CONFERENCE SEEKS: NATIONAL STRATEGY

Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES (Business

[Text]

CSO:

3400/16

‘The first international con-
ference to formulate a
national security strategy
‘will be held in SA in Novem-

ber.

‘The conference has be-
‘come necessary to meet the
challenges of an increasing-

ly volatile political and so-.

cial climate.

> Leading figures, including

“the Minister of Defence,

Magnus Malan, will address

te oan i
organ! yy the San-

jdock-Austral Security Acad-

‘emy.
Richard Kobetz, assistant
director of the International
Association of Chiefs of Po-
lice, in charge of among oth-
‘er disciplines, hostage res-
yeue, will also be present.
+ Roy Jackson, Sandock-
‘Austral’s general manager,
says: “The aim of the confer-
ence is to serve as a catalyst
towards formulating a

JPRS“SSA+85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Supplement) in English 15 Sep 85 p 5

national security strategy,”

It will bring together sen-
jor management staff main-
ly from the private sector, A
diploma course in security
administration will he
launched to help the private
sector cope with demands
for effective security man-
agement,

‘The course will be run
along the lines of manage-
ment programmes being un-
dertaken by the Damelin
Management School.

Sandock-Austral will also

launch a course in physiog-

namy, which will be conduc-
ted on an in-house basis.

Colonel Jackson says: “We
hope to train personnel in
the Identification of crimi-
nals. The course lasts only
half a working day. It is not
designed to compete with
the SA Police’s Identikit pro-

ramme but to complement
fg

56


JPRS+SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

ANNUAL COST OF OIL SANCTIONS ESTIMATED

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 20-26 Sep 85 pp 1, 2

[Article by Pat Sidley]

[Text]

THE international oil embargo costs
South Africa RS billion a year.

This was the figure presented to a
conference on apartheid last weekend:
in Amsterdam.

According to a paper compiled by
the Amsterdam-based: Shipping
Research Bureau, South Africa pays
R3-billion a year in cride oil imports,
and spends another R2-billion
annually to circumvent the existing
embargo.

The paper, called "West European
Companies Breaking the Oil Embargo
against South Africa”, says the money
is spent on premiums to companies

the South African government has set
up a complex system of special funds,
the paper says.

_ The main ones are the newly-
transformed Central Energy Fund,
the Strategic Fuel Fund and the
Equalisation Fund.

The paper says the funds have been
kept secret, although they will now be
scrutinised by parliament.

The funds are raised by taxpayers’
and consumers’ money and financed
by various levies on liquid fuel
consumption. ‘

The paper reports a number of “oil
scandals" reported in the South

and middlemen, on a vast stockpile, of African press on the Salem affair, on
fastallation and ‘tion costs: allegations of misspendings and
The costs anm Production Ker * corruption, on mysterious court cases
fe ‘ome ly are broken down in which large sums for commission
a Sacel — R2250-miltion in are claimed, on premiums paid to oil

“extra costs of oil - products
‘mariufactured"

@ Stockpile — R125-million
preparing old mines and R1 325-
million in lost interest on the stock

@ Off-shore exploration for oil
(Soekor) — R5-million

@ Premiums to companies and
smiddiemen —R7,5-million

@ Other costs not estimated include

the loss of potential export earnings of «

coal used by Sasol (about 32-million
tons a year), pollution costs and
ecological damage, the cost of under-
utilisation of conventional refineries,
compensation costs to oil companies,
costs of production loss, repairs and
security of energy installations
because of sabotage.

| To be able to pay these extra costs,

22

traders and on alleged "irregularities"
by offitials involved in management
of these funds.

The Equalisation Fund, the paper
says, was established to compensate
the subsidjaries of Western oil
companies refining oil in South Africa
(Mobil; Caltex, Shell, BP and Total)
for their abnormal costs of crude oil
purchases. "The fund acts as a buffer
levelling prices of crude oil purchases
from abroad," says the paper.

In 1984, according to the paper,
R1 000-million of the Equalisation
Fund was spent to pay the increase of
crude oil import prices.”

‘The paper says the costs of the three
Sasol plants so far are estimated at
R25-billion. Crude oi! imports have
been reduced by Sasol by 35 percent.
It comments: "This partial self-


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Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
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processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

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JPRS=SSA=85~101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

NEW REPUBLIC PARTY LEADER GIVES VIEWS ON NATIONAL CONVENTION

Cape Town THE ARGUS in English 3 Sep 85 p 14

[Article by: Bill Sutton]

[Yext]* CONSTITUTIONAL reform begins when Nation-
alists either force their Government to reform
or vote it out of office. This is the mainstream
of white politics and the issue of reform will be
decided here or else by violence.

The New Republic Party will support any ini-
tiative to put together a package to present to
Nationalist voters as an. alternative to Govern-

| ment indecision and lack of imagination.

: The UDF recently stated the con-
ditions for a national convention
very clearly.

For credibility inside or outside
South Africa, Mandela must be re-
leased unconditionally, the ANC
must be allowed free play, the exiles
and freedom fighters must be al-
lowed to return, political prisoners
as designated by the ANC must be
amnestied and money must be al-
lowed to flow freely into the country
to fund the ANC campaign to elect
delegates to the convention.

For ANC read UDF. Surely this
cannot be what Dr Slabbert has in
mind ? The immense potential of
Chief Buthelezi for leadership would
be swept away by the Red tide.

We need Chief Buthelezi in go-
vernment now. The Government
needs Chief Buthelezi in government
now.

My Party sees a convention alli-
ance as a Brussels-type convention
between South Africa and the home-
land governments, with the inimedi-
ate inclusion of Chief Buthelezi and

cso: 3400/17

65

another homeland leader in the
Cabinet.

This would open up direct black
participation in the crucial areas of
the budget and constitutional
reform.

_I believe the Government would
‘ive earnest consideration to such an
inter-government relationship.

A House of Deputies of 60
members would give urban blacks
participation on all standing com-
mitteees of Parliament, especially
those of the budget and of constitu-
tional affairs, and also.a seat in the
Cabinet.

The voice of blacks in Parliament

would boom through the corridors of

wer like the Mouille Point fog-
orn.

Parliament with its procedures
and its precedents is the guarantee
of the rights of all South Africans.

The old Republic with the its
Westminster Parliament and it con-
frontational style has gone.

The new Republic with its new
Parliament and the style of consen-
sus has come and awaits only black
participation. Negotiation in Parlia-
ment, eyeball to eyeball, in the
standing committees is the way to
achieve real reform.

I appeal to Dr Slabbert and main-
line Progressives to return to the
mainstream of white politics.

Flirting along the edges of democ-
racy with the ‘UDF will not change
Nationalist minds. A convention alli-
ance as outlined above has a real
chance of doing so.

What we need is a convention alli-

1 ance that even Nationalists cannot
refuse.



merely windy pretension, covering a real nakedness of political theory. No
organisation which seeks to lead the working class can hope to establish its
leadership by merely making public claim to “leadership.”

Ithas to establish its claim in two ways: first, by publicising its theories and
ideologies, and seek to win support for them from amongst the most
advanced, thinking workers; and second, by taking part in every struggle of
the working class in line with that ideology, thus testing out its ideology by
practical demonstration. Ideology preserved as the secret only of the would-
be leaders becomes sterile academism; ideology reduced to a few pithy
commonplaces for public consumption becomes mere sloganising. In either
case, it does little to raise the consciousness of the masses or to lead them in
action. Ideology needs to be stated in public and tested in action; itneeds to
be subjected to constant re-appraisal and to debate and reconsideration in
the light ofexperience. There is no sign that thisis yet any part of Azapo’s own
‘ideological dimension’. If the dimensions of Azapo’s ideology to which
Jones refers exist, they exist only in private; and in public there is seen only
the revolutionary and radical sloganising. This is again perhaps a sign of
Azapo’s preference for the dramatics of political proclamation, rather than
the grind of public political action; for the gestures of radicalism rather than
radical actions.

It is a truism that no organisation can hope to carry through a root-and-
branch transformation of society by instinct and flairalone. What is needed is
atheory of social transformation, to serve as a guide to action. Where action is

not a primary aim, the need for an adequate theory can naturally be
neglected. But any organisation seeking seriously to pass beyond desires to
practical political action — and Azapo today certainly proclaims that
purpose — needs an advanced theory; it needs to know how its own society
operates, in order to understand in which direction it is developing and in
which direction it can be moved. It needs to know what characteristics the
new social order should have, what is possible, and how the possible can be
attained. It needs to know not only how to generate political mobilisation
and action, but also how to decide the strategy and tactics of that action at
every change of a constantly changing social scene. Without such a
theoretical basis, action will be blind action, and its consequences seldom
those aimed at by its organisers.

It is impossible to suggest that there are not, within the ranks of Azapo, the
intellectual resources and seriousness to develop just such a theory. But one
looks in vain for evidence that they are in fact doing so — evidence, that is,
other than the pronouncements of leaders such as that quoted above. There
are, of course, always two ways to develop a theoretical solution to problems:
to learn from and build on the experience of others; or to start from first
principles without past references — in the manner of one who wantsto carry
his mealies to market but cannot do so until he has first invented the wheel
and axle for himself. Azapo seems to me, in many ways, to be trying to
reinvent the wheel — which may well of course result in a means of getting
the goods to market; but not in our lifetime!

Lessons of History

This conclusion is reached after much reading of Azapo material —
speeches, seminar papers, resolutions and published articles. All of these

76


JPRS“SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

KENYA

BRIEFS

BRITISH AID TRANSPORTATION SECTOR--The British High Commissioner to Kenya,

Sir Leonard Allison, handed over to Kenya Railways Corporation's Managing
Director, Mr. Julius Mimano, the last of five locomotives, extensively reha-
pilitated with British aid. The ceremony took place on July 18. All of KR's
five Class 87 locomotives have now been rebuilt under the first phase of a
British programme of assistance to Kenya Railways worth 13 million, under
which is provided loco rehabilitation, spares and number of consultancy
studies which will assist the corporation to develop a comprehensive programme
of action over the next few years. In his speech at the ceremony, Sir Leonard
said that, since Independence, Britain has provided Kenya with close to L600
million in officiel aid, more than any other bilateral donor. "Our programme
as a whole to Kenya is worth some 135 million annually, which means that Kenya
is the largest recipient of British aid in Africa," said Sir Leonard. Indeed,
Kenya is second only to India worldwide in British aid. Such aid has focussed
mainly on the transport sector, along with energy, natural resources and man-
‘power development. In the latter area, aid amounts to L10 million a year.

In the transport sector, Britain has recently concluded its largest-ever aid
project, the L20 million Thuchi-Nkubu road which links Embu and Meru. Britain
has also given considerable assistance in the modernisation of Mombasa port,
funding new equipment outlays and providing experts to help make the port most
modern container terminal in East Africa. Kenya Railways has been especially
deserving of British support, said Sir Leonard, not least "on account of

our long association with it." /Text/ /Neirobi E.A. REPORT ON TRADE AND INDUS-
TRY in English Aug 85 p 167

cso: 3400/34

12


CRITICAL LOOK AT AZAPO

JPRS*SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

London THE AFRICAN COMMUNIST in English No 102, Third Quarter 1985 pp 32-45

{Article by Toussaint]

[Text]

The “Azanian People’s Organisation” — Azapo — is not much accustomed
to wide attention from the world’s press, radio and TV. Nor does it usually
attract much attention from South Africa’s internal media. But suddenly for
a few days in February, it became the centre of an international wave of
attention. The occasion was the highly publicised visit to South Africa of US
senator Edward Kennedy — a putative 1988 Presidential candidate, engaged
on a fact-finding inspection of apartheid and all its consequences.

It is difficult to avoid some feelings of cynicism about his public tour,
conducted throughout in full blaze of media publicity; he was seen in all the
right places— in Nobel prize-winner Tutu’s bishopric and outside Nelson
Mandela’s Pollsmoor prison, at Winnie Mandela’s place of banishment and
in the streets of Soweto; he delivered himself of some newly-discovered
criticisms of apartheid, and iterated a newly-discovered determination to see
that the US changes from its present “constructive engagement” stance toa
consistent anti-apartheid one.

Opposition to apartheid has become the USA’s fastest rolling bandwagon.
Everyone who would be anyone in American politics — except of course
dyed-in-the-wool Republican Party office-holders — is lining up to join the
demonstrations outside South Africa’s US embassies, to be ritually arrested

in a campaign initiated by Reverend Jesse Jackson’s ‘rainbow coalition’
supporters. The campaign for US disinvestment from the apartheid state is
becoming acentral issue of foreign policy, suitably challenging of Reaganism
and yet comfortably removed from the really stinking cesspools of US policy
on America’s own doorstep in El Salvador, Nicaragua and Chile — which
still have bipartisan support of Democrats and Republicans alike.

Whatever the mix of genuine conviction, political opportunism, and
personal image-building which underlay the Kennedy visit, it was not
without significance for the future of South Africa. His public
condemnations of the apartheid regime were the most public by a senior
Western statesman since Macmillan’s ‘winds of change’ speech in 1960; they
must have carried some weight in the English-speaking world outside,
especially that part of it which has been comfortably relaxed in tacit support
for the regime — and for the profits that can be creamed off from the system;

71



JPRS“SSA“854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

PROFESSOR ON ENGLISH AS UNIFYING FORCE IN NATION'S FUTURE

Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 10 Sep 85 p 14

(Article by Professor Dirk Meerkotter of Potchefstroom University: "English
the Unifying Force in the Future South Africa"]

{Text ] . The abusive way in which Afri-
kaans is often used on job sites
THE aims of this contribution are _ and even publically, could defini-
to point out how a forced separat- tely not be viewed as having a -
ist policy caused the decay of Af- positive, generating effect on the
rikaans, why Black vernaculars future of Afrikaans.
could not become first languages One could argue that the sepa-
for the majority of people in this ratist attitudes of Afrikaners had |
country and why English is viewed amore negative effect on the
by most people in South Africa as mental health of some Whites than
the language through which they , on the sanity of Blacks and that a
would prefer their children to be language in which racist preju-
educated. — + dices are expressed, could hardly
: be seen as a language suitable for
, educating one’s children in,
Decay of Afrikaans A more liberal and humanistic
' philosophy of life is portrayed in
Of the more than 10 million the English language than in Afri-
users of Afrikaans over 4 million kaans. One needs only to think |
have Afrikaans as a home lan- about all the exclusive Pieters-
guage and although Afrikaans is burg-thinking that surrounded, and
seen as an important language by still surrounds the Afrikaans
English-speaking South Africans church (es). Could it be that the
and more Blacks use Afrikaans in’ reason why 97 percent of aal im-
their work environment than Eng- migrant children who haven’t got
lish (Prinsloo, 1984), it seems as English as a mother language go
though Afrikaans is often used for ‘ to English medium schools, lies in
pragmatic reasons than for rea-, ‘ the posibility that the Afrikaner’s
sons relating to an attitude in; i way of thinking exclusively makes
speakers of other languages to ac- people feel more welcome
tually want to speak the language. , amongst English-speaking South
Afrikaans is an important lan- Africans?,
guage for the employee and any- .
one wishing to communicate with ; If this is the case for immi-
the civil service. But there is a: grants who after a relatively short
tremendous difference between | period even get electoral rights,
speaking the language because one then undoubtedly a: large propor-
experiences the urge as a matter tion of native South Africans apart
of the heart and being given no al- from not being allowed to attend
ternative than to speak the lan- ° Afrikaans medium schools, would
guage. feel more uneasy in situations

where Afrikaans carries thoughts.

29



BUSINESS OUTLINES ROLE IN REFORM PROCESS

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 20 Sep 85 p 2

[Text]

JPRS=SSA+85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

: SOUTH Africa’s major employer bodies, black and white, Eng-

lish and Afrikaans, this week joined forces to deliver a compre-
hensive statement to the United Nations hearings on trans-
* national corporations in SA. Signatories to the statement were
. Die Afrikaanse Handelsinstituut (AHI), the Association 9;
Chambers of Commerce (. ‘Assocom), the National African Fed-
eration of Chambers of Commerce (Nafcoc), the Federated
Chamber of Industries (FCI) and the Urban Foundation.
The statement, printed here in full, outlines the role of busi-
ness in the reform process in SA.

4) THE object of this statement, made |
on behalf of leading employer organi- ;

sations in South Africa, representing
the majority of black and white enter-
priseiin commerce and industry, is to
outline the positive and effective role
being played by organised business to
promote and accelerate the progress
of change in the country in order to

realise the legitimate aspirations of :

all black Sout!

Africans and to effect ;

the removal of discrimination based -

on race, colour, creed or sex.

‘The organisations take pride in at-.
testing to the good work and valuable
contribution by the trans-national
corporations (TNCs) for the further-
ance of these objectives individually
or collectively.

~ The TNCs should be included in the
term “leading employer organisa,
tions” by virtue of their membership
and participation in the work of these,
organisations.

. There is a need for international
businesses to continue their positive
contribution to SA’s development ef-
forts and particularly in the area of
black advancement where they have
played a significant role.

The employer organisations be-
lieve they are a powerful force for
change and have the motivation, sin-'

cerity of purpose and credibility to

achieve the universally-approved
outlined objectives.
2) The leading SA employer organisa-
ions have on various occasions dur-
ing the past year committed them-
selves publicly to an on-going process
of economic and political reform.
For example, in a joint Press state-
ment issued on January 7, 1985 a num-
ber of critical issues were explicitly
identified:
CFull participation by all South Afri-
cans in a private enterprise economy
and in the political dispensation of the
countr’

‘y.
(CAcommon loyalty to the country as
expressed through citizenship for all.
O Ending forced removals.
O The administration of justice to be
safeguarded by the courts.
OFurther development of a free and
independent trade union movement.
3) Since then the’ co-operative and
public effort of organised business
is gone further in a number of direc-
tions.

The organisations are now ina
sition to influence significantly the
social, political and economic course
of events in SA.

) It is clear the SA business commun-
ity has deliberately chosen for itself a
role as a positive agent of change. By
international standards this is an un-
‘usual position for business to take.

100

Hence the issue of motivation needs
to be addressed.

(a) Business is deeply concerned
that increasingly-violent internal
conflict between black and white may
become institutionalised in SA.

, Because of the strength and the
numbers on both sides violence can-
‘not resolve this confrontation. Only
| death, bloodshed and poverty can
emerge as ultimate victors,

! (b) The traditional “business way of
life” — the private enterprise system
itself — is fundamentally at stake. It
is the perception of business that if
SA's ple jose control over the pro-
cess of change either white- or black-
dominated authoritarianism will re-
sult in which there will be little room
for a substantially market-orientated
economic system.

(c) If effective channels of political
expression for blacks up to the high-
est level are not developed, they will
be increasingly forced to employ in-
dustrial relations mechanisms to
voice grievances.

Such a development is unsound and
would put the business community in
an invidious position. +

(d) It is now simply a fact of life
that the SA economy has become
much too large to be managed by
whites alone. In their own self-inter-
est business must get involved with


necessarily be uncomfortable for. foreign inister
Pik Botha or minister of constitutional development

Chris Heunis. A ‘“‘convention alliance’’ has already
been formed between the PFP, Chief Gatsha
Buthelezi’s Zulu-oriented Inkatha movement, the
Indian Solidarity Party and various church and busi-
ness organisations.

Shortly after the forming of the above alliance,
Mandela issued a statement ditching any idea of
holding a national convention, opting instead for
negotiations to “discuss the mechanics of handing
over power to the people of South Africa’. The
prospect of unity between the ANC-inclined United
democratic Front, the Azanian Peoples’ Organisa-
tion (AZAPO) and other black consciousness bodies
has improved markedly.

While the shifting alliances are often hard to
predict, one thing is certain: P.W. Botha’s popularity
nationwide is ebbing fast in the wake of the Durban
speech - perhaps the biggest blunder in his political
career.Jt might in due course lose him his job.
Already, of his own volition, it has brought on the
prospect of a legal battle which could prove extre-
mely humiliating.

The country’s leading financial publication, the
Financial Mail (FM), hired a clinical psychiatrist to
analyse Botha’s ‘body language’’ during the speech.
The 6 September issue of FM duly carried the verdict
in the most scathing terms. In an editorial titled
“Leave Now’’, the FM said Botha had ‘“‘nothing
more to offer and should therefore pay the appropri-
ate penalty... the man is hopelessly out of his
depth and should, forthwith, go into well-earned
retirement’’. The psychiatrist’s critique was equally
uncomplimentary: ‘‘We are constantly aware of
truculent, defiant, child-like behaviour in all his
gestures. We are aware of anxiety behind the mask-
like posture. His words have one message. His body-
language says another. . . it reveals the angry child’.

Last week Botha’s lawyers asked the FM for the
name of the psychiatrist and confirmed that the
enquiry was with the view to legal action.

Time is vital. The abolition of the cornerstones of
apartheid is well underway, but too late, probably,
to assuage black activists. Out of new alignments
might come direct negotiations with blacks over
power-sharing. Like the Zambia meeting, negoti-
ations could be with or without the government. But
that will be accompanied by fierce resistance from
the Afrikaner right-wing - the Conservative Party,
the Herstigte Nasional Party and yet more extreme
Afrikaner movements, some of them of a terrorist
complexion. We will report in detail in a forthcoming
issue.

36


cso:

3400/16

_

Lieutenant Edwards also dis-
cussed torture methods used by
the. Security Police to extract
information from Committee
of South African Students
(Cosas) members and how the
Security Police recruited Cosas
informers by threatening them
and their families.

“During our discussions it
was suggested that I receive
espionage training in Pretoria
at the end of 1985. I was also

. promised a car.

“My last contact with the Se-
curity Police was on Tuesday
September 3, when I phoned

_ Captain Neveling.

Conscience-stricken

“Eventually, my conscience
worried me so much that I ter-
minated my contract,” said
Roller.

Third-year student Daryl
McLean, who was recently
elected deputy chairman of the

* Students’ Representative Coun-

’ tenant Nevel

~¢il (SRC) at Rhodes, said he

worked for the Security Police

in 1983.
He was approached by Lieu-
ing who said he

+” was aware that Daryl intended
- studying politics and journal.
; ism at Rhodes.

McLean was last contacted

‘during the 1983 July holidays

when Lieutenant Neveling.
tried unsuccessfully to per-
suade him to continue assisting
them.

The police spokesman in
Pretoria said he wished to

; state that certain members of

the student body at Rhodes

. University had offered their

"services for payment and that:

they were in a process of as-

. sessment as information

sources,
“There exists a long history .

‘of misuse by banned organisa-
« tions of campuses in South
, Africa to recruit people and.

carry on illegal activities.
“Numerous examples exist

" and are a matter of public rec- h

ord,” he said.

61



[Cartoon, page 14]

N DARN RINC LO SNS |
WS a BEN AY s y DAES BOK | 0h
f xs N aK I TN :

at

Ty ii on

“FOUR FAULTS” i

cso: 3400/56

32


SECURITY MEN MEET OVER UNREST, CRIME

JPRS“SSA+85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Cape Town THE ARGUS in English 5 Sep 85 p 8

[Text] JOHANNESBURG. ~' South Africans are

cso:

“closing their eyes” to major security threats
d by civil unrest and the continuing re-
cession, according to new Security Associa-
tion of South Africa president Mr Dirk Ack-°
erman. y
While mob ‘violence and an increasing,
‘crime rate had. thrown industrial and com-.
mercial security into the limelight, the South
African public still lacked an awareness of
the need for security, he said.

RELEVANT
Mr Ackerman said that never before had:
there been a time when security in business
< and among the public in general — had
‘been. more relevant.
i “It is of the utmost importance that the
' public of South Africa should develop an at-
titude of mind that recognises security as be-
ing a part of their way of life.”. .

Argus Correspondent ~~
JOHANNESBURG. — Security experts are
meeting in Johannesburg today to discuss secu-
rity threats caused by civil unrest and an in-
creasing crime rate in South Africa over the
past year.

The discussions will take place at the 1985 nation-
al conference of the Security Association of South
Africa (Sasa), which will coincide with South Afri-
ca’s first Security Awareness Week.

The president of Sasa, Mr Dirk Ackerman, said
the Security Awareness week was staged to make
the public aware of the need for effective security

- measures.

3400/17

64

“THINK SECURITY”

“We believe that, by promoting a concept of
‘Think Security’, many of the detrimental effects of
the current national situation could at least be in-
hibited with a consequent saving of life and proper-
ty”.

Sasa, a non-profit organisation, will be asking its
1100 members to promote security awareness
throughout the country both in industrial complexes
and office buildings.

The Deputy Minister of Law and Order, Mr
Adriaan Viok, will open the conference at a hotel in

» Berea.

The first day’s discus-
sions will be devoted to
external threats to bu-
sinesses, and the second
day will focus on inter-
nal business problems.

A security exhibition
will be held to coincide
with the conference.
Among the items on dis-
play will be a walk-
through explosives de-
‘tector, which is claimed
to be the world’s most
efficient unit of its kind.
It can detect even the
latest Russian and wa-
ter-based explosives by
measuring the molecu-
lar structure of everyth-
ing passing through the
scanner.

| _ South Africa’s first
car-bomb booklet will
also be released tomor-
row to mark the first
publication in a new se-
ries of security booklets
which are being pro-
duced by Sasa.


‘black advancement ‘in the broad”

sense and particularly in the area of |
promoting the rapid development of
lack managerial talent.

It is essentially both self-interest «
and social responsibility which are
driving the business community to-
wards active promotion of reform.
5) The pressure of economic forces, |
whether diffused through the market-
place or articulated through business
frou , has promoted the progress of

lack advancement, the rapid growth
of black spending power, the emer-
gence of black unions and the devel- '
opment of a black business class. ~

It has laid the economic foundation
‘for the current debate about black

olitical participation.
5 In dynamic terms an unstoppable
rocess of transformation is current-
occurring in SA which is mainly
driven by black aspirations and dis-
content generating in its wake power- |
ful internal pressures for reform. “;

This demand for change is being -
supported by the SA business com- ‘
munity both in its own enlightened
self-interest and for reasons of
broader social responsibility.

Collectively these internal pres-
sures are now sufficiently powerful to
sustain the process whether or not
overseas interests engage or disen-
gage from SA. Thus the real issue is
whether this process will be violent!
or relatively peaceful. |
7) Since the declaration of the partial!
state of emergency, organised busi-
ness has played and even stronger.
role: 4

(a) Accepting the need to restore
law and order in parts of SA, business |
made it clear publicly that security .
action alone will not resolve the seri- |
ous conflict in black townships. |

Such action must also be backed by '
a package of substantial reforms to |
recognise black aspirations and to re- '
dress legitimate grievances.

' Real negotiations in the political .
and industrial relations spheres are
the key to a return to an orderly SA
and to stability in our townships.

{) Anumber of meetings were held ;
with senior Cabinet members and the |
State President to exchange views‘
and to discuss alternative courses of
action.

{e}In an official reaction to the
financial crisis of confidence which
led to the closing of the forex markets
and the stock exchange, organised

cso: 3400/18

commerce and industry reaffirmed
their strong support for a process of
ceful accommodation of the poli-
ical, social and economic aspirations
of all South Africans regardless of |
ace, colour or creed. \
* They again stressed the vital im-:
portance of negotiation with all ac-
cepted black leaders “even if some of
these are currently in detention” and
offered to government their negotiat-
ing experience and expertise gained
in the formative years since 1980, dur-
ing which the new labour dispensa-
tion (to accommodate legalised black
trade unions) had to be established.

They also indicated their willing-
ness to mediate between and among
various leaders and groups in the

ountry, both black and white, in
Spader to get a serious negotiation pro-
cess going which will involve a new
constitutional dispensation for all.
8) Against this background, organised
_business in SA is engaged in orches-
trating an even more active strategy
for the private sector to contain a
number of. inter-related elements.
' (a) Theré is a need for establishing
an “SA business charter” outlining,
against the backdrop of a number of

ublic statements in this regard, the
full set of objectives and principles
for power-sharing and black ad-
\ancement to which the business
community is committed in pursuing
its own action programme.

(b) Serious direct negotiation be-
itween black leaders and government
needs to be preceded by an important
pre-negotiation phase during which
‘the emphasis should fall on confi-.
dence building through mediation and
conciliation.

Rushing through this pre-negotia-
tion phase could seriously jeopardise
the effectiveness of subsequent
cound-table bargaining.

This is where organised business
could play a crucial role in behind-
the-scenes: ‘mediation aimed essen-
tially at promoting greater realisa-
tion in order to bring the various
parties closer together.

Agenda-setting needs to be done
and basic assurances and/or condi-
tions established which may well be
necessary before serious negotiation
can begin.

(c) An effective economic develop-
ment strategy aimed at maximum
yemployment and wealth creation in
the short and medium term is an

101

urgent necessity,

‘This will involve a change in em-
phasis towards a licy of positively
ipromoting orderly urbanisation in-
ivolving action across a wide range of
issues such as privatisation deregula-
tion, the removal of influx control and
the pass laws, developing the urban
informal sector, rural development
and a more cost-effective decentral-
lisation policy.

"Such a policy should be integrated
with a broad supply-side approach to
economic reconstruction to promote
economic growth without eroding the
competitiveness of industry or unduly
stimulating inflation.

‘ (d) Further important elements
that need to be co-ordinated are a
regionally-orientated programme to
upgrade the quality of life in black
towns, and a non-discriminatory and
vocation-orientated education policy
which will open opportunities for
black advancement and remove the
constraints on productivity and com-
petitiveness.

The overall aim of this action pro-
gramme is to try and to penn it in
as a country anc perm
regain its place among the great de-
mocracies of the world.

‘9)In the view of business, the most
_ effective role for foreign interests to
play in our country is to latch on to
and support constructively the inter-
nal processes and developments
which are moving irreversibly, and
under their own power, in the direc-
tion of real reform.

Effective disassociation from
, abroad will make our contribution to
the reform process more problemat-
ic, mainly because of the increasing
domestic polarisation which will re-
 Sult from international isolation.

