August
Revolution" ]

[Text] In its theoretical and practical advance across time and space, the
August Revolution has faced from its enemies certain forms of struggle which
today have given way to others.

As a matter of fact, where internal affairs are concerned, things have evolved
and actions of sabotage, disparagement, protests in broad daylight against the
advance of the August Revolution, evident administrative obstructionism, the
most fantastic rumors, etc., have given way to one of the most underhand
forms of struggle: "entrisme" i.e., the internal sabotage which opportunism
constitutes for the August Revolution.

Why entrisme? Quite simply because all the reactionaries who were involved in
the caricatural form of struggle have for the most part been removed by the
disengagements and held in check by the revolution. Moreover, revolutionary
actions, i.e., socioeconomic accomplishments reinforced by the many popular
measures taken by the revolution for the sake of the people, have closed the
mouths of some by convincing them of the merits of the revolution and of its
irreversible character. All this has forced the most relentless enemies of the
August Revolution to adopt other forms of struggle of which entrisme is the one
primarily adopted by opportunists of the Right and Left in a remarkable way
since the beginning of the leftward clarification. This clarification has
redoubled the caution of Rightist opportunists lurking in the revolution. Today
therefore, the August Revoltuion faces two fronts: that of the extreme Right
and that of the opportunists.

If the extreme Rightist front has been more or less discredited, that of the
opportunists, reinforced by newly-arrived elements, is agitating right now in
the hope of disturbing the established revolutionary order. What is this
latter front composed of?

Generally speaking, it is made up of cunning little Rightist business types,

of ideologically anachronistic pseudorevolutionaries and extremist revolutionary
intellectuals.

25



causes should rather be sought in the relatively high real foreign interest
rates, in the world-wide stagflation that set in after the oil crisis, and in the
confidence shock of the Soweto riots in 1976. During this period, because
of the improvement in its balance of payments, South Africa borrowed lit-
tle overseas, and redeemed existing loans. This brought about the drop in
indirect investment in South Africa by the foreign private sector, banks
and governments (figure 2). In 1980, direct investment by the foreign
private sector in South Africa started increasing again, and this trend is
continuing according to the latest figures (Figure 1). In 1981, there was a
dramatic swing towards indirect investment; foreign loans are again being
secured on a large scale. These fluctuations have no connection with
disinvestment propaganda. Is it correct, therefore, to label disinvestment
propaganda “economic sabotage”?

The physical sabotage of economic targets must diminish the welfare
of a community by destroying the state's production capacity or infra-
structure, or it must serve as symbol of such a decline in welfare. Fuel
depots, power, and pipelines, roads, bridges, harbours and factories are
all economic targets. Physical sabotage thereof disrupts the production
and flow of goods and services, and valuable resources are destroyed. As a
result of the damages they suffer when their assets are destroyed or when
they are prevented from working, this does not merely harm people direct-
ly — it is also indirectly injurious to the welfare of the entire community.

However, the basis which a modern developed economy provides for
the military defensibility of a state cannot be undermined by this type of
sabotage; the total economic capability of the state is just too comprehen-
sive for that. Successful sabotage attempts on economic targets do, never-
theless, call in question the effectiveness of the government's civil defence
functions. The greatest potential danger which sabotage of economic tar-
gets represents to a state, however, will be realized in circumstances where
it forms a part of a wide strategy with various, but coterminous, points of
attack,

The emphasis on variety in the threats against a state has led to the
coining and general use of the term “total onslaught”. Within the scope of
this concept, the list of threats against South Africa may easily be sup-
plemented with all kinds of imagined dangers. The physical sabotage of
economic targets is a real threat which South Africa has already had to
face repeatedly. The most spectacular and probably the most successful of
these attacks was no doubt that on Sasol on 10 June 1980, when millions of
litres of fuel were destroyed after the explosion of a few limpet mines. If the
propaganda for disinvestment is officially described as “economic
sabotage” it is inevitably equated with the planting of limpet mines. The
same type of penalty may then be imposed in terms of the same type of law
for a sermon in London as for a bomb under a suburban railway line in
South Africa.

It should, be realized that the optimistic expectations of the leaders of
the SACC, namely that their disinvestment propaganda will result in the
kind of “radical peaceful change in South Africa"! they envisage, does
not take economic realities into account. The commission's pessimistic ex-
pectations of the possible “success” of this propaganda has as little founda-
tion. Ideological propaganda that fails to activate people is merely
politically irritating, not dangerous. For that reasons, it is incorrect to wish

to label disinvestment propaganda “a specific offence of economic
sabotage”.")

94



SOUTH AFRICA

HOMELANDS' PROBLEMS, POLITICS EXAMINED

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English

[Text]

Unemployment, poverty and bad government in the
homelands will become an increasingly potent force
in large-scale unrest in the Republic, which has
passed the buck of development to inexperienced
homeland politicians. The homelands reflect, mag-
nify and intensify the Republic’s own problems.
Their leaders are, or at least were originally designed
to be, the Republic’s stooges. But they try arbitrarily
to demonstrate their ‘independence’ from Pretoria,
resorting to heavy-handed repression. The Ciskei in
particular is now most unstable (AC Vol 24 No
22). Perhaps the only exception is Bophuthatswana,
whose fragmentation into several areas,and its min-
eral wealth,provide something of a safeguard against
swift degeneration.

The University of the Transkei itself encapsulates
the problems. At its inception over eight years ago,
the Transkeian authorities went to great length to
appoint some distinguished academics, including
Professor Gerhard Totemeyer (political science),
Professor Herbert Vilakazia Zulu (sociology) and
Professor Noel Manganyi (psychology), apparently
without regard for their political views. Earlier this
year both Totemeyer and Vilakazi were deported.
Six academic staff - three of them professors -
remained. Manganyi, a subtle writer on black attitu-
des, played a leading role in establishing the univer-
sity in its early years. But he left over three years ago
for the University of the Witwatersrand. Totemeyer’s
authoritative work on Namibia had earlier incurred
the wrath of the South African authorities, while
Vilakazi’s Marxist interpretations of politics and
history were always well known. In May the Princi-
pal of the University, Professor Van der Merwe
(whose health is uncertain after he fell off the
roof of his holiday villa); took the unusual step of
attacking Vilakazi in his graduation address, for

17 Oct 84 pp 4-5

allegedly preaching revolution. During the same
month Transkei police baton-charged students in the
university library, apparently in an attempt to arrest
all members of the Student Representation Council.

