cso:

3400/809

authority, can be intro-

. duced in the National As-

sembly without the prior
approval of the Cabinet.

Such approval can only
be given if a recommen-
dation is made by the
Constitutional Council
based on a decision by all
of its members or if the
Cabinet unanimously
agrees.

‘Mr Shipanga said these
provisions would effec-
tively neutralise the Con-
stitutional Council, and
were contrary to the State
President’s proclamation
establishing the new gov-
ernment on June 17.

. He said these clauses
must have been discussed
by certain parties with
others being excluded and
the doctrine of consensus
‘was well known to be that
of the National Party.

Mr Katjiuongua’ said
the person who drafted
the Bill should have con-
fined himself to the pro-
visions concerning the
Constitutional — Council
contained in the docu-
ment presented to the
State President.

. He said another new
element was the clause
limiting the position of
chairman of the Constitu-
tional Council to a judge
or former. judge of the
South West African Su-
preme Court or the Su-
preme Court of South
Africa.

It had not been speci-
fied previously that the
chairman should “come
from Southern Africa, he
said." ~ .

55



ZIMBABWE

INCREASING SUCCESS OF BLACKS IN AIR FORCE

Harare THE HERALD in English 11 Jul 85 pl

TREMENDOUS progress
has been. made in the
training of black pilots
and technicians and the
various flying squadrons
of the Air Force of Zi-
mbabwe are now almost
, self-sufficient.

Most of the squadrons
now boast several black
aircraft commanders,
‘Thase include two squad-
von commanders,

Speaking at a farewell
reception for 14 instruc-
tors at a Harare hotel on
‘Tuesday night, Wing
Commander Kifaait
Awan, who is one of the
officers and men who have
just completed their tour
of duty with the air
force on secondment
from Pakistan, said the

3400/740

training had been very
successtul,

Wing Commander
Awan, originally based ‘at
Tho. has recently
been officer commanding
flying at New Sarum air
base In Harare, home of

.8 Squadron which he said

now boasts 25 black
transport pilots.

‘The success of 6 Squad-
ron is reflected elsewhere,
particularly at the flying
school where a number of
blacks recently
ag flight instructors to
take over instruction
duties.

He also said a number
of blacks had taken over
command in helicopter
flying. Some had been
trained outside the coun-

119

try and had recently
undergone conversion:
courses to’ enable them to
fly Air Force of Zimba-
bwe helicopters.

Much was still to be
done: to: provide -all the
squadrons with adequate
pilots and technicians, he
sald, However, the pros-
pects were very .good.

Wing Commander
Awan attributed much of
the success to the Com-
mander of the Air Force,
Air Marshal Azira Daud-
pote, and the Chief of

taff, Air Vice-Marshal
Josiah Tungamirai, whom
he sald had been “a con-
stant source of inspira-
tion and encouragement
in the moments of trial
and difficulty”.



BPP'S PRESIDENT MARIPE EXPRESSES PARTY'S VIEWS

Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 17 Jul 85 pp 1, 2.

(Text]

LOBATSE: Delegates at the
annual conference of the
Opposition Botswana People's
Party (BPP) have been called
upon to strengthen and refurbish
the party into a powerful force
which could rule Botswana.

The call was made by the BPP
President, Dr Knight Maripe when
he opened the BPP delegates
Conference at the community
centre here on Saturday. Dr
Maripe said that to make the
party strong, everybody must
work hard. Otherwise the party
will have no chance of ever
assuming power in the country.

He added that as the pioneer
political party, the BPP had
contributed a lot to the
development of Botswana
although it has never assumed
power. He said that the time had
‘come for it to assume power. He
told the delegates that the 1989
general elections were around
the corner and called on
constituencies and wards to
identify both parliamentary and
council candidates now.

Dr Maripe said that the BPP
had a bad tradition of always
going to sleep after elections,
thinking that the next elections
were still far only to be caught
napping. He quoted the founder
of the People’s Republic of China,
who said that the longest journey
starts with one step, and said the

cso; 3400/751

BPP should take that step
towards the 1989 general
elections.

He described politics asa hard
and ruthless game and warned
the BPP followers that if they
played it soft, they would end up
ina heap of politial oblivion and
obsecurity.

The BPP leader also expressed
his party's concern at what he
called a growing tendency in
Botswana where other ethnic
groups were downtrodden. He
argued that a united nation could
not be built by forcing people to
speak Setswana. He cautioned
that political differences should
not be developed into hatred.
Let these differences be like those
of. children of one family, he
said, but warned that the BPP
had principles for which they
were prepared to die.

Dr Maripe supported the
diplomatic steps which were
taken by the BPP Government
following the raid on Gaborone
by South African commandos.
He said the international
response was pleasing, but added
that when people in the north
were attacked by Zimbabweans,
the government should also cry
aloud and not keep quiet. He
Said such attacks had been made
in the past, but nothing was said.

He called on Batswana to be
Prepared to die for the protection
of their country’s sovereignty. A

21

JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

BOTSWANA

point on which he said the BPP
supported the BOP government
was its stand on refugees. The
majority of people fleeing from
South Africa are genuine
refugees, but the South Africans
because of their apartheid
Policies, believe every opponent
of apartheid who runs away, isa
terrorist, he said.

Or Maripe said that the
government should continue to
Give'protection to those who run
away from persecution in their
own countries, and added that if
that meant continued invasion
by South Africans, then let it be
so.

The BPP leader however,
criticised the BDP Government
onits Education, Agriculture and
Commerce and Industry policies.
He said for Botswana to be a
great country there must be a
government which cared for the
rights of the underdogs. “We are
in the BPP because we believe
that BDP is a party which will
make the poor poorer and the
rich richer.” he declared.

He added that no man could
be said to be free and peaceful
when he lived on an empty
stomach, when he begged for a
slice of bread from his neighbour

| daily. He said Botswana was not
| free because, “we live on the
{ goodwill of Botha for meal mealie
‘and of Mugabe for sugar.”



NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, périodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
jast line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

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ing, it is recommended that the JPRS number, title, date and
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20402.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.



SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

BLACK, COLORED EMPLOYMENT SITUATION-~Job reservation was almost non-existent
for the 45 000 Black and Coloured people employed in Paarl and Wellington,
Cape, according to a Human Sciences Research Council survey. Coloured people,
in particular, were also increasingly found dn posts previously filled by
Whites, The survey, which centered on the demand for and supply of Black
and Coloured labour and how their wages compared with those in surround ing
areas, was carried out at the request of the two municipalities. The council
found that about 66 per cent of all job opportunities in both towns were pro~
vided by the commercial and manufacturing sectors. Most Coloured and Black
people were found in production and labourer occupations, although Coloured
people were being increasingly employed in the clerical and administrative
field or as artisans and production supervisors. Employess generally viewed
their Coloured and Black workers in a postive light and mainly regarded them
as honest, responsible, loyal, hardeworking and polite, No great shortage of
labour was reported and the personnel turnover was also particularly low,

THe survey found that wages in Paarl and Wellington compared favourably with
those of similar groups in the Peninsula. [Text] [Pretoria SOUTH AFRICAN
DIGEST in English 5 Jul 85 p 589]

cso; 3400/750

115



FISHING PORT IMPROVEMENTS REPORTED

Victoria NATION in English 12 Jul 85 p 2

[Text]

THERE is plenty of evi-
‘dence that Seychelles is
getting more and more
serious in its effort to de-
velop fishing a3 one of its
main industries.

On La Digue, the Govern-
ment has irivested in a modern
boatyard which is building a
new generation of comfortable
demersal fishing boats.

On Mahé, Port Victoria; is
being equipped with  ice-
making plants, cold storage
facilities, processing factories
and other utilities that will form
the new infrastructures needed
to back the exploitation of Sey-
chelles’ most abundant natural
resource, fish. Soon the Sey-
chelles Marketing Board

cso: 3400/737

(SMB) will join in by setting up
collection centres. around the
islands, so ‘that fishermen will
be able to sell their catches as
soon they land and consumers
will be able to buy quality fish
from the market at reasonable
prices. Fish not sold fresh loc-
ally will be graded and either
stored for periods of scarcity or

exported to bring in the preci-.

ous foreign exchange.

Prastinois craftsmen are also
lending a hand in these efforts
to develop fishing, especially
the traditional sector. A
boatyard at Baie Ste Anne
(photo) — much smaller in size
than the one on La Digue, but
run together by Boatbuilders
Ltd. has started con-
structing a new type of small

64

fishing boat for fisherman go-
ing out on a day’s expedition.

The boatyard is not in full
production yet, although it
has already built several boats
of between six and twelve
metres long. Its production
target is to build a dozen of th-
ese a year.

With the latest in carpentery
‘machines now installed at the
boatyard, Praslinois craftsmen,
like their Diguois colleagues,
hope to turn out boats that are
more comfortable, faster, safer
and can go further out to sea.

The construction of the
Praslin boatyard has been de-
scribed as an “extremely im-
portant investment” in the is-
lands’ efforts to develop the
fishing industry to its utmost.

JPRS-SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

SEYCHELLES


JPRS-SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

BEELD URGES GESTURE IN SUPPORT OF REAGAN
MB191000 Johannesburg BEELD in. Afrikaans 15 Jul 85 p 10

[Text] Probably the greatest truth about the sanctions legislation passed
by the American Congress against South Africa last week was pointed out by
Senator Nancy Kassembaum. "Sanctions", she said, "would place America on a
path the results of which cannot be determined beforehand".

