BER URGES GOVERNMENT TO CURB UNEMPLOYMENT

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 26 Oct 83 p 11

{Article by Michael Chester:

Breadline" ]

[Text]

The Bureau of Economic Re-
search (BER) at the University
of Stellenbosch believes it is
the Government's responsibili-
ty to introduce measures to
meet the growing unemploy-
ment problem. ~

After the urgent introduction
of moves to encourage smaller
families by adopting a policy of
voluntary population control,
the next priority should be a
national blueprint on education

“and training to produce a la-
bour force tailor-made to suit
the South African economy.
This should place renewed em-
phasis on a higher status for
“technikons and the elevation of
smore black labourers into
‘skilled jobs.

* Third should be a reduction
in bureaucratic red tape to
give thrust to the development
of the small business and, espe-
cially, the informal sector. This
sector has the potential to cre-
ate huge numbers of jobs but,
at the moment, is burdened
with unrealistic impediments
due to outmoded legislation.

Next, fiscal incentives should
be switched from capital-inten-
sive industries into ventures
with an emphasis on job crea-
tion.

Finally; as an essential inter-
im measure to provide short-
term relief for the jobless, the
Government should consider
changing the pattern of public

“Smaller Familiers:

57

sector spending “with the spe-
cific aim of putting people to
work”.

The BER argued in a special
study of short and long-term
unemployment problems that
the responsibility for its pro-
posed measures lay exclusively
with the Government whose
action programme needed to
be both innovative and exhaus-
tive.

“Fortunately,” commented
Mr JJ Laubscher, the study’s
main researcher, “the Prime
Minister has ordered his Eco-
nomic Advisory Council to be
totally positive in its search for
new solutions and the issue has
been given high priority behind
the scenes.”

- One of the surprise conclu-
sions in the study explodes the
conventional theory that eco-
nomic growth alone can pro-
vide the solutions to unemploy-
ment problems.

It has long been accepted
that an economic growth rate
of between five and 5,5 percent
should be enough to keep the
lid on the number of jobless i in
South Africa.

But the study provides statis-
tical evidence of trends that
shatter this theory.

It sets out to prove ‘that a

shift:towards more capital-in-
tensive production processes
shows that fewer and fewer

SOUTH AFRICA

The First Step Out of the



[Answer] That is the most crucial problem for my company and the
reason for my.disagreements. with the president and general

director of GECAMINES. It. has basically to do with the way in
which transportation is paid for. In my opinion, the GECAMINES
should pay us a higher rates for shipments on the national. rail-
road.. Furthermore, this should be paid to us in foreign exchange.
This was partially achieved through the intervention of the state
commissioner for finance and budget, on the orders of. the Executive
Committee, and against Mr Crem's advice. I must confess that.it is
avery good:sélution., If we can increase this amount further, we
can operate comfortably and I will be able to renovate.my network
without foreign aid by 1985. -We have enough foreign exchange in
the country to do so, but not, obviously, if I must purchase new
railroad cars, which I hope to do. I recently purchased 175 on

the basis of Belgian aid, I will purchase more to improve the
quotas, for we must remember that I have 193 railroad cars more
than 50 years old.

[Question] The World Bank is challenging you despite your positive
balance sheet, is it not? Why is the World Bank asking for your
resignation from the SNCZ?

[Answer] I have criticized the World Bank for many things since I
saw many shortcomings in the SNCZ rehabilitation program which it
introduced and approved.

[Question] Some experts charge that the International Monetary
Fund and the World Bank do not always work in the interests of the
countries in which they invest. Do you agree with them?

[Answer] Yes. I agree totally, because when the situation is
studied closely, we see that in the final analysis the World Bank
is only seeking one thing: To give funds to countries in order to
make them dependent.on it. In some cases it is even opposed to a
country's obtaining funds from another organization. I must
confess that some such organizations are much more logical than
the World Bank. Let us take for example the French Central Fund.

I am not French, I am a Belgian. There are people there, however,
who clearly state: "We are granting a loan of 100 million to the
GECAMINES, but we must absolutely give 50 million French francs to
the SNCZ so that it can make what we give the GECAMINES profitable.
Which is. perfectly logical. For example, the World Bank had plan-
ned a loan'to the GECAMINES. If it had been granted, I would have
needed 280 hopper cars. Who would have financed them? As a matter
of fact, I have just filed a report stating that, in the present
situation, I did not need direct aid from the World Bank. I can
also tell you that there is a solution to this problem, which is
purely national.

[Question] What about your relationship with the Zairian authori-=
ties? Are you working with people who understand this problem?

121



cso:

commission apparently intends to do
just that, though the queen’s visit and.
the Jamhuri and Christmas holida
may come in as unavoidable
interruptions. Already a lot of ground
has been covered. A team ofi
investigators working under the
guidance of Mr.-Lee Muthoga as chief’
prosecuting counsel to the commission:
as reportedly unearthed quite a bit of
information. Indeed, whereas most!
commissions of inquiry start their:
operations with public hearings and
gather vital information as they go
along, this particular commission seems
to have gathered quite a bit of
information even before its ‘terms of
reference were drawn up. Indeed, it
‘would seem as if the authorities drew up
the terms of reference to fit the available
evidence.‘ .
Njonjo is apparently taking the
commission matter seriously. He has
already instructed a senior lawyer in the
firm of Kaplan and Stratton, Mr. W.S.
Deverell to defend him. And this week,
Mr. Paul Muite, a senior partner in the
firm of Waruhiu and Muite, joined
‘Deverell in the defence team. It is still
not clear whether Njonjo still plans to
engage the services of a QC from,
London and if he does it is not clear
whether the government would allow a
foreign lawyer, to take part in. the:
commission’s proceedings. Deverell is a'
well-known lawyer who has in the past
specialised in civil cases, though his firm
has as a partner one of the country’s most
famous criminal lawyers, Mr. Byron
Georgiadis. When contacted by. the
press last week, Georgiadis, however,
appeared at pains to point out that he
had nothing to do with the commission.
Georgiadis’s only connection with the
commission may be in the fact that he
was Muthemba’s lawyer in the 1981
treason trial.

Muite was also the lawyer of the
National Bank of Kenya who appeared
before the chief justice in the Githunguri
case and argued for a héaring in camera
on grounds of state security. The chief
magistrate later said that after hearing
the submissions of both parties he had
come to the conclusion that there had in

3400/198

23

fact been no matters. affecting state
security which were discussed and that
is why he had decided to give his
judgement in the case in an open court..
Muite also appeared for the Coffee
Board of Kenya in a civil case in which
East African Acceptances were suing
the board for recovery of several
millions of shillings which the board
shad illegally paid to Mbo-I-Kamiti
Farming Company that should have
instead been paid to East African
Acceptances as the company’s receivers.
The decision ‘to pay Mbo-I-Kamiti
directly was taken by Githegi who was
then chairman of the Coffee Board. It is
this Githegi who talked of a “limping
sheep” at the Rungiri prayer meeting.
Ironically, in the East African
Acceptances versus Coffee Board of
Kenya case, Deverel was the lawyer for
East African Acceptances. The case,
which was also heard in camera, was
won by East African Acceptances.
Though huge sums of public money
were at stake, the details of the case are
still unavailable to the press.

Muite’s decision to appear in defence
of Njonjo before the commission of
inquiry has- proved a bit of an
embarrassment to his law partners. The
president only recently nominiated to

rliament Mrs. Rose Waruhiu, wife of

-. George Waruhiu, one of the partners
in the firm of Waruhiu and Muite. Mr.
Samuel Waruhiu, the founder of the
firm, is a well-known public figure with
extensive connections with
government institutions and projects.
He is chairman of Barclays Bank of
Kenya Ltd., in'‘which the government
has a substantial minority holding. He
has served on numerous government
committees and commissions, the most
important being the commission which
reviewed the government’s salary
structure and which bears his name on
account of his having chaired it. The
Waruhiu and Muite law firm handles
some lucrative government accounts,
including the National Bank of Kenya.
In legal circles, Muite is known to be
close to Njonjo. His partners may
consider such“ closeness somewhat
uncomfortable. .



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As the Chairman-Founder so rightly emphasized in his message to the nation on
the occasion of the closing of the last session of the Party.Central Committee,
I quote:

"It is a bitter pill, but we have no choice but to swallow it," end of quote.

Citizen Chairman of the Legislative Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,

It thus appears that the only program the Executive Council has to submit to
your ratification is the program expressed through the 1984 projected budget,
i.e. a program of constraints, of necessary constraints.

During 1983, I was called on to lead a large delegation of the country's
Executive Council. On this occasion, I was able to identify the many problems
that exist in the fields of administration, management of public property,
economy and social services.

Within the limits of the stabilization program constraints, the 1984 projected
budget is aimed at meeting these problems; in particular, it will continue to
focus on integrated rural development efforts, on all efforts aimed at achieving
food self-sufficiency, on service roads, on transportation in general, on primary
health care, on the rehabilitation of hospitals, on the water and electric power
supply program, and on school equipment and maintenance.

In other words, we must follow a policy in agreement with the MPR basic choices,
a policy that will place economy in the service of man and will focus all of the
nation's socioeconomic development efforts on the Zairian citizen.

In this context, I wish to emphasize that the basic objective of the stabilization
program is to pave the way to true recovery and that, therefore, it would be to
say the least rash and unrealistic to expect the whole production plant to re~
cover within the 15 months of the program.

As I mentioned a moment ago, 1984 capital expenditures are the reflection of the
1983-1985 interim economic rehabilitation plan designed to pave the way for the
first 1986-1990 Five-Year Plan.

Therefore, our present efforts must be placed in the context of an austerity
budget and a process that requires sustained effort and long-term views.

In this respect, the Executive Council will remain attentive in particular to
the results of the Parliamentary Control Commission's investigations and to the
concerns of your august assembly with respect to receipts mobilization and the
financing of the budget deficit.

The attention given by the Executive Council to parliamentary investigations is
al the more justified as, in the Council's opinion, these investigations are the
natural extension of a rational financial stabilization effort. In addition,
they represent a valuable contribution in the search for appropriate ways and
means to intensify the Executive Council's efforts to prevent deliquency and
indiscipline in the management of public finances and public property.

117



AYCO CALLS FOR BOYCOTT OF ALEXANDRA CELEBRATIONS

Johannesburg SOWETAN in English 27 Oct 83 p 4

[Article by Sam Mabe]

[Text]

cso:

THE -Alexandra Youth
Congress (Ayco) has
called for the boycott of
celebrations to commem-
orate the 70th anniver-
sary of Alexandra town-
ship scheduled to be held
at Alexandra Stadium on’
Saturday.

A spokesman for
Ayco said the main rea-
son for the call was be-
cause the celebrations
would be coinciding
with what he called a
more important event,
the People’s Weekend,
which would be ob-
served by opponents of
the new constitution.

The observation of
the People’s Weekend
would be marked by the
holding of night vigils at
various parts of the
country where pol-
iticians, students, com-
munity leaders and

3400/200

church people would ex-
press their opposition to
the constitution on the
eve of the November 2
refendum voting.

The Ayco spokesman
said the Alexandra Lia-
ison Committee, which
is hosting the cel-
ebrations, had been
asked to postpone the
celebrations but the re-
quest was turned down
on the grounds that pre-
parations had been
made since last year and

that it was too late to
‘change the date.

The spokesman said
the Congress of South
African Students (Co-
sas) was working in col-
laboration with Ayco in
attempting to dissuade
Alexandra residents
from participating in the
celebrations.

“We do not believe
that there. is. anything

66

SOUTH AFRICA

worth celebrating for in
Alexandra where people
are living under squalid
conditions. Some people
live in old. buses aid
there are families which
have been removed
from: their homes’ and
dumped in a derelict TB
centre across the
Jukskei River.

“We see the whole
idea of the celebrations
‘as a way of conning peo-
ple into voting members
of the Liaison Commit-
tee in the forthcoming
Community Council
elections.

“How disgraceful is it
for these people to have
spent the whole year
preparing ‘to celebrate
when they were ex-
pected to have been
doing something more
constructive in devel-
oping the area,” said the
spokesman.



ROLE OF MARINE ENGINEERING DISCUSSED

Port Elizabeth EVENING POST in English 21 Oct 83 p 8

[Text]

cso:

3400/201

TT is now obvious that as
well as keeping the Cunard
line’s ferry, England, in
regular operation on the
service — the first ever —
between the Cape and Falk-
land Islands for the next
two years, South African
marine engineering exper-
tise must also do something
about the 26 445m? (9 339-
ton) Merchant Providence
which the British Govern-
ment dispatched from
Avonmouth with a load of
building materials, but
broke down in the. first
week.

The freighter made it to
Las Palmas where it
“awaits spares from Britain
for the diesel engine.

Logistics had determined
that the Merchant Provi-
dence should deliver its.
cargo to Port Stanley
ahead of the arrival of 120
workmen travelling in the
England. But the delay ot
the building materials will
necessitate rescheduling
the England o
+ The arrangement is that
after delivering her cargo,
the England crosses to the
Cape to embark engineer-
ing staff committed to
modifying the liner’s inte-
rior to make her comply
with British requirements.

There is no doubt that the
multi-million-rand airfield
contract on the Falklands is
to provide considerable

77

business for the Republic.

More than 9000 Britons
have applied for work on
the island, but only about
1400 are acceptable in
terms of the contract.

But the fact the men
must work a six-day, 60-
hour week has raised the
ire of unions in Britain. The
workers are assured of an
annual income of about
R17 000 while working on
the R400-million airport
contract.

Dockers at Bristol, the
base in Britain for the oper
ation, are involved in the
dispute about pay of the is-
Jand workers.

Meanwhile in South
Africa the major engineer-
ing organisations are anx-
ious to secure the mainten-
ance contract for the ships.

The Tyneside engineer-
ing firm of Swan, Hunter
regards its association with
Dorman Long at the Cape
as one of its best connec-
tions, since the parent
yards at Newcastle-on-
sTyne.-are. having.“ labour
tribulations following a loss
last year of more than R60
million. :

The*head office in Tyne-
side can be certain to be

assuring Cunard Line of the-

splendid facilities in South
Africa for servicing the
England, and other ships on
the ferry to Port Stanley.

SOUTH AFRICA



ANGOLA

REPORT OM DEMBOS III STATE COFFEE ENTERPRISE PRODUCTION
Laanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 12 Oct 83 p 3

[Text] According to a report released yesterday, the Dembos III State Coffee

Enterprise exceeded its production plans in the last harvest, producing about
250,000 kilograms of commercial coffee.

The production commitment, established at 1.18 million kilograms of cherry
coffee in the 1982/1983 Technical-Economic Plan, was increased to 1,526,040
kilograms, which is indicative of the interest and dedication of the company

workers, whose activity during the last crop season included expanding the area
under cultivation.

As is known, coffee is one of the products of major importance for the nation's
economy, representing a source of foreign exchange from its exportation.
Surpassing the production estimates for the last growing season, the Dembos III
State Coffee Enterprise is an outstanding company, deserving of major support
in the future so it may obtain the resources. it now lacks.

In fact, some practical needs, which were overcome solely by the dedication of
the labor force and the management cadres, came close to jeopardizing the ful-
fillment of the goals in the last harvest.

In the accounting report released yesterday, the insufficient supply of food-
stuffs for the rural workers, the severe shortage of transportation to carry out
Production tasks and to deliver the coffee, among other factors, were felt during
the harvest. The coffee enterprise has only three Mercedes trucks, considered
inadequate for the numerous activities, and the shortage of such essential pro-
ducts as soap, salt, fish and clothing was strongly felt, threatening the workers’
productive participation in the harvest tasks.

Expanded Acreage

Created in January 1981, the Dembos III State Coffee Enterprise initially had only
400 hectares available to it for cultivation. During 1982, new parcels of land

were recovered to expand future production, and the enterprise currently has about
2,686 hectares under cultivation, although the coffee plants in the recently reac-

tivated parcels are still somewhat weakened from the long period of neglect,
which means that only in the coming seasons can they be expected to be more pro-
ductive.

The success of the last harvest, reflected in the expansion of the initial pro-
duction plan, was possible solely because of the enlistment of all the non-
agricultural personnel in farm tasks for 2 days a week.

Based on this system of organizing resources, it was possible for the company
to make up for the manpower shortage in this particularly important harvest phase.

13



ZAIRE

YOUTH'S ROLE IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OUTLINED
Kinshasa ELIMA in French 16 Oct 83 pp 1, 10

[text] The youth have a primary role to play in our country: not only do they
compose the large majority of the population and represent the most important
productive force, but also because they are the social element that represents the
future and best expresses all the nation's aspirations. Recall that the father
of the nation has constantly taught that "the youth are the Zaire of tomorrow;
Zaire will be tomorrow what we have made of our youth today." On second thought,
we should note that that is not just a simple statement, but rather the manifest-
ation of an intensively lived life. It is obvious that by this watchword, the
entire Zairian nation, through the mouth of its guide, has issued an unprecedented
challenge to the youth. For though it is true that Zaire will be tomorrow what
has been made of its youth today, it is even more true that it is not so much what
has been made of its youth but particularly what the youth do with what has been
done for then.

It is in this sense that we feel it is high time that the youth of the party
become aware of the real scope of their primary vocation within the national comm-
unity. It goes without saying that they now have two major trump cards to enable
them to fully play their role of “spearhead” and to genuinely respond to all the
nation's expectations,

In fact, the youth mst first of all try to attune themselves in the school of

the Mobutu revolution and benefit positively from the experience of its founders

in order to grasp the guiding thread that will enable them to master their exist-
ential situation and genuinely control all the irrationality that the future will
bring. It can never be overemphasized that our youth must be youth who are faith-
ful to the noble ideals of the party and are unequivocally committed to the
national conscience, that is, to all the shared values that create our feeling

of identity. Further, the youth mst somehow avoid falling victim to certain
lapses of memory in which our country foundered prior to its political independence,
This view is not at all a gratuitous or arbitrary affirmation; it is not the
product of a purely empirical, positivist analysis, tut, far more, it is an analysis
that views our socio-historical being as an existential totality.

To return to the issue that most highly stimlates our intellectual curiosity, that
is, the role of the party's youth in the national recovery effort, it seems to us
that the youth mst be inspired by these two fundamental truths that should always
and everythere be kept in mind in respect to development, viewed comprehensively.

126



INKATHA'S ATTACK ON ZULULAND STUDENTS DENOUNCED

Johannesburg THE SOWETAN in English 4 Nov 83 p 3

[Article by Sam Mabe]

[Text]

INKATHA’s ‘attack on
students at-the Univer-
sity of Zululand will al-
ways be remembered in
the same way the world
remembers Adolf Hitler
and the way Africa re-
members General Idi
Amin.

This was one of the
messages of anger ex-

pressed at Khotso.

House -in Johannesburg
yesterday, where over
300 people gathered to
pay tribute to thé five
students killed and seve-
ral others injured during
the weekend violence at
the university.

Mr Muntu Myeza,
general secretary. of
Azapo,. who described
Chief Gatsha Buthelezi
as’ the Frankenstein of
Pretoria, said the week-
end’s violence had only
served to demonstrate
the need for black sol-
idarity and unity against
forces of division such as

Students Tell of Impi Attack

Inkatha.

He said that if the
government had not‘tre-
ated bantustan govern-
ments, there would be
no Gatshas, Sebes and
Matanzimas in this

~ country. He said people

seen dressed in Inkatha

“uniform would in future

be pointed out as re-
sponsible for. what he
called the brutal murder
of innocent and defence-
less students.,

‘SERVICE

The service was orga-
nised by the United
Democratic Front
(UDF) in conjunction
with Azaso and it was
the first time since its
formation that the UDF
has shared the platform
with Azapo.

The Rev Frank. Chi-
kane said the struggle in
this country was inten-
sifying so much that

SOUTH AFRICA

Chief Buthelezi was
even forced to show his
true colours that he was
part of the country’s op-
pressive machinery.

He said that for Inka-
tha to achieve its ambi-
tion of ruling South Af-
Tica, it would have to
start killing the op-
pressed people and not
the oppressor. .He ‘said

+ the church would find ‘it

difficult to reconcile
warring factions if suich
factions meant ‘to bring
together evil and justice.

In a message sent by
the Anti-Community
Council Committee, re-
gret was expressed ‘that
the name of a great Zulu
warrior, King Cet-
shwayo, had to be
dragged through | the
mud by Chief Buthelezi,
who should have heeded
the students’ call not to
hold the rally on the
campus. .

STUDENTS at the Uni-
versity of Zululand told
The SOWETAN yester-
day how they were
trapped in their hostel

rooms when Inkatha im-_

72

pis attacked them in the
early hours of the morn-
ing while some were still.
asleep.

They also told how
their desperate at-



heritage which forms the basis of
African life”.

She agrees, however, that change is
inevitable. “Even our forefathers
believed that change comes with each
successive generation, but it must be
positive and we should not lose our
identity as Kenyans”. Ogot adds that
whereas a synthesis of urban and rural
Jife may eventually remove ethnic
differences, it is desirable that at the
same time it should strengthen our
feelings as Kenyans. She disagrees with
those critics of African literature who
say that the theme of cultural heritage
has been overtaken by events. While
agreeing that external factors may
weaken our cultural heritage, Ogot says
that there are some fundamental beliefs
that education or urbanisation cannot
‘destroy. Funeral rites, for example,
have not changed. An African man,
however sophisticated, is usually buried
at his home and not inacemetery. Basic
marriage rites, especially those related
to negotiations, have also remained the,
same.

Ogot writes with deep concern for
family life which she sees as the basis of
a stable community. “It is in the home.
that a child grows up before going out
ito the world and the family unit must:
be protected.” Over the last two years,”
Ogot has: taken her writing very
seriously. She opened an office in
Kisumu where she has been based while
working on a book on Luo proverbs.
Her last two books, Niaha and Simbi
Nyaima, are both written in Luo. The
purpose of writing in her mother
tongue, says Ogot, is to provide those
who go through adult education
programmes with reading material in
their own language. “This will stimulate
adult education.” Ogot hopes that other
writers will also use their mother
tongues and she suggests that the.
ministry of culture and social services
should make arrangements for such
books to be translated into the various
other languages in the country.

According to Ogot, literature does
not only have to concentrate on
negative aspects of life. “We should give
credit where it is due, criticise when
necessary, and then try to unify”.
‘Through literature, Ogot feels that
junior Kenyan ethnic groups can learn
about the other communities in their
country. “It would also make it easier
for young people to unite and
understand each other,” she says. Her
new appointment. will enhance her
writing, she feels.

30

Now that she‘has been nominated to
parliament, Ogot says she will have the

.opportunity to assist even more in

development. She has always been
interested in politics, but says it was out
of her reach. “Politics are expensive,”
she says. As for the role of women in
politics, Ogot recalls that women fought
side by side with men to bring about
independence. “If not physically, they
fought, morally, looking after the sick
and . cultivating the land.” Since
independence, too, Kenyan women
have been on the move. Women’s votes
are crucial in our elections and Ogot
feels that men and women should
cooperate because no group can survive
on its own.

Asa busy working woman, Ogot says
that professional engagements have not
affected her family life. Her husband has
given her encouragement as a writer over
the years and, in the early days, he
looked after the children.when she was
Writing. But in order to be a successful
working mother, Ogot says that a
woman must strike a balance between
her career and family. Her first duty is
to her family and she should not arrange
a working schedule which is so rigid that
it takes away the relaxation of family
life.

In parliament, Ogot feels that she will
learn a great deal from those who have
been there before. She does not see
herself as a representative of women but
as a representative of all ‘Kenyans,
although she firmly believes that the
role of womeniscrucialinsociety.

Mrs. Rose Waruhiu

MRS. ROSE Watuhiu, one of the two
women MP’s nominated to parliament
by President Moi, has been a prominent
member of women’s organisations in
the country. The daughter of Mr.
Samuel Githu, one of the first African
district officers in the country, Waruhiu
was born in Chomo, Kandara, in
Murang’a District. She attended the
local Chomo Primary School and
Gituro Intermediate School before
proceeding to Kahuhia Girls School,
where she obtained her Cambridge
School Certificate in 1963. In 1964, she
was awarded a Dolverton Trust
scholarship to go to Kenya High School
for her Form Five and Six education.
She was among the very few Africans
who were in the school at the time but
says she managed to cope and in fact
became the first African to be appointed:



With respect to overall spending, regular expenditures total 21.6 billion
zaires, including expenditures for order (605 million zaires), and capital
expenditures represent 1.4 billion zaires.

Under regular expenses, up 70 percent over adjusted 1983 figures, the major
categories are: the foreign debt, with 8.1 billion zaires, or 38 percent of
the current total and an increase of 150 percent over 1983; remunerations,
with 4,586,000,000 zaires, or 21 percent of the current total and an increase
of 42 percent over the 1983 figure; and the domestic debt, with 1,703,208,716
zaires, or 7 percent of the regular budget and four times the 1983 figure.

The first state. commissioner indicated that charges on the foreign public debt
are completely in line with the coefficient of monetary adjustment. The
index of rescheduling of the foreign debt is not yet taken into account, as
the process of renegotiation with foreign partners begun within the framework
of the Club of Paris is to continue with that of the Club of London.

The mass of remunerations is undergoing the impact of the wage adjustment
policy resulting from the monetary correction. Actually, Kengo wa Dondo said,
the increase expected in 1984 is a weighted average from a 20-percent increase
during the first quarter and a 17-percent increase for the rest of the year,
with the understanding that for the period covered by the program, or

15 months, the overall increase cannot exceed 40 percent.

The domestic public debt does not feel the impact of the monetary adjustment
except in its constitutive part, back payments made up of foreign exchange in
part and representing some 800 million zaires. With respect to capital
expenditures, the first state commissioner pointed out that they are part of
the interim plan of economic rehabilitation for 1983-1985. That interim plan
is an element of the Mobutu Plan. It is aimed at laying down the conditions
for startup of the First Five-Year Plan for 1986-1990.

With 1.4 billion zaires, or 6 percent of the overall budget, investment ex-
penditures for 1984 are essentially made up of old projects whose continuation
in unavoidable or desirable. Criteria for general evaluation of investment
expenditures for 1984 include the availability of foreign financing, the level
of execution of projects already undertaken and the priority of projects con-
sidered.

Old and new projects make up 90 and 10 percent of the investment budget re-
spectively. The overall increase in this budget compared with 1983 is nearly
80 percent. Kengo emphasized that this major increase expressed the determina-
tion of the Executive Council to activate its investment policy in order to
help and stimulate agricultural recovery and thereby the social well-being

of working people.

In keeping with this aim, the sectorial distribution of the investment budget
is as follows: transport, communications and telecommunications, 34 percent;
energy, 21 percent; agriculture, 12 percent; education and health, 13 percent;
and miscellaneous, 20 percent.

101



Next it was the turn of the consul of Madagascar. He is the representative
of Air Madagascar and therefore easy to get on the phone.

The consul was flabbergasted that the press of his country could carry such
lies. He is actually more accustomed to reading them in the JOURNAL DE L'ILE
DE LA REUNION. Moreover, if the JOURNAL DE L'ILE DE LA REUNION ignored the
matter, if it did not seize the opportunity to discredit a little more a
regime of which it is not particularly fond, is it not because the information
is false? Or even better, nonexistent?

Pascal Velonjara, consul of Madagascar, questioned French authorities and even
took the trouble to telephone personally all detention centers of the French
Department of Overseas Territories to learn how many Malagasy they had. His
insistence caused him to be asked: "Why? Do you want to send us some?"

The result of our investigation in Reunion: zero.

In Madagascar, it is obvious that the authorities are in the best position to
say whether Reunionese prisons are overflowing with Malagasy nationals. The
same response from three different sources: nothing.

A few miscellaneous bits of information gained along the way: There are a
few cases of theft and minor crimes and more frequently, falsifications,
entries scratched out on passports concerning the length of the tourist visa
granted.

But in all these cases and in dealing with this type of crime, the authors
are quite simply deported.

This was the conclusion of an armchair investigation that took four calls to
Reunion and three to Antananarivo.

One may well wonder, after all, if the best means of maintaining good rela-
tions between Madagascar and Reunion is for our press to be guilty of excesses
in turn? Lying is a curious approach for making human relations more moral.

Finally, is the right to travel to become a privilege once again, belonging
only to the wealthy? That is the strange problem raised by that bizarre
newspaper. Can one reasonably admit that only wealthy people who know how to
act may enjoy the privileges of travel for "the good name of the entire country
and its people"?

Are we dreaming?

In Madagascar in 1983, to demand a limitation...on others free to circulate?

And yet, we had the impression that one's image abroad was something to be
tarnished by something other than bicycle thieves!

37



4 eae
Percentage change on a year ago
48 H

Py EPRTY A Pn PP ev ree PU PY

sesbosidesrtesstersbosstertiosstor

72 74

76 78 88 62

730°
Shaded areas denote downswing phases of the business cycle

main positive in real terms throughout
the the year.

Given the expected addition to. the
cash reserves of the banks and conse-
quent upon the overall balance of pay-
ments position (which will be some-
what moderated by the increased cash
reserves required to be held as a result
of the projected increase in bank liabi- ,
lities and notes in circluation) it will
probably be necessary for the Reserve
Bank to take measures to sterilise cash

reserves. 7
This implies that the bank will have
to be active sellers of securities in an
endeavour to. make the newly resur-
rected discount policy effective.
The bureau expects a decided turn-

" ing point in the business cycle in the

second quarter of 1984.

It says the drought will have a se-
verely distorting effect on the overall
growth rate as expressed in GDP
terms.

With the the business cycle downturn
levelling out and turning upwards, al-
beit slowly, this process of destocking,
assuming a normal weather pattern
next year, will be arrested and possibly
turned around. eo

Such a change brings ‘about a much
sharper statistical’ reaction in GDP
than is warranted by the actual change
in the level of total expenditure on
GDP. -

62

Overall, corporate profits probably
will decline in nominal and real terms
in 1983, but some improvement, at
least in nominal terms, is expected
next year.

Expenditure on durable goods de-
clined by 1,2 percent in 1982. With con-
sumer finances still under considerable
strain, and interest rates remaining
fairly high, a further negative reaction
in spending on durables must be ex-
pected.

‘A decline of about 5,7 percent on an-
nual basis is expected in 1983, followed
by a further but lower decline of about
three percent next year.

The sharpest decline in 1983 proba-
bly will occur in spending on personal
transport, where a decline of about
nine prcent is forecast.

In contrast, spending on furniture
and household appliances is expected
to increase further this year, reflecting
the continued buoyancy in the residen-
tial market. \

The bureau says that given its ex-
pectation that the number of new
houses to be erected will decline in'
1984, spending on furniture and appli-
ances might follow the same trend. The
already nominal improvement in con-
sumer finances could lead to some in-
crease, even if only marginally, in
spending on transport equipment. —



MADAGASCAR

ANDRIANARAHINJAKA REELECTED NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PRESIDENT
Antananarivo MADAGASCAR MATIN in French 10 Oct 83 pp 1, 3
[Article by Johary Rakotonirina]

[Text] As predicted and as one might have expected, since his reelection had
long been thought a certainty, Lucien Xavier Michel Andrianarahinjaka was
again chosen as president of the National Popular Assembly (ANP) at Tsimbazaza
Palace on Saturday. Voting was done by secret ballot by the AREMA [Vanguard
of the Malagasy Revolution] and the AKFA-KDRSM [Congress Party for Malagasy
Independence-Democratic Committee To Support the Malagasy Socialist Revolution]
groups. The other parties did not participate in this internal voting as the
leader of the MONIMA [National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar],
Monja Jaona, had already set the tone of the first signs of discontent with
this second legislative session.

Monja Jaona and nine other deputies therefore walked out of the Saturday
session following a rather heated discussion lasting several minutes of the
methods of electing members of the Permanent Bureau of the ANP.

The inaugural meeting of the ANP had resumed the day after the opening of the
second legislative session for these elections, presided over by senior member
Bandriananja Charles, aided by deputy presiding officer Rasolofomanana Jean.

A total of 134 out of the 135 deputies answered the roll call. Deputy Beresaka
from Soanierana-Ivongo was excused.

It should be recalled that two deputies are still missing from the ANP because
the fivondroana [villages] of Fianara 1 and Mahajanga 1 must still elect
theirs, inasmuch as the HCC [expansion unknown] annulled the elections of 28
28 August in those two villages.

Following a reading of texts regulating elections in the ANP, Ramambazafy
Armand, member. of the AREMA Political Bureau, announced that that party was

_ presenting its candidate for the presidency of the ANP, Lucien Xavier Michel
Andrianarahinjaka, who had already headed the institution during the first
legislative session. His candidacy was supported by the AKFM group, according
to a spokesman for that party a few minutes later.

However, Odon Rafenoarisoa of the VITM [People's Movement for Solidarity],
asked the presiding officer and the Assembly whether the Political Bureau if

33



cso:

3400/200

and by two percent at
Vanderbijlpark.

At Newcastle the aver-
age fell by 1,2 percent,
mainly due to unfavour-
able mill-loading and
more stringent customer

requirements. -

The drought caused
problems, particularly at
the Newcastle works. Al-
though Iscor’s general
‘water consumption is
considered favourably
against other internation-
al steel producers, fur.
ther cutbacks were nec-
essary.

At Newcastle the plant
received 30 percent of
norma! requirements
from the Chelmsford
dam.

As a result it had to
make up as much of the
shortfall as possible from
municipal effluent and
the 50-odd boreholes sunk
in the neighbouring vicin-
ity.

65



The proposed budget presented on Saturday is in line with the program of eco-
nomic and financial rehabilitation defined by the Executive Council. Through
this program, which will be based on the imminent conclusion of a technical
and financial cooperation agreement with the International Monetary Fund, Zaire
pledges more than ever to restore the basic conditions essential for the re-
covery and development of its economy, the first state commissioner emphasized.
Overall financial assistance from the IMF is on the order of $360 million,
with $240 million in stand-by credits and $120 million for compensatory fin
financing.