Aftér a long period of unrest, the campaign to
boycott the Coloured and Indian elections brought
matters to a head at the end of August. The police
entered the campus on 29 August with the declared
intention of protecting students from the boycott
activists. The University Senate had already cancelled
all lectures for the week. The police detained all 250
male students.in residence. (Half of them had already
been detained for taking part in a mass meeting
three months earlier). Members of staff were ques-
tioned by the local intelligence service. The university
effectively closed. On 27 September all full-time
students were expelled and told that they would have
to reapply for entry next year.. Members. of. the
Transkei governments, such as Mtutuzeli Lyabe,
minister of foreign affairs, are very anxious lest their
own sons be detained in boycott demonstrations at
South African universities. That they were detained
in their own territory is apparently a different matter
and is done ‘‘with good reasons”’.

In the South African context, there are immense
probiems in establishing, in the Transkei or Ciskei
for example, a new regime of law and order with
any semblance of justice. (AC Vol 24 No 22). Earlier
in the year the sole opposition MP in the Transkei
parliament, Caledon Mda, attacked retrospective
legislation (to June 1980) indemnifying the authori-
ties from claims of unlawful arrest. The detention
of about 200 people in the Engcobo district, which
is traditionally hostile to the authority of the ruling
Matanzimas, probably involved at least one death
in police custody. The continued detention of
Mzwandile Matutu MP, a member of the ruling

87



to draft the Nigerian constitution in 1979 put
it so well, the governments of developing
countries have until now shown themselves
to be. preoccupied with power and its
material trappings. And because of this state
of underdevelopment, people in the
government have given away the
opportunity to grow out of poverty and to
acquire a certain standing and prestige, not
to mention the power to distribute
advantages in the form of jobs and gifts of
money, all to their political allies and
sponsors.

Where, then, is this ideological
incompatibility? As far as the people of
Africa are concerned, it would seem to be in
the fact that certain people would like to call
themselves revolutionary while others strive

"simply to be realistic and honest.

By seeking the true and basic interests of
the masses, it is therefore possible to create
a climate of neighbourly relations and
understanding, and to eliminate the artificial
causes of tensions: And, it is possible to put
a halt to the arms race. The concept of
ideological incompatibility is not only
artificial, it is nothing short of a gross lie to
the African people. It is a smokescreen and
but one more myth.

Non-priority character of

a defence force

The persistance of tensions in Africa, the
belief in incompatible ideologies despite the
fact that in practice all of the governments
resemble one another, the present divisions
in Africa... all of this fuels the arms race.
Africa remains the second largest weapons
importing region in the world, after the
Middle East. These enormous expenditures
could be reduced by two-thirds if the OAU
force made it possible for the organisation to
carry out needed and effective policies, to
ensure peace in troubled regions and to
avoid real or imagined abuses of power.
Each member would only require 4 minimal
armed force that could be used by the OAU
for purposes of joint interest, along with
police units for domestic needs.

Shouldn't priofity’ be given to reducing
‘weapons expenditures so that resources can
be concentrated on development? Isn't the
most urgent task at hand the economizing of
hard currency and the use of human
resources to better serve the well-being of
the people? And don’t those who are most
vocal in opposing the constitution of an OAU
Defence Force nevertheless cite the high cost
of military operations and of maintaining
troops?

High cost of a continental

armed force

There has never been any question of
maintaining a permanent, full-scale armed
force under the exclusive control of the OAU,
meaning the Secretary General of the OAU.
The OAU Defence Force is primarily a
peacekeeping force, consisting of military
observers and units interposed between
combatants. It is to place at the disposal of
the OAU, in case of necessity, national units
that have been assigned as OAU
detachments. The costs of the different
campaigns are to be paid by the OAU
members.

Everyone knows how much each African
country is now spending to meet its defence
needs. For example, just Egypt, Libya,
Algeria, Morocco, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia,
Nigeria, Mozambique, Zaire and Zimbabwe
accounted for some $7.239 billion in military
expenditures in 1982 (2.895 billion CFA
francs).

These states could reduce these costs by
half. They could then use one quarter for
other needs and another quarter for OAU
military needs since they would no longer
have anything to fear from their neighbours.
In any case, $7.239 billion is largely sufficient
for maintaining the limited number of units
required by the OAU force.

This is why talking about the excessively
igh cost of maintaining a continental
ary force — when such talk comes from
the very states that spend millions on their
national armed forces — is also a myth. Nor
is this the only fantasy involved in such
reasoning, since no one mentions Africa's
present dependence upon external suppliers
of military hardware.

Dependence upon military

hardware

When Egypt or Nigeria become capable of
producing light arms, they will be the only
African nations — with the exception of
South Africa — able to meet their military
needs in this domain. This is not saying
much for the continent as a whole when one
considers that South Korea, Israel,
Argentina, Mexico, india, Brazil and Taiwan
all do much better.

In any event, the formation of an OAU
Defence Force will not change anything in
this trend. Each country will continue to be
obliged to equip its troops. The experience in
Chad showed that despite the diversity in
equipment used and in training, the inter-
African general staff functioned effectively.



to the advantage of new South African shareholders. If these shares were to
reach the market in larger parcels, however, this might arouse the interest
of the institutional shareholders owing to the control possibilities involved.
If the demand were to increase to meet the extra supply, the price and divi-
dend return would remain the same.

Real disinvestment occurs when foreigners cancel their real invest-
ments in South Africa; when the doors of subsidiary companies are closed
and the assets are sold, and when the purchase sum leaves the country.
Because South’ Africans come into possession of the physical assets of these
companies, such as the buildings, machinery, equipment and construc-
tions, the country suffers no loss. The foreign investors, however, will in-
evitably suffer, losses in the process of liquidation of their assets. They
would have to bell their assets at large discounts which would be to the ad-
vantage of South African investors. :

It ought’ to'be taken into account that a large amount of direct
foreign investment is realized in the form of retained profits. When foreign
investors withdraw these profits, however, this cannot be regarded as
disinvestment.

It is against this background that the propaganda for disinvestment
may now be considered. Foreign investments in the economy of South
Africa are obviously of direct importance to the investors themselves; their
Prosperity is determined by the rentability thereof. In keeping with the
South African government's view of the historical role of investments in the
economic development of South Africa, these are considered to be in the
national interest; the general welfare of the community of South Africa is
thereby improved. However, from the viewpoint of the propagandists for
disinvestment, these investments represent an important reinforcement of
an order from which they differ radically ideologically. Whereas the South
African government attempts to encourage foreign investments, its more
radical political opponents will attempt to discourage it,

If foreign investment is not influenced by political ideologies, the
direction and scope of its flow will be determined by rentability expecta-
tions. Future returns, may be affected by political changes; consequently,
expectations of possible political changes will influence rentability expec-
tations. Because political upheavel originates within political ideology, it is
possible that political ideology may have an indirect influence on foreign
investment. Ideological propaganda will influence investment directly only
if investors can be convinced that they should set aside material benefits for
the sake of “moral profits", or if foreign governments can be convinced
that it is in their own interest to force their investors towards such a view-
point.