Disassociation will not stop the
organisations from pursuing their
-constructive role, since what is at
Stake in SA is too important.

But there is no doubt such actions
would make it more difficult for busi-
ness to achieve the universal objec-
‘tives outlined in this statement.
| While these indigenous processes
continue, overseas interests should

{indeed actively support selective but
‘aggressive engagement rather than
total from the coun-
‘try, on condition that at least a major-
‘ity of blacks are satisfied real pro-
gress is being made.


JPRS“SSA=85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

EASTERN CAPE CONSUMER BOYCOTT TO BE EXTENDED THROUGH CHRISTMAS

Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 15 Sep 85 p 7 .

[rticle by Mono Badela: "For Whom The Xnas Bells Toll...'7

Lrext]

- THE Eastern Cape con-
sumer boycott of white.

business is set to be ex-
tended through the
Christmas shopping peri-
od, boycott leaders dis-

closed this week.
White businessmen in several -

"Eastern Cape towns — especially °

Port Elizabeth, East London and
Queenstown — are reeling under «
the two-month-old consumer boy-
cott.

- Boycott demands include the lifting _

_ of the state of emergency and release :

of all detainees. !
In East London, 16 of the 18 shops !
ina North End street have closed, and ;
businessmen in the area are to appeal :
to the Government for “drought aid”. ‘
Businessmen in other affected cen- ?
tres may join in making a similar
appeal. '

cso: 3400/23

42

Quéenstown businessmen are to pe- |
tition the Government to take action }
to provide finance to alleviate the.
“appalling and inhumane” living con-
ditions in the Mlungisi township.

E Consumer Boycott Committee ;
acting publicity secretary Stone Si-
zani said the PE boycott, which was
originally set to last eight weeks, has
been extended and may stretch until
the Christmas period. .

City Press visited Port Elizabeth
this week and discovered several shops
normally patronized by blacks in cen-
tral PE’and North End have closed,

‘Any hopes by business of the crisis
ending in Uitenhage were dashed as
National Party MP for Algoa James

, Kleinhans rejected talks,

But in Cradock, businessmen are
making attempts to discuss the boy-
cott with Hingelihle residents.

Cradock Residents’ Association
president Gladwell Makaula has how-
ever ruled out talks with local busi-

* nessmen until those detained under

the state of emergency are set free.


Concentrated

cso:

3400/57

DORMITORY HOMELAND: Every morning Putco
buses ferry 15 600 workers from kwaNdebele to their
places of employment outside the homeland — and
then back again at night. .

For most daily commuters, the working day is a
very long one, and many rise as early as 2am to
catch buses.

But this does not paint the full picture of just how
many workers are provided by the tiny dormitory
homeland, whose peopie travel as far afield as Mid-
delburg, Nylstroom and Marble Hall in search of em-
ployment.

Many workers, in an attempt to save money, opt to

4 poard in hostels or with friends near their place of
work, returning home only at weekends or the end of
the month.

‘So the number of commuting workers is in fact far
more than 16000 — and this in spite of Government
claims that adequate job opportunities are being pro-
vided within kwaNdebele itself.

INDUSTRY: By the end of April next year kwaNde-
bele’s prime industrial centre, Ekandustria, should
have 64 factories employing a total of 5 300 people.

Marketing manager for the kwaNdebele Develop-
ment Corporation, Mr Piet du Plessis, said it was
hoped the jobs created since February 1984 would
reduce kwaNdebele’s unemployment problems.

Goods such as clothing, textiles, furniture, light en-
gineering goods, packaging and luggage are being
produced. Ninety percent of all products are market-
ed in South Africa.

AGRICULTURE: In real terms only about 15 or
20 percent of kwaNdebele’s land is arable and the
main agricultural activity at this stage is livestock
-farming.

However, Secretary for Agriculture, Mr Trevor
Terwin, says is is hoped that the homeland will one
day become agriculturally self-sufficient.

in the meantime, kwaNdebele must import vital
commodities such as maize.

Only R6 million will be spent on agriculture in
1985/86 — about eight percent of the homeland’s total
budget.

Cattle farming is largely concentrated in the north-
ern parts of kwaNdebele and Mr Terwin puts total
herds at about 20 000 head.

He says there are about 500 black farmers with
land rights enabling them to grow maize, sorghum,
groundnuts, sugar beans and vegetables.

A total of 2.000 tons of maize are produced annual-
ly by small peasant farmers and those with larger,
economic land units, Mr Terwin says.

84


JPRS*SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

ETHIOPIA

EPLF SECRETARY-GENERAL ON SECRET NEGOTIATIONS
Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER 14 Sep 85 in English p 7

[Interview with EPLF Secretary-General Ramadhan Mohamed Nur by correspondent
for THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER; date and place not specified]

[Text] [Question] After your withdrawal from Barentu, how do you regard your
current situation?

[Answer] We are in a transitional phase from the 1978-79 period when the
Ethiopian regime with Soviet support and intervention was able to change the
balance of forces in its favour and we were in the strategic defensive.
Gradually we took the military initiative in 1983-84, and we are turning from
the defensive to the strategic offensive, where it is possible that the enemy
might make certain tactical advances. The withdrawal from Barentu has to be
seen in this context. It does not mean a strategic change in the balance of
forces between the EPLF and the Ethiopian regime. There were certain factor
that made (the withdrawal) happen: the regime had to put in two more
divisions, one infantry and one mechanised from the Ogaden, apart from those it
had in the area, another division from Tigray and 15,000 new recruits doing
their national military service. This brought the overall number of Ethiopian
forces within Eritrea to 11 divisions. This, coupled with the current
situation in the Barka area, necessitated an EPLF withdrawal from Barentu in
order to guarantee the continuity of the struggle. But in terms of EPLF
strength vis-a-vis the enemy, we feel we are in a stronger position after the
liberation of Barentu because the arms, machinery and equipment we captured
(there) add to the mobility of the EPLF and its fire-power.

[Question] Has the EPLF used the offices of the OAU or African heads of state
to reach a compromise solution of the Eritrean question?

[Answer] Since 1977 we have made various attempts to start negotiations with
the Ethiopians. We called for negotiations without pre-conditions. In 1978 we
had talks, direct talks, with the Ethiopian regime. They failed because the
Ethiopians simply demanded that we lay down our arms. There were attempts by
the Sudanese authorities which did not materialise. In 1980 we came out with
the proposal for a referendum, giving Eritreans a chance to choose between a
federation, independence or complete unity with Ethiopia. Since then, and
especially since 1982 up to March this year, there have been preliminary


Professor on English as Unifying Force in Nation's Future
(Dirk Meerkotter; THE DAILY NEWS, 10 Sep 85).............206

Emerging Political Realignments Studied
(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 18 Sep 85)..ssesceeceececeeccescecees

Black Research Survey on Black, Colored, Indian Attitudes
(POST NATAL, 18-21 Sep 85)... cece rece cece ese eee eeeeseeeees

Boycotting Students Roam Streets, Crime Wave Increasing
(Sandile Memela; CITY PRESS, 15 Sep 85)....scceceecceccecees

Eastern Cape Consumer Boycott To Be Extended Through Christmas
(Mono Badela; CITY PRESS, 15 Sep 85)...ceseeceeceeeseseecues

French Step Up Aid for Black Students
(CITY PRESS, 15 Sep 85)..ccceccceccccccceceseceecensereeeeee

Psychological Effects on Detailed Children Studied
(THE WEEKLY MAIL, 20-26 Sep 85) ..ccccceccccccecesccsceeecece

Considered Revolt Vanguard, by Sefako Nyaka
May Make Children More Aggressive, by Barbara Ludman

White Students Join Cape Town Boycotts
(CITY PRESS, 15 Sep 85) ...cccsececcccccccscsccssenceeveesees

Government Hands Over 20 Tons of Food to Soweto
(THE CITIZEN, 26 Sep 85) ..cesceecccccccccccccsscccsevvcceces

Thugs Taking Advantage of Unrest To Make Profits
(THE STAR, 19 Sep 85)..scecceccececcecceecsecenceueeceeseese

Minister Gives Homeland Consolidation Plan
(THE CITIZEN, 26 Sep 85) ..cccceececcceccccsccccvscsesecerere

Catholic Paper Editorial Urges Botha to Action
(THE CITIZEN, 24, Sep 85) .cccecccccccccecescscenesvevecessees

Government Says Aim Is To Better Relations With Neighbors
(THE CITIZEN, 27 Sep 85) ..cececsceccessccsecvcvccseessececees

Conference Seeks National Strategy
(SUNDAY TIMES, 15 Sep 85)..cesecceecerenecceesccrecscsseeees

General Defends Presence of SADF in Townships
(Keith Abendroth; THE CITIZEN, 21 Sep 85).....ssseeeeeceeeess

Unemployed Whites Increasingly Taking Unskilled Black Jobs
(Allan Soule; THE SUNDAY TIMES, 15 Sep 85).....eeeseeeeeeeee

29

33

38

40

42

43

44

44

45

47

48

49

52

54

55

56

57

58


cso:

of Indians) said they had
not supported any politi-
cal organisation before
the unrest. Although
many still did not after- *
wards, the percentages
dropped (to 56 percent :
and 49 percent respec-
tively).

The report concludes: :
“The unrest had a defi-
nite politicising effect on
the residents.”

Further differences in /
perception. by the com- |
munties were evident in
the differing responses to
the questions ... what
incidents started the
trouble and who were

the targets?

TM@ African people over-

whelmingly attributed

the outbreak of the trou- ©
ble to police instigation §

: (56 percent) and Inkatha "|

© provocation (21 percent) |

¥ rather than to student ac- ,

“tion (18 percent) or the ;
murder of civil rights
lawyer Mrs Victoria

Mxenge. |

But the biggest num-
ber of coloureds (30 per- ©
cent) and Indians (87 per-
cent) said they did not |
know what started the .
trouble. '
@ African people saw
the Government (46 per-
cent) and informers (28
percent) as the main tar-
gets of attack, and few
(eight percent) saw In-
dians as the targets,

But coloureds saw the
targets as businesses (39
percent) and as Indians
(27 percent), while In-
dians themselves felt
they had been the main‘
targets (45 percent), as
well as businesses (26

. percent). 4

The survey found a:
generally high level of
agreement that the rea-

"son why Indians were at-’:

3400/24

39

, tacked at Inanda was
simply that they got
caught in the middle of
the unrest. However,
there was a significant
feeling among Africans
(1 percent) that the at-
tacks were also the result
of people taking the op-
portunity of the unrest to

steal.

The report expressed
criticism of media cover-
age of the unrest, but in
one case, it blamed the
media for influencing the
coloured and Indian com-
munities, and in another
it said a certain media
emphasis was not accept-
ed by the communities.

The survey found 57
percent of Indians and 50
percent of coloureds re-
lied on the media for

* their information, while
only 15 percent of Afri-.:
cans gained their infor-.”
mation in the same way.

Seventy-eight percent

of Africans obtained their

: information through per-
sonal contact, 55 percent
from personal observa-
tion of the unrest.

The report blamed
prominent media cover-
age of the attacks for the
differences in perspec-
tive between the com-
munities as to who was
the target of the unrest.

But, conversely, it
stressed that media em-
phasis on the positive

. Tole of Inkatha:in con-
trolling unrest was only
accepted by a small per-

| centage of respondents
(African — two percent;
coloured — three per-
cent; Indian — less than
‘one percent).

A high number of Afri-

; van respondents said they -

3 did not know who helped ‘,

; Stop the riots.



He said because there
were two concourses at Jo-
hannesburg Station, they had
decided to keep the existing
white concourse for the ex-
clusive use of whites.

WHITES
BLANKES

“However, whites are free ©
to use the unmarked facili
ties in the old non-white con- ~
course.” :

‘The new “mixed” travel ”

arrangements, which came
into operation on September _
1, mean that white passen- ~
gers now have the option of
travelling in first, second and
third-class mixed-race
coaches — the old “non-
white” coaches.

Option

Bot whites also have the
option of travelling in
coaches reserved for “whites
only”. And that’s exactly ;
what most of them choose to
0. :

Nothing has changed for
black commuters, exeept for
the odd white face in the
crowd,

At Johannesburg Station
black passengers cannot use
the “whites only” concourse,
coffee bar, restaurant or tol-
lets. .

Even the ticket office on |
the main concourse, now
sports three prominent signs .
proclaiming “whites”. :

Members of other race .

groups have to use the
smaller concourse reserved
for them, which sports less
lavish facilities.

Even the benches on the
platform down below are
segregated. There are the
“whites only” benches and
the “mixed” benches, which
are the old “non-white”

benches with the lettering re-
moved.

Aboard the train, a white
ticket examiner serves the
“whites only” coaches and a

. black examiner presides
over the “mixed” coaches.

Doors connecting the tw
sections of the train are
locked, .

cso: 3400/17

70


working-class blacks are excluded from ‘the people’; or alternatively, there
are no black people who are not working class. The confusion in Azapo’s
statements makes it difficult to understand which of these logical
consequences is believed — if either. We are told in Aims and Objects that
Azapo was formed to “... express and manifest the aspirations of the Black
-People.” And immediately thereafter we are told in Frank Talk that “. .. being
black is a reflection of a mental attitude. ...Black people — real black people
— are those who can manage to hold their heads high in defiance rather than
willingly surrender their souls to the white man.”

No mention of class here, and correctly not. For in South Africa as almost
everywhere in the world, “the people” are made up of elements drawn from
several different classes. However one may regret the fact, there are blacks
who can ‘hold their heads in defiance’ who clearly are middle class — traders,
merchants, professionals, small employers; and not just amongst the Indian
and Coloured groups only, but increasingly — as a result of government
policy — amongst Africans as well. Government now deliberately seeks to
create a privileged black middle class — still discriminated against in various
ways, but nonetheless benefitting from some of the hand-outs of the system

"—.and to set that class up as a counter to the radical and revolutionary class
element — the black working class. It cannot assist the political struggle to
fudge this fact, or gloss it over in confusion.

Need for a Class Philosophy

Yet there are good reasons why Azapo does so. And those reasons lie in its
acceptance of the philosophy of black consciousness not as a bart of a wider
philosophy of socialism, but as the wholeofit. Black consciousness, without a
doubt, can provideacommon outlook—a mental attitude, which can attract
both workers and black middle class elements, But it cannot and does not
provide a uniquely working-class Philosophy and view of the world, such as

will enable the working class to realise itself as a class, to fulfil its historic
destiny of overthrowing the present capitalist order to create a new working-
class based socialist order. A class Programme requires a class philosophy
and class world outlook; it cannot hope to triumph without one, even though
the broad general lines of an all-class Philosophy like black consciousness
may provide a starting point, a frame of reference for the development of a
specifically class outlook.

Black consciousness is a philosophy which seeks to unite and unify all,
classes of blacks under one umbrella; it cannot satisfy the special class
aspirations of the working class; in the end it must muffle those special class
aspirations, in order to present an acceptable face to all blacks of all classes
who — by Azapo definition — are those who accept themselves as black and
are prepared to defy white supremacy,

How then is one to solve this fundamental dilemma? Only by conceding
that black consciousness — whatever its general merits — is not and cannot
be a total philosophy for social and Political revolution led by the working
class; itcan only bea partofa total philosophy. Itisno good for. Azapoto fudge
this dilemma. It grows straight out of the nature of. ‘South African oppression,
and its creation of a class-divided black population with a predominant
working-class sector.

79



365067

~-UPRS-SSA-85-101
21 October 1985

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

‘[FBISs]

[iewonuee ay
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE

US, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGEIELD, VA. 22161

— for Se “eleuser :
i tribution ‘Dalmies . t



HIGH RATINGS SAID GIVEN LOCALLY DEVELOPED CUITING OIL

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 19 Sep 85 p 22 ‘

{Article by Stan Kennedy] ;

[Text ]

CSO:

3400/18

A locally developed”
biostable synthetic cut-
ting and grinding fluid is
having a big impact on
specialists in the US, Aus- -

‘tralia and France, where
‘extensive tests confirm.

‘that all the. commonly
known problems asso-
ciated with normal oils
are eliminated. .
As a result of the tests,
Synoil of Edenvale is fin-
alising its first export -
order worth R500 000
with a US distributor.
Developed by Mr Karl |
Schrittwieser. of Synoil, ~
the fluid, called Carolla,
has been accepted by the *
local diamond research ?
industry and specialist
toolrooms. _
Normally semi-syn-°
thetic, neat and emulsifi-
able oils deteriorate rap- ©
idly under hot conditions '
because of bacterial
growth, which give off
unpleasant. odours, neces- .°
sitating frequent ‘oil
drainage. 7
* Carolla is said to have
overcome this problem.
Being completely stable, °
it requires only topping
(

up. t
‘ It is produced in con-*
centrated form and can
be diluted to suit individ-
ual machine operations.

Because of its high water
base and synthetic nature
it can be easily washed
off machinery, floors and
skin.

The company says the
fluid leaves a superior
cutting edge and does not
cause staining or corror
sion on yellow metals,
such as zinc and alumin-
ium, But its biggest claim
is that it increases tool
life 100 percent which, in
turn, reduces tool costs,
maintenance and down-
time for all machininy
operations. .

105

JPRS“SSA“854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA



MADAGASCAR
Briefs
Cloves Order From Jakarta
Oil Deal With Moscow
MOZAMBIQUE

Significance of Army's New Offensive Against Renamo
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER... cceceeccceceeccccencccenceee

Prawn Ships Sail to Durban for Repairs
(THE DAILY NEWS, 13 Sep 85) ...ceeeececeeesvcvcceccccrecceces

Briefs
Jewish Help
Brazil Halts Credit Line
NAMIBIA

Decade To Exploit Gas Strike
(THE STAR, 18 Sep 85) ..seccccccccccccecceceecesverersseseees

Briefs
Security Men 'Maltreat Civilians’
Cabinet EnforcesDiscrimination Act
SOMALIA

United States Denies Nuclear Waste Deal
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 14 Sep 85).....sseeeeseeeeeeee

SOUTH AFRICA

SADCC Claim RSA Destabilization Cost R25,000
(Pat Sidley; WEEKLY MAIL, 20-26 Sep 85)..sseseesseceeeeeeers

Annual Cost of Oil Sanctions Estimated
(Pat Sidley; THE CITIZEN, 20-26 Sep 85)....sseesecereeeeeeee

Reorganization of Education Under One Ministry Announced
(THE CITIZEN, 27 Sep 85) .ceeceescscccrccecccececcceeceseenee

For All Races
Legislation Sought To Equalize Higher Education
First Move for Equal Education

Naude Says People Losing Faith in Passive Resistance
(Estelle Trengove; THE STAR, 18 Sep 85)...s.seeeeeeeeeseeees

13
13

14

16

17

18

19

20

21

22


JPRS=$SA“85~101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

"WEEKEND ARGUS' SALES GROW-~The hike in newspaper prices hit their sales in
the six months ended June. But the latest official circulation figures show
that in spite of this setback the Weekend Argus was still able to show cir-
culation growth in this period and the daily Argus lost fewer readers than
its competitors. Audit Bureau of Circulation figures show that the circula-
tion of the Weekend Argus rose 0,5 percent in the six months ended June from
the six months ended December. The increase was to 118 194 from 117 600. In
the same period sales of the Saturday edition of the Cape Times fell 7,7 per-
cent from 83 373 to 79 559 and sales of the Saturday edition of Die Burger by
3,1 percent from 89 069 to 85 216. This significantly increased the edge
which The Argus has over its competitors. It resulted in The Argus's average
Saturday sales in the six months ended June outstripping those of the Cape
Times by 38 635, compared with 34 227 in the previous six months, and those
of Die Burger by 32 028 (28 531). Average sales of the weekday edition of
The Argus in this period fell 3,6 percent to 100 329. Sales of the Cape
Times dropped 5,5 percent to 65 653 and sales of Die Burger 5,8 percent to
75 887. This also widened the gap between The Argus's sales and those of the
Cape Times from 34 593 to 34 626, and that between The Argus and Die Burger
from 23 489 to 24 442. [Text] [Cape Town WEEKEND ARGUS in English 31 Aug
85 p 1]

NEW DETENTION BARRACKS~-South African Defence Force, No 2059, 13 September
1985. Establishment of a Detention Barracks. I, Magnus Andre de Merindol
Malan, Minister of Defence, hereby establish, in terms of the powers vested
in me by section 120 (2) of the First Schedule to the Defence Act, 1957 (Act
44 of 1957), the premises, as set out in the Schedule hereto, as a Detention
Barracks to which offenders who have been sentenced to detention in terms of
the Military Discipline Code may be committed to serve such sentences.
Signed at Pretoria on this 23rd day of August 1985. M. A. De M. Malan,
Minister of Defence. Schedule~-Boksburg North: Cinderella Prison and sur-
rounding area, bordered by Trichardt, Railway and Campbell Streets. [Text]
[Pretoria GOVERNMENT GAZETTE in English 13 Sep 85 p 19]

GOLD EXPORTS--South African gold exports are forecast to rise to 692t in
1986 from an estimated 680t this year and 683t in 1984, the Minerals Bureau
said in a report. It predicted that the rand value of gold exports would
rise to R17,05bn in 1986 from $14,94bn this year and $11,6lbn in 1984. Non-
gold exports are expected to be worth R8,99bn in 1986, comared with R7,92bn

106


NAUDE SAYS PEOPLE LOSING FAITH IN PASSIVE RESISTANCE

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 18 Sep 85 p 22

[Article by Estelle Trengove]

[Text]

Millions of people iri South Afri- |
ca have lost faith in non-violent *
resistance and the Church is to |
blame for failing to prove that :
peaceful methods can bring
about change.

This is the view of Dr Beyers .
Naude, the general secretary of :
the South African Council of
Churches. He spoke to The Star i
about his views on civil disobe-
dience as a means of resistance. +

It has become a hotly debated *
topic in church circles, but civil
disobedience is nothing new, he
pointed out.

“The Afrikaners are probably '
forgetting — or maybe they
were never aware of it — that
the Gereformeerde Kerk van
Suid-Afrika made a decision in

" 1916, shortly after the 1914 Re-!

bellion, that resistance was jus-
tified when the actions of the
authorities were contrary to the

' Divine Law’ or the ‘freedom of

the people’. In other words, it
does not only concern religious
freedom, but also political free-
dom,” Dr Naude said.

He said he believed the Chris-
tian church in South Africa, as :
well as other religious groups
and organisations that con-
demned violence, had seriously .
neglected discovering and iden-
tifying in time the feelings of
frustration and suffering in the »
black community. They -had
therefore also neglected plan-
ning a strategy for peaceful re- ;
sistance against injustice.

27

“The lessons taught by Gandhi”
‘and Martin Luther King — we
neither understood them, nor
did we take them seriously
enough. We did not give any:
thought to what strategy we
should follow to prevent a situa-
tion where millions of people in
our country have lost faith in
non-violent resistance,” Dr
Naude said.

“Bishop Tutu and Allan Boe-
sak are continuously being chal-
lenged by militant black youths
saying to them: ‘Prove to us that

: you with your peaceful methods
are achieving more than we are,

‘with our stones and our petrol

_ bombs’,” he said.

*" In the present situation in
South Africa, this militant spirit
was growing in the black com-
munity, especially among the’

+ youth, he said, :

If Christians or the Christian
Church were convinced violence
could never be a satisfactory
way of changing unjust struc-
tures or situations, then it was
up to them to prove that those
structures or situations could be
overcome by well-planned,
carefully considered and re-
sponsible actions of passive re-
sistance or civil disobedience.

“Unless we prove that non-
violent actions have the inher-

“ent power to bring about
change, we cannot blame those
living under conditions of injus-

‘tice and suppression if they,

* come to the.conclusion that vio-

JPRS*SSA“854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA



RESERVE BANK STATEMENT AS OF 31 AUGUST ISSUED

Pretoria GOVERNMENT GAZETTE in English 13 Sep 85 pp 33

[Text]

South African Reserve Bank

NOTICE 570 OF 1985

gpRs+SSA+85~101
21 October 1985

‘SOUTH AFRICA

Statement of Assets and Liabilities on the 31st day of August 1985

Capital
Reserve Fund
Notes in circulation
Deposits:
Government
Provincial Administrations
Bankers
Other

Other liabilities

Gold

Foreign:
Bills
Investments

Liabilities

Assets

86

2
2 000 000,00
42 424 241,17
3 698 301 162,00
1 201 073 397,72
35 476 130,78

992 385 847,21
1 089 307 239,05

5 966 637 747,22

$13 027 605 765,15

4 804 940 511,15

102 100 759,75


Footnotes:

1. “Black Consciousness” can be used to describe two separate phenomena — either
an organised movement of people of like mind; or an individual state of mind on the
matter of ‘blackness’. I have used capital letters throughout for the first meaning, and
lower case letters for the second — except in direct quotations where I have followed
the usage in the original which may or may not have the same significance.

2. Azapo and some other, usually small, Black Consciousness organisations have
taken it on themselves to rename our country ‘Azania’. I do not follow them in this
usage. It seems to me somewhat arrogant for a minority sect to assume the right to
rename the country, without any opportunity to test public opinion on the change or
secure general consent for it. When the time comes to reconstruct South Africa, the
name will be decided by the people. For the time being, therefore, I stay with the term
‘South Africa’; and only use the term ‘Azania’ when I am quoting directly from
another source.

3400/46

81



JPRS*SSA485+101
21 October 1985

KENYA

FIGURES ON PORT TRAFFIC
Nairobi E.A, REPORT ON TRADE AND INDUSTRY in English Aug 85 pp 23, 25

[Excerpt/

Last year, the port handled a total of 6.6
million tonnes of cargo, a slight rise over the
6.5m tonnes of 1983. Of this figure, 2m
tonnes was export cargo and 4.5m tonnes
import cargo. The level of export traffic
handled was not much changed from that of
the previous year. After dropping in 1982,
imports have been rising in the past two
years.

Dry cargo exports have been rising steadily
since 1980 but fell from 1.8m tonnes in 1983
to 1.5m tonnes last year. Dry cargo imports
have fluctuated around the 2m tonné mark
since 1980, though they fell dramatically (by
28 per cent) in 1982 but rose to nearly 2m
tonnes again last year. After rising sharply
from nearly 0.6m tonnes in 1980 to 1.3m
tonnes in 1981, bulk liquids exports fell
sharply the following year and in 1983 and
only rose to just over 0.5m tonnes last year.
Imports of bulk liquids have been falling
since 1981.

Transit cargo handled at the port to
neighbouring countries decreased from
495,000 tonnes in 1983 to 489,000 tonnes last
year. Exports from these countries going
through the port rose marginally to 220,000
tonnes while their imports fell 270,000
tonnes.

Ony 1,220 ships were handled at the port
in 1984, 64 less than the previous year. The
number of cargo ships arriving at the port has
beén decTining since 1980. But the volume of

CSO: 3400/34

freight handled indicates that the size of the
ships has been larger than ever before.

The KPA has been engaged in a major
modernisation drive over the past few years
to make Mombasa a more modern port
capable of handling the most sophisticated
ships. Thanks to the dramatic changes in the
pattern of sea trade wrought by the container
revolution, the Authority had to change ~

‘and fast. Huge sums have been investe

providing modern container handling faci-
lities, A new container terminal, capable of
handling up to 250,000 TEUs (20 ft equiva-
lent units), was commissioned in early 1983.
New container handling equipment - inclu-
ding ship to shore gantry cranes and trans-
tainers -- was acquired. Two berths have
been converted to handle container traffic.
An inland container depot (ICD) was com-
pleted last year, Although it is yet to become
fully operative, the 120,000-TEU depot will
help ease congestion at the port and improve
unit turnaround times (last year, the port
handled 92,000 TEUs; up on the 84,000
handled in the previous year),

To cope with all these changes, personnel
training has been going on apace, at Mom-
basa’s Bandati College and on the job.
Consultants from one of Europe's largest
container ports --- the UK's Felixstowe —
have been working with the KPA in the
modernisation programme and in training
staff.



cso:

3400/49

FUNERALS
It is no longer safe for
motorists to set out over
weekends before check-
ing if there will be a fu-
neral taking place.
Motorists have had
their cars hijacked by
“mourners”. Taxi drivers
also have the same prob-
lem. There are, however,
allegations that taxi driv-
ers are either in collusion
with the thugs or deli-
berately set themselves
up to be hijacked so as to
have their cars filled up.
After the funerals con-
voys of hijacked vehicles
are driven to a filling sta-
tion where they are filled
up without paying.

51

A garage owner who

1 Saw his profits Boing into

numerous cars and taxis

said he was convinced

that thugs were responsi-

, ble. He said the upils

+ were disgusted at this ac-
tion of the thugs.

A bottle store which is
not owned .by the council
but belongsto a group of
black businessman was
rammed by a bus and
looted. One’ of the direc-
tors said he was certain
it was the work of thugs
and not pupils. ¢

: Newspapers are no
longer sold at street cor-
ners because the women
vendors are assaulted
and robbed,

It is all very confusing.



cluding a ‘timetable,
should make provision

© Privatisation and the
reduction of the involve-

ment of the Government °

in private enterprise as
soon as possible.

@ The immediate re- |

duction of ail taxes.

@ An immediate stop |

to excessive printing of

+ money.

@ A move back to the
gold standard as soon as
Possible.

i
L
|
al

Dr Shostak says this |

will be a gradual Process,

but the introduction of ©

such a blueprint will bring
back overseas confidence
—— something we badly
need at the moment.

He is still convinced
that the root of our pres-. :
ent problems is excessive “

cso: 3400/18

monetary growth, which”
* in tum leads to high infla-

He points out that the
excessive growth int
money supply (money .

less real growth) is *
still far to high, and in ,
such a situation it is im- *
possible to control infla-
tion. a é

He believes the only ef.”
fective way to control in- i
flation is to introduce the
. gold standard again.