The heavy increase in 1984 budget allocations compared with revised credits
for 1983 (11 billion in receipts; 13,463,000,000 in expenditures) proceeds,
the first state commissioner explained, from the need for an intense effort
to mobilize public resources, essential control over spending and the effect
in 1984 of the modification in the parity of the zaire.

The proposed 1984 budget, one of the most essential elements of the program’
of economic and financial adjustment designed for 1983-1984, is matched by
management criteria or norms which, in the field of. public finance, are ex-
pressed not only in the leveling off of monetary financing and overall spend-
ing and strict maintenance of each category of spending within the limits

of the ceiling set for it.

In his introduction, the first state commissioner reaffirmed the basic tenants
of Zaire's budgetary philosophy, which is intended to be orthodox. He recalled
that the long-term strategy of the monetary and budget policy of our country
is aimed at simultaneous achievement of the basic objectives of economic
growth and monetary stability.

The budget, which is the instrument by which the country's economic and
social development is achieved, must express that strategy, Kengo said. In
order for this to be so, inadequate provisions must disappear and there must
be a halt to misappropriations and carelessness in budgetary management.

Financial orthodoxy, regular budgetary accounting and a better rendering of
accounts therefore require that the problem of exceeding budgets be solved
once and for all, the coordinator of the Executive Council stated, noting
that the different instructions and directives which the Executive Council
has received from the chief of state are all based on these motivations.

These directives will henceforth inspire and guide the action of the Executive
Council, particularly with respect to execution of the 1983 Budget and the
drafting of the 1984 Budget. The state commissioners and secretaries of state
present in Kinshasa were present at the Palace of the Nation for the filing
of the proposed budget for 1984.

102



[Question] Why then is the World Bank demanding Gunst's resigna-
tion? Is that a Canadian move?

[Answer] Yes, I am convinced.of it... There is certainly Canadian
and even Belgian interference, because ‘the Canadians are not the
only ones who want Mr Gunst's resignation. The Belgians do too,
and, unfortunately, without a doubt against the interests of
Belgium itself.

The Canadian Game at the SNCZ

Canadian employees of the World Bank drafted a report on the opera-
tion of the SNCZ on 10 January 1983.

This report was so blatantly inaccurate that a confidential counter-
report was drafted by a Zairian inspector and forwarded to the
various ministers involved in Kinshasa. This report stated among

other things:

"The disparagement of the current administrative team of the SNCZ,
designed to replace its members with Canadians looking for a place
in the sun..."

“Under the current circumstances, we do not believe the Canadians
could do any better. Furthermore, they are asking for a monthly
allocation of one million US dollars per month from the Bank of
Zaire. If the Canadians were more competent, they would have
analyzed the weaknesses noted in the current administrative team's
management and would:have proposed corrections to increase the
company's productivity with the existing resources."

"We believe that the consultants, in clumsily exceeding the limits
of their mission, had only one goal: replacement of the present
SNCZ officials."

"The CANAC group,.;which drafted this report under pressure from the
World Bank, managed the Zambia Railways for many years. The infor-
mation we have received from the Zambian national officials with
whom we have regular contact leads us to conclude that this opera-
tion was a total fiasco."

“5157
CSO: 3419/80

124



--In 1975 a military general publicly discussed for the first time the concept of
the 80-20 war at a seminar of the Stellenbosch graduate School of Management: the
modern anti-revolutionary struggle is 80 percent socioeconomic and only 20 percent
military. If the socioeconomic struggle is lost because of the feelings and per-
suasions of non-whites, the military struggle doesn't even have to be embarked
upon.

The concept of a total national strategy,which had been proclaimed already earlier
by the military and Minister of Defense Mr P.W. Botha,was at that time 80 percent
aimed at socioeconomic reform Gradually that focus has started to change. The
“total attack" started to dominate military thinking, and that in turn had an ef-
fect on government thinking.

The winning of feelings and persuasions of non-whites became less important than
/defense/ on the external and internal level of threat.

The shifting of those two primary objectives should be corrected as soon as pos-
sible: back from total attack to internal reform!

--The tragedy of lost opportunities. Since February 1979 there have been attempts
by the six leaders of the non-independent homelands to establish a joint statement
of intentions with the government, in order to "divert the increasing polarization;
to create trust inside and outside our borders and to enable South Africa to ful-
fill its role of leadership in the subcontinent."

None of that has materialized. On 19 July 1980 these leaders said that the govern-
ment had sidestepped their request.

There are other examples (based on personal experience) of lost opportunities in
relations between the government and non-radical leaders of homelands, urban blacks
and Coloreds.

Opportunities for peaceful change will not continue indefinitely. The patience of
non-radical leaders is not endless.

Consensus on the future of South Africa is still possible--on a just coexistence
with self-determination for whites and without statutory discrimination against
non-whites.

This trust is based on a personal experience of many years with political, com-
munity- and youth leaders of all population groups over the entire political
spectrum, as well as on numerous intensive discussions and negotiations on these
consensus possibilities, while taking into account reasonable "non-negotiable"
requirements on both sides.

However, the main condition for reaching this consensus on peaceful change and on
avoiding "nasty alternatives," is that the government must change its approach
toward purposefulness, consistency, unambiguity, proper priorities and the utiliza-
tion of all opportunities.

What is needed is inspiring statemanship instead of "clever" party politics.

An early statement of intentions, or at least a clear indication in this context,
will not only be a guarantee for an immediate decrease in confusion, division and
polarization--it will also help the government obtain the largest possible yes-vote
_on 2 November.
8700

cso: 3401/11 43



SECURITY FIRM OFFICIAL BEATS INDUSTRIAL ESPIONAGE CHARGE

Johannesburg RAND DAILY MAIL in English 27 Oct 83 p 2

[Article by Chris Olckers]

[Text]

cso:

3400/201

THE managing director of
South Africa’s est secur-

ity company bas been exon-
orated of unprofessional con-
duct by three to
professional security organ.
sations following claims of
industrial espionage.

‘And following his exoner-
ation, Mr Macfarlane was
unanimously reaffirmed as
senior vice-president of the
Securit

ity Association of South
Africa.

Mr Macfarlane of Fi-
delity Guards was sum-
moned to three disci inary
hearings and had to ‘give -
dence under oath.

Fidelity Guards was also
charges sciated ete ae

related to a Supreme
Court hearing in which his
firm had allegedly spied on a

rival.
. Meanwhile, the police have

85

revealed the man whose affi-
davit led to the Supreme
Court hearing, Mr Thomas
Allen, had disappeared and is
wanted by Vereeniging de-
tectives on charges of theft,
fraud and ig. A war-
rant for his arrest has been
issued.

Services,
South African Institute of Se-
curity, each unanimously
cleared FG and Mr Macfar-
lane of charges of unethical
conduct.

‘The charges arose out of
Teports relating
TERT uae Snes

Security.

Yesterday Mr Macfarlane
said he was relieved and
pleased that he had been
cleared by the country's top
professional security ies.

SOUTH AFRICA



In his reply to his counterpart, Ricardo Cabrisa Ruiz stressed the great trade
potential of Angola which represents a secure market. The Cuban minister
proved to be interested in stepping up cooperation in the economic and com-
mercial sectors of both countries, thus continuing already existing relations
with greater effectiveness; on that occasion, Reicardo Ruiz assured his
counterpart that the Republic of Cuba will give its full support and collabora-
tion to the Angolan side in the sense of stepping up trade between Both. countries.

5058
cso: 3442/19



Jobs Squeeze Eases as Firms Forego Cutbacks
(Michael Chester; THE STAR, 27 Oct 83) .....-+.+e+ee eeeee

BER Foresees No Imminent Change in Economic Fortunes
(Trevor Walker; THE STAR, 27 Oct 83) .....++eeeee errr

Six Iscor Furnaces Close Down Due To Drop in Demand
(Trevor Walker; THE STAR, 27 Oct 83) .......++-ee- eeceees

Ayco Calls for Boycott of Alexandra Celebrations
(Sam Mabe; SOWETAN, 27 Oct 83) ....-+seeeee rrr eens

Indians Should Give Reform a Try, Says Rajbansi
(Johann Potgieter; WEEKEND POST, 22 Oct 83) ....+-.++-+s+

WRAB Police Destroy Shacks in Bekkersdal
(Sello Rabothata; SOWETAN, 27 Oct 83) ....... eee eeee wees

'SA Moving Towards Compromise Politics,’ Says Dr S V D Merwe
(THE CITIZEN, 4 Nov 83) .....e+- sew eee enee se eeeeee seeeee

Violence at University of Zululand Deplored
(Editorial; SOWETAN, 1 Nov 83) ....+---..+. sce eeeeee seco

Inkatha's Attack on Zululand Students Denounced
(Sam Mabe; THE SOWETAN, 4 Nov 83) ...... eee eeeeee eee eens

Classification of 'Coloreds' Considered as Confusing
(DIE VOLKSBLAD, 3 Oct 83) .....- eee ee eeeee ee eeeee .

Colored Soldiers Exemplify Discrimination Injustice
(Editorial; DIE VOLKSBLAD, 4 Oct 83) ...

Role of Marine Engineering Discussed
(EVENING POST, 21 Oct 83) .

Police Staff Shortage Overcome; Full Strength Reached
(THE DAILY NEWS, 21 Oct 83) ..

Hayward Claims Water From Natal Averted Power Crisis
(THE DAILY NEWS, 20 Oct 83) ......------ bee eeeee te eeees .

Despite Rains on Johannesburg Water Controls Remain in Effect
(THE CITIZEN, 2 Nov 83) ...+..-eee- see eeeeee se eeeee eeeeee

Cape NGK Opens Doors to Worshipers of All Races
(Brian Stuart; THE CITIZEN, 1 Nov 83) .......+eeeee sees

Professor Hough Reports on W. German Conference
(THE CITIZEN, 2 Nov 83) ...-.--eee- wee eens ee aeeee se eeeee

Security Firm Official Beats Industrial Espionage Charge
(Chris Olckers; RAND DAILY MAIL, 27 Oct 83) ....++-+ee+e .

-ece-

59

61

64

66

67

68

69

70

72

74

76

77

78

79

81

83

84

85



The expectation that the talks with SWAPO in Harare could "break the neck”
of one executive committee member or another did not materialize. On the
other hand, whether this was a full proof of confidence in all newly elected
executive committee members remains to be seen. Meanwhile there is talk that
the dreaded explosion was avoided only by a skillfully drawn up agenda and an
equally skillfully placed talk, playing on the power of sympathy, by a member
of the executive committee.

Mr von Schutz and former business manager Becker were newly. elected to the
executive committee. Mr Bruckner and Mr Lilienthal were re-elected. The lat-
ter had voluntarily offered to surrender his position. Whether the slight
changes in the composition of the new executive committee of the IG will sa-
tisfy the members in the country who expected a basic change among the mem-
bers of the executive committee is, according to reports, doubtful.

The IG undoubtedly has a significant task to fulfill in South West Africa, in
the interest of the German speakers, in the interest of the whole country,
and as an intermediary with the European area. It would be very significant
if, because of division between its members and the executive committee which
has obviously not been overcome, the IG were not able to fulfill this task.

During the public part of the congress a participant noted -- with an unam-
biguous reference to the criticism expressed by SWAPO's Nujoma -- that
Palestinian guerrilla leader Arafat recently quoted an Arab "saying": "If
you cannot cut off the head of your enemy, then you have to talk with him."

On the other hand, this opinion has apparently not been eliminated, as SWAPO
is more active than ever and a fact which cannot be argued away. As in other
countries in the world, as in Vietnam, today also in Central America and even
in Russia, such forces cannot be wished away; however, one has to try to turn
these forces around.

While the IG congress "ratified" a_friendly agreement between the top governing
bodies of the RP [Republican Party] and the IG concerning the repeal of former
cooperation agreements, the Interest Society, stressing its neutrality. concern-
ing party politics, disassociated itself from the RP and thus also from its
ties with the DTA | Democratic Turnhalle Alliance |.

In conclusion, the following cannot remain unmentioned: numerous messages of
greetings sent to the IG congress, greetings from the German. SWA/Namibia Or-
ganization personally delivered by its Honorary President Greiling, the very
extensive message of greetings from the government of the FRG -- delivered
by the personable new German ambassador in Pretoria --, the yearly report of
IG President Dr Weitzel concerned with harmonization, and the guest lecture
by Professor Dr Potgieter (University of Potchefstroom) on "The Republic of
South Africa and the Future of SWA/Namibia."

But the future will first show in general what fruits the IG congress will
produce in the coming year.

8463
cso: 3420/14

40



cso:

3400/200

For all the high faluting ‘views that
Inkatha “has, this university is’ as
imuch part of the university of all the
people of South Africa, as it belongs
to Zululand.

, The last option we would suggest
is a legal one. Parents should seek
legal advice and redress against the
organisation itself. In fact,.it is im-
perative that those parents whose
children have been injured or killed,
should take immediate legal steps, if

. only to partially redress their loss.

71



Angry Reaction to Hayward's Claims on Water

cso:

3400/201

THERE was an angry
response today to Mr
Sarel Hayward’s claim
last night that Natal
should not be upset
about its water being di-
verted from the Tugela
River to the Transvaal;
rather, people should be
grateful for the electric-
ity received in return.

The Minister of En-
vironmental Affairs said
that “if it were not for
the fact that we pumped
water from ‘Natal, the
electricity supply of this
country would have
come to a total stand-
still by the end of this
month.

“Natal should be
grateful that they are
able to use electricity
generated in the High-
veld. It has been an ex-
change; water for elec-
tricity,” he said.

But Mr Graham
McIntosh, Progressive
Federal Party MP for
‘Pietermaritzburg North,
replied that to give Na-
‘talians a lecture on the
need to be grateful for
electricity generated
elsewhere was not wor-
thy of a Minister of
State.

“Balancing regional
and national interests is
a sensitive and problem-
atical issue, and re-
marks like Mr
Hayward’s do nothing to
resolve the problem,” he

said. i
“Natal already pro-
vides much of the coal
for export and consump-
tion at home. It -has
_most of the water, it has
the major port in Africa
and it provides cheap
black family housing
and holiday homes for
the hundreds of thou-
sands of workers the
Vaal triangle employs.
“Mr Hayward should
appreciate that if it
wasn’t ‘for his Govern-
ment’s racial policies,

80

the whole of South Afri-
ca could be on one elec-
tric grid. ‘

“Mr Hayward, if he
had national interests at
heart, would develop the
hydro-electic potential
of Natal even more, and
were it not for the Gov-
ernment’s neglect in
black areas, we also
could have additional
thermal stations in
Natal.

“In a time of water
shortage it doesn’t help
to scold people, but rath-
er to balance rationally
and justly the regional
needs against the na-
tional needs.”

Mr McIntosh .added:
“Mr Hayward can be
sure that Natalians will
recant -=
which drains us dry
while the Vaal triangle
are still watering their
gardens.”

Mr R: Haslam, MEC,
disagreed.

(“We have a national
‘responsibility, especially
in times of emergency,”
he'said.

“There is no way, at
the present time, of di-
verting water from the
Tugela to dams supply-
ing the Durban and Pie-
termaritzburg ‘areas, so
why not allow the
Transvaal to have it?

“We should not adopt
a ‘dog in the manger’ at-
titude.

“I agree that we
should be grateful for
the electricity that we
get from the Transvaal.
Without it our industry
would come to a halt,

‘and that would be disas-

trous.

“As for the Trans-
vaalers watering their
lawns while we save
water, when their dams
reach the same level as
ours I am sure that they
too will be on strict ra-
tioning.” :



024136

JPRS 84773

17 November 1983

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

No. 2873

7 .
| ERURGN STEHT K
Approved for pubile releane;
Diatribution Uniimited

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Best Available Copy ;



Third, the budget deficit amounts to 2.8 billion zaires, i.e. close to 9 per—
cent of our gross domestic product, compared with 6 percent in 1981.

Monetary financing has reached 3.3 billion zaires, including the amounts paid
against our public foreign debt.

Fourth, inflation remains high, increasing at an annual rate of 37 percent.

The net result is that, at the end of 1982, our country's economy was still
characterized by large deficits of domestic as well as foreign resources.

During that same year, the economic situation worldwide was not very good:
first, the gross domestic product of industrialized countries declined by one
half of one percent.

Then, the trade volume was affected by the aggressiveness of the dollar and de-
creased by 2 percent, which represents a loss of 1.8 billion dollars.

Finally, the rate of growth of the gross industrial production was one percent
lower in non-oil-producing developing countries, and the deficit ‘of their
foreign balance of payments amounted to 87 billion dollars compared with 107
billion at the end of 1981.

Although 1982 appears to have been the continuation of years of crisis, it still
yielded some positive results at international level: the deceleration of the
rate of inflation, the relative stabilization of interest rates, and the implemen-
tation of stricter budget policies.

So much so that 1983 seems to give indications of a recovery in countries which
are commonly considered as the pacemakers of world economy, in particular the
United States of America.

The recovery, which might result in rates of growth in the vicinity of 2 percent
in 1983 and 3 percent in 1984 for these countries as a whole, will nevertheless
have to coexist with strict monetary policies and a relatively high rate of
unemployment.

Evolution of the World Economy in 1982

Citizen Chairman of the Legislative Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,
In approaching the problems of their economic recovery and development, young
nations like ours cannot overlook the evolution of budget and monetary policies

in industrialized countries.

In this context, I believe it is appropriate to reaffirm the foundations of
Zaire's budget policy.

The evolution of budget practices which we have witnessed until now should not
make us forget this philosophy, which is designed to be orthodox.

106



ZAIRE

BRIEFS

YOUTH DELEGATION TO ROMANIA--Next year, a delegation from the Youth of the
Popular Movement of the Revolution (JMPR) will visit the Republic of Romania,
returning the visit made to Zaire in November of last year by a Romanian
youth delegation. The announcement was made on Tuesday by Mircea Andrei,
ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Socialist Republic of
Romania to Zaire, who was received by Nzanda-uana Kalemba, member of the
Central Committee of the MPR and secretary general of the JMPR. During the
meeting, the ambassador from the Socialist Republic of Romania joined with the
secretary general of the JMPR in examining the state of relations existing
pétwéeen Romanian and Zairian youth groups. These relations were deemed good
by both sides, in the light of the excellent relations between the Romanian
Communist Party and the Popular Movement of. the Revolution. Plans for 1985,
decreed by the United Nations as the Year of Youth, were also discussed.

The Romanian chief of state is head of the planning committee. Ambassador
Andrei, who expressed to the secretary general of the JMPR the best wishes

of Romanian youth officials, also joined with Nzanda-Buana in discussing the
structures, organization and operation of youth groups in the respective coun—
tries. They hoped for stronger cooperation linking the JMPR to the socialist
Romanian youth through exchanges of study groups and experience. [By N'Zinga
Nsingi] [Text] [Kinshasa ELIMA in French 7 Oct 83 p 2] 11,464

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129



Anonymous Sender Floods Newsdesks With Stamped Ballots
(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 28 Oct 83) ........----0- see e cece eee

Two Convicted Coup Plotters Lose High Court Appeal
(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 28 Oct 83) ..sseeesseecscoseeeee seeee

Article Reports on Status of Women in Parliament
(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 21 Oct 83) .:.....seeeeeee bees eeeee

MADAGASCAR

Andrianarahinjaka Reelected National Assembly President
(Johary Rakotonirina; MADAGASCAR MATIN, 10 Oct 83) ......

Report of Malagasy Prisoners in Reunion Denied
(MADAGASCAR MATIN, 1 Oct 83) ..

NAMIBIA

Situation of German Community in Namibia Discussed
(Arthur Suren; DIE REPUBLIKEIN, 8 Sep 83) ........- ee eeee

SOUTH AFRICA

Need for South African Membership in United Nations Questioned
(Editorial; DIE AFRIKANER, 5 Oct 83) .

Professor Urges Change in Government. Approach
(Robert Tusenius; RAPPORT, 9 Oct 83) .

Response to Western Criticism of South Africa
(Andre du Toit; DIE VADERLAND, 7 Oct 83) ....-+sseseeee .-

Criticism of South African Policy Denounced
(Editorial; DIE VOLKSBLAD, 10 Oct 83) ..........-- seeeeee

Zulus, Progressives Urge Opposition to New Constitution
(Editorial; DIE VOLKSBLAD, 6 Oct 83) ........ eee e eee eee

MAWU Climaxes Anti-Referendum Campaign
(Joshua Raboroko; SOWETAN, 1 Nov 83) ........+-- eecssecce

Referendum Paves Way for New Afrikaans-English Alliance
(Jaap Theron; THE CITIZEN, 4 Nov 83) .......... coeaawcees

Student Leader Speaks Out Against New Constitution
(Kate Philip; THE CAPE TIMES, 22 Oct 83) .........- seeeee

Gold, Drought, Salaries Plague Economy
(Editorial; DIE VOLKSBLAD, 3 Oct 83) ..... wee eeeee een

BER Urges Government To Curb Unemployment
(Michael Chester; THE STAR, 26 Oct 83) ........ a cecsosece

-b-

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Indeed, it is important to state again that the long-range strategy of our coun-
try's monetary and budget policy is designed to achieve simultaneously fundamental
objectives of economic growth and monetary stability.

The budget, being the implement through which we plan to achieve the economic and
social development of the country, must reflect this strategy.

True, although the objectives of our economic policy may be compatible in the long
range, they may hinder one another in the short term.

For instance, the control.of the overall demand and the protection of our foreign
assets may, for the time being, be achieved at the expense of our budget policy.

Yet, we cannot but recognize that there can be no effective economic system with-
out an orthodox budget.

I£ this is to be so, then we must do away with inadequacies in forecasting and
delinquency and indiscipline in budget management.

In the past 10 years, we have seen that the structural character of the deficits
recorded had its origin in the expenditures rather than in receipts.

This obviously does not mean that we do not have to increase our efforts to
mobilize resources. Quite to the contrary.

What I mean is simply that expenditures in excess of the amounts budgeted do not
always generate external economies or redistributive and [word illegible] effects
in the economy.

My conclusion is that the problem is mainly one of orthodoxy, of opportunity,
in other words of rigor in evaluating and allocating expenditures.

In other words, we should not consider any expansion of public expenditures
unless it is covered by the fiscal process, and we must of course make sure
that the fiscal pressure does not exceed limits compatible with an increased
efficiency of the economic system.

Indeed, no matter what financial strategy we implement to increase the flow of
receipts, we have grounds to fear a decline of the system as long as the occasions
for spending do not reflect decisions made in the budget or are absolutely un-
related to the country's economic activity.

Financial orthodoxy, consistent budget accounting and improved accountability
require therefore that a final solution be found to the problem of budget
deficits.

The various instructions and guidelines which the Executive Council received
from the Chief of State all reflect the motivations I just mentioned.

These guidelines now inspire and direct the efforts of the Executive Council.

Especially with respect to the implementation of the 1983 budget and the prepara-
tion of the 1984 budget.

107



Apart from the decentralisation
exercise,.one of her other
responsibilities was the introduction of
rehabilitation programmes for
prisoners.“It was a fulfilling job,” says
Asiyo “despite the fact that many of my
male juniors found it hard to salute me.
She recalls an incident when one male
subordinate came up to her and said,
“Forgive me madam, but I canfiot salute
‘ou.

Asiyo stayed with the prisons until
1970, when she left to join the Child
Welfare Society, as national executive’
officer. She worked with the society for
eight years during which time she
helped increase the number of the
society’s branches in the country from
seven to 42. She left the society in 1978
when the government. asked her to
become the national coordinator of the
United Nations *Year of the Child’, In
May, 1979, she resigned to contest the
Karachuonyo parliamentary seat.

Why did she go into politics?
According to Asiyo she had always
wanted to help the people in
Karachuonyo in the same way she had
been helping people nationally, but
when she started organising local
welfare programmes in the area, the
local leadership became suspicious and
refused to accommodate her for fear
that she was feeling her und in
preparation for a political de
denies that this’ was the case, t
provoked me, ‘and since they said 1
wanted to stand for the elections, I said
to myself, why not? I might as well.”
Asiyo declared that she would challenge
‘the sitting MP, Amayo, who was at the
time an assistant minister for commerce
and industry. “I had to summon up my
courage.” she says. “Amayo was a
successful man, a powerful MP and an
assistant minister who had represented
the area for many years. But I was
prepared to put up a fight, I gathered up
all the confidence available and from
then on I did not hesitate.” Asiyo won
the election against a field of four men
to become the first female elected MP
in the area. 7

Contrary to what most people might
be inclined to think, Asiyo says that she
does not have to be overly aggressive in
order to survive the rough and tumble
of a male-dominated election battle. “1
don't think 1 am aggressive by nature,
perhaps just assertive”. According to
Asiyo, the electorate is intelligent
enough to understand and appreciate
what she has to say, despite the fact that
because she is a woman her male

28

opponents try to intimidate: her during
elections by hurling insults at her: She
stands firm and does not play into their
hands: “They expect to see my tears, but
they will never see them,” she says.

Asiyo feels that the secrét -of ‘her
success in politics is the fact that she has
managed. to identify fully with the
electorate. She says ‘that there are
certain activities with the people which
may .appear trivial but which have
helped her very much in politics. She
has also discovered that to succeed in
human relations one has to be a good
listener. “Give everybody time,” she
says. “Sit there and listen, and then try
to help.” .

Asiyo: also feels that -political
awareness amongst Kenyan women has.
increased over the years.. Women, she
Says, are close to the problems of people.
A mother is close to a sick child or
husband. She is the first to know.there is
no food in the house and she always
feels the pain. That is why, because they
take matters seriously, women take their
voting rights seriously. “The can even
deliver their babies when waiting tocast
their votes,” she says.

Asked whether there are any
fimitations to being a woman and an
MP, Asiyo says that one drawback is
that, whereas a-male MP has a wife at”
home a female MP still has to take care
of her home. She must provide for her
husband's and children’s comfort and
this can be time-consuming.’ At the
national level, Asiyo says that ‘she.
sometimes experiences’ difficulties.
because some men do not accept that a
woman can be.aJeader. They make her’
feel like an intruder into their world.
“Some of them feel that the only things
that a woman is qualified to talk about
are social services and child welfare”. It
‘can be frustrating, she says. but,
surprisingly, some of them do it in good
faith. “I do not lose my head. The best
thing to do is to gradually impress upon
them that | am their equal.” Asiyo adds,
however, that “we also have men of
good will am6ng us who recognise the
role of women and are willing to include
them in decision-making”.

Asiyo does not see herself as an MP.
simply for women. She represents the
interests of both men and women in
parliament but -will not hesitate to
contribute towards legislation that
protects the welfare of women and
children. She is still an executive
member of the Maendeleo ya
Wanawake organisation and chairman
of the Child Welfare Society. Asiyo



SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

COAL SALES UP--A REVERSAL of a provision of R4,3-million in the previous quar-
ter was mainly responsible for the slight drop in th profit of Trans-Natal for
the quarter ended September 1983. Tonage sold during the quarter amounted to
6,818-million compared with 6,424-million the previous quarter. Net income
before amortisation and taxation was down at R28,1-million compared with
R32,4-million the previous quarter. Amortisation was virtually unchanged at
R3-million (R3,l-million) while taxation dropped from R13,7-million to R11,7-
million. Outside shareholders’ interest amounted to R1,6-million (R1,2-mil-
lion) which left the company with a net profit attributable to ordinary share-
holders of R11,7-million againt R13-million. Capital expenditure for the
quarter was substantially down at R15,4-million (R29,1-million). The direc-
tors point out that the several court actions instituted against the company
to set aside certain option contracts which it holds over land in the Northern
Transvaal, including the Settlers area, have all been withdrawn except in re-
spect of two farms. Mineral rights on the above are too small to establish
any future mining project. All the other options have been exercised. [Text]
[Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 3 Nov 83 p 29]

VICTORY FOR NUM--THE National Union of Mineworkers' (NUM) strength is growing
rapidly with the union signing another major recognition agreement in the coal
mining industry. The union has signed a recognition agreement with the Col-
liers Committee of the Chamber of Mines for the Van Dyk's Drift coal mine near
Witbank. This is the eleventh agreement of its kind. The union's general
secretary, Mr Cyril Ramaphosa, said the agreement was another "major break-
through for the union's strength in this industry." The union was expected to
conclude several other recognition agreements within the mining industry. The
recent recognition agreement at Van Dyk which is part of the Rand Mines group
and employs over 1 800 black workers, will be leased to represent workers’
aspirations. The union has continued to make progress by organising workers
in the industry. The union successfully averged a strike at the Rand Refinery
in Germiston where about 250 workers had voted for a strike over wage demands.
Mr Ramaphosa said the union was also waiting to hear from the Industrial Court
about a trial date for its dispute with Gold Fields' West Driefontein mine.
[Joshua Raboroko] [Text] [Johannesburg SOWETAN in English 2 Nov 83 p 5]

BOMB BLAST RESPONSIBILITY--No one has claimed responsibility for the explosion

Wednesday night that damaged the railway line near Bosmont Station, on the
West Rand, the Deputy Commissioner of the SA Railways Police, Major-General

87



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that consumers in the
Board’s area have saved
since March this year
more water than the
Board’s target.

Figures released by the
RWB show that the accu-
mulated -water savings
target since March 7 was
exceeded by 1 500 mega-
litres. The target was a
saving of 110 200 mega-
litres — the actual saving
‘was 111 700.

-However, last week’s
saving was down 1,7 per-
centona target of
33 percent and
actual water used
was 11 775 mega-
litres against a target
usage of only 11500 —
225 megalitres over the
top.-

82



companies. However, at this time when Angola is undertaking a new phase of
production from numerous recent discoveries, we felt it was necessary to give the
Angolan technicians a better idea of the state of development of the French

technology, not only in the field of petroleum but of gas, which Angola appears
to have in abundnnce and has barely begun to exploit.

Therefore, it was decided by common agreement to organize these French Petroleum
and Gas Technology Days on 17, 18 and 19 October in Luanda.

Commercial Aspect of Technology Transfer Days

(question] In addition to the goal of disseminating the French petroleum tech-
nology, the days naturally have commercial objectives. How do the French busi-
nessmen view the prospects for placing their equipment in Angola?

[answer] The techniques developed by the French companies are not simply projects

to lie forgotten in desk drawers. They are for immediate application, using
well chosen equipment which Angola needs to exploit its oil wealth to the fullest.

One of the objectives of the French companies which are taking part in the Tech-
nology Days is that of better informing the Angolan officials who will have to
choose the future equipment and the engineers and technicians who will eventually
be using it. I must note that most of these firms are already in Angola, so it
is not simply a matter of prospecting for clients, but rather of intensifying
existing good relations.

To answer your second question, I can say that the trade relations are very posi-
tive.

[question] The transfer of technology is of great concern to underdeveloped
countries in their relations with industrialized countries, since it is not a

matter of simply purchasing equipment. Above all, it is necessary to know how
to work with it, both at the level of operations and of technicial assistance.

How much do the French businessmen take this concern into account, and will it
be reflected in the Technology Days?

[answer ] I am very glad you asked this question because I was about to bring up
Precisely this point at the end of my last answer.

The goal of the French companies is not simply to sell equipment. Delivery of
the material must be combined with technical assistance and, above all, with
training.

You use the expression "transfer of technology." This is very much in fashion.
It is important to analyze which it might include.

The transfer of technology could mean the pure and simple application of a very
specific technique by the receiving country, such as the purchase of a manu-
facturing license or process. This is relatively rare and I think the young
Angolan industry is not ready for this type of transfer. The transfer of tech-
nology generally takes another much more effective form.

This is shared on-site activity by the companies which develop the projects, by
engineers, technicians and even simple Angolan workers.

Our two great French petroleum companies, Elf and TOTAL, have practiced this
type of transfer since their arrival in Angolas the formation of mixed teams at

10



This tendency of centrist moderacy, which has now been proved to include
two-thirds or more of the entire electorate, had not place for either Right-
wing or Leftwing radicalism, he said.

The referendum result showed the PFP--many of them must have voted "Yes"--
had a strong moderate element who were prepared to cooperate with the govern-
ment on a centrist basis.

While the Rightwing radicals would not have any further significant role to
play in the Prime Minister's centre politics, the PFP on the other hand--be-
ing a reformist party--would now be forced to give more attention to practi-
cal reforms plans as part of its policies.

Prof Strauss said he had predicted a "yes" victory from the outset, but the
final results had surprised everyone.

The result must necessarily be considered a victory for moderation.

"Afrikaans and English-speakers--like in Mr B J Vorster's heyday--have in
fact now united in their political views."

Prof Strauss said the future inevitably lay with the moderates and for that
reason the referendum landslide victory for the Government must be considered
as a setback for both Left and Right-wing radicals.

The positive outcome was both the result of the Prime Ministers prominent

statesmanship and of the New Republic Party's constructive supporting role,
he said.

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52



countries,

Africa Now has seen declassified us
diplomatic communications at the time the
Union was inaugurated and they confirm
that Nyerere’s thinking coincided with that
of the NATO powers, namely, that the
Zanzibar uprising was a menace and it had
to be stopped. William Attwood, a former
US ambassador in Kenya, says in his book
The Reds and the Blacks that it was the
West which pushed East African Presidents
to do their utmost to contain the Zanzibar
revolution. For historical and ‘cultural
reasons, Tanganyika was nominated as the
most eligible candidate for a merger with
Zanzibar.

There were a number of factors that
worried Nyerere: Zanzibar’s proclamation
of a People Republic and the radical socio-
economic reforms that it promised, and its
close co-operation with the Communist
bloc, especially Zanzibar’s recognition of
the German Democratic Republic.
Zanzibar was the first African country to
recognise the German Democratic Republic
at a time when Federal Germany and Israel
had very strong ties with Tanganyika. The
prospect of a Cuba on his very doorstep did
not amuse him.