Prophecies of doom that call into question the certainty of future
profits, in unison with the repeated calls for disinvestment, may further
discourage foreign investment, especially if they are emphasized from time
to time by signs of political unrest in South Africa. The outflow of foreign
capital after the Sharpville riots, for example, was inspired by a loss of con-
fidence in the political stability of South Africa rather than by moral in-
dignation at police action. If such confidence-shaking events did not crop
up from time to time, prophecies of doom would lose their power of con-
viction; the serious foreign investors would not allow themselves to be
scared off for long.

In the light of these circumstances, it appears that the propaganda
for disinvestment may have an extremely limited impact. The drop in
foreign investment experienced by South Africa during the five years prior
to 1980 may consequently not be attributed to this propaganda. The

93



cso

3400/165

REFERENCES

1

2.
3.

sae

10.

Me

12

The Report of the Commission of inquiry into the South African Council of Churches,
1984, p 430

Ibid.

Inter alia, Frankel $ H, Capital investment in South Africa, Oxford University Press,
London, 1988; Du Plessis J C, The Measurement and economic significance of South
Africa's foreign liabilities and assets, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch,
1958; Weber H J, Aspekte van die ehonomiese gebondenheid van Suid-Afrika ten op-
sigte van buitelandse kapitaal. en kapitaalmarkte. Ongepubliseerde DCom-procfskrif,
Potchefstroom, 1969. Tomlinson B, The role of private foreign investment and
multinational corporations in the economic development of South Africa, unpublish-
ed MA dissertation, Cape Town, 1975.

The Third Report of the Commission of inquiry into Fiscal and Monetary policy in
South Africa, RP 87/1970, paragraph 963

Ibid.

Frankel $ H, Capital Investment and [bid, p 20.

Spandau A, Economic Boycott against South Africa, Juta and Company, Wynberg,
1979, pp 115-117 :

Frankel $ H, Investment and the return to equity capital in the South African gold

mining industry, 1887 — 1965, (an international comparison) Basil Blackwell, Oxford
1967, p 7, quoted by A Spandau, op cit, p 119.

Spandau A, op cit, p 120.

Weber H J, op cit, p 89.

Ibid, p 85.

Resolution of the National Conference of the South African Council of Churches:
quoted by, The Commission of inquiry into the South African Council of Churches, op
cit, p 207.

Report of the Commission of inquiry into the South African Council of Churches, op
cit, p 480, par 2.2.

98



DISSIDENT TELLS OF TRAINING IN SOUTH AFRICAN CAMP

Harare THE HERALD in English 17 Oct 84 p 1

[Text ]

cso:

BULAWAYO.

A 18-YEAR-OLD man from the
Limpopo area of Beltbridge ap-.
peared in a Bulawayo regivnal
court yesterday und pleaded
guilty to illegally undergoing
military training in South Africa
48 a dissident.

Bigboy Ngulube alias Max
Miilo told magistrate Mr Gordon
Geddes that the purpose of his
traning ut Manjint camp -in
South Africa was to overthrow
the Zimbabwe government.

‘The agreed facts wero that
on February 1 this year Ngulu-
he illegally’ crossed the border
into South Africa to look for
employment.

a

While job hunting, Ngulube .
met .-members of the South
African Defence Force and asked
them for a job,

Ngulube was taken to Ma-
ufint camp where he found 45

3400/163

114

other dissidents undergoing mili-
tary training.

He was issued with a
uniform and an FN rifie and for
two weeks, he was coached in
the use of the rifle at a shoot-
Ing range behind the camp.

‘After his initial training, he
was assigned with others to
guard duty along the Limpopo
and Shashi rivers.

He fell i In April and asked
for permission to go fo hts cont
mauna! home in Beitbridge.

Ngulube was granted sick
leave but was given instructions
that while in Zimbabwe, he was
to observe movements of mem-
bers of the Zimbabwe security
forces, thelr vehicles and what
weapons they carried.

crossed {nto Zimbabwe
on April 6 and was arrested tn
June.

Mr Geddes is expected to pass

sentence teday.

ZIMBABWE


there. Far from guessing what would happen, we gave our names and they made
up a list."

When the list of.all the Mozambicans on that plantation had been drawn up,
the representatives of the section leader, named Tonjambili Ngomezulu, left
the recommendation that those listed were to appear at the leader's house in
2 weeks, on a Sunday morning.

As Castelo Nguila claims, on the set date they all went to the leader's house,
where they were met by four unknown individuals. That day, nothing unusual
happened, but one of the leader's collaborators said that it was.the four per-
sons present there who needed them for a job. Later the summons was given,
and each one was told the day on which he was ‘to appear at the same site, a
week thereafter.

According to Castelo Nguila, there were many Mozambicans on his plantation,
and all of them received orders and dates for showing up at the leader, Ngome-
zulu's, house at different times and periods of the day.

Entry Into Mozambique

Castelo Nguila goes on to say: "They assigned me the date of 8 June. When I
arrived there, I found only two of the four who had met us the first day. As
soon as I arrived, they told me to follow them and, along the way, they explain-
ed to me that’ we were heading for Mozambique in order’to look for a medicine
man who had been working with them, by: the name of Pedro, located in Catuane.
They were wearing civilian clothes and, although they were carrying 'sacudus"
(knapsacks), they were not armed. But I was afraid and told them that 1

didn't want to leave my job and family to return to’ Mozambique under those
conditions. Then the two of them beat me, and said that I had to do what

they had ordered me to do."

They walked through the jungle until they reached the border, which they
crossed, entering Mozambique in the direction of Matutuine. .

"After we crossed the Maputo River, my two companions opened the “sacudus”
and each one took out a radio and a pistol. I think that the weapons were
intended to scare me, so that I would not run away while they operated the
radios. They talked for awhile in a language that I thought was Ndau. Then
they disconnected the radios and put everything back in the 'sacudus," and
we continued on our way."

The Capture

It was when the group reached an agricultural-livestock enterprise, the
buildings of which seemed to have been abandoned; that the two bandits ordered
Castelo Nguila to continue ahead until he reached the road, on which he was

to walk for about 2 hours. Later, on a detour, he was to take a road on the
left that would lead him to the medicine man, Pedro's, house. When he met him,

61



He continued: "At the time of the elections in Zimbabwe, they moved us from
Untali to South Africa, where we were lodged'-at a base located in Nhamazana,
next to Kruger Park. After finishing the course in handling weapons, I
continued with the one for radio operators,:until I completed it after about
2 months had elapsed."

As Augusto Goncalves claimed, at that base in Kruger Park there were South
African officers, petty officers and troops who trained the Mozambicans in
the various specialties.