Another alternative is
to look at the “cash-only
reserve system” used by

the Americans. A third
{Possibility is the re-intro-
«duction of the old credit
;, ceilings of banks:

He, however, believes
the reintroduction of the
Bold standard will have to
Sreatest success.

93

Although Dr Shostak
disagrees on some of the
: Principles: that the Re-
q Serve Bank followed in
recent years, he still
favours the free market
system, but with certain
reservations.

macro-economic ap-
Proach that everybody is
talking about lately is a
creation of economists
and is not a reality.

We should rather start
to think about individuals
in the economy. If we are
able to maximise the
wealth of the individual,
we will also be able to
maximise the wealth of
the country.

Dr Shostak says to
blame politics for over-
seas investments leaving
the country® is a fallacy

too.


they must have been of some encouragement and cheer also to those who
struggle inside South Africa against an enemy seemingly richer, better
armed, and better supported internationally than themselves. Whatever
purpose the visit served for Kennedy himself, therefore, for South Africa’s
opponents of the regime it served some purpose. Some of them observed itin
silence; some came to applaud. But only Azapo came to jeer.

And the world’s media, always more interested in seeing the famous get
egg on their faces than in boosting their message, turned the Azapo jeersinto
the main story of the whole visit. The small numbers of Azapo supporters
who turned up at Kennedy’s publicised appearances with placards of protest
and shouts of ‘Go home!’ stole the headlines. For here, to the undisguised joy
of the media — and especially of the South African establishment press and
radio — was the spectacle of the Senator being humbled by those whose
cause he purported to espouse. It was a classic Man-Bites-Dog type of story;
and the media milked it for all it was worth. Azapo had its day in the sun,
stealing the front of the Kennedy stage. It was theatre of high order. But what
were its politics?

Ifone is to take the posters of Azapo demonstrators at the Kennedy events
as serious political pronouncements, the feeling cannot be avoided that one is
dealing here more with theatre than with the serious politics of struggle. The
placards rang with left-wing rhetoric: ‘No to capitalism! No to imperialism!”
and ‘Yes to socialism.’ The rhetoric was reinforced by Azapo spokesmen —
as, for example vice-president George Wauchope:

“We regard the Kennedy visit as promoting imperialism and international

capitalism. This was confirmed by his meeting with 600 businessmen in

Johannesburg.... His main aim is to see that there is stability in South Africa; he is
not interested in the complete overhauling of the system...”

Or Kenny Mosime, president of the Azapo student wing, Azasm:

“Our rationale for the rejection of Kennedy is based on the socialist principle

underlying our struggle against capitalism and racism. ... There is no doubt that his

visit is calculated at quelling this heightened spirit of the black working class against
imperialism.”

But what are the politics behind this militant, anti-capitalist, anti-
imperialist and socialistic phraseology? In what sense are we to understand
Azapo’s concept of imperialism to which it says decisively: No!? Is it no to
Kennedy, or to US senators only? Or are these mere symbols of
‘imperialism’? And if so, what is the reality of the imperialism they
symbolise? One searches the Azapo statements in vain for an answer. Can it
be that Azapo confuses the reality of imperialism with its symbols? I think
not. There are mentions in Azapo’s publications of ‘seminars’ and ‘study
papers’, which seem to indicate that some thought is being given to defining
their concepts of ‘imperialism’, ‘capitalism’ and ‘socialism’. But whatever
definitions may be emerging, they are not made public, perhaps for reasons
of security in South Africa’s ubiquitous and pervasive police state, or perhaps
because Azapo considers that definitions and the theory of politics belong to
the leading cadres alone, and that the public must be satisfied with slogans. It
is hard to tell which.

But one cannot avoid the impression that Azapo’s politics is concerned
more with the declamations and slogans of left-wing radicalism than with the
strategy and tactics of struggle. The declamation, the political gesture of

72


EMERGING POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS STUDIED

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 18 Sep 85 pp 1-2

[Article:

[Text]

"South Africa: After Botha"]

With the government consistently failing to take any
political initiative, the meeting in Zambia on 13
September between the African National Congress
(ANC) and a high-level delegation of South African
bysinessmen and public figures might be a vital first
step towards some form of negotiation. At this early
stage of contact differences of outlook and ideology
are inevitable, but the six-hour meeting, chaired by
President Kenneth Kaunda at his lodge in Luangwa
national park, was remarkably forthright. Both sides
had a common interest in their dismay at the way
President Pieter Botha is handling the crisis in South
Africa.

The point of departure for the discussions was the
ANC’s 1955 Freedom Charter - a mildly socialist
and vague blueprint for a non-racial and democratic
South Africa. The following points emerged out of
the discussion at Luangwa:

@ While the ANC rejected thé concept of a national convention,
it is open to negotiation when the time is right.

@There can be no talk of a truce in the ANC’s armed struggle
until the structures of apartheid are abolished.

@The ANC does not intend to hit at civilians, but as confronta-
tion increases it is inevitable that more civilians will be killed.
@ There will have to be partial nationalisation of large indust
@The ANC is prepared to discuss a time-frame for a transi
to a full universal franchise but rejects permanent constitutional
guarantees for the white minority.

The ANC is prepared to discuss the protection of individual
human rights in line with an American-type bill of rights.

@ While ANC policy is broadly Marxist-socialist, it is refreshingly
devoid of Marxist-Leninist. dogma and appears open to
negotiation.

Both sides agree that further talks could lead to “fruitful
conclusions.’” :

Behind the unavoidable rhetoric about nationalisa-
tion and armed struggle, the ANC gave the impres-
sion it would expect to buy into the major business

33

JPRS“88A485410}
1 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA



Mrs Mosala said on Thursday when
they again met :with the Soweto
Divisional Commissioner of Police,
Brigadier Johan Coetzee, she was
informed that pupils must be in class,
not only on the school campus, to
avoid breaking the law.

She says the General told her that
the police are aware that 10-year-olds
are in the vanguard of “unrest in the
townships".

“Lcan't say all the children arrested
on Thursday are angels, but a great
number of them are innocent. So why
lock them up?" she asked.

"I wonder what attitude they are
going to develop towards the law, not
to mention the psychological scars
they are likely to suffer as a result of
their detention."

Social workers from the
Johannesburg Child Welfare Society
are interviewing the pupils and their
families to assess what effects
detention has had on the children.

The pupils at Hlengiwe wer
released only hours before a teacher at
the school, Lunga Mbobo, Henrietta
Sithebe (mother of two of the
detained children) and Howard
Ferreira, director of Johannesburg
Child Welfare, brought an urgent
application in the Rand Supreme
Court for the release of the
schoolchildren.

The principal, J D Mataboge, said he
wished the matter would pass "and
pass forever,

"It is a mishap and every time it is
brought up, it really hurts the children
and the parents, resulting in a great
deal of animosity.” .

A parents’ meeting will be held at
the school tomorrow to discuss the
issue, Mataboge said.

. May Make Children More Aggressive

JPRS#SSA*85~101
21 October 1985

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 20-26 Sep 85, po

[Article by Barbara Ludman]

[Text] DETENTION could tum ordinary be asked to treat children as well as

children into anti-social, ‘aggressive
youths, a founder of the Detainees’
Counselling Service (DCS) said at the
weekend.

“When we think about the long-
term effects on adolescents who are
being incarcerated and brutalised, we
can anticipate not just free-range
aggression and anti-social feelings but
a response that will be channelled in a
far more direct manner."

The DCS founder, a psychologist
who cannot be identified for
professional reasons, was speaking in
Johannesburg at a meeting of
professional groups involved with
children — social workers, child
welfare workers, paediatricians,

educationists, lawyers, rape victim,

counsellors, psychologists and
psychiatrists — called to discuss the
“alarming situation concerning
children in detention".

The DCS offers psychological help
to released detainees. When the
psychiatrists and psychologists who
staff the service realised they would

45

“adults, he said, they searched medical

literature for information on what
detained children had suffered in
other countries.

There was no information —
presumably because children
elsewhere are not detained.

“All the literature of the last 20
years pertains to adults," said the
psychologist.

"There was a fair amount of
information dealing with children
who had lived through war or
survived concentration camps. And
there was information on children in
Chile and Argentina, but none of them
had been detained, imprisoned or
tortured. Their parents had been taken
away."

There is plenty of information on
the post-traumatic stress disorder
which, he said, affects a vast number
of released detainees everywhere —

and has been made a compensatable -

illness in American veterans of the
‘Viet Nam war.


@ Petrol stations have been plundered and hi-jacked
vehicles filled without paying, .
@ Houses have been burnt by pupils on revenge mis-
sions.

‘@ Newspaper vendors are assaulted and robbed,

Pupils are roaming the streets not going to school
and not knowing who the leaders are, what they are
Gemanding and to whom are they making the de-
mands. 5

Mahy people have told of their experiences when
conformity was being enforced.
~ They are bitter that there is no longer any visible
Jeadership and thugs have taken over.

Many residents want the organisers or those who
‘launched the consumer boycott to stop it so as to
frustrate the thugs. But the organisers are either said
‘to be in detention or in hiding. So the residents are
saddled with a consumer boycott whose gains are
, unknown and whose enforcement methods are spo-
‘radie and at the whim of a bunch of unknown hooli-
‘gans,

Areas in deep Soweto are not affected by the con-
: sumer boycott. It seems to be monitored only in Diep-
kloof and Meadowlands.

I The worst hit are housewives who have had their
parcels grabbed from

them and strewn all over

the road.

There ‘are reports,
though often untrue, of
people being made to eat
raw meat and to drink
cooking oil.

Soweto has always had
a problem with unem-

‘ ployed thugs who have
now ‘fully taken advan-
tage of the situation.

Residents have report-
ed seeing thugs fleeing
with plastic bags from
supermarkets,

The cooking oil story
has been doing the rounds
since 1976. It is said
housewives have been
forced to. drink cooking
oil because they have not
observed the boycott.

It is no longer some-
thing to moan about
when one is forced to
walk home after a hard
day at work when Putco
buses are stoned and pull
out of the townships. It
has become normal.

But many people suffer
as a result of this, The
disabled, the aged and
women walk long dis-
tances to reach their
, homes.

50


On release, a victim might start re- *

experiencing his trauma, in the form
of nightmares or as conscious, waking
memories set off by unrelated events
— the sound of a hooter, the
slamming of a door.

"This leads to a number of
important consequences,” said the
psychologist. "The victim may
‘become withdrawn and asocial, unable
to function in relationships with other
people” — breaking down suddenly,
shaking and shivering, crying for no
apparent reason, One's concentration
is disturbed and a lack of sleep makes
the victim irritable,

“Most of the literature on acute and
traumatic stress in children deals with
children caught up in disasters —~
landslides or floods — or subjected to
various forms of hardship,” he said.

Extrapolating from one form of

hardship to another, and from adult to
adolescent responses, “we can
speculate," he said, “on the
psychological effects on children of,
detention."

One could expect a falloff in school
studies, he said, general fearfulness,
sleep disturbances and anxiety.

[Boxed item, pg 9]

Setting a code for incarceration

cso:

3400/56

DR. Robin Dyer from Natal
University's Medical School has
slammed the South African
Paediatric Association for
contemplating a code for
handling children in detention
because, he said, drafting such a
code condones the practice.

Dyer told a medical
conference in Durban this week
that the Association is in the

Children under seven subjected to
stress would become more dependent,
even clinging, and could suffer

medical problems.

Older children subjected to stress
"have been found to become
aggressive and anti-social.”

A resolution passed by the 50
professionals at the weekend meeting
noted the danger that children "are
particularly susceptible to the
development of the long-term adverse
effects of. these brutalising
experiences such as anxiety disorders,
particularly the post-traumatic stress
disorder, depressive, disorders,
adjustment and behaviour disorders

» and even psychotic episodes”.

The resolution, which will be
carried back to professional bodies
for discussion, expresses "deeply-felt
horror and revulsion at the State's
assault on children" and calls on the
government “to release all detained
children immediately into the custody
of their parents or guardians" and to
“put an immediate end to the Security
. Forces' harrassment and detention of
children".

process of drawing up such a
code.

"I find it horrific that the
Paediatric Association can even
suggest a code of practice for
the treatment of children who
are detained," he said.

"To even accept that children
are being detained is
abominable. By drawing up a
code they are condoning this
practice of the Security Police.”

46


“Briefly defined therefore, Black Consciousness is in essence the realisation by the
black man of the need to rally together with his brothers around the cause of their
oppression — the blackness of their skin — and to operate asa group in ordertorid —
themselves of the shackles that bind them to perpetual servitude.”

And again: . . -

“Merely by describing yourself as black, you have started on the road towards
emancipation, you have committed yourself to fight against all forces that seek to
use your blackness as a stamp that marks you out as subservient.”

These statements (reprinted by ‘Frank Talk’ from a 1971 document, thus
giving them the apparent Azapo seal of approval today) are fair enough a
statement of the positive elements in the Black Consciousness movement —
the need for black people to recognise their blackness rather than to seek to
conceal it by acting ‘white’; to take pride in self and their own colour; to join
together to end subservience to white domination.

An Act of Faith

But as a philosophy for overturning the social order, for ending imperialism
or for constructing socialism, for enabling the working class to play its
historic role of organising and leading other classes to the new society, it is
hopelessly inadequate. Put together all the relevant statements in the same
document, and one is left with what is at best an article of. faith, a beliefrather
than a comprehensive political ideology:

“Being black isnot a matter of pigmentation — being black isa reflection ofaméntal
attitude.

The interrelationship between the consciousness of self and the emancipatory
programme is of paramount importance. Blacks no longer seek to reform the
system... Blacks are out to completely transform the system and to make of it what
they wish. Such a major undertaking can only be realised in an atmosphere where
people are convinced of the truth inherent in their stand.” . .
laybe. But this leaves unanswered the most important questions: What is

‘our emancipatory programme’? And where is it leading? What do blacks
wish to come out of the transformed system’? How, in fact, are People’s
wishes and aspirations to be translated from the field of desire into political
and social reality? It is questions like these which every serious organisation
that seeks to lead action for social change has got to grapple with and answer.

Azapo does not set out just to change mental attitudes, and inspire pride and
confidence in ‘blackness’. It sets out in fact to lead the social transformation:
Azapo’s Cape vice-president Cyril Jones is quoted in ‘Azania Frontline’:

“Our immediate task is to organise the oppressed under the leadership of the
working class. The role of Azapo is to give the working class struggle a radical and
revolutionary content, to guard against the hijacking of the struggle... Azapo has
certainly gone far beyond the original black consciousness organisations, It has
identified and analysed more precisely the ideological dimensions of the struggle...
in particular our ability to relate to the socialist content of our struggle.”

Of this’ there can’ be little doubt. But one searches Azapo written
documents in vain for clarification of these analyses and ideological
dimensions. It may.well be that, as suggested before, in South Africa’s
atmosphere of police surveillance and persecution of radical ideas, Azapo
chooses not to make public the fruits of its private ideological explorations,
except in broad generalisations about the leading role of the working ¢lass.
Or— on the other hand — it could be that ‘Azapo’s ‘ideological dimension’ is

75



NEW FEEDING SCHEME WILL HELP THOUSANDS

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 18 Sep 85 p 3

[Text]

Thousands of ‘Starving
children and their fami-
lies will benefit when the
Department of. National '
Health’ and Population
Planning launches a na-
tionwide feeding scheme
in the next few weeks... ,

Help has already been
given to families in the.
Eastern Cape" and the.
Witwatersrand’ has’ been
designated an emergency
area.

An interdepartmental
committee headed by Dr
Colin Cameron, a chief
director of the depart-
ment of National Health
and Population Planning, i
will submit a report in
the next 10 days outlining
the main problem areas,

“Our resources are
fairly limited and so it is
essential that we pinpoint
the areas where’ help is
needed most,” said Dr:
Cameron.

The food, which will be
bought from the agricul-
tural marketing boards,

“CSO: 3400/57

85

JPRS+SSA*85=101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

will be carried by ‘the
army to the areas where
it is needed. It will then

.be given to the local

authorities who will ‘use
clinics, school services. or
other organisations : for
the final distribution. «

. “This new scheme wilf
not be easy to co-ordi-
nate. Our aim is not to
create a new feeding sys-
tem, but to help those al-

ready in existence,”, Dr

Cameron said.

AVAILABILITY
He was not sure how
long the feeding scheme
would last.
* “The availability. of
food will obviously dic-

“tate the duration of the

scheme.”
He added that if peo-

. ple wanted to help with

the distribution of food or’

“with donations — they

should contact local wel-
fare organisations or
their local director, of
health. ; .



JPRS“SSA*854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

BOYCOTTING STUDENTS ROAM STREETS, CRIME WAVE INCREASING

Johannesburg CITY PRESS 15 Sep 85 p 4

[Brticle by Sandile Memela: "What Happens at Exam-time?"

Lrext/

PAS YOU read this, hun-”
{dreds of: thousands. of |
black primary and high!
tschool pupils . country-.
i wide continue their class+*
room boycott and roam:
Ethe streets — not knowing
“whether they will sit for”
their end-of-year exams. *
‘The dilemma of pupils sup- j
i porting the boycott — which‘
‘has spread to coloured schools |
'— is that they must. either re-4
turn to class or risk their stud: +
ies, But the situation shows no’
“signs of returning to normal. ~
; ‘School boycotts Have -become a}
‘feature of black education this year
as students’ frustration at their sys-<
+ tem. of education exploded. Almost ¢
# all schools country-wide have been
. affected. i
1 “Last week House of Representa”;
* tives Education and Culture Minis- ,
*» ter Carter Ebrahim announced 454”
* of the 904: schools in the Western ;
« Cape were to close. .
i This means the Government has
;, locked out 360000 primary and:
high school «pupils in-the Western
{Cape — about. half. the coloured
} ‘scholars in thé area.?

40

Fr’ The’ Deépattment ‘of Education
j and Training “has indefinitely sus-
1 pended classes at schools in KwaTh-

* ema, Duduza, Tsakane and Alexan-

t dra, and_is considering closing
} others in Soweto. :
». Parents of boycotting pupils and
; community leaders have said they
| can’t force their children to end the

_ boycott.

Recently the homes of two Madi-
bane High School teachers on a “hit
list” allegedly drawn up by pupils
enforcing boycotts were attacked

* after they punished paris trying to
{keep others from school.

A private school in Diepkloof,
-Soweto, was forced to suspend :
classes indefinitely for the second
. time in a month after youths from
nearby schools scaled the wall arid
stoned windows, disrupting classes
‘and forcing pupils to- flee.

As the final exams draw near
there are no signs of panic or anxiety ,

‘among pupils roaming the streets.

Instead_a new crime wave has
gripped Soweto to ensure no-one.
prepares for exams - students’ books
are burnt or torn up. .

Puplls countrywide demand: © |
@ That the schoo! prefect-system be
replaced by a student-elected SRC.
@ The unconditional release of all
students in detention.


COPPER AT CRISIS POINT

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 23 Sep 85 p 24

[Text]

LUSAKA. — Zambiail|
output of copper, almost |
its only export, is likely to
continue to fall because of |
a serious Jack of foreign
exchange: and ofe re-
serves are being ex- |
hausted, the. country’s
mining chief warned.

But Francis Kaunda, !
chairman of the State-
‘owned Zambia Copper)
Mines (ZCCM), said |
his annual report that de-
spite these problems the!
company made a pre-tax|
profit of 145-million Kwa-|
; cha in the financial year
1984/85 as a result of im-!
proved efficiency and
slightly higher. - metal:
prices.

This figure was about 50 ;
percent better than last*
year, but after tax the
company barely * broke
‘even with a profit of only
700 000 Kwacha, ‘he said.

cso: 3400/77

*’Mr Kaunda said topper
output would inevitably
‘fall significantly as cur-!
rently exploited ore de-
posits would be severely
depleted by the end of the
century, and it was essen-'
tial to devise a national
approach to the problem. |
The foreign exchange
shortage, ‘which has hit
every sector of the Zam-
bian economy, stems
from the ley world price
af copper and has created
vicious circle of steadily
declining production due
to lack of funds to import
essential spare parts apd
equipment.
\ Mr Kaunda said |
ZCCM’s viability and,
competitiveness “depend,
more than ever before,
upon the measures to
improve productivity and
efficiencies which should

result in reduced operat- \

ing costs”.

110

JPRS#*SSA*85*101
21 October 1985

ZAMBIA

“Tt cannot be over-em-—
phasised that the ability
of the company to sustain
production is dependent
upon adequate and regu-
lar allocation of foreign
exchange for the import-
ation of the necessary in-
puts.

“I am concerned, there-°
-fore, that without ad-
equate foreign exchange,
| production in future will
_ continue to deteriorate.

“This will further aggra-
vate the acute problems
of foreign exchange in the.

; economy,” he said.

Zambian copper pro-

duction has declined

‘steadily in recent years

and fell by almost five

percent in 1984/85 against

the previous year to

1525 811 tons, according to.
ZCCM figures released in {
July.


JPRS-SSA-85~-101

21 October 1985

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

ConTENTS

CAMEROON

Biya'’s Prospects for Survival
(AFRICAN CONFIDENTIAL, 18 Sep 86) ....ccscccccescceeseecveeee 1

DJIBOUTI

Briefs :
Soldiers 'Not Deserters' 4

ETHIOPIA
EPLF Secretary-General on Secret Negotiations

(Ramadhan Mohamed Nur Interview; THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWS-
LETTER, 14 Sep 85).........0008

Constitution Said Some Way Off
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 14 Sep 85).......e005

KENYA

Safe Water Facilities for Two Districts
(E.A. REPORT ON TRADE AND INDUSTRY, Aug 85)....ssseceeeeees 8

Figures on Port Traffic
(E.A. REPORT ON TRADE AND INDUSTRY, Aug 85). ..cec cece scene 9

Agriculture in Coast Province Developing
(Joe Rogoiyo; E.A. REPORT ON TRADE AND INDUSTRY, Aug 85)... 10

Briefs 4
British Aid Transportation Sector 12



FIRMS EXPORT USED IMPORTED EQUIPMENT

JPRS#SSA*85+101

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 14 Sep 85 p 12 '

{Text ]

cSO:

oe - I. -
South Africa, which has become

an exporter of capital, has now

, also become an exporter of sec-

ond-hand goods.

The sharp fall in the rand and
the likelihood that it will remain
weak in the months ahead has
prompted the country’s largest
firm of auctioneers, Aucor (Pty)
Ltd to tie up with an American
company.

Aucor said it has negotiated a
reciprocal agency agreement
with Hudson and Marshall Inc, a
nationally represented United
States auctioneering company.

In terms of this agreement,
Hudson and Marshall will oper-
ate on behalf of Aucor in the
United States when Aucor is
faced with selling equipment
that is unlikely to attract rea-
sonable prices in South Africa.

USE DEMAND

Mr Eddie Winterstein, chair-
man of Aucor, said: “A number
of potential sellers are finding
that there are either no buyers
for their merchandise in this

country at the moment or that ,

they are practically having to
Biveitaway. ate

“This applies particularly to
the big ticket capital equip-
ment.” But in the US there was
a healthy demand for. this sort
of equipment. °

3400/18

103

“We intend offering sellers
the option of exporting their
equipment to be auctioned in
America by Hudson and Mar-
shall,” he said. ‘

The tie up between Aucor and
Hudson and Marshall is part of
the worldwide trend at the mo-
ment of exporting capital equip-
ment often manufactured in the
US back to the US.

CATERPILLARS
. For example, South African
Associated Newspapers is re-
rted to attemping to sell
one of its presses in America,
while Tedelex has been export-
ing excess electrical stock to the

A South African businessman
on recent trip to the US said he
had observed row upon row of
caterpillar vehicles at a plant,

He was told that many US
companies found it cheaper to
import these type of machines
from companies abroad that had
purchased them earlier from
the US and now found it profit-
able to export them back.

With the dollar so strong
against most other curréncies
US imports have been booming.

It has now even become at-
tractive for South African’s to
sell exotic and classic vintage
motor cars in the US at really
attractive rand prices,

21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


| He was right. There was |
not a single complainant. |
+ But by Thursday, radio:
spots and Press reports /
‘should have alerted anyone |
with a grievance against the |
veyton that an o ce in’Da-
ve woul . An |
-hour after ‘setting. shoD. |

s there were still no. custom- ;
ers,

Col Ginsberg took the mill-
tary guard off fate of the -
town council offices. He.
made sure re shiv-

an icy, legree
blast, were tucked away out
+ of sight. .
‘Half an hour later he
walked to the gate and was
approached by a sole black
man who asked not to be
ai iatinacta
ne eartfelt ay
i for the presence a the SADF .

“Now I can walk around ;

without being mugged,” the
1 man told the Cotonel.
On Friday the team waited
for ig pours at the KewaTh: :
ema, m council :
offices, Only. @ grey cat
strolled in. y sey !
It was the same story yes-
‘terday at Tembisa, Kempton i

cso: 3400/16

Park. Nol came to com-
plain, wad

The offices would also be
open for evidence today from
apm to Spm tn Orlando Kast
community Soweto ...
in Sebokeng Area 14 com-
munity hall
tomorrow

Similar facilities would be
available in other provinces
and a permanent complaints
office was open in Johannes-
burg. If the confidence of the
people were won, another 14
nm teams are standing

63



THUGS TAKING ADVANTAGE OF UNREST TO MAKE PROFITS

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 19 Sep 85 pp 8-9 ‘

[Text]

‘The word “comrade” was once used in the townships

to refer to political activists: but now it is used by ,

other elements taking advantage of the unrest.

Today’s indiscriminate use of the word “comrade”
is a camouflage for thugs whose motives are not poli-
tical but rather aim to harrass people and make a
“quick buck”.

It’s now common in thé townships to see a group of
youths singing “revolutionary songs” and calling one
another “comrade”. Many are in fact masquerading
as activists, Ne

Atrocities committed in the townships under the;
guise of the “struggle” are on the increase. 4

The “struggle” has now slipped out of the hands of

~ the committed activists who started the unrest and
has been hi-jacked by these elements who use. it to
feather their own nests. .

This sentiment has been expressed by many people
who have, in one way or the other, fallen victim to
people masquerading as activists,

But residents are careful not to express their dis-
pleasure publicly for fear of being called revisionists
or, at worst, “sellouts”.

The “struggle” has entered most homes in the
°- black townships and residents have been affected in
; One way or another by it.

Suffering has followed in its wake, and even those |

“who used to say “there is no struggle without casual-
* ties” are now concerned at the direction it is taking.
This is how residents have been affected:

{ @ People have had to walk home from the outskirts
* of townships as Putco pulls its buses out at the slight-
; est hint of trouble. .

@ Vehicles are stoned indiscriminately.
} @ Cars are hi-jacked.

@ Parcels are searched and goods either confiscated
" or strewn on the ground. - .

@ Pupils have been in and out of school and police
; Stations,

; @ Just about everyone has been choked by tearsmoke :

fumes.

49

JPRS*SSA+85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA



PERSONAL SAVINGS UP, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BOOST

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 27 Sep 85 p 27 ‘

[Article by Daan de Kock] !

[Text]

SOUTH Africa’s sav-

ings ratio increased

from 20 percent of:

gross domestic product .

in the second quarter”

of 1984 to a level of 26
percent in the second
quarter of 1985, the
Reserve Bank ‘says in
its September Quarter-
ly Bulletin.

‘The largest contribu-

tion to this improvement”

came from personal sav-
ings, while the saving
shortfall of general gov-
cramer was reduced ap-
jably.
Prat the same time there
was also & decline in the
savings of companies be-
cause of the decrease in

ts.
Papert from the im-
provement in savings
there was also a consider-

. _ able further improvement

in the balance of pay-
ments in the second quar-
ter of the year.

As a ration of gross
domestic ' product, the
surplus on the current ac-
count of the balance of
payments amounted to 4,-
5 percent, which is large
by any standard.

98

"The improvement was
‘mainly the result of a fur-
ther increase in exports
and a decline in imports.
* Both the prices and vol-
ume of exports rose for
the seventh consecttive
quarter, mainly as a result
of an increasing foreign
demand for South Afri-
ca’s mining products.

More favourable agri-
culture conditions led to
lower agriculture imports
and moderately higher
agriculture exports.

The increase in the in-
flation rate to 16,4 per-
cent in June and 16,4 per-
cent again at the end of
August on a year-on-year
basis is blamed to the in-
crease in administered
prices due to delayed ef-
fects of the overspending

rienced until the

middle of 1984 and the
depreciation in the value
of the rand. \ ‘

The reportialso points
out that although govern-
ment expenditure for the
first five months of the fis-
cal year increased at a
rate in excess of the bud-
geted figures for the fiscal
year as a whole, these ex-

| penditures deviated only

JPRS+SSA*85*101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


cso:

3400/18

sufficiency, however, tends to
decrease rather than to increase, as
was recognized by the South African
Director-General of Mineral and
Energy Affairs, Louw Alberts (who
noted that) ‘this reduction of crude oil
imports is less than the quantity of
crude oil replaced by the Sasol
production of fuels because of growth
in’ market demand'."

The paper says another investment of
up to R50-billion by 1995 would be
needed to bring about 70 percent self-
sufficiency, and after that one new
plant would have to be built every
three years.

Soekor has spent more than R500-
million so far looking for oil. The
recent Mossel Bay gas find, the paper
says, would cost R2,5-billion to
develop.

The paper comments on the secrecy
Surrounding South Africa’s oil
Purchase in a séction entitled "Secrecy
is Essential",

Tt quotes Minister F W de Klerk
saying to parliament in 1983: "The
struggle against boycotts is by no
means over..U'N attempts to prevent
crude oil deliveries to South Africa j
continue. Any relaxation in respect of *
Secrecy can help to spotlight the target
and enable our enemies to identify our
friends and partners who. deliver to
us."