What a pity that her 80 fellow senators who voted for economic sanctions did
not have the same insight. On the other hand: South Africa should be grateful
to the White House, which once again had the courage.to declare that it is
opposed to such measures. :

It could not have been easy to say so in the face of such an overwhelming vote
in the Congress, even though some of the more severe aspects passed by the
House of Representatives were not accepted. by the Senate.

So American's constructive engagement towards South Africa survives, but one
would be unrealistic not to heed the warning lights’ now flashing brightly.

In the past year relations between this country and the United States have
deteriorated to the extent where the American ambassador was recalled for
“consultation"--the kind of action'a country normally’ takes only under the
severest provocation. Only the participants in the infighting can tell

exactly when things began to go awry. Those who know the Americans know that
they are sometimes inclined to take over the reigns even in cases where one
only needs their support. But then, South African actions in Langa (Uitenhage) ,
Cabinda, and Gaborone could have caused so many diplomatic repercussions that
the Reagan administration must have asked itself just how much can really be
achieved through constructive agreement.

Perhaps the time has come for South Africa to show by some’ major gesture that
it really appreciates this engagement. We certainly owe it to President Reagan
to help him to help us. And clearly time is running out for such a gesture.

cso: 3400/733

75



region alone, there are no fewer than 202 foggaras for 52 ksours
(small settlements). Foggara irrigation, however, is not adequate
to the needs of real. agricultural development. The procedure they
chose for that is of course drilling. As of now, 34 wells have
been completed, but, according to UNESCO experts, 800 wells could
be sunk without exhausting the aquifer, with a flow of 15 cubic
meters per second. Furthermore, available water resources, if
they are put to optimal use, will suffice to develop 10,000 hec-
tares of farmland.

It is this abundance of water that has moved the Algerian autho-
rities to move in the past few years in finding the requisite in-
vestments for a gradual transformation of the region, to adapt

the necessary agricultural techniques, to experiment with and se-
lect the crops likeliest to thrive while making minimum demands

on the underground water. . Agriculture has reached another turning-
point. and today tomato growing is very widespread. Some: of the
tomatoes grown-in Adrar wilaya are. shipped'to northern Algeria,

but abig share :-is exported, mainly to the German Democratic Re-
public. —

For several years, now, farmers in the region have been more aware
of the need for diversifying their crops. Some fruitful studies
of garlic- and fava-bean growing have led to quite substantial
yields. The same goes for potatoes, onions, haricot beans, wheat,
barley, maize, sorghum, and citrus fruits. Growers have not been
slow to experiment, with promising results, with crop rotation, a
move that gives them several crops each year. Among other things,
they have begun greenhouse experiments inModram on the outskirts
of Adrary. which yield excellent products, They are looking to the
future because, for the moment, and because it. is a lucrative com- .
modity, the tomato wins hands-down. Its fame has even overshado-
wed the date-palm,. which is nevertheless the premier tree in the
desert. .

Algerian authorities have also stressed education, a move that has
boosted the school-attendance rate to 70 percent, region-wide. And
the health sector has not been. overlooked, either: several hospi-
tals have been built in Adar and Timimoun.

In a word,,, there you have a successful experiment at making the
desert bloom again and proving that desertification is not irre-
versible...

SOURCES: (1) A. oyowe, J..Tinker, M. Tolba, R. Gregoire, K. Jun-
zmann, K.F.,Beliere, S. | Strasfogel , M. Benstaali, ~
C. Linet, J.P. Diehl. LE COURRIER N 87, 1984.
(2) UNESCO statistics and documents, World Bank, UNPE,
EEC.

6182
CSO: 3419/466

11



ZIMBABWE

MHONDORO DISTRICT TO GET NEW PLACE NAMES
Harare THE HERALD in English 18 Jul 85 p 4

[Text] Mhondoro District Council has proposed new names for several places in
the district including schools, dams and villages.

New names with historical background of local relevance have been suggested
for six business centres, five dams, three weirs, two villages, two rivers
and a cattle dip tank,

At a recent council meeting held to discuss changes to names of some places”
which have colonial connotations, suggestions to rename Mubayira growth point
Chinengundu after a hero of the first chimurenga ran into heated debate.

Names were also put forward for nine missionary schools named in honour of
saints, The schools, administered by the district council, have to be renamed
with names depicting local events of importance. One such school, St. Peter's,
was renamed Chifamba after a local hero who died at the nearby Chirozva Hills
during the first chimurenga,

It was also proposed that Nicholas village be renamed Moeketsi after a settler
Batswana national, Tlass Cornelius Moeketsi, whose name was mispronounced as
Lassy Nicholas by the locals,

Fort Martin River would be renamed Kaguvi after a big pool on the river where
miracles are believed to happen.

The proposed names are subject to approval by the Cabinet committee on place
names, .

cso: 3400/747

124



fledged workers, any youths /

who complete their work ex-
perience with them or who
teach the age of 21 during their
work experience.

However, if it is not possible
for the employer to do this, he
will be able to terminate the
employment of the youths who
have completed their prog-
ramme subject to notice. This

_termination will not be subject
to review.

The Programme will be ad-
ministered mainly by the
Ministry of Labour and Social
Security, in close collaboration
with the President’s Office
for the civil service and
parastatal sector, the Federa-

tion of Employers Associations’

for the private sector and the
National Workers Union.

All vacancies under the
Programme will have to be re-
gistered at the Employment
Centre and everyone working
under the Programme will also
have to register. They will be
referred to vacancies in the
same manner as other job
seekers.

It should be noted that the
introduction of the Work Ex-

cso: 3400/737

perience Programme will not
preclude employers from tak-
ing on trainees on an approved
in-service training scheme,
though such trainees should
normally join at _post-
Polytechnic level.

With the introduction of the
Programme, the Community
Service Project, whereby NYS
graduates are given an al-
lowance for work in their com-
munity, will be phased out as
project participants find jobs
under the WEP. Those NYS
graduates who have completed
one year on the Community
Service Project will be able, at

70

the discretion of the Ministry of
Labour and Social Security, to
have their period of employ-
ment under the Programme re-
duced from two years to one
year.

Under special circumstances,
and again at the discretion of
the Ministry of Labour and So-
cial Security, it will also be pos-
sible for youths with less than
P9 education to join the Prog-
ramme. Those above 21 years
might also be able to continue
on the Programme if they have
not completed its set period of
employment. i


POPULATION WARNED AGAINST INFORMING ABOUT, SHELTERING REFUGEES

Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 8 Jul 85 p 6

{Text]

cso;

3400/752

SELEBI-PHIKWE: Batswana
have been told to be extra
suspicious if foreigners seek
information of refugees,
because of these elements
were gathering Intellegence
information for the South
African Defence Force.

The warning was sounded
by the Minister of Education,
Mr Kebatlamang Morake, who
is also member of Parliament
for Selebi-Phikwe, during a
Political rally here over the
weekend.

Mr Morake said there was
no doubt the South African
Defence Force intelligence
was being fed with
information on refugees from
the country.

He also warned residents
about the danger of
harbouring criminal elements
within their midst. He asserted
that some Batswana were
being bribed by the South
African Defence Force
intelligence to release
information on the
whereabouts of refugees in
Botswana and sald this did
not only undermine the
security of refugees but also
the safety of Batswana.

On Education, Mr Morake
said our education standards

which were almost non-
existent were quite impressive
now. He assured his audience
that Government would
construct 27 additional
secondary schools
throughout the country, to
measure it with the ever
increasing number of
standard seven leavers.

Another speaker at the rally
was a BDP councillor in
Francistown, Mr Pono
Moatlhodi who said unlike
the Botswana National Front
(BNF) which promises people
the impossible, his party has
made a lot of contributions
to national development.

He also said that the people
had elected the BDP into
power with the full confidence
that it would continue tocarry
out national development as
it had done in the past.

Atthe same rally, the Mayor
of Selebi-Phikwe, Mr
Modibane Kepaletswe briefed
the audience about
development projects to be
carried out by the council in
the near future.

He gave as an example, a
number of primary roads to
be tarmarked and said some
streets would also be
electrified.

28

JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

BOTSWANA


But while the fighting between Azapo and the UDF continues, those responsi-
ble for the dastardly acts will always have a chance of blaming it on either
of ‘the two groups,

It is not time to unite and in so doing isolate the barbaric murderers?
This is the question we should be asking.

About ten years ago top Zimbabwe nationalist, Dr Edson Shithole--who earned
a law doctorate while in prison--disappeared without trace in what was then
known as Salisbury.

i member and presi-
Bodies dent, Mr Qaqawuli
The ‘bodies of two Godolozi, general sec-
other Cradock ex- tetary and former
‘ecutive members, Mr Robben Island pri-
Thomas “Sparrow” sioner, Mr Sipho
Mkonto and Out- Hashe and organising.
dshoorn teacher Mr Si- secretary and general
celo Mhlawuli were workers’ Union mem-
found at the weekend. ber Mr Champion Ga-
This year alone eight lela.
people have disap- © Two .months ago
peared — or died — the publicity secretary
under mysterious cir- of the Soweto branch
cunistances. And all of Cosas, Mr Jabu Ma-
were prominent fi, luleke was mys-
ures in the black politi- teriously taken off a
calarena. Soweto-bound train at
© Three leaders of Dube.
the Port Elizabeth However, the “mur-
Black Civic Organisa- der” and “abduction”
tion (Pebco) disap- of black political activ-
peared .without trace ists is not new. On
bo 4 shortly after the suc- November 20, 1980,
cessful March stay-. the mutilated body of
away in Port ELiza- Durban lawyer Mr
beth. They are: Griffiths. Mxenge was
Pebco founder found near the Umlazi

Cycling Stadium,

¢S0; 3400/666

99



independence to make a moralising speech calling on officials to cease
misusing their position. Those responsible for the embezzlements could
consider themselves admonished, but that was all. The minister of
defence, on the other hand, lost his position and his reputation a few
days later.