First a joint mission of Tanganyikan
Ministers with Kenyan officials, including
the then Vice-President Oginga Odinga,
went over to Zanzibar early in 1964 to talk
Karume into some sort of a Federation. The
presence of Odinga in the delegation was
meant to reinforce the view that what was
under discussion was in fact a prelude to an
East African Federation, which would later
involve Kenya and Uganda. Karume was
made to believe that the union was designed
for his own political security which was said
by Tanganyika to be threatened by the
Marxist-orientated Umma party, Karume’s
partners in the revolution. (The idea of an
East African Federation had been in vogue
since the late 1950’s and Karume was very
much for it). Kenya somehow dropped
from the earlier discussions and eventually
Nyerere went over to Zanzibar for a hastily
arranged meeting with Karume. He had
with him three options which he wanted to
discuss with the Zanzibari leader;

@ To dissolve both their governments and
form a union :

@ To make a federation between the two
countries but with three governments (a
government for each country and a
federal one)

@ To abolish the Tanganyika Government
and to submit Tanganyika under the
sovereignty of a union government.
Nyerere discounted the first option,

arguing that were they to dissolve the two

governments it would give the impression
abroad that Tanganyika had swallowed

Zanzibar. He deemed the second option to

be an expensive exercise and opted instead

94

for the third proposition. Hence the
Articles of the Union between the Republic
of Tanganyika and the Peoples Republic of
Zanzibar. Africa Now has learned that, not
only was the Zanzibari leadership not given
enough time to discuss the union affair, but
the matter was not even discussed in the
Tanganyika Cabinet. .

Shaykh Karume did not resist. He turned
the package this way and that and decided
he could not get a better offer: a security
umbrella and freedom to do as he liked all
rolled into one. Karume’s subjects, on the
other hand, reposed their hopes in Nyerere,
the executive head of the union govern-
ment, to curb his colleagues’ worst
excesses; but their hopes were dashed.
Karume unleashed the worst reign of terror
Zanzibaris have ever known. So that those
who applaud some of his durable
development projects also recall in the same
breath that they used his name to hush up
some obscure gauleiters.

Twenty years on, the pell-mell decisions
of April, 1964 have come back home to
roost. Zanzibaris are bitter that they were
not given the chance to sit and consider the
question of national reconciliation and plan
their future more meaningfully after the
traumatic events of January, 1964.

Not that Zanzibaris are averse to the idea
of the union. They might have accepted this
one had their experiences been different.
They object first of all to the undemocratic
and extra legal manner in which the Union
was ushered in. The Articles of the Union
were supposed to be ratified by the
legislatures of the two states. In the event,
they were not legitimised in such a manner.
Ratification was only done unconstitution-
ally by a Tanganyika Government Notice
No. 24 of May 1964. As Wolfgang
Dourado, then Attorney General of
Zanzibar and one of the staunch critics of
the Union as it exists today, points out:
“‘No law ratifying the Articles of the Union
1964 exists on the statute books of
Zanzibar.”

Furthermore, a Constituent Assembly
composed of representatives from
Tanganyika:-and from Zanzibar was to be
summoned within a year of the commence-
ment of the union for the purpose of
considering proposals put forward by a
commission to be appointed by the
President of the United Republic in
agreement with the Executive Head of
Zanzibar as proposed by one of the articles
of the Union. The Constituent Assembly
was also to adopt the Constitution of the
United Republic. As it transpired, the
commission was never appointed nor did
the Constituent Assembly meet. Instead,
the National Assembly met and passed the
Interim Constitution of 1965 in order to
implement the recommendations of the
Presidential Commission on the One-Party



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tempts, including an ur-
gent Supreme Court in-
terdict, failed to stop
Chief Gatsha Buthelezi
from visiting their .uni-
versity. .

The students, some of
whom said they would
prefer not to be named
for fear of reprisals, ac-
cused one lecturer, who
they said was a senior
member of Inkatha, of
having directed the im-
pis to the ‘hostel rooms
they were to attack.

Mr T M (22) said the
students started panick-
ing three-weeks ago
when they learnt that
Chief Buthelezi would
be visiting their univer-
sity. The rally he was to
address was . organised
by a history lecturer to-
gether with a handful of
students who supported
Inkatha. .

On Friday they had

boycotted lectures .and_

staged a peaceful dem-
onstration because they
had fears that the
coming of Chief Buthe-
lezi to their campus
would. result in an out-
break of violence.
“Earlier this year he
visited the Durban-
Westville campus and
students were beaten up
by Inkatha’s impis and
we knew this would hap-
pen at our university as

73

well because Inkatha is
unpopular there,” Mr T
said. ©. -

Mr C M (20), said he
woke up when he heard
noises from other rooms
where doors were being
broken down with axes.
He immediately jumped
to his door and locked
it,-but the door was bro-
ken down and a man
armed with a spear and
a-knobkerrie ‘entered
and attacked him.

“.“He hit me on the arm

‘which sustained two

fractures and. I jumped
out of the window from
the’ third: floor of the
building. When I landed
on the ground, another
mob attacked ‘me with
sticks... was lucky to
have hidden my head
from those vicious blows
which killed some of my
mates,” he said.

He also had to have
his knee operated on be-
cause of a ligament bro-
ken when he landed on
the ground.

Mr S §S (21) said he
had just arrived at the
campus from a nearby
township when he saw a
group of Inkatha mem-
bers singing Chief
Buthelezi’s praises while
a-group of students were
also singing songs con-
demning him.



the FNDR [National Front for the Defense of the Revolution] had consulted
together or made any decision on the elections. If not, he wished to request
a recess in order to give that Political Bureau or its representatives the
time to discuss the matter. He mentioned different passages from the presi-
dential speech the previous evening according to which "...the deputies
gathering here are deputies of Madagascar...and political rivalries in elec-
tion propaganda must cease in order not ‘to damage the national unity..."

Another deputy from the same party supported him, saying that one should
first of all debate and not proceed to the elections immediately.

The leader of the AKFM, Richard Andriamanjato, based on the texts, then made
a motion to the effect that "no debate can take place with the senior member
presiding," thereby hinting that debates of the type should take place well
before the inaugural session and that one had to respect the law and the
agenda -- that is, proceed to elect the members of the Permanent Bureau first
of all and discuss later.

Monja Jaona then took the floor and claimed that already the words President
Ratsiraka had spoken the evening before were not being respected: "The AREMA
and the AKFM have rigged everything and we are not going to attend these
elections," he said.

Rakotonirainy Germain, leader of the MFM [Militants for the Establishment of
a Proletarian Regime] in the ANP, also left the room after saying that there
are "parties they keep out and others they do not...." Nine deputies left
the room after Monja Jaona. They were the members. of the VITM and the MFM.
The second MONIMA deputy, Randranto Marius, remained but cast a blank ballot
in all elections. He even ran for the fifth vice presidency, but was not
elected.

Coalition

There was indeed ‘an AREMA-AKFM concertation during the first sessions of the
ANP, especially concerning the elections. This always exists in politics
and is never blameworthy in form. “Coalitions come about between parties
that can come to an understanding. But one still wonders why the FNDR was
not used to establish a broader concertation‘in order to debate a possible
arrangement with respect to the distribution of these seats on the Permanent
Bureau.

Did the majority reject such a discussion or was it the minorities that did
not want to take the first steps? If one looks at the situation in the ANP,
the AREMA has a broad majority, which means that no party can take a seat
away from it, especially if the elections are confronted in a scattered
fashion. Furthermore, as must be the case.and as in any self-respecting
political party, that majority makes its decisions and defines its essential
positions even before each meeting. This is especially true when it is a
matter of elections, in order to avoid misunderstandings that might arise
and that could hurt the party. This is what the AKFM perhaps understood
and that which pushed it to draw closer to the AREMA, thereby obtaining major-
ity support for its candidate for one of the vice president seats.

34



This is the standpoint of the British Government and all other governments which
economically maintain strong ties with South Africa.

And this is the unusual dilemma in which South Africa finds itself. Pretoria has
to make itself politically "acceptable" to the West without liquidating itself.

When all these problems are considered against the background of a black popu-
lation which year after year makes up a continually larger percentage of the
total population, things become even more complicated, and increasing pressure
may be expected from the West.

The dissolving of the colonial empires of Portugal, France and the United Kingdom
and the safe buffer of that area will throw an even larger and darker shadow on

South Africa in the future.

8700
CSO: 3401/11

46



In addition, the professional income tax schedule will be adjusted to make sure
it adequately reflects any wage adjustments.

Concerning global expenditures, i.e. 23 billion zaires:

- current expenditures amount to 21.6 billion zaires, including expenditures
for order (605 million zaires);

- and capital expenditures represent 1.4 billion zaires.

The main categories of current expenditures--which are 70 percent higher than
adjusted 1983 forecasts—-are as follows:

- foreign debt: 8.1 billion zaires, i.e. 38 percent of the current total and
a 150 percent increase over 1983;

- remunerations: 4.586 billion zaires, i.e. 21 percent of the current total and
a 42 percent increase over 1983;

- domestic debt: 1,703,208,716 zaires, i.e. 7 percent of the current budget and
4 times as much as in 1983.

Public foreign debt expenditures are also fully aligned on the monetary adjust-
ment factor. The incidence of the adjustment of the foreign debt is not yet
taken into account, as the renegotiation of the debt with our foreign partners,
which started at the Paris Club, will now continue at the London Club.

The remuneration mass reflects the impact of the wage adjustment policy that
followed the monetary correction.

Actually, the rise forecast for 1984 is a weighted average of a 20 percent rise
during the first quarter and a 17 percent increase for the rest of the year,
with the condition that the total increase for the 15-month period covered by
the program shall not exceed 40 percent.

The domestic public debt is not affected by the monetary adjustment, except to
the extent that it includes outstanding payments based on foreign currencies,
which represent some 800 million zaires.

As far as capital expenditures are concerned, we should first note that they
are part of the 1983-1985 interim economic rehabilitation plan. This interim
plan is a component of the Mobutu Plan and its objective is to pave the way
for the start of the first 1986-1990 Five-Year Plan of the Second Republic.

With 1.4 billion zaires, i.e. 6 percent of the total budget, investment expen-
ditures for 1984 turn out to be essentially older projects whose completion is
either inevitable or desirable.

The availability of foreign financing, the degree of completion of projects in

progress, and the preferred nature of the projects considered, such are the
criteria used in the general assessment of investment expenditures for 1984.

115



SOUTH AFRICA

REFERENDUM PAVES WAY FOR NEW AFRIKAANS-ENGLISH ALLIANCE
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 4 Nov 83 p 3

[Article by Jaap Theron]

[Text] YESTERDAY'S re- harbour for their fear of tyofthe nation.
‘ferendum will bring the Black threat.” He said the New Re-
about a “political iq, The referendum result public Party had also fi-

in. South ‘has mortally wounded nally lost its right to exist
Africa,” Professor the PFP.” afer, Pushing its fall
2 Prominent PFP_mem- weight bebind the Gov-
Kleynhans, bers, as well as English- ernments reform plans.
commentator ing businessmen of ‘There was no further
of Unisa, said yester- the Opposition parties reason for the NRP to
lo saw a safeguard for their continue as a separate
the outcome political and business in- party and he sooner it
of the referendum, Prof terests in the new consti- disappeared into the NP
political order in South ‘At the same time the Prof. Kleynhans said
Africa — in existence average National Party the governments tactics
since 1910 — has now supporters felt safe be- had, after many decades
been destroyed. oe hind a strong Prime Min- of separate Afrikaner and
He said a new political ister and they fully sup- English politics, mow
‘order, including the ma- ported his reform plans. forced the English-speak-
jority of Afrikaans speak- On the other hand the xs to get involved in poli-
ing and En; Herstigte Nasionale Par- tics of the Afrikaner Gov-
Africans, would ty/Conservative Party fac- emment.
now be formed. tions were now forced to He predicted the NP
He said this new order form a single party — and would hence forth undez-
to be formed around the if they did not yesterday's go a total and massive
Government’s new con- referendum results had fi- transformation in order to
stitutional reform plans nally also spelt the end for accommodate  English-
were based on the White these two Rightwing par- speakers.
man’s fear of being over- ties, Prof Kleynhans said. Another — well-known
whelmed by Blacks. . Prof Kleynhans also Unisa political commen-
He said members of predicted that many sup- tator, Professor S AS
the Progressive Federal porters of both the PFP ‘Strauss said the most im-
Party as well as the Eng- and HNP/CP would join portant conclusion from
lish industrial and busi- _ the ranks of the NP. His yesterday’s referendum
ness community, who tra- Yeason for this was that ‘was that “it showed there
ditionally were not inter- the NP was strongly in the ‘was a countrywide ten-

ested’ in politics, had saddle
sided with the Govern- of the
ment in the referendum likely to successfully ex- backing modemn-
“because they saw the ecate its new policy with iam in the centrist politi-
new constitution as a safe the support of the majori- ‘calsphere.”



SOUTH AFRICA

_CRITICISM OF SOUTH AFRICAN POLICY DENOUNCED
Bloemfontein DIE VOLKSBLAD in Afrikaans 10 Oct 83 p 6
[Editorial: "Hypocrisy"]

[Text] If South Africa had not existed, black Africa would have had to invent it.
For black nations need someone to blame for everything that goes wrong and some-
thing to take attention away from their own domestic problems. The irony of the
matter, however, is that South Africa is condemned for supposedly not meeting the
requirements of a Western democratic system, by complainants who do not them-
selves make the slightest effort to maintain those standards.

In connection with reports that Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan [ot Lesotho | had
interfered in South African politics by sending a telegram to Chief Gatsha
Buthelezi of KwaZulu, Minister Pik Botha appealed to leaders in southern Africa
to see the truth and to be honest with each other.

South Africa can be criticized because it is not Marxist and because it is not
interested in a dictatorship by the largest population group. There are reasons
for that. But not because it is no longer sticking to a pattern which everywhere
has been found to be inappropriate for Africa. That would be transparent hypocrisy.

The sociopolitical system which is functioning successfully in most of the homo-
geneous, civilized Western countries simply cannot be merely transplanted to Africa.
In South Africa, with its enormous differences in cultural patterns, value systems
and individual goals, the Westminster system served for a time for a certain group
of the population, but to gratuitously expand this under the PFP [Progressive
Federal Party] policy to every inhabitant of this country is, to say the least,

unrealistic.

Hence the striving of the government to cooperate with other states in a southern
African context on a basis of recognition of mutual differences and individual pat-
terns of living. This would be to the advantage of everyone, especially from an
economic and security point of view--but then everyone has to be honest with the
others in describing its own objectives and in establishing its own national

aspirations.

~8700
CsO: 3401/11

47



SOUTH AFRICA

COLORED SOLDIERS EXEMPLIFY DISCRIMINATION INJUSTICE
Bloemfontein DIE VOLKSBLAD in Afrikaans 4 Oct 83 p 12
[Editorial: "Colored Frontier Defenders"]

[Text] Two soldiers, young men in the flower of their youth, subjected to
the same circumstances: danger, deprivation, heat, dust, far away from
their loved ones. Two defenders of the country's frontiers, two fighters
against terrorism. Two soldiers like many others along with them.

One of them is a white conscript and the other a colored volunteer, a member
of the South African Cape Corps. One is a man with voting rights, full
citizenship and privileges secured by his white skin; the other is a man
without these rights and privileges.

Unfortunately sometimes the white conscript lacks the so very necessary
motivation and he finds himself at the frontier for lack of a chance to
avoid the situation. As a citizen he must register and report for military
duty.

The colored volunteer has strong motivation. He is in uniform and at the
frontier by his own choice. He is ready to die for his country even as a
"second class" citizen. He also loves his country where he cannot yet vote.
This is the only country he has and he is at the frontier to help combat
the forces of communism and the enemies of South Africa.

The unjust situation is that certain people in South Africa are not granting
full citizenship, voting rights and the right of say to these volunteers
who have earned the reputation as some of the most aggressive soldiers,
sometimes fighting for South Africa along their white comrades at the
proverbial first line of defense.

If they can pull a trigger to kill a terrorist in the name of South Africa,
they can also matk an "X" in a South African ballot.

7964
cso: 3401/12

76



ALTECH STRESSES RESEARCH, COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS, FIBER OPTICS

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 27 Oct 83 p 19M

[Article by Peter Farley]

[Text]

cso:

3400/201

Altech may be on the ac-
quisition trail, but chief
executive Mr Bill Venter
is equally concerned
about internal develop-
ment. A business as de-
pendent on new ideas as
communications cannot
afford to wait to be given
finished products. °
As a result the Altech
group is ploughing about
five percent of turnover
into research and de-
velopment. With the new
enlarged operation this
means that more than
R25 million will be spent
in this area this year.
LICENCES

This figure is before
taking into account the i-
censing fees Altech pays
to the multi-national
high-technology compan-
ies for product design
work, which amounts to
almost another R5 mil-
lion at present. _

He says there ‘will
never be enough spent on
this side of the operation.
Within five to seven
years Pte ee rpects the

group to
Br tale on RED.

86

By then this figure could
total R100 million a year.
Already Altech has de-
signed a multi-user sin-
gle line telephone ex-
change system, which,
apart from having many
SA applications, is at-
tracting tremendous in-
ternational interest.
Another example of
local research has been
Altech’s computerised
traffic control systems,
which enable one person

to co-ordinate traffic

lights throughout-a major
city to suit the particular
needs of varying traffic
flows.

Despite the amount of
money being put back
into the business, Mr
Venter accepts that Al-
tech always will need
links with the major in-

ternational. chigh+tech

mpanies.
The work Altech is put-
ting in on fibre optics is a

vase in point. Although an

area that is still in its in-
fancy in SA, major
strides have sbeen made
‘overseas. It would be ri-
diculous for any SA‘com-
pany to try to go it alone.

SOUTH AFRICA



SOUTH AFRICA

NEED FOR SOUTH AFRICAN MEMBERSHIP IN UNITED NATIONS QUESTIONED
Pretoria DIE AFRIKANER in Afrikaans 5 Oct 83 p 6
(Editorial: "We and the United Nations" ]

[Text] Whatever can be said about the Reagan administration, the attitude now
taken by the White House toward the United Nations is to be welcomed.

When one of the American representatives in the United Nations, Mr Charles
Lichtenstein, told members of the United Nations that his government would

wave them farewell without shedding a tear if they should leave, he did indeed
express the feeling of most of the Western member nations toward that organization.

Members of the broad public, mostly white countries which are members of the United
Nations, have been fed up for a long time already with that body's sanctimonious
imperiousness on behalf of the Afro-Asiatic and communist blocs. The irony is

that it is precisely the Western countries--and in particular the United States--
which keeps that world institution going financially while for many years it has
been serving as a forum for those who are out to take over the West.

If the Americans are angry at the United Nations, that is certainly a thousand
times more true for Afrikaners. For the majority of whites, the United Nations
is a stumbling block and entirely unacceptable due to its interference for many
years in our internal affairs and the platform it offers to terrorist organizations.

But unfortunately the government does not appear to honor that standpoint, and
South Africa's membership is continued in spite of the fact that that body on
numerous occasions has proven that it is nothing but a communist front organiza-
tion against South Africa.

The government even goes so far as to recognize the United Nations as "mediator"
in the Southwest dispute and to cordially receive the secretary-general, Dr Javier
Perez de Cuellar, in the country. That is entirely against public opinion.

The government argues that the United Nations is always useful to South Africa be-
cause it offers us an opportunity to be heard in an international forum. If there
are any dividends from this policy, they are carefully hidden from the South
African voting public.

South Africa in fact has nothing to lose by leaving the United Nations. By doing so
we would be rid of the meddling of that organization which carries no benefit what-

soever for us.

8700
CsO: 3401/11 42



First of all, it should be remembered that there is no shortcut to prosperity,

no magic that can substitute for man's action. To say that a country's future

is not written by any closed mterial system or under any intelligible heaven

is not to say everything or enough. On the contrary, it involves demands and
risks of a liberty that mst be progressively won against nature through work,
and against what is very often called the “second nature" caused by social deter-
minism, by the critical and self-critical philosophy that does not stop short of
achievement of awareness in order to_transform the world. This is to say that there
are no riches that man [as published ] and he mst raise himself through the obst-
acles that make his triumph in nature and history constantly precarious. In
other words, we can say that man is both free and slave, struggling constantly to
reduce the realm of his servility and to expand that of the liberty necessary for
his flourishing and that brings him closer to the sovereign realm of the creator.

The value, in this connection, is human, it is work, man's effort to change his
destiny. It is also the reason why the party has always strived to promote in the
consciousness of every man and woman MPR member the concept of a society in which
work has primacy over wealth.

It has also constantly taught that our society is not a kind of stopgap imposed
by external necessities and contrary to the true nature of the Zairian man, and
from which everyone should profit without concern for others. It is not the sum
of the individuals, but constitutes an organic whole, whose citizens, assembled
within the MPR, are an integral part as human individuals, It ds ih this sense
a system of relationships in which each Zairian, by his very character, is a
point of intersection. Thus, true liberty for our youth lies certainly not in
escape from the nation, but in fully integrating themselves into it. Moreover,
it is certainly not indulging in science fiction to envisage the possibility
that the party's youth my be able to oercome all the obstacles that seem to
block our paths; it is simply believing that the Zairian man, in his inexorable
struggle toward greater humanity, must seek by all means to overcome the success-
ive obstacles that the contradictions of the modern world place in his path. To
this end, it is necessary to replace a vague hope with firm confidence,

Furthermore, we should take seriously the assertion by the guide of the revolution
that genuine development of our country cannot be possible without creation of

a new way of thinking, without a radical change in attitude, in two words--
spiritual revolution. It is recalled that the former UN secretary general, Kurt
Waldheim, in a speech on 14 September 1975 to the conference of the "77" in
Mexico, urged the Third World countries not to depend only on money for their
development but to rely more on human resources,

This is to say that it is more and more clear in our times that degeneration of
the moral qualities of our human resources is more serious and harmful for the
future than degeneration of our mterial resources. It is the youth who in the
long term will be the force capable of effectively spurring a spiritual revol-
ution in our country, for they still have that special opportunity to fulfill
themselves in an internal drive that commits the whole “self."

127



I would like to dwell on the principle of exchange rate deregulation to review:

- its nature,
- its mechanism,
- its underlying motivations.

As far as its nature is concerned, the new exchange system gives up the fixed
parity of the zaire currency with respect to the SDR (special drawing rights) to
which it had been linked since 1976. Since 12 September 1983, the zaire currency
is temporarily floating in a dual exchange rate system corresponding to two dis-
tinct markets:

- the official market which is the responsibility of the Bank of Zaire and covers
well-defined transactions of the public sector;

- the free market which is the exclusive responsibility of commercial banks and
covers all operations not covered by the official market.

The Bank of Zaire has issued a series of circulars containing the details of the
mechanism and operation of the new exchange system.

However, we should recall that the exchange rate deregulation is accompanied by a
new policy concerning the allocation of exchange reserves:

First: the banks will now retain the 30 percent of foreign currency receipts which
until now they were obliged to sell to the Bank of Zaire;

Second: import expenditures represent 75 percent of the foreign currency receipts
of the banks;

Third: expenditures for invisibles will absorb 25 percent of these receipts.

In addition to the country's own exchange reserves, the International Monetary
Fund will provide a global financial aid to the program of some 360 million
dollars, as follows:

- 240 million as standby credits;
- 120 million as compensatory financing.

The 20 million dollars mentioned when the monetary decision was published were only
in anticipation of the total amount of the standby credits.

Such, therefore, are the nature and mechanism of the new exchange system; I would
now like to mention some of the effects of the monetary reform that this system
implies.

These effects involve in particular:
- the current balance of foreign payments;
- the current state budget;

- domestic liquid assets;
- and prices and wages.

111



[Answer] I was interviewed by the General Corporation for Develop-
ment Agency for a positéon here. That was in January 1980. I
accepted because it suited my wife.

[Question] You knew nothing about: Zaire?

[Answer] I knew absolutely nothing about it. I had never been
here.

[Question] What situation did you find on taking up your post?

[Answer] I arrived in Lubumbashi on 27 August 1980. At the time,
the network was in a truly tragic situation. . The knowledgeable
people did not have the right to speak in high places and those
who were in high places knew nothing about railroads. Railroads
are essentially the business of technicians.

[Question] Tell me a little bit about the SNCZ.

[Answer] There are 2,000 kilometers of tracks, 22,000 Zairian
employees and 127 foreign ones.

[Question] What was the company worth at the time?

[Answer] We showed a deficit. It varied from one year to the next,
put averaged an annual loss of 20 million zaires.

[Question] You have been at your post fox 3 years. What is its
worth today?

[Answer] We achieved a positive balance for the first time in

10 years. There is a relatively small increase in the percentage
of tonnage carried, i.e., 10 to 12 percent, but we have reorganized
management and improved the efficiency of the worker in each
position.

[Question] In what shape is the equipment?

[Answer] To give you an example, when I got here, we had General
Electric locomotive. Of 44, 18 were operational. Today we have 36
--a substantial increase. We have practically doubled the nuhber of
locomotives in operational condition. The results are not so good
for our German locomotives: we have equipment which is almost new
but does not work. We will soon succeed in making them run, how-
ever. We have in fact managed to obtain aid from Germany which
will enable us to purchase spare parts. You know, when a locomotive
does not work, it is sometimes simply a matter of an injection

pump.

[Question] You find yourself in a company which operates solely
within Zaire. Does this mean that you do not earn any foreign cur-
rency?

120



EFFORTS MADE TO ACHIEVE SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN SUGAR PRODUCTION
Kinshasa ELIMA in French 7 Oct 83 pp 1, 7
[Article by Monsa Iyaka Duku]

[Text] In 1984, the Kwilu-Ngongo Sugar Company will increase its annual pro-
duction to 65,000 tons, compared with 40,000 tons in 1983, thanks to a loan
from the World Bank. The Bank has granted financial assistance amounting to
about 1 billion zaires in order to conform to the program of the Executive
Council and the goal of food self-sufficiency. That is the most important
element to come out of the meeting which Ist State Commissioner Kengo granted
yesterday morning to the World Bank-Kwilu~-Ngongo Sugar Company joint delega-
tion.

Headed at the Council Hall by Shabani Nyembo, state commissioner for the na-
tional economy, industry and foreign °trade, the delegation was made up of
Messrs Los, principal agronomist for World Bank projects, Simon, managing
director of the Kwilu-Ngongo Sugar Company, and Tabu Eboma, general director
of the company.

Discussed at the meeting were the latest monetary and financial measures of
9 September and the impact they might have on the company in particular and
on industrial units in general. The two sides exchanged views in order to
find solutions that might respond positively to their concerns.

For the officials of the Kwilu-Ngongo Sugar Company, it is a matter of provid-
ing measures to go along with the monetary readjustment measures so as to
respect the objectives of the Executive Council, which might be hindered over
the next 4 months. In order to reach a compromise between the two sides,
talks will be held in the departments of economy and finance.

It should be pointed out that with this effort of Kwilu-Ngongo to become self-
sufficient in sugar, it would be fortunate to have the startup of the Lotokila
sugar complex in Upper Zaire. Thanks to Chinese-Zairian cooperation, Lotokila,
which occupies 3,000 hectares, will produce 15,000 tons of sugar a year, bar-
ring unforeseen factors. It should therefore be possible to meet national
needs in this domain.

11,464
cso: 3419/90

125



JPRS 84773

17 Noyember 1983

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

No. 2873

ConTENTS

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania Seek To Renew Cooperation
(LE MONDE, 14 Oct 83) ....... eererrrere Tees! reer errr es 1

Ethiopian Envoy Talks Warns of ACP States' Discontent
(Ghebray Berhane Interview; REVOLUTION, 30 Sep-
6 Oct 83) .sceeeeseeeee ereerere reer eres eed eceveradane eee 3

ANGOLA

Present, Future Trade Relations With Cuba Discussed
(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 7 Oct 83) ..ceseeecec cee eee eeee beens 5

Cabinda Energy Official Comments on Capacity
(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 14 Oct 83) .....-.. Seen eee ce eeee seer 7

French Official on Promotion of Petroleum Technology in Country
(Michel Vergnaud Interview; JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 13 Oct 83) 9

Report On Dembos III State Coffee Enterprise Production

(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 12 Oct 83) .......
Namibe Appointments, Military Regional Council Meeting
(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 6 Oct 83) . eee 15
Briefs
Spanish Credit 16
ENCODIPA Situation 16
Roberto de Almeida in Moscow 16
Cuban PC Message to MPLA 17
Trade With Brazil 17
Yugoslavia Donates Medicine. 17
GDR Mines, Geology Visit 18
KENYA
Judicial Commission Opens Business
(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 28 Oct 83) ...ssseeeeeeeeeee see eeee 19
-a- {III - NE & A - 120]



ZAIRE

TEXT OF FIRST STATE COMMISSIONER'S BUDGET SPEECH
Kinshasa ELIMA in French 12, 13-14 Oct 83
[12 Oct 83 pp 5, 7]

[Text] Last Saturday, at a meeting of the National Legislative
Council, the First State Commissioner presented the projected
budget for fiscal year 1984. On this occasion, Citizen Kengo

Wa Dondo reviewed the overall development of the country's economy
since 1982 and indicated the main lines of action, showing that
Zaire is more determined than ever to restore the basic conditions
that are essential for the recovery and development of its economy.

We are publishing below in full the speech of the First State
Commissioner.

Citizen Chairman of the Legislative Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,

On 23 December 1982, I appeared before this august assembly to present the
projected budget for the current year.

On this occasion, I indicated that during this fiscal year the budget would be
the tool par excellence to manage the country's economy and the state finances.
To achieve this, the Executive Council had promised to ensure the strict imple-
mentation of the budget voted by the Legislative Coucil, with discipline and in
the respect of legal procedures.

Thus, in accordance with article 82 of the Constitution, and in the name of the
Citizen Chairman-Founder of the Popular Movement of the Revolution, President of
the Republic and Chief of the Executive, I have the honor of presenting to you
at the opening of this session the projected budget for fiscal year 1984.

The Constitution and the Context of the Projected Budget

As you know, this projected budget should be viewed in the context of the econom-
ic and financial stabilization program defined by the Executive Council.

Through this program, which will be supported by the technical and financial
cooperation agreement about to be signed with the International Monetary Fund,

104



SIX ISCOR FURNACES CLOSE DOWN DUE TO DROP IN DEMAND

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 27 Oct 83 p 21M

[Article by Trevor Walker]

[Text]

SOUTH AFRICA

‘The decline in demand 27,4 percent to 4,7 million and modernisation.
for liquid iron and liquid tons. Productivity measures
steel forced the closure Liquid steel output was improved coke consump-
of ‘six Iscor blast fur- 21,5 percent down at tion for every ton of liq-
naces, four of them Las 5,6 million tons. uid iron by an average 3,8
ied on sae 30, ey The permanent shut- percent. -
uit of the cl downs took place at New- Other steps taken in-
As a result of the clo- castle and Pretoria, and creased the average
sures, and the generally the two Vanderbijipark through-yield of liquid
slack demand, production furnaces were taken off steel to finished product
of liquid iron declined by stream for reconditioning marginally at Pretoria,
bs ROLLED, DRAWN AND-FORGED STEEL PRODUCTS SUPPLIED TO THE LOCAL MARKET
so| = Gre'tamrwiewes Year ended 30 June
45
40
Q 35
2
SZ 30
oe
3 25
=
20
15%
10F
05}
0
6 66 67 68 71 72-73 74 «78 76 . 78 79° 80 81 82 83
Iscor’s 1 output re-
mains solid, despite cut-

backs.

64



MAWU CLIMAXES ANTI-REFERENDUM CAMPAIGN

Johannesburg SOWETAN in English 1 Nov 83 p 2

[Article by Joshua Raboroko]

[Text]

cso:

FOSATU’S Metal and.
Allied Workers’ Union
(MAWU) has an-
nounced that the cam-
paign against the gov-
emment’s constitutional
proposals, and employ-
ers who support the gov-
ernment, had reached a
climax with most em-
ployers saying “we are
not concerned with pol-
itics”.

The Union’s -Trans-
vaal branch secretary,
Mr Moses Mayekiso,
said the campaign would
go beyond an attempt to’
challenge employers on
their stance on the con-
stitution which forbids
the majority of workers
any political rights.

Fosatu produced over
80090 pamphlets spel-

3400/200

ling out its rejection of
the constitutional plan
and urging shop stew-
ards" to ‘challenge’ their
employers on:their. atti-

-tude to it. The campaign
fas intensified in most:

industries yesterday and

will reach a ‘Climax to-

warmed employers who
supported. the “govern-
ment that they were de-

stabilising labour rela-

tions and would in fu-
ture learn the hard way
to listen to their workers
on political issues. _
Since the’ pamphlets
were distributed to em-
ployers asking whéther
they would vote “yes” or
“no” there has been a

growing response from’

50

SOUTH AFRICA

them saying: “We are
‘not concerned with pol-
itics,” according to Mr
Mayekiso-

He said that in some

‘instances shop stewards

had been victimised for
challenging manage-
ment on the issue and
this had resulted in-la-
bour unrest involving
some’140 workers.

Major trade union
federations such as the
Council of Unions: of
South Africa (Cusa), the
South African Allied
Workers’ Union
(SAAWU), Black Al-
lied Workers’ Union
(BAWU) and other
emerging unions, have’
announced their rejec-
tion of the constitutional
proposals. -



cso:

3400/187

get people to commit themselves if you are not
able to get spare parts or diesel.”

The government has anticipated these
problems and has arranged for large farms (as
well as manufacturers and other exporters) to
receivea foreign exchange allocation based on
their export earnings. Another incentive to
commercial farmers is the Human Resources
Deployment Act, introduced in June, which
makes it a legal obligation for all able-bodied
adults to be gainfully employed. Urban
unemployed are already being returned to the
villages and the paper promises help from the
government, JUWATA (the trade union
federation) and ccm (the single political
party) in recruiting them for work on private
and public commercial farms.