‘The paper describes the legislation
requiring secrecy and says as d result
the oil trade with South Africa is
Probably "the largest. secret trade in
history. Annually about 15-million
tons of crude oil with a value of about
$3-billion disappear from world
Statistics. The reason is: this volume is
sold and shipped to South Africa.”

These deliveries are surrounded by
“malpractices and fraud" like false
destinations, forged certificates,
bribes, false sets of logbooks.

23



JPRS“SSA*854101
21 October 1985

NAMIBIA

BRIEFS

SECURITY MEN 'MALTREAT CIVILIANS'~--Windhoek--The leader of the Namibian
Christian Democratic Party (NCDP), Mr Hans Rohr, yesterday blamed the South
West Africa Transitional Government for alleged maltreatment of civilians by
security force members in the north of the territory. By its own definition
"the so-called Cabinet is collectively responsible for security matters,"

Mr Rohr told a news conference in Windhoek. He said a civilian, Mrs Sarah
Paulus and her 13-year-old son, Joel, had been beaten up by members of a
Security Police counter~insurgency unit (Coin) at their home near Onanjokwe in
Northern SWA on September 1. Two weeks later, her husband, Marcus, visited
his wife in hospital but was allegedly driven away by Coin members in his own
vehicle. The NCDP leader said three White Coin members had called on

Mrs Paulus at about lunchtime and cornered her in a bedroom. They had asked
about the whereabouts of an alleged Swapo insurgent, a certain Mr Shikongo,
but when she denied she knew him, they had allegedly begun beating her up,
using a broomstick and a length of hosepipe at one stage. Mr Rohr said the
men had tied up her hands and feet and taken her outside where she watched
while they dug a shallow grave. She was allegedly buried head down to the
shoulders and lost consciousness. After being beaten up again, Mrs Paulus
was untied, he said--Sapa, [Text] [Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English

26 Sep 85 p 3]

CABINET ENFORCESDISCRIMINATION ACT--Windhoek--The South West African Transi-
tional Cabinet has decided to enforce strictly the provisions of the Abolition
of Racial Discrimination Act of 1979. Ina statement issued in Windhoek yes-
terday, the Cabinet said it had come to its attention that a number of hotels,
restaurants and other public places were refusing to serve certain people

on the grounds of race and colour. Anyone who was refused service could
lodge charges at any police station or the Department of Economic Affairs for
investigation and prosecution. Contravention of the Act carried a penalty

of a $300 fine or three months’ imprisonment, the statement said. Licence
holders could also be requested to declare in writing that they did not run
their businesses in violation of the Act. If they refused to make such a
statement, their business licences would be cancelled. "The provisions of
the law will be strictly carried out by the authorities," the Cabinet
statment said--Sapa. [Text] [Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 26 Sep 85

p 16)

CSO: 3400/55

19



SWA IN LINE FOR ECONOMIC CRUNCH

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 18 Sep 85 p 5

{Article by Andre Bruyns] |

[Text]

THE economic crisis in South
Africa is piving South West Africa a
massive headache.

With its rich mines and famous kara-
kul pelts, SWA is an export-orientated
country.

Secretary for Finance Dr Johan
Jones says the country is naoing fairly
well” and is earning more in foreign
exchange due to the lower rand price.

However, financial-experts in Wind-
hoek are concerned a deteriorating
economy in SA will lead to a currency
crunch for SWA.

SA guarantees loans of R180m Py
third parties to SWA. It also gives SW.

R318m (1984/5) in direct grants, subsi- ,

dies and other payments.

Jones said recently SWA had “more
or less completed our financial
ing for the year”.

lowever, if Pretoria fails to get its

political and economic act together
soon, SWA is likely to feel the pinch
when Finance Minister Dirk Mudge
turns to SA next year to ask for more.

About half the territory’s annual bud-.
get is generated domestically. The bulk
of taxes come from SWA’s 9% GST,
with the mining industry next in line.

And while SWA is “doing fairly well”
because of export earnings, the deterio-

cso: 3400/18

ration of the rand has caused its debt
redemption and interest to rise by
R28,7m to R227,6m.

Jones said SWA was somewhat more
successful in getting results than was
SA Reserve Bank Governor Dr Gerhard
de Kock in his overseas travels.

The manager of a leading Windhoek
bank had said he could get foreign cred-
it from an overseas bank not prepared
to lend to SA. However, he had had to
give the assurance the money would
not be passed on to SA.

The West is currently more disposed
to help SWA than SA, ssones says.

But overseas banks must have mixed
feelings about helping SWA. If SA’s
credit credibility has become suspect,
it stands to reason SA’s guarantees for
loans to SWA will become suspect aiso.

As the editor of the Windhoek Adver-
tiser, Joe Putz, said in a recent editor-
jal, “When SA hiccups, we throw up”.

On a long-term plan for SWA’s eco-
nomy, Jones told a local newspaper last
week: “There is a draft development
plan which has been drawn up (the

102

JPRS4SSA*854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Draft National Development Strate;
for SWA), but decisions have to be ma
fairly ad hoc because, above all, of the
uncertain political situation.

“Until we have clarity on where we
are going politically, it is very difficult
for a long-term plan.”

Besides political uncertainty in SWA,
uncontrolled borrowing is causing a
headache for the country’s economy.

A sombre Mudge warned business
leaders at the annual banquet of the
Chamber of Commerce and Industries
in Windhoek last weekend the days of
“uncontrolled borrowing are over”,

He saw the only solution to the diffi-
culty of raising loan capital as using
internally available reserves and sav-
ings to finance government deficits and
industrial development.

SWA does have potential money-pro-
ducing resources, but producing the
capital outlay to get them going is an-
other headache.

An example are the Kudu gasfields
off the SWA coast, which are said to
have a “considerable volume of gas”.

However, it could take 10 years and
enormous capital outlay before the gas-
fields are ready for production. Test
boreholes alone will cost an estimated
R12m each,


[Boxed item, pg 14]

By Professor Dirk Meer-
kotter of Potchefstroom

University.
Professor Meerkotter
matriculated in 1966 at the

Linden Afrikaans High

School in Johannesburg’

after which he obtained
his BA-degree from the
University of Pretoria and
his Transvaal Teachers
Higher Diploma at the Jo-
hannesburg College. of
Education.

He taught at several
Transvaal schools before

South Africa is moving towards
monolingualism in the sense of
having a particular language as
first language. This could also
allow for a situation in which cer-
tain regional languages emerge as
“second” official languages.

English in opposition to Afri-
kaans could become the unifying
educational force in South Africa
if Afrikaans does not rid itself of
an ill and very negative exclusi-
vist stigma. Reformist (not revo-
lutionary) ideas have to be printed
in Afrikaans in order to convince
potential users of the language of
its intentions for a free and open
South Africa.

The survival strategies for Afri-
kaans as an educational official
second (or possibly first) language
to South Africa will differ from
strategies for vernaculars which
should not put their sights on more

, than well-established (and loved)

home languages.

he was appointed lectur-
er and later senior lectur-
er in the Faculty of Educ-
tion at the Rand Afrikaans
University where he ob-
tained a D.Ed. degree in
1980.

Since 1983 Professor
Meerkotter has held a
chair in the Department of
instructional Science at
the Vaal Triangle Campus
of the Potchefstroom Uni-
versity.

He was appointed Dep-
uty Dean of the Faculty in

31

1984. He took part in sev-
eral research projects and
seminars in Germany
(1976), the United King-
dom (1981 and 1984) and
Israel (1985).

He is interested in poli-
tics, music, art and edu-
cation and has delivered
more than a hundred talks
on these matters for the
SABC. Professor Meerkot-
ter has published widely
on educational themes
between 1977 and 1985.


JPRS“SSA*85101
21 October 1985

GOVERNMENT SAYS AIM IS TO BETTER RELATIONS WITH NEIGHBORS

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 27 Sep 85 p 5

[Text ]

cso:

IN the year ahead the De-
partment of Foreign Af-
fairs will strive for better
relations with South Afri-,
ca’s neighbouring states,
says Mr Ron Miller, Dep-
uty-Minister of Foreign

fairs, :

Mr Miller said that as,
Deputy-Minister his field ,
would be Southern Afri-
can ‘affairs, with particu-
lar emphasis on the
TBVC states and Bo-
tswana, Lesotho and Swa-
ziland, :

“Africa, and Southern
Africa in particular, is
one of our top priorities
this year,

“We are working dili-
gently at improving our
Strategies in this area, to
be more effective and to
achieve greater Ppenetra-
tion.” .

Asked how relation-
ships could be bettered in
the absence of formal dip-
lomatic links, Mr Miller
said that “informal struc-
tures” could not only be
highly successful but en-
abled contact to be made
“without flak from, the
OAU and UN”. /

3400/47

African states found it
difficult to hayé formal
links with ith Africa
because of the attitude of
the Organisation for Afri-
can Unity and the United
Nations —_ Organisation,
However, South Africa
was eager to compensate.
for this through informal
channels of discussion.

“It would be nice to
have diplomatic relations
but this is not a total im-
pediment to our relation-
ships with our. neigh-

* bours.””

Mr, Miller said there
was a greater deal of in-
ter-dependence in South-
ern Africa and what was
good for her neighbours

was good for South Afri-
+ ca,

Peace, stability and
Prosperity would benefit
the whole region and all
its inhabitants.

Questioned about his
new post as deputy to Mr
Pik Botha, Mr Miller said
it was “fascinating”. He
had found the Depart-
ment of Foreign’ Affairs

.-€stablished on very sound

55

“foundations and he was
impressed with the quali-
ty of its people.

Born at Smithfield in

, the Free State, Mr Miller
spent his early years in
South West Africa, where
his father was a school
teacher,

He was educated at
Kingswood - College in
Grahamstown and Natal
University, where he ob-

; tained a Bachelor of So-

' cial Science Degree with .
industrial psychology as :

his special field,

His interest in politics
was an “accident” of be-
ing invited by the United

Party’s Durban region to .
give talks on Black aspira- :

tions.

On September 29,
1984, he quit the NRP
and on October 2 was ad-
mitted as a member of the
National Party. To his
great surprise, Mr P W
Botha asked him on Oc-
tober 27, to accept thé
post of Deputy-Minister
of Home Affairs. *"

SOUTH AFRICA



JPRS=SSA85-101
21 October 1985

SWAZILAND

BRIEFS

JAIL DEATHS RISE~-Mbabane--A total of nine prisoners, the highest number yet,
died in Swaziland's jails last year, according to a report released by the
Department of Prisons. The report referred to a "considerable rise" in the
death toll in the prisons. It said the prisoners died from various sicknesses
and also mentioned problems being experienced by prisons because of a short-
age of drugs--Sapa. [Text] [Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 26 Sep 85 p
p 13]

CsO: 3400/55

109



militancy seems to be the primary purpose and the justification of policy;
action, struggle appear to be secondary. Is this judgment too harsh? Perhaps
more light will be thrown on this if we turn from the minor matter of
Kennedy’s visit to more important matters — for example to the statement of
‘Aims & Objects’ of Azapo, as adopted at its founding conference:
To conscientise, politicise and mobilise Black workers through the philosophy of
Black Consciousness! in order to strive for their legitimate rights.
To work towards the establishment of an educational system that will respond
creatively towards the needs of Azanians.?

To Promote an interpretation of religion as a liberatory philosophy relevant to our
struggle.

To promote and encourage research into various problems affecting our people.

To expose the oppressive and exploitative system in which our people are denied
basic human rights.

To work towards the unity of the oppressed, for the just distribution of wealth and
power to all people of Azania.

‘There are several significant aspects of this statement, which is quoted in
full. First — and most importantly — that the only items which point in the
direction of concrete political action are:

mobilising black workers to fight for their rights;

working towards a new educational system;

working towards a just distribution of wealth.

Thin though these aims are, they are nevertheless the beginning of a
programme of political action.

Second, that the preponderance of the ‘Aims & Objects’ deals with ideas,
propaganda, philosophy — not with action:

To conscientise and politicise;

to reinterpret religious philosophy;

to promote research;

to expose the nature of the system.

There is nothing strange in this weighting towards ideology and
propaganda rather than action in Azapo’s founding manifesto; that reflects
fairly accurately the organisation’s origins within the ranks of the black
students and young intelligentsia. Azapo’s involvement in the student milieu
has continued until today, despite deliberate attempts by most ofits leaders
to turn it ever more sharply towards the working class — which explains the
fiercely working-class and workerist rhetoric of recent years despite the
fundamentally non-working-class basis of its membership.

South Africa’s schools and colleges have for long been a hot-bed of
discontent and agitation against the authorities; in many episodes ofstruggle
students have set the standards of militancy and of preparedness for sacrifice
for their elders — and other occupational groups — to follow. Some
commentators have sought to depict the students as the real leading core of
the coming South African revolution, as others some years back tried to
portray the Paris students of the 1968 events. But whatever theorists may try
to make of the students, in South Africa they remain a small fraction of the
black population; and whatever discrimination they suffer through second-
class citizenship and Bantu Education, they nevertheless remain a
comparatively privileged sector of that black population, with prospects of
better pay, better jobs, more comfortable livings and futures than the rest.

73



= Government defined fourTM

spheres in which the Min- «
ister responsible could de-
termine the general policy
to be applied to formal,
informal and non- -formal
education for all popula-
fion groups in South Afri-

The four areas were:
@ Norms and standards
for the financing of run-
ning and capital costs of
education for all popula- ©
tion groups;
@ Salaries and conditions
of employment of staff;
@ The professional regis-
tration of teachers; and
@ Norms and standards
for syllabuses and exami-

‘nation and for certifica-

tion of qualifications. «
“The general policy I

am authorised to deter=

mine is the unifying factor
in our education system,”
Mr De Klerk said. ~~

Centralised
The Government had

decided the system of
education regarding the

“four defined areas should
* be a centralised one.

“This step has meant
that full effect has been
given to the proposals

‘contained in the Human

Sciences Research Coun-
cil report regarding a sin-
gle Ministry for the deter-
mination of national edu-
:cation policy,” he said.

With the creation and
establishment of the
necessary structures, he
was now in a position to
make “real progress with-
in the foreseeable future
with the important matter
of norms and standards in
various areas of general
education policy,” he
said,

Draft policy for certain
areas had already been
formulated and the Gov-
emment was now “se-
‘riously” devoting its ener-
gies to the formulation of
further general policy,
.with more —announce-
ments possible within a
few months, Mr De Klerk
said. — Sapa.

Legislation Sought to Equalize Higher Education

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 27 Sep 85 p 13

[Text]

“THE .Governmient  in-

tends introducing legis-
lation next year to bring
Black universities and.
technikons into the main-;
stream of the university
and technikon education
“system. *

The proposed legis-'
lation will give Blacks full
representation for the’
first time on the Commit-
tee of University Princi-
pals (CUP) and the Com-
mittee of Technikon Pi

. cipals (CTP), which pres-

ently consist only of

* Whites, Coloureds and

Indians, Black fepresen:*

tatives are now only al-

lowed to attend meetings.

‘The Minister of Nat-~
:. ional Education, Mr F W
» de Klerk, ‘told reporters

25

”” at a briefing yesterday the
b proposed legislation ;
; would give Black princi- ,
: pals full sitting mem-
[ bership, including voting,

sights.

Mr De Kierk was sup-
plying details of the Gov-
ernment’s _implementa-
tion of its White Paper on

“Education; issued in

November 1983.
Functlons

The legislation would ,

ialso extend the functions

of The CUP and CTP, he °

* said. .

“In this way the six uni-
versities that principally
serve Black people will
enter the mainstream of
the university education
system in South Africa,

JPRS4SSA*85~101
21 October 1985



Estimates Month of August Total ! Aprilto 31 August
Service
1985/86 1985 1984 1983 1984
R R R R R
Foreign Loans and Credits Redeemed:
1978, - - 66 555 740 _
a ~ - 23 540 889 ~
. - 6.491 720 -
~ - 33-252 825 -
- - 34-913 936 ~
~ 13.072 985 _ 99 866 411 oS
Issues, Revenue Services 1984/85 - 2769 _ 1.605 769 -
Rk ~ 2.192 141.436 = 8791 443 985 =
Total State Revenue Account. - 4 654 785 861 = 22.137 096 372 =
Appropriation Account: House of Astembly.....R. ~ 151 157 000 ~ 1 069 378 000 -
‘Appropriation Account: House of Representativ R ~ 117 000 000 - ‘517 000 000 ~
‘Appropriation Accéunt: House of Delegates... R _ 447-060 000 - 220 360 000
R
TotAls oso R
Exchequer Balance, 31 August 1985.0...
Totals. R

cso: 3400/18

91



contacts and meetings with Ethiopian authorities. But the Ethiopian response
has not been positive (and their) position remains unchanged. We were stopped
by agreement with the Ethiopians to keep the negotiations secret (but) the
Ethiopians were systematically leaking (information) in order to pre-empt our
diplomatic offensive and to neutralise those governments or political forces
sympathetic to the EPLF. But now we have made an assessment after our recent
experience, and we are going to issue a statement clarifying our position.

cso: 3400/53



Role of the Workers
Azapo has not — despite its student origins — subscribed to the view of the
students as the leading revolutionary core. On the contrary, the Preamble to

its founding statement of Aims and Objects is heavily weighted with
references to the workers, in such phrases as:

“recognising that Black workers in particular are responsible for creating the

wealth...

workers are subjected to the most inhuman and ruthless laws;...

the worker is more determined to see freedom and justice...”
and so on. There is, however, no explanation of what it is that sets the worker
apart from the rest of the population; and in fact the Preamble almost
suggests that the terms ‘workers’ and ‘people’ are interchangeable — for
instance:

“Believing that Black Consciousness be developed and maintained as a true

philosophy for workers

(we) therefore resolve

to founda political movement which will express and manifest the aspirations of the

Black People in Azania.” (My emphasis throughout. T.)

But ideology does not remain static in a changing world. Since Azapo’s
formation the confusions of ideology have gradually given way to a clearer
concept of the special character of the working class as the most revolutionary
element in society, though the confusion between ‘workers’ and ‘people’
remains. At the National Forum meeting in Johannesburg in July last year in
which Azapo played the leading part, the Manifesto was adopted included
inter alia the following:

“The Black working class inspired by revolutionary consciousness is the driving

force of our struggle for national self-determination in a unitary Azania. They alone

can end the system as it stands today...

Itis the historic task of the Black working class and its organisations to mobilise the

oppressed people in order to put an end to the system of oppression and exploitation

by the white ruling class.”

The impetus for this shift in ideology towards the working class has been
the rapidly advancing trade union organisation and union struggle of recent

.years, in which the black workers have removed the matter of which class
leads the struggle from the realm of theory and debate, and demonstrated the
answer. . .

But no organisation which seeks to lead a major political struggle can
possibly wait upon events, or allow ideology to be propelled from behind by
the masses. Azapo aspires to lead. A resolution from its January congress
calls for Azapo to make itself available to “... lead, give direction, and actively
participate in” the struggles of the workers and the trade unions. But with
what ideology? If the founding Aims and Objects still hold true, it sets out to
‘concientise and politicise and mobilise’ — and now lead black workers
through the “Philosophy of Black Consciousness.” One searches the
philosophical outpourings of the Black Consciousness movement for an
ideology which copes with the concept of the working class as a leading force
ofthe social change. In vain. On the contrary, black consciousness highlights
the need for individual and personal change rather than social change, for
mental change rather than political. Thus for example, the first issue of the
Azapo journal ‘Frank Talk'(March 1984):

74


How can one combine diverse elements in a single struggle? What is the
relationship of one class to another? No doubt — as with the task of inventing
wheel and axle — Azapo may itself some day come to a resolution of these
complex problems. It has not done so yet; and in the rising tide of struggle in
which we now live in South Africa, it is unlikely to be given time to solve the
problems for itself starting from first principles.

We in the Communist Party of South Africa should not be surprised that
Azapo has not, in its short history, found the answers to all dilemmas, or,
developed for itself an ideology as fully considered and rounded out as we
would desire. As our own recent anniversary should remind us, it took our
party 40 years of debate, inner-party struggle and persistent re-analysis of our
position to formulate our present comprehensive view ofthe problem ofclass
and nation, which form the basis of our 1962 Party Programme. And even
that formulation is still not finite, not complete, but is constantly being
discussed and reviewed, widened and enriched by the fertilising addition of
new experiences in action. There is no reason to suppose that what took our

Party forty years, starting from the advanced base of world working-class
experience enshrined in the doctrines of Marxism-Leninism, is likely to be
accomplished again in less time by anyone starting from first principles.

There is, of course, no reason any more for Azapo or anyone else to start
from first principles. The historic record of those forty years and its analysesis
available to them. The rich treasure house of Marxist theory is available to
them. If they choose to ignore all that — to invent the whole thing anew for
themselves — it can only be for one of two reasons: because bloated self-
importance and pride will not allow them to admit that they have anything to
learn from others outside their ranks; or because, having pinned their faith
on black consciousness as their total creed, they are not serious enough in
their politics to be prepared to admit that perhaps — after all — there is less
than lotal knowledge and ‘otal truth to be found therein. And that therefore
black consciousness philosophy must be extended to encompass the
experiences — universal and South African — which extend far beyond the
mental frontiers of the ideology of ‘blackness’.

Azapo saysit is committed toa socialist solution and dedicated to pursuing
that objective through mobilisation of the masses. It perceives correctly that
its aim can only be achieved through the radical and revolutionary power of
the working class leading the revolutionary process. It correctly identifies the
bedrock on which the apartheid state is built as capitalism and imperialism.
If Azapo is serious in its politics it will be serious enough to study and learn
from the accumulated experience of others who set out on such a path before
them. In so doing they will find, as other organisations and revolutionaries
have found before them, a clear class ideology to replace today’s confusion.
And without these confusions they will see the way clear to forging forms of
alliance with those other radical and revolutionary forces — including the
ANC and the Communist Party — who are struggling forward in the same

- direction.

‘Azapo’s response to this challenge is the test of its seriousness. Ifit fails, it
can look forward to nothing except a walk-on part in the theatricals on the
sidelines of struggle.

80


unofficial Bamiléké cabinet spokesman Ngong
Ouandji; the leading northerner, Youssoufa Daouda;
and Bol Alima, a Bafia.

The new cabinet, while giving most scope to the
technocratic group, does reflect a measure of
regional representation. It also includes a number of
respected elder statesmen: William Eteki Mbou-
moua, who retains the foreign ministry; Jean-Marcel
Menguémé, who retains the interior ministry; and
René Ze Nguele, who takes on the civil service
ministry.

The leader of what can be considered the “‘progres-
sive’? wing of the RDPC is Georges Ngango, the

new minister of information and culture. Assisting
him is Professor Raphaei Onambele, the new state
secretary for information, who is known for his
forward-looking views and his contacts in franco-
phone intellectual circles. In another effort to pro-
vide the president’s office with international prestige,
Biya named as the new secretary-general the well-
known writer Fernand Léopold Oyono. A Beti,
he was formerly ambassador to numerous western
capitals as well as Camerounian representative to the
UN. His contacts should prove invaluable. Also at
the president’s office is Professor Joseph Owono
and Jean Nkuete. The influential Philippe Mataga
stays on as director of the presidential cabinet,
despite criticism of his handling of affairs.

The north is represented by Sadou Hayatou, minis-
ter of planning; Abdoulaye Babale, minister of urban
development; Mohamadou Labarang, minister of
administrative reform; and. Hamadjoda Adjoudi,
minister of animal industries. The Anglophones are
likewise now quite well-represented in cabinet,
though not at a senior level: Michael Tabong Kima
as minister of mines and energy, Joseph Charles
Awunti as minister in charge of relations with the
national assembly, and Victor Anomah Ngu. Two
Anglophone state secretaries were appointed: Salo-
mon Nfor Gwei, at agriculture, and Michael
Namaya, at commerce and industry.

The other group within the cabinet is made up
of Biya’s close associates: Joseph Fofe (labour),
Edouard Nomo Ongolo (trade and industry), Benja-
min Itoe (justice), Titus Edzoa (Biya’s personal phy-
sician, now in charge of missions at the presidency),
Robert Mbella Mbappe (national education), Edou-
ard Koulla (finance) and Joseph-Charles Doumba.

Security stakes

The armed forces and security services have been
Biya’s bétes noires. Since the coup attempt great
efforts have been made to dilute the power of any
one group within the forces. Commander-in-chief of
the armed forces, Gen. Pierre Semengué, is a Bou-
lou; airforce commander is Gen. Nganso Sandji, a
Bamiléké; and army commander is Gen. James
Tabni Tatow, an Anglophone. (The only northern
general is Gen. Ounaroudjam). The presidency’s

new defence adviser, Jérome-Emilien Abondo, is a
Boulou of high standing.

The presidential guard, which was responsible for
the 1984 coup attempt, has been thoroughly reshaped
under the command of Commissioner Pierre Minlo
Medjo. (The Israelis now train the guard). The
secret service, Le Centre National de Documentation
(CND), is now under Commissioner Samuel .Mis-
somba, whose deputy is Moise Mouiché (who hap-
pens to come from the same region as previous CND
director Jean Fochivé).

By encouraging professionalism and the moderni-
sation of the armed forces, Biya obviously hopes to
assuage the usual military complaints about poor
equipment. The French are providing more training
too. Senior officers have been granted business
opportunities, and the rank-and-file has received
salary increases and subsidized food and other
goods. Emphasis on nationalism and patriotism is
also evident. The most recent officers’ graduation
class was named after the Douala chief Manga
Bell, a legendary figure who fought against German
colonials.

Biya and his advisers are acutely aware of the
importance of good intelligence. Though Ahidjo’s
much-feared secret police organisation, DIRDOC,
has now been replaced by the CND, a number of
key personnel from DIRDOC wield considerable
power in the new service. After the Bamenda con-
gress one of Biya’s confidants, Daniel Ekani, an
alternate member of the RDPC central committee,
was given charge of internal security. Since then
surveillance of those considered subversive has been
routine, and in a number of cases individuals have
been detained.

A significant example is the detention of M. Keb-
zabo, a Chadian based in Garoua.(Ahidjo’s home
town) and well-known for his journalism and fri-
endship with Ahidjo’s son, Mohamadou Ahidjo.
Kebzabo was detained in April and has been held
ever since at the Yaoundé headquarters of the Bri-
gade Mobile Mixte (BMM). The latter was used as
DIRDOC’s strong-arm unit, and is still recruited
from the more unsavoury miscellany of local thugs.
BMM’s role today appears little different from its
days of DIRDOC service.

CND’s ostensible argument for arresting Kebzabo
was his alleged contacts with Ahidjo’s supporters in
the north-east Nigerian town of Maiduguri. Others
hauled in by CND include Maitre Dimka, a leading
local lawyer, whose critical paper on the Anglophone
elite was evidently considered dangerous, and Stan-
ilas Meloné, former head of the university faculty
of law, whose outspokeness annoyed Biya. Contrary
to CND claims, Meloné does not appear to have
any ambition to take part in a northern plot or in
seccession of the west. a

By contrast, Biya has been tolerant over religion.
His main aim is probably to undermine the influence


JPRS*SSA*85101
21 October 1985

INKATHA BLAMED FOR UNREST--A new opinion survey has challenged the image of
Inkatha as the force that the peace in the Durban area during recent unrest.
The survey, by the Institute of Black Research, showed that most Africans
plamed Inkatha and the police for starting the trouble and for being the most
active in it thereafter. This was reflected in a considerable loss of support
for Chief Gatsha Buthelezi, the president of Inkatha, among Africans, a finding
that has been supported in other recent surveys. The latest survey was released
this week by Professor Fatimah Meer of the University of Natal. Almost 500
people in the greater Durban area were questioned and the answers were broken
down by race. The breakdown showed a remarkable contrast between the percep-
tions of the unrest by Africans, as opposed to those of coloureds and Indians.
Asked what incidents started the trouble, 56 percent of Africans blamed police
instigators and 20 percent blamed Inkatha provocation. Surprisingly, only 13
percent blamed student action and 10 percent blamed the murder of Victoria
Mxenge, a local lawyer and activist. Among coloureds and Indians, the findings
were strikingly different. Thirty percent of Indians did not know what sparked
the trouble, while 29 percent blamed the Mxenge murder. Only 12 percent blamed
either the police or Inkatha. Among coloureds, 37 percents did not know, while
11 percent blamed hooliganism and 11 percent blamed the Mxenge murder. Asked
which groups were most active in the trouble once it started, most Africans
said it was the police or Inkatha. Coloureds blamed Africans and criminals,
while Indians blamed Africans. /Text/ /Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in Eng-
lish 20-26 Sep 85 p 37

HOUSING SHORTAGE IN VAAL TRIANGLE--About 2,000 houses are needed every year to
provide houses for the fast growing population in the Vaal Triangle. "But, I
have my fears that the demand will be more now that there has been standstill
in developments in the area," an Orange-Vaal Development Board official said
in an interview yesterday. "At present Escom is building 2,000 houses for its
employees in Zone 10 Sebokeng. Other organisations also have housing projects
in the same area. But the waiting list for houses is growing every year and
it is difficult to wipe it off. We are trying hard to cope," he said. "We
are having another housing project in Residensia. This former white tow is
being replanned and redeveloped at the cost of Rl m by providing a sewerage
system, tarring of roads and installing of electricity and water supply. ‘The
area will have sites which will be sold or rented to the residents," he said.
He hinted that his board was negotiating with some neighbouring farmers to,
purchase land for expansion. ‘The strip of land between Sharpeville and
Boipatong towmships had been bought and 2,000 sites are to be developed there.
[text/ [sohannesburg SOWETAN in English 19 Sep 85 p 47

cso: 3400/23

108


spreading across the barriers of tribalism, language and ethnics. The idea that

the working class can wield decisive strength through trade-union
combination, and through political organisation could lead the way forward
10 anew socialist society, was pioneered by the Communist Party. The ideaof
all black groups — African, Asian and Coloured — united in political action
was pioneered by the various Congresses. ‘These bodies pioneered also the
forms of mass struggle and mass organisation which have carried the whole
South African people forward to the advanced trenches they occupy in
today’s battles. Black Consciousness and Azapo did not prepare the ground;
they found it already prepared and well cultivated. They did not have to go
through the titanic struggles against tribalism which were fought— and won
— by the African National Congress. Nor did they have to sow the seeds of
confidence in unity and trade-unionism amongst the working class, which
had been commenced by generations of Communist and other militants
before them. Black Consciousness is thus not the beginning of radical South
African politics, but its latest outgrowth. It is not the fountainhead of black
militancy or black struggle but only a part of its growth and development.