There may well be a delay of several months before his successor is
known. The head of the armed forces, chief of the general staff Ali
MEHIDAL Weiss, an Issa, is well established. However two names of
potential ministers are circulating: they are the current vice-president
of the parliament, SAID Ibrahim Badouf, and an ordinary member, OUGOUREH
Hasean Ibrahim. Both are Afars, as Djiboutian political practice
demands, but of the Adha Rassoul clan. Mr LOITA comes from the other
clan, that of the Debnes, which is highly indignant at hie treatment and
does not seem likely to provide the state with another defence minister
for some considerable time.

cso: 3400/7121

35



JPRS-SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

REUNION

BRIEFS

ANTI-COMMUNISTS MOVE IN--Jean-Paul VIRAPOULLE, vice-chairman of Reunion's
governing council and mayor of Saint Andre, played host on June 28 to Bernard
T.K. JOEI, a roving ambassador for the government of Taiwan, and Monaf FAKIRA
of Mauritius, secretary-general of the African Organisation for Freedom (AOF),
which is affiliated to the World Anti-Communist League (WACL). Their talks
centred on the idea of starting a branch of the WACL in Reunion. Gaetan DUVAL,
deputy prime minister of Mauritius, who was also expected at the meeting, can-
celled his trip at the last minute. 1.0.N.--Bernard JOEI, a member of the
WACL's executive committee, is an Africa specialist. For 15 years he was Tai-
wan's ambassador in Ivory Coast. He stayed only one day in Reunion before
going on to Mauritius, the headquarters of the AOF, and South Africa. Jean-
Paul VIRAPOULLE has had close links for many years with Gaetan DUVAL, who is
a friend of both Taiwan and South Africa and in December 1980 set up a short-
lived Indian Ocean anti-communist front with Jean-Marie LE PEN and Alix MOREL,
respectively the overall head and Reunion leader of France's extreme-right
Front National. Mr VIRAPOULLE explains his activities as a reaction to those
of Paul VERGES, secretary-general of Reunion's communist party. "Reunion is
the island most threatened by the world communist league. For every poison,
there must be a counter-poison", he told THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER. [Text]
[Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 6 Jul 85 p 6]

CANE CUTTING DELAYER--Reunion sugar farmers fighting for more than the four
per cent increase in the price the government said it would pay for their cane
decided not to start the harvesting which normally begins on June 15 in some
areas. Their unions, the FDSEA, CGPER, CDJA and USA, were demanding an in-
crease of between eight and ten per cent. However, a decision by the authori-
ties to pay a bonus of 35 francs per tonne instead of 27 to producers of less
than 500 tonnes mollified them somewhat, and minister for overseas territories
Georges LEMOINE, arriving in Reunion on July 1 as the boycott on harvesting
was in fully swing, did not have to face complaining planters as some observ-
ers had predicted. Instead, the sugar growers returned to their fields on
July 2. The feeble resistance of the CGPER and the local communist party, the
PCR, to the government measures, caused surprise. Party secretary-general Paul
VERGES, a member of the European parliament, had said the sugar price increase
would be "a test of the government's determination to bring about change in
Reunion". The price paid for the first 500 tonnes of cane is now 314.21 francs
per tonne. [Text] [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 6 Jul 85 p 8]

60



opposition groups. His requests for a passport to
travel to France for: medical treatment have been
turned down.

Sassou-Nguesso has also tried to get-rid of poten-
tial southern trouble-makers. For example, he
offered the presidency. of the. multinational Air
Afrique to. former. prime minister Louis-Sylvain
Goma, a Vili from the Pointe Noire region.. After
the suggestion was turned down, he offered.the job
to a northern friend, ex-foreign. minister Auxence
Tkonga, a Vili from the Pointe Noire region. The
Vili. have been unhappy since one of their main
representatives, Jean-Pierre Tchicaya-Thystere was
ousted from the premiership and his de facto position
as party ideologue at last year’s PCT congress. He
was then placed under house arrest on trumped-up
charges. Sassou-Nguesso’s Vili wife, Marie-Anto-
inette, has tried to calm resentment in the Pointe
Noire area.

Prime minister Ange-Edouard Poungui has been
unable to deliver. the support of.the key Niari region
in the south. Poungui’s obstacle is Célestin Goma-
Foutou, PCT secretariat. member. in charge of ideol-
ogy. Active in politics for two decades, he is one of
the few who dare publicly.to question the president’s
directives. The Niari people also resented the arrest
early last year, of their kinsman Ndalla Graille, who
was a co-founder of the PCT. Graille is. capable of
bringing the southern political elite against Sassou-
Nguesso.

The Lari-Kongo people in the Pool area around
Brazzaville. have remained out of politics partly for
fear of repression if they became active. Their only
thinisterial representative is Bernard Combo Mat-
siona, and few Lari-Kongo. ascend to the higher
ranks in the army. (Commander Nzalakanda, one
of the Pool’s rare senior officers, arrested last year
for allegedly plotting against the government, has
yet to be tried). At least the relative national prosper-
ity in the early 1980s enabled many Pool people to
get rich. .

. In an effort to curb anti-government activity by Le
Front de Libération des Batékés et des Bagangoulous
(FROLIBABA), the president: has wooed the nor-
thern Batéké people, most importantly by rehabilitat-
ing Lt-Col. Florent Tsiba as director-general of
Ciment Congolais after two years in the political
wilderness. -It will be recalled’ that in last year’s
reshuffle four cabinet posts were given to the Batéké.

The influence of the extreme northern Impfondo-
Sangha region, long the stronghold of pro-Soviet
hardliners, has diminished since the PCT congress.
Commander Frangois-Xavier Katali, once the much-
feared minister of state security, is now in the
humble job of minister of agriculture, and the former

31



the efficient collection and dis-
tribution of fish of a high qua-
lity, as well as énsuring a con-
stant and regular supply of fish
for the local market at reason-
able prices and a reasonable in-
come for fishermen.

~
Te Beou Vetion Te Denzsi —>

A diagram of the project.

cso: 3400/737

63°



JPRS~SSA~-85~074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

21ST BATTALION'S FUNCTION AS BLACK TRAINING UNIT VALUABLE ASSET

Pretoria PARATUS in English Jun 85 pp 52-54

[Text]

new era in the history of the SA Army was started when in November 1973
Genl Magnus Malan, then Chief of the Army, received the go-ahead to form
the SA Army Bantu Training School (SAABTS). This was the conceptual

birth of 21 Battalion.

in January the following year, the first
step was taken in this direction. Ten sel-
ected: white Permanent Force members
began an orientation course under the
command of Maj M.W. Pretorius (the
unit's first OC) at the Prison Services
Bantu Training College next to
Baviaanspoort. Under these new instruc-
tors, the first 16 black members (chosen
mainly from the Bantu Labour Services of
the SADF) began their basic training on
18 March 1974. This was the date of birth
for 21 Battalion.

Originally this group was to be trained
as security guards, but after the second
intake of members during August 1974 it
was decided that the first group should
continue their training to become regi-
mental instructors.

Initially there was difficulty in locating a
suitable base in which this training could
be carried out. By 1975 Baviaanspoort
seemed well disposed for this purpose
and became the training base for the
school. On 4 April that year, the first black
soldiers attested as Permanent Force
members of the SADF. That same month,
the training of the first black instructors
in the different unit task groups began,
with the aim of establishing the school as
a fully self-sufficient unit.

Y December 1975, the SAABTS was

‘self-supporting producing its own in-
structors for its various sections. It was
then that the school moved to its present
location. Accompanying this move was a
change in the unit's title to 21 Battalion.
The reason for this name was due to the
fact that the unit moved in the same year
that the SA Infantry Corps turned 21 years
old.

100

During 1976 the first black PF members
were promoted to the rank of corporal.
Also during that year 21 Bn trained 151
members of 1 Transkei Battalion in pre-
paration for the independance of Trans-
kei. That year 1 Ovambo Bn also received
their basic training at the unit.

In May 1977, the Chief of the Defence
force gave authorisation for the training
of the first company for operational ser-
vice. This company.went to the Opera-
tional Area in March 1978. As a result of
the successful achievements of this com-
pany, 21 Bn received the authority to train
a second operational company.

During 1978, members were trained for
the Venda National Defence Force. A
change of command took place that year
and Cmdt H. Swanepoel became the sec-
ond OC of 21 Battalion.

Early in 1979, the unit's first sergeants
were nominated and the second opera-
tional company went to the Border. Later
that year another company was sent for
operational service and for the first time
black platoon sergeants were used in this
company. ‘in February that year, the first
members of the Republic’s black regional
companies arrived for the orientation and
basic training at 21 Bn.

There was a change of a command in
1982 and Cmdt L. Kotze became the unit's
third OC.

URING 1982 the rationalisation of

training took place with the forma-
tion of five wings namely an infantry wing,
a regimental wing, a service wing, a
counter-insurgency wing and a catering
wing. It was in that year that 21 Bn re-
ceived their unit flag and the first opera-
tional company was deployed in Sector

70.



Italy has also given Zimbabwe a loan of more than $14 million (US$10 million)
for its commodity import programme,

Dr Baiocchi said one his country's biggest grants to Zimbabwe (worth about $5
million) was for the construction and upgrading of Chinhoyi Hospital.