Land registation and a form of private land
ownership will encourage investment by all
farmers, large and small. The government is
to produce a series of land use maps and will
give every farmer a lease of some kind since it
is “essential that all users feel confident that
their investment of effort and money (in
ridging and fertilizer for instance) will be
beneficial to them and their families as well as
to the nation as a whole.””

Villages will be allocated land on a 999-year
lease which they will then sublet to peasant
farmers or use communally. ‘Institutions,
enterprises or individuals” will be given leases
of at least 33 years. The British Government
unsuccessfully tried to introduce a system of
leasehold tenure in the late 50s.

The paper recognises: ‘‘The dominant
mode of agriculture in Tanzania is individual
peasant production” and much of it is
devoted to ways of improving yields and
acreages. Villages will be encouraged to
become more involved in planning by setting
up information banks and preparing master
plans. There will be an increased commitment
to extension services with a target of one
officer in every village. Extension workers will
emphasise the need for increased acreages and
improved husbandry through the use of
animal-drawn implements, soil conservation
and tree planting. It is also proposed to
provide tractor hire to villages “‘on an
economic basis’’.

Producer prices were to be improved to
favour high foreign exchange earners. This
took place in July when there was in
immediate 40% rise even though President
Nyerere predicted that crop authorities would
lose $49m as a result.

The other major reform referred to in the
policy paper is the restoration of the co-
operatives. This has been underway since
1980. The co-operatives will purchase for
resale to the marketing boards and crop
authorities. In a sense this simply represents a
new layer of management but small farmers
will gain more room for manoeuvre since the
primary co-operative societies will be able to
trade food among themselves onsell it directly
to large consumers or process such as the
army or the textile mills @

99



ANONYMOUS SENDER FLOODS NEWSDESKS WITH STAMPED BALLOTS

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 28 Oct 83 p 6

[Text]

cso:

A MONTH atter the general election,
Mathira constituency continues to be a
centre of attraction. First there was the
election violence in which one man died
and many others were injured. Then
there was the controversial oathing
story. And now, local newspapers have
been receiving through the mail, from an’
anonymous sender, marked and
stamped ballot papers from the
constituency. Last week, the Sunday
Nation received 42 ballot papers, then
47 were sent to the Kenya Times, 52 to
The Standard and 43 to The Weekly.
“Review. Most of the ballot papers are
marked in favour of one candidate, the
eventual winner, Mr. Matu Wamae,
and they all bear the official stamp of
the presiding officer. The mystery.
sender was careful to conceal his
identity; accompanying the papers was
a photostat copy of a note in hardly
legible handwriting, apparently written
with the unaccustomed hand to avoid
identification by handwriting experts.
‘The note said that the enclosed ballot
papers were proof that the election in
the constituency was not fair, and that
the ballot papers were some of
those to be used in favour of one
candidate “obviously with the
knowledge and support ‘of the
administration”.

* The Jaw requires that a ballot paper
‘be officially stamped before it is given to
a voter, who then marks it and places it
in the ballot box: The official stamp on
the mysterious Mathira ballot papers is
therefore an indication that each of
them was to have been purported duly
stamped and given to a voter, and

3400/198

24

therefore valid in the voting
exercise. The law also requires that after
the close of the poll, the presiding
officer make a written statement
accounting for all ballot papers issued
to him and in the presence of candidates
or their agents, place the remaining
‘papers in packets and seal them.

Whoever sent the papers quite
obviously has a stock of them at his
disposal, a disturbing matter for the
authorities. The attorney-general,
Justice Mathew Muil, expressed disgust
at the discovery of the papers and
confirmed active investigations into the
matter had begun. Wamae, for his part,
has said that the papers have been sent
by disgruntled elements who wanted to
undermine his election victory. While
the ballot. papers were arriving at
newsdesks, Mr. Peter Ngibuini Kuguru,
ason of the former MP for the area, Mr.
Davidson Kuguru, filed a petition in thé
High Court challenging Wamae’s
election. Kuguru named the returning
officer, Nyeri DC Mr. Norman
Njuguna, as the first repondent and
Wamae as the second. .

Only two weeks ago, attorney-
general Muli told election officials that
he was satisfied with the way the
elections had been conducted since
elaborate measures had been taken to
ensure that the elections were fair. The
truth about the Mathira papers has yet
to be ascertained, but the mystery raises
many questions, not only about
Mathira, but about the conduct of
elections in other parts of the country as
well. a

KENYA



itself to the August 1, 1982, abortive
coup, which clearly suggests that the
investigators are working on the
possibility that there may have been
more than one coup plot, a claim which
was in fact made by at least one of the
accused in the court matrial’
proceedings which took place late last
year and early this year as a result of the’
abortive August ! coup. During one of
the court martial hearings one of the
witnesses, who was later to besentenced
to death, claimed that certain ministers
had been plotting against the, -Moi
government and gave the impression
that the August 1 coup attempt was a
pre-emptive move to forstall the suctess.
of the other coup plot. Certain ministers
were in fact named in one of the
Statements made by one of the August 1
coup plotters, but their names were not
allowed to -be read out’ in court.
Presumably the commission of inquiry
has access tothe court records; and the
term of reference spelling out the
possibility of more than one conspiracy
to overthrow the government last year
may have been drafted with such
information in mind. Actually, other

arties besides ministers were named as:

aving been involved in a -plot to
overthrow the Moi government, the
most prominent person so named being
the former vice-president, Mr. Oginga
Odinga, who was recently released from
house arrest imposed on him soon after
the abortive coup. It is, however,
Njonjo who is the object of
investigations, and it is upon him that
- the public’s attention is now rivetted.

Probably as serious as the allegations.
of involvement in the “conspiracy or:
conspiracies” to overthrow the Moi
government last year, is the allegation
that Njonjo was party to the “allegedly
unlawful ‘activities of Mr. Andrew
Mungai Muthemba”. Muthemba stood
trial but was acquitted on a treason
charge (or conspiring to kill the
president and overthrow the Ken
government) in 1981. The judge who
acquitted him is the current chief
justice, Mr. R. Simpson. During the
preliminary inquiry, heard before: the
chief magistrate, Mr. . Fidalhussein
Abdullah, the prosecution had|
introduced a statement by Muthemba
in which he claimed that Njonjo was his
cousin and that he had kept Njonjo
constantly informed of his attempts to
procure arms from the armed forces
with the express purpose of proving that
security in the armed forces was very

20

lax. Njonjo had asked to appear before
the chief magistrate and in ra statement
the former minister had denied that he
was a cousin of Muthemba’s or that,
‘Muthemba had reported ‘anything to
him about his self-appointed mission to
test the security arrangements, within
the armed forces. At east one of those!

“denials raised eyebrows. The former

‘agriculture, Dr. Munyua:
Waiyaki, charged at a public meeting in
June this year that Njonjo had by
making the denial disowned his own
kith and kin. Similar charges were made
by other politicians at the time. If,
indeed, Muthemba is a cousin of
Njonjo’s, then Njonjo lied in court. If he
lied on that particular point, then there
is little reason to believe that he told the
truth when he said Muthemba had not
kept him informed about his mission. If
that is so, then Simpson’s remark that
the police investigations (particularly
the. special‘ branch’s role in those
investigations) were aimed at spoiling
Njonjo’s “well-earned” reputation, asé
Simpson said in his judgement in the
Muthemba trial, would with hindsight
look extremely odd. If fact, ‘the
commission’s decision to revive the
whole Muthemba affair appears to the
layman to give credence to the view,
=xpressed by some members of thé last:
arhament, that there was more to the
uthemba affair than met the eye. The
very phrasing of the‘term of reference
and specific reference to Muthemba’s
alleged “unlawful” activities seems to
support this view. Muthemba was, of
course, acquitted in a court of law and
nothing the commission does or finds
can change that fact. He cannot be tried
again on the same charge. Acquittal,
however, simply means that the
Prosecution was not able to provide
sufficient evidence to convict
Muthemba on the specific charge for
which he was arraigned before that
articular court. More evidence could
ave made a difference.

The commission’ of inquiry is also
‘supposed to look into allegations that
Njonjo. was party to the convening of
the Presbyterian Church of East
African prayer meeting which took
Place at Rungiri on June 12 “and its
conversion into an irregular political
gathering”. During the prayer meeting,
which Njonjo attended, speeches were:
made by both clergy and laymen which
to many observers amounted to a.
political endorsement of Njonjo, over
whose head of cloud of suspicion had



Support for Budget
Kinshasa ELIMA in French 11 Oct 83 pp 1, 7
[Article by Monsa Iyaka Duku]

[Text] National news is dominated by the proposed budget for 1984, presented
to the Legislative Council on Saturday, 8 October 1983, by 1st State Commis—
sioner Kengo wa Dondo. The budget totals 20.4 billion zaires in receipts and
23 billion zaires in expenditures. The budgetary deficit is therefore

2.6 billion zaires, to be financed by the domestic banking system.

As we predicted in one of our previous editions following the expanded meeting
in N'Sele on the final drafting of the 1984 Budget, the latter is realistic.

It is therefore matched by criteria of management reflected not only in the
ceiling on monetary financing and overall spending, but also a strict main-
tenance of each category of spending within the limits of its own ceiling.

Even better, the 1984 Budget fits into the framework of the program of economic
recovery of the Executive Council because the budget is the prime instrument
of the government's economic and financial management. It fits into the
overall context of the 1986-1990 Five-Year Plan.

But what struck seasoned observers the most in this brilliant export by the
coordinator of the Executive Council was the precision with which he developed
the main lines of the Executive Council's program. In order to inform the
people and help the Legislative Council in its task of debating the budget,
thereby enhancing the work done, the first state commissioner spelled out the
nature and origins of the receipts and expenditures (proceeds from contribu-
tions and taxes, revenue from investments and holdings, administrative income,
remunerations, debts, and so on), ways and means to be used by the Executive
Council to complete its program successfully. In particular, it is a question
of a wage policy as the pillar of the action of any government, the existence
of a defined economic system (economic but controlled liberalism). In short,
the Executive Council fixed its choice with respect to the national strategy
of development: national development through integrated rural development.
The latter is aimed at food self-sufficiency, improved access roads, general-
ized basic health care. Nothing has been left to chance... The general impres—
sion is that the way has been barred to any improvisation, making the provi-
sions of the budget a truly credible work.

It is true that at the present time, the ball is in the court of the people's
commissioners, who will have to evaluate the work done by the Executive Coun-
cil. There will be no dearth of remarks. Furthermore, in a kind of self-
criticism, the first commissioner branded: inadequate planning. But as he
said, the Executive Council will remain attentive to the results of the
investigations of the parliamentary committee on control and the concerns of
the Legislative Council with respect to the mobilization of receipts and the
means of financing the budget deficit. He went on to say that this work is a
valuable contribution to the search for appropriate ways and means to inten-
sify preventive action of the Executive Council regarding misuse of funds and
carelessness in the management of public finances and assets, all within the
framework of financial orthodoxy, without which there is no effective economic
system.

11,464
cso: 3419/90 103



cso:

organisations are wives of prominent
men, Waruhiu says it is unfortunate
that women are not looked at as
individuals but as “somebody's wife”.
On the effectiveness of women’s
organisations in the country, Waruhiu
says that despite their comprehensive
aims, their activities are hindered by
lack of resources. Women leaders can
only meet ‘after-work because their
organisations cannot afford full-time
employees. As for the role of women in
national leadership, Waruhiu feels that
most people have not reached a stage
where they accept that women can'be
leaders. “Men,” she says, “are often
surprised when a woman succeeds:”
According to Waruhiu, men consider it
unusual when a woman is appointed to
a high position, and feel that a man has
been deprived of the position. “We need
a more positive attitude,” she says.
Waruhiu also feels that whenever
women talk strongly about equality,
they get the wrong reaction. “When we
ask for women to be included in policy-
making, we are not asking fora favour.”
While agreeing that some .women
have been appointed to responsible jobs
in the civil service and elsewhere,
Waruhiu feels that there are still many
able women who could be-considered
when selections are being made. She
says it is hard for women to succeed ina

3400/198

32

male-dominated society because of
their family concerns and other
pressures. They have to sacrifice more
and they need a lot of self-confidence.
“Women,” she says, “are judged very
critically and they have to be extra
careful to protect their reputations.” In
addition, they are also victims of
generalisation. It is inevitable that at
times women in responsible positions
have to take time off to attend to sick
children, for instance; employers then
tend to consider.them liabilities and the
generalised reaction is to say that
women. cannot be relied on. “Such
people will be reluctant to employ
women,” says Waruhiu. Another
problem for those women who would
like to succeed in their careers is that
some husbands cannot cope with their
wives’ successes, “yet a woman needs
her husband’s support”.

On her nomination to parliament,
Waruhiu says that she had no prior
knowledge and the announcement took
her by surprise. “But 1 was delighted,”
she says. Asked whether women MPs
have a’special role to play in parliament,
she says that whereas it would not-be
good to place women MPs ina group of
their -own; there are ‘certain matters

-about :'which = women -: naturally ~ feel

strongly and they should be expected to
comment on. them. . -



The Executive Council is aware of the dangers of a price/wage wage/price escalation
which would soon make ineffective the attempted restoration. of the macroeconomic
balance, and it adopted adequate.auxiliary measures.

They involve a 40 percent increase in the overal amount of wages paid by the
state and, in this context, a revision of the minimum guaranteed wages in the
industrial and agricultural sectors.

This increase will take place in successive stages during the period 1983-1984
and will be modulated in favor of those whose salaries are in the lower income
brackets.

At enterprise level, the Executive Council will ensure that the wage increase
process is kept in line with the adjustment policy for wages in the public
sector.

Citizen Chairman of the Legislative Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,

I shall now consider the effects of the monetary manipulation on the current
state budget.

The budget is a tool for managing not only the state but overall demand as well.

As such, it constitutes, as you know, a major part of the economic and financial
stabilization program.

When it occurs as it just did, a devaluation can only have beneficial effects
on public finances.

The impact of the devaluation on the last quarter of 1983 thus amounts to an
amendment of the initial budget whose current receipts increased from 7 to 11
pillion zaires, including receipts for order.

The budget amendment reflects the increased tax-paying ability of the export
sector, and in particular the restoration of GECAMINES' tax-paying ability,
which had been practically nil for several years.

As far as expenditures are concerned, the 1983 budget adjustment essentially
reflects the adjustment of the wage sector whose mass was increased by 20 per-
cent-on 1 October 1983, the policy of renegotiation of the public debt and the
assessment of other foreign currency expenditures of the state.

Thus, the ceiling of the total expenditures is set at 13.463 billion zaires
for 1983, including expenditures for order.

The difference between adjusted receipts and expenditures for 1983, ive. 2.4
billion zaires, will be financed through the domestic banking system, within
the limits set in the stabilization program.

The adjustment of the 1983 budget was made official through Order No 83-169 of

12 September 1983. In accordance with current financial legislation. This
order is submitted to your assembly for ratification.

113



the creation of a stabilization fund for compensating against losses like
those incurred this week.

But what is even more important for us is to push our export capacity
upwards on a much wider front. We are depending on our gold too heavily.

7964
cso: 3401/12

56



Essentially, this program involves an adjustment of the zaire currency so as:
- to ensure the transfer of resources toward the export sector;

- to reduce public and private consumption to a more balanced level with respect
to the offer for goods and services.

The program also recommends that public expenditures should not exceed an amount
compatible with an adequate policy of global expansion of economic credits. It
also suggests that the materials policy should be adjusted. Finally, it recom-
mends an adjustment of the foreign debt.

Effects of the Reform on Sectors Other Than the State Budget
Citizen Chairman of the Executive Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,

As you can see, this is a consistent program whose strategy relies essentially on
the currency and on the state credit, debt and budget.

With respect to the new monetary policy and its effects on the economic system
as a whole, we should point out that it is essentially a continuation of the
country's economic deregulation policy.

You will remember:
- the deregulation of agricultural and industrial prices;
- the deregulation of gold and diamond sales by small producers;

- the return into private hands of either the management or the stock of certain
public enterprises.

On 24 September 1983, in his closing speech to the Seventh Ordinary Session of
the MPR, the Citizen Chairman-Founder recalled the basic option on which the
economic plan was based, namely free enterprise, and indicated that from now on
all economic activity would follow this orientation. This option was also con-
firmed by the Third Ordinary Congress of the Party.

In a country like ours which, as I just mentioned, proclaims its faith in the
principles and virtues of free enterprise, the deregulation policy must involve
all essential elements of a market economy.

Therefore, the new monetary policy hinges around the following principles: first,
the deregulation of exchange rates through the adoption of a flexible exchange
system; second, the deregulation of interest rates on loans, except agricultural
loans not involving coffee; third, increased rediscount and advance rates and
increased interest rates on Treasury notes; fourth, the adoption of a ceiling

for net financial claims on the economy, taking into account the overall expan-
sion authorized for the year, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the
tolerated level of state monetary financing; fifth, the limitation of the monetary
mass growth during the period covered by the program,i.e. 1983-1984.

110



SOUTH AFRICA

CLASSIFICATION OF 'COLOREDS' CONSIDERED AS CONFUSING
Bloemfontein DIE VOLKSBLAD in Afrikaans 3 Oct 83 p 8
[Letters from Our Readers Column]

[Text] A. J. de Klerk of Sunnstraat 31, Universitas, Bloemfontein, writes as
follows:

In view of the daily accounts on the draft-constitution I and thousands of
other people, who feel unhappy in this matter, would appreciate it if Minister
Chris Heunis [Constitutional Development] would, as soon as possible, shed
some clarity for us on the following points with respect to the coloreds.

As far as I can perceive the following people are classified as coloreds:

1. The Cape coloreds

2. Malays
3. Other coloreds who no doubt fall under group 1
4. Griekwas

5. Hottentots
6. Bushmen
7. Basters of Rehobot

I do not have any problems with respect to (1), (2) and (3). With respect

to (4) the Griekwas as a result of intermarriages over the many past years
there has been so much interbreeding that very few of the pure Griekwa people
remain. So now I would like to know: What about the Griekwa man or woman
who has married a black, and there are many of them, and what about their
children.

How are they classified? Who owns the hodman's lands and who resides there?

I would like to treat (5) Hottentots and (6) Bushmen together. Am I correct
in assuming that they are classified as “coloreds"? Their numbers have
dwindled a great deal, but many of those who still remain have married and
are living in black residential areas. Where would they be placed under

the new order of things?

74



ARTICLE REPORTS ON STATUS OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 21 Oct 83 pp 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24

[Text]

No Further Ahead

KENYA'S fifth parliament has only one
elected woman MP, Mrs. Phoebe Asiyo
of Karachuonyo constituency. The
rejection at the polls of Mrs. Grace
Onyango in Kisumu Town and Dr.
Julia Ojiambo in Busia Central may not
have been as a result of a conscious
decision by the electorate to get rid of
them because they were women, but it
certainly reduced the power of women
in Kenya’s parliamentary politics.
All three women elected to the last
parliament were highly respected by
their male colleagues. Ojiambo was an
assistant minister, but all three were
perhaps respected even more for having
managed to win vigorous election
battles against male rivals.

Asiyo can now be referred to as the
most senior woman politician in the
country. The other two, Mrs. Grace
Ogot and Mrs. Rose Waruhiu,
nominated to parliament by President
Moi, although they have succeeded in
other fields are unlikely to wield as
much clout as Asiyo in parliamentary
politics.

While women may not be doing too
well in politics, they seem to be making
slow but steady progress in other fields
of public life. For many years, especially
during the ’seventies, the role of women.
in Kenyan public life seemed to be
confined to their activities in various
women’s organisations in the country.
The most prominent at the time was
Mrs. Jane Kiano, the chairwoman of
the Maendeleo ya Wanawake
organisation who, together with her
colleagues, received wide publicity in
the press. Internal wrangling in these
organisations, however, somewhat

26

weakened their image effectiveness, and
even though some such organisations
are still going strong, the prominence of
their leaders has been overshadowed by
the advent of other women into
parliamentary politics. -

In the private sector, there is a good
number ‘of women who now hold
responsible managerial positions and
Kenya also has several successful
business women. The civil service has
some well-placed women, though they
are not that many when one considers
the size of the government. It is perhaps
in academic fields that women have
made the most progress. There are
many senior women lecturers in the
University of Nairobi and more and
more women are enrolling for
postgraduate and doctoral programmes.

Still, Kenyan women have a long way
to go compared with their counterparts
in developed countries who have now
been integrated into most of the
decision-making processes of society.
For one thing, Kenyan women have not
displayed the kind of passion with
which women in developed countries
demand ‘equal rights. The general
view among successful women in Kenya
is that their male counterparts have not
been enthusiastic about the idea of
women attaining high positions and
participating in decision making. They
agree that some women are appointed
to relatively high positions, but say they
never rise to the very top. At the same
time, some feel that there exist general

absence of confidence and drive among

Kenyan women, mainly because they
have been discouraged by men who
make them believe that confidence and
drive are strictly male attributes, though
there are some men who accept that a

KENYA



ZANZIBARIS COUNSEL REFLECTION BEFORE FURTHER UNIFICATION

London AFRICA NOW in English No 30, Oct 83 pp 13-15, 16

[Article by Mohamed Mlamali Adam and Ahmed Rajab:

Zanzibar..."]

[Text]

Agreed that the United Republic has
grown, prospered and become ‘‘natural and
inevitable and when difficulties occur the
tendency is to seek solution within the
Union context.” Agreed also that any
further growth will only depend on a
leadership that has the imagination and
courage to take risks to seize opportunities
as they come.

Zanzibaris, who are the minority
shareholders in this essentially federal
edifice, believe, however, that it will be
foolhardy now to take the great leap
forward towards further unification.

Their response to the proposals put
forward by the ruling party’s supreme
body, the national executive committee, is
that the Union’s foundations are shallow,
its pillars fragile; there is dangerous
confusion in vital areas and, in any event,
too much is being demanded of their faith
in the good intentions of others. What they
counsel, therefore, is a long moment of.
deep reflection before another step is taken.
towards ‘‘Consolidation of the Union,’?/in
NEC’S felicitous phrase. Zanzibaris see i as
something more sinister.

Such fears are not at all new. They have
stalked the United Republic from its birth.
But never before have they burst out with
such vehemence nor has it been expressed by
officials so highly placed. It is possibly true
that the prospect of an imminent merger
between unequal partners and a more
liberal political climate have made people
too ready to stand up and be counted.
What is certain, however, is that inspired
Jeaks have added a lot of passion to the
protests.

For instance, in the past, there was no
hard information about individual battles
in the Uganda war. But, through deliberate
disclosures, it is now known that Idi Amin’s

92

"When They Pipe in

soldiers wiped out several Zanzibaris during
the Kagera crossing. Those who survived
after putting up a heroic fight returned
crippled but, unlike their mainland
colleagues, they have received no
recognition. Most of them have not
received their allowances either for the
Uganda campaign. Since the war ended,
they have demonstrated several times in
Zanzibar town demanding their dues. The
military equipment bought by Tanzania for
the Uganda war with substantial
contributions from Zanzibar remains on
the maii |. .

_Equally potent has been the leak about
intrigues unleashed against the prominent
Zanzibari diplomats by their mainland
counterparts. The first one is Salim Salim,
Tanzania’s Foreign Minister. Two years
ago he campaigned for the post of the UN
secretary-general. He lost despite his
impeccable credentials partly because of
superpower intervention, so.the leak goes,
largely because a number of his own
ambassadors from the mainland discredited
him through a whispering campaign and by
circulating .an ungracious letter among
Third ‘World diplomats. Edem Kodjo,
OAU former secretary-general .is known to
be one of the recipients. at

There is also a sustained campaign to
hound out of office’ another singularly
gifted Zanzibari diplomat, Ahmed Diriya
Hassan, now based’ in Bonn. Foreign
diplomats acknowledge” his outstanding
achievements in Japan, his previous
posting, and in West Germany where, in a
matter of months only he has succeeded in
carving out a powerful lobby for his
country from the very coverts of
conservative thinking, the Christian Social
Union and the Christian Democratic
Union.~

TANZANIA



ANGOLA

CABINDA ENERGY OFFICIAL COMMENTS ON CAPACITY

Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 14 Oct 83 p 3

he Ministry of Energy,

Text] Henrique da Cunha, provincial delegate of t f ¢

[rere] the need on Wednesday to install a supplemental power line in the furure
between Malongo and the city of Cabinda, to be used whenever power is interrup'
on the existing line.

In an exclusive interview with the Angolan news agency ANGOP, phe onerey official
i 7 million kwanzas, is
d that a second line, which would cost more than 1
seenasize avoid the constant power outages that have occurred throughout the city,
particularly in the factories, when the only existing power line breaks down.

The idea of installing another line has already been mentioned, but for purely
financial reasons it will have to wait, since priority must be given to more

immediate needs, namely expansion of the high tension network to supply the more
remote zones in the province.

Current projects of the Energy Ministry delegation include installing 30-kilowatt
power lines between Cabinda / Yahi / Yema and Cabinda/Subantando/Zenze/Lucula.

Da Cunha noted that the last line will be about 100 kilometers long, explaining
that the line in the first zone will supply the villages of Povo Grande, Santa
Catarina, Fortaleza, Nto, Yema, Chipita, Chinguanga and Mbunzi, which take in
about 3,000 inhabitants.

The cost of the Project is estimated at 37.1 million kwanzas, da Cunha said,
adding that within the framework of efforts to Provide sufficient Power to all
areas of the city, a project has been approved to install transformer stations
with a capacity to effectively supply five of the districts of the city of
Cabinda. Installation should be completed by the third quarter of 1984,

Gas Turnine

Regarding the May Day district, the delegate reported that work has already begun
on the transformer station, which should be in operation by this December.
Stations are needed because the existing ones are overworked, he added.

Among the activities Planned for the sector in 1983,
expansion of the distribution system and the overhaul
groups; 60 million kwanzas will be spent on this work.

These

he noted the remodeling and
of the three generator

The official said the first activity will be carried out with the assistance of

the Cabinda Gulf 0i1 Company, pending the arrival of three American technicians
to set up the system. The overhaul of the generators will be effected by
English technicians, who should be arriving soon in Cabinda.



Pure

Do we perhaps have statistics showing how many Bushmen are still living in
Bushmenland and how many of them are still of a pure race?

As far as (7) the Basters of Rehobot are concerned the greater majority of
this group live in South-West Africa and are no longer of interest to us.
However, I am of the opinion that some of them do live within the Republic
of South Africa and now they must be taken into account.

Because up to now no references have yet been made to groups (4) to (7)

in either reports or statements, and as far as I am concerned there is a
great deal of confusion, I would be glad if the minister would explain this
in short order.

Problem

Still another matter which annoys me is the fact that by virtue of the Group
Areas Act colored representatives of the Colored Chamber and their ministers
and deputy ministers (it is certain that there will be some of them) are not
going to be allowed to reside among whites in white residential areas.
If my interpretation is correct that is fine...but now to my problem:

Here in Bloemfontein black representatives of the national states reside
among whites in white residential areas. Is it not then the government's
policy to abandon discriminating measures? Now, after having been a member
of the Nationalist Party for more than 40 years I have to face the fact that
black representatives from outside the limits of our fatherland are receiving
better treatment than the ministers and representatives of the Colored
Chamber.

Spelled Out
If the Group Areas Act is not going to be abolished then it certainly must
be made to apply to everybody. But if this legislation is going to be

revised it must be spelled out clearly so that we may know where we stand
before 2 November 1983.

7964
cso: 3401/12

75



DESPITE RAINS ON JOHANNESBURG WATER CONTROLS REMAIN IN EFFECT

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 2 Nov 83 p 12

[Text]

WATER consumers
should not regard the
rain that has fallen in
Johannesburg over the
past few weeks as suffi-
cient to relieve the cur-
rent water crisis, the
Director, «;Techni
Services, of the Johin-
nesburg City Council,
Dr J G Mortimer, said
yesterday. wa
“Johannesburg citizens
should realise that only
plentiful ‘tains. in the
catchment .area of the
Vaal Dam will increase
the level sufficiently to re-
lieve the current crisis
situation,” he said.
“Accordingly they
‘should still aim at a reduc-
tion of at least 30 percent
in. water, consumption
over the same, ‘Petiod | last

at receitt
rains might haVe' created a
false impréssioh among
consumers: that a water
crisis had been averted.

might have brought some
relief to gardeners in the
Johannesburg and. Reef
areas, it had not
affected the sup-
ply situation in
Johannesburg at
all.

81

He said water still had
to bé conserved at all
costs or ‘lié’ city might
find itself in the position
of introducing mandatory
rationingnextyear.  _ -

He © said consumérs
should note that spot fin-
es for conthave:ting - the
current water restrictions
had been increased ‘and
were now ‘as follows:
Domestic users. R50, all
others R75.

Dr Mortimer said water
users in the city’s main in-
dustrial townships had
shown a reduction of 18
percent in June this year
compared with June 1982.
This reduction increased
to 26 percent in August
compared with the same

, Period last year.

: Dr Mortimer said Jo-
hannesburg’s _ industrial
and commercial under-
takings consumed only
some 25 percent of the
city's water, and for this
reason domestic con-
sumers, especially flat
dwellers, should endeav-
our to ‘decrease water
consumption even further
in order’ to achieve the
target set by the Rand
Water Board to prevent
compulsory water and
even electricity rationing.

released by the
Rand Water Board show

SOUTH AFRICA



INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

ETHIOPIAN ENVOY TO TALKS WARNS OF ACP STATES' DISCONTENT
Paris REVOLUTION in Frency 30 Sep-6 Oct 83 p 22

[Interview with Ghebray Berhane, Ambassador from Ethiopia, by Dominique Vidal:
"Europe Should Not Count on Our Weariness"; date and place not specified]

[Text] [Question] A few days after the opening of negotiations for working
out the third Lome agreement, the countries of Africa, the Caribbean and the
Pacific [ACP] are showing great bitterness, if we can believe their inter-
ventions in the West Berlin assembly. What are the reasons for this?

[Ghebray Berhane] In fact, a deeper and deeper disappointment has progres-
sively taken the place of the enthusiasm which had marked the beginnings of
Lome. This disappointment in fact concerns all aspects of relations between
the ACP and the European Community, but I would like to emphasize the most
glaring examples.

The first is the request made seven years ago by the ACP to buy agricultural
products from the EEC...

[Question] ...surplus [agricultural products]?

[Ghebray Berhane] Let us say available, and those at reasonable prices. The
EEC has never agreed to this request, and it has never given a serious justifi-
cation for its refusal. They have talked to us about respect for the GATT
rules: a year ago now, the United States took away an important European
market under conditions identical to those that we were asking for. Now, on
the European side, they bring up other reasons: Africans would run the risk,
they tell us, of getting used to another type of food. This is forgetting
that the products asked for by the ACP are those to which their populations
are accustomed.

Second example: Stabex. This mechanism, you know, aims to compensate for
loss of export income which affects the ACP when raw material prices go down.
But Stabex does not cover certain products, including products vital to one
or another of our countries. And especially, after facing the collapse of
the market for several years, the glaring inadequacy of the means placed at
Stabex's disposal have prevented it from playing its role fully.



If we project these results onto the last four-month period, we can expect a
satisfactory situation of public finances for 1983, irrespective of the impact
of the measures taken last September in connection with the start of the new
economic and financial stabilization program.

Review of the Executive Council's Commitments and of the Efforts Made in 1983
Citizen Chairman of the Legislative Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,

I would like to review briefly the efforts made to meet the second objective of
the Executive Council in 1983, which was to reassert the value of productive
labor.

In the agricultural sector, efforts were continued to achieve food self-suffi-
ciency by 1984 for certain staples such as rice, corn, beans and manioc.

Large credits were made available, especially to improve service roads, in par-
ticular in the North.

As a result, food production grew steadily during 1983, thus reinforcing the trend
observed in 1982, especially for corn, which is expected to show a 20 percent in-
crease by the end of 1983.

Generally, speaking, the creation of the Agricultural Credit Bank and the manage-
ment commission of the Development Convention Funds will, I hope, contribute

to a large extent to creating conditions that will lead to an improved profit-
ability of the productive sector.

In the mining sector, the overhauling of the production plant is progressing.

In this context, GECAMINES [General Quarries and Mines Company] will now operate
under a special tax system differing from the general system only in the export
duties schedule. The new system came into force in October, following adjust-
ment measures adopted recently and which I shall discuss in a few moments.

In the transportation sector, the number of automobile vehicles increased, and
the policy of breaking the isolation of the country was continued, especially
through a consolidation of the national road system.

Elements of the New Economic and Financial Stabilization Program: Monetary
Reform and Basic Economic Option

Citizen Chairman of the Legislative Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,

Despite the rather encouraging trend of its financial management system and some
of its indicators in the past few months, the Zairian economy is still in a zone
of turbulence. Basic imbalances are still prevailing; they are still causing
resource deficits, an accelerated rise in prices and strong pressures on the
balance of payments. Therefore, the Executive Council resolved to consolidate
the process of recovery which just started by implementing an economic and finan-
cial stabilization program that should also be viewed in the context of the
medium-term economic recovery.

109



HAYWARD CLAIMS WATER FROM NATAL AVERTED POWER CRISIS

Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 20 Oct 83 pp 3, 5

[Text]

MOOI RIVER: The
country’s electricity
supply would have come
to a standstill by the end
of October if Natal’s.
water had not been
pumped up to the Trans-
vvaal, the Minister of En-
vironmental Affairs, Mr
Sarel Hayward, said last
night.

He said Natalians
should not be angry that
they had been forced to
tighten their belts and
save water while the
Province’s water sup-
plies were being divert-
ed from the Tugela
River to the Transvaal.

“If it had not been for
that water, and letting it
out into the Vaal, the
country would have
come to a standstill,” he

said.