“When the course ended, I then began operating the radio. My job.was to

make a connection with the camps operating in Mozambique, to receive messages
and to issue the instructions which had been given from there. I also had the
mission of translating those messages from Portuguese into English, so that
they could be given to the South African commanders."

According to his story, Augsto Goncalves performed the job of an infantry radio
operator for 5 months. He was subsequently assigned to take the course for
aircraft radio operators and, during that course he made many flights inside
South Africa.

Entry Into Mozambique

Augusto Goncalves added: "At the end of 1980, we entered Mozambique. We were
taken to the Sitatonga base, in Manica Province. There, in addition to the
Mozambicans, there were three white South Africans. There were paratrooper
officers who were serving in the capacity of ‘military advisers."

"When the Sitatonga base was attacked by the FRELIMO troops, we moved to Gara-
gua, also in Manica. We remained there for a long time. South Africans and
Angolans (some white and others black) came to this base to direct the training
in heavy weaponry."

August Goncalves is a pretentious individual, with great ambition for power.
That trait was revealed in many portions of his account, when he declared

on repeated occasions that he was not.an "ordinary person." Even there, among
the armed bandits, his ambition led him to prison, and to creating problems
underlying which was the excessive desire to rise in the echelons of the
bandits.

They Wanted to Kill Me

Goncalves remarked: "I had problems in Garagua, because the bandits wanted me
to be the chief. But I didn't accept that, because I wanted to study more and
learn other things so as to gain greater experience. So, since I didn't agree
to be chief, I was jailed and kept in a cell for some time. I-held talks
with the chief of the armed bandits. Then,. when they found out about that,
some bandits there at the base attempted to kill me."

When asked to explain the type of problem that he had with his colleagues,
Augusto Goncalves confined himself to saying: "They were very young; they

67



cso:

airport soon after our touchdown and
continuing the following day at the N’Dolo
airfield, where the equipment required was
flown in by a Zairian Puma helicopter.

The entire Aerospatiale team, pilots,
engineers and mechanics, put their noses to
the grindstone in the oppressive heat. The
last trial at N‘Dolo, attended by the chiefs of
staff of all the armed forces branches,
Proved to be quite a show. The first low-
altitude passes caused some light
disturbances among the crowd at the
runway. After a brief touchdown, it was the
turn of General Kikunsa, Air Force chief of
Staff, to take the Epsilon up for a spin. With
literally thousands of hours of flight time
logged on every type of aircraft, he was able
to appreciate the plane's excellent handling
in every speed range from the point of view
of a true connaisseur. Two further trial flights
were made as the heat continued without
letting up, and then the Epsilon returned to
N’Djili and the Nord-2501. At dawn on Easter
Sunday, the Epsilon turned north once
again.

The African tour had come to an end.
Since March 12, when the first evaluations
took place in Dakar, the Epsilon had
femained 100% airworthy, with more than
80 sorties attesting to its reliability. Having
made up to five take offs per day during the
hottest part of the day, it showed how well it
adapted to the African climate and
geography. Nothing can equal a practical
demonstration on location, under real
operating conditions, no matter how many

3400/166

12

documents one hands out or how many
technicians are around to explain the
qualities of an aircraft. This was the objective
of this long mission, and it was
accomplished with flying colours. The eight
countries visited have growing, young air
force that are trying to progressively attain
the highest possible level, within their
economic means. While the deployment of
combat aircraft is a totally legitimate
aspiration, there are major problems to be
surmounted, not event counting the cost of
the purchase: for example, keeping the
aircraft and pilots in operational readiness
and training for new pilots. It is therefore not
unreasonable to choose a solution that is
both effective and economical and which
enables the training of both young and more
seasoned pilots at the same time. The
Epsilon’s cost per hour of flight time is one
tenth that of a high-end trainer. It is perfectly
adapted to training, and in its support
version is also capable of fulfilling a wide
range of other missions as well, thus doing
away with the need for heavier and more
sophisticated planes. One of the more
important of these missions is the
surveillance of borders and coastlines. The
Epsilon is able to accomplish these tasks
thanks to the operational flexibility it offers
with its range, high-cruise speed, ability to
land on unprepared airfields and ability to
carry a wide range of payloads. This light,
sturdy, high-performance aircraft can be
kepts in continuous operation to provide
protection for its country without hording
budget funds that can be put to better use
elsewhere.



. TABLE 1
DIRECT AND INDIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1960

‘ TO 1982 AT 1975 PRICES
Direct Direct Indirect Indirect
investment investment investment investment

by the by the by the by foreign

private government private governments

sector sector and banks
Year R million R million R million R million
1960 3 843,6 166,9 2651.4 1 022.9
1961 3840.7 161.2 2579.4 1043.2
1962 3929.6 191.1 2 490.8 934.6
1963 4004.5 208.5 2417.0 894.6
1964 i 41384 246.4 2 406.8 891.7
1965 4381.7 268,7 2427.3 1075.5
1966 4774.0 242,9 _ 2586.1 1110.9
1967 4917.3 242.4 2697.2 1027.3
i968 5 839.1 243,5 2954.5 1276.2
1969 6 599.4 229,7 $187.6 1 168,7
1970 7:132,1 226.8 $311) 1 802.4
1971 7607.0 1599 3.818,5 2 682.8
1972 7784.4 188.3 3 693,2 2 892.9
1973 74768 222.2 , 3699.1 2 902.2
1974 78114 262,8 3766.5 35613
1975 7259.0 227,0 3902.0 5 160.0
1976 6 869.5 216,8 39721 6 056.2
197 6 723.4 212.4 4 236.1 5 795.3
1978 6 765.3 2nit 4218.2 5 229.8
1979 6 201.7 232.6 3481.6 4 405.8
1980 6 426.8 234,2 3395.2 3730.6
1981 6778.8 367.5 3849.7 4587.2
1982 6 901.4 319,0 4159.2 5 202.8

Source: Various issues of the Quarterly Bulletin of the South African Reserve Bank |

95



cso:

drilled by Debeers and it was
equipped by the Department
of Water Affairs.

Before this borehole was
drilled, people used to
scramble for water when the
supply from the township's
bowsers arrived in the village.

The Southern District
Council Planning Officer, Mr
Solomon Sekwakwa, said the
Council was aware that there
was a serious water problem
at Sese for livestock, but the
government policy gave
priority to domestic water
supply. He added that the
council had no plans to help in
this regard.

Mr Sekwakwa however
disclosed that the people at
Sese had suggested to form a
syndicate to use one of the
boreholes which was drilled
by Debswana sometime ago
but which was now not in use.

Though faced with these
hardships, the VDC has plans
for the development of the
village.