This programme included the staffing of the hospital and parts of Mashonaland ©
West with 20 Italian doctors and medical specialists,

Besides bilateral programmes he said, there were also multilatera] ones which
came to Zimbabwe through internatipnal organisations,

One of them was $2 million study on the role of women in rural areas, financed
through the United Nations Development Programme,

Another, through the Food and Agricultural Organisation, brought in 95
tractors-.worth about. $2,5 million--to the CMED.. Spare parts and additional
tractors would cost about $1,5 million, he ‘said, a

CSO: 3400/748

122



positions, and the Moslem population of the
Eritrean province remain deep.

Having survived the threat of partition
imposed by the colonial powers, Ethiopia
now. was faced with the proplems of the
emancipation of Africa.

Initial conflicts

The first border dispute with Somalia broke
out in 1964, the latter having gained its
independence in 1960. British policy, which
had united the Italian and British sections of
the country into a single state, could not help
but recall to mind the bitter memories of the
Anglo-Italian attempts at dividing Ethiopia.
And Mogadishu did not hide its hopes of
incorporating the Ethiopian Ogaden, Djibouti
and the northeast of Kenya, all populated by
ethnic Somalis, into a «Grand Somalia».

After several weeks of hostilities, a cease-
fire was gradually negotiated by Sudan. The
two parties agreed to seek a negotiated
solution to their border conflict. But while
tension with Somalia eased up, at least for
the time being, agitation to worsened in
Eritrea, where a separatist movement had
grown. up: the Front for the Liberation of
Eritrea, or FLE. The FLE had support from the
Sudanese government, which allowed it to
organize anti-Ethiopian demonstrations in
Khartoum.

Opening diplomatic strategy
The Emperor's diplomatic strategy was
henceforth dominated by a concern for
establishing alliances that would counter
sustained agitation with sympathetic support
from Arab and socialist nations. His natural
allies in. this context seemed to be Western
nations and African countries, at the time
generally supportive of Israel. Addis Ababa
had easily recognized the latter due to the
historical ties between the two countries. The
United States, Kenya and France were, of
course, favorable to aiding Ethiopia. But the
Emperor also undertook to establish closer
ties with the USSR, ‘based on the friendly
relations that Addis Ababa had maintained
with Czarist Russia, which considered the
Coptic Church as a sister institution to the
Russian Orthodox Church. In 1965, the
Soviets began construction of an oil refinery
at Assab, under the terms of a technical
assistance agreement, and other socialist
countries in Eastern Europe pitched in with
aid to Ethiopia.
The worsening of Israel-Arab relations and
the. civil war in Sudan complicated the
situation, however. Arab nations accused
Addis Ababa and Tel Aviv of supporting the
rebels in southern Sudan, and upped their aid
to the FLE.’At the beginning of the 1970s,
Ethiopia established ties with Beijing and

41

strengthened its relations:with Moscow. This
rapprochement did not silence its critics,
though, in particular the militants in the Arab
camp, who continued to attack the Emperor
for accepting military aid from the United
States and supporting Israel. Ethiopia was
accused of having allowed Israel to establish
secret bases on the islands off the Eritrean
coast. This ensured continued supplies for
the FLE, which was able to pull off a number
of spectacular operations. Addis-Ababa went
even further in seeking conciliation with Arab
and socialist countries: it announced the
break-off of diplomatic relations with Israel,
following most African nations after the
October 1973 war, along with the progressive
withdrawal of American troops from the
Kagnew base, which had been staffed by up
to 8000 American soldiers and technicians.

‘A Second strategy phase

follows the fall of the emperor

After the events of February 1974, an
attempt at reform led to the creation of a
120-member military council, the Dergue. It
soon became evident that this council held all
power in the nation and was simply waiting
for an opportunity to depose the emperor. In
September of the same year, Haile Selassie,
the King of Kings, was deposed without

’ ceremony. In the provinces, a number of

jeading aristocrats, including Ali Mirah, the
sultan of Afar, and the Ras Mengesha
Seyoum, governor of Tigre, took to hiding.

In Eritrea, following the. failure of
negotiations with local leaders, the Dergue
took to the offensive. Repressive policies
were ruthlessly applied, and 1000 to 2000
people were killed during a battle at Asmara
in February 1975. The Eritrean secessionists
were also weakened by internal dissent. The
FLE, founded in 1961 by Idriss Mohamed
Adam, a pro-Arab, anti-communist Moslem,
was faced with competition from the Peoples
Front for the Liberation of Eritrea (EPLF),
founded in 1970 and dominated by Christians
and progressives. The EPLF rallied a former
FLE leader, Osman Sabbeh. The two
organizations regularly fight one another and
then declare a truce, and are both supported
and given refuge by Sudan, which regularly
offers to act as mediator. In 1976, the Eritrean
revolt made considerable inroads. The «red
march» organized by a hastily formed and
armed militia supported by the Dergue,
following the model of the Moroccan «Green
March», suffered @ serious setback.

That same year, however, the EPLF was
weakened by an internal dispute with Osman
Sabbeh, who organized a third movement,



JPRS~SSA~85~-074
: 21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

FINDINGS OF HSRC STUDY ON RACE RELATIONS DISCUSSED

PRETORIA NEWS Praises, Highlights Findings

Pretoria SOUTH AFRICA DIGEST in English 5 Jul 85 pp 601

[Text]

If there is one overriding impression
left from the detailed investigation
conducted by the Human Sciences
Research Council into South African
race relations, it is that a huge task
remains to be done if the country is to
establish a way of life in which the
different groups can live together
without serious strife.

The finding that already a majority of
blacks, and significant percentages in
other groups, accept violence as a
means of achieving political aims
shows how late in the day things are for
South Africa. Though blacks in South
Africa enjoy a considerably better
standard of living than blacks in the rest
of the continent, their yardstick is how
their living standards compare with
whites in their own country. And no one
can deny the size of that gap. Nor can
anyone realistically believe that gap can
be closed in a month or a year.

What the HSRC investigation does is
to reawaken the government to what it

"should have known a long time ago.

The white opposition parties to the left
have been pointing it out for years.
Black dissident groups have used
methods ranging from peaceful protest
to sabotage and bloodshed to impress
on the government the urgency of
reconcilling black aspirations with what
whites already enjoy. Apartheid solves

83

nothing. It aggravates.

The most hopeful finding is that
whites are a lot more flexible to change
than many have given them credit for.
Though they may oppose the breaking
down cf apartheid barriers, their ability
to accommodate themselves appears
to be high. What is more, the
investigation has found that a strong
expectation of considerable change is
present in all groups. This indicates that
South Africa's population has the
potential to adapt to the kind of
changes essential for peaceful survival.

The HSRC report goes further to
identify ways in which South Africans
can change to face the future.
Prominent among these is the idea of
gearing education to assist in facial
reconciliation. The finding on the
present segregated education system
is, ominously, that it contributes to the
segmentation of society. A major
change, both to bring the different
groups together in the education
system and to change syllabuses to
promote reconciliation, is needed. On
top of that is the need to change from
the vertical or master-servant type of
contact between the races to a more
relaxed free association and recognition
on the basis of equality. These solutions
are more easily identified than applied
in practice, But they are the road South
Africa has to follow.



Nevertheless, hundreds of millions of dollars are still being spent
in the countries of the South to build dams, whose economic life-
span will be spectacularly curtailed by soil erosion. It's the
same old story, over and over again, all over the world, whether

it happens in Paraguay, in the Parana Basin, on the Ganges Delta
in India, or along the Mali-Senegal-Mauritania borders for the
Manatali dam. Every time it happens, it is the people upstream
from the dam who are uprooted and unceremoniously "reseeded" in
quasi-desert zones where, driven by over-population, they will be
obliged to suck the very life out of the land, where they are com-
pelled to deforest entire zones, with the results you all know all
too well. The fact of the matter is that these people are the "re-
fugees" from the inevitable drought...

Imitate the North? Import Pollution?

Why accept development plans that fail to respond to the people's
real needs? Why overlook the environmental protection dimension?
Is it really necessary to bring in heavy industry. polluters like
chemical plants? Can the South not see that imitating the North
is not necessarily the best thing to do? Without wishing to deni-
grate the soundness of these plans, is it really necessary to
adopt heavy industrialization plans in countries like Algeria? On
what pretext? Or to bring nuclear chemical plants into Brazil?
What do the people who live there have to say? Of course, we know
what they will say. The North will remind them of the big picture,
the guidelines, the mistakes the South has made: slavish copying,
prestige, the wish to "prove that we are developed"... Honestly,
now: is this really success? Or is the long-term destruction of
your environment less important than prestige and profit -- when
there is any -- in the short term?

Aside fromthe "development programs". proposed by the North, ought
the South to go on acceding to the "international reapportionment"
that sites production close to the cheapest source of energy or
raw material? Even if sometimes it is the most polluting? By so
doing, the multinationals cut their retail prices, but .also leave
their plants and installations in the South to go on polluting.
You will not have forgotten Union Carbide in India...

In a word, then, the question is: must the South become the
North's ‘garbage-can? There is pollution in the air, in the water,
in the soil.