He said the Groot-
draai Dam, which sup-
plied water to the elec-
tic power generators in
the Highveld and East-
ern ‘Transvaal, would
have been empty by now
because of the drought.

“If it were not for the
fact that we pumped
water from Natal, the
electricity supply of this
country would have
come to a total stand-

79

still by the end of this
month,” he said.

“Natalians should be
grateful that they are
able to use electricity
generated in the High-
veld. It has been an ex-
change—water for elec-
tricity,” he said.

Mr Hayward said he
had great plans for
Natal, concerning the
Tugela River, which he
could not disclose at this
stage.

He said the Mooi
River scheme was on
the way to success, and
he assured farmers who
held riparian rights to
the river water that
they would not experi-
ence any hardship.

It would not have
been feasible to have
taken any preventative
action for this year’s
drought crisis, he said.

“It is’ impossible to
plan for a 200-year
drought. The ‘capital
costs would have been
so high that the country
could not carry them.
And in a normal year it
would not have been
necessary. Sows
. “All we need ina time
of crisis are cool heads,”
he said.

SOUTH AFRICA



our country is more than ever committed to restoring the basic conditions essen-
tial to the recovery and development of its economy.

As you know, the Executive Council has already adopted a first series of measures,
the keystone of which is the monetary reform.

As you also know, a monetary reform can be meaningful only insofar as it takes
place in a global context and is accompanied by adequate measures concerning
the economy as a whole. It cannot remain without consequences on the economic
system as a whole, and especially on the state budget.

Therefore, the budget policy which we intend to implement during the coming months
will be the policy imposed by the constraints and success of the economic and
financial recovery program.

In this perspective, before considering the global amounts included in the 1984
projected budget, I believe we should:

- briefly review the recent situation of the country's economy as well as world
economic trends, on the one hand;

- and, on the other hand, refer again to the foundations of our country's economic
and budget policy.

Evolution of the Gross Domestic Product and Resource Deficit

Citizen Chairman of the Legislative Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,
You are well aware that our country is not yet out of the crisis.

For 1982, the situation may be summarized as follows:

First, the gross domestic product diminished in real terms by close to one
percent.

This decline was due essentially to unfavorable copper and cobalt prices which
dropped respectively by more than 15 percent and 46 percent, and by the fact
that cobalt exports were limited in volume.

Second, the current deficit of the foreign balance of payments is around 340
billion SDR [special drawing rights], despite the reduction in imports of goods
and services, as export receipts did not improve appreciably.

I£ we consider the balance of payments as a whole, the deficit amounts to 600
million SDR, taking into account the contractual repayment and interest charges
on our foreign debt, which is estimated to represent 39 percent of export fore-
casts for 1983 and 1984.

The total outstanding payment on our foreign debt represents 875 million SDR,
i.e. the equivalent of close to 8 months of export receipts expected in 1983.

105



and as a veteran politician should know that any constitution should also
cover the economical, educational and social aspirations of all people. "Mr
Martin's view that Indians are frightened of Chief Gatsha Buthelezi is non-
sensical and borders on the ridiculous. Right-thinking Indians see the new
constitution as the raping of democracy," said Mr Cassim. He said that the
new constitution was a National Party blueprint to entrench apartheid. He
then disclosed, that while his party was in the minority in the Indian Coun-
cil, a number of independent members shared their views and would reject
participation in the new dispensation. Mr Cassim said that even if the Indian
community voted in favour of the new constitution, his party would not take
part. [Text] [Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 21 Oct 83 p 7]

CORMORAN SHIP REPAIRS--SANDOCK Austral's ship repair department recently com-
pleted a R300 000 repair job on the Comores government's general cargo ship,
Choungui. The ship, which represents the first maritime service between the
Islamic Republic of the Comores and South Africa, was badly damaged in a cy-
clone in the Comores earlier this year. Repairs included the replacement of
15 tons of steel, a renewed propeller shaft and steering gear, the overhaul-
ing of the main engines and generators and, in particular, the repair of the
ship's fridge cargo hold no 1. Other repairs were made to the ship's cargo
gear hydraulic system. The ship's derricks and cargo blocks were renewed to
meet Bureau Veritas requirements. The Choungui is now berthed at Maydon Wharf
6. [Richard Compton] [Excerpt] [Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 13 Oct 83
Pp 27)

JAPANESE TRAIN SET--The Safmarine chartered vessel Acacia will arrive in Dur-
ban tomorrow carrying a new generation high-speed Japanese train set, includ-
ing a locomotive. The offloading of the set, which is loaded on the deck and
not in containers, will commence on Sunday morning. A second new generation
high-speed train set is to arrive early next year from West Germany. The two
train sets are to be tested and evaluated on the South African system over a
period of sit months. They will increase passenger capacity by 15 percent.
The Japanese set will be delivered by Dorbyl Ltd to SATS in Johannesburg.
[Excerpt] [Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 13 Oct 83 p 27]

REEFER SHIPS PURCHASED--Safmarine has paid R22-million for two reefer ships,
Atlantic and Pacific Universal, for the South African fruit trade. They have
both been built in Japan and will be delivered at the end of January. These
refrigerated cargo ships have been designed around a palatised unit and will
run out of Durban during the citrus season and out of Cape Town during the
deciduous season. The ships will be managed by Universal Reefers. [Excerpt]
[Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 13 Oct 83 p 27]

MISSILE SITE PROTEST--THE Habitat Council has once again urged that the suit-
ability of the De Hoop site should be weighed up against alternative sites
before a final decision is made a to where Armscor should test its weapons.
In a report printed in the latest newsletter of the Stellenbosch-based Society
for the Protection of the Environment (SPE), the council says a military pres-
ence in the area will affect every aspect of the environment. Objection to
the takeover of the area is reiterated in another article printed in the same

90



new jobs are being created as a
direct result of simple econom-
ic growth measurements:

@ Between 1972 and 1977, real
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

— the popular. gauge of eco--

nomic growth — increased by
15,6 percent and the number of
-job opportunities available in-
creased by 16,2’ percent.

@ Between 1977 and 1982, in an
identical five-year period,
while GDP rose by 20,2 per-
cent, only 7,3 percent more
jobs were created.

The swing from labour to
capital intensity was under-
lined by trends in the cost of
the capital stock needed to
back each employee on the
payroll .

-In the transport and commu-
nications sectors, the average
cost of creating one employ-
ment opportunity rocketed be-
tween 1970 and 1980 from
R22 400 to R32 800.

In manufacturing firms, the
cost climbed from R5 100 to
R8 400.

Calculating an average for.
all the main sectors — from
modern agriculture to mining
— the BER found that the cost

cso: 3400/200

SECTORAL EMPLOYMENT
Number of Workers Employed -
September. . March
Sector . 1981 1983 Change
“] Mining 724 604 672 891 51713
2] Manufacturing 1 484 500 _ 1899800. -—84 700
‘| Electricity 50 100 ‘59.600 | -+9 500
Construction 443 400 424 600 —18 800
Commerce 775 873° 770 204 —5 669
SA Transport Services 271395 © 250 317 =21078
Post Office 78197 - » 89 666 +11 469
4 Finance 135 329 146619 ©. +11290
‘J Government — all levels : ~ 985 333 980726. ~4607

of every single new job had
jumped from R9 000 to R14 000.

And the trend was accelerat-
ing — spurred on because la-
bour was becoming more ex-
pensive as real wages rose fas-
ter than productivity while the
cost of capital was held at an
artificially low level by a vari-
ety of fiscal measures to en-
courage capital formation.

The BER study concludes:

@ Fiscal incentives to encour-
age the substitution of capital
for labour should be phased
out.

@ Wages should incredse at a
rate fixed to productivity per-
formance.

The researchers found that,
while it was safely assumed
that unemployment among
white workers was negligible
even in the recession, the regis-
tered number of unemployed
workers of races other than
white vastly understated the
problem.

It should be accepted, the
study states, that the true posi-
tion is worse than that re-
vealed in figures taken from
the current population census
showing black unemployment
at 470000 at the last count six
months ago.

58

Distortions, were also shown
in the structure of education
programmes so far:

@ Sixty percent of manufactur-
ers covered in a mid-year sur-
vey indicated that a’ shortage
of skilled labour was causing
bottlenecks.

@At the identical moment, 50
percent of the Coloured and
more than 60 percent of the
black workers out of jobs had,
at best, reached an education
level of standard 5.

“The dimensions of the un-
employment .problem are
larger than sometimes reck-
oned,” said Mr Laubscher. “It
needs a monumental national
programme to set us on the
right track to find.the cures.

“We need to start with curb-
ing the population explosion,
understanding it is a highly
sensitive issue that needs diplo-
matic handling. And go all the
way to a really active encour-
agement of the informal sector
— the sort of small business
ventures that start up in back-
yards but which, nevertheless,
find many jobs. At the moment
‘they are becoming ensnared
and, sometimes, closed by an
entanglement of useless red
tape.” ..



the iron fist than the velvet glove. The de-
tention of more than a thousand people
in Ciskei in the last months, and the ban-
ning of SAAWU, the trade union with
mass membership from workers in East
London factories, who commute from Cis-
kei daily. +

- However, while the Nats can close the
doors of Parliament to black South Afri-
cans, exclude them from decision-making
and devise increasing mechanisms to
control their lives, they cannot prevent
black South Africans from uniting as a
“major political force. .

Time and time again, the majority of
South Africans have shown through their
united actions that they can change the
course of South Africa’s history.

Their actions have political effects that
the Nats cannot obscure through parlia-
mentary debate or through constitutional
sleight of hand. It is thus a narrow view
that understands politics purely in terms
of parliamentary politics, and sees
change as necessarily coming ‘from this
arena. The driving force for change in
South Africa is not coming from within
Parliament, but from outside of it — from
those excluded from this forum, who re-
ject its legitimacy and its right to impose
pass laws, resettlement and detentions on
the people of South Africa. ~ .

Rejecting the legitimacy of the current
Parliament does not, however, mean an
acceptance of violence as the only other
solution. The growth and development of
‘a broad, non-racial democratic movement
in South Africa over the past years has
shown this. The launching of the United
Democratic Front with more than 400 or-
ganizations committed to these princi-
ples, and to fighting the ‘state’s ‘reform”
initiatives, bears testimony to this highly
significant political development in
South African history. “

The organizations making up the UDF
have emerged primarily since 1976 and
are a response to the way in which apart-
heid and the exploitation that goes with
it, reaches into all aspects of life in South
Africa. All over the country, people have
come togethér in organization to share
their resources, combine their strength,
and tackle the problems of unequal edu-
cation, low wages, poor housing condi-
tions, resettlement, the division of fam-
ilies and all the factors making life in
South Africa a burden for so many. Unit-
ed, these organizations form the real
movement in South Africa. It is with this
movement that Nusas allies itself.

54



ANGOLA

BRIEFS

SPANISH CREDIT--The Spanish government has granted Angola a line of credit
worth about $100 million,it was learned yesterday in Madrid from ANOP (Portu-
guese News Agency). The credit, requested by Angola last March, during the visit
to Spain by Angolan Foreign Trade Minister Ismael Martins, will be used for the
purchase of food products and capital goods as well as to support Spanish
enterprises in their cooperation in Angola, mainly in the fishing industry
sector. The same source pointed out that the credit had already been author-
ized by the Foreign Bank of Spain. Its implementation will, within the next
several days, be the subject of negotiations in Madrid between representatives
of both countries. [Text] [Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 27 Sep 83

p 1] 5058

ENCODIPA SITUATION--CABINDA--In spite of the lack of transportation equipment,
which as a matter of fact was the main problem for the proper operation of
ENCODIPA [National Company for Marketing and Distribution of Agricultural
Products], in the township of Belize, this enterprise purchased 65,961 kilo-
grams of miscellaneous products from individual peasants during the first
quarter of 1983, it was learned at ANGOP JAngolan Press Agency] from city
manager Lourenco Casimiro, The products purchased include especially coffee,
bananas, cassava, potatoes, manioc paste, and peanuts worth 1,802,770 kwanzas.
In that township, the enterprise currently has only 66 workers distributed
over eight stores in the three commercial zones in the township of Belize,

he added. Lourenco once again deplored the lack of transportation equipment
suitable for the shipment of the products grown by the peasants~-a fact which
has caused a rise in the rate of spending on freight costs by ENCODIPA. [Text]
[Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 7 Oct 83 p 3] 5058

ROBERTO DE ALMEIDA IN MOSCOW--Comrade Roberto de Almeida, alternate member,
Political Bureau, and secretary of the Central Committee of the MPLA-Labor
Party for the ideological sphere, on Monday met in Moscow with Boris Ponomarev,
alternate member, Political Bureau, and secretary of the Central Committee of
the CPSU. According to a report released in Moscow. on the meeting, the Soviet
Union at that time restated its solidarity with the Angolan people which is
struggling against the aggression of racist South Africa, supported by the
imperialist forces, especially the United States. The report stressed the fact
that relations between the CPSU and the MPLA-Labor Party were also analyzed
during the meeting; these relations are developing successfully, the text re-
leased in the Soviet capital added. [Text] [Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portu-
guese 5 Oct 83 p1] 5058

16



what is called the West differ radically in many respects from its own-~although
South Africa states with monotonous regularity that it is part of that Western
family of nations. The standpoints maintained in London are also those of
Washington and Bonn, Paris and Rome. And those standpoints put self-interest first.
Just as South Africa is pursuing certain policies out of self-interest without con-
sidering their results for the rest of the world.

To illustrate the above: Western diplomats with whom DIE VADERLAND has had dis-
cussions recently all are concerned about what is euphemistically called "destabil-
ization." This means the providing of arms, ammunition and training to guerrilla

groups in Mozambique or Angola.

The counter argument is that this is done--if it is indeed being done--as a counter-
measure to the housing of ANC members who stealthily enter the Republic to commit
sabotage. And in the case of Angola, it is pointed out that SWAPO has all its
bases in that country.

Western countries, including the United States, argue that this will only drive
countries such as Angola and Mozambique further into the arms of communism. That

reasoning is based on the following:

=-Someone like President Samora Machell is still maintaining a large degree of
independence in foreign policy. But increasing guerrilla activities against his
government will force him to accept more and more communist help.

~-It is being argued that the success of Jonas Savimbi's UNITA [National Union for
the Total Independence of Angola] actions:: is also driving Angola further into the
arms of the Kremlin.

The following is also regularly brought up:

Even if the new constitution goes into effect, that means that barely 30 percent of
the population will govern the blacks who represent 70 percent of South Africa.

Thus the (perhaps) oversimplified view abroad is that South Africa is primarily
a black country which is governed by a small minority, and that the communists like
to usurp such situations to their own advantage.

Diplomats will tell you that the script for the future will consist of increasing
sabotage, supported by the Soviet Union, with the ultimate goal of putting a black
government in power in Pretoria which is sympathetic toward Moscow.

Then why not rather support that minority and take care that that doesn't happen?
one might ask.

Diplomats argue that this would cause the West to lose influence in countries which
so far have been favorable to the West.

The fact is that this would be catastrophic for Washington or Paris in the Third
World where there is tough competition for influence. The West then could be ac-
cused of helping to keep a government in power which suppresses the majority.

45



These sorts of actions point to a desperate presentment, on the part of the
Progressive Federal Party and the black leaders, that the whites are going
to choose the road of reasonability...something which will be creating
difficulties for all those who would turn the country around and transform
it into a "non-racial" unitary state in which color plays no role, but only
numbers do so.

7964
cso: 3401/12

49



POLICE STAFF SHORTAGE OVERCOME; FULL STRENGTH REACHED

Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 21 Oct 83 p 4

[Text]

cso:

3400/201

CAPE TOWN: The South
African Police has al-
most caught up with a
staff shortage of more
than 6000 people in the
last year, the Minister of
Law and Order, Mr
Louis le Grange, said
today.

Speaking at the open-
ing of the new multi-
million rand police sta-
tion at Mitchell’s Plain
in the Cape, Mr le
Grange said there were
now no further vacan-
cies in the SAP. ©

“Young people are ap-
plying in large num-
bers,” he said.

“As a result of the sal-
ary structure and other
benefits we have now
reached a position
where our strength allo-.
cation is almost full.”

In future anyone who
applied to join the police
would be required to
have a matric qualifica-
tion.

He said the salaries of
Coloured, Indian and
white policemen were
now almost equal up to
the rank of major. From
the rank of lietitenant-
colonel upwards there

78

was now absolute pari-
ty.

Since 1979 the salaries
of Coloured and Indian
policemen with matric
had beén increased by
between 78 and 118 per-
cent. This did not in-
clude the 12 percent in-
crease announced re-
cently which would
come into effect in Jan-
uary.

He announced the
first promotion of Col-
oured and Indian police-
men to the rank of full
colonel.

From November 1
Lieutenant-Colone! W.E.
Carstens, station com-
mander at Paarl East,
and Lieutenant-Colonel
M. Chetty, the officer
commanding the train-
ing college for Indian
policemen in Durban,
would become full colo-
nels.

Mr le Grange said the
facilities at the Bishop
Lavis training centre for
Coloured policemen had
been expanded to pro-
vide for the training of
300 policemen at one
time. Previously the
centre could serve 198
trainees.

SOUTH AFRICA



all levels in the association and scholarship grants for trainees at the com-
panies’ headquarters and at the French Petroleum Institute.

To give an example, Elf recently began an 18-month training course for techni-
cians at Soyo.

I can also mention the activities of petroleum-related companies already estab-
lished in Angola, such as UIE and CECA. .

I am convinced that this system of individuals working side by side over a period
of years is the realistic way to transfer technology.

Turning specifically to the Technology Days, the fact that the conferees coming
from France will be high-level technicians amd that the Angolan participants will
have been chosen from among the skilled engineers and technicians gives an idea
of this technical cooperation, since I hope the conferences will permit a fruit-
ful dialogue among the specialists.

Large Scale Project in Progress

[question] We would like to take this opportunity to ask about the major French
investments and projects in Angola's oil sector. How does France see the future
of this type of cooperation?

(answer] The question is relevant.

As you know, the two major French oil companies are here in Angola. In chrono-
logical order, they are CFP TOTAL and Elf Aquitaine.

The petroleum groups associated with them have invested considerable sums in
prospecting operations; I could mention Elf's operations (in Offshore blocks
3 and 10) at a cost of $200 million.

TOTAL is investing $100 million (in Offshore blocks 6 and 20), so the two com-
panies are spending a total of $300 million.

In this regard, I would like to note that the French financing authorities have
always reacted favorably to requests for loan guarantees for these operations.

Regarding the future, I can note that the ELf and TOTAL development projects,
within the framework of the fruitful dialogue which they maintain with the
National Petroleum Association and the Petroleum Ministry, should lead to invest-

ments of several hundred million dollars.

In the petroleum-related sector, the most advanced project (it should soon be
submitted for consideration by the Council of Ministers) is the creation of
PETROMAR, a joint association of Bouygues Offshore, Spie Capag and SONANGOL.
The project calls for the establishment of an installation in Ambriz for con-
struction of offshore oil platforms. It will also provide technical assistance
to companies for the installation of the platforms and will manufacture and
install sealines and pipelines.

The investment is estimated at about $18 million.

The project naturally does not ignore the professional training of Angolan per-
sonnel at all levels (1.5 percent of earnings will be spent on this training).

Another 0.5 percent of the earnings will. be reserved for economic and cultural
development and sanitation in the ‘Ambriz region. The installation will have a
considerable effects in the most diverse areas, such as automobile maintenance
and repair, surfacing and painting, electricity, water treatment, local trans-
portation, agriculture, fishing, construction, local trade and services.

11



SOUTH AFRICA

STUDENT LEADER SPEAKS OUT AGAINST NEW CONSTITUTION

Cape Town THE CAPE TIMES in English 22 Oct 83 p 6

[Article by Kate Philip NUSAS President]

[Text]

THE argument that the new constitution
is a “step in the right direction” places
an unfounded amount of trust in the
historically ungrounded notion of the
good intentions of the National Party.
Furthermore, this argument is based en-
tirely on the fact that coloureds and Indi-
ans will be included in the new struc-
tures and on no other aspect of the new.
system. It completely ignores the non-
negotiable terms on which coloureds and
Indians are invited to participate:

@Not only are Africans entirely ex-
cluded, but the new constitution is pre-
mised on their permanent exclusion and
on the irreversibility of the Bantustan
system.

.@ The cornerstones of -apartheid are
‘built in and are necessary for the func-
tioning of the new system — i.e. the
Group Areas Act, Population Registra-
tion, Influx Control and Pass Laws. _

@ Under the guise of “power-sharing”,
the new constitution strengthens white
domination by maintaining ethnic divi-
sion. The key decision-making bodies are
divided on the basis of four whites: two
coloureds: one Indian, so that white con-
trol is ensured.

@ The way is open for one-party domi-
nation and effective dictatorship by the
State President, who will come from the
ruling white party.

@Even at the level of parliamentary
opposition, the new constitution consti-
tutes a marked regression. Real decision
making wil] be removed from the Parlia-
ments to the higher echelons of the gov-
ernment hierarchy, where posts are
largely by &4ppointment of the executive
president.

Implicit in the “step in the right direc-
tion” argument is the notion that in the
long term, urban Africans and maybe
even the African majority, will be includ-
ed in the structures of government. But
this entirely misses the point of the new

53

system — one of the rationales for trying
to draw coloureds and Indians in on some
levels of government, for trying to give
coloureds and Indians some sense of hav-
ing a stake in the system, is in order to
strengthen the laager against the “threat”
of black majority rule, and to wreck the
growing unity between all of those at pre-
sent suffering under apartheid laws.

At the same time as the new constitu-
tion has been stealing the limelight, a
range of measures have been introduced
which make clear the state’s intentions to
tighten up the effectiveness of all the
mechanisms designed-to-strictly contto)
the African population, to ensure that the
bantustans continue to provide a cheap
labour supply for Soiith ‘ica and to en-
sure the pefmanent political exclusion of
the African majority. .

. The key features of this strategy are:

*® The tightening up and strict enforce-
meit of influx control,-ineluding the
threatened introduction of R5 000 fines
for employing an African worker without
“a pass;

@ The demolition of squatter camps, re-
gardless of the housing backlog and the
fact that. many squatters have “urban
rights”. Three thousand shacks were de-
stroyed in Crossroads in one week;

@ The stepping up of resettlement, for-
cibly removing whole communities
against their will to within the bound-
aries of the barren bantustans;

@The granting of “independence” to
still more pockets of wasteland, to be run
‘by petty despots sanctioned by Pretoria.
Kwandebele is next on the list;

@The high level of repression in the
African areas, e.g. the shooting of Saul
Mkhize, community leader; the violence
in Lamontville, the state of emergency
vand curfews in the Eastern Cape;

@The increasing extent to which the
bantustans are playing a complementary
role of political control, using South Afri-
ca’s methods, but with more emphasis on



Altech Stresses Research, Computerized Systems, Fiber Optics
(Peter Farley; THE STAR, 27 Oct 83) .......-eeeee ee eetane

Briefs
Coal Sales Up
Victory for NUM
Bomb Blast Responsibility
Deciduous Fruit Earnings
INFOGOLD Gets R3M IBM
Stake in High-Tech
Insurgency Exercises
Regiment Gets Training Wing
SAIC 'New Deal' Duty
Indian Political Split
Cormoran Ship Repairs
Japanese Train Set
Reefer Ships Purchased
Missile Site Protest

TANZANIA

ZAIRE

Zanzibaris Counsel Reflection Before Further Unification
(Mohamed Mlamali Adam, Ahmed Rajab; AFRICA NOW,
No 30, Oct 83) cecceecesssececscereeeeeeeee eee e eee e eens

Details of Campaign Against Unemployment Noted
(Weekly Review, 28 Oct 83) ...-.sseeeeeeeeee een ececccceee

Details of New Agricultural Policy Paper Given
(William Pike; AFRICA NOW, No 30, Oct 83) ...+.eseeeeeees

Proposed 1984 Budget Examined
(ELIMA, various dates) ...

Draft Submitted to Legislative Council
Support for Budget, by Monsa Iyaka Duku

Text of First State Commissioner's Budget Speech
(ELIMA, various dates) .........+- pocccscees eeeeeee occeee

Interview With SNCZ Belgian Director, Zairian Deputy
(Christian Taverniers; L'EVENEMENT, No 138, Oct 83) .....

Efforts Made To Achieve Self-Sufficiency in Sugar Production
(Monsa Iyaka Duku; ELIMA, 7 Oct 83) ....+..+.+s- rere a

Youth's Role in National Development Outlined
(ELIMA, 16 Oct 83) .......e65 sen eeees eee eeeee se aeeee eoeee

Briefs
Youth Delegation to Romania

-d-

92

96

98

100

104

119

125

126

129



SOUTH AFRICA

VIOLENCE AT UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND DEPLORED

Johannesburg SOWETAN in English 1 Nov 83 p 4

[Editorial:

[Text]

"Tragic Situation]

THE SITUATION at the University
of Zululand yesterday was chaotic
and made worse by the number of
panic-stricken parents who wished
to know the fate of their children.
Reports from the university were
frightening, and those children who
eventually phoned through to their

‘parents said the place was deserted.
The students also said that the’

authorities, and in particular the
rector of the university, was not on
campus.

We believe it is important that
Chief Gatsha Buthelezi brings the
situation back to normal, not by ad-
dressing the students as it is re-
ported he intends to do, but by hay-
ing an independent inquiry urgently
set up. Those parents who were in-
formed by their children that Chief.
Buthelezi may address them on
Wednesday, say they believed this
would be like fuelling an already ex-
plosive situation with oil.

Parents must demand.an immedi-
ate and impartial inquiry into the
situation at Ngoye. The brutal truth
is that too many people in high
places in Natal are under the direct
or indirect sway of Inkatha. Many
of them would, it seems, be con-

-trolled either by their loyalty to the

organisation, or through fear. .

.It seemis to us that it had to take a
‘tragic situation such as this to show
the formidable hold Inkatha has on

70

people in Zululand. So the call for
‘an inquiry should be specific in de-
mand for neutral arbitrators from
outside the area. Otherwise the sit:
uation will. never revert to normal.
In the meantime what does ‘this
mean to the future of the university
itself? -

History shows that the beginning
of tyranny is the direct and indirect
influence that political organisations
have on the running of universities.

. We are afraid this is the kind of pic-
ture that is being painted about most
so-called homeland universities —
so-nething that bodes ill for the fu-
ture of this country. :

The situation at Ngoye is both
‘abominable and chaotic. We do not
have words strong enough to express
our abhorrence at the deaths of stu-
dents, some of them far from their
homes. The fact that the university
has the responsibility of those stu-
dents as its first priority seems to
escape the authorities. Finally Zulu-
land itself will be held accountable
for the future of these students.

Difficult as it would seem for po-
lice ‘to work effectively where they
also seem to side with Inkatha, we
are afraid parents should think of
other ways of solving the problem.
What comes immediately to mind as
an option would be for parents to
remove their children from Ngoye
but that is not solving the problem.



TWO CONVICTED COUP PLOTTERS LOSE HIGH COURT APPEAL

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 38 Oct 83 pp 6-7

[Text]

cso:

‘THE third .ranking official of .the
intended government of ex-Snr. Pte.
Hezekiah Ochuka, fugitive leader of the
last year’s August | attempted coup
against the Kenya government, ex-Sgt

Joseph Ogidi Obuon, and one of the”

commanders of the take-over
operations, ex-Cpl. James, Odemba
Otieno, have lost their appeals against
death sentences in the High Court. A
panel ‘of two High Court judges, Mr.
Justice Emmanuel O’Kubasu and Mr.

Justice S.J. Todd, found this week that,

the grounds of appeal of the two ex-
airmen were invalid, and the appeals
court upheld death sentences imposed
by courts martial last year. ~

In his appeal argument, defence
counsel Mr. Nicholas Raballah
submitted that Otieno’s conyiction
was based on accomplice evidence and
therefore must be quashed. Raballah
further argued that the offence
disclosed by the evidence did not merita
treason charge. Todd and O’Kubasu,
however, after considering the case put
forward by the military prosecution, led
by Major J.C. Mbewa, found that the
accused: was properly charged and
sentenced. According to the
prosecution, Otieno took at gunpoint
armoury keys from the duty officer at
GADU Embakasi and later shot at
armoury locks at the Eastleigh airbase,
thereafter ordering airmen to take arms
in furtherance of the coup attempt.
Odemba also drove in an open
‘Landrover to various parts of Nairobi on
August 1 wearing the rank of captain.

Mr. George Oraro, defending
Obuon, said that the court martial had
erred in convicting his client of treason
and that the accused should have been
charged with a lesser offence, adding
that the judge advocate had misadvised

the military court’ on the “appelfant’s

case and calling for the death sentence
to be quashed. The High Court,
however, found no grounds for the

3400/198

25

appeal and dismissed it. Obuon was
arrested on August 1, in Nairobi city by
army personnel, and badges of a senior
officer were found in his trouser
pockets. He was armed and being
driven by a civilian to town, on his way
to rescue Ochuka, whose vehicle had
been disabled by loyal forces. Obuon,
popularly known as ‘Hilton’ due to his
height, was named as the man who
coordinated recruitment to the coup’
group of servicemen at Nanyuki airbase
and in other units. He had also been
involved in designing an oathing system
for the conspirators.

The, appeals of other servicemen
sentenced to death by courts martial last
year continue to be heard. These include
those of ex-Cpl. Fenwicks Odera, ex-
Cpl. Mirasi Odawa, ex-Snr.. Pte.
Edward Adell, ex-Lt. Onyango, ex-Cpl.
Oriwa Hongo, ex-Cpl. Odira Ojode, ex-
Cpl. Injeni Njereman and ex-Snr. Pte.
Madara Wango.

Also scheduled for hearing in the
High Court is the appeal of the jailed ex-
Major General Peter Mwagiru Kariuki,
former commander of the disbanded
Kenya Air Force, who was found guilty
on two counts of failing to suppress a
mutiny contrary to Section 26(A) of the
Armed Forces Act and sentenced to
serve four years’ imprisonment on éach
count, sentences to run concurrently.
Kariuki is represented by’ Nairobi

lawyer Mr. Paul Muite; the appeal

argues that the sentence imposed was
harsh and the evidence insufficient for
the conviction imposed by the court
martial. The attorney-general, Justice
Mathew Muli, seems to think
otherwise, however, for this week Muli
issued-a notice saying that the state
intends to apply for an increase in the
four-vear ‘sentence. Muite plans to
challenge that application. on the
rounds that the High Court does not
ave jurisdiction to entertain such an
application. ry



WRAB POLICE DESTROY SHACKS IN BEKKERSDAL

Johannesburg SOWETAN in English 27 Oct 83 p 1

[Article by Sello Rabothata]

[Text]

cso:

MORE than 200 shacks
were demolished and an
undisclosed number of
shack-dwellers arrested
in a dawn swoop con-
ducted by West Rand Ad-
ministration Board
(Wrab) policeman, : -as-
sisted by camouflaged po-
lice in Bekkersdal yester-
day..- i
The: ‘demolition ‘of the
-shacks, which was the biggest
of its kind carried out by Wrab
in a single day, brought anger
and panic to local residents as
-armed policemen escorted the
bulldozer on its path of de-
“struction.. The whole opera-
tion, - according 49. witnesses,
qwas started 2s early: as2 am.
*., At about 9.30:am the whole
shack village, known to locals as
Dindela, looked as if a hurricane
had gone through it. Corrugated
iron, poles, clothes, furniture and
assorted belongings were’ strewn
across the area. Hundreds of Idcal
residents were also gathered in
the area, some helping to gather
furniture and other belongings for
safe-keeping. -
Residents said some of the ar-
rested shack-dwellers had lost be-
longings to thieves. Television

3400/200

68

sets, portable radios and other

items were said to have been sto-
len in the dawn confusion. Others
said they picked up bank books
and identification documents be-
longing to the shack-dwellers.

Those whohad been to the policé*

station to inquire about their rel-
atives said they were told to pay
R90 for their release.

While residents were gathered
around the Dindela shack village,
a “do-it-yourself” type of demoli-
tion was taking place in another
section where shack-dwellers
were told to get rid of their struc-
tures before the bulldozer did it
for them. The shack-dwellers said

*Wrab police told them through

loud-hailers to demolish the
shacks while a bulldozer was on
standby to “help” those who Te-
sisted.

The’ SOWETAN could yester-
day not get a comment from
‘Wrab. The director of housing for
Wrab, Mr Steve Burger, was said
to be in a meeting. His secretary
told_us to hold on and after a
while told us to contact Mr Louis
Mouton, the chief executive offi-
cer for Kagiso~and Bekkersdal.
Mr Mouton said he fet no com-
ment on the matter.

Mr Daniel’ Sedumedi “a mem-
ber of the local community coun-
cil, yesterday said the council
would hold a ‘special meeting at
the administration offices today.

SOUTH AFRICA



SOUTH AFRICA

BER FORESEES NO IMMINENT CHANGE IN ECONOMIC FORTUNES

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 27 Oct 83 p 19M

[Article by Trevor Walker]

[Text]

A decided change in this country’s eco-
nomic fortunes is not imminent. “Sur-
vival will still be the key word for the
private sector for at least nine
months.”

This view is expressed by the author-
itative Bureau for Economic Research
at the University of Stellenbosch in its
Prospects for 1984 disclosed today.

The bureau makes a number of star-
tling predictions, not the least being
that the rand will have strengthened
to 1,02c US by the end of 1984.

Other predicitions include:

A 10 percent surcharge on personal
and company tax.

An average inflation rate of 10,1.

A prime rate of 15 percent at the end
of 1984.

The 90-day acceptance tate at 12,25
percent at year-end.

M-2 increase in excess of 15 percent.

A current account surplus of
R1,6 billion for 1983.

A visible trade balance of
R6,3 billion in 1984.

A qualified increase in the GDP
growth rate of 4,9 percent in 1984.