3400/186

A pit latrine is to be dug at
the Health post, afd a
community centre has been
presented as another possible
drought relief project.

The VDC was formed in
1981 to initiate development
projects in the village. From
the beginning, it organised
people to build a grass-
thatched rondavel as a school.
The VDC Secretary, Mr
Simon Ntsoma, said that the
self-help school started with
47 pupils and these included
some who were from the
Jwaneng township whose
Parents had moved to Sese.

The Southern District
Council contributed by
building a modern block of
classrooms in 1982.

The school is now registered
and was officially opened on
November 19 by the then
Minister of Mineral Resources
and Water Affairs, Dr
Gaositwe Chiepe.

Mr Ntsoma said people were
organised again to build

17

another hut for a health post.
The health post is visited by
the Southern District Council
health staff once a month.

He explained, together with
another VDC official, Mr
Alemarumo that it was not
easy to put these projects
together because of the water
problem.

The completion of the water
reticulation project was also
of great help to the 154 pupils
of the Sese Primary School.

A standpipe was erected in
the school yard. According to
the Headmistress, Miss
Rebecca Sebogodi, the school
has four classes with standard
four as the highest class.

Next year, she said, a
standard five class would be
added. The school has six
teachers, of which two are
qualified.

Its enrolment is expectd to
shoot up anytime children of
parents staying at the Jwana
settlement are moved to Sese.
BOPA



Queida continued: "So we must instill the idea of working, in cooperation with
the peoples who are struggling to promote peace or who, like the PLO, are suffering
under the imperialist barbarism."

Tomaz Reis, chief of the FDJ brigade, who presented the banner of his organization
tothe Palestinian ambassador, said that the promotion and development of coopera~
tion among young people "is essential to the exchange of ideas and experiences.“

He also saw the voluntary work day as a political act and he hopes that, in
the future, “this action among the youth will be expanded to the national level
and will contribute to the development of Guinea=Bissauan agriculture."

Internationalist Ideology

For his part, Andrei Morev, chief of the Leninist Komsomol Brigade, considered
the initiative of the JAAC and like organizations to be timely and important,
because it enabled them:to join together in combative solidarity with the heroic
people of Palestine, led by the PLO, and also provided real support for the
World Festival of Students.

“Our organization feels this work is useful, concrete and very important for
the internationalist ideological education of the youth of our. respective coun-
tries, which are currently struggling to preserve peace, democracy, freedom
and social progress," assured the young Soviet, adding: "We are in favor of
continuing this type of work and we will take part whenever we are called, side
by side and shoulder to shoulder with our brothers."

“It is all very well to make speeches about solidarity among the peoples, but
it is even better to engage in the work which will insure progress," stressed
Comrade Morev, who asked that the reporter not refer to him as "mister,"

Lazaro Duenhas, the last individual we interviewed, is the young leader of the

USC brigade. He modestly saw the event asa symbol of friendship among people
working for peace. .

“This joint work," Duenhas said, “helps to strengthen our revolutionary aware~
ness and is proof of anti-imperialist solidarity." Therefore, “we will continue
our effort to work toward incorporating this work into our daily lives, contribu-
ting to the training of our young people.”

The farm, which has 100 ‘hectares planted in fruit trees, is about 20 kilometers
from the city. Through slogans and songs, the young people there showed their
desire for unity and solidarity among peoples and for productivity because,
according to them, "to quit is to die," and "we pledge to follow the nation,
working for the people."

6362
CSO: 3442/51

46



country, will find it extremely difficult to shake off the lethargy of a sub-
sistence economy without the stimulus of foreign capital inflow.

During three phases in its century of economic development, South
Africa experienced a strong inflow of foreign capital. At first, between
1870 and 1919, the flow of foreign capital was indispensable to the
establishment of the gold mines on the Reef. After the Second World War,
it was the Orange Free State goldfields and the rapid industrial growth
that attracted foreign investment to South Africa. The last great inflow oc-
curred during the seventies, when the government determinedly launched
an important infrastructure development programme. To construct the
new harbours at Richards Bay and Saldanha Bay, and to build the railway
lines linking these terminals with the rich coal fields and iron deposits in
the interior, foreign finance sources had to be used. These were also used
for the construction of new power stations, specifically for South Africa's
first nuclear power plant at Koeberg, and for Sasol II.

The role of foreign investment in the economic development of
South Africa has been thoroughly researched, and its various aspects have
been the subject of numerous theses and academic publications.»” Official
notice has been taken of the importance of foreign investments to South
Africa, and the government's favourable attitude towards foreign invest-
ment has been repeatedly and clearly affirmed. It is stated, for example, in
the Third Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Fiscal and Monetary
Policy in South Africa, that: “The government welcomes foreign invest-
ment, and in formulating economic policy, will also endeavour to retain a
favourable investment climate for foreign controlled enterprises”.

The view that foreign investment provides an exploitable power over
the economic life and politics of the recipient country enjoys little support
in South Africa. An exception was the warning by the Franzen commis-
sion: “The government cannot allow foreign capital to be invested in such
a manner or in such amounts as will enable foreign control to be exercised
over the whole economy or over certain strategic sectors”.5? This policy
statement, however, did not become statutory or lead to any government
action. On the contrary, restrictions imposed earlier by the government to
control the flow of foreign capital have been lifted considerably in order to
create a more favourable investment climate.

It is not the goodwill of governments that attract foreign investment,
but the possibility of profits. Frankel summarized the motivation for foreign
investment as follows: “overseas investment was influenced by the combi-
nation of sentiment, patriotism and opportunities for gain, by the large
scope, often indirectly combined with national support given to the
promoters of enterprises in virgin territories, by the considerable
possibilities of profit to particular individuals arising from capital wind-
falls and by the large gains that could be hoped for, and frequently occur:
red, through the appreciation of values in land or natural resources as a
result of the movement of population to them.”

Initially it was the investors of Great Britain that were attracted by
the treasures of South Africa's mineral wealth, but their share in the total
foreign assets in this economy dropped from 62 percent in 1956 to 37 per-
cent in 1976. The American share increased during the same period from
12 to 21 percent, the French remained more or less the same while German
investment increased considerably.” As a result of the great flow of foreign
capital to South Africa, the Republic became one of the most important
investment countries in the world.

History has taught us that it was by no means a particularly high pro-
fit rate that ensured South Africa's attractiveness to foreign investors.

91



CHAD

GUNT DEFECTOR DESCRIBES REINFORCEMENTS
Paris LE MONDE in French 16 Oct 84 p 3

{Article by Laurent Zecchini, special correspondent: "The Testimony of
a GUNT Deserter: 'I Saw Them Strengthen Their Positions...'"]