The overriding need of the countries in the South to collect export
revenues in strong currencies has also forced them to devote their
land to intensive cultivation of single crops that will find a mar-
ket abroad. This has happened with sugar-cane, with bananas, and
with palm oil... That required clearing. The forest is gone. The
soil yields up all its reserves, and is‘implacably impoverished.
And the country can no longer feed its people. And as heavy equip-
ment and farm machiery is imported, industrial production has *



Island Gets 'Liberal'. Budget
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 6 Jul 85) wsecececceecccvecs

Briefs
Chinese Give Free Loan

NAMIBIA

Radio Accuses SWAPO Leadership of Corruption
(Johannesburg International Service, 19 Jul 85) ceveeeveee

Central Government ‘Totally Unacceptable' Says Dirk Mudge
(THE CITIZEN, 30 Jul 85) sacceeees

Disputes Delay Formation of New Council
(THE CITIZEN, 31 Jul 85) ...

Independence Not in Near Future
(DIE REPUBLIKEIN, 4 Jun 85) ..-

NIGERIA

Gen Idiagbon Urges War Against Smuggling
(NAN, 31 Jul 85) .seeeecseeeeeesevees

Briefs
Edict on Religious Preaching
Large Worker Turnout
Coup in Uganda
Threat to Repatriate Blacks

REUNION
Briefs
Anti-Communists Move In
Cane Cutting Delayer
Vanilla Sales Drive
SEYCHELLES

Bel Ombre Coastal Improvements Reported
(NATION, 11 Jul 85) ..

Fishing Port Improvements Reported
(NATION, 12 Jul 85) scceeccesccseccsccscceceecsrereceeeees

Details on La Gogue Dam Given
(NATION, 28 Jun 85) sseesesecceseeeeeseeerneeesseesnee sees

49

50

51

52.

54

56

57

58
58
59
59

62

64

65



Talking to the Eritreans?

Against this background of uneasiness in Addis
Ababa, publicity has recently been given to talks
between the government and the main Eritrean guer-
tilla movement, the Eritrean Peoples Liberation
Front (EPLF). Both sides, for reasons explained
below, are under pressure at least to be seen to be
negotiating. The impediment, however, to substan-
tive talks is that the EPLF wants the government
to commit itself to Eritrean independence before
meaningful talks can be held — a demand which the
government resolutely rebuffs. For public consump-
tion both sides claim that they are ready to talk
“unconditionally. .

The present round of diplomacy, which has yet
to pass the stage of.talking about talks, started last

~ September in Rome-under the auspices of the Italian
Communist Party. Further talks were ‘then held
apparently in Aden, Khartoum and elsewhere. Inter-
mittent talks continue.
. Though there are no indications that either side is
yet prepared to concede on the independence issue,
progress has been made towards agreeing on a cease-
fire. The EPLF might well announce one shortly in
the hope that the Ethiopian government would
quickly reciprocate. Certainly the government has
every incentive to achieve a ceasefire: the expense of
the war against the Eritreans and the Tigrayans is
prohibitive — probably $2m a day. Resources need
to be diverted from military expenditure to. famine
relief, and, more controversially, to the huge’ pro-
gramme for resettling northerners in the south west.

The EPLF is under equal pressure. At least 1.5m
Eritreans need food relief. EPLF guerrilla morale,
weakened by the continuing: low-level . Ethiopian
bombing, is lower than ever — though not as low
as the Ethiopian troops’. Following the re-establish-
ment of full diplomatic relations last week between
Sudan and Ethiopia, the EPLF obviously has more
reason to fear a reduction of its facilities in, and
supply routes from, Sudan, And the merger earlier
this year (AC Vol 26 No 6) of three smaller Eritrean
groups into the Eritrean Unified National. Council
is weaning Arab support away from the EPLF — a
trend publicly lamented by the EPLF’s head of
external relations. Syria, significantly, appears to be
one of the countries pushing the EPLF to negotiate
with Addis Ababa.

But the EPLF’s biggest concern is its deteriorating
relations with the Tigrayan Peoples’ Liberation
Front (TPLF). The decline started in 1983 when the
TPLF first proposed a united military and political
force of all the anti-government groups. Last year
the proposals were formalised and distributed before
being made public last August. The EPLF discussed
the proposals at its central committee meeting the
following month. The response it sent privately to
the TPLF was critical, reflecting EPLF annoyance

38



for the first time, and that those '

young people who have the po-
tential for further training are
not discouraged from develop:
ing this by the attraction of a
high salary as soon as they start
work,

Finally, but just as important
as the other objectives, the
Programme will contribute to
increased productivity.

It must be pointed out here
that the WEP is not an alterna-
tive to further studies at the
Polytechnic. Whatever on-the-
job training will be provided
under the Programme will not
be up to the standard of that
provided by the Polytechnic.

“If you want, this Prog-
ramme will, for example, train
a youth to become a carpen-
ter’s assistant but not a fully-
fledged carpenter,” Mr
Belmont said by way of illustra-
tion. “The properly qualified
carpenter is being trained at the
Polytechnic,” he added. “We
are talking here more about;
gaining experience in work
rather than training.”

It is expected that a maxi-'
mum of 700 youths will join’
the Programme each year.
Bearing in mind the period of
employment for each person |
on the Programme, it is ex-
pected that there could be up to ;
1,500 youths employed at any ;
point in time.

However, at the beginning
this figure will be even higher
because there are a number of
young people who have not
continued their education dur-
ing the-last few years, who are.
unemployed and under 2) and
who Would therefore qualify to
participate.

All employers will be en-
couraged to employ youths un-
der this Programme, giving
them, as~much as possible,

work experience in fields where *

they could be permanently em-
ployed later on.

However, youths on the
Programme should not fill jobs
which would normally have

been occupied by fully-fledged -

workers and should not under-
take any work where people
are paid according to their
productivity.

To make sure that no-one
takes advantage of the Prog-
ramme to employ cheap labour
in the place of fully paid work-
ers, the Ministry of Labour and
Social Security will set a quota
of WEP employees for each
employer, Mr Belmont assured
last Thursday’s meeting. This
week the Ministry is expected
to start a survey of vacancies
available with all employers in
preparation for the Pro-
gramme.

Everyone employed under
the Programme will have to
.complete a set period of work

. experience before he can be

fully and formally employed.
The only exception is if a youth
reaches 21 before finishing his
work experience. In this case
he can be fully employed. The
work experience period may,
however, be spent with more
than one employer andyor in
more
employment.

The period of employment
under the Programme will vary
depending on the education
level of those joining. Where
a person leaves the NYS or the
Polytechnic before completing
an academic year, the part of
that year he has spent studying
will not be counted in de-
termining his education level.

Four years experience

A P9 leaver will have to un-
dergo four years of work ex-

69

than one field of.

perience before he can be fully
employed. An NYS student
who has completed one year
will have to do three years, an
NYS graduate two years, anda
Polytechnic student ~~ who
has completed one year of
studiés will have to do one year
of work experience. This
means that the average age of
youths who finish the Pro-
1 gramme will be 19, a year over
the age of maturity.

_ During this period wages will
also reflect the education level,
but will bear no relationship to
the type of work being
undertaken.

A P9 leaver will get R400 a
month, an NYS student who
has completed one year R450,
an NYS graduate R600, and a
Polytechnic student who has
finished one year R700 a
month. The youths will also re-
ceive a monthly increment of
, R50 for each year they com-
plete on the Programme.
' ‘These wages will be liable to
‘tax and social security deduc-
itions. “It is an important aspect
of social education that as soon
las someone starts working and
earning an income, he should
also take up his responsibility
to help care for those who can-
not work,” Mr Belmont said.

Youths on the programme
will be entitled to all other em-
ployment benefits such as 21
days leave. They will also be
provided with free transport by
employers, but only if they live
more than five kilometres from
where they work. Employers
will be encouraged to recruit
youths in’ their districts or
regions.

Youths on the Work Experi-
ence Programme are also
covered’ by all employment

legislation, tules and
procedures,
Employers will be en-

_couraged to employ, as fully-



PFP MP ATTACKS BOTHA'S PERSPECTIVE

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 19 Jul 85 p 9

[Text]

cso:

THE State President, Mr
PW Botha, should tell
South Africa of his plans
for the future instead of
blaming the past for the
country’s problems, Mr
Reuben Sive, the PFP MP
for Bezuidenhout, said.

Addressing a report-
back meeting in his Jo-
hannesburg constituency
on Wednesday, he said
Mr Botha’s comments on
the Human Sciences Re-
search Council study of
inter-group relations were
“puerile”.

The report did not at-
tack Afrikaners or Eng-
lish-speaking South Afri-
cans, Mr Sive said.

Mr Botha has criticised
the report for blaming
Afrikaners for the prob-
lems of apartheid — he
told an Afrikaanse Stu-
dentebond Congress this
week that apartheid was
in existence before the
NP came to power.

However, Mr Sive said,
the report “merely re-
cords that history shows
that the Nationalist Party,
during its 35 years of pow-
er, has elevated apartheid
to the detriment of inter-
group relations”.

3400/718

“The State President
will only make a great
contribution when,
instead of blaming the
past, he tells young South
Africa of his actual plans
for the future of a better
South Africa,” Mr Sive
said.

He said the PFP was
the only party that con-
formed to the report’s
quirements for bringing
about a South Africa ith
no domination of one
group over another.

His party would put
forward candidates for all
three” Houses 0 of Parlia-

ment in the next General
Election and all elected
MPs would serve in the
same caucus, he said.
The PFP would con-
tinue to work within the
parliamentary system to
bring about change be-
cause, despite the
“abuse” of that system by
the NP it remained the
only system that had to be
changed to avoid violence
! in South Africa. — Sapa.

78

JPRS~SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


288039

JPRS-SSA-85-074

21 August 1985

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE |

US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161

STA

eg de ‘oved for public rel
Le. Distibution Unlimited

13
37
A¢g7



determination of where a vehicle is travelling at any time, is also monitored
on the board. Distance charts are kept to control the distances travelled
by the unit's vehicles.