‘An increase in goverriment spending
of 18 percent next year.

An increase in government revenue
of only 10 percent in 1984 on present
tax. .

An overall increase in domestic
credit expansion of 8,5 percent:

The bureau says that given the lack
of a proper export base, and the high
inflation rate, it would seem as if the
authorities have little option but to re-
tain a broadly restrictive stance for at
least the next six months or more.

Should the expected overseas recov-
ery by then start to spill over into a

61

higher demand for exports, and the
continuation of the present recession-
ary conditons in the domestic economy
have a futher dampening. effect on in-
flation, some change can be foreseen.
But initially it will be cautious and
marginal.

The 10 percent increase forecast in
government revenue, as opposed to the
18 percent increase in spending, will
leave the authorities with an uncom-
fortably high deficit before borrowing,
and will keep domestic interest rates
so high as to impede any revival in the
economy. - y

Although it can be assumed that the
authorities will try to borrow more
abroad ‘that in the present financial
year it would seem as if some increase
in taxation will be inevitable.

As it was at the end of 1982, the auth-
orities will be faced with the choice of
having to intervene in the foreign ex-
change market, keeping the rand some-
what lower to protect the non-gold ex-
porters and to build up net reseves.

‘The bureau says it believes that this
might be the case until about the mid-
dle of 1984. :

At that time the demand for mer-
chandise exports will start to rise
sharply and net reserves will be in a
much healthier shape.

Therefore a build-up of domestic li-
quidity and declining interest rates, the
bureau believes, will be countered
through open-market transactions and
discount policy.

Furthermore, it says, the demand for
funds from the public sector will be
such that the decline in interest rates
will be relatively modest in compari-
son with previous cycles, and will re-



GDR MINES, GEOLOGY VISIT--Fritz Teller, GDR vice minister of geology and mining,
arrived yesterday in Luanda, leading a delegation which will take part in the
proceedings of the sixth session of the Angolan-GDR joint commission's sub-
committee for industry, geology and mining. The GDR leader was welcomed at the
4 February Airport by Minister of Industry Bento Ribeiro and the GDR ambassador
to Angola [RPA]. On that occasion, Teller said he was very happy to be in the
RPA and to contribute to positive cooperation between the two countries. The
GDR delegation includes the directo of the Ministry of Geology, the Ministry
for Construction of Machine Tools and Processing Machinery, the Ministry for
Construction of Heavy Machinery and the export sector for cement industry
equipment. [Text] [Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 13 Oct 83 p 2] 6362

CSOs 3442/26

18



Obviously, the ideal thing would be this real concertation in the Front, where
it would have been possible, for example, to discuss the problem of the elec-
tion of the members of the Permanent Bureau, not in terms of the seats obtained,
but based on the number of voters from each party. This would contribute to
better cohesiveness within the ANP, cohesiveness that is the very guarantee of
greater effectiveness. However, who should take the first step? The majority,
confident and with the strength of its superior numbers, or the minorities,
rich in individuality, naturally, but still minorities? Naturally, the latter
may have thought that in the future, they would be at the mercy of the majority
in adhering to this type of "compromise." They also perhaps want, for that
same future, to remain at a distance from decisions that might be made by

the majority, especially those for which they do not want to pledge their
responsibility as parties represented in the ANP.

Permanent Bureau

A total of 124 deputies therefore took part in the elections. The Permanent
Bureau of the ANP is elected every year at the time of the first regular annual
session, in keeping with Article 18 of the Constitution. According to Article
No 86 of Ordinance 77-018 of 24 May 1977, it is made up of a president, five
vice presidents and two treasurers. Voting may be secret or by raised hands,
depending on the provisions made.

Michel Andrianarahinjaka was the only candidate for the presidency. His elec-
tion was by a vote of hands and the results of the voting did not vary (always
123 out of 124). The vice presidents elected are:

Zakariasy Albert, AREMA, from the village of Anosibe an' Ala (faritany [higher
administrative unit] of Toamasina); Randriamanohisoa Ranaivo Nelson, AREMA,
from the fivondronana of Anjozorobe (faritany Antananarivo); Randriananja
Charles, AKFM, fivondronana Manjakandriana (faritany Antananarivo); Kapoma
Michel, AREMA, fivondronana Bealanana (faritany Mahajanga); and Amido, AREMA,
fivondronana Ambilobe (faritany Antsiranana). Treasurers are Mata Arthur,
AREMA, from Vangaindrano (faritany Fianarantsoa); and Razanaparany Zafinandro,
AREMA, from fivondronana Taolagnaro (faritany Toliary).

Before moving on to the elections of session (non-permanent) secretaries,
President Michel Andrianarahinjaka thanked the presiding officer and. deputy
presiding officer who directed the session. He also thanked the voters and
parties that presented and supported candidates. He then guaranteed that

the officers elected and he personally would do the utmost to carry out their
duties, never do anything discriminatory and try to maintain good relations
with other institutions.

11, 464
cso: 3419/79

35



SOUTH AFRICA

GOLD, DROUGHT, SALARIES PLAGUE ECONOMY
Bloemfontein DIE VOLKSBLAD in Afrikaans 3 Oct 83 p 12
[Editorial: "Too Dependent"]

[Text] This week gold, the big earner of foreign currency, suddenly became
the object of great concern in South Africa's economy. There is no doubt
that the drastic slump in the value of the yellow metal came at a very
inopportune time.

The reason for this is that it is putting a strain on the treasury at a time
when the large scale unforeseen outlay for drought relief has reached so high
a level as to cause concern. There are now no signs that the drought's grip
will soon be relaxed. To be sure the agricultural situation in the northern
sector of the republic is getting more critical everyday. Moreover, the

picture is even more somber if we bear in mind that the announced January

salary increases for civil servants will also have to come from the treasury.

This state of affairs is, to say the least, an irritant for the expected
economic recovery. If the recovery is delayed this can only mean that the
average South African will have to brace himself for a new series of painful
sacrifices.

All we can do is hope that the summer rains will come in time and be
sufficient to get agriculture going again, even though this would have to
be done with the input of an enormous amount of money.

In addition it is to be hoped that gold will once again demonstrate its
traditional strength by soon rebounding at a time when developments in the
precarious world economy are forcing it to drop in earnest.

Perhaps the panic selling, which burst like wildfire earlier this week,

will turn around just as quickly. But even then there is doubt as to whether
gold will again climb to new heights at anytime soon. Unlike previous
occasions the political complications of the recent past have had little
positive effect on the price of the metal.

Perhaps this latter tendency must lead us to consider building a permanent
protective wall ahead of time for coping against sudden slumps, for example,

°55



already settled following charges by
President Moi the previous month that
there was someone in Kenya being
groomed by foreign powers to take over
the presidency unconstitutionally.
When the matter came up for discussion
in parliament, several MPs took
exception to remarks by one of the
speakers at the prayer meeting, Mr.
Samuel Githegi, who in parables spoke
of “a limping sheep” which could not
lead other sheep to green pastures.
Many MPs interpreted the remarks to
be a reference to the president, though
both Githegi and Njonjo denied any
such reference. Njonjo told MPs that he
did not himself understand many of the
Kikuyu idioms and parables used in the
prayer meeting and that he was not
party to the convening of the meeting
which he said had been arranged several
‘months earjier during his absence from
the country. He was later to tell the
‘press that Githegi had had Njonjo in
mind as the limping sheep. As a
number of MPs in June pointed out,
and Njonjo seemed to agree at the time,
the prayer meeting had in fact been
turned into a political gathering. PCEA
leaders later condemned the local clergy
for allowing this to happen. The main
question a number of MPs wanted
answered was why Njonjo, then a senior
minister of the government, had not
done anything to stop the political
speeches which were being uttered in his
presence at a church meeting.

The fourth and fifth terms of
teference for the commission of inquiry
deal with foreign affairs. The
commission is asked to look into
allegations that Njonjo acted against
Kenya’s national interest and policy of

maintaining good. neighbourliness and.

of opposing the inhuman regime of

South Africa, and allegations * that,

Njonjo was party to a conspiracy to
overthrow the government of the
Seychelles in November, 1981.
Throughout the heated debate in
parliament in July which led to Njonjo’s
suspension as
constitutional affairs and subsequent

resignation from parliament, the:

general thrust of accusations was that
Njonjo had close links with South
Africa. Mr. Martin Shikuku, MP for
Butere and now assistant minister in the
office of the president, tabled
documents which alleged that Njonjo
owned a steel works in South Africa.
That particular allegation was
supported by Mr. Paul Ngei, now

minister for.

21

,armed . contingent

minister. for. lands, settlement and
physical planning, though the following

-week the allegation was shot down bya

South African -newspaper -which
claimed that the document Shikuku had
tabled in pasliament had in fact been a
clipping from a satirical and fictitious
article which. had -appeared in the
defunct magazine To The Point which
used to be financed by the South
African secret service. Shikuku’ had,
however, told parliament during the
debate in July that he had submitted
before parliament only a portion of the
documentary evidence he had regarding
his allegation that Njonjo had business
interests in South Africa and that the
former minister had been receiving:
funds from foreign sources for purposes
which could not.be deemed politically
proper. Presumably, Shikuku has made
this extra evidence available to the
commission investigators. Njonjo has,
of course, an image problem as far as
South Africa is concerned. He is the
only man as a cabinet minister in Kenya
who .ever publicly advocated a
dialogue with South Africa. He has
played host to a number of South
African dignitaries, including the heart
transplant surgeon, Dr. Christian
Barnard. But he has done some of these
things out in the open. It is not as if in
July Kenyan politicians suddenly
discovered that Njonjo did not quite
agree with the general view that the best
way of dealing with the apartheid
regime in South Africa was totally to
isolate it.

The allegations about Njonjo’s
involvement in the Seychelles invasion
of November, 1981, are not new. Soon
after the invasion, press reports had it
that the white mercenaries who had

‘unsuccessfully tried to invade. the

Seychelles had expected support from
Kenya. Captured mercenaries told
Seychelles authorities that part of their
plan was that as soon as _ they
successfully landed in the ‘islands, an
would fly from
Mombasa or Nairobi to secure the
islands until the former President James
Mancham (overthrown ‘by current
president. Albert Rene in a bloodless
coup in 1977) was restored to power. At
least one press report at the time
claimed that the contact man for the
mercenaries in Kenya was: Njonjo. The
Kenya government denied the claim in
an official statement, and later repeated
the denial when parliament tried to
debate the issue. The same denial was



C M Robbertze said yesterday. It has been impossible to determine the compo-
nents of the bomb, as all remnants of the bomb have dispersed, " Gen Robbertze
said. Commenting on the effect of the blast, he said: "It caused limited
damage and no injuries or deaths. Still, we consider any sabotage, however
unsuccessful, in a very serious light." Reports last night said windows of
houses near the railway line were broken and roofs were showered with rubble.
A spokesman for the South African Transport Services said one railway line had
been partly damaged. Two of the three lines which carry suburban traffic to
the West Rand and main line trains to Kimberley and Cape Town were re-opened
this morning. The explosion occurred four minutes before a passenger train to
Randfontein.travelled along the railway line. Gen Robbertze said yesterday
investigations were continuing into the cause of the blast. [Text] [Johannes-
burg THE CITIZEN in English 4 Nov 83 p 9]

DECIDUOUS FRUIT EARNINGS--MORE than a million tons of deciduous fruit was pro-
duced in South Africa during the 1981/82 season, the Minister of Agriculture,
Mr Greyling Wentzel, said yesterday. Speaking at a Farmers’ Day gathering at
Bien Donne near Stellenbosch, Mr Wentzel said total producer earnings during
that year amounted to almost R272-million and the industry earned some R514-
million in foreign exchange. Capital investment by deciduous fruit producers
at present amounted to between R600-million and R700-million. The Minister
added that the fact that South Africa was one of the few remaining net food
exporters in the world was due largely to its exports of deciduous fruit.
[Text] [Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 4 Nov 83 p 12]

INFOGOLD GETS R3M IBM--INFOGOLD, the information service of Anglo American's
gold and uranium division, is to take delivery of a R3,3m IBM 3083 computer in
December. The machine will be located in Welkom along with an IBM 3081 and an
IBM 3033. Mr Joe Wapenaar, the Infogold facilities manager, says: "We eval-
uated alternatives such as the Hitachi machine from Persetel, but it was felt
that support for conversion to the MVS/XA control would not be available be-
fore mid-1984 and IBM support would be essential during the conversion to XA."
Infogold is already suffering from constraints in core storage and in channel
tuning. With the installation of this machine, Infogold will have a three-
domain VTAM network servicing approximately 800 terminals through the OFS and
Transvaal. [Text] [Johannesburg RAND DAILY MAIL in English 28 Oct 83 p 20]

STAKE IN HIGH-TECH--High-tech in South Africa? Past experience tells us it
will be concentrated on the reef but this need not necessarily be so. East
London already has a big stake in high-tech with TEK Electronics, which hope-
fully will grow even bigger here and might even lead to spin-off factories or
ancillary industries. And is there within TEK an embryo genius just biding
his time to see a gap in the market and to exploit it with his own company.
Good luck to him. If he succeeds let us hope he succeeds in this neck of the
woods. [Excerpt] [East London DAILY DISPATCH in English 22 Oct 83 p 3]

INSURGENCY EXERCISES--Members of AFS Snake Valley, a Northern Transvaal Com-

mando unit and three South African Air Force helicopters have held joint
counter insurgency exercises on the grounds of AFS Snake Valley. A simulated

88



SOUTH AFRICA

_PROFESSOR URGES CHANGE IN GOVERNMENT APPROACH
Johannesburg RAPPORT in Afrikaans 9 Oct 83 p 20

[Commentary by Professor Robert Tusenius: "Strengthen the 'Yes' Vote With Such
a Statement!" ]

[Text] The government should as soon as possible announce a change in approach in
order to obtain the largest possible yes-vote on 2 November.

That should be done now instead of additional advertising, obtrusive debates on
TV or other Carlton conferences!

The fact is that the constitutional proposals, no matter how courageous that first
step may be, create large-scale confusion, division and polarization.

These are symptoms of three related diseases: wrong methodology, wrong priorities
and lost opportunities.

All three "diseases" will be explained briefly, not to give negative criticism but
in a frank attempt to be positively helpful.

--The current approach will sink us. The government has no clear objectives. Its
policy therefore is-ad hoc, inconsistent and unsystematic. It is also often op-
portunistic, superficial, ill-considered and contradictory. Ambiguous words and
concepts are gambled with, which are interpreted in one way by the right and in

another way by the left.

The whites on the right of the government say: "Yesterday's ‘no’ is today's 'yes.'
Thus what credibility does today have? The constitutional proposals of the govern-
ment are a first step, but the next step(s) are vague and are being avoided. Will
there be a black majority government? How can we still trust you?"

The blacks on the left of the government say: "You are playing with words: first
it was independent homelands, next a constellation [ot states|, and now a con-
federation. But it is all the same bottle. You're only changing the label! You
also speak of negotiating, but in fact you ignore our leaders and you merely force
unilateral decisions. How can we trust you?"

/The current approach of the government thus will have to change drastically; it
‘will sink us!/

42



CAPE NGK OPENS DOORS TO WORSHIPERS OF ALL RACES

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 1 Nov 83 p 4

[Article by Brian Stuart]

[Text]

cso:

‘Ned Geref Kerk in the
: Western Cape has formal-

ly opened its doors at all
services to people of all

Traces.
Apart from pockets of
resistance from congrega-

_tions in some northern

3400/200

areas and a few country
‘districts, many congrega-

-tions have been open for .

“he: past few: years: But:
yesterday, the welcome
was extended with the full
backing of the NGK
‘Western Cape Synod.

“We declare anew that
we are an’ open church,
both in regard to religious
services and in chi
membership,” the Synod
said in a pastoral letter
which is being distributed

soall congregations.

” Significantly, yesterday
was observed throughout
the Reformed Church
world as Reformation
Sunday.

The ymoderature of the
Western Cape NGK Syn-
od also asked congrega-
tions to observe it as a day

of prayer and humility on
the eve of Wednesday’s
referendum.

In an editorial in Die

83

Kertkbode; -pfficial organ
of the NGK, the Rev
Tappies Moller, moder-
ator of the Western Cape
Synod, said that, in ob-
serving Sunday as a day of
prayer for the referen-
dum, the NGK did not
prescribe how people

should vote. But the

NGK had laid down cer-
tain principles among
them:

@ The Christian must
continue to strive for his
political thoughts and ac-

tions to be directed at jus-
tice.

The instruction to
Jove your neighbour is the
decisive norm in the exer-
cise of all social justice.

This command to love

your neighbour must al-
ways be implemented in
concrete form in every

specific political, econom-

.icand social situation.

The formal opening of
NGK church doors to all
on Sunday « apparently
brought no problems and,
in some churches, re-
sulted in increased .at-
tendance by Coloured
Christians. This however,
could have been part of

Reforma-
fea Sunday attendance.

SOUTH AFRICA



Labour demand - at last an upswing.

[+25

BOOM

+20 : LA

+15

+104

labour forces by the year end,

promising to boost employment

prospects in and around Pre-

toria and the Eastern Cape in

cular. 4

Geographically, the areas

showing the greatest. jobs’ po-

tential were the Eastern Cape,

followed by Natal and thé Wit-

watersrand for black workers

and the Vaal Triangle and the

Cape Peninsular for white staff.

“ “Because it is the first up-

-ward movement since the be-

ginning. of 1981, the trends must

be regarded as highly encourag-
ing,” said Mr Parrott. ©

“However, we cannot neces-

sarily conclude that the recess-

ion will be short-lived or that

an end to retrenchments and re-
dundancies is in sight* .

cso: 3400/200

60



PROFESSOR HOUGH REPORTS ON W. GERMAN CONFERENCE

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 2 Nov 83 p 13

[Text]

cso:

The word “destabilisa-
tion” is rapidly replacing
“apartheid” as the
launching pad for world

to Prof Mike Hough, di-
rector of the Institute for
Strategic Studies at Pre-
toria University.

Prof Hough has ‘re-

turned to Pretoria men- |

tally bruised and battered
after a constant verbal on-
slaught, but unbeaten
while attending on invita-
tion a West German con-
ference on Angola.

‘He was the only South
African at the confer-

ence, which was held by ©

The Friedrich Ebert
Foundation, a private
institution linked strongly
to the West . German
Socialist Party.

The invitation to Prof
Hough is seen by strate-
gists in South Africa as
something of a feather in
Prof Hough’s hat —
that of South Africa.

In an interview yester-
day afternoon Prof
Hough said that-he had

3400/200

found himself © facing
broadside after broadside
of criticism, but fought
back —and found in the
evenings, outside the con-
ference no personal hos-
tility from any ‘of ‘the
other delegates.

“Emphasis in the dis-
cussion was mainly on
Southern Africa in the re-
gional context but criti
cisms that did come to
light were the traditional,
sawn-off old ones of
claims that South Africa’
is the aggressor, is plan-
ning to besiege Luanda
andsoon.”

“There was consider-
able emphasis too on
‘destabilisation’ _ claims
against South Africa, and
it is becoming ever clearer
that this word is replacing
‘apartheid’ as the launch-
ing pad of sorties against
the Republic” said Prof
Hough.

‘There was some inter-
‘est in the referendum —
but almost generally feel-
ings of other delegates
were that it was “window

84

along the lines of Black
Power-on the way” he

“However, the emphasis
of... . “destabilisation”
instead .of “apartheid”
tended to indicate, he be-
lieved, that critics of the
country were tacitly ac-
cepting that reform was
pow ‘forward in the

tAparthel ” "against
this backdrop no longer
had the-emotive and rab-
ble-rousing power that it
once had — hence the
switch to. wider accusa-
tions of “destabilisation”.
+ On the subject of the
conference itself — An-
gola — he said there ap-
to be little hope

for future political accom-
modation there for Unita.
The Unita leader, Dr
Jonas Savimbi,-was gen-
erally regarded as a
“traitor” ~ said. Prof

SOUTH AFRICA



ZATRE

INTERVIEW WITH SNCZ BELGIAN DIRECTOR, ZAIRIAN DEPUTY |
Brussels L'EVENEMENT in French No 138 Oct 83 pp 38-40

[Christian Tavenniers interviews SNCZ* Belgian Director Gunst and
his Zairian assistant, Kasongo]

[Text] In this huge skittle game which is Zaire, two
national companies employ over 20,000 workers. They
are the GECAMINES [General Quarries and Mines Company],
which mines the Shaba ores, and the SNCZ [Zairian
National Railroad Company]. These two companies are
obviously the focus of many greedy glances.

We will discuss the GECAMINES next month. This month,
we are analyzing the game being played by Canada with
the assistance of the World Bank, with a view to
gaining control of the SNCZ. In this connection, our
special correspondent interviewed the Belgian presi-
dent and general director of that company, Mr Gunst,
and his Zairian assistant, Mr Kasongo.

[Question] Mr Gunst, you are the president and a director of the
SNCZ, what else are you, what training have you had and how did
you come to this position here in Lubumbashi?

[Answer] I have been a railroad man since 1947, It is a vocation,
It has its disadvantages, but it mostly has many advantages, be-
cause I have an exciting job. I am a civil engineer by training,
my specialty being hydraulics.

[Question] What personal experience have you had?
[Answer] I worked with the SNCB [Belgian National Railroad].
Since I know many languages, I worked mainly in the international

services: I went on assignment to Israel, Lebanon, Iran where IT
remained for a long time, Morocco and Tunisia.

[Question] How did you come to Zaire? How were you appointed?

119



[Answer] As a rule, I have found people who do understand the
situation well, but who have their own. problems, which sometimes
are beyond them to resolve. These problems are solely due to
excessive endebtedness which we ourselves have caused: Europeans,

Americans, etc.
[Question] And consequently the World Bank and IMF experts?

[Answer] I am not speaking about the IMF, for I do not know about
it, but it is certainly true for the World Bank. It promotes need-

less excessive endebtedness.

Here is an example: The World Bank had approved the financing of
12 passenger cars here, through a 2 million dollar loan which
served no purpose whatsoever. I was able to.stop it, but at the
last moment.

[Question] According to my information, the Canadians at the World
Bank have an overall policy designed to garner the important posi-
tions in Zaire. Is this Canadian policy a reality or not?

[Answer] Yes. They are trying to establish themselves in Zaire as
consulting engineers and purchasing advisers for all manners of
goods. To be sure, they are strongly supported by the Canadian
government and economy since this way, Canada gets the orders.

They tried to take away my position as an SNCZ official in a very
simple way, by stating in a three-page report that I was incompe-
tent, and also by pressuring the Zairian government, through their
friends in the World Bank, on the pretext that my resignation would
facilitate the granting of loans to the SNCZ.

[Question] Mr Kasongo, several companies were merged to form the
SNCZ. It has become a large state company. Why?

[Answer] When the chief of state created the SNCZ, he wanted to
give it a dual purpose: the country's development and national
recovery. For copper is not the only resource: there are the
agricultural products, the linking of the country's northern and
southern parts and tourists. The railroad running from Haut Zaire
to the other end of the country serves as a sort of focal point for
national feelings. It therefore plays an economic role, but also a
psychological one enabling Zairians to feel that they belong to a
single great country.

[Question] The SNCZ receives no subsidies from the state. Can

foreign exchange be obtained therefore only from foreign loans,

namely, from other nations, or from loans from the World Bank or
other financial institutions?

[Answer] We must first look into our own resources for acquiring
foreign exchange. The Bank of Zaire does not have enough, but

122



feels that Kenya has gone a long way as
far as appointing women to high

positions is concerned. She is
particularly pleased with the president's
choice of nominated women MP's, Mrs.
Grace Ogot and Mrs. Rose Waruhiu
who, she says, are able persons who will
help further the cause of women in the
country. As for the future “role of
‘Kenyan women in politics, Asiyo feels
that they have a great deal to offer. They
should have courage and recognise
that they too have potential. “They
should come outandtry,”shesays.

Mrs. Grace Ogot

IT is one thing, after a tedious and
expensive election battle, for a newly-
elected MP to wait anxiously, some
nervously, for the president to
announce his new cabinet, and quite
another for those men and women who
do not contest elections but hear their
names mentioned on the radio as
ameng the president’s choice of
nominated MPs. So it was with Mrs.
Grace Emily Ogot, mother of four and
one of Kenya’s better-known writers,
who was nominated to parliament by
President Moi two weeks ago. “I was
surprised,” says Ogot, “but very grateful
to President Moi”.

Ogot sees her new appointment as a
welcome new challenge, having already
served the country in diverse fields.
Born in Siaya, in Nyanza Province,
Ogot was educated at Maseno junior
school, Butere Girls High School and
Ng'iya Girls School. She then went to
the Mengo nursing training hospital in
Uganda in 1949 where she studied until
1953. She proceeded to St. Thomas
Hospital, London and the British
Hospital for Mothers and Babies, where
she qualified asa state certified midwife,
after which she returned to Kenya and
worked as a midwifery tutor at Maseno
Hospital in Western Kenya. She
married in 1959 and returned to
England the same year to work with the
BBC, Africa division,-as a scriptwriter
and broadcaster for about two years.
She returned to Kenya in 1961 to take
up a new. appointment as district
community development officer and
headmistress of Kisumu homecraft
training centre. While she was there, she
became the first woman to become a
nominated councillor in the Kisumu
municipal council. In 1963, she left for
Uganda on a new appointment as

29

nursng sister in charge of student health
services at Makerere University
College. She returned home in 1965 and
was appointed public relations manager
for Air India in East Africa.

Besides her employment, Ogot has
also ‘served in various organisations.
She was one of the founding members.
of the Kenya Writers Association and
has been its chairman since its
inception. She was a member of the
Kenya delegation to the United Nations
general assembly in New York in 1975
and a member of the Kenya delegation
to the 19th general conference of
Unesco in 1976. In August this year,
Ogot became the first woman appointed
to chair the teachers’ appeal tribunal.

Of all her varied activities however,
Ogot is best known as an author. She
has written eight novels since her first
book, The Year of Sacrifice, was
published in 1961. Her. latest novel, A
Call at Midnight, is due for release early
next ygar.

Ogot’s interest in writing began when
she was training as a nurse in London.
At the time, she was engaged to her
husband, now Professor Bethwell Ogot
of the University of Nairobi, and in one
of his letters he told her that she had
poetic language in her letters and should
try her hand at writing. That is when she
began The Year of Scarifice. Ogot
recalls that her grandmother was a great
storyteller. Ogot was moved by the
stories and had always wanted to share
them with people who did not know
about her culture. “After I wrote my
first novel and it was well received,” she
says, “I started working on the next one
and I have never looked back.”

Ogot says that all her novels have
different messages but she has
particular concern for the family as the
nucleus of society. She also writes about
the conflict between rural and urban
life. When she started writing, Ogot
says, most African writers were at the
time addressing themselves. to the
conflict between ‘colonialism and
cultural heritage and, later, to the
struggle in the development process
between the haves and the have-nots.
But. Ogot feels that a lot of problems
have arisen within society that are not
related. to colonialism or neo:
colonialism, and they too must be given
prominence. She feels that there has
been a sharp deterioration in the ethics
and morals of society and a great deal of
this is due to urbanisation which, she
says, “has disrupted the cultural



ANGOLA

PRESENT, FUTURE TRADE RELATIONS WITH CUBA DISCUSSED
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 7 Oct 83 p 1

[Text] Talks between the People's Republic of Angola and
the Republic of Cuba in the field of foreign trade, which
have been taking place in Luanda, since Monday, ended
early last night with the signing of a memorandum of nego~
tiations that analyzes the development of trade relations
between both countries in recent years and future pros—
pects.

The above-mentioned document was signed by Angolan Foreign Trade Minister
Ismael Martins and Cuban Foreign Trade Minister Ricardo Cabrisas Ruiz.

The memorandum signed by these two government officials as a matter of fact
points out that the balance of products in trade between both countries is in
favor of Cuba, especially in the case of sugar, of which the People's Republic
of Angola imports between 40 and 50 tons per year from Cuba.

On the other hand, looking at future prospects, the document stresses a broader
ranger of products to be sold by both parties. In this context, Angola will
export to Cuba liquid gas, fish meal, sisal, and wood lubricants. Angola in
turn will import sugar, tuna, alcoholic beverages, and other products.

At the end of the ceremony, the Angola trade minister took the floor and said
that the signing of this memorandum “symbolizes the great friendship and brother-
hood that link our two peoples and that have been expressed on varous fronts."

“our peoples are brothers by virtue of the blood spilled on the battlefields
in defense of the Angolan revolution" from the imperialist yoke, the Angolan
government official added later on. Concerning particularly cooperation
between our two countries, Ismael Martins on that occasion recalled that it
was at the dawn of our independence that Cuban technicians began to work to-
gether with the Angolans, passing their experience on to them, always aiming
at the organization and strengthening of the Angolan foreign trade sector.

In conclusion, Ismael Martins paid tribute to the progressive development of
trade between both countries for their mutual benefit.



SOUTH AFRICA

_ RESPONSE TO WESTERN CRITICISM OF SOUTH AFRICA
Johannesburg DIE VADERLAND in Afrikaans 7 Oct 83 p 10

[Article py diplomatic correspondent Andre du Toit: "South Africa Has a Dilemma,
not a Choice" ]

[Text] The content of the two letters sent by Mrs Margaret Thatcher to one of her
party's rightist backbenchers, Mr Ian Lloyd (which, according to the British Embas-
sy in Pretoria, was: rather selectively interpreted by the SAUK [south Africa
Broadcasting Corporation ])does not need to surprise anyone.

Even if the complete text of the two letters has only just now been made public,
and even though the content can be interpreted in all (political) directions, the
opinions of Mrs Thatcher--or of whoever may be responsible for the text--are not
unrepresentative of the Western world.

Nor do they differ from those of previous conservative British prime ministers--
perhaps with the exception of Sir Winston Churchill, but at that time there were
ties of friendship with field marshall Smuts and the camaraderie resulting from
the war years.

The start of the perturbed relationship with the United Kingdom perhaps started
with Smuts' defeat in 1948 and with the fact that subsequent national prime
ministers pursued a policy which collided head on with that of the United Kingdom.

But that is history now, and the historical introduction to the current state of
affairs concerns not only the United Kingdom. The fact is that the policy of
the United Kingdom toward South Africa essentially does not differ from that of
the FRG, France or the United States.

It may also be argued that South Africa's relations with its Western trade part-
ners would have been perturbed anyway, even if the word "apartheid" or "separate
development" had not crept into our vocabulary.

It may be argued that it is not as much South Africa's racial policy which has
radically changed (except that racial segregation was entered into the code of
law, while in the past it was simply "practiced

What has changed is the world around South Africa, and in this post-colonial period
-South Africa is finding itself in a world in which the norms and standards of

44



One must understand our point of view: the ACP thinks that the real solution
to the problem is not Stabex, but the fixing of an equitable price for raw
materials which Europe buys from us. We have always asked that the EEC sign
agreements with us product by product, such as exists with sugar, for which,
by the way, Europe does not keep its commitments. But Europeans turn a deaf
ear. When all is said and done, Stabex is just an incitement for the ACP to
produce and furnish the EEC with what it needs. And it no longer works.

[Question] Does the question of inadequacy of means in fact concern all in-
struments of aid to development?

[Ghebray Berhane] Absolutely. Neither the budget, nor food aid, nor the
European Development Fund (FED) has at its disposal the necessary minimum.
Now, to whom, in fact, do the FED amounts come back, for example? To Europe!
The ACP uses them almost exclusively to buy goods and services from EEC
countries. The ACP certainly gets some mileage out of it, with the projects
that these purchases make possible: roads, dams, training centers, etc. But
the money also makes the European economy turn.

More generally, however, the ACP does not accept being relegated the role of
supplier of raw materials and purchasers of finished products. This is why we
pose the question of trade forcefully: Europe should really open itself to
our manufactured products. This is not the case. This sword of Damocles
which hangs over us is absolutely contrary to the beautiful expression of
“legal partner" by which we are categorized.

[Question] The EEC's Council of Ministers has just announced a 27 percent
decrease in funds earmarked for development in its 1984 budget. What if this
decline is confirmed and is extended to the FED, to Stabex?

|Ghebray Berhane] That would be unthinkable, for that would bring an un-
precedented blow to the ACP's ability to buy from Europe what Europe needs to
sell to them. And I stress that, for the ACP, Lome is not the only solution....

[Question] However, in a context in which the United States and its followers
completely block the North-South dialogue, Lome is a unique arrangement. This
could push the EEC to present its positions as take it or leave it, by count-
ing on the obligation in which the ACP would find itself to accept those
positions, with no alternative.

[Ghebray Berhane] It would be a serious mistake for the Europeans to count on
the ACP's weariness. Frustration among us has been accumulating to the point
where any reaction is possible. No responsible European leader can forget that
the take-off of the ACP has an influence on the outcome of the crisis in your
countries.

Of course, we care about cooperation with the EEC. Lome has many advantages,
in spite of its drawbacks and its price freezes. But do you know what European
aid represents, when all means are added up? Four dollars per year and per in-
habitant of the 63 ACP countries! Other partners exist: the United States,
the socialist countries. That means that a serious conflict with the ACP would
constitute a major risk for the EEC. As far as I am concerned, Europe must
give itself the means for the political and strategic ambitions that she af-
firms in her cooperation with the ACP.

9895
cso: 3419/53 4



But let us conclude on a happier note: The French comic actor Pierre Richard
so enjoyed the vacation he has not yet spent in Nosy-Be...that he has decided
to return! Unless he inadvertently misses the plane, he is expected on the
flight of Sunday, 16 October. For those of our colleagues who already saw
him in Nosy-Be, let us state that he is not always dressed as he is in some
of his films!

Who is the absentminded one?

11,464
CSO: 3419/79

38



The most ardent wish of the Executive Council, therefore, is to receive sys—
tematically all the reports of the Parliamentary Control Commission in order
to draw from them the necessary conclusions.