‘There is, in fact, a long historical thread of development of the ideology of
South African resistance and struggle. ‘The thread can be followed back to
some of the earliest of resisters to colonisation and conquest. And all along
that thread thinkers, writers and leaders have been distilling from the
experiences the lessons which will provide an ideology of resistance and
struggle which can lead to South African liberation. Azapo stands notat the
beginning of that weave, but near its most recent edge. I stress this point, not
because there is any special merit to being first in the table of time, but
because I believe it is the fact that they are not the first — not the discoverers of
consciousness and militancy and socialism — that explains the blanket of
silence which Azapo maintains over all those who have gone before, over all
their rich experience and all the theories summarised from that experience.

Their silence about what they cannot claim as their own, reveals a lack of
seriousness at the heart of Azapo. For our country is in many ways unique in
Africa; it has the longest and most varied experience of struggle, and of
dealing with and attempting to solve the many extremely difficult problems
which bedevil a multi-class and multi-racial society such as ours. We have
accordingly through dire necessity — not through any special cleverness or
talent — developed a rich body of theory based on a rich history of success
and failure, of advance and retreat, of correct decisions and errors.

It is unreal to imagine that a country beset with such difficult problems of
struggle and change as ours can hope to go rapidly or smoothly forward
without studying that theory and learning from it, without taking on board
the lessons which are to be learnt from the past. Azapo’s failure to do this for
what seems to me to be petty, self-important motives, denies the benefits of
experience not only to the masses engaged in today’s political struggles; it
denies them also to Azapo itself, and thus reduces the organisation and its
prospects very considerably. To illustrate the point:

Earlier in this article I drew attention to some confusion in Azapo usage of
the terms ‘people’ and ‘working class’ and the use of these two terms as
though they are interchangeable, each describing the same thing. I am not
concerned with the semantics of this, bur rather its politics. It follows surely
that if ‘the people’ are the same as ‘the working class’, then either non-

78


NEW PLAN FOR MIGRANT LABOR CONTRACTS

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 26 Sep 85 p 13

[Text]

cso:

3400/47

at

MIGRANT _labourers
from the TBVC (Trans-
kei, | Bophuthatswana,
Venda, Ciskei) states will
no longer have to travel
“home” to renew their
contracts as of November
1. .

_ This is one of the re-
suits of high level
SATBVC _ Manpower
Ministers’ discussions in
Bophuthatswana’s _capi-
tal, Mmabatho, on Tues-
day, according to a state-
‘mént in Pretoria yester-
day from the Secretariat
for Multilateral Co-oper-
ation in Southern Africa
(SECOSAF).

“The most significant
aspect of the talks was a
number of important de-
cisions to streamline the

104

administrative: arrange-
ments for the re-attesta-
tion of employment con-
tracts of TBVC citizens
working in South Africa.”

The requirement that
migrant labourers must
return to their home
states to have their con-
tracts stamped and re-
newed has been a contro-
versial issue.

“In terms of the multi-
lateral understanding
reached by the five gov-
ernments, consular rep-
resentatives of the TBVC
states accredited in South
Africa will as from
November 1 be able to re-
new the service contracts
Of their citizens employed
in the Republic, — Sapa.

JPRS#SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


14%, 1992...

14.5%, 1987 cso

14%, 1987...

Foreign Loans and Credits raised:
ADTB.soscsstve

1985091.

1981786... .
Sumenders, Reverse Services 1984/8

R
*.e3s Discount RSA Stocks .

R

R

Appruprtution Account: House of Asseimbly

Toland Revenue
Transfer from State

Appropriation Account: House of Representa-
tives

{Inland Revenue...
‘Transfer from State Revenue Account

R
Appropriation Account: House of Delegates

Inland Revenue...
“Transfer from State Revenue Account

- 00 000 000 -
= (27-966 00)" -
Z $0 000 000 =
= 830 000° =
330 000 000 180 000 000 =
(1 256 000° = 4114 000) =
- 14 266 617 -
= = 146 341 463
1173 008 = 7416 |° =
14 048 248 = 20 161 us ~
1547 737 652 - 10.641 758 341 -
41 365.000 _ 213 884 000 -
1536 372 652 - 10 427 894 341
4.763.619 257 21 88S 669 486
6.837 198 - 7979 280 ~
431 137 000 = 1.069 378 000 ~
157 994 198 ~ 1077 357 280 -
19 15910
17 000 000 ~ 317 000 000
117 001 749 - 517 015 910 _
ae es
462 156 - 1123 60t ~
47.060 000 = 220 360 000 =
47922196 221 483 601 ~

‘Total (including Opening Balance) .......
Issues
Estimates: ‘Month of August ‘Total | April to 31 August
Service

1985/86, 1985 * 1984 1985 1904

R Rg R R R
1 868 000 965 416 4368 000 4407 080
22170 13.083 110 850 65 415
2 1760 000 1.049 000 8-417 000 4754 000
880.000 $47 000 “4 872, 000 2737 000
3 42 168 000 26 333 000 196 304 000 145 566 000
4 445 508 000 | 378.657 000 | 2317 660.000 | 1 943 198 000
5. 90 000.000, 40 050 000 465 800 198 290 000
37000 | 10040000 783.000 | $0 200000
6. 4 608 000 90 911 768 20 054 100 536 859 619
7. 1 100.000 8 373 000 54 431 000 39 411 000

4. > - +3261 720 —
9. 8907 000 68 500 000 42 291 000 488 900 000
10. 76,000 000 65 000 000 437 000 000 347 300 000
Mn Public Works and Land Affairs ots 1119 00! 000. 80 000 000, 138 000 000 420 000 000 465 000 000
12. National Health and Population Devel. 1336 416 000 103 000 000 145.000 000 ‘575 730 000, 730 000 000

‘opment

‘Statutory Amount ... 302 000 17.000 21.000 85.000, 79 400

13, Administration: House of Assembly 387 849 000 _ _ - _

‘Statutory Amount ...... 1925 932 000 151157 000 el 1069 378 000 7
14, Co-operation and Development 2.159.657 000 | 154372000 | 92000000 | 796 298 800 | 479 000100,
Statutory Amount .... 276 851 000 23.070 000 18 000 000 11S 350 000, 151 000 000,
15, Education and Training ‘917 486 000 73 000 000 42 000 000, 365 000 000 291 000 000
16. Defence. 4274 108 000 329 000 000 316 000.000 | 1 865 000.000 | 1 674 300 000

89



GENERAL DEFENDS PRESENCE OF SADF IN TOWNSHIPS

JPRS“SSA=854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 21 Sep 85 p 8 ‘

[Article by Keith Abendroth]

[Text]

CSO:

A SENIOR SA De-
fence Force officer yes-
terday attacked and
dismissed _ increasing
demands that the
SADF be withdrawn
from the _ riot-torn
Black townships.

Major-General J P B:

van Loggerenberg, chief

director operations, de- ‘

plored the demands and
said that the only reason
for the Defence Force’s

presence was to protect «

law abiding people’s lives
and their properties.

Addressing a passing
out parade, which includ-
ed 130 immigrants, at
Pretoria’s Air
Gymnasium, General
Van Loggerenberg said
those people making the
demands should recon-
sider their position.

He said that some of
the calls were coming
from people who did not
want to see negotiations

Force

about the country’s future *

taking place in an atmos-
phere of calm and stabili-

ty.

“Perhaps these people
have considered the con-
sequences of a withdrawal
. . . they want violence on
a bigger scale and one can
therefore understand why
they call on the Govern-
ment to withdraw the De-
fence Force.

3400/16

+ these townships.”

Interests
It would surely not be
in South Africa’s interests
to allow the spiral of vi
ence between _rivalling
groups to continue, he
said.

people demanding the
withdrawal of. the De-
fence Force, knew why it
was doing so — to further
subversion — the other
might be well meaning.
“But these people do
not understand fully what
we want to achieve in
“Surely they must re-*
alise that there is also an-
other side to the coin. ©}
“If one is prepared to
look objectively at the
situation in these areas
‘one must see many, many
people who simply ask for
protection of their lives '
and their property.
“Must we turn a deaf
ear to these people?” he
asked. :

Harmed

They had not harmed
anybody, he said. All
they were asking was for
the right to work and to
provide their dependants
with the basic necessities
of life — food, shelter and
clothing.

57

While one proup of —

{ff they ignored the
“mindless petty. dicta-
tors” a newly bought suit
was ripped to pieces and a
basketful of groceries was
destroyed.

Some people returned
from work to find their
homes burnt down,

“No government worth
its salt can allow such bla-
tant intitnidation to estab-
lish itself and to destroy,
eventually, the fabric of
civilised society,” he said.

Sapa-reports: The only
aim of the anti-conscrip-
tion movement, the End
Conscription Campaign,
was to break the morale
in the SA Defence Force
and to leave South Africa
defenceless, said General
Van Loggerenberg.

He said that there was a
difference between the
ECC’s campaign’ and the
Progressive Federal Par-
ty’s policy of seeing cons-

; ¢tiption eventually
phased out.

“They (the ECC) have
only one aim in mind and

” that is to break our mor-

ale and to eventually
leave South Africa de-
fenceless.”

He said a recent state-
ment by the ECC was in-
correct where it said that
the number, of civilians
who turned up for nat-
ional service this year had
decreased. The difference

_ caused by the “student

factor” had not been
taken into account, he

added.


cso:

3400/47

claimed or excised from
the homelands would now
remain within the territo-
ties, while: 112 219 ha
would be excised.
TM A total of 105 000 ha
have been added to
Kwandebele, almost dou-
bling the size of the
homeland, which lies
about 100 km northeast of
Pretoria. A large portion
of the rich farming land of
Rust de ‘Winter, exclud-
ing the dam make up part
of the area to be adtled. ”
The plans transfer to
Lebowa a total of 134 308
ha, including the famous

Zebediela Estates. ’

The Government stipu-
lated, however, that the
transfer of the citrus lands
would be subject to an
“acceptable agreement”
between the homeland
and South Africa on the
maintenance of assets and
management of Zebedic-
la. rm

53

* Gazankulu, whose two
main sections lie along
the Kruger National
Park, acquired an extra
16 720 ha, according to
the statement.

‘According to the an-
nouncement, Lebowa is-
to consist of two large sec:
tions, forming a corridor
around Pietersburg and
Potgietersrus, and some
nine smaller pieces, in-
cluding Sekgopas town-
ship and Silwanes town-

ship, which adjoins part
of Gazankulu.

The towns of Syb-
randskraal and Verena
are to be included in
Kwandebele, the an-
nouncement noted, while
it had been decided not to
add to the homeland the

lebo farms, east of
Groblersdal. — Sapa.



eliminate the MNR from Mozambique's three central provinces of Manica, Sofala
and Tete, whose communications were vital for Zimbabwe's trade. To this end,
latest reports said fighting was still raging round the Gogogo base dubbed
the "Military Academy" by the rebels, for it is from there that the attacks
were launched against the oil pipeline, the road and the railway linking
landlocked Zimbabwe with the Mozambican port of Beira. Simultaneously, the
Mozambican army is attempting to clear the Manhica and Magude districts of
Maputo Province which are virtually under rebel control and are used as the
bases for attacks against the suburbs of the capital.

The rebels originally said they would capture Maputo city by the end of the
year. Now the government forces have around six weeks, until the beginning
of the rainy season, to strike a fatal blow at the guerrillas. To quote

President Samora Machel's metaphor, the back of the snake may be broken, but
the tail can still lash.

CSO: 3400/58

15



JPRS#SSA*854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON DETAINED CHILDREN STUDIED
Considered Revolt Vanguard
Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 20-26 Sep 85 p 9
[Article by Sefako Nyaka: "The Day the 'Zola Budds' Came to School"]
{Text] A hallmark of the unrest in South Africa's
townships has been the role of schoolchildren. Police

consider them to be in the vanguard of the revolt.
Psychologists think the detention of children may

only increase their hostility.

FOURTEEN-YEAR-OLD Johanna
Motaung — a pupil at the Hlengiwe
Secondary School in White City,
Soweto — still does not understand
why she and 745 other pupils from
her school had to spend a day and
night last week locked up in Diepkloof,
Prison.

Last Thursday, members of the
South African Defence Force rounded
up Johanna and her fellow pupils and
took them to the Moroka police
station, They were later transferred to

_ Diepkloof Prison under Emergency
regulations. a

They were released on Saturday
after their parents guaranteed that the
pupils would attend school.

In the past month, hundreds of
pupils in Soweto have been held
overnight in a police station or prison.

Parents have appealed to police and .
the SADF to keep out of schools in |
order to avoid unnecessary tension in
the townships.

"J was in class when the soldiers
suddenly came in, motioning us with
their guns to get out and get onto the

4h

-Hippos and Zola Budds (armoured
cars),” said Johanna.

Her Form 11 class is furthest from
the gate and she — and some of her
classmates — had not been aware of
any commotion before the Security”
Forces moved in.

"There had been a boycott of classes
at the school, but after the police had
given the pupils three days to make up
their minds about getting back to
class, the entire student body heeded
the ultimatum," a teacher at the school
said. .

A member of the six-woman’
delegation recently appointed to look
vafter the interests of detained
schoolchildren, Mrs Bernadette
Mosala, said the pupils were arrested
on the schoo! premises or in class.

“When I led a delegation on August
23 to negotiate the release of about
300 pupils arrested in Diepkloof, we
were made to understand that only
pupils who were outside the school
premises at a given: time would be

i liable for arrest," she said.


GOVERNMENT HANDS OVER 20 TONS OF FOOD TO SOWETO

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 26 Sep 85 p 13 ‘

{Text ]

cso:

3400/47

THE Minister of Nat-
ional Health and Popu-
lation Development, Dr
Willie van Niekerk, yes-
terday handed over 20
tons of potatoes and
dried milk at the Barag-
wanath Hospital on be-
half of the government
for distribution to
people in need of food
in Soweto.

He said the Govern-
ment was concerned
about the state of the
people in the townships
who were starving be-
cause of job redundan-
cies and because many
were forced by radicals
not to buy food in the
areas.

“The government has
Spent about R250 000

‘on food supplies and if
we don’t have enough
money for it, we will
} just have to start cutting
* ‘a few corners here and
there to get it,” Dr Van
Niekerk said.”

The operation is be-
ing carried out with the
assistance of the South
African Police and the
South African Defence

.. Force who are providing
{ the manpower and the

48

~ equipment (lorries etc)

to fetch and deliver the
food. .

The food is bought
from agricultural boards
and Dr Van Niekerk
said that they hoped to
be able to supply maize
meal in the near future.

The Mayor of Sowe-
to, Mr Edward Kunene,
the Mayor of Dobson-
ville, Mr Steve Nkatlo
and Councillor M J Ma-
thala who represented
the Mayor of Diepmea-
dow, were at the cer-
emony and accepted the
food on behalf of their
communities.

Dr Van Niekerk told
sick children from the
hospital who sang to
thank him for the food:
“J would like you to re-
member this day as the

3, day the potatoes came.”

Mr Kunene told Dr
Van Niekerk: “This is a
step forward in bringing
our people together and
showing our people that
we councillors, who
have “been elected
democratically, are real-
ly in power.”

JPRS+SSA+85~101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


deal with South African problems as though these are newly discovered and
therefore the answers have to be newly invented. No one, it would appear
from Azapo statements, has ever before grappled with the problems with
which Azapo now comes face to face; no one has provided any answers worth
considering, any experience worth taking into account. One is given the
impression that Azapo has discovered for itself the new truths — that the
working class is destined to be the leading force in changing society, that the
enemies of the people are capitalism and imperialism, that the transformed
social order should be based on socialism. There is a total absence of any
recognition that anyone has been here before or contributed anything to
these discoveries, and no one whose explorations provide a base for further
development. Marx — a long dead foreigner — is referred to very
occasionally, usually in a disparaging manner not to show what might be
learnt from him, but rather to demonstrate a superior wisdom; as for
example Quraish Patel at an Azapo symposium:

“Orthodox Marxists look at a doctrine and mould it to reality; whereas black

consciousness looks at reality and moulds its doctrines accordingly” (whatever that

means).

But of all the vast accumulated experience and wisdom of the whole
world’s working class, of all the vast richness of theorising on working class
problems from Marx and Engels and Lenin and many others, there is almost
no sign. Nor — in particular relation to South Africa’s own unique and
difficult problems of transformation — is there any reference to the seventy
years accumulated experience of the African National Congress, or the sixty
years of the South African Communist Party. Reinventing the wheel of
knowledge may be a salutary discipline for an isolated and remote searcher-
after-truth in a stable period of history when time is of no importance. But in
South Africa today, with its rising tide of mass struggle and clear signals of
impending upheaval and revolution, such an exercise can only be described
as an escape from the real world to the unreal — to a world like a stage set,
where real life is not being lived but only being simulated.

There are, naturally, reasons for Azapo’s blanket of silence over all other
experience and theory. In partat least the reason must be that attention tothe
theoretical contribution of other movements, other philosophers, other
politicians, will reveal that black consciousness does not hold the key to all
political struggle; nor is it the total foundation for all serious analysis of the
contemporary South African political scene. Black Consciousness — the
movement which embraces Azapo amongst others — is in fact the Johnny-
come-lately of South African politics. It cannot be denied that, even in the
short life since its founding in 1978 it has made a substantial contribution to
raising feelings of self-confidence and awareness in the black majority. But to
suggest that it has done so by starting from first principles, by its own
discoveries of previously undiscovered facts of black life, would be so to
distort history as to make it unrecognisable. Far from starting its political
work and ideology from first principles, Azapo in fact started from an
advanced base, prepared for it by the ANC and the Communist Party
amongst others, long before even the phrase ‘Black Consciousness’ had been
coined in the USA and elsewhere.

In South Africa, the idea that blacks are in no way inferior to whites was
pioneered by the African National Congress, as was the idea of black unity

77



AGRICULTURE IN COAST PROVINCE DEVELOPING

JPRS*SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

KENYA

Nairobi E.A, REPORT ON TRADE AND INDUSTRY in English Aug’ 85 pp 21, 23

[Brticle by Joe Rogoiyo: "Agriculture Has Made Big Strides In Coast Province]

[Excerpts/

Although it may be no match for that of
other provinces, Coast agriculture has taken
big strides in recent years; it has grown
consistently and considerably. Appropriate
government policy, farmer enthusiasm and
decent rainfall (there was hardly a word
about drought in Coast Province last year
when the rest of the country was reeling from
its effects), have helped a good deal.

With 35,000 hectares under palm trees,
coconut is the largest cash or industrial crop
in the region. It is, by tradition, an important
multi-purpose crop as well the leaves are
used for thatching, for instance; the trunk is
used for construction and as firewood. It is
also an important food crop. About 21,000
of copra equivalent are produced annually
and fetch an estimated Sh. 100 million (m).
Another big one is cashewnuts, which earns

farmers in the Coast region between Sh. 2m °

and Sh. 3m a year, About 30,000ha are
under cashewnuts and produce [2,000 tonnes
of the stuff annually.

Coffee is another important cash crop. In
1983, it earned farmers more than Sh. 3m.
Also important is cotton, which is grown on
some 8,000ha and earned farmers nearly Sh.
1m in 1983. Sisal is grown on about 48,000ha.
In 1983, estimated sisal fibre sales fetched
around Sh. 4.5m. Sugar is another big one.
About 11,500 tonnes, produced by Asso-
ciated Sugar Company at Ramisi, fetched
Sh. 60m.

Maize is still the largest food crop at the
Coast, with 38,000ha under it producing an
estimated 310,000 bags. Of the area under
maize, about 10,000ha are under improved

10

maize and the rest under local (or traditional):
strains. Most of the improved maize, accor-
ding to the provincial agricultural office, is
what is known as Coast composite.

A little rice is grown in valley bottoms,
swamp areas and in small irrigated areas of
Taveta and Tana River, Output last year was
in the region of 600 tonnes, all of it con-
sumed at the farm level. Also consumed at
the farm level are sorghum and millet, as are
beans, cowpeas, and green grams. These are
crops which are interplanted with maize
after the first or second weeding. About
18,000 tonnes of cassava are harvested each
year in the Coast. Farmers fetch between Sh.
600 and Sh. 800 per tonné of fresh tuber
supplied to the local cassava factory.

The Coast is an important area in the
production of fruits, notably citrus fruits,
mangoes, bananasand pineapples. The major
constraint on further expansion of fruit pro-
duction is the marketing system for these
commodities, which is rather a mess. Perhaps
the show could prove to be an occasion when
a marketing brainwave is generated to deal
with marketing fruits and other horticultural
products. «

Most of these fruits are marketed in the
urban areas, The marketing tends to be
seasonal -- i.e. during peak production --
which means that a lot of produce goes to
waste because there is no organised system
to get it to the market during the rest of the
year. An improper marketing system plays
havoc with prices, which may discourage
farmers in turn. In the case of pineapples, a
processing plant has becn mooted time and



MINISTER GIVES HOMELAND CONSOLIDATION PLAN

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 26 Sep 85 p 13

[Text]

THE Government an-
nounced yesterday its’
plans for the consolida-
tion of three home-
lands in the Transvaal,
and said 125 000
people would no long-
er be resettled while an
effective 255 000 hec-
tares of land would be
added to the existing
territories.

Announcing the plans
in Pretoria, Mr Chris
Heunis, .the Minister of
Constitutional Develop-
ment and Planning, said
the consolidation plans’
for Lebowa, Gazankulu
and Kwandebele would
be put before Parliament
for approval next year.

“The procedures will
now be set in motion to
transfer the land to .the

~ states,” Mr Heunis said.

Kangwane, the ‘fourth
non-independent home-
land in the Transvaal, was
not included in the con-
solidation announcement.

Mr Heunis said that
according to the new
plans, the people who
would no longer have to
be resettled totalled
110 000 in Lebowa, 5 000
in Gazankulu and 3 811
families in Kwandebele.
A spokesman for the de*
partment said the com-
binéd figure was more
than 125 000.

52

While the plans ear-

‘marked certain areas for

resettled communities,
the Deputy Minister of
Development and of
Land: Affairs, Mr Ben
Wilkens, said he could
not give an exact figure of
how many people would
be relocated.

“We have no figure at
the moment,” he said,
“but it will not be great.”

The people who would
have to be resettled were
at present living on three
farms which. would have
formed part of Kwande-
bele, he said. No people
from Lebowa or Gazan-
kulu would be resettled,
he added.

Mr Wilkens said he
could not estimate how
much it would cost the
Government to buy the
additional land.

Asked about the Gov-
ernment’s policy on the
homelands, Mr Heunis
said the Government and
the homeland authorities
had agreed that the states
should make up part of
the political framework of
South Africa.

“Whatever the consti; :

tutional future of South
Africa,” he added, “the

existence of these states ,

must be- part of the
answer.”

According to the final
plans, more than 110 000

ha to have been depro-

JPRS*SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


Student Police Spy Network Revealed
(Rebecca Williams, Caroline Hurry; THE SUNDAY STAR,
15 Sep 85) .cccseccccccncccecccseeeecseesscseeeeeseeeecseeens

Very Few Visit Army's Complaint Centers
(Cas St Leger; THE SUNDAY TIMES, 15 Sep 85)...........000008

Security Men Meet Over Unrest, Crime
(THE ARGUS, 5 Sep 85)...ceeveeccccceccccrecscececsceeareceee

New Republic Party Leader Gives Views on National Convention
(Bill Sutton; THE ARGUS, 3 Sep 85)......ccccescccccseseceves

SADF Opens Complaint Centers
(CAPE TIMES, 11 Sep 85)..ccsecececceccccececeecsceeceseececs

Scrapping of Pass Law Will Eliminate Rackets
(SUNDAY TIMES, 15 Sep 85)...cesecesecccecscssccesssecesecens

Apartheid Still Exists Aboard Trains
(Boeti Eshad, Peter Malherbe; SUNDAY TIMES, 15 Sep 85)......

Critical Look at AZAPO
(Toussaint; THE AFRICAN COMMUNIST, No 102, 1985.......se.00.

Solidarity Split on PFP Issue
(Khalil Aniff; POST NATAL, 18-21 Sep 85).....eeeeesecececees

Kwandebele Seen as Not Viable in Spite of Upcoming Independence
(Sue Leeman; THE STAR, 19 Sep 85).....cccccccenccscccevcceee

New Feeding Scheme Will Help Thousands
(THE STAR, 18 Sep 85) ..cecccceecccccrcccccceceresescsssences

Reserve Bank Statement as of 31 August Issued
(GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 13 Sep 85)...ceeeeeeccscsescescccccecee

Exchequer Reports April-August Receipts, Transfers
(GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 13 Sep 85) ..essecceceeccccseceveveseves

Nation Needs Economic Plan, Says Expert
(Daan de Kock; THE CITIZEN, 18 Sep 85)..ceccecececceercesees

State Handling of Economy Slammed
(Chris Cairncross; BUSINESS DAY, 20 Sep 85)...-seseeeceeeeee

Self-Help Projects in Kwazulu Get Underway
(THE DAILY NEWS, 29 Aug 85)....sssccescseccrevccccesccrerece

Personal Savings Up, Balance of Payments Boost
(Daan de Kock; THE CITIZEN, 27 Sep 85)...eeeeceeseeeceeveere

-d-

60

62

64

65

66

67

71

82

83

85

86

88

92

94

95

98


APARTHEID STILL EXISTS ABOARD TRAINS
Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 15 Sep 85 p 6

[Article by:

[Text]

APARTHEID is alive and well at the
Johannesburg Station :;'. new “Whites” {
signs have gone. up in the main con-:
course, effectively keeping out mem-

hers of other race groups. ,

And, despite the new “mul- °
tiracial” status conferred on
some coaches, very little has
changed on the trains that
glide out of the busiest sta-
tion in. the country.

At the main stations in
Cape Town, Durban and Port
Elizabeth, it's a different sto-
ry... class segregation is the
ruling there.

First and second-class pas-
sengers of all races are free
to use all facilities at the
main station — except for
the toilets,

There are separate “whites
only” and “mixed” toilet
facilities.

Third-class commuters of
all races use separate facili-
ties.

But in Johannesburg new
signs went up on August 31
ensuring that only whites still
use the main concourse.

Mr Leon Els, public rela-
tions officer for the South
African Transport Services,
said the new signs were in
line with the announcement
of different facilities on sta-

jons.

Boeti Eshad and Peter Malherbe]

69

JPRS*SSA*85~101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


REORGANIZATION OF EDUCATION UNDER ONE MINISTRY ANNOUNCED

For All Races

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 27 Sep 85 p 13

[Text]

THE Government was
not ‘dragging its feet”:
on the implementation.
of its 1983 White Paper
proposing equal educa-
tion opportunities for
all, the Minister of
National . Education,
Mr F W de Klerk, said
yesterday.

He said it was widely
believed that the Govern-'
ment was delaying imple-
mentation of the White
Paper, but the opposite
was in fact the case.

However, the “necess-
ary machinery and struc-
tures” had had to be es-
tablished first, he said in
Protoria at a Press brief-
ing. «

The Minister an-,,
nounced: : .
@ The names of the 26:
members of the multi-
racial South African!
Council for Education’
(SACE) which will give
advice on general policy;
@ The introduction dur-
ing the next Parliamen-
tary session of legislation
to establish three “certifi-
cation councils” for dif-
ferent types of education
qualifications: *

Forthcoming _legis-
lation providing for full
membership, including
voting rights, of Blacks on.
the Committee of Univer-

24

“sity Principals (Cup) and

the Committee of Techni-
kon Principals (CTP);

@ A policy for the regis-
tration and subsidisation
of private schools;

@ A qualification struc-
ture for universities in
South Africa; and

@ The composition and
membership of the Uni-
versities and Technikons
Advisory Council
(UTAC).

‘ Minister
» “The most important
development that has
taken place (since the
White Paper), and which
to my mind has not been
sufficiently noted and ap-
preciated by the public at
large, is the creation of a
:new Department of Nat-
ional Education,” Mr De
Klerk said.

“For the first time in

history, South Africa now ,
has a Minister of Educa- :

tion and an Education
* Department which, in re-
spect of certain important
matters, serves the coun-
try as a whole and conse-
quently all population

ups.

He said a further im-
portant development wa’
the approval last year of
the National Policy for
General Education Af-
fairs Act, in which the

JPRS*SSA+85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


SCRAPPING OF PASS LAW WILL ELIMINATE RACKETS

Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 15 Sep 85 p6

[Text]

THE scrapping of

ssbooks is not only going to

create yast vacancies in the country’s prisons. It’s _
poing to mean headaches for the many blacks who -

ave resorted to all manner of

the system.

subterfuge to beat

Like the myriads of fellows who assumed fancy
English-type names to pose as coloureds. .
‘hey would do anything to avoid the degradation of

the pass laws, And it’s
been so long that one won-
ders how many can even
remember their given
mT thought wryly ofthis wh
ou of len
Tread ti the Governments in-
tention to scrap pass laws and
the introduction of uniform
citizenship for all.
It must not be forgotten
that more than 300 000 blacks
a year had to be “free-guests

of the State President” for.

offences under the pass laws
and its side-effects.
In trains, buses, homes,
shebeens, everywhere, peo-
le are talking in incredulous
Tones about the abolition of
the reference book. Many are
still “doubting Thomases”
and won't believe it until they
see the dreaded “brown” or
“green” books for ever.
In township patois
“passes”, “reference books”
or “books of life”, have quaint
names. In fact, a little trea-
tise could be written about

their comic titles. We refer to -

reference books as “stink-
ers”, “nzangan”, “nzenga”,
“dompas” or “lankof”.