When looking at the training received by the battalion's soldiers, it must
be understood that this training is the same as that of any white soldier.
In the SADF there is no difference between the training of white and black
soldiers.

21 Bn has assisted in the training of the first Ovambo Bn, the Ciskei Defence
Force, the Transkei DF and is presently training members for the Quandabele DF.

Basic arid advanced training to operate a defence force is dealt with covering
catering, administration, transportation and of course full combat training.

In order for black recruits. to join the SADF as a member of a regional unit
or of 21 Bn itself, they have to go through a selection process. Standard
eight is the minimum education requirement and the recruit must be between
the ages of 18 and 35. After writing an aptitude test, he appears in front
of a selection board. He must be classified as 100 percent medically fit
and have no criminal record. A psychology test as laid down by the Surgeon
General has to be passed which determines the recruit's ability to cope with
military life. There is no ethnic discrimination in the selection of

recruits.

"Their neatness, drilling, perseverance and general discipline is very
good," said Maj P.H. Vosloo, 21C of the Bn, who is in charge of training.
"Their ability in bush warfare is excellent. In all the contacts our
operational companies have made, the unit has not lost one person due to
operational circumstances. This is due to the. high standard of training
they receive," he said. 21 Bn has executed five operational stints, two at
Caprivi and three at Ovambo, between 1978 and 1983.

The Personnel Division of 21 Bn, under the command of Capt J.M. Botha, is
manned almost completely by the unit's black staff. It consists of an
orderly room, career planning, personnel administration and a finance
section. "All these separate functions are managed by our own sergeants
and staff sergeants who carry out work of a very high standard," said Capt
Botha. "To give these men the responsibility of fulfilling their tasks as
laid down by personnel administration codes, is something they execute
exceptionally well," he said.

CSO: 3400/666

104



Noting that foreign currency had been made available to cardboard manufacturers
to import raw materials, Mr Mancama said:

“While competition is indeed healthy for any business enterprise, the nature of
the competition should, of necessity, be in the interest of the country, It
should not be to the detriment of the economic utilisation of a country's re~
sources,"

Various cost increases during the year including transport, labour, power and
the high price of berrowing money had priced timber out of most markets.

There was a need to take an objective look at the timber industry to provide
solutions to some of the problems affecting its viability.

Mr Mancama said there was tremendous potential for exports to the SADCC and
PTA states, But these countries were facing serious foreign currency problems.

South Africa, which provided a lucrative market, was also experiencing econ-
omic problems, The furniture retail trade there retrenched 10 700 people
between August last year and February this year. Anothbr 2 000 were laid off
by manufacturers,

The proposed chemical pulp and paper mill would give the timber industry a
“new lease on life". The final report from Canadian consultants drawing up
a feasibility report is due in August, said Mr Mancama,

The executive committee for the coming year is: Mr K. A. Radford, president,

Mr D, E, Middlemost, vice-president, Mr P. V. Mead, Mr D. Martin, Mr I, F.
Milne and Mr B, V. Mancama. :

CSO: 3400/748

127



ADB Grants Loan for Education
(DAILY NEWS, 5 Jul 85)......

Over 1,100 Impoverished by Drought in.Okavango
(Russ Moloslwa; DAILY NEWS, 8.Jul 85) .icccecececece

BPP's Mosojane Denies Charges of Tribalism
(Leano Mphotho; DAILY NEWS, 12 Jul 85) scscececeecece

Population Warned Against Informing About, Sheltering Refugees
(DAILY NEWS, 8 Jul 85) ..cececcccvcececevse

COMOROS

Briefs
Air Pact With Madagascar

CONGO

Oil Price Decline Places President in Jeopardy
(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 3 Jul 85) ....05

DJIBOUTI

Replacement of Defense Minister Explained
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 6 Jul 85) ..ccscecsscecsecee

ETHIOPIA

Role of WPE Politburo, EPLF Talks Noted
(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 3 Jul 85) ...

'Forgotten' War on Three Fronts Described
(Pierre Viaud; AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL, Jul 85) ......

Talks With EPLF Rumored
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 6 Jul 85) ..

MADAGASCAR

Renewed Student Unrest Reported
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 6 Jul 85) .eccesceccecescces

Briefs
French Aid

MAURITIUS

Language Row Splits Government
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 6 Jul 85) ....ceeeccess

25

26

27

28

29

30

34

36

40

45

46

47

48



JPRS~SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

NAIROBI ANC GROUP DOES NOT RECOGNIZE RSA STATE OF EMERGENCY

BA241552 Nairobi KNA in English 1325 GMT 24 Jul 85

[Text] Nairobi, July 24--The African National Congress (ANC) announced in
Nairobi today that it did not recognize the existence of a state of emergency
in South Africa. And it pledged to continue with the struggle until the south
African apartheid regime was toppled.

Addressing a press conference at the Kenyatta International Conference Centre
this morning, the ANC delegation said the South African African [as received]
blacks had intensified their attacks on all institutions in the black areas
and we shall increasingly move to the white areas.

The delegation is led by Ms Gertrude Shope while the other members of the
group who attended the conference included Ms Mulcie September, Frene Ginwala
and Ruth Mompati. They described the introduction of a state of emergency in
South Africa as an admission that the ANC was able to mobilize the oppressed
people -of South Africa. The delegation pointed out that South Africans were
united even at this time of the state of emergency and re-echoed the ANC .
president Oliver Tambo's announcement that the struggle will be intensified.

Waving a rubber bullet, Ms Shope told the well attended press conference
that the racist regime was using both live and rubber bullets to exterminate
their opponents.

cso: 3400/733

105



OVER 1,100 IMPOVERISHED BY DROUGHT IN OKAVANGO

Gaborone. DAILY NEWS -in English 8.Jul-85 p-6-

[Article by Russ Moloslwa}

(Text)

cso;

GABORONE: At least 1 130
people in Okavango sub
district are known to have
been hit by poverty
emanating from the drought.
Itwas feared that the number
may go up if it did not rain
during the next rainy season.

According to the Okavango
sub-district, Senior Assistant
Community Development
Officer, Mrs Kagiso
Senthufhe, the 1 130
destitudes are classified in
three groups according to
the severity with which they
have been affected by
drought.

About 885 of them are
classfied under group C,
which consists of people who
have lostall orat least almost
all of their livestock asa result
of the ravaging drought, said
Mrs Senthufhe.

She further said that
destitudes in group C were
those who are not able to
work in drought relief based

3400/752

projects because they are
either too old or disabled,
and do not have their next of
kin to take care of them.
These people Mrs Senthuthe
said were given rations of ten
mugs of meal and six cups of
cooking oll by the famine
relief.

The most hard hit are
classified under Group A
according to Mrs Senthufhe
who said that due to lack of
funds admission into this
group was very strict.

Only 28 people have been

Identified under this group. -

People in these group are
give P8,50 worth of food from
local shops and are also given
five mugs of mealie-meal and
3 cups of oil every month.

One of those people hard
hit, Mr Nyagana Monyango
of Sepopa village is said to
have lost 22 herd of cattle in
the last 12 months only, and
now remains with only one
cow, thus qualifying as a
group C destitude.

26

JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

“| worked hard for years in
South African mines to buy
all those cattle but they all
died within a few months,”
said Mr Monyango with
sadness.

Another victim of drought

in Okavango, Mr Setshogo
of Shakawe said that he had
lost 33 cattle ina few months
and he expressed fear that
more of his cattle may parish
ifitdoesnt rain early enough.

According to Mrs
Senthufhe the number of
destitudes in the aréais going
up daily even though no one
who has died because of
drought. She appealed to the
drought relief committee
which is responsible tor
identifying and categorising
destitudes to approve at least
half of the least of destitudes
sent to them by development
officers.

BOTSWANA


DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH STILL OPPOSED TO MIXED MARRIAGES

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 10 Jul 85 p 11

[Text]

Mixed marriages should

_ Still be regarded as unde-

sirable, says an official
publication of the Dutch
Reformed Church, Die
Voorligter.

An editorial article in
the latest issue of the
magazine argues that a
mixed marriage will suc-
ceed only in exceptional
circumstances because of
wide differences in cul-
ture and background.

“Apart from that, a
mixed couple in the South
African society will have,
to face many problems
which will put a big
strain on the marriage.”

. On immorality, Die.
Voorligter says the
church hag asked several’
times for a law against:
extramarital sexual in-
tercourse. The authorities:
could not comply because
it would be impossible to
enforce such a law.

cso: 3400/723

SYNOD DECISION *
A decision by the Gen-
eral Synod in 1982 said.
that the abolition of the
Mixed Marriages Act
would make it impossible

.to maintain article 16 of

the Immorality Act.

“This does not mean
that the church condones:
immorality. There is
more than one sin —
even direct contraven-
tions of the Ten Com-
mandments — which
cannot be made punish:
able by law.“

Article 16 could have

“given the impression,

says Die Voorligter, that
the church regarded im-
morality within the same
population group as 4
lesser sin than extraé
marital intercourse
across the colour bar.

85

JPRS~SSA=85~074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA



WHITE HOMELAND GETS STRONG SUPPORT FROM RIGHT WING

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 22 Jul 85 p 13

{Article by Brian Stuart]

[Text]

cso;

SUPPORT for the cre-
ation of a “White
homeland” in South
Africa is strongest in
Conservative Party
ranks, but there is also
minority support from
National Party and
Herstigte _ Nasionale
Party members.