[Text] Biltine--Issa Koua has defected. He is there, in that house in Biltine
open on all sides to the hot wind of the desert, his head turbaned in bandages,
to tell the why and the how of his decision. A peculiar fellow, a strange
story...when he arrived this Thursday evening, 11 October, Idriss Debi, the
commander in chief of the Chadian National Armed Forces (FANT), surrounded by
some officers, was having his dinner. The "com-chief" finished his meal and
washed his hands, greasy from roast mutton. Then, only then did he turn to
Issa Koua and shake his hand. The Chadian officers then lavished conspicuous
marks of sympathy on someone who, for 2 years, had been at the head of the
GUNT troops in all the battles against the FANT. For more than an hour, the
"com-chief," a powerful lord, turnéd Issa Koua over to the curiosity of the
two journalists present. If the man's face is lacerated, it is because he
went through the windshield of his Toyota. A commonplace accident on desert
trails where combat Toyotas and Land Rovers tear along at 100 kilometers an
hour, sending up clouds of sand behind them. For the surgeon of the Manta
group in Biltine, for the French officers, he is officially only "a fellow

who smashed his face in a car." A peculiar fellow, whose face was sewn up-—
without anaesthesia--and who, "for the 2 hours the operation lasted, neither
grumbled nor groared."

Issa Koua is not an ordinary wounded soldier. He is (according to his own
statements) "a big military leader." Before 1981, he was one of the leaders

of Comrade Hissein Habre's Northern Armed Forces (FAN). When, on 7 June 1982,
Ndjamena fell under the control of the FAN, he fled with GUNT [Transitional
National Union Government ]--because of "differences" with his battle comrades

of the moment--and reached Libya. He would stay in five Libyan military bases,
among them Koufra and Sebha, before being appointed, 2 months ago, first
assistant to the Libyan colonel Youssouf Hadjar, the commander of the Libyan
troops stationed in Fada, the big palm grove in the north. As such, he commanded
the GUNT units deployed in the eastern zone of the northern part of Chad occupied
by Tripoli. "By their behavior," he explained, "I understood that the Libyans
came to Chad for their own cause and not for ours. I understood that I was
playing their game and I decided to defect. I decided to fight the Libyan
occupying forces, weapons in hand."

29



UNITA'S SOVIET WEAPONS DESCRIBED

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 1 Nov 84 p 16

[Article by Fred Bridgland:

[Text]

cso:

‘The weaponry used by Unita is
almost entirely of Soviet origin.
Perhaps half of it was captured
fromthe MPLA and the rest im-
ported from such sources as.

Middle East arms dealers and
even Soviet bloc countries such
as Bulgaria, which tries to sell
secretly through third parties.
‘The basic Unita weapon is the
Soviet AK-47 rifle, the classic
guerilla weapon, of which these
jeolan insurgents speak high-_

The AK-47 is easy to service and
is highly reliable. .

Unita also has many standard
North Atlantic Treaty Organisa-
tion FN rifles, which are more
accurate and have a longer
range.

But they have a tendency to jam
in bush conditions and are more
difficult for an ordinary soldier
to maintain.

Other standard Unita weapons
of Soviet origin are light and
heavy machine guns, 60mm and
81mm mortars, RPG-7 anti-tank
rockets, B-10 75mm recoilless
cannons, ZGU-1 14,5mm
anti-aircraft guns, and Sam-7
anti-aircraft missiles.

‘There is an abundance of these

3400/187

ANGOLA

"The Fire-Power Headaches of Jonas Savimbi"]

weapons in Unita territory and
ammunition is plentiful.

The weapons are carried to the
Benguela railway on lorries and
then into the northern part of
the country on the backs of
soldiers and even the heads of
villagers.

There are also many Chinese
12,7mm anti-aircraft guns.
These weapons have served
Unita well, but now the
movement's leader, Dr Jonas
Savimbi, is pleading for
something more sophisticated
from his allies to match the
constantly upgraded equipment
which the MPLA receives from
the Soviet Union.

T-62 tanks, MiG-23
fighter-bombers and MI-24
helicopter gunships are the
newest additions to the MPLA
armoury this year.

13

Dr Savimbi argues that he needs
anti-tank missiles of the quality”
of the European Milan or
American Tow to match the
growing sophistication of the
MPLA’s armour.

He also says his Sam-7s are fre-
quently being outwitted by
technological modifications to
MPLA warplanes.

Only one in three Unita Sam-

7s fired is now hitting the tar-

get.

Dr Savimbi covets something
resembling the American
Redeye missile.

He also needs heavy artillery to
besiege the larger towns.
Unfortunately his many
clandestine allies are willing to
give him only Soviet weaponry,
available in great quantities on
international arms markets, and

“not their own in case their clan-

destine support ceases to be
clandestine.

It is a big problem for Unita
and it has undoubtedly slowed
the movement's rate of *
advance.

Unita has also developed a
network of weapons workshops
in the bush where guns and can-
non are repaired and serviced.
The movement has many lathes
on which spare parts are tooled,
including bases for mortar
tubes and the tubes themselves.


are mostly consumed by the peasants. This is why the cooperatives basically
sell such fruits as bananas and oranges, vegetables and pork.

An analysis of the relative rates of consumption and sales is quite important

to an mderstandingof the economic and social impact of the cooperative sector

on life in the city of Maputo. Regarding vegetables, for example, the principal
products marketed are cauliftower, kale, cabbage, carrots, broccoli, onions

and lettuce; gross production in 1981, 1982 and 1983 went from 148 tons to 706
tons, a growth of 470 percent. A detailed examination of each of the components--
consumption and sales--indicates that although the rate of each of them in rela~
tion to gross production has not varied significantly, there has been a slight
trend toward consumption over sales. This is obviously a result of the increasing
shortage of foodstuffs on the market.

The accompanying table shows a significant increase in consumption by the coopera~
tive members. This is all the more relevant, considering the large growth in

the number of cooperative members during these years. In other words, the
increasing shortage of foodstuffs in the city has been eased for about 8,000
cooperative families--representing a population of about 40,000--by the production
of the cooperatives.

It may also be concluded that the improved supply of such items as rice, meal,
beans and fish will also mean a substantial improvement in the supply of vegetables
and pork, which are now being consumed directly by the cooperativist producers.

About 40 percent of the pork is consumed by the cooperative members themselves.
This percentage could very soon become larger, since the cooperative members
would like to consume more meat. Here, however, there is a very sensitive aspect
in the balance of city life: the almost total inexistence of any type of meat

in Maputo. Hence the other 60 percent cannot precisely be considered surplus,
but rather a contribution by the peasant cooperativists to the diet of other
sectors of society in the capital. This aspect was stressed during the drafting
of the plan and was the object of a special mobilization by the General Union

of Agricultural and Livestock Cooperatives, basically out of respect for the
worker-peasant alliance.