Different regions have
their own original names, but
a “stinker” remains one from
Guguletu township in Cay
Town to.Dube township in So-
weto. It stinks to high heaven
with its ill-effects on the
masses of blacks who have to
carry them.

As we have learnt to swal- «
low the bitter with the sweet,
many a tale will be passed ony,
about the passbook.

No amount of flippancy’
will wipe out the sufferings
and misery it has caused over;
the years, But, being what we. -,

are, the laughter, derision

and defiance that has beeti
our comfort through all these *
harsh laws must be told.

~ Let's take a ride in a time

,eapsule back into the early
"50s during the height of

ass raids. First thing you did

in the morning before pulling
on your pants was to check ii

67

JPRS*SSA*85*101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

your “pass” was safe and
Sound under the pillow.

As you bolted out of your
home for the bus, taxi or rail-
way station, your mother or
wife would shriek or holler:
“You mustn't forget your

ss!”

She'had the right to, be-

cause the minute you left
your home your every move-
ment was under the beady
surveillance of the law,
‘That is why people devel-
oped that shifty and alert ex-
ression — on the lookout for

he pass Squad. :

Those who went about with
blinkers round their faces
normally ended up in “kwela-
kwelas” or pick-up vans. It
was a cat-and-mouse game.
The law used all kinds of
camouflage tactics to nab the
_ unsuspecting.

- At Park station, which is
the universal name for Jo-
hannesburg station, it was
the survival of the enterpris-
ing Asif ‘by common instinct,
all of us on arrival reached
for our hip or back pockets to
feel if that “damned” book
was there:

Tf not, it was retreating
back into the safety of the
concourse until the pass blitz
was over.

Brunt

It meant lateness for work,
expulsion in certain cases
where the bosses could not
understand the whole situa-
ition and absolute misery for
‘those affected.


{Article by:

[Text.4 SECURITY Police spy

metwork was unravelled
‘this week when Rhodes’
“University students re-,
‘vealed details of their
,elandestine campus acti-
vities. -* .

- ‘The chain of startling al-
legations included:

@ Offers of exemption from’

Defence Force national service
for students prepared to work
for the Security. Police.
@ Generous compensation in
return for information.
@ Dagga smoking among police

and students involved in cam- . -

pus espionage.
e

‘The use of secret code names | °

for the students and.the Securi-:°

ty Police involved.
Espionage training’

if

H
mi

@ Offers of espionage training |

at Pretoria.
@ Threats to students and their

families by recruiting officers. ~

@ Orders from the Security Po-
lice to one white student to get
a black girlfriend.

@ Promises by Security Police

that one student would receive .

a car for his services.
@ Bugging and telephone-tap-

STUDENT POLICE SPY NETWORK REVEALED

Rebecca Williams and Caroline Hurry]

«pheir job is to gather infor-
mation from many sources on
any situation which could have
an effect on State security,”
said a spokesman for the Po- ;
lice Public Relations Director-
ate in Pretoria.

Students Gustaf ‘Roller and
Daryl McLean confessed to
their spying activities before °
700 students attending a meet-
ing called by the National
Union of South African’ Stu--
dents (Nusas).

_ Roller, an 18-year-old first-
* year journalism student, said{

he had curtailed all espionage
activity after witnessing a re- |
cent display of police brutality
at a peaceful student demon-
stration. :

He said he had been ap-,
proached by Lieutenant Lloyd
Edwards, a Grahamstown se-
curity policeman, in January
this year and asked to work for

the SP while studying at .

Rhodes.
‘When he agreed to work for
-. the organisation, Lieutenant

Edwards, codenamed “Simon”, :

gave him his home and work »
telephone numbers.
Roller was also given a third

; number and told to speak to a

“ping at Student Representative.

Council offices.

Top-level police spokesmef *

admitted Security Police invol-

‘yvement on campus but stressed ©
that police “had a responsibili- °
ty to maintain the internal se- :

curity of South Africa”.
i

man codenamed “Mike”, an

_. alias for a Captain Neveling of .
the Security Police. :

60

JPRS*SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 15 Sep 85 p 6

“I was told how to best infil-
trate Rodeo, (the students’
newspaper), and Nusas,” Roll-
er said. “I was instructed to at-
tend the Rodeo workshop dur-
ing the first weekend of term
and to join Nusas.”

Roller was given the coden-
ame “George” and told he
would be “compensated” for
his services.

“At the end of March I re-
ceived R50, the following

»» month R100, the month after
R150, and from then on R200 .
a month.” He was also told he
would be exempt from national
service.

As a member of Nusas and
on the staff of Rodeo, Roller
was told to “get a black girl-
friend” to improve his image
and credibility among the
more radical circles.

SRC telephone bugged

Roller was told to try to ex-
pose any National Intelligence
Service spies on campus be-
cause they and the Security Po-
lice were “rivals in many re-
spects”.

. On such occasions,. Lieuten-
ant Edwards told him that the
SRC offices were bugged and ©

' the telephones tapped:


JPRS*SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

JEWISH HELP--The American Jewish World Service was expected to deliver medical
equipment and drugs worth a total of 750,000 dollars to Mozambique on
September 15. Mozambique is seen as a priority country by this association
of American Jews, which is headed by Laurence Simon, a former director of
Oxfam America who has already been active in Mozambique. The AJWS intends

to finance a number of long-term development projects in the country. [Text]
[Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in French 21 Sep 85 p 6]

BRAZIL HALTS CREDIT LINE--Brazil has decided to suspend a 250 million dollar
line of credit extended to Mozambique "because of the economic crisis" affect-
ing both countries, the Brazilian charge d'affaires in Maputo, Paulo Jopper
Crissiuma, said on September 6. He said that Brazil had been Mozambique's
principal economic partner between 1978 and 1981, but their co-operation had
been reduced since. Now Brasilia wished to expand it again, particularly in
sectors like water power and the textile industry, Mr Crissiuma said. Maputo's
debt to Brasilla currently totals 175 million dollars. [Text] [Paris THE
INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 14 Sep 85 p 6]

CSO: 3400/58

17



conglomerates - such as Anglo American, Sanlam
and Barlow Rand - but that it would allow the free
enterprise system to continue intact during a phased
transition period to full universal franchise. The
businessmen replied that they were not averse to a
state role in a mixed economy. (In fact the state

already owns huge organisations like Jscor, Escom,
Sasol, SA Railways and SA Airways). Gavin Relly,
chairman of Anglo American and leader of the
business delegation, said the ANC’s positions were
not as antagonistic as one might think. ANC leader
Oliver Tambo made a point of complimenting the
businessmen for attending the meeting despite prime
minister Botha’s disapproval. Observers reckoned
the ANC camecacross at the meeting more as a social
democratic movement. (Something of a showdown
between the ‘‘moderate”’ and more rigidly socialist
groups within the ANC might become inevitable).

The talks were the culmination of over 12 months
of contacts and preparation. Informal talks between
business and the ANC first took place in London
late last year, with the London director of the South
Africa Foundation (SAF), David Willers, playing a
key role. Prior to that a senior journalist from
the Afrikaans newspaper, Beeld, and a Capetown
academic, Professor H.W. Van der Merwe, had
visited the ANC in Lusaka. At a more formal
meeting in London last January, the business rep-
resentatives spelt out clearly that they had a vested
interest in getting rid of apartheid and promoting
fundamental reform. Both sides reported back to
their head offices, which duly gave a favourable
response.

Hugh Murray, the publisher of Leadership SA,
who has good contacts at the highest level in Zambia,
was then called in to act as an intermediary with the
full backing of Anglo American. A meeting with the
ANC was first scheduled for June, just before South
African commandos raided Gaborone in Botswana.
Because of that and the ANC’s conference at Kabwe
at the end of June (AC Vol 26 No 14), the meeting
was postponed. .

In July, Relly led a delegation to discuss with
Kaunda how the meeting should go ahead and the
view of frontline states on economic sanctions
against South Africa. After Botha’s disastrous 15
August speech in Durban, Relly flew to London to
discuss tactics with Willers at SAF. By now it was
clear that no heed would be paid to Botha’s remon-
strations about talking with the ANC. A week before
the Luangwa meeting, Willers shared a television
platform with the ANC’s London representative,
Solly Smith, arguing that there were important areas
of common interest to be discussed, and that the
situation in South Africa had ‘‘moved beyond
sanctions because of the deteriorating and appalling
internal political situation.”

34


CATHOLIC PAPER EDITORIAL URGES BOTHA TO ACTION

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 24 Sep 85 p 3 wt

[Text ]

CSO:

3400/47

CAPE TOWN. —- The.
State President, Mr P W
Botha, could still go down
in history as South Afri-
ca’s political saviour and
liberator if he uses’all his
power now to do what
justice reasonable people
demand, according to the
latest edition of the
Southern Cross.

‘An editorial in the nat-
ional Roman Catholic
weekly newspaper said
the outrage and fears of a
few would be overwhelm-
ed by the joy and good-
will such boldness, would
release. :

“We applaud the pres-
ent Government’s appar-
ent willingness at last to
recognise all South Afri-
cans as citizens, free to
live and work where they
choose; though we wait to
see how — and even
whether — the present
Parliament and civil ser-
vice will translate that
willingness into reality.

“As for feay of a Marx-
ist takeover, We do not
believe that any Marxist is
rubbing his hands over
the Government's belated
intentions of reform. If
anything will avert the
threat of a socialist revol-

54

ution, it is a reformist rev-
olution.

“white South Africans
are: still. discussing elab-
orate
schemes to prevent
‘domination’ of one group
by another: that is, to
spare them from being
ruled by Blacks.”

The editorial regretted
that many Whites were
still not ready to regard
their neighbours simply as
South Africans (or them-
selves as Azanians), or to
believe that a genuinely
South African govern-
ment could be a good
one. :

“The obvious flaw in

any scheme of joint con-
trol of common affairs
combined with group con-
trol of particular concern
is simply that most South
Africans don’t want it.

“Most South Africans
want a common citi-
zenship and common of-
ficial language — English,
which doesn't mean that
dozens of other languages
won't continue to be
spoken and written.

“The sooner all Whites
accept anid want it too,
the sooner our present ag-
ony will be over,” the edi+
torial said. — Sapa.

constitutional,

JPRS=SSA+854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


JPRS*SSA*854101
21 October 1985

SOMALIA

UNITED STATES DENIES NUCLEAR WASTE DEAL
Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 14 Sep 85 p 3

[Text] A report on September 7 by the clandestine Somali opposition Radio
Halgan that Mogadishu had leased 800 square kilometres of central Somalia's
Mudug and Nogal. provinces for 600 million dollars to the United States for the
dumping of nuclear waste was “pure fabrication", a senior official in the
regional bureau for Africa of Washington's Paris embassy told THE INDIAN OCEAN
NEWSLETTER. The report by the Ethiopian-based radio said the deal was
concluded at the beginning of August during a meeting in Mogadishu between
Somali president Mohamed Siad Barre and visiting general Robert Kingstun,
commander of Washington's rapid deployment force.

1.0.N.--These allegations, which were repeated by the Kenyan press, appear very
unlikely, given the size of the figures quoted. They are equivalent to the
total cost of the enormous Bardhere dam project, and seem astronomical compared
with the 40 million dollars Washington pays annually to use the military and
naval base at Berbera. But above all, as the U.S. diplomat in Paris pointed
out, a meeting between president Siad and general Kingston would have been
impossible as at the time of the U.S. officer's visit during the Bright Star
manoeuvres (see I.0.N. N°193) the Somali head of state was in Casablanca,
Morocco.

cso: 3400/53

20



Other assets 762 020 979,33

Total gold and foreign assets 5 669 062 250,23
Domestic:
Bills discounted 1 671 600 000,00
Loans and Advances:
Government Saad
Other : 977 417 756,74
Securities:
Government . 51 304 061,82
Other 557 758 185,75

Other assets 4 100 463 510,61

$13 027 605 765,15
Ratio of gold reserve to liabilities to the public less foreign assets 63.9
per cent.
Pretoria, 5 September 1985.

G. P. Groenewald, General Manager

CSO: 3400/18

87



oso: 3400/23

@ The withdrawal of SADF troops’
from the townships. :
@ The lifting of the state of emer-
gency. :
For the first time school unrest:
thas spread to the areas of Naphuno:
‘district. in Lebowa and »Lenyenye
near Tzaneen, *
»’ DET PRO Edgar Posselt this
jweek said more than 160 primary
and high schools countrywide were:
empty and 127 schools had atten-i
idances below 80 percent. :
In the Eastern and Western Cape‘
; Classrooms were deserted in more
; than 118 schools. — “the main trou-
; ble spots”, he said. In Johannesburg,
“more than 20 schools in Soweto and
‘Alexandra have no pupils. In the
East Rand there is no attendance in
about 7 schools, Attendance in other
schools varies from 20 to 65 percent,
There is a total boycott in only two
schools in the Free State and Natal.
Mr Posselt said the matric exam
time-table — scheduled to begin on
October 25.— remained unchanged,
‘No decision had beeh reached on

primary school exams. * 7

41



SOLIDARITY SPLIT ON PFP ISSUE

[Brticle by Khalil Anifs/ '

[ext] ° soME members of Solidarity, official opposi-

tion in the Housé. of Delegates, will oppose
moves to merge with the Progressive Federal
Party, Solidarity executive member
Mr Ismail Omar said this week.

He said the entiré executive committee had de-
cided earlier this year against a merger with any
party. .

According to high-placed party sources, Soli-

Durban POST NATAL in English 18-21 Sep 85 p 3

darity is split at executive and branch level over :

planned moves to merge with the PFP.
Some hold the view that the party should

go it alone by becoming non-racial but retaining :

its name, while others believe a merger with the ©

PFP would give it more political muscle. A third
view is that it should
maintain its Indian-
only identity.

Mr Omar said he
would oppose moves
for ‘a merger or dis- :
bandment of the party. °

3400/2h

82

JPRS*SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

“There are soutia”
reasons for Solidarity
retaining its identity.
Solidarity has been a
multi-racial party
since its inception, de-
spite the provisions of
the Improper Political
Interference Act.

“The repeal of the
Act has, therefore, not
changed the basis of its
existence,” he said. *

Mr Omar said Soli-
darity better under-
stood the problems of.
the under-privileged in
an apartheid society,
because it was “born
from among the ranks
of oppressed people”.

“Mherefore Tt not
only knows about their
problems but actually
feels the effects.”


cso:

3400/16

its crippling social conse-
quences gather momentum *
among whites and coloureds,
the situation in black town-
ships has already surpassed
danger levels,
., A recent survey by Vista ;
: University’ students” shows ,
that more than half the em- 4
Ployable black men and
omen in Port Elizabeth and {
; Uitenhage are jobless.”
‘' Coupled to the unemplo;
ment’ problem ig wing
poverty and disillusionment
within all racial sectors,
Official unemployment a

figures released by the local }

Department of Manpower re-

* vealed a 100 percent increase

in the number of white men ,

under the age of 21 register-

ing as jobless last month.
Other indicators have also

* (underlined the enormity of |

the problem. 4
The Port Elizabeth City 5

Council's director of housing,

! Mr Eddie Samuels, this we

; disclosed that more than

+ 1500 people in the city had:

{ applied to the municipality *
: {or rellet on their rents or +
« instalments, :

Many of the applicants, he i
‘ said, were elther jobless or !

., on short time,
Social workers inter-
Flewed als week sald unem-
ment hat gered a
fost of related sodiel prob-.
Jems, ‘
Mrs Annemarie Naude,
Christelike Maatskaplike-
\ Raad soctal worker, ‘said:
#i"There has been a sharp in-
‘erease in the demand. for
financial assist:
ance, particularly amor e
tnemployed in ‘Port liza-
 beth’s northern and less' af-,
' fluent suburbs,” :
.
: Aid :
She said her organisation
: had been forced to increase
: if financial ald Ep eramme
7 a whopp! ‘cent
i ding the five Fronthes |
: | “Without ‘financial assist-.
ance, some white families
would undoubtedly go
* hungry,” she said,

59



JPRS*SSA*854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

KWANDEBELE SEEN AS NOT VIABLE IN SPITE OF UPCOMING INDEPENDENCE

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 19 Sep 85 p 10 ‘

[Article by Sue Leeman] '

[Text ]

Create Jobs

INDEPENDENCE: The 350000ha homeland of

. kwaNdebele, : which nudges the central Transvaal

town of Bronkhorstspruit, is home to an estimated
300000 people of mixed ethnic descent, but mostly
Ndebeles,

They are ruled from the capital, Siyabuswa, by Mr
Simon Skosana, his six-member Cabinet and a 46-man
legislative assembly appointed by the region’s tribal
authorities.

In April 1981 kwaNdebele received self-governing
status and in May the following year began indepen-
dence talks with the South African Government.

Consolidation procedures have been complex and
are not yet complete.

A total of 183000 ha was purchased in the Bronk-
horstspruit, Cullinan and Groblersdal areas for in-
corporation and negotiations are still under way re-
garding certain land in Lebowa and Bophuthatswana.

Apart from Siyabuswa, Ekangala (18km north of
Bronkhorstspruit) is being developed as a major town
and is expected to have a population of at least
300 000 by the year 2000,

An attempt is being made to create jobs in the
newly established Ekandustria industrial township
nearby.

BUDGET: kwaNdebele is to spend more than
R69 million on development during 1985/86, accord-

“ ing to the homeland’s Minister of Finance and Eco-

nomic Affairs, Mr Zenani Mnguni, .
Presenting his budget recently, Mr Mnguni said
this figure was 22 percent higher than that of 1984/85.
The bulk of kwaNdebele’s income during the cur-
rent financial year will come in the form of grants,
totalling R50,3 million, from the South African Gov-
ernment.

R21 million has been allocated to the Department
of Works while the Department of Education and Cul-
ture will réceive R19,1 million, R1,1 million of which
has been earmarked for the building of classrooms.

83



cso:

lence is the’ only way to bring
' about fundamental change,” Dr
" Naude said.

He emphasised that his and
the SACC’s motivation for sup-
porting civil disobedience was
Biblical, not political. It was
based on examples from the Old
and New Testaments, where
people were forced to disobey
the authorities in their efforts to
remain obedient to God.

“I believe Christians not only
have a right, but a duty to dis-
obey a:specific law or policy of,
:the authorities — it is their duty
to be obedient to God first and
foremost,” Dr Naude said,

It was difficult to predict
, what form civil disobedience
would take, he said.

Consumer boycotts, peaceful
demonstrations and strikes were
examples of civil disobedience
_ that were widely recognised in

the Western world as legitimate
, Ways to express frustration.
‘Dr Naude said the Church had
the structure and organisation
to organise mass civil actions,
i{but the it had not yet done the
necessary. education and mobili-,
sation to launch such actions.
: Earlier this year, Dr Naude.
creceived wide publicity for the ‘
statement he made on civil dis- |
obedience during the SACC | ne
tional conference.

3400/49

28

He told the conference that
the hope for peaceful change in
South Africa ‘could only be sus-

tained “if the Christian commu- ,

nity initiates and supports more
meaningful and effective non-
wiolent actions including well-
planned actions of civil disobe-
dience”. /

‘The next day, Dr Naude was
warned in a message from the
Minister of Law and Order that
encouraging civil disobedience
could lead to confrontation with
the authorities,

The hornets’ nest was stirred
again when the State President,
Mr PW Botha, announced that
he was prepared to speak only
to people who renounced vio-
lence and civil disobedience.

In reaction, the Bishop of
Johannesburg, Bishop Desmond
Tutu, said that unless Mr Botha
dropped the second condition, he
‘would not join a delegation of
church leaders which met with
Mr Botha in August.

The President of the Method-
ist Church of Southern Africa,
Reverend Peter Storey, said af-
terwards that “members of the
delegation that went to speak to
the State President in Pretoria
on August 19 would not have
gone had they been required to
renounce civil disobedience be
forehand”.



IJPRS#SSA“85+101
21 October 1985

DJIBOUTI

BRIEFS

SOLDIERS ‘NOT DESERTERS'--A senior Djibouti government official denied on
September 8 a report by the clandestine opposition Somali Radio Halgan that 200
soldiers from Somalia's army had deserted their camp at Borama and crossed the
border into Djibouti. The official, revealing that Djibouti's armed forces had
carried out an extensive search operation on the border with Somalia a few days
after the sabotage which derailed the Djibouti-Addis Ababa train on July 17,
put forward the hypothesis that these troops could have been mistaken for
Somalis. The disclosure that such an operation took place seems to confirm
that the pro-Mogadishu Western Somalia Liberation Front was responsible for the
attack on the train. [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 14 Sep 85

p 5]

cso: 3400/53


JPRS*SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

FRENCH STEP UP AID FOR BLACK STUDENTS

Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 15 Sep 85 p 12 .

Eiext/

DESPITE the recall of the French

ambassador to South Africa and the French ban
-on new investments in this country, the French
Embassy in Pretoria is continuing its aid and co-
operation programs for black people.

France increased the 1985 aid program by
R381 700 and the 1986 program has been
: increased to about R1-m.

.. The new program will double the amount for
scholarships, increase aid to detainees’ families. _
by the creation of a special fund for human :
rights and finance the Khanya College project
organised by Sached to improve black 7
students’ university studies and provide general
Support for their educational projects. : .

cso: 3400/2)

43


of the conservative catholic hierarchy, especially
Bishop Jean Zoa of Yaoundé, who was close to
Ahidjo. The return from exile in Canada of the
former bishop of Nkongsamba, Albert Ndongmo,
was not welcomed by Bishop Zoa. There is an open-
door policy towards Muslim leaders in the north,
and Biya has been initiated into several tribal sects
since the beginning of the year.

A test of the regime’s popularity will be the

forthcoming local elections for - party delegates.
Many young people see them as an opportunity to
sweep from office local potentates who rose to':power
under Ahidjo. The party is even discussing whether
to allow more than one candidate at the local level -

The Opposition

A multi-party system is allowed by the constitution. In practice!
none of the opposition is officially recognised. Below are the
main opposition groups:

@ Union des Populations Camerounaises (UPC). While demand-
ing its official recognition, UPC leaders are strengthening their
organisation for future political battles. Many UPC cadre have
discreetly returned to the country after years of exile. (The police
is aware of their presence, but moves have yet to be made against
them.) President Sassou-Nguesso’s regime in Congo has allowed
the UPC to reactivate its Brazzaville base. The UPC is torn
between a reformist, pragmatic wing and hardliners close to the
Soviet Union. The pragmatists are backed by secretary-general
Ngou Woungly Massaga. They want a plural system, and talk of
petitioning the Supreme Court for official recognition. This
faction also counts on the support of “progressives” within t
regime like Georges Ngango. The hardline faction, behind Pai
based deputy secretary-general Simeon Kiussiu, wants to return
to UPC traditions of intransigence and even armed struggle to
force change.

@ Organisation Camerounaise pour la Liberté et la Démocratie
(OCLD). Led by Professor Abel Eyinga from Paris, the OCLD
is basically a social democratic grouping. Eyinga has good rela-
tions with ‘‘radical’? African regimes like Algeria, Benin and
Congo as well as with France’s Parti Socialiste (PS). He has

CsO: 3400/77

a move which would certainly boost Biya’s image as
a democrat. The problem is that several ministers,
if faced with competition, would probably be thrown
out by provincial electorates. One way around this
would be to change the party rules so that ministers
would not have to be re-elected at the local level.
The elections have been suspended until the dilemma
is sorted out.

However, legislative elections can be expected at
the end of the year or early in 1986. Several candida-
tes might be allowed to run for each seat, which
would almost certainly result in the ousting of dozens
of veteran legislators.

discreetly sounded out Biya’s government about returning to the
country, and the possibility of a teaching post at Yaoundé
University. So far, there has been no reply. Eyinga has also tried
to play the ethnic card, playing up that he is from the president’s
Boulou group. Many RDPC potentates do not want him to return
to Cameroun, where he is still popular. (In the early 1970s he
bravely ran against Ahidjo for the presidency). The OCLD has
toned down its criticism of the government. It has no real
organisation in Cameroun,

@ Démocratie du Peuple Kamerunais (DPK). Spearheaded by
Bassa politician, Bakang Tonje, an ex-UPC activist, it espouses
left-leaning policies. Its influence is limited to a small circle of
Camerounian students in Western Europe.

@ Union Démocratique et Populaire du Cameroun (UDPC). Led
from Paris by Maitre Jean-Pierre Oum, also a Bassa. Another
social democratic party.

@ One Kamerun Movement. Based in London, it is an Anglo-
phone splinter from UPC, with a strong cultural-cum-nationalist
bent. Led by Ndeh Ntumazah, an ageing ex-UPC activist, its
influence is limited to students and intellectuals from western
Cameroun.

@ Le Parti Communiste Camerounais (PCC). A mysterious pro-
Albania movement which operates in Camerounian student ranks
in France and Canada without_much effect.



FOOTNOTE

1. Organised business is represented by the Associated Chambers of Commerce
(Assocom), the SA Federated Chamber of Industries (FCI), the Afrikaner
Handelsinstitut (AHI), the National African Federated Chambers of Commerce
and Industry (Nafcoc) and the South Africa Foundation (SAF), a non-political
umbrella body which has been instrumental in paving the way for business
unity on sensitive political issues.

CsO: 3400/57

37



PRAWN SHIPS SAIL TO DURBAN FOR REPAIRS

Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 13 Sep 85 p 5

[Text]

cso:

‘THE return to Durban
for repairs of three for-
imer Durban-based
{prawn trawlers which
were sold to Mozambi-
que in 1977 has been
hailed as “the Nkomati
Accord in action”.

Dr Joshua Serfontein,
Chief Director (Marine)
of the Department of Sea
Fisheries, said today: “It
is really wonderful that
the accord is achieving
things like this.

“We are not just catch-
ing Mozambique’s fish.
We are helping them get
their trawling industry
back on its feet.”

He said that in terms
of the accord, South Afri-
ca had provided Mozam-
bique with a R2-million

loan to enable it to re--

pair its trawler fleet.
‘The loan was financed by
charging the South Afri-
can fishermen fishing in
Mozambican waters for
the fish they caught.

The three trawlers
were part of a fleet of 13
belonging to Ifcor, a Dur-
ban-based prawn-fishing
company. The company
was bankrupted in late
1976 after Mozambique
extended the limit of its
territorial waters to 200
miles.

The ships were built in
Durban in the early 1970s

> at a cost of about R4

million:

3400/55

16

JPRS*SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

MOZAMBIQUE

When the company
was liquidated, 11 of the
trawlers were bought for
R935 000 by an Argentin-
ian-German consortium.

The consortium had
the trawlers converted
by South African ship-re-
pair companies into
short-range trawlers
suitable for Argentinian
conditions. The cost was .
about R40 000 each,

Applications were
asked for people to sail ©
the boats to the Argen-
tine. Before the trawlers
set sail, however, eight
of them were resold to
Mozambique for about
R300 000 each.

They were reconvert-
ed into medium-range
craft,, with the capacity
to spend 12 to 15 days at
sea, at a cost of R15 000
each.

A series of legal tan-
gles followed the insol-
vency of the company.
The company repairing
the trawlers said they
had been asked not to
make any Press state-
ments about the job.

It is believed that an-
other three of the trawl-
ers could be on their way
to Durban for repairs.
What became of the
other two is not known.



CSO:

again. It would do well to get it going. The
same could be said for the other fruits,
Livestock production has not been bad.
But if could be better, particularly in the area
of milk production, according to the provin-
cial agricultural office. Animal production
activities are mainly concentrated in the
higher areas of the province, The province
has about 25,000 head of graded cattle and
about 700,000 head of Zebu cattle. Estima-
ted milk production is about 13 million litres

a year, of which 6 million litres are marketed.’

Efforts to increase the number of high-
yielding breeds are being made; zero grazing
has been introduced. To facilitate the trans-
Portation of inilk to the KCC factories, Co-
operative Societies are being encouraged.
Artificial irisemination is going up each year.
Tremendous efforts in tick contro! have
been made, according to the provincial
director of veterinary services.

In terms of meat production, the number
of ranches has grown to 30 (private, co-op,

individual), with over 100,000 head of cattle’

Of the Coast's 83,000 square kilometres,
only 34 per cent has cropping potential. The
rest is potentially range land, so a lot could
be done in this direction’ Lack of adequate
water supplies, the-death of immature
animals for fattening, stock theft, diseases
and destructive wildlife have been some of
‘the constraints against the greater growtlt of
coast ranging.

3400/34

11

A substantial number of other animals
exist for meat, milk and egg production.
There were about half a million sheep in the
province at end 1984, in addition to nearly a
million goats for both meat and milk, 1.42
million (mainly meat) poultry, and 230,000
exotic birds for (mainly) egg production.

On the whole, the government is doing
everything it can to boost agricultural pro-
dcution in the province. Money has been
approved to improve coffee farms and pro-
duction; under the National Poultry Deve-
lopment Project, cockerell exchange projects
are in operation; the Agricultural Develop-
ment Corporation is providing breeding
stock and training farmers in pig farming;
and the Ministry of Agriculture and Live-
stock Development is carrying out extension
services in.the field through seminars, field
days, training sessions at farmer’s training
colleges (FTCs) and through individual and

‘group visits. The department of veterinary
services has donea great job to keep livestock
diseases at bay.

Coast farmers -- and the government and
various other oganisations ~~ can look
proudly to their achievements in developing
Coast agriculture, They will be able to show
some of these achievements come August 29.
They will also be able to, hopefully,. pick
up some useful ideas to improve their work
and their production. And they will be able
to meet old and make new friends.

Welcome, Mombasa Show!