‘This is the finding of an
opinion poll conducted by
Market and Opinion Sur-
veys (Pty) Ltd for the
weekend newspaper Rap-
port, and published by
Rapport yesterday.

3400/750

About 2000 people
were canvassed and of
these 74,5 percent’ said
they were against a White
homeland, 15 percent
were in favour and 10,5
percent were undecided.

Within the Conserva-
tive Party, 50 percent ap-
proved the concept and
42 percent were against it,

with eight percent unde-
cided,

According to the sur-
vey, there was stronger
support for the creation
of a White homeland
from — English-speaking
conservatives than from
Afrikaners in the conser-
vative ranks,

In the HNP, 32 percent
were in favour, 50 percent
were opposed and 12 per-
cent undecided.

There was also minori-
ty support within NP
ranks,

Of those canvassed, 84
percent rejected the con-
cept while the other 16
percent were either in
favour or were uncertain.

Among -the reasons

given for supporting a
White homeland were the

. preservation of the White

(20 percent), there must
be a place in which apart-
heid applies (18 percent),
it would be safer for
Whites, and it would pre-

80

JPRS-SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

vent Whites from becom-
ing a “mixed” people.

Of those opposed, 37
percent said the idea was
impracticable.

The survey showed that
81 percent of the men
canvassed were against
the concept as compared
with a much lower 68 per-
cent of women.

There was also stronger
support from younger
people than from the old-
est section of those sur-
veyed.

Among Afrikaans-
speaking people, 71,6
percent were opposed to
a White homeland and 20
percent in favour.

Among English-speak-
ing people canvassed, 78,-
5 percent rejected the
concept and only 7,7 per-
cent were in favour.

More English-speaking
people (13,8 percent)
were undecided than
Afrikaans-speaking
people canvassed (8,2
percent).


and ways and techniques are things that can indeed be controlled,
in a number of ways: through issuance or withholding of a permit
for clear-cutting, for doing away with the forest, or at least
through issuing or withholding of the export permit. One thing

is certain: the nations of the South have a great deal more power
available to them than they think. That is why they must take ad-
vantage of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), and
fight together to insure respect for their environment’ and avoid
the depredations committed by companies operating on their land.
That in itself would be a first step.

Next: think harder and longer about their development ideas.Why
should it be imperative to "imitate" the North? Cannot the South
see that it has resources of its own and that agricultural types
of micro-projects are a lot more helpful than a super-sophisticated
foreign plant that is not essential to regional development? Why
not take pride in what you have, in your own resources? Don't
overlook any of them, including your capital in the form of wild
life, which provides you with considerable protein... Similarly,

be constantly mindful. that any and all industrial development will,
directly or indirectly, cause pollution, and that pollution harms
the human environment: or human beings themselves.

In addition to altering the mind-sets of officials to make them
include the concept of "environment" in their development plans,
you have the people to educate. And the "target groups" that

must get this preparation emphatically include primary school chil-
dren and illiterate adults, teachers and specialists in all areas,
the decision-makers arid the politicians résponsible for formula-
ting and implementing development policy. All these groups con-
stitute, in one way or another, groups at which you should aim
education and training programs on environmental matters sponsored
by national and international’ governmental and non-governmental
institutions. Let's not forget the opinion leaders and those who
should be training all these people. However, training for trai-
ners is often in terribly short supply! Make them understand, as
well, that they must understand that their training is the key fac-
tor in awakening and strengthening the necessary awareness of the
environment in both the general public and the specialists!

The goal, let's not forget, is not only to make people aware of the
need to think ‘about the environment, but also to hold those in
charge responsible for the management of that environment. And that
is something only man can do. There are, however, two glimmers of
light: the work the United Nations is doing in the field of re-
spect for the environment, the adoption of a world charter for na-
ture and “promulgation... of the World trategy for conservation is
one: the other is the fact that the Lome Convention III includes

a section on "environment and long-term ‘development, !



JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

MAURITIUS

BRIEFS

CHINESE GIVE FREE LOAN--The first session of the join Sino-Mauritian economic
commission finally took place from June 27. to July 1 at Port Louis, after
being postponed for a time following reports that Mauritian prime minister
Anerood JUGNAUTH might visit Taiwan (see I.0.N. N°186)., A Chinese vice-
premier, SONG Ping, led Beijing's side. China is to give Mauritius an inter-
est-free loan of 12.4 million dollars and open up 1.8 million dollar line of
credit. This money will be used to finance the construction of a 12,000-seat
stadium by China. [Text] [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 6 Jul
85 p 2] . 3

cso: 3400/713

50



JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

BORDER BAN ON PRIESTS
Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 11 Jul 85 pl
[Article by Patrick Cull]

[Text] ANGLICAN military chaplains are to be oe
barred from working in the operational ated he will not license any priest to
area. The ban comes in the wake of a work there.
decision taken by the provincial synod of To do so, he maintains, would be in-
the Church of the Province of Southern ~ congruous ‘with the present attitude
Africa to amend the canons of the adopted by the dlocese of Namibia, in
church terms of which:

‘The change still has to pass the third — No military chaplains are licensed,
reading, but this is regarded as little [Priests are forbidden to minister on
more than a formality. defence force property, and

The change in the canon, which was 7) Anglican Defence Forcepersonnel are

posed by Rev David Russell of Cape only welcomed at church if they are not
Pow, prevents any chaplain working in armed, and not in uniform..

the »perational area without the permis- ‘The Anglican church has seven full-
sion of the Bishop of Namibia. time chaplains and about 30 part-time
‘And Bishop James Kauluma hasindi- ones,

cso: 3400/723

92



JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

SEYCHELLES

BRIEFS

PIONEERS IN BULGARIA--Two Pioneers and a Youth Instructor left Seychelles
yesterday evening for the third International Children's Assembly in Sofia,
Bulgaria. Mervyn Camille of Plaisance School and Lena Dubignon of Cascade
School, both 15-year-old P9 pupils, are accompanied by Miss Marie-Alice
Julie of the Ministry of Youth and Defence.’ The "Banner of Peace" assembly
opened on Tuesday and will continue until July 20. Its theme is Unity,
Creative Work, World Peace and Cooperation among Nations. The delegation is
taking along with them Seychellois craftwork, including embroidery, woodwork,
hats, baskets and paintings. They are also taking along a bell. to be pre-
sented, on behalf of the children of Seychelles, to a permanent exhibition
of the "Banner of Peace''. The exhibition has received bells from 60 coun-
tries so far. [Text] [Victoria NATION in English 12 Jul 85 pp 1, 2]

TOURISM FIGURES--With the latest visitor arrival figures showing an 18 per
cent increase on last year by June 16, Seychelles remains on target with its
objective of enticing 75,000 tourists--which would be the second highest
number of these islands yet--to its shores this year. Of the 33,232 visitors
who had landed in Seychelles by June 16, no less than three quarters came
from Europe. France alone provided 18 per cent of all the visitors, followed
closely by Italy with 17 per cent, and then by West Germany, the United
Kingdom and Eire, Switzerland, Japan and Reunion. Europe registered a 28
per cent increase on the same period last year with Italy, France, West
Germany and Japan chalking up 85, 22, 21 and 18 per cent rises respectively.
There were 186 per cent or nearly three times more visitors from as far
afield as Scandinavia. Between January and May visitors stayed an average

of 10.9 nights in Seychelles, slightly down on 11 nights in the same period
last year. Still, there was a net increase of 17 per cent in the number of
visitor nights spent in Seychelles. Hotel occupancy rates for January to
April stood at 66 per cent for beds and 72 per cent for rooms, increases of
six per cent in both instances. [Text] [Victoria NATION in English 22 Jun 85

p 2]

MOSCOW FILM FESTIVAL--Radio-Television Seychelles will be represented at the
14th International Film Festival that opens in Moscow tomorrow by Mr Ibrahim
Afif, the Controller of RTS Television. The two-week festival, which will
‘include feature films and documentaries from all over the world, is held

every two years. The festival is also a market, enabling participants to
exchange, sell or buy films. [Text] [Victoria NATION in English 28 Jun 85 p 2)

71



vociferous foreign minister, Pierre Nzé-M’ba- is in
relative disgrace. Sassou-Nguesso has pomoted his
own supporters, suchas Ambroise Noumazalaye, to
short-circuit Katali. The political advance of higher
education minister Daniel Abibi has strengthened the
president’s hand in Sangha area bordering
Cameroun.

Opposition impotence

The opposition abroad has little impact, largely
because it has failed to form a common front. The
two main elements of the opposition, Le Mouvement
Patriotique Congolais (MPC) headed by Maitre
Moudileno-Massengo (a southerner from the Pool
region), and Ekondi Akola, a former adviser to
Yhombi-Opango, appear incapable of agreement.
Yhombi-Opango’s release from detention has depri-
ved the’ MPC of one of its main demands. The
party’s Marxist leaning has anyhow alienated opposi-
tion groups like Dr. Séraphin Bakouma’s Parti
Démocratique Congolais which defend free-market
principles.

The MPC publication, Le front Uni de l’Opposi-
tion, recently called for multi-party politics in Congo
— a proposal the PCT is unlikely even to consider.
We understand, however, that the government has
already made a few discreet contacts with the MPC,
offering its leaders jobs in the party and administra-
tion if they return from exile. Few have accepted.
Some opposition figures without a base abroad, such
as the Niari politician Martin Mberi, who lives in
Paris, have been coaxed into visiting Brazaville.