I wish to.add that, in order to improve rigor in management, any abuse of author-
ity will be punished according to the law.

In closing, I would like to assure the legislative council that, as in the case
of the current fiscal year, the Executive Council will make sure that the
economic and financial stabilization program is applied strictly, especially
through the rigorous implementation of the 1984 budget.

In this perspective, the Executive Council hopes to have the Legislative Coun-
cil's support, considering that what is at stake is no less than the restoration
of our country's credibility.

I thank you.

9294
CSO: 3419/103

118



CUBAN PC MESSAGE TO MPLA--The Central Committee of the Commmist Party of
Cuba sent a message to the. Central Committee of the MPLA-Labor Party on the
occasion of the 4th anniversary of the death of the Lamented Comrade President
Agostinho Neto. The message recalls with great sorrow the passing of the
beloved President Neto, expressing its solidarity to the MPLA-Labor Party

and to the Angolan people. The missive stresses the example of the revolu-
tionary struggle linked to the Angolan people and the other African peoples
by Comrade President Agostinho Neto which remains strong in the face of con-
stant attacks by the racist regime of South Africa and its imperialist allies.
Further on, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba reiterates
the determination of the Angolan people to remain firm in this same trench
against imperialism and its policemen, until final victory. [Text] [Luanda
JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 30 Sep 83 p 1] 5058

TRADE WITH BRAZIL,--Angola will very shortly he able to increase its purchases
from the Brazilian State of Rio de Janeiro, mainly fabrics, food products as
well as machine-building and machine industry products. This matter was recent-
ly the subject of discussion hetween Angolan Planning Minister Lopo de
Nascimento and Angolan Foreign Trade. Minister Ismael Martins, on the one hand,
and the President of the Development Bank of the State of Rio de Janeiro.
Rafael Peres Borges, who visited Angola in his capacity of special envoy of
the Governor of the State of Rio Leonel Brizola, told ANGOP [Angolan Press
Agency] that there is considerable interest in increasing Brazilian trade with
Angola, mainly for the benefit of enterprises in Rio de Janeiro. Although
nothing was hinted as to the specific results of his mission, he did note that
the State of Rio is trying “to institute increased trade with enterprises in
Rio de Janeiro, where the State Development Bank can help those enterprises

in providing better sales terms for the Angolan government." Rafael Borges
said that he does not believe that the attempt, advocated by some Brazilian
circles, to bring about a change in relations with Angola and Mozambique, will
be successful, in view of the position of those states with relation to South
Africa, a country whose capital has been rather [words missing in original]
penetrating [words missing in original] [Text] [Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in
Portuguese 27 Sep 83 p 2] 5058

YUGOSLAVIA DONATES MEDICINE -~-About a ton of medications was offered to the
People's Republic of Angola by the Government of the Socialist Federated Re-
public of Yugoslavia. The shipment of medicines, which includes plasma and
medical dressings, was handed oyer to Health Minister Ferreira Neto by the
ambassador of Yugoslavia in Angola, Dimitrije Babic. A source in the Ministry
of Health indicated to ANGOP [Angolan Press Agency] that this is the first
lot in a large volume of medical aid which Yugoslavia is giving Angola as part
of the bonds of friendship and solidarity between both countries, The Socialist
Federated Republic of Yugoslavia always responded to appeals from the RPA
[People's Republic of Angola] in terms of the need for aid in view of the
difficult times it is going through, particularly in connection with the acts
of aggression by South Africans and Angola puppet gangs, trained and armed by
Pretoria. [Text] [Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 4 Oct 83 p 2] 5058

17



This is certainly the best example of what French-Angolan cooperation can and
should be in the petroleum sector.

All the activities we have just mentioned are the first step in this cooperation,
which should be extended from the petroleum sector to other sectors of activity.

As it becomes more general, it will symbolize the strengthening of the bonds of
friendship that already unite Angola and France.

6362
CSOs 3442/26

12



INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

UGANDA, KENYA, TANZANIA SEEK TO RENEW COOPERATION
Paris LE MONDE in French 14 Oct 83 p 5

[Text] Nairobi-- Six years after the dismantling of the East African
Community (EAC) in which Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are included, they

are speaking of cooperation again. "Today we understand that we are
interdependent. We ourselves are also working to remove the last

obstacles created by the so-called ideologies," affirmed Mr Elijah Mangwale,
the new Kenya minister of foreign affairs.

Political circles in Nairobi moreover noted the particularly warm tone
of the message of greetings addressed to Mr Daniel Arap Moi, president
of the republic, on the occasion of his reelection as head of state, by
Mr Julius Myerere, his Tanzanian counterpart, a message in which the
latter declared himself ready "to explore all the possible ways to
strengthen peace and harmony between the two countries."

After the fall of Marshal Idi Amin Dada in the spring of 1979, Kenya
normalized its relations with Uganda. In contrast, relations with Tanzania
still suffer from the breakup of the EAC. The frontier has been closed
since 1977--which does not preclude smuggling--and airlines are severed
between the two countries, which have still never exchanged ambassadors.

But the succession of the defunct community must be settled before
envisaging a resumption of cooperation. In the aftermath of the quarrel
among the three countries, the matter was entrusted to Mr Victor Umbricht,
a mediator of the World Bank, The interested parties challenged his
diagnosis of the distribution of debts and credits: the sum at stake is
on the order of one billion dollars, The three chiefs of state, meeting
in Kampala in January 1981, then turned over to an "authority" the task
of studying the delicate question of the assets. At the time of the
dissolution of the community Kenya had appropriated, a little by the force
of circumstances because of its geographic position and its economic
weight, the largest part of what had then been the common services of the
EAC, namely the railroads, air transport, the ports, the posts and tele-
communications, It must therefore compensate its two partners, particu-
larly Uganda. The problem is that it does not have the financial means.
So in order not to block indefinitely the settlement of this business and
in order to accelerate the getting under way of the regional cooperation



This brings me to inform you of the efforts made during 1983, of the first in-
dicators of the economic and financial situation for this year, and of the pros-
pects which appear to exist for 1984.

Foundations of the Zairian Budget Policy
Citizen Chairman of the Legislative Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,

In December 1982, I informed you that the efforts of the Executive Council would
be oriented in two directions:

- improving management on the one hand;
- reasserting the value of productive labor on the other hand.

These orientations were followed in 1983, in particular through the implementation
of mechanisms and instruments that made it possible to control the implementation
of the budget, while pursuing initiatives to encourage productive labor.

Indeed, 1983 is a year of budget austerity which saw:
- a struggle against waste in all fields of expenditures;
- a straightening up of budget control procedures;

- and the [words illegible] of the Treasury debt with the domestic banking
system.

In this context, the expenditure voucher procedure was systematically applied,
while the evolution of the cash flow and budget accounting was followed by a
treasury plan established by the Department of Finance and by a schedule that was
made compulsory for all public credit managers.

[Words illegible] receipts, in order to improve the overall yield of the tax
system, a few tax adjustments were made, especially with respect to {words il-
legible] taxes and customs duties. [One sentence illegible]. These efforts
resulted in an improved [word illegible] especially in the sector of {word il-
legible] taxes and receipts.

As for the budget policy thus developed, the effects it had on public finances
may be considered positive. They warrant the unrelenting continuation of the
efforts undertaken.

According to preliminary indicators of the overall situation of the public
treasury in late August 1983, 4.679 billion zaires were collected, and actual
expenditures amounted to 5.361 billion zaires.

Therefore, the net debt of the state with the domestic banking system amounted

to only 682 million zaires, i.e. 43 percent of the maximum authorized for the
first eight months of the year.

108



INDIANS SHOULD GIVE REFORM A TRY, SAYS RAJBANSI

Port Elizabeth WEEKEND POST in English 22 Oct 83 pl

[Article by Johann Potgieter]

[Text]

cso:

3400/201

IF @hites vote “Yes” on
November 2 Mr Amichand
Rajbansi of the South Afri-
can Indian Council will rec-
ommend to the Indian com-
munity that it should “give
the new constitution a fair
trial”. +

His statement today is
the most direct indication
he has given for months of
his personal stance on the
matter, and-clears up the
question of -whether the
SAIC will participate in the
Government's “proposed
scheme or not.

In an interview, Mr
Rajbansi said he would not
elaborate on his reasons for
this stance until after the
referendum, since to do
otherwise would be to in-
tervene in “this white-
man’s referendum”.

“But my message to
whites is that if they were
to say yes...then I would
recommend to my party
that we should give the new
constitution a fair trial.”

67

Observers have long,

speculated. that Mr
Rajbansi was under pres-
sure both from conserva-
tives in the SAIC wanting
him to come out in open
support of the Govern-
ment’s scheme, and from
others who oppose it.

Kwazulu’s Chief Gatsha
Buthelezi has reportedly in-
formed Mr Rajbansi of his
objection to Indian partici-
pation.

The fact that Chief
Buthelezi has now some-
what ‘softened his public
stance on the Jikely conse-
quences of a “Yes” vote,
and Mr Rajbansi’s prom-
ised “fair trial” for the sys-
tem suggest vigorous be-
hind-the-scenes-lobbying in
recent weeks.

It is. likely that Chief
Buthelezi will refer to the
matter when he addresses
business -and professional
leaders in Port Elizabeth
on Thursday.

SOUTH AFRICA



given to a commission of inquiry set up
by the United Nations security council.
That commission came to the
conclusion that there was no evidence to
link the Kenya government to the plot
to’ overthrow the Seychelles
government. But the rumours persisted
and were to be part of the barrage of
allegations levelled ‘against Njonjo in
June and July following the president's
remarks that a Kenyan leader was being
groomed by foreign powers to
overthrow the président. Since Njonjo
fell from grace,. the Seychelles
government has sent an emissary to
Nairobi and issued some rather friendly
statements about future relations
between the two countries. It is
cpriceivable that the Seychelles
authorities may have given the Kenyan
government additional information

which might change the Kenya’

overnment’s view about the events of

ovember, 1981. Rene recently

ardoned some of the mercenaries who

ad been captured and tried. (Some
were sentenced to death.) It is quite
likely that in exchange for their
freedom, the captured mercenaries gave
more information than they had been
prepared to give at the time of their trial.

ene could even have got some
information from the South African
authorities following the release of the
mercenaries, information which may
explain the Kenya government’s
decision to include the Seychelles affair
among the terms of reference for the
commission of inquiry chaired by
Justice Miller.

The last batch of terms of reference
deals with allegations that Njonjo
misused his office as attorney-general
and or minister: for constitutional

.affairs and that he arrogated to himself

the duties and powers of the president,
“solicited or received or attempted: to
receive or offered or made or attempted
to make corrupt payments, granted

favours or acted to the prejudice of

individuals, to seek political support, to
undermine the process of democracy
and to. protect persons ‘involved in
illegal activities.” During the July
debate in the last parliament, charges
that contained these allegations
included one by Mr. Lawrence Sifuna
(Bungoma South) that Njonjo_had
attempted through an emissary to bribe
him into joining his “camp”. Ngei made
charges to the effect that Njonjo had
interfered with the judiciary to the point
where he had been harrassing leaders

22

through court proceedings. Ngei further
charged that Njonjo had helped a
foreign magnate smuggle game trophies
out of the Jomo Kenyatta International
Airport and that through Njonjo’s
influence other illegal activities had
been committed. A charge that
preoccupied parliamentarians for some
time was that Njonjo shielded from
prosecution the former chairman of the
National Bank of Kenya, Mr. Stanley.
Githunguri, .in’ connection with the
bank’s loss of nearly shs. 300
million. As_parliamentarians were
debating the Githunguri affair, the chief
justice was hearing in cameraa civil case
in which the National Bank had sued

Continental Developers Ltd. in

connection with shs. 80 million the bank

was ‘trying to recover from the

company. The money had been lent to

the company by the bank while

Githunguri was chairman without

adequate securities being formalised.

Several parliamentarians were incensed.
that a matter of such great public

interest was being heard in camera, and

hard words were uttered against the

chief justice on the grounds that this was

yet another example of Njonjo’s
influence on the judiciary, since
Githunguri_ was a close friend | of
Njonjo’s. The chief justice did finally

deliver his judgement in the case in an

open court and defended his decision to

hear the case in camera on the grounds

that the legal representatives of both
parties - the National Bank. and

Continental Developers - had requested

a hearing in camera, claiming that there
were matters affecting state security to
be discussed.

‘The charge -concerning Njonjo’s
interference with the judiciary is, of
course, one that is not going to be easy
to prove. The only witnesses who can
give credible evidence on the matter are
members of the bench, and as things
stand right now it is highly unlikely that
any judge or magistrate will be called to
give testimony on the allegation. Asit is,
there is enough heat on the judiciary
merely’ by the decision of the
government to revive the Muthemba
affair and- the possibility of the
Githunguri affair coming up in public
hearings in the commission, for the
chief justice himself has been involved in
these matters in court proceedings.

The president has directed that the
commission conduct its inquiry with
“deligence and speed” and make its
report without undue delay. The



Asked about the functioning of the gas turbine, da Cunha said it was going well
and was currently undergoing revisions, suggesting that arrangements are. being
made to bring in foreign technicians for maintenance.

The 15-megawatt turbine, which uses 3,000 liters of gasoil per hour or 493,478
cubic meters of gas per day, has sufficient capacity to supply the entire province,
but it is currently impossible to install power lines in all areas of the region
because of the high cost, he said, so this project must be put off until later.

“The energy sector, which employs 98 workers in Cabinda, is experiencing enormous
difficulty, primarily with the shortage of skilled technicians to work on high
tension cables, the lack of trucks, of rural tzansformers and of other necessary
equipment," da Cunha lamented, concluding that “we are over 10 million kwanzas
in debt and our debtors do not want to pay us."

6362
CSOs 3442/26



woman can perform as well as a man.

The three women MPs concede that
the odds are against women who want
to succeed in public life, but are
confident that women will continue to
make inroads ‘in various fields. The
future success of women in Kenyan
society will in part depend on how
effectively they can convince those
decision makers with negative attitudes
that women too can really do it. a

Mrs. Phoebe Asiyo

FOLLOWING the defeat of Mrs. Grace
Onyango in Kisumu ‘Town and Dr.
Julia Ojiambo in Busia Central in last
month’s general election, Mrs. Phoebe
Muga Asiyo became the sole surviving
woman MP in Kenya’s Parliament.
After the 1974 general election, there
were four elected women MPs; the
number remained, the same after the
1979 elections but was reduced to three
after the former MP for Eldoret North,
Miss Chelagat Mutai, fled into exile in
Tanzania in 1981. oo.

Asiyo has proved that she is still
‘going strong, for while her colleagues
fell to their male rivals she managed to
beat off a vigorous and determined
onslaught by her longtime rival and the
man she ousted in 1979, Mr. David
Okiki Amayo. The outcome’ .was,
however, dangerously close. Asiyo
polled 12,831 votes to Amayo’s 12,735,
a difference of only 104 votes compared
with the 1,299 margin with which she
ousted him in 1979.

Born in Karachuonyo, South Nyanza
district, Asiyo attended Gendia
Primary School and Kamagambo
Secondary School. She left Kamgambo
in 1949 and in 1952 she took up her first
job as a social worker with the Nairobi
City Council. She worked with the
council for three years during which
time she took a correspondence course

for her EAEC and EACE with the:

British Tutorial College. .

It was as a social worker that Asiyo first
developed an interest in people's
welfare. Her work involved tracing
destitute children whose parents had
been detained, killed or lost in the
‘ongoing struggle for independence, and
together with fellow workers Asiyo
took these children to Pumwani
Maternity Home where they were
housed while the social workers tried to
trace the lost parents or find foster
parents. She developed so much deep
concern for these children that, over the

27

years, she ended up adopting eight of
them. It was also during this time that’
Asiyo had her first experience of
leadership, albeit ina modest way, when
she was elected shop steward for the
junior staff of the local government
workers union. It was then that her.
interest in politics really started as she
strived to make her fellow workers
aware of their rights. In the course of
her work, Asiyo says she was exposed to
the plight of the local people and this
aroused in her a desire to be in a better
position to help improve their lot. As a
‘result she went to the Kenya Institute of
Administration where she took an in-
strvice community development
course, ‘following Which she was.
appointed community development
officer with the ministry of social
services in Ngong and Nairobi district.

During this time she felt the need for
the formation of a women’s
organisation and became one of the
founding members of Maend
Wanawake which’ was’ at” th 7
dominated by white women. Asiyo was
made a committee member bit ‘says
that the appointment was token, as
African women played a secondary
role. She was particularly -keen- on
changing the activities of the
organisation which, she says, did not
help improve the lot of African women.
“African women were taught irrelevant
things, like how to cook British food,
but we wanted our woman to become a
force in the development process and

rt and parcel of the struggle for
«ndependence”. Asiyo embarked on a
‘mobilisation exercise aimed at
encouraging African women to enrol as
members of the organisation. Her
efforts paid off for, in 1959, the African
women managed to outvote their white
colleagues and Asiyo was elected the
first African president of the
organisation, much to the dismay of
white’ members, some of whom
“resigned in disgust,” says Asiyo “but
there were also those among them
‘who wanted us to progress.”

In’ 1961, the new. coalition
government asked Asiyo to take charge
of the decentralisation of women’s
prisons, since women shared prisons
with men at the time. She resigned from
her job as president of Maendeleo and,
left for training as a prisons officer. On
completion of her training she was
appointed assistant superintendent of
prisons and later promoted to senior
superintendent, the highest position
held by a woman in the prisons service.



TANZANIA

DETAILS OF CAMPAIGN AGAINST UNEMPLOYMENT NOTED
Nairobi WEEKLY REVIEW in English 28 Oct 83 p 15

[Text] HUNDREDS of people in the Tanzanian capital, who have been rounded up
in a country-wide campaign against unemployment, are being repatriated to
their home villages where they are to be provided with land to work on. More
than 600 jobless have already been sent home and more were expected to leave
the capital last weekend. Railway coaches and lorries have been mobilised for
the exercise.

The crackdown on the unemployed was launched on Monday last week when over
6,000 people, including housewives, employed workers and private businessmen,
were netted. Thos arrested were bundled into vehicles and driven to special
centres where panels of officials screened employment identity cards (IDs).
Those who failed to prove their employment were detained pending their repa-
triation. The crackdown raised a spate of complaints accusing militiamen and
police of harassment and maltreatment and of leaving the arrested without food
during their detention.

The minister for labour and social welfare, Alfred Tandau, warned that anyone
attempting to frustrate the operation would face legal measures because the
campaign was conducted according to parliamentary legislation which requires
all able-bodied persons to work. The minister said his officials have already
finalised arrangements to provide all employed people with recognised IDs and
asked employers to submit lists of their employees for new cards. According
to a source, all petty businesses including shoe-shining, food vending and
other "unimportant" social services have been outlawed in Dar es Salaam so
that those engaged in the businesses are removed from the city. Reports
reaching Dar es Salaam from the regions claimed that the anti-jobless campaign
was still continuing and that more people were volunteering to register their
names for farm allocations. According to figures available, four people from
neighbouring Malawi, Burundi and Kenya were rounded up during the swoop and
were now in the hands of immigration officials.

The crackdown on the jobless, which has been a sporadic operation in the past
in Tanzania, has for the first time since independence received the backing of
a parliamentary act calling for job conscription in rural areas. Tanzanian
leaders are convinced that the implementation of the anti-jobless operation
will enable the country to overcome its food shortages and foreign exchange

96



attack on South African Defence Force personnel was staged and a combined
follow-up exercise saw a terrorist hide-out destroyed. Conventional warfare
tactics were used to destroy the enemies' position. Sgt C. Jenkins, security
officer at AFS Snake Valley, initiated the exercise which involved three
Allouette helicopters from 17 Squadron and ex-infantry men from Northern
Transvaal commando unit as well as members of AFS Snake Valley. [Text]
[Pretoria AD ASTRA in English Sep 83 p 2]

REGIMENT GETS TRAINING WING--THE South African Air Force Regiment, established
in 1964 and principally tasked with administering Citizen Force personnel as-
signed to the security mustering, recently acquired its own training wing.
Until July 1983 the Air Force Gymnasium, under whose caommand the SAAF Regi-
ment Citizen Force Headquarters presently falls, undertook all the training
responsibilities for the Regiment. Plans are afoot to establish the Regiment
permanently in the arborescent North Eastern Transvaal, near AFB Hoedspruit.
In the interim, however, the Suikerkop Nature Reserve adjacent to AFB
Hoedspruit suffices as a training area and reverberates to the shouted
commands of instructors who put protection service personnel through their
paces in counter insurgency training. The growth of this unique unit is
keenly monitored at Air Force Headquarters, and by 1984 it is envisaged that
all counter insurgency and protection service training in the SAAF will be
presented there. The desired objective of the unit, as expressed by the Act-
ing Officer Commanding--Maj 0.S. Butler, is to mould an elite and highly dis-
ciplined security personnel that can be utilised effectively by the South
African Air Force. [Text] [Pretoria AD ASTRA in English Sep 83 p 3]

SAIC 'NEW DEAL' DUTY--THE Indian Council would be "dutybound" to participate
in the Government's new tricameral parliament if the majority of members in
the ruling National People's Party opt for participation. So says the chair-
man of the executive of the SAIC, Mr Amichand Rajbansi, who returned this week
from a two-week tour of Germany and France. He said on his return he gained
the impression that the majority of NPP members were in favour of giving the
new proposals a fair trial if the whites voted 'yes' in the November 2 refer-
endum. Mr Rajbansi said although he would abide by the majority decision, the
Indian Council would make known its stand only after the November 2 referen-
dum. "But let me make it clear our views will be expressed only if the whites
vote 'yes'. "If there is a 'no' vote then the Indian Council will not have to
make its views known because there won't be a need for it," he said. He was
adamant that the Indian Council's call for an Indian referendum still stood.
While Mr Rajbansi was away, several members of the NPP expressed eagerness to
take part in the new dispensation--a pointer that the Indian Council is all
set to participate in the 'new deal’ which has been condemned by blacks and
also a large section of Indians, coloureds, and whites, including the official
opposition in Parliament. [Text] [Durban Post NATAL in English 12-15 Oct 83

p 1)

INDIAN POLITICAL SPLIT--THE Democratic Party, the minotiry group in the South
African Indian Council, today hit out through its deputy leader, Mr Hassim
Cassim, at Mr Frank Martin, MEC, who is reported to have said that Indians
need not be scared of blacks if they went along with the constitutional pro-
posals. Mr Cassim said that Mr Martin has got "his politics all screwed up"

89



ANGOLA

FRENCH OFFICIAL ON PROMOTION OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY IN COUNTRY
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 13 Oct 83 p 9

(text of interview with Michel Vergnaud, commercial counselor of the French
Embassy in Angola, by Telmo Augusto, in Luanda, date not specified ]

({Text] From 17 to 19 October, Luanda will be the setting for the
French Petroleum and Gas Technology Days, an initiative organized
by the French Committee for Economic Activities Abroad, the GEP
(Petroleum Enterprise Group, an intersyndical organization which
includes all the companies in the oil sector, and by the Commercial
Service of the French Embassy in the RPA [People’s Republic of
Angola]. The event has the full support of Angola, specifically
of the Petroleum Ministry and SONANGOL (National Angolan Fuel
Company].

In addition to everything that was said about this event when it
Was announced on 1 October, we feel it is appropriate to mention
some further aspects and information regarding the initiative,
which we obtained in an interview with Micehl Vergnaud, commercial
counselor of the French Embassy in our country.

[question] Since the French Petroleum and Gas Technology Days are the first
official demonstration of an economic nature by France in our country (Angola),
aimed at the promotion and development of relations in the petroleum industry

sector, would you please give us a general idea of the reasons that prompted
the organization of this event?

[answer] Why Petroleum and Gas Technology Days? As is known, in recent years
Angola has become one of the major oil producing countries in sub-Saharan Africa
and one with the richest potential on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea.

The principal problem is that the exploration and production of this wealth
requires highly sophisticated technology which, as a very young country, Angola
cannot yet master completely.

Although France does not have much wealth in oil, it has become one of the world
leaders in the petroleum industry. The very par ticular attention which the French
firms devote to research has enabled the constant development of new techniques.

French technology is already known in Angola, thanks to the effective presence,
in chronological order, of TOTAL and Elf Aquitaine, our two major petroleum



cso:

State. As Dourado again notes: ‘‘Once
again neither Tanganyikans nor Zanzibaris
were given an opportunity of debating the
Interim Constitution before it was
adopted.’’ The Interim Constitution was, in
fact, drafted by two British legal expatriate
legal advisers on the mainland and followed
closely the ‘structure of the Northern
Ireland Constitution. :

Of the documents circulating in Zanzibar
that Africa Now has seen, the most critical
-of the Union as it “stands is the. one
produced by Permanent Secretaries of
Zanzibar Government Ministries entitled:
Views on Proposals for Amending the
Constitution.

The document is prefaced by a letter by
the secretary of the Zanzibar Revolutionary
Council, Jaffar Mfaume Ali, which makes
it clear that the views expressed are personal
views of the Permanent Secretaries.

Among other things they recommend the
establishment of a United Security Council
with an equal number of members from
each constituent part. Such a council will
have the sole power to declare war,
provided such a decision is carried by a two-
thirds majority. This recommendation will
take away the war powers from the
President of the United Republic.

They further recommend that there
should be three Presidents: one for
Zanzibar, one for Tanganyika and one for
the United Republic. Also that the Union
Presidency should be on rotation and last
for not longer than two terms of five years

3400/186

95

each.

These recommendations are far-reaching
and there are those who argue that the
Permanent Secretaries could not have
presented them in so forthright a manner
without the go-ahead by Shaykh Jumbe,
President of Zanzibar and Vice-President
of the United Republic. This raises the
stakes enormously.

Nyerere, the surviving founding father of
the Union, will almost certainly receive
Zanzibar’s rather vociferous represent-
ations with a spirit of déj@ vu. He is
familiar with the dilemmas of the Pan-
Africanist caught in the cross-fire of
contending nationalisms. When reflecting
‘on the abuses of national pride in the 60s,
he wrote that ‘‘national pride will

deliberately be bolstered by those who are

anxious to keep Africa weak by her
division, or those anxious to keep Africa
divided because they would rather be
important people in a small state than less
important people in a bigger one.””

As a realpolitiker, however, he has some
options. He might raise the Malawi
connection and expose the roots of a whole
generation of Zanzibari senior politicians,
‘one of whom recently visited the grave of
his sister at Nkhata Bay, on the shores of
Lake Malawi. He could also encourage
Pemba’s burgeoning nationalism. If he
succeeds in either course, he will have
rephrased the old saying into: ‘“When one
pipes in Zanqibar, they do not dance in the
lakes” @



ZAIRE

PROPOSED 1984 BUDGET EXAMINED
Draft Submitted to Legislative Council

Kinshasa ELIMA in French 10 Oct 83 p 10

[Text] A total of 20.4 billion zaires in receipts, 23 billion in expenditures,
or a deficit of 2.6 billion zaires to be financed by the domestic banking sys-
tem. These are the figures from the draft budget for 1984, submitted on Satur-
day to the Legislative Council by Kengo wa Dondo, lst state commissioner, on
behalf of the president and founder of the MPR, Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko,

head of the Executive Branch.

In the speech delivered on the occasion before the people's commissioners,
meeting in a plenary session at the Palace of the Nation and presided over
by Kasongo Mukundji, first vice president of the Legislative Council bureau,
Kengo wa Dondo said that current receipts represent 19,795,000,000 zaires,
with the balance, 605 million zaires, corresponding to suspense receipts.

Regular receipts are up 89 percent on the whole compared with revised figures
for 1983 and are divided into three major categories: Proceeds from contri-
butions and taxes from direct and indirect taxation represent 16,708,610,340
zaires, or 85 percent of all current receipts. Revenue from investments and
holdings amount to 2,154,220,240 zaires, or 11 percent, while proceeds from
so-called administrative and judicial receipts and royalties and remunerative
taxes total 932,169,450 zaires, or 4 percent.

Kengo explained that the improvement in current receipts largely results, as
for the rest of 1983, from the higher contributive capacity of GECAMINES
[General Quarries and Mines Company]: 4.6 billion zaires, or over 23 percent
of all regular receipts or double the expected 1983 figures are anticipated
from this national company.

While increased overall yield from the fiscal system is expected in 1984,
the level of import duties will depend on the real volume of imports, also
considering the reduction in duties for basic food products, raw materials
and spare parts.

In addition, the scale of professional taxes on income will be worked out so
as to prevent any maladjustment resulting from salary adjustments.

-100



Thus, older projects and new projects represent respectively about 90. and 10 per-
cent of the investment budget.

The overall increase of this budget compared with 1983 is about 80 percent.
This considerable increase reflects the Executive Council's. determination to
accelerate its investment policy in order to encourage and stimulate agricul-

tural recovery, i.e. the social well-being of the working classes.

In this perspective, the sectorial breakdown of the investment budget is as
follows:

- Transportation, communications and telecommunications 34 percent
~- Energy 21 percent
- Agriculture 12 percent
- Health and education 13 percent
- Miscellaneous 20 percent

Citizen Chairman of the Legislative Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,
This is what the 1984 projected budget looks like as a whole.

You may have noticed that the forecasts it includes represent roughly twice the
amount of the adjusted allocations for 1983.

As I already mentioned, this very strong increase results from the need for an
intense mobilization of public resources, from the necessity to control expen-
ditures, and from the incidence that the adjustment of the zaire currency parity
will have in 1984,

I need not remind you that the projected 1984 budget is one of the most essential
components in the 1983-1984 economic and financial stabilization program.

This program includes management criteria or standards which, in the field of
public finances, will not only impose a ceiling on monetary financing and
overall expenditures, but also require that each category of expenditures be
strictly contained within the limits of its own subceiling.

Such management constraints must of course encourage us to better assess the need
for expenditures.

Compliance with all management standards is a prerequisite for the social well-
being of all militants in the large MPR family, for a financial contribution to
be made by the International Monetary Fund, and for the conclusion of a number
of financial agreements with our traditional foreign partners, both in renego-
tiating our debt and with respect to other bilateral and multilateral financial
agreements.

The 15 months of the program will therefore be a period of sacrifices and
austerity.

116



The clothing and footwear market is

ed to remain in the doldrums for

at least fhe first half of next year and

to show a further decline of about two
percent for the year as a whole.

Expenditure on food, beverages and
tobacco is expected to slow next year,
indicating an adjustment by consumers
to a lower standard of living.

There are clear signs that the con-
sumer is adjusting himself to his lower
real income by spending less and re-
paying debts previously incurred.

This adustment process Probably

will continue for some time.”
- Thus it is expected that personal
savings and the savings ratio will im-
prove during 1983 and 1984. Neverthe-
less the savings ratio will be low at the
end of 1984.

cso: 3400/200

63



"SA MOVING TOWARDS COMPROMISE POLITICS,’ SAYS DR S V D MERWE

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 4 Nov 83 p 9

[Text]

cso:

MUNICH —There was a
growing awareness that a

South African National

State was untenable but
that separation should be

‘modified in favour of ne-
“gotiation politics, the
vice-chi

airman of the
President’s Council, Dr
Schalk van der Merwe,
said yesterday.

Speaking at the Fourth
International Symposium
on Policy and Strategy in
Munich, West Germany,
Dr Van der Merwe said
that in essence the evol-
ution of political policy
was present among the
majority of South Afri-
cans and was waiting to
materialise in the course
of the next decade.

“The Afrikaner rejects
the idea of a unitary state
despite pressure from
‘Western powers, Black
leaders and the Opposi-

‘tion in South Africa.

“The Afrikaner fears,
and not without some jus-
tification, that’ this could

3400/200

Jead to the elimination in
many fields of himself,
fellow Whites and other
minority groups like. the
Coloureds and Asians.

Not unfound

“The ‘imbalance of
numbers would -work
against - the minority
groups and South Africa
is acountry of minorities.

“Moderate Black leade -

ers have the same fears,
as in a takeover of politi-
cal power by Blacks, soli-
darity would disappear
and be replaced by domi-
nation of one Black group
over all the other groups.
“This is why White
South Africans are now
moving towards the poli-
tics of compromise.”
.- Dr Van der Merwe said
the course of the evol-
ution — embodied in the
mew constituion -- was
irreversable, not only be-
cause of outside pressure,
but particularly as a result

69

of the evolution of attitu-
dinal change among Afri-
kaners.

The condition for mak-
ing a success of compri-
mise politics was that, if
ithe Afrikaner hoped to
‘succeed with ethnicity as

a political classification,

» they would have to abol-

ish many aspects of eth-
nicity as an enforcable so-
cial arrangement.

Soclal

“This evolution is not
only a compromise for
survival, but an evolution
to face up to the true and
realistic facts.

“Probably the most
outstanding and pressing
reality in South Africa is
the. population statistics
of the various groups in
the country.

“It is a reality which de-
mands a'system which will
be based on self-determi-
nation on the one hand
and on co-determination
and joint responsibility on
the other,” he said.

SOUTH AFRICA



Most Outstanding Company in Coffee Sector

With this significant increase in production in the 1982/1983 agricultural
year, a result of the effort, dedication and organization of its entire labor
force and administrative staff, the Dembos III State Coffee Enterprise was
selected by the UNTA (National Union of Angolan Workers], through its National
Department of Socialist Emulation, to receive the title of Vanguard Enterprise
among all its counterparts in the coffee sector. It is noted that, since its
creation in 1981, this enterprise has been progressively increasing its annual
production rate, which was about 654,882 kgs of cherry coffee in 1981, followed
by 832,766 kgs in 1982 and, finally, 1,526,040 kgs in the most recent harvest.

The report concludes: "For the Dembos III State Coffee Enterprise, it is not
enough to rest content with these rates, since it still has not achieved maximum
production, considering the coffee area under its control. Hence we will con-
tinue our efforts to achieve even better results."