Business Outlines Role in Reform Process
(BUSINESS DAY, 20 Sep 85).....sccecsccvceccececcecscssceeess 100

SWA in Line for Economic Crunch
(Andre Bruyns; BUSINESS DAY, 18 Sep 85)........eceseeeceees 102

Firms Export Used Imported Equipment
(THE STAR, 14 Sep 85) ..ecceccsceccscceccceccesccecceteceess 103

New Plan for Migrant Labor Contracts
(THE CITIZEN, 26 Sep 85)....ececcecsececescsceececssceceess 104

High Ratings Said Given Locally Developed Cutting Oil
(Stan Kennedy; THE STAR, 19 Sep 85)....cscececseeecececeees 105

Briefs
WEEKEND ARGUS Sales Grow 106
New Detention Barracks 106
Gold Exports 106
Sanctions Impact 107
Psion Computers 107
Olivetti Designed Modem 107
Inkatha Blamed for Unrest 108
Housing Shortage in Vaal Triangle 108

SWAZILAND

Briefs

Jail Deaths Rise 109

ZAMBIA

Copper at Crisis Point
(THE CITIZEN, 23 Sep 85)...seeccccsescceceeecceseecceeeseess 110

Huge Losses Hit Giant Copper Mine
(WEEKEND ARGUS, 7 Sep 85)...sccscesecccseccccsccsecseeeeees LIL

-~e-



JPRS*SSA*85*101
21 October 1985

this year and R5,44bh in 1984. The report assumed an average rand value of
47,5 US cents for this year and 47 US cents next year, with gold put at
$322/oz this year and $360 next year. [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY
in English 20 Sep 85 p 4]

SANCTIONS IMPACT--New York--Economic sanctions could be a boon to the South
African economy, according to Steven Mulholland, executive director of South
African Associated Newspapers and editor-in-chief of Business Day and the
Financial Mail. "Sanctions have an unpredictable result," he said in
Memphis, Tennessee on Wednesday. "You don't know how people will react.
Since the arms embargo against us, we've become an arms exporter," he said.
"It could be good for the economy. We've got things that people need. We're
in the top 10% of the world's trading nations," he added. South Africa was
almost self-sufficient, with an economy based on agriculture and mining, he
said, although the country did import most of its oil. Mulholland, who was
in Memphis on a personal visit, said most moderate whites in his country
favoured the elimination of apartheid. The argument is made that white
Africa has become rich off the sweat ‘of the blacks," he said in an inter-
view. "I would argue the opposite. Apartheid has been robbing South Africa
of its wealth. "Real wealth flows from human creativity," he said. "Through
apartheid we have stunted the growth of the black people." [Text] [Johannes-
burg BUSINESS DAY in English 20 Sep 85 p 4]

PSION COMPUTERS--The first company in South Africa to manufacture micro-
computers, Psion Computers, is negotiating its first export order for the
Psion PC 100--a powerful IBM-compatible machine with 256K user memory that
will sell locally for less than R3000. Says managing director Mr Doug
Gardner: "The local response has beén magnificent and has more than justi-
fied all we have put into our venture. But to have received an export order
for 100 machines so early is the cherry on the top." He says the new PC
offers several advantages over industry standards in that it is more expand-
able, has a larger screen and superior graphics. "It also gives the buyer and
user full peace of mind because it is South African manufactured and support-
ed," he says. [Text] [Johannesburg THE STAR in English 19 Sep 85 p 22]

OLIVETTI DESIGNED MODEM--The only Beltel modem with intelligence and with
strict security factors built into it has been approved by the SA Post Office
for its Beltel service. It was designed by Olivetti SA and is now being manu-
factured in its Robertsham factory.’ The modem has a non-volatile random
access memory (NVRM), which allows for data storage of up to 10 years without
any power or batteries. "In addition to the automatic dialling feature on the
model, information suppliers can make confidential material available only to
people with an applicable security code, ‘says Mr Norman Royds, national cus-
tomer engineering services manager and the man behind the design. "Nobody
else can have access to this information. Other modems in South Africa are
only instruments to carry data. They have no intelligence to "answer back.’
Nothing like this exists in the world because specifications vary from country
to country." He says his company is talking to Loewe in West Germany, for
which Olivetti are the sole distributors in South Africa, to see if they can
use the excess processing and memory power in the local modem, which has been
patented, to enhance their own product. [Text] [Johannesburg THE STAR in
English 19 Sep 85 p 22] :

107



SADF OPENS COMPLAINT CENTERS

Cape Town CAPE TIMES in English 11 Sep 85 p 9

[Text]

THE SADF has set up a chain of unrest “complaint
centres” to probe any allegations of misconduct by
soldiers — even though so far there have been only
two complaints locally, neither of any significance.

From this week part-time complaint centres will
be open three days a week in Nyanga, Mitchells
Plain and Manenberg, and employers will also be
able to channel any of their workers’ complaints
directly to a senior SADF officer for immediate
investigation and action.

The complaint centres are specifically for allega-
tions against military and not police personnel.

The SADF move comes soon after a military
spokesman told the Cape Times that troops in town-
8 ips would be “mercilessly” prosecuted for mis-
conduct. ~

‘On various fronts’

Brigadier Tony Chemaly, Director Manpower Li-
aison at Western Province Command, noted at a
press conference yesterday that “on various fronts”
there had been accusations of SADF “atrocities”.

As a result “the Chief of the SADF has ordered the

Chief of the Army to listen to all complaints in an_

organized and orderly manner and, where neces-
sary, to act accordingly”.

The complaint centres will be co-ordinated and
directed by a special committee, headed by Briga-
dier Ben de Wet Roos, a widely respected retired
Permanent Force officer. .

Each centre will be staffed by Citizen Force or
Commando Force personnel, comprising a senior
officer of major’s or commandant’s rank, a legal
officer and two clerks. A naval officer who reads
and writes both Zulu and Xhosa has volunteered his
services for the Nyanga office.

He added: “We-also want to invite employers to
encourage their employees to submit any com-
plaints to them if they-are worried about visiting a
complaint centre.

CSO: 3400/17

JPRS#SSA485+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

, Plain brown uniforms

“Employers can contact the Manpower Liaison
Office at Western Province Command during work-
ing hours, and a legal officer will be sent to investi-
gate immediately.” Any other ember of the public

in the unrest areas can also telephone Brigadier
Chemaly at (021) 21-7297 if he or she has a complaint.

He stressed, however, that the service was only for

complaints against members of the military, who

could be identified by their plain brown uniforms.

The complaint centres will be located in the
Nyanga Labour Bureau building, the Markhams
building in Mitchell’s Plain and at Manenberg,

where premises are still being finalized.

They will be open between 5pm and 7pm on
Thursdays, 10am to 12 noon on Saturdays and 3pm to
5pm on Sundays.

Police stations always available

@ There was “no necessity” for police to set up
local community offices to deal with allegations of
police brutality in unrest areas, a spokésman for the
Police Public Relations Division in Pretoria said
yesterday. \ .

Reacting to yesterday's announcement by the
SADF, the spokesman said: “Each and every police

‘station has always been available to the general

public for the laying of complaints and has quali-

;fied staff to deal with them.

66

“If we did something like this, can you imagine the
drain on manpower? Anyway there is no necessity
for it,” he added.

The spokesman said that if the public could not
get satisfaction at a charge office the station com-
mander’s' door was “always open”.

“If they still get no joy they can approach the
district commandant or even the divisional commis-
sioner,” he said.


SADCC CLAIM RSA DESTABILIZATION COST R25,000

Johannesburg WEEKLY MAIL in English 20-26 Sep 85 p 5

[Article by Pat Sidley]

[Text]
DAYS before South Africa's latest

raid into Angola was made public, °

member states of the SADCC claimed
that South African destabilisation had
already cost them about R25 000-
million in the past five years,

The costs were detailed ina SADCC
paper which was used as a background
document for a major conference on
apartheid held in Holland last
weekend. It called for strong sanct-
Ons measures to be taken against South
Africa and for the stepping up of aid
Programmes to the Frontline States
and liberation movements.

The conference, "Apartheid and
Southern Africa: The West European
Response" was organised by the
Holland Committee on Southern
Africa with the Association of West
European Parliamentarians for
Action against Apartheid and the
Netherlands Organisation for
International Development Coop-
eration.

Members states of the SADCC
(South African Development
Coordination Conference) are
Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi,
Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania,
Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The SADCC claimed the amount of
R25 000-million included:

~* R3 000-million for direct war
damage incurred in the South African
invasions of Angola, Botswana,

CSO: 3400/18

Mozambique and Lesotho, as well as
“its clandestine commando raids on
bridges and oil terminals, and its
support for puppet anti-government
groups"
* *R7 000-million for extra defence
expenditure — for larger and better-
equipped armies, "as well as expanded
people's militias "

*R2 515-million for increased
transport costs, including costs of
sabotaged powerlines and oil
installations and the transport of fuel;

* RI 650-million in refugee costs,

*R5 000-million in lost economic
growth, calculated on the basis that

money spent on higher military *

budgets and repairing of damage
should have been: allocated to
development projects.

“Those opposed to sanctions argue
that they will hurt the neighbouring
States. Undoubtedly this is true. But, if
it accelerated the ending of apartheid
it would be well worth the additional
cost. Those who are concerned about
the negative effects of sanctions on the
neighbouring states should provide
assistance to those states to minimise
that impact", the SADCC paper said.

"The very existence of SADCC
threatens South Africa's economic
stranglehold on the region. If SADCC
States were free to use the most
convenient and cheapest ports and
railways, and free to buy fuel and

21

JPRS*SSA+854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

other goods on the world market,
their dependence on South Africa
would be sharply reduced. Sanctions
would then not hurt so much.

"So South Africa destabilises its
neighbours to keep them dependent,
so that they will be harmed by
sanctions,” the paper said.

A statement issued by the congress
at the end of its three-day meeting
said: "We will try to convince every
European not to hide behind the
refusal of the government of Great
Britain to take measures ... sanctions
are all the more necessary now that
the Botha regime shows signs of
hesitation.” :

The congress called for a
comprehensive arms embargo, the
prohibition of all forms of nuclear
collaboration, the promotion of
disinvestment, the banning of all new
investments and an end to loans credit
and the transfer of technology.

It also called for an end to trade
and "ali other relations with the
apartheid system" and for an adequate

. Monitoring system to see this was
| enforced,

Also attending the conference were

| high-level delegations from Swapo
and the ANC, as well as two people
from South Africa: Zac Jacoob of the
Natal Indian Congress and Dr W
Kistner, deputy general secretary of
the South African Council of
Churches.



JPRS#“SSA=85~101
21 October 1985

ETHIOPIA

CONSTITUTION SAID SOME WAY OFF
Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER 14 Sep 85 in English p 4

[Text] The central committee of the Ethiopian Workers' Party set up on
September 4 a commission with the task of drawing up a new constitution for
when Ethiopia becomes a “people's democratic republic." Features of the
constitution will include a certain amount of regional autonomy.

In his report to the central committee, head of state Mengistu Haile Mariam
announced that the ceilings on private investment would be raised, from 150,000
to 500,000 dollars for individuals and from 250,000 to one million dollars for
companies. This change “does not mean a return to capitalism", colonel
Mengistu asserted, but was in line with the rise in costs of imported raw
materials and capital goods.

1I.0.N.--The announcement one year after the creation of the Ethiopian Workers’
Party that a commission to draw up a new constitution has only just been
established is a clear sign that this document will not be ready soon. It will
replace the constitution of emperor Haile Selassie which was suspended on
September 12, 1974. Yet last year, at the party's birth, unofficial sources
predicted that a people's republic and the adoption of a basic law would be
announced on its first anniversary. In its decree of September 6, 1984,
announcing the creation of the party, the Derg repeated its undertaking to hand
over power to a “people's assembly” once the constitution was unveiled and
elections organized. The apparent delay in the schedule seems due largely to
the widespread famine and the extension of guerrilla activity in Eritrea and
Tigray.

Colonel Mengistu devoted a large part of his report to the central committee
to the resettlement programme, saying that 510,287 had been moved from
famine-stricken areas to more fertile regions between November 1984 and
July 1985. This figure is well below declared targets.

CsO: 3400/53



and all technikon princi-~
“pals of technikons estab-
lished by Parliament will .
become full members of «
the CTP,” he said.
Legislation would also
be introduced during the
next session of Parliament ,
to regulate the determina- 8
tion of admission require- .
ments for university stu-
dents in a new, way. ‘
“In terms of this, the
CUP, with the approval:
of the Minister of Nat-

“concerned,” Mr De Klerk
said. .
At present, candidates

‘for degree studies at a°

university must have @
“matriculation or matricu-
lation exemption certifi-
‘cate.

; The matriculation
: examination is conducted
by the Joint Matriculation
Board (JMB) and the
school leavers’ examina-
‘tions of the various edu-
cation departments are

ional Education, will have
to determine admission: controlted by the JMB ss
requirements for universi-| far_as university admis:
ty study.” : sion is concerned.

The bodies issuing the’ “According to the new
certificates of those candi- ; arrangement, the JMB —

dates that met the Cup’s_
“admission ‘requirements
; would endorse the certifi-
cates tothe effect that
: candidates - could _ be
granted admission to a
university. :

at present a body of more
than 40 members —will

cease to exist in its pres-~

yent form.”

; “It will be reconsti-
° tuted, towards the end of
11986, as a statutory sub-
committee of the CUP

Decision r ‘ i
The decision as to § and will consist of a maxi-
- whether a specific student. mum of eight members

“will in fact be enrolled at
a university will rest with.
‘the’ _ university council.

‘and a chairman,” Mr De

i Rlerk said. — Sapa.

First Move for Equal Education

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 27 Sep 85 p 13

[Text]

cso:

3400/48

LEGISLATION providing for the establishment of
three certification councils for different types of
educational qualifications will be introduced during,
the next session of Parliament, the Minister of Nat-

ional Education, Mr

F W de Klerk, said yesterday.

‘Their purpose would be to ensure the certificates

issued on behalf of these councils by different edu-
cation departments and other examining bodies

would represent the same si
:examination.

tandard of education and’

} Mr De Klezk was

briefing journalists in Pretoria

“on progress made with

the implementation of the |

Government’s 1983 White Paper on Education.

He emphasised the Government was not dragging
‘its feet in implementing the policies envisaged but
that the “necessary machinery” had had to be estab-

‘lished first. — Sapa.

26

JPRS“SSA=85=101
21 October 1985


SELF-HELP PROJECTS IN KWAZULU GET UNDERWAY

Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 29 Aug 85 p 18

[Text]

RURAL KwaZulu’s poverty-stricken economy;

and its tragic by-products — soil erosion, mal-
nutrition and unemployment — can be cured.

Traditionally opposed to betterment schemes, peo-
ple in some of the parts of KwaZulu are now
asking the Institute of Natural Resources to help
them create self-help schemes.

These schemes have given promising results
against this typical background: Phineas Ndlovu
is a plot-holder who often leaves his home near Esh-
owe to seek a job. He has seven children and his wife,
Matrina, has through dire need taught herself to farm

sol

1.

‘The family’s hardships are many.

Their total income is less than Ri 000 a year; there
is no telephone, no running water or even a well, no
post office, no railway, no bus service, no power line
and very few other amenities near them; they live
1,36 kilometres from their water source and must
carry the water to their home; they live 3,6km from
a road; the nearest dipping tank is 1,25 km away, the
nearest primary school is 1,1 km distant, the second-
ary school 11 km, the clinic 1,4km and source of
wood 8,5 km. They have no vehicle.

These figures spell backbreaking hardship for the
family. Mrs Ndlovu and her older daughters spend up
to nine hours every third day fetching wood, the
only fuel they can afford, and two hours a day fetch-
ing water.

This situation is the lot of thousands of families
living within a few hours’ travel of the ease, comfort
and often opulence of our cities.

The institute is trying to help these rural peo-
ple, usually poor subsistence farmers, to make the
transition to small-scale commercial farmers who

| can generate income.

Dr John Erskine, acting director of the institute,

says: “Without making-the people keen to adopt bet- :
“ter methods we are wasting time and money’ Much

can be achieved by peopl who want to better them-

» selves.”

The institute launched an intensive preliminary
programme, including small trials and demonstration
plots. Poultry, dairy, plantation and irrigated veg-

Fetable units were laid out. The units performed be-

95

JPRS#SSA*854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


JPRS*SSA*854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

EXCHEQUER REPORTS APRIL~AUGUST RECEIPTS, TRANSFERS
Pretoria GOVERNMENT GAZETTE in English/Afrikaans 13 Sep 85 pp 15-17
[Text] No. 2078, 13 September 1985

Statement of Receipts into and Transfers from the Exchequer Account for the
period 1 April 1985 to 31 August 1985

Treasury, Pretoria

Receipts

Total 1 April

Head of Revenue Month of August to 31 August

1985 1984 1985 1984

R R R R

Exchequer Balance, 31 March 1985. _ ~ ‘533 229 222 -

Exchequer Balance, 31 July 1985 ... ‘174 786 628 _ - _

‘State Revenue Account

Inland Revenue. 3.030 869 475 2.372 312 136 10 938 405 250, 7 887 297-383
‘Customs and Excise 193 639 875 (253 518 241 (507 171 978 666 508 313

R 3.24 509 350 2.625 830377 11 445 $77 228 8 $53 805 701
a ans inal

National Roud Fund ... a 15 129 740 3101 132 72.413 O41
State Oil Fund oo... o-oo - 22. 429 604 2.640 274 126 629 430
S.A. Development Trust Fi 2.737 255 1.798 000 6.455 255 8 36 005
Sorghum Beer Research Fun = _ 1107 ~

S.W.A. Territorial Revenue Fu ~ 150 2.040

207 380 516

2.665 187 721

Other Receipts
‘Treasury Bills: Imemal.....cc0oc soe 41.343 625 000 ~ 6-720 836 000 -
Intemal Stock, Bonds and Loans R
Indefinite Period Treasury Bonds... 7 394 600 _ 31775 600 -
Indefnite Period National Defence Bo 796 800 ~ 5.457 300 -
lateral Registered Stock:
15,5%, 1990. - - 1437 000 000
- - (68 475 000)"
= -_ ‘$00 000 000
= = (16 822 000)"
= ~ 380 000 000
_ a (27 600 000)"
= ~ 168 000 000
= = (20 579 000)"
150 $00 000 - 450 500 000
(10 069 000)*1 - (27278. 00)"

88


JPRS+SSA#85+101
21 October 1985

KENYA

SAFE WATER FACILITIES FOR TWO DISTRICTS

Nairobi E.A. REPORT ON TRADE AND INDUSTRY in English Aug 85 p 25

Liext]

cso:

I water facilities have brought to anend

the suffering and hardships faced by
the residents of Kwale and Kilifi districts at
the Kenya Coast.

The provision of these facilities, which
inelude boreholes wells, fresh water points, {
windmills, handpumps, storage tanks, water

kiosks and bathrooms, could not have been '
a success without the role played by the
Mombasa-based Pwani Fabricators, located
along the Mwabundu Road.

Pwani Fabricators are specialists in fabri-

‘cating windmills, handpumps, boreholes, +

wells and dams together with all other
equipments and industrial spare parts.

Their efforts in providing the rural popu-
lation with safe water has vastly supple-
mented the Kenya Government's efforts
aimed at improving the water and sanitary
services enjoyed by rural people by the year
1980, as part of this country’s participation
in the International Drinking Water Supply
and Sanitation Decade.

The firm's Managing Director, Mr. Moosa |

Sodha, pointed out that the need for incre-
ased evaluation activity is particularly acute
in the rural water supply sector, He says
that, following the installation of equipment
in various projects in Kwale and Kilifi |
districts, the people now are in a position to |
get cleaner water, contrary to what the |
situation was in the past leading to the wide |

3400/34

spread of water-borne diseases.

The Kwale East MP, Mr. Masoud Ali
Mwakileo, has said that the completion of
the safe water project has brought to an end
the sufferings and hardships encountered
by the Kwale people, who had previously to
depend on polluted water. “They now have
clean and safe water and can look forward to
a bright future in their overall activities of
nation-building freefrom fear of communi-
cable disease”, said the MP.

He commended Pwani Fabricators, whose
‘efforts have saved the Kwale people from
travelling to remote areas to fetch polluted
water which harboured diseases.

The sophisticated windmills made by
Pwani Fabricators supply four times more
water with the same wind velocity than did

the old-fashioned windmills.

The firm was launched by the Sodha
family who make up the personnel of Pwani
Fabricators -- Hassan Esmail Sodha (whois
the Managing Director and. site project
manager), Mohammed Esmail Sodha (Ma-
naging Director based in the workshop) and
Moosa Sodha, the office co-ordinator —
many years ago due to the prohibitive price
of obtaining power to pump water to their

.farm in Kikambala, on the North Coast.

Currently the firm is working on the
‘second phase of the Mjanaheri rural water
project in Kilifi District which i is intended to

serve 4,500 families.


JPRS#SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

STATE HANDLING OF ECONOMY SLAMMED

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 20 Sep 85 p 9 ‘

{Article by Chris Cairncross]

[Text] MOST of Afrikaner business’s young -

elite are unanimous in their condemna-

tion of the way Government and the mismanagement, agreed another Cape

Reserve Bank have allowed the SA eco- Town businessman.

nomy to deteriorate. As to politics, most expressed the
This emerged from a straw poll con- \ view that Government was moving too

ducted yesterday among a number of slowly, too carefully and was not taking

young ‘Afrikaners who .are making the initiative.

names for themselves in business. “It is perceived to be moving reluc-
The view commonly held was that the tantly under pressure only, a sort of

outside political pressures being exerted knee-jerk reaction,” commented one.

against SA would not have been nearly “The initial limited changes that were

as effective if the economy had been introduced were a good start. Govern-

more efficiently managed. ment now needs to move boldly ahead
“If Government and the Reserve Bank _ .with the reform process.”

had been in private business they would Most confessed that they could not see

have been sacked long ago,” commented _ any individual within the National Party

one executive disgustedly. . other than State President PW Botha
“The authorities were warned time who had either the standing or strength

and again not to permit the country’s to carry on from here.

foreign borrowings to mount unchecked. “If something had to happen to PW

But these warnings were not heeded, and now I would be very worried,” confessed

now the chickens have come home to one executive.

roost,” observed another. “PW started a movement which none
There appeared to be consensus that of his predecessors were able to do. I

the withdrawal of banks like Chase Man- _ trust he still has the courage to keep that

hattan, and the cutting off of various _ ball rolling,” he added.

credit lines was only marginally moti- Considerable concern was expressed

vated by political considerations. over the country’s ability to generate
“The retreat was started for purely internally the sort of growth needed to

economic reasons, and that continues to create more jobs and meet the aspira-

be the basis for keeping SA in the.cold,” — tions of an increasing number of work

suggested the chief executive of amajor seekers.

institution. “I am afraid the Reserve Bank has
Bankers generally had become wor- painted us into a corner from which it is

ried over SA’s debt situation and the going to be extremely hard to escape.

deterioration of the rand against most “If every cent of our surplus on the

other currencies, he added. current account of the balance of pay-
The poor: picture presented by the ments is going to be used to pay off our

country’s balance sheet started the run, short term foreign debt, we have no hope

Overseas bankers are not politicians, of developing the sort of economic

they are shrewd businessmen and they growth that is desperately needed,” it

early on recognised the clear signs of was concluded.

cso: 3400/18

94


cso:

3400/51

moderately from the pro-
». jected expenditures of de-
partments for this period.
On the other hand, the
receipts of the Exchequer
increased at even a higher
i rate, contributing to the
s financing of the deficit be-
. fore borrowing without
recourse to bank credit.
Other highlights of the
report are:
@ The contraction in ag-
Bregate domestic output
increased to 2,5 percent
} in the second quarter of
, the year, compared with
1,5 percent in the’ first
quarter of the year.
‘The lower growth in
output appeared in vir-
tually all sectors of the
economy, but particularly

99

hard hit were the whole-
sale and retail trade.

@ Real domestic expendi-
ture declined at a season-
ally adjusted annual rate
of eight percent in the
second quarter of the

ar.

All the main expendi-

ture components contrib-
uted to this fifth consec-
utive quarterly decline.
@ Nominal factor income
increased at rates well be-
low the current rate of in-
flation during the second.
gener of the year.

» Unemployment de-
clined at 2,2 percent in
the first quarter. ‘This
compares with a decline
of 0,2 percent in the
fourth quarter of last
year.



VERY FEW VISIT ARMY'S COMPLAINT CENTERS

JPRS*SSA#85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg THE SUNDAY TIMES in English 15 Sep 85 p 15.

[Article by Cas St Leger]
[Text]

"THE SADF’s offer to hear!
evidence about alleged:
military atrocities in the;
handling of township un-|
irest has been cold-shoul-
dered — only a cat;
visiting one of the officles. :
Concerned about rumours «
of excesses, the South Afri-
can Defence Force this week, |

_ Set up a serles of offices to
H hear “complaints from the

public. .
But nobody came forward: :
“We are prepared to stand |
and be accused of anything, ©

vided & charge is laid a!

it goes th rmal

processes of law. °""\\s

“The Chief of the Defence *
Force has set up this organi- :
, sation to allow people to”
bring evidence to substantl-,:
ate rumours, in whieh
case action will be taken,”
-Aaid Colonel Basil Ginsberg, ,
i genlor Citizen Force Haison
« Officer for Witwatersrand

“Certainly, we don’t feel
we are above the law because
we are and in an
' emergency situation. We
must answer the same as
. anyone else within~ the

bounds of our delegated au-

clear our good name but we
, are not above criticism.”
Six-man teams, headed by
: Col Ginsberg and including
* att ited Katlehong |
¥ oft We

62

1° are determined to”

the publici ign hat
not get gnined momentum, >
y, Daveyton ons

Thursday, KwaThema on :
Friday and Tembisa on

. Saturday.

welt, mectt wore clvvles to
ive complainant

at Ease unmarked vehicles

were used to transport teams -

and Press to the respective -

town council offices and — '

- though the Buffels, uniforms

and weapons were there for
protection, they were asked

keep a low profile so that
nervous members of public
would not be frightened off.

& But nobody came.

Col Ginsberg predicted

"that Wednesday evening's .

complaints office in a burnt-

< out community hall in Katle- ;

hong might be a wash-out as”



Honest workers normally ;
took the brunt of the pass |
raids. They were like sheep
going to the slaughter. They'd

‘gotten passes at home but
were genuine workers.

The next stop for them was
No 4 or Fordsburg Prison,
where they’d be processed
for “failing to luce” and *
other silly accusations for
not carrying passes, with
them.

Crooks, conmen, men-
about-town and loafers fared
better. They were dressed
immaculate! ly, carried brief,

cases — “dignity bags” as we
called them in those years —<
to escape arrest.

‘Cops somehow fell for the
ruse. A well-clad man meant |,
a worker, and any body ordi- .
narily or shabbily
was a work-seeker who had
to have all his papers or “ma- -
phephas” (official .docu-
ments) in order. .

‘The honest workers were
the sacrificial lambs. They
got it where the chicken got it -
— “in the neck!”

A typical pass raid those
days meant the entire barri-
cading of a township or loca-
tion. Police would be at all

strategic entrances to the
place. Those without valid -
documents devised all means *:
of escape.

‘They hid in dustbins, ceil-
ings and rafters of 1es,
took to the sand dunes and
adjoining hills or just van-

. ished from the face of earth
until the raid was over.

Like the resistance move-
ments abroad, stricken peo-

pe coined phrases and codes
elude the police.
A three-pronged sharp
: whistle call meant the police
were about. The cry “Ku
Mbonvu” (it is red) meant on
alarm whenever there was
police presence in the area.
Even songs were com-
« posed about pass raids. There
Was a song in the early
“Roaring Forties” which de-
fied pass raids.

Desist

Citizenship for all is taken

by many as something that

. has naturally to follow. Many

| of us will then desist from re-

eh ging surnames like

“Mtimkhulo” to ‘“Groot-

. ”, “Ndlovu” to “Oli-

fant”, “Mvundla” to “Hare”
and many others.

Even P W Botha’s normal-
ly sparkling eyes lost their
lustre when he announced
these changes on TV recent-
ly. It has come to pass.

—One racket is doomed—

ALARGE number of rack-
eteers, most of whom are in
Johannesburg and Soweto,
would suffer greatly when
the new uniform pass sys-
_ tem ts introduced,
Some of these racketeers:
» have been arrested, but in
several cases. they have
been able to pay a fine and
continue with their old
business as before.

Many people, mostly
from the rural areas, paid
between R400 to R600 to get

. the correct stamp on their
‘reference books — which
then gave them a forged

68

right to work and live in
Johannesburg.

‘The number of those who
obtained forged documents
doubled each time one of
the homelands became in-
dependent, as many people
in the urban areas automa-
tically lost their rights to
that homeland.

As one man said this
week: “These racketeers
who lave been earning a
livelihood selling urban’
rights to blacks will now.
have to and look for work
for the first time for
years.”


JPRS#SSA*854101
21 October 1985

MADAGASCAR

BRIEFS

CLOVES ORDER FROM JAKARTA--Indonesia has confirmed an order for 12,000 tonnes
of cloves from Madagascar at 3.5 dollars per kilo, and intends purchasing a
further 4,000 tonnes at a higher price by the end of the year. Other buyers
are East Germany and the Soviet Union, each taking 500 tonnes. Last year
Madagascar managed to get rid of only 5,000 tonnes of cloves, but at six
dollars a kilo. The country's current annual production is 10,000 tonnes,
and it is still holding large stocks from previous years when sales were
also bad. [Text] [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 14 Sep 85

p 6]

OIL DEAL WITH MOSCOW--Madagascar and the Soviet Union recently signed an
agreement covering continued deliveries of Soviet crude oil to the island

in 1985 and 1986. Under the agreement Moscow has undertaken to supply 250,000
tonnes of oil a year, compared with the deliveries in 1984 of no more than
150,000 tonnes. Under an agreement which came into effect in March 1984
Antananarivo only pays case [cash] for 30 percent of its oil bill, payments of the
remaining 70 per cent being spread out over six years. Madagascar's oil
consumption is estimated at 600,000 tonnes of crude per year, costing a total
of 120 million dollars. Since the shut-down of the Tamatave refinery Madagas-
car has been exchanging its crude for refined products with the Compagnie
Europeenne des Petroles run by Michel Doumeng, son of France's so-called

"red billionarie", Jean-Baptiste Doumeng (see 1.0.N. No 142). [Text]

[Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 14 Sep 85 p 6]

cso: 3400/58

13



yond their hopes and now serve as possible enter-
prises for the areas they are located in.