In this context, the supply of pork from the cooperatives is channeled to such
social centers as the Railway, the university, BM, BPD, PROPESCA and others.

In consideration of other consumers, and as quantities permit, pork is also
supplied to some restaurants. In the specific case of the CFM [Mozambican Rail-
ways] Central, the cooperativists have a greater sense of their contribution
because, in practical terms, they are supplying a sector which includes thousands
of family members of the cooperativists themselves.

The pork is marketed by the sales department of the General Union, which should
be turned into a more efficient enterprise.

Increased sales of the cooperatives’ products, particularly meat, are faced with
problems, however, notably the cooperativists’ wish to be supplied with items
which they do not produce, During the mobilization to establish certain quotas
for the supply of meat to the city, questions were raised regarding the obstacles

57



ZIMBABWE

MUGABE LAYS FOUNDATION STONE IN FUTURE CHINESE~BUILT STADIUM
Harare THE HERALD in English 13 Oct 84 p 1

[Text] THE National Sports Stadium being built by China will stand as an his-
toric monument to that country's support for the liberation war in Zimbabwe,
the Prime Minister, Cde Mugabe said yesterday.

At a ceremony where he laid the stadium's foundation stone and cut a ribbon to
mark the start of building opposite Heroes' Acre, Cde Mugabe said the project
was offered to China because it was a great friend and ally to Zimbabwe during
the struggle for independence.

He told workers at the site, Government ministers and the Chinese team and Am-
bassador, Cde Chu Qiyuan, that the loan amount, which carried a 10-year grace
period, had been increased after the visit by the Chinese Prime Minister, Cde
Zhao Ziyang to Zimbabwe in January 1983.

The Prime Minister said the stadium's construction would boost the building and
materials manufacturing industries as well as employment in local industries as
several products would be bought in Zimbabwe. He said he was pleased that Zisco
in Kwekwe had already signed a contract with the constructing firm.

"Negotiations are still in progress with many other local firms for the supply
of other building and related materials. This obviously will boost employment
in our local industries."

The stadium would offer comfortable seating and modern scoring facilities which
would attract sports lovers who found present facilities inadequate. He said it
would boost attendance figures at sporting events.

"It is our sincere hope that Zimbabwean athletes and sportsmen and women will
aspire to greater heights of dedication andcommitment to sport to achieve excel-
lent performance in various disciplines that will be catered for here and true
to the symbolism of Heroes' Acre across the road, bring glory and honour to our
country."

International

The facilities would attract international events such as the All Africa Games,
the Commonwealth Games, the Olympics and the Zonal competitions to be held in
Zimbabwe. The country's ability to host these games would give Zimbabwe inter—
national exposure.

110



ZIMBABWE

EDITORIAL CRITICIZES MINORITY UNITED ‘FRONT
MBO31148 Harare THE SUNDAY MAIL in English 21 Oct 84 p 12
[Editorial: "At It Again"]

[Text] The minority parties’ idea of forming a united front in the run-up to
the next general elections is both an affront to the electorate and a veritable
indictment of the multi-party system of government.

As we understand it, a multi-party democracy entails the existence of many
political parties with different ideologies and programmes to present to the
voters. Responsibily operated, the system should not produce a dirty and un-
dignified scramble for power such as we are likely to witness in the election-
eering period that lies ahead.

It is tempting to consider the multiparty system a recipe for disaster in the
developing countries of the world. Power for power's sake, not policies and
programmes, is made the basis of opposition. Soon there emerges as many par—-
ties as there are tribes and the nation is torn asunder,

If indeed the so-called United Front were to materialise, it would be one of
the strangest political imbroglios in our time. Only last week ZAPU congress
re-affirmed the party's commitment to socialism, a month before Muzorewa de-
clared his party's unshakable commitment to blatant capitalism, Smith continues
to regret the very idea of an independent Zimbabwe ruled by Africans, while
Sithole is domiciled in Britain presumably looking for a political programme.

Suddenly these persons are to become brothers-in-arms in the fight for the es-
tablishment of some kind of state in this country. It is quite clear that the
only possible agreement they can reach is the establishment of a neo-colonial
state... a negation of everything we fought for and’ have achieved in the build-
ing of a new society!

The run-up to the 1980 general election and after, also witnessed these schem-
ings by yesterday's parties. Various scenarios were presented ina bid to de-

feat ZANU (PF) through some marriage of convenience by all the minority parties.

But of course the people did not like what they saw and rejected it. The peo-
ple wanted nothing less than total freedom and hence ZANU (PF) was overwhelm-
ingly given the mandate to rule.

112



Dissident Tells of Training in South African Camp
(THE HERALD, 17 Oct BA) cece cece cece eeeceececees

Potential of National Silk Industry
(THE HERALD, 25 Oct BA) cece cece eee ceeeeeeee

Electricity Boost for Rural Areas
(THE HERALD, 26 Oct 84)......ecceceececcecee

This Season's Coffee Exports May Earn $30 Million
(THE HERALD, 24 Oct 84)....cecccseeeceees

Joint Tour Package With Maputo Planned
(THE HERALD, 20 Oct 84)..........0 eee

Money-Losing Railways Supplying Cars to Expatriate Staff
(THE HERALD, 20 Oct 84)......eeceeeeee

Briefs
Iranian Embassy Condemns Apartheid
Japanese for Chipinge

114

115

116

117

118

119

120
120



cso:

3400/165

do everything in its power to avoid getting directly
involved in a way which would implicitly deny the
validity of its policy of separate development.

However, Ciskei rather than Transkei is likely to
degenerate into crisis first. Lennox Sebe’s regime
there, now in an advanced state of paranoia, is
extremely fearful of trade union and worker solidar-
ity against it. The former chief of state security, Lt-
Gen. Charles Sebe, has even suggested that a special
bureau be set up to prevent the re-employment
of ‘politically unreliable workers’. And Chief Lent
Magoma, the minister of manpower, advocates milit-
ary-style punishment camps for workers who break
their employment contracts. Already Ciskei has legis-
lation, in the form of an industrial conciliation act,
which virtually outlaws South African-based trade
unions. Overall the regime has created a vicious
climate ripe for generating resistance.