Accounting Meeting

A meeting is scheduled for 13 and 14 October to present the accounting of the
1983 coffee harvest and also the marketing account for this product of transcen-
dental importance to the nation's economy.

According to a note to the press from the Agriculture Ministry, the meeting
should be attended by the directors of the producing companies, the director of
CAFANGOL [expansion unknown] and the president of the coffee workers union.

Tables Monthly Production Statistics (in kilograms) , Dembos III

Production Unit May June July August

No ls “Balanguinga” 24, 863 158,262 330,363 160,444
No 2: “Montes Herminios" 4,872 55,470 151,254 96,144
No 3: "Lindo Vale" 2,098 33,163.5 97,271.5 25,684
No 4: "Mondego" 10,705.5 74,648.5 184,241.5 116,555.5
Total 42,538.5 321,544 763,130 396,827.5

Grand Totals 1,526,040

6362
CSOs 3442/26

14



constraints when more people are conscripted into the agricultural sector.
"Dar es Salaam alone consumes about half the total food supply purchased by
the National Milling Corporation and it is only fair that the consumption is
reduced by removing the non-productive and unemployed residents from the city
so that they could be engaged in farm work," a senior government leader said.

cso: 3400/203

97



JUDICIAL COMMISSION OPENS BUSINESS

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 28 Oct 83 pp 3-6

[Text]

DURING the past few weeks there have
been strong rumours in Nairobi that the
judicial commission appointed by
resident Daniel arap Moi to look into
allegations against the former minister
for constitutional affairs, Mr. | Charles
Nijonjo, would be scrapped and Njonjo
rehabilitated in the near future. A
related rumour had it that after Njonjo
had been restored to the membership of
the ruling party, Kanu, from which he
was suspended in July, the new MP for
Kikuyu, Mr. Peter Kinyanjui, would
resign his seat and Njonjo would be re-
elected to parliament through a by-
elecfion. The rumour. was probably
started by pro-Njonjo people in high
places anxious to discourage would-
witnesses from volunteering any
information they may have to the
commission of inquiry. It could also be
part of the political game which
continues to be played months after the
fall from power of the former minister.
Whatever its origin, the rumour was
fuelled by the fact that the public has
heard little about the work of the
cgmmission. After being in the limelight
for weeks, the commission, chaired by
appeals court Justice C.H.E. Miller,
was swept aside by the attention which
the recent general election and
subsequent government appointments
received, and was to a great extent
almost forgotton by the average
Kenyan. .
Last week, the president moved to
change all that and to kill the rumour
‘about early rehabilitation of Njonjo. In
‘a Kenya Gazette announcement, the
president directed that the commission
will formally open business this week!
(on Friday, ctober 28) and that Njonjo
would be served with the terms of

19

reference and asked to prepare to
appear before the commission to refute
any allegations against him. The
commission was expected formally to
open its proceedings at the Old
Parliament Building this Friday and
then adjourn till late November,
reportedly to avoid an overlap of its
work with the visit to Kenya in mid-
November of the English queen. It
would appear that both the Kenya and
the British governments are anxious to
make the queen's visit as successful as
possible; proceedings of the
commission would obviously mean less
publicity for the queen’s visit if both
were to take place simultaneously.
When he appointed the judicial
commission of inquiry, President Moi
said that the purpose of the commission
was to inquire into the “serious
irregularities” attributed to Njonjo “in
our parliament and also at various
public meetings”. The terms of
eference of the commission, which
were made known last week for the first
time, appear to embrace the whole
gamut of allegations made against
ijonjo in June and July of this year.
There is first the citation which asks
the commission. to inquire into
allegations that Njonjo conducted
himself in a manner prejudicial to the
security of the state, the position and
image of the president and government
of Kenya. Then come the specific.
matters. The commission is asked to
inquire into allegations that Njonjo was
a party to a conspiracy or conspiracies to
overthrow the Moi government. in
August last year “or concealment of
such conspirary or conspiracies”. The
interesting aspect of this particular term
of reference is that it does not confine

KENYA



SOUTH AFRICA

ZULUS, PROGRESSIVES URGE OPPOSITION TO NEW CONSTITUTION
Bloemfontein DIE VOLKSBLAD in Afrikaans 6 Oct 83 p 16
[Editorial: "Black Pressure"]

[Text] The strongest argument for a "no" vote in the referendum is coming
from Chieftain Gatsha Buthelezi of KwaZulu: If they vote "yes" they are
going to make the Zulus angry. In his dream of a unitary state in South
Africa, in which he would be wielding the scepter of leader of the most
numerous nation, there is no place for an order of things designed to protect
the reasonable rights of whites, coloreds and asiatics and to promote
separate nationalisms among the black peoples.

Now he has succeeded in getting five other national states leaders, as well
as black business and church leaders, to join with him in opposing the new
constitution. Their particular resentment is against the entrenchment in
the constitution of the "narrow Afrikaner ideology of white supremacy" under
the "Afrikaner dominated Nationalist Party" and the establishment of racial
separation as the state's guideline.

It is astonishing to hear it right from the mouths of leaders of already
independent states that the homelands system cannot work and that they would
like to have ‘a national convention along the pattern of the progressives

for working out a constitution for South Africa.

This is because people who talk like that are already a part of that system
and their greatest interest lies in the continuation of such a system.

But in the heat of the referendum campaign, in which they are not
participating, one must of course expect strange statements whenever they
attempt to exercise pressure upon the whites.

Buthelezi, who has already specifically warned the coloreds and Indians that
he is watching carefully how they are going to vote, is now appearing before
white audiences in Natal, doing so under the protection of the Progressive
Federal Party, with the message that the whites will make his task easier
by voting "no" even though the rest of the country might be voting "yes".

So here we have the thinly veiled threat of violence while he is reminding
the whites of the Zulu preponderance in numbers.

48



It can be argued that such internecine
feuding and petty jealousies are the stuff of
human nature anywhere in the world; also
that ‘‘pot-stirring”’ is not unknown among
mainland diplomats themselves. But
Zanzibaris do not find such arguments in
any way uplifting in view of the state of
affairs in Union institutions and the
exclusive nature of decision-making,

For instance, nearly ali Union Ministers
and institutions are headed by
Tanganyikans. These include Union
Ministries and agencies based in Zanzibar
like the office of the Vice-President as well
as the Department of Posts and Telecom-
munications. “You might think,’’ says
Mohamed Mzale, Zanzibar’s Permanent
Secretary for Education, ‘‘it is a sin for a
Zanzibari to head these institutions.”
Tanganyikans also represent Tanzania in
foreign missions and international agencies
and th promote the interests of
Tanganyika rather than those of Zanzibar.

In their 11-page memo to the CcM’s
secretary-general, Zanzibar’s Permanent
Secretaries cite other instances of
Tanganyika’s omnipotence in decision-
making. They print Tanzania currency
using Union funds but Zanzibar buys this
non-convertible money with its foreign
reserves. Moreover, they can devalue the
currency, revise import levies, re-order
priorities in the islands’ foreign-aided
projects and name a company through
which Zanzibar must order its fuel without
so much as consulting Zanzibar’s
authorities.

Higher education is another area where
Tanganyika’s writ runs large. The
government of the United Republic has
appointed four policy-making bodies,
outside the Ministry of Natjonal Education
on the mainland, to administer higher
education requirements.

These are the Cabinet Committee on
Higher Education and Training (CCHET);
the Advisory Committee on Higher
Education and Training (ACHET); and the
Sub-Advisory Committee on Higher
Education and Training (SACHET). All these
were created in 1966 and CCHET is the
highest.

CCHET has nine members, all Ministers,
five from the mainland and four from
Zanzibar. Its chairman is the mainland
Minister of National Education; its
secretary his Principal Secretary. CCHET
has met only five times since its formation.

ACHET, onthe other hand, has eight
members, seven from mainland Tanzania
and one from Zanzibar. Since its
‘establishment it is only in the 1980’s that it
has begun to consider applications for
higher education from Zanzibar. SACHET
does not, however, have a single member
from Zanzibar. 7

93

In 1979 yet another committee on higher
education came into being. This is the Joint
Selection Committee (JOSECO), appointed
to select students wishing to pursue higher
education in universities and institutes at
home and abroad. JOSECO has 12 members,
all from the mainland.

Mzale further observes that, when
students on Zanzibar’s scholarship turn up
at Tanzania missions abroad, they are kept
a stiff arm’s length away on the pretext that
they are not on a United Republic’s
scholarship, even though in fact Zanzibar
pays its share in the Union’s higher
education budget. His general verdict is
that executive bodies of higher education
are Union only in words; in deeds and in
their structure, they are mainland creatures
and are there to do its bidding. They will
not recognise Zanzibar’s interest even if
they stumbled on it. Unfortunately for the
United Republic, he contends such pro-
vincial views have also permeated the
United Republic’s Parliament, which
formulates policies for the interest of the
mainland, and believes that somehow the
Tanzania mainland and the United
Republic are Siamese twins.

Analysts who regard the United Republic

as a mis-alliance focus on a number of
factors: the personalities of the original
founders, the relative size and population
of the territories they represented and the
inescapable local and global imperatives of
the superpowers which, more than anything
else, might have induced what in retrospect
looks like a premature birth.

It is a fact that rarely have two so dis-
similar leaders as President Abeid Amani
Karume of Zanzibar and President Julius
Nyerere of Tanganyika met on an endea-
vour so challenging. Nyerere is scholarly,
devastatingly charming, with a penetrating
mind; reluctant to use a hammer when he
can serenade a problem away, and allergic
to blood-letting. Karume is predatory at
home with the hounds but otherwise
calculating, down to earth and, contrary to
his critics’ folklore, supreme at statecraft.
These personality differences slowed the
Union’s pace considerably.

Nyerere’s appetite for Zanzibar goes
back very far. It was certainly there before
Zanzibar became independent from Britain
in 1963. Months earlier, TANU, of which
Nyerere was the President, approached
Zanzibar’s Chief Minister Shaykh
Muhammed Shamte Hamadi of the now
defunct Zanzibar and Pemba Peoples Party
to form some sort of alliance with
Tanganyika. When the Sultan and the
Shamte government was overthrown in
January 1964, Nyerere had his golden
chance. He applied a lot of pressure on the
new leader of Zanzibar, Shaykh Abeid
Karume, to have a union between their two



a house prefect in the school; when she
was in Form Six, she was appointed
deputy head girl. .

After Kenya High, Waruhiu went to
Makerere University College in 1966.
She aimed to study sociology but on her
arrival there decided that economics
was a better option. At. Makerere,
Waruhiu participated in various extra-
curricular activities and was elected an
official of various student
organisations, including the Kenya
students organisation. She remembers
Makerere as having been a very well-
organised institution where students
were encouraged to be responsible:
people. In 1969, she graduated with a
BA degree in economics. Her
immediate plan was to embark on a
postgraduate degree programme but
soon afterwards she was married to the
now prominent Nairobi lawyer, Mr.-
George Waruhiu, of Waruhiu and
Muite Advocates, and as a_result
postponed for a while the idea of further
studies. woe

The same year that she left Makerere,
Waruhiu joined the Central Bank of
Kenya as an officer in the research
department. She did not find the job
stimulating enough, however, and the
following year she left for a new job in
the registrar's department of the
University of Nairobi. She worked with
the university for eight years and, by the
time she left in 1978, had risen to ghe
position of senior assistant registrar. As
an assistant registrar, her work involved
servicing various committees. She also
sat on the appointments committee and
the planning committee responsible for
the introduction of new academic
courses to the university. This involved
gathering information and consulting

“with university professionals. “It was a

very rewarding job,” she says, “and it
exposed me to education in a very wide
sense.” Waruhiu says she eventually left
the university because the demands of
her work as’a senior registrar did not
leave her enough time to look after her
small children. She is now a
management consultant with Deloitte
Haskin involved in personnel work
which includes executive recruitment.
In addition to her employment,
Waruhiu has been an active member of
women’s organisations. Between 1974
and 1975, she was the chairman of the
Kenya Association of University
Women, and between 1975 and 1978
was vice-chairman of the National
Council of Women of Kenya (NCWK).
She is still a committee member of the

31

Association of University Women, a
body that provides career guidance and
bursary schemes for girls in secondary
school. Waruhiu feels that her tenure as
vice-chairman of NWCK came at an
important time because it coincided
with the International Year of Women
(1975). She served as vice-chairman.of
the, council for the regulation three
years but the council asked her to stay
on another year so she could organise
the council’s hosting of. the
international conference for women
that was held in Nairobi in 1979.

Waruhiu is currently also a member
of the Kenyatta National Hospital
management board and was also. a
member of the University of Nairobi
visiting and inspection committee 1982-
1983.

Waruhiu says that the reason’ why
women have organisations and men do
not is because women feel that by
coming together ‘they can coordinate
their opinions, “Men are in the
mainstream of government and other
sectors and women want to be
intergrated,” she-says. In addition to
that, women’s organisations are
involved in a wide range of voluntary
activities. These organisations, says
Waruhiu, play an important role as they
bring together women from different
backgrounds, and proof of their
importance is the fact that all
government commissions ask women’s
orga isations for their opinions.

aruhiu does not entertain the
notion that leadership in women’s
organisations is merely a pastime for
elite women. According to her, a
women's leader has to understand the
feelings of rural women and since most
of those well-to-do women who serve in
women’s organisations were brought up
in the rural areas, they are conversant
with the problems of rural life. In
addition, says Waruhiu, one who has
overcome her own needs is in a better
position to help the less fortunate, and
“successful and educated women should
not be apologetic”. Rural women, she
says, know what they want and do not
have have to be told by leaders of
organisations. What the organisations
can do is assist in providing those
facilities which are beyond the reach of
rural women. Rural women, for
example, may not be in a position to
articulate their needs, and the
organisations assist by putting these
needs on paper and presenting them to
the relevant authorities. Asked about:
the fact that many leaders of womens



ANGOLA

NAMIBE APPOINTMENTS, MILITARY REGIONAL COUNCIL MEETING
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 6 Oct 83 p 2
[Excerpts] New Government Members Appointed

A dispatch from Namibe Provincial Commissioner Lt Col Rafael Sapilinha
(Sambalanga) appointed new members to the provincial government.

Ramos Casseculo was appointed to the position of municipal commissioner of
Kamucuio while Manuel Liunda, who is currently municipal commissioner of
Namibe, was reassigned to the position of provincial director of community
services.

In the meantime, Jose Gabriel Alberto was assigned to the position of municipal
commissioner of Namibe; in the beginning he had combined this job with the
position of coordinator of the party's municipal committee in Namibe.

Regional Military Councils

During a meeting on Tuesday, the members of the provincial government were
familiarized with the standards governing the recently created Regional
Military Councils.

The meeting was directed by Namibe Provincial Commissioner and member Military
Regional Council, 5th Region, Lt Col Rafael Sapilinha (Sambalanga) who on the
occasion presented important remarks dealing with that body.

The provincial commissioner of Namibe once again condemned the armed actions
and banditry of which this province has recently been a victim on the part of
commandos of racist troops from South Africa in collusion with mercenaries of
various origins as well as Angolan puppets in the pay of international imperi-
alism.

The defense of the threatened fatherland, said Lt Col Rafael Sapilinha
(Sambalanga), must be a constant concern of all Angolans because it is necessary
to preserve the independence, dignity, and sovereignty that was so hard-won
through two long national liberation wars.

The document governing the CMR [Regional Military Councils], the law creating
the military tribunals and [governing] relations between the CMR and the
provincial party commissions were read during the meeting, along with other
documents of vital importance to that body's operation.

5058 15
cso: 3442/19



JOBS SQUEEZE EASES AS FIRMS FOREGO CUTBACKS

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 27 Oct 83 p 11

[Article by Michael Chester]

[Text]

The prolonged squeeze on jobs
as labour forces have shrunk in
the recession has eased for the
first time since the collapse of
the “boom” period nearly two
and a half years ago.

A nation-wide survey con-
ducted by Manpower Interna-
tional has revealed the first up-
ward swing in the demand for
labour since’ June 1981 as com-
panies prepare themselves for
an economic revival, popularly
forecast to begin in the middle

of 1984. -

Mr Ralph Parrott, chairman
and managing director, says
positive signals are flashing for
job hunters as more companies
restart recruitment and fewer
of them plan more retrench-
ments. .

The survey showed the num-
ber of companies set to increase
their labour forces by the year
end had jumped on a national
average to 13,7 percent and 12,8

percent for white and black

workers respectively, while
there had been.a dramatic
shrinkage in firms planning
more cutbacks.

The renewed recruitment
Arive was being led by the
‘larger companies, among whom
as many as 37,5 percent planned
to increase their staff levels by
‘the end of the year. Very few
intended further trimming.

Firms planning to increase
white staff now out-numbered
firms planning further cutbacks

59

by nearly two-to-one. Firms re-
porting plans to trim down on
black workers had tumbled to
Jess than half the number count-
ed in the first six months of the

year. :

To judge the business mood
in wide perspective, the survey
brought in senior executives
from 1300 companies and Gov-
ernment departments which be-
tween them employ more than a
million workers.

The results showed the first
employees likely to enjoy the
benefits of the turnabout in la
bour demand are unskilled
black labourers — normally the
workers who suffer the most in
a job squeeze. +

‘Often one of the most sensi-
tive to, the economic economic
climate, the retail sector: ex:
pected a great improvement in
job prospects for both black and
white staff in the next few
months.

The building industry — an-
other good indicator of trends
— also showed a far more pos-
itive outlook, with anticipations
of expansions likely to have a
beneficial impact on many. sup-
plier industries.

Brick and cement producers
expected to boost demand for
new labour by about 20 percent
in the second half of the year
as a whole.

Motor manufacturers. calcu-
lated they would need an over-
all 10 percent increase in their

SOUTH AFRICA



Thus, one can hope in time to counter not: only the economic regression but also
the siege of corruption against our country, the triumph of the spirit of greed
and egotistic pleasure; in sum, the degradation of morals.

The conclusion is that all these actions make imported services, capital, and other
material goods insignificant. Henceforth, the party youth mst begin practicing

a genuine asceticism, remembering always that nothing substantial can be done withe
out sacrifices and suffering: they must be able to give up individual advantages
for the national good through a consistent effort of work and both material and
human investment, have as their only principle love of duty and its responsibili-
ties and desire for the public good, and devote their efforts to concrete and
profitable projects, providing ever-greater opportunities to improve the conditions
of life. It is a fact that every party member who performs his task with the
maximum of awareness and love of country, trying to give all his actions their

due value and significance, makes a genuine human investment that is vital to the
nation.

To this end, the leadership of the party youth has always tried to insure that our
youth are trained but without severing their roots, giving them a sense of personal
intiative and responsibility, while at the same time strengthening in them the
spirit of solidarity and creativity.

In conclusion, in our view the party youth can, or should, help in the creation

of a responsible society and one imbued with responsibility. We are convinced

that Zaire, under the leadership of the guide, Mobutu Sese Seko, has all the human
and material resources needed to emerge from its current crisis, as long as we
involve ourselves for progress. To this end, we should develop young people confi-
dent in themselves, capable of initiative and creativity, and ardent for independ-
ence and liberty. And these virtues must be part of our cultural heritage. In
this way the youth will be in a position to live their lives, rather than continuing
to receive the blows of life; to tune their most inward being to the rhythm of

the historical evolution, instead of being its victin.

We believe that the destinies of peoples certainly trace out several paths to
their fulfillment. The destiny of Zaire, our fine and great country, perhaps
travels by a difficult road, but one that will inevitably lead us, thanks to the
wisdom and insight of the guide of our genuine revolution, to a happy success. The
revolution in Zaire is not easy, it is demanding.

9920
CSO: 3419/105

128



Effects of the Reform and Presentation of the 1983-1984 State Budget

The monetary adjustment was obviously expected to have the overall effect of
"yestoring the macroeconomic balance," i.e. of creating a new economic and
financial balance in the system as a whole.

As far as the current balance is concerned, it should be understood that, in

the case of Zaire, the devaluation was not intended to give exports a competitive
edge as far as exchange rates were concerned, i.e. to make exports more competitive
on foreign markets.

Indeed, we must face facts: the prices of our exports are exogenous variables,

as they are fixed, even imposed by international markets. Therefore, the monetary
operation will not improve directly our foreign payment situation, at least in
the short term.

Actually, the objective of this operation-is to improve the zaire cash flow of
certain economic agents, namely exporters and the state who thus see an apprecia-
tion of the zaire value of their foreign currency revenues.

Yet, even in this case, the net result of the operation assumes that the expendi-
tures or expenses of the economic agents who benefit from it will not be adjusted
in the same proportion, and this often implies a policy of price and wage controls.

In the medium or long term, the objective of the operation is to improve our export
capacity by providing additional cash flow to exporters and to establish a more
consistent monetary relation that would encourage investments.

Finally, lacking a correlative increase in short-term foreign currency receipts,
a monetary correction must be accompanied by measures aimed at achieving better
control over receipts and strict limitation of foreign currency expenditures,
especially on the part of the state.

A moment ago, I mentioned the policy of price and wage controls.
It should be understood that price deregulation does not mean anarchy.

As the Citizen Chairman-Founder of the MPR, President of the Republic, recalled
on 16 September, the prices of deregulated products are still subject to an ex~
post control, although they no longer have to be approved.

In addition, in its economic statement of 24 September 1983, the seventh session
of the MPR Central Committee reaffirmed that the deregulation of industrial and
agricultural prices was not intended to result in wild liberalism and that regula-
tions concerning prices must be strictly applied.

Apart from that, we can accept that the automatic increase in cost prices resul-
ting from the devaluation will lead to an adaptation of the selling price in
the part of the productive sector which is oriented to the domestic market.

At any rate, the Executive Council will make sure that this increase "of foreign

monetary origin" will not excessively affect the present rate of inflation which
is already high and must be brought under control and stabilized.

112



Citizen Chairman of the Legislative Council, Citizens Commissars of the People,

The modification of the zaire currency parity will extend its impact on 1984
budget projections, and it is therefore the dominant parameter of these
projections.

[13-14 Oct 83 p 13]

[Text] We continue the publication of the important speech
delivered by the First State Commissioner, Citizen Kengo Wa
Dondo, last Saturday, as he presented the projected 1984
budget to the Legislative Council.

This parity modification in combination with, among other things, well-defined
budget options and an attempt at improving the yield of our mobilized resources
will result in a projected 1984 budget including:

- 20.4 billion zaires in receipts; and
- 23 billion zaires in expenditures.

As a result, the budget deficit will amount to 2.6 billion zaires. To finance
it, we shall have recourse to the domestic banking system.

As far as the ways and means budget is concerned, current receipts represent
19.795 billion zaires, the balance of 605 million zaires corresponding to
receipts for order.

Current receipts as a whole are 89 percent higher than the adjusted forecasts
for 1983; they include three large categories:

- first, the amounts paid as direct and indirect taxes; they represent a total
of 16,708,610,340 zaires, i.e. 85 percent of all current receipts;

~ second, revenues from public holdings and public property; they amount to
2,154,220,240 zaires, i.e. 11 percent;

- third, the products of so-called administrative and legal receipts as well
as dues and fees, amounting to 932,169,450 zaires, i.e. 4 percent.

As during the remainder of 1983, the improvement in current receipts results
justifiably and to a large extent from the reinforcement of GECAMINES' tax-
paying ability: 4.6 billion zaires, i.e. over 23 percent of current receipts
or double the 1983 forecasts, are indeed expected to be paid by this state—
owned company.

Although the overall yield of the tax system is expected to improve in 1984,
the amount perceived as import duties will depend on the actual volume of
imports, and will also reflect the reduction in import duties on staple food
products, raw materials and spare parts.

114



which the economic situation demands, the authorities in Kampala could,
it seems, be satisfied with a statement of principle by the Nairobi
officials recognizing the debt to them,

Mr Nyere let it be understood in New York that a compromise among the
three countries could be signed in December or early next year at the
latest. In this respect some mention the possibility of an eventual
meeting of the chiefs of state of Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya at Arusha,
the Tanzania, headquarters of the defunct community, to ratify this
agreement. In any case no one has the ambition to lay the foundations
of another community. Each country seems to have drawn its lessons from
the previous experiment, which failed after 10 years due to conflict of
interests and’ ideological divergences.

Hostile to the idea of creating common services, Mr Nyerere simply
mentioned the necessity of improving trade among neighbors. "Cooperation
should not be sought through supranational institutions which provoke
endless political debates and feed an invading bureaucracy," said the
STANDARD, the Nairobi daily. Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania want simply to
try to live side by side intelligently.

6108
CSO: 3419/100



newsletter by the President of the SPE, Professor Jan Giliomee. Professor
Giliomee warned, however, that without pre-empting the outcome of the Hey
Committee, the society believed Armscor would not give up easily and was
likely to go ahead with its plans. He said this was based on fruitless nego-
tiations the society had had with Armscor during which it attempted to per-
suade Armscor to abandon taking over part of a private nature reserve in the

Wellington area for a munitions factory. [Text] [Capetown THE CAPE TIMES in
English 21 Oct 83 p 5]

cs0: 3400/201

91



MADAGASCAR

REPORT OF MALAGASY PRISONERS IN REUNION DENIED
Antananarivo MADAGASCAR MATIN in French 1 Oct 83 pp 1, 4

[Text] "Some 60 Malagasy nationals are reportedly imprisoned in Saint Denis
for various crimes, travelers from the sister island report."

This was the headline that jumped out at us Thursday from a newspaper that
deals in the sensational and that was very disappointing.

The fact is that the headline is false, absolutely false! At the present
time, there is not a single Malagasy being held in the prisons of Reunion.

Anxious to inform and inform only within the limitations imposed by legisla-
tion on freedom of expression -- which one has to admit has become much more
relaxed in the past few months -- it is the duty of MADAGASCAR MATIN to re-
establish the truth every time that is possible. If it did not do so, any
person could say and write anything any time.

Ideas are one thing; facts are another. Inventing facts is a serious matter,
especially when one pretends, in inflated headlines, to give lessons in jour- -
nalism.

While awaiting that lesson, here is another for beginning reporters and all our
readers, who have the right to know how a real journalist conducts his inves-
tigation of an uncertain fact of this gravity: "60 reportedly incarcerated."

In Ivato, we learned from persons coming from Reunion that.... Interesting,
but it would have to be verified. Where?

In Reunion, naturally, and in Madagascar, speaking with well-informed offi-
cials not always accustomed to concealing what they know.

In order to telephone Reunion, one dials 16, there is a tone, one dials
262 and then the number.

But where is information to be obtained?
From colleagues, first of all. But one must have some, naturally. Our col-

leagues in Reunion were not informed, but they were nice enough to investigate
and they were called again in the evening.

36



since we ship copper for the GECAMINES, which generates some, there
should be an equitable division of this foreign exchange. We are
not asking much: 75 million Belgian francs per month. This is
nothing for the GECAMINES as a whole: it gets one and a half bil-
lion Belgian francs per month.

[Question] If the GECAMINES were to give you 75 million Belgian
francs a month, could you maintain all your equipment?

[Answer] We could operate on that sum without needing foreign aid,
but we need it for purchases and investments, That is why we make
a distinction. There is currently a tendency, even for the pur-
chase of spare parts, to have recourse to foreign aid, and it is
this which increases the endebtedness.

[Question] Why is the GECAMINES and its president and director,
Mr Crem, opposed to the SNCZ receiving aid, while it would be to
their advantage to have the network operating smoothly?

[Answer] That is the serious question we are asking. It is
abnormal for the GECAMINES to deny us this aid, since it is in its
interest as well as that of Zaire. Each load of copper shipped
earns foreign exchange for the GECAMINES.

[Question] I have heard it said that the GECAMINES would prefer
to promote the southern route rather than its own. Is that true?

[Answer] The GECAMINES has recently had difficulty with the nation-
al railraod line between Llebo and Kinshasa. It had asked us to
send large shipments of copper southward. We could not agree,
because shipping to the South offers no advantage to the country--
either to the.GECAMINES or the SNCZ~-since the largest share of

the foreign exchange would then be paid to Zambia, Zimbawe and

South Africa. I must confess that the GECAMINES is currently ill-
disposed toward us.

[Question] Apart from your problems with Mr Crem and the GECAMINES,
what is the current state of the SNCZ?

[Answer] Good. For the first time since the creation of the SNCZ,
it has a positive balance sheet. Not only are we in balance, but
there is also a surplus. The financial report is there, anyone can
consult it, All the witnesses and observers have recognized the
fact that the management is better than it ever was. We can now
transport everything which is offered to us. Let us take for exam-
ple Haut Zaire. We no longer had operational hocomotives. With the
help of our engineers we succeeded in repairing these locomotives,
and all of them are now running. The coffee and cotton no longer
are lying about.and all..the: goods.are being shipped.

123



DETAILS OF NEW AGRICULTURAL POLICY PAPER GIVEN

London AFRICA NOW in English No 30, Oct 83 pp 69, 70

[Article by William Pike:

{Text]

In Arusha earlier this year, President Julius
Nyerere told a meeting on Tanzania’s new
agricultural policy: ‘‘We have to remove this
preconception that we discourage large-scale
farming.”” a

This puzzled some observers since it
implied a new acceptance of large private
farmers. In 1972, he had told the remaining
White farmers of Kilimanjaro: ‘‘The private
capitalist farmer . . . has no place in socialist
Tanzania The only acceptable method of
farming in the future will be either state farms
or co-operative villages where effort and
reward are equally shared.””

Africa Now has now acquired a copy of the
government’s new Agricultural Policy Paper
which explains that change of heart.

There is a new commitment to agriculture
in Tanzania — its share of the development
budget is to be raised from 13 to 24% —and
the paper is a result of a fundamental re-
examination of its agricultural policies by the
government. It was produced by the
presidential task force led by Professor Simon
Mbilinyi, now principal secretary in the
Ministry of Agriculture. Mbilinyi’s team look
a wide-ranging look at agriculture in the
context of the goverments’s own Structural
Adjustment Programme and the need for
reforms which would facilitate a structural
adjustment loan from the World Bank, and
balance of payments support from the IMF.

The main policy changes are the decisions
to introduce a form of leasehold and to
encourage private and public large farmers.
But the paper emphasises that the government
still wants “to develop an egalitarian
agricultural community, based on the policies
of socialism and self-reliance.” Villages
where there is collective farming are said to be
“Gn the vanguard of socialist development”’
but it is recognised that others ‘‘cannot be
forced along the same path.”

There are not many private commercial
farms in Tanzania but the paper argues: ‘‘The

98

"Big is Beautiful in Tanzania"]

existing ones do now play an important partin
the production of some export crops. They
will therefore be assisted to expand their
contribution to Tanzania’s foreign exchange
earnings.” Foreign and local individuals and
companies will be encouraged to invest in
private commercial farms ‘“‘within the
framework of national land policies.”’ Private
farms will not be allowed on village land but
will be able to take up unused agricultural land
as well as abandoned commercial farms in the
Rift Valley.

Parastatal farms will have to break even
and operate on a strictly commercial basis
while state farms will concentrate on seed
production. The paper also argues that:
“Joint enterprises are of particular benefit
to Tanzania’’ and is in favour of farms such
as those run by the parastatal NAFCO and the
Canadian Government to grow wheat.

‘The paper hopes that the new policy on
private farms will attract substantial overseas
investment as well as soaking up “private
money in private hands” in Tanzania. The
recent settlement with Lonrho may have been
intended to smooth the British company’s
return into tea and food production although
this may be hampered by President Nyerere’s
insistence that the company clarify its links
with Jonas Savimbi of UNITA in Angola.

It is also doubtful if overseas farmers,
private or corporate, will be willing to commit
ds to Tanzania in the present harsh
economic climate. Brooke Bond’s 1982
annual report said its tea estates in Mufindi
were less profitable than those in Kenya,
Malawi and India.

Recently NAFCO farms in Hanang district,
run in conjunction with the Canadians, hadto
mount an emergency operation to get a good
wheat harvest into the Arusha godowns. It
was lying in the open because there was no fuel
for.transport.

One man who used to farm near Arusha
told Africa Now: “It will be very difficult to

TANZANIA



NAMIBIA

SITUATION OF GERMAN COMMUNITY IN NAMIBIA DISCUSSED
Windhoek DIE REPUBLIKEIN in Afrikaans 8 Sep 83 p 4
[Article in German by Arthur Suren: "Quo Vadis IG"]

[Text] Last weekend's yearly congress of the Interest Society of German
Speaking Southwesters {1¢] had been looked forward to with_some excitement,
at least by the German community in South West Africa {swa]. The rowdiness,
which many had predicted or expected, did not occur or at least not often.

The non-public parts of the congress were, of course, the most informative.
However, delegates as well as “observing” members were bound to keep silent
about these, so that the internal proceedings do not get all over the town of
Windhoek.

The cracking of the joints of the IG was evoked by the Harare trips and the
third talks held there between the executive committee of the IG and SWAPO.
Perfect clarity about the relationships and events was evidently not yet pro-
vided at the congress.

The IG stuck to its original goals. Conversion into a party was unequivocally
rejected by the congress. And yet, the Interest Society is a political group,
which must also try to achieve its goal within the political framework and
with political means.

But this 6th congress did not come up with clear definitions of such concepts
as "politics," “party politics," "national interests come before personal in-
terests," and the like either.

Hence, with a few exceptions, the executive committee did not dare maintain
such clear principles as was generally expected. To be sure, it was forced
to define its political tasks and goals itself, to set priorities, and in due
course to make both "transparent" to the members, their regional groups and
eventually also to the concerned public.

That is new. If the executive committee sticks to this, then it will no longer
be able to act arbitrarily, as it has been accused of doing in the past. It
maintained clear obligations, on the other hand, concerning its talks and
“development of contacts" -- orientation talks with neighboring countries and
parties within the country, yes, at least as long as they remain based on a
liberal democratic foundation.

39