There is encouraging evidence of the multipli-
er effect of the precursor trials, shown by the follow-
ing examples of local initiative:

© Members of a women’s garden Eroup, who had a
small garden area next to an irrigation lucerne trial,
showed much interest in the trial and they were
allowed to water vegetables when the lucerne was
not being irrigated. They paid for the extra fuel need-
ed to pump the water. The system prospered and the
group doubled its area. The group received very valu-
able help from Mr Gavin Pote of the institute and
from McDonalds’ Seeds in Pietermaritzburg.

© Farmers from nearby and from other parts of
KwaZulu, Ciskel and Transkei have visited the units
and started similar units in their own areas.

‘ Many farmers | have been converted to the idea of
planting tyes ave approached project staff for
- guidance.

1 Dr Erskine warns that however heartening these
results are there are just too many people on the
land. Those who wish to move should be allowed to
migrate, he says. eee

“Perhaps we could benefit from emulating the ex-
perience of oriental cities where hundreds of thou-
‘sands of small industries have grown up on the pe-
riphery of the cities. This informal industrialisation
has brought a measure of self-employment, wealth
and independence,” Dr Erskine said.

Many other means of easing the lot of the rural
people have been and are being tested. For instance,
the institute has done trials with pigeon peas and
found that in some areas it was the only crop that
survived the drought.

One of the oldest of food crops, it was grown
in ancient Egypt and today more than 90 percent of.
the world’s production is in India.

It produces food in three to nine months from
planting and continues yielding for several years. Its
seeds are cooked and eaten like dried beans and its
green seeds and the immature pods are eaten as
green vegetables.

Pods, husks and foliage are fed to animals and the
Stalk and side branches provide fuel for cooking.

‘The institute is also advising people how to tackle
such projects as building cheap, but effective lava-
tories that prevent fly-breeding. The lack of sewerage
in many rural areas is harmful to humans and ani-

mals.

‘The Chief Minister of KaNgwane, Mr Enos Mabuza,
has been so taken by the institute's approach to prob-
lem solving that he has asked it to help develop-
ment among his people.

Much of the work has been done in close co-op-
eration with the KwaZulu Department of Agriculture
and Forestry, the KwaZulu Finance and Investment
Corporation and private organisations.

Some of its activities are: Biyela multi-facet rural
development project, financed by the Anglo Ameri-
can and De Beers’ Chairman’s Fund Educational
Trust, The Sunday Tribune, United States Consul
(Durban); Nansindlela, the institute’s research and
demonstration farm near Cato Ridge, financed by Mr
J. Gray, Gencor Development Fund, the Baring Foun
dation; rural energy unit, financed by the Sunday

96


DECADE TO EXPLOIT GAS STRIKE

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 18 Sep 85 p 14

[Text]

cso:

3400/51

WINDHOEK '— ‘The extensive gas
field off the Namibian coast could
be 10 years away from full pro-
duction, says the gas concession
holder Swakor (Southern Oil Ex-
ploration Corporation).
In a statement issued in Wind-
hoek, Swakor said that the costs
involved in probing the Kudu gas
field off the Luderitz and Oran-
jemund coast would be enormous.
It was estimated that test wells
would cost about R12 million each
to drill. The drilling of-such test
holes would be the only way of
confirming seismic surveys of the
gens caried out earlier this year
Which had indicated that there
‘could be a considerable quantity of
gas in a 190 square kilometre area
side Namibian teritorial waters,
aid the company.
# An economic feasibility study,
Which will probe possible markets
‘and potential demand, as well as

18

“look into production and manufac-
turing processes and costs, has-
been commissioned with a view to
determining whether gas produc-
tion would be a profitable under-

taking.

The study is expected to be
completed by the end of this year,
and if its conclusions are optimi:
tic, then Swakor will call for pal
ners to become involved in the dri
liing of test holes. °

It was enivisaged a further test’
well would be drilled towards thé
‘end of 1987, said the swakor state;,,
ment. ve
If all the preliminary steps are
completed successfully, detailed:
planning of the project could starts

1988, with the earliest construc-,
tion beginning in 1990 , with a
completion date of late in 1994.

Initial estimates put the value’
of the Kudu field at many thous-
dands of millions of rand.

gpRs«SSA+85101
21 October 1985

NAMIBIA


JPRS*SSA*85*101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

WHITE STUDENTS JOIN CAPE TOWN BOYCOTTS

Johannesburg CITY PRESS 15 Sep 85 p 4 .

Ffext]

*" About 20 ‘pupils from four Cape Town’
i high schools refused to attend classes, and;
: held an alternative Prbgram at the Univer."

~ sity of Cape Town:: .
: ‘Later that day, ‘moré ‘than 100 pupils from a!
nuimber of white schools attended a mass meeting to:,
‘protest against the closure..of 448. black schools in
the Cape Peninsula... Vie TS
The‘pupils also registered their “Pretest against

the tight Government conttol over the ‘whi ju-
cational system’, * F Bh sae
© A meeting called last week for whité.pupils was
banned ‘at the last minute, 'and cops ‘and troops
turned away pupils at the door. .

- The pupils’ stand has been welcomed by Azaso:
“‘Azaso salutes the white schools for the progressive

stand they have taken:

“We know you have
experienced the Govern-
ment’s wrath.”

Individual pupils re-
solved to continue their

j boycott until the end.of
this week. we

cso: 3400/23

47


NATION NEEDS ECONOMIC PLAN, SAYS EXPERT

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 18 Sep 85 p 21 .

{Article by Daan de Kock] |

[Text]

JPRS*SSA*85=101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

DR FRANK\SHOSTAK, economist of Econometrics,
was nearly spot-on in forecasting the movements in the
value of the rand. PEs es
On Saturday; 20 October, 1984 The ‘Citizen quoted
him fy zaving: VIE the South ‘African (Government
doesn’t drastically prune its spending, a microscope will
be needed to see the rand.”
He forecast that the rand would drop as low as 32
cents. . whe
He also warned then that SA had no monetary policy -
. at all and one of the pre-requisites was to abolish the

“possible; otherwise the country would be: unable to

Tn January this year he siot only warned about the
size of South Africa’s debt, but also estimated it at
between $20-billion and $25-billion, and expressed is
concer that most trade surpluses would be wiped out

:, through interest payments.

“However, the erosion of the economic fandamen-

"tals is the biggest factor which deterd foreigners from
“favesting in South Africa”. oie

Was it only coincidence that his forecasts were cor-
rect? This time he is asking for a detailed economic
plan to solve our problems. — D de K .°

: liquid asset system to control money supply as soon as

Hee ee nn aaa

"WE MUST not start to panic now, but should admit
(that we have made mistakes in the past and as a matter

of urgency draw up a blue print for future economic

‘action as soon as possible, otherwise things could only .

get worse, Dr Frank Shostak, economist of Econome-
trics, said yesterday. now is to stop treating the
* Dr Shostak was com-- symptoms of our prob-
menting on the recent in- lems and go straight to
troduction of a four- — the roots of the problems.

‘month standstil in the re- He compared our pres-

payment of our overseas ent approach to that of a
debt and the re-introduc- parasite on a human
tion of the financial rand body. The parasite can be

to prevent the further removed by various <

outflow of money out of means to the suffering of

the country. the patient, but at the end .

He told The Citizen in _ of the day the patient will
an interview yesterday _ still be alive.

that there is no short and Another approach is to

way out of our pres- starve the patient to death

ent dilemma, particularly and in that way get rid of

now that we have to trade the parasite. The latter is .,

off future economic — the approach we are fol-
growth against the repay- lowing in South Africa at
the moment, he says.

Dr Shostak said the Dr Shostak says the

first thing we must do blueprint, apart from in-

92


The open-mindedness that ought
to have come from the Reforma-
tion, of which the Calvinist move-
ment formed part, resulted, to a
large extent, in a narrow, exclusi-
vist view of life amongst many
White South Africans.

One of the tragic outcomes of a
somewhat rigid philosophy of life
happened to become binding fac-
tors such as colour, race and lan-
guage instead of unity in Christ.

If the Afrikaner’s children’s fu-
ture is to form part of a future in
South Africa, it speaks. for itself
that Afrikaans has to rid itself
from a colonialist and often arro-
gant stigma that has become, to-
gether with an exclusivist philoso-
phy of life, part and parcel of the
language.

On the positive side could be
stressed that Afrikaans is growing
very well amongst certain speak-
ers in the Cape Coloured commu-
nity. This could be due to the fact
that Afrikaans (or “Kaaps”) is
used as a political instrument by
means which one could associate
with the worker,

Black Vernaculars

The future of languages lies not +

only in numbers, but also in the
quality of life that its mastery en-

sures. Although Afrikaans and |

some Black languages have a sub-

stantial number of speakers, there

might be factors beyond numbers
that limit the ulilization of-lan-
guages as educational vehicles.
More so than in the case of Afri-
kaans, and for different reasons,
Black languages in South Africa
are on their way out as education-
al languages.

In spite of the fact that a lan-
guage like Zulu has a great num-
ber of speakers and has become
the lingua franca amongst Blacks
in South Africa, few economically
and politically influential citizens
use it.

The pragmatic value of Zulu is
limited to communication on an
informal level and it cannot be
used as a “scientific” language as
in the sense of English, German or
French. If the educational future
for Zulu, the most important
Black language in South Africa,
looks gloomy, then the other Black
vernaculars will probably be
worse off.

The future in an industralized
South Africa undoubtedly lies with
the acceptance of the fact that the
principle of mother tongue in-
struction at all costs may be less
sound in certain situations than
has previously been “suspected”.

It is evident that the vernacular
is very important in educating
young pre-school children, but as
the years go by an international
vehicle for scientific discussion
becomes vital for the maturing
pupil.

English, Unifying Force

The employment of dividing
factors such as colour and lan- |
guage and the thrusting back of

- .unity in Christ in some circles did

not keep English from rising as a

~ trans-cultural force in South Afri-

ca.

English, lingua franca in South
Africa, forms the gateway to the
rest of the world, lends itself to
scientific research and is there-
fore a valuable educational lan-
guage. English, furthermore, por-
trays the thoughts about political
freedom of the majority of people
in this country.

The English and Black press
(which is also English) have sided
with the oppressed. Where Afri-
kaans has been colonialized by the
Afrikaners, English has been Afri-
canized by Africa.

In Conclusion

One values the possibility of
multilingualism and. cross-cultur-
al education but the reality,
though, points to a practice in
which Afrikaans could, due to po-
litical fragmentational thought, di-
minish from an official langauge
for the Republic to a first lan-
guage in a specific region or re-
gions.

Dominant Black languages on
the other. hand, could for reasons
other than the political, become
languages to express little more
than the ethnical values and views
of life.

30


JPRS*SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

MOZAMBIQUE

SIGNIFICANCE OF ARMY'S NEW OFFENSIVE AGAINST RENAMO
Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 14 Sep 85 p 1

[Text] A decisive development in the war between the Maputo government and

the rebels of the Mozambican National Resistance, the MNR, has now taken place.
It is important for two reasons: first, the government has taken the upper
hand in the field for the first time for three years at least, and second,

it has only managed it with substantial aid from at least three other countries,
namely Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Ethiopia. It is noteworthy that this co-opera-
tion has been achieved without involving such international institutions as

the Organisation of African Unity or the United Nations.

In Maputo the authorities are still wary of proclaiming a great victory for
the moment, even if they appear to have managed to wreck the MNR command
established in the Gorongosa mountains of Sofala province. On August 28
they announced the capture of the "Banana House" base which was described
as the rebels' general headquarters. Questioned by THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWS-
LETTER, the MNR's Lisbon spokesman, Jorge Correia, denied it, saying the
real H.W. and the base until recently of rebel leader Afonso Dhlakama was
some 20 kilometres away. However, this second base was also under heavy
attack in the middle of this seek, and Mr Dhlakaina had been forced to flee
to a safer area to the north. Mr Correia admitted that the MNR forces were
preparing to retreat in the face of intense military pressure, but he assert-
ed that the rebels' radio communications continued to function normally, an
important factor "given that a large number of our camps are mobile."

According to information obtained by THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, the
offensive in the Gorongosa mountains was not easy for the Mozambican Govern-
ment forces. Five days after it began not only Zimbabwean but also Tanzanian
reinforcements had to be parachuted in. Contrary to what was reported in
our last issue, 400 Tanzanians actually took part in the fighting. Further-
more, 80 Ethiopian-naturalised Cubans were dispatched along with some 20 MiG-
21 combat aircraft loaned by Addis Ababa. Mi-24 assault helicopters piloted
by Soviet crews were also said to have taken part in the operation.

Zimbabwe, which has so far supplied the bulk of the foreign troops employed

in the offensive, spelled out the purpose of the operation as far as it was
concerned. Prime Minister Robert Mugabe said on September 7 the aim was to

14


UNEMPLOYED WHITES INCREASINGLY TAKING UNSKILLED BLACK JOBS
Johannesburg THE SUNDAY TIMES in English 15 Sep 85 p 15°

[Article by Allan Soule]

‘IN a bid to beat the unemployment blues, white
‘workers .are taking Jobs usually reserved for

: blacks. : ,
{ During the last few months an increasing number of desper-
tate whites have swallowed their pride, rolled up their sleeves
‘and plunged themselves into the unskilled labour market.
{In major centres hard-hit recession, small bands of whites sway
‘five hours of back-breaking toil for as little as R4 a day in Government
. ——; sponsored unemployment :
* relief projects.
“Said one white Ré-a-da
+ worker: “I can’t find a
+ and ood ne money to sup:
: my and my widow: ‘
i esther T'm doin an honest,
¥ job and I see nothing wrong”
, with working alongside +

¥ In economically depressed
+ Port Elizabeth, where unem- +
ployment has reached epl-
ic proportions, two white
: workers recently highlighted .
the’ crisis when they were -

empl as petrol atten- ©
aus '

[Text]

QO
“I can't find a job and | need the money to
support ‘myself and my widowed mother. I'm
| doing an honest job and | see nothing wrong
with working alongside blacks.”

+ The managing director of :
the city’s largest transport *
“company, City Tramway
re] a significant In- ;
‘erease in whites applying for
jobs as bus drivers.

i. Queues

In the same city, highl
walified whites queue out-
ide factory gates for jobs
which often require a mini-
mum of skills. But thelr -
brave attempts at securing
blue collar employment have
diminished significantly as _
retrenchments at local la- -
bour-intensive industries in-
crease almost daily.

Social workers in the city’s
poorer white and coloured
suburbs report an alarming
rise in the poverty level.

While unemployment and

58

JPRS“SSA*85+101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


HUGE LOSSES HIT GIANT COPPER MINE

Johannesburg WEEKEND ARGUS in English 7 Sep 85 p 3

[Text]

cso: 3400/77

"LUSAKA, — The giant Zambia Con-
solidated Copper Mines recorded a
loss of $12,3 million in the quarter
ended June 30 this year compared
with a loss of $1,3 million in the cor-

‘responding quarter of 1984, a com-'

pany spokesman said here. -

i; The company realised a metal
‘trading profit of $37,1 million during
the quarter, he said, but this was
wiped out by net interest of $16,5
maillion dollars, an exchange loss of
$12,9 million and taxation amountinj
to $20 million. . et

ecause of the continuing shortage
of spare parts, copper production for
the suarter was 119979 tons (122 523
fons).

Cobalt production, at 867 tons, was
19 percent lower but cobalt sales, at
976 tons, were considerably higher
than the 527 tons sold in the corre-’

* sponding quarter of 1984.

The spokesman said the average,
price Zambia had realised for cobalt
was $23 495 a ton, significantly higher
than the $14910 in the June quarter
of 1984. — Sapa-Reuter.

END

111

JPRS*SSA=85*101
21 October 1985

ZAMBIA


BIYA'S PROSPECTS FOR SURVIVAL

JPRS*SSA“854101
21 October 1985

CAMEROON

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 18 Sep 85 pp 4-6

[Text]

President Paul Biya’s political survival depends on
whether he can improve the economy and convince
his compatriots, above all those in the army, that
former president Ahmadu Ahidjo’s political mafia
has finally been laid to rest. The congress of the
tuling Rassemblement Démocratique du Peuple
Camerounais (RDPC) in Bamenda last March saw
half the party central committee sacked. And at the
end of last month 10 ministers lost their jobs in a
far-reaching cabinet shake-out.

But Biya, who narrowly survived the April 1984
coup attempt, is still far from secure. Ever since
Ahidjo resigned three years ago, popular expecta-
tions ‘have been alarmingly high.

Biya’s most pressing problems can be summarised
as:

@ The reluctance of Cameroun’s increasingly well-educated 4.5m
under-20-year-olds (half the population) to support the RDPC
and its policies. Nowhere is the crisis of expectations more
evident: the economy has not created jobs for graduates and
secondly school leavers. :

@ Political instability has discouraged econdmic policy-planning.
Official economic indicators show relative prosperity because of
record oil production. But investment in the non-oil sector is too
low - partly a result of foreign investors’ fears following the
coup attempt, Biya will have to favour local business on an
economic basis, rather than tailoring economic policy to assuage
tribal groups. Certainly he likes the idea of encouraging a new
“national bourgeoisie” of forward-looking hommes d'affaires.
(James Onobiono, who owns the FIAM household appliance
group and has recently opened a cigarette factory, epitomises the
sort of productive technocrat Biya admires.).

@ In tandem with the above, Biya needs to consolidate the
influence of the 30-45-year-old generation of technocrats he is
trying to promote in the cabinet and state administration.

@ The 2m-strong Anglophone community in western Cameroun,
(AC Vol 26 No 4) must be given every opportunity to integrate
itself more into the national economy. The westerners’ cultural
and linguistic traditions will have to be respected, lest anti-
government activity is fermented there. Potentially the west is a
time-bomb.

@ Biya also has the standard presidential task of trying to keep
the army and security forces happy, and maintaining some contact
with opposition groups, including those associated with Ahidjo.

The starting point for Biya’s political reform was
the Bamenda congress. Half of the new 65-member
central committee and 15 of the 20 candidate mem-
bers were newcomers., the changes involved what
appeared to be a five-point political strategy:-

1. The retiring of former Union Nationale Camerounaise (UNC)
central committee members considered to be close pol ly to
Ahidjo, and their partial replacement on the new RDPC central
committee by established but more independent political figures
from the Ahidjo era. In the first category were those like Félix
Sabal Lecco, Guillaume Bwélé and the Anglophone Emmanuel
Tabi Egbe. in the second were, for example, Abdoulaye Hadji
and Sadou Daoudou, and a number of older conservative barons
such as Francois Senghat Kuoh, Jean Marcel Menguémé and
Joseph Charles Doumba,

2. The exclusion of Biya’s former political rivals and contenders
for the presidency, most notably Victor Ayissi Mvodo (former
minister of the interior and UNC ideologue), Bouba Bello Maigari
(prime minister immediately after Biya assumed the presidency),
and Charles Asselé, also a former prime minister, who comes
from Biya’s tribe - the Boulou sub-tribe of the Beti. Other
members of the Beti lobby, like Etienne Tsama and Andzé
Tchoungui, once encouraged by Biya, were also excluded.

3. Technocrats were given strong representation. Onobiono and
those of similar background like Joseph Sack, Pierre Tchanque,
Noucti Tchokwago, Claude Nyassa, Léonard-Charles Mpouna,
Titi Gottlieb and the doyen of them all, Samuel Kondo, now
form what Biya hopes will become: the decision-making core of
the party.

Last month’s cabinet change was the natural next
step in the technocrats’ promotion and the old-
guards’ demise. The most important of the 10 mini-
sters sacked was Tchoungui. As minister of the
armed forces he had gained a lot of influence over
the previous 18 months. And as a Beti his promi-
nence had begun to cast doubt on Biya’s hegemony
in the south-central region. Minister of information
Francois Kuoh, a Douala, was sacked partly because
of his poor handling of the iconoclastic Anglophone
press. The other potentates to go were Félix Tonye
Mbog, the Bassa tribe’s Main representative; the



YT. Manpower... ject set 127.973 000 7,000 000 6 700 000 38-400 000 34 $07 000

18. ‘Trade and Industry EEE! | ys 137.000 | 0.000000 | — 40.000000 | 340.000 000 | 278 760 000
9k — ee 177073 000 | 13500000 | 10.0000 | —70.000.000 | . $3 500 000
Statutory Amount... 9379-000 780.000 ‘500 000 3 840 000 4.423 000
20. Prisons 358 798.000 | 27227000 | 27 366.000 | 159341000 | 152711 000
21, Agricultural Beonomis and Maken. '578 959.000 | — 73.600.000 | 113.000.000 | 373.600 000 | 380 700 000
22, Water Atfaits....- se 248 030.000 | 24 200.000 = 107 400 000 ~
28. Mineral and Eneray ‘tis 627553000 | 62700000 | 76 980000 | 321633.000 | 217 480.000
2A. Finance 993 162000 | 76600000 | 70000000 | 381 350.000 | 347 000 000
Statutory AMOUR seen 5.093 377000 | 365 412.000 | 274 089.000 | 2 207 303 000 | 1 761 $02 000
(615 000 000)4 (11 365.0004 (68 114 000) (213 864 000)") (283 633 000)"
25. Audit voce . 11-9865 000 999 000 849 000 4.995 000 4529 000
26, Enviroment ATfairs. vo | 122928 000 32700000 | St 700.000 | 163 800 000
21. Administration: House of Representatives 261 770 000 - - -
Statutory Amount. | 1.070 107 000 - 517 000 000
28. Administration: House of Deets. 108 029 000 - - = -
Statutory Amount oes | 452 164.000 | _47 060 000 = 220 360 000 -
x ]x2074 981 000 | 2471 272 170 | 2.093 626 267 | 13 $47 318 470 | 10 950 939 S14
Less Discount R.S.A, StOCkS sree cesses 615,000.00 | 11365000 | 68 114000 | 213 864.000 | 283 633 000
® 2.459 907 170 | 2.025 510 267 | 13 333 454 470 | 10 667 306 514
‘Standing Appropriations
National Road Fund... - - 25 129 140 310 i3t | 72413041
State Oil Fund... . _ 22.429 604 2.640274 | 126 629 430
S.A. Development Trust Fund sos 20 500 000 2737 255 1-798 000 6 455 255 8.336 005
‘Sorghum Beer Research Fund. ....-rese-v 4+ 800 000 - 1107
'S.W.A. Tertitorial Revenue Fund..... 000 - 150 2.040
Rk | 22301000 2737255 | __ 49357344 inig79i7_ | 207 380 te
R 2.074 867 611 | 13 345 652 387
‘Standing Appropriations
[National Road Fund - 25 129 740 siovss1 | 72413 041
State Oil Fund = = 22.429 604 2640274 | 126629 430
S.A. Development Trust Fund ». 20 $00 000 2737 255 1798 000 6.455 255 8 336 005
‘Sorghum Beer Research Fund. 1800 000 - - 1107 -
S.W.A, Tertitorial Revenue Fund. co 1.000 = = 150 2040
R | 22301 000 2737285 | 49357344 12197917 | 207380516

x | 31 482 282 000 | 2.462 644 425 | 2.074 867 611 | 13 345 652 387_| 10 874 687 030

Other Iesues
Bills repaid: ternal. - 1.994 007 000 - 7.689 119 000 -
“Tox Redemption Cotfiestes re = 126 = =
{oan Levy repaid. = 1.056 604 = 3314 =
GurengySubseriin = = = 14 876 784 =
reney Sub 288-000 = 371 000
{ENCE Valuation Aajismen - - 1394 =
Internal Stock, Bonds and Loans Redeeme
8% National Defence Bond: ~ $000 - 69250 |
7 Tre ee 257 400 = 1931 400 =
‘Second Serles 8% Treasury Bonds 258 200 = 1.304 700 ~
{dette Peiog Tre 2425 800 = 19583 900 =
Indefinite Pertod Nation ~ 919 450 = 4784 750 =
Defence Bonus Bonds... - - ~ 84517 315 ~
Internal Registered Stock:
9.75%, 2001 - 200 100 ~ 422 100 -
145%, 2001. = 212 000 = 339 000 =
10.38%, 2008 «cseecn : 775 400 = 1798 400 =
9.8%, 2001 . = 737 300 = 2611 $90 =
9.25%, 2002... = 1167 900 = 2932 700 =
9.25%, = 2142-749 = 5501 659 =
= 613 667 = 1 547 667
= 618 $00 = 1.975 000
= = = $400 000 000
= = 45 707 408
= 10 000 = 347 000
a 118 500 = 231000
1053 050 2414 170 =
1214 250 2.626 300 =
: 652 200 1 208 700 =
‘64 000 660 =
= 392 000 000 =
765 910 1504 910 =
187 500 850 700 =
108 903 106 = 108 903 106 =

90


Thus the scene was set for the meeting at Kaunda’s
lodge. The nine-man ANC delegation, led by Oliver
Tambo, included director of information Thabo
Mbeki (son of Govan Mbeki who is serving a life
sentence with Nelson Mandela), and the veteran
ANC executive member ‘‘Mac’’ Maharaj.

Apart from Relly, the business delegation included
Tony Bloom, chairman of Premier Milling; Anglo
executive and former opposition politician Zac de
Beer; director-general of the SAF, Peter de Sorour;
Hugh Murray; Tertius Myburgh, editor of the mass-
circulation Sunday Times; and Harald Pakendorf,
editor of Die Vaderland. (Significantly there was no
representative from the Afrikaner publishing house
Nasionale Pers - whose flagship, Beeld, made con-
tact with the ANC over a year ago. SAF president
Fred du Plessis and the leading Afrikaner industrial-
ist, Anton Rupert, withdrew from the delegation
after Botha’s warning against it).

Though the delegation did not have a formal
mandate from organised business', individual busi-
nessmen covering the full spectrum of business in
South Africa gave their unequivocal blessing to it.
And two weeks earlier organised business gave its
backing to a declaration calling for the release of
Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners prior
to a national conference.

The government’s reaction to the meeting was
intemperate and ill-judged. Newspapers were banned
from quoting what Tambo said after the meeting,
and the Newsweek special report on South Africa
was hastily banned. Though it has been suggested
that Botha at one stage approved the idea of Fred
du Plessis and others going to Zambia, he showed
no sign of flexibility last week-end. He reiterated his
refusal to talk “‘to any organisation or person that
advocates violence’, adding that he could not see
what the meeting had achieved ‘‘other than to show
weakness towards the enemies of South Africa’.
The belated advice from the President’s Council on
12 September that the pass laws and influx control
be abolished is beginning to look academic.

New alignments

Now that the business community has so spectacu-
larly ditched Botha, the pace of political realignment
in South Africa is bound to increase. There are clear
signs that verligte National Party members even in
the cabinet are increasingly impatient with Botha’s
inability to step forward, for every step he makes is
at least three months too late.

Verligte nationalists could not split the NP in
their favour, so they would probably join with the
Progressive Federal Party (PFP) under Frederick
van Zyl Slabbert - an alliance which would not

35



CSO:

3400/49

Tribune, the Goldfields Foundation, BP Southern
Africa (Pty) Ltd, Development of Scheepersdal, a for-
mer labour tenant farm, near Muden and Natural
Resources Information system.

97



JPRS“8SA=854101
21 October 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

BLACK RESEARCH SURVEY ON BLACK, COLORED, INDIAN ATTITUDES

Durban POST NATAL in English 18-21 Sep 85 p 10

Eiext]

A SURVEY by the Institute for Black
Research on attitudes in the
African, coloured and Indian
communities, following last
month’s township unrest, has
uncovered significant shifts in
political alignments and increased

polarisation ...:

JHE Institute for Black Research survey find-

ings hold important implications for political

groupings active in the communities, as it rec-

ords that African political sentiment was radi-
calised, while coloureds and particularly Indians be-
came more conservative.

Inkatha lost considerable support to the United
Democratic Front in the African cornmunity, as did
Inkatha president Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi to the
jailed leader of the African National Congress, Mr
Nelson Mandela.

At the same time coloureds and Indians threw
their weight behind the State President, Mr PW Botha.

And although the UDF maintained its
backing from these communities, the
Natal Indian Congress lost support.

The big question facing these politi-
cal groupings must now be how to re-
gain lost support, or, in the case of the
UDF, capitalise on new-found support.

The shifts in alignment were reflect-—
ed in the following detailed findings:

@ The biggest number of Africans (54

38

percent) supported Mr
Mandela, while only five
percent supported Chief °
Buthelezi. This contrast-
ed strongly with a simi-
lar 1979 survey by the In-
stitute which showed
only three percent sup-
port for Mr Mandela and
a massive 45 percent sup-
port for Chief Buthelezi.
Bi The biggest number of
Indians (53 percent) sup-
ported President, Mr PW
Botha, as did the biggest
number of coloureds (31
percent).
® Support for Inkatha in
the African community
dropped from 20 percent
to five percent as a result
of the unrest, while sup-
port for the UDF in-
creased from 36 percent
to 56 percent.
TM Support for the UDF
maintained itself at 11
percent in the coloured
community and dropped
from 15 percent to 14
percent in the Indian
community.

A large number of re-,',
spondents’ (69 percent of /
coloureds and 65 percent i