White men living in the areas bordering Ciskei,
especially in Grahamstown and Williamstown, are
likely to be involved sooner or later in SADF opera-
tions to isolate or even take over Ciskei. In August
the SADF commanding officer in East London, Col.
Reg Deyzel, announced that all white males in that
area aged 18 to 54 were required to register between
10 and 14 September for the defence forces’ national
and controlled reserves. The announcement, which
was also made in Port Elizabeth, was in compliance
with directives in the Ist August government gazette.
According to Col. Gert Vermeulen, senior staff
officer (personnel) at Eastern Province Command,
the order applied irrespective of whether men were
South African citizens or whether they had already
done military service. Civilian commando units (AC
Vol 25 No 11, page 6) are an essential part to
Prétoria’s plans for border security. Certainly the
units are ideal for the sort of static guard duty
involved in sealing off an exploding homelande

89



the transfer of short-term capital out of the country. Over'a
quarter of the total budget is allotted for debt repayment.
Debt servicing delays are increasing. Total debt is believed to
be about $1.5bn, possibly closer to $2bn; the debt service
ratio officially is around 30%. Congo has just-asked for an
IMF stand-by credit and a ‘Paris Club’ restructuring of its
Public debt, Brazza' authorities want to avoid at all cost
a London Club session where they would be grilled by the
private banks. Structural adjustment measures imposed by the
IMF will be particularly galling for hardline PCT members.

The French state-controlled Elf group has recently made an
important offshore discovery at Tchibouela, which should be
‘on stream in 1987. ly’s Agip is to tap three new oilfields
next year, boosting Congolese output from the present 115,000
barrels a day (b/d) to around 140,000 b/d ~ still far short of
the 200,000 b/d originally predicted in 1980 for 1986. Amoco
has recently moved into Congolese offshore prospection, hop-
ing to repeat its excellent performance in neighbouring Gabon.
If Amoco succeeds, American interest in Congolese oil will
be boosted.

The biggest single drain on the economy is Sassou-Nguesso’s
$500m-plus SECC pulp mill in Pointe Noire. Cameroun’s
Cellucam plant inas closed down because of unprofitability,
and Gabon has abandoned its similar Sogace! scheme. But
Sassou-Nguesso, essentially to consolidate support among the
Vili population in the Pointe Noire area and to have a
convenient slush fund, is staking his honour on the project.
French experts have warned him against a scheme whose
Profitability is, at best, questionable. He is now trying to
corner the French into playing a role in SECC by bandying
the possibility of giving the contract entirely to companies
from Brazil and Finland. Congo will need every drop of oile

stry and manufacturing, was another clever Ppresiden-
tial ploy. A member of M-22, he represents an
alternative to Katali as the regime’s special contact
with Moscow. He has the advantage of being inde-
pendent of the Soviets?. He is also much less of a
risk for the president, since, unlike Kitali, he is not
a military man. With Katali and Nzé out of the
running, Jacob Okandza, ambassador in Moscow,
could become the new coordinator of the Impfondo
lobby.

The main beneficiary in the southern part of the
country of Sassou-Nguesso’s political realignment
was the Niari region and the elite of Nyaki town. It
includes the new prime minister, 42-year-old Ange
Edouard Poungui. A technocrat, without a political
base in his region, he has worked mostly abroad for
the IMF, African Development Bank in Abidjan and
Central African Bank in Yaoundé. In recent years,
he has been Sassou-Nguesso’s special adviser on
economic affairs: By favouring the Niari, Sassou-
Nguesso has pre-empted any ‘alliance between this
region and the Vili, a Possibility which was Tchicaya-
Thystére’s admitted ambition. Other Niari potentates
are Pierre-Damien Boussoukou-Boumba, minister of
scientific research, Dieudonné Kimbembé, minister
of justice, and Célestin Goma-Foutou, PCT secretar-
iat member in charge of ideology.

The Pool region around Brazzaville, ‘the fief of
the Lari and Kongo peoples, remains semi-ostracised
from the- political system. The Pool has: only one
minister of note - Bernard Combo Matsiona at

34

labour and civil service. (Ganga Zanzou still has an
honorary post as president of the national assembly).
Sassou-Nguesso is fearful of any ripples in the Pool -
partly because the country’s first two presidents,
Abbé Fulbert Youlou and Alphonse Massamba-
Débat, came from the region - and has therefore
kept it in a straight-jacket. The recent arrest of
Commander Nzalakanda for alleged plotting, typi-
fies political life in the Pool. A respected officer (a
rarity in the Pool), he commanded the Congolese
forces in Chad and was latterly military attaché in
Moscow. His arrest has raised eyebrows in the army,
even among senior northern military cadre. Like
Tchicaya-Thystére, no reasonable charges have been
made against him. (Another Pool officer,, Capt.
Matingou, was sent on a training course at the Kiev
military college in the Soviet Union).

Presidential friends, relations, and M-22

After the sacking two years ago of Capt. Florent
Tsiba, Sassou-Nguesso determined to woo the Batéké
group in the Plateaux region, firstly to defuse anti-
government activities masterminded by the Front de
Libération des Batékés et des Bagangoulous (FROLI-
BABA), which is generally held responsible for the
1982 Brazzaville bombings. The Batéké resent domi-
nation by their northern cousins in the Cuvette, and
look up to Gabon’s Batéké president, Omar. Bongo,
as an example ~ an admiration subtly encouraged
by Bongo). Four Batéké were given ministerial posts,
three of them being newcomers tothe cabinet: vet-
eran Joseph Elenga-Ngaporo (energy and water
resources); Pierre Ngaka (tourism); Ambroise Gam-
bouele (trade and consumption); and Dr Christophe
Bouramoue (health and social affairs).

The president’s own Mbochi people from the
Cuvette ‘were naturally rewarded most fulsomely.
Rarely in Congolese post-independence history has
tribalism played such a pivotal role in political equa-
tions. Most explicitly represented’ are members of
the president’s home village, Oyo, and.those from
his extended family, who are members of the Front
de Libération des Mbochis et des Makouas (FRO-
BOMA), an organisation established to counter
FROLIBABA ambitions.

Influential Cuvette ministers include Justin Lek-
oundzoun-Ithi Ossetoumba (finance and budget),
reputed to be the president’s designated dauphin,
Rodolphe Adada (mines and hydrocarbons) and
Pierre Moussa (planning). Ministers from Oyo vil-
lage who’ are not direct relatives, are Christian Gil-
bert Bembet (information and telecommunications)
and Ossebi Douniam (fisheries). Presidential family
members in the government include Antoine Ndinga
Oba (foreign affairs and cooperation), Benoit Moun-



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DJIBOUTI

BRIEFS

PANHARD TESTS--During the first half of July, the French firm Panhard et
Levassor carried out a wide-ranging “hot climate" experiment programme in
Djibouti for its own military equipement and that made by its parent com~
pany, Peugeot. Put to rigorous tests were the VBL light armoured vehicle,
an AML diesel armoured car, the ERC Sagaie reconnaissance and combat vehicle
and a Peugeot P-4 VLTT light all-terrain vehicle. [Text] [Paris AFRICAN
DEFENCE JOURNAL in English Oct 84 p 21]

cso: 3400/166

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