Perhaps the key to Sassou-Nguesso’s tactics is his
drive to place in all important posts in the armed
forces and administration members of his own fam-
ily, people ftom his home village of Oyo or tribal
relatives from the Cuvette. Already about a third of
the PCT politburo and central committee is from
there. Often they are members of Le Front de
Libération des Mbochis et des Makouas (FRO-
BOMA), 4 secret organisation designed to counter’
FROLIBABA and support Sassou-Nguesso’s local
nominees. The region also has the lion’s share of
ministerial posts, especially the important ones.

Sassou-Nguesso will have to play his cards very
carefully during the next few months, reducing offi-
cial and unofficial expenditure without provoking
the opposition too much. A potentially awkward
matter is the special commission looking into miscon-
duct in the parastatals such as Hydro-Congo (the
oil company), Lina-Congo (airline) and Coopmar
(fishing). The president’s brother, Maurice, is politi-
cal commissar at Hydro-Congo, which naturally
provides the president with the resources he needs
for his office. Not that there is anything to suggest
Maurice is acting.improperly.

32



cso

3400/745

‘Two new weapons against
the secessionists: hunger and

forced depopulation

The extreme drought that has reigned for
several years in this part of the world has led,
despite agrarian reforms, to a shortage of
food supplies. The international aid being
sent to Ethiopia must therefore be distributed
to all the regions of this country, a country
that has been decimated by conflicts that
have lasted over a hundred years. Despite’
this situation, Addis Ababa has declared that
it refuses to sign a cease-fire with the
secessionist provinces in order to cut off their
supplies. These provinces, however, through
continuing guerrilla operations, have
succeeded in procuring some international
economic aid.

The government has thus found other
means of taking away civilian support for the
liberation movements, by gradually
displacing the inhabitants of the provinces
that oppose it to other provinces under its
authority. This Machiavelian scenario may
lead to the end of the forgotten war on three ”
fronts.

44



TAIWAN VISITOR PAYS TRIBUTE TO NAVY

Pretoria PARATUS in English Jun 85 p 63

[Text]

cso:

N a recent tour of

South Africa, with the

aim to strengthen the
ties between South Africa”
and the Republic of China
and their two Navies, the
Commander in Chief of the
Navy of the Republic of
China, Adm Liu Ho-chien,
also visited Simon’s Town.

The Admiral and his party
were the guests of the Chief of
the SA Navy, V Adm A.P. Put-
ter. They had previously vi
ted Naval Headquarters and
units in Pretoria and Durban
before calling at Simon's
Town.

One of the highlights of the
two-day visit to Simon’s Town
was a “ride” in the submarine
simulator at the DSTC at SAS
Hugo Biermann,

At a farewell reception be-
fore his return to the Republic
of China, Adm Liu Ho-chien
spoke of the hospitality, the
honours and: the courtesies
that had been extended to him
and his party from the South
African Government and the

SA Navy.
“AS we know, both your

. Navy and ours have firm faith

dn our national principles.
Both of us have a determina-
‘tion to protect our countries
against’ Communist ‘.aggres-
‘sion. | believe that no matter
what may be the changes in
the world situation, the frater-
nity betwesn our two Navies
will never be changed and we
will continue to grow in
‘strength. We will overcome all
difficulties aid make our
Navies even stronger,”: Adm
Liu Ho-chien went on to say.
He thanked V Adm Putter
for the opportunity to observe
the SA Navy ships, facilities
and installations, commenting
on the fact that he considered
the SA Navy to be among the

_ finest in the world. He particu-

larly noted the high morale of
and excellent training facili-
ties employed by the South
African Navy.

113

SOUTH AFRICA



JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

MAURITIUS

ISLAND GETS 'LIBERAL' BUDGET
Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 6 Jul 85 p 8

[Text] The finance minister of Mauritius, Vishnu LUTCHMEENARAIDOO, presented
a liberal budget to his country's parliament on June 28. In his speech he
put the accent on the fact that the government will continue to press for
the consolidation of the private sector and will try to reduce the tax
burden on businesses and the middle classes. However, he denied
accusations by some members of parliament that he had "capitulated to
capital".

The new budget, which has received the approval of: the International
Monetary Fund and ‘the World Bank (whose stamp it bears, moreover, with
the officialisation of the concept of "liberalism"), provides for global
expenditure of 6.2 billion rupees (402 million dollars), an increase of
nine per cent over last year. Investment rises to 1.5 billion rupees. The
budget deficit has been fixed at_789 million rupees, the equivalent of
5.3 per cent of gross national product which is the maximum allowed by
the IMF. Mr LUTCHMEENARAIDOO said that 198 million rupees of this deficit
would be met by foreign borrowing, the remainder coming from the domestic
financial market.

Assessing the financial year just ending, the minister said the
economy had recorded a_growth rate of 4.2 per cent in 1984, better than
the forecast of 3.1 per cent. He attributed it to the excellent
performance of the duty-free zone, whose growth was 21 per cent and whose
exports went up 65 per cent. The zone now accounts for 42 per cent of the
country's total exports compared with 31 per cent in 1983. Tourism,
agriculture and construction had also made satisfactory progress, he
said.

However, unemployment and inflation still cast shadows over the
economic scene. In February 67,538 people were registered unemployed,
while the rate of inflation went from 5.6 per cent in 1983-84 to 8.3 per
cent in 1984-85. The balance of payments also hit serious trouble, with
foreign currency reserves falling to dangerously low levels on several
occasions and increasing the country's dependence on the IMF.

The private sector and management organisations gave a favourable
welcome to the new Finance Act, unlike the blue-collar trade unions which
fear a surge in prices. A 3.8 per cent rise in duty on imported goods,
announced the day after the presentation of the budget, is bound, it is
true, to have repercussions on the cost of living.

cso: 3400/711
49



JPRS“SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

ETHIOPIA

TALKS WITH EPLF RUMORED

Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 6 Jul 85 p 3

[Text] Rumours from several sources for more than nine ‘months have spoken of

cso:

negotiations being conducted secretly between the Ethiopian government
and the Eritrean People's Liberation Front. They were said to have begun
shortly before the visit to Damascus last October of EPLF secretary-
general RAMADAN Mohamed Nur. According to the rumours the talks were
directly brokered by Moscow, with the support of Damascus and Aden.

I.0.N.= Although the two warring sides have not broken their silence
on this topic, it appears the aim is for a global solution to the Horn
of Africa problem, taking advantage of the recent change of power in
Khartoum, though Somalia seems to have been excluded from the plan.
Sudan, faced with the rebellion in the south supported by Addis Ababa,
could be brought into it (it is noteworthy that the Ethiopian
authorities unofficially confirmed this week that ambassadors would be
exchanged between Khartoum and Addis Ababa following the visit to the
Ethiopian capital two weeks ago of a high-ranking delegation from
Sudan).

The form of settlement being envisaged, such a federation or
confederation, is still not known, but it ie difficult to see how the
EPLF could agree to discuss any solution which would exclude some sort
of political independence for Eritrea. These reports of talks, though
unconfirmed, coincide with a notable lessening in the number of
clashes between the EPLF and Ethiopian government forces, and a
worsening of relations between the Eritrean group and the Tigray

People's Liberation Front (see I.0.N. W°185 and 188).

3400/711

45



FRAGMENTATION OF OPPOSITION MOVEMENTS REPORTED

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 3 Jul 85 p-8

[Text]

cso:

3400/712

. The Somali
government is pursuing a diplomatic campaign to cut off foreign
support for the two main opposition movements, the Democratic
Front for the Salvation of Somalia (DFSS) and the Somali
National Movement (SNM).

The campaign has coincided with the departure from the DFSS.
of moderates, opposed to the left-wing, composed-of leaders of
the former Somali Workers Party (SWP) and the former Somali
Democratic Labour Party. Led by a former SWP leader, Said
Jama, the moderates’ new movement, the Somali Patriotic Libera-
tion Front (SPLF), will probably be based in Aden; South Yemen.

The rump of the DFSS, under the leadership of the authoritar-
ian Col. Abdullahi Yusuf, is under added pressure following the
re-establishment in April of diplomatic relations between Somalia
and Libya. The latter might provide some finance for reactivating
joint projects, notably the Libsoma agricultural scheme. Col.
Gadaffi will probably visit Mogadishu before long, perhaps on
his way to another flying visit to Mecca. More important, the
Somali government believés, with some justification, that Libya
will stick to its agreement to stop supporting the DFSS and SNM.
Certainly Col. Abdullahi Yusuf’s visit to Tripoli in April yielded
nothing substantial.

The Somali minister of information, Col. Omar Jess, visited
Egypt to reassure the government there that the reapprochement
with Libya was purely pragmatic. A Somali delegation is expected
to visit Syria in the near future — the DFSS has an office there
— and the South Yemeni foreign minister has an invitation to
visit Mogadishu. (The first tentative date for his visit has been
postponed). South Yemen, which is a member with Libya of the
tripartite defence pact with Ethiopia, has until now supported in
varying degrees all anti-Somali government
movements. The permanent secretary in the Somali ministr;
foreign affairs, Ahmed Mohammed. Adam, paid a discreet visit
to Moscow in May. Though Somali president Siad Barre has no
intention of rejoining the Soviet camp, he clearly wants Moscow
to drop’ support for the remnants of the Somali opposition and
give its backing to opening up negotiations between Addis Ababa
and Mogadishue

74

JPRS~SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

SOMALIA


DIE VADERLAND Praises Study

JPRS-SSA-85-074
21 August 1985

Pretoria SOUTH AFRICA DIGEST in English 5 Jul 85 p 601-602

(Text]

cso;

Aword of appreciation is appropriate
for the scientific manner in which the
HSRC committee conducted its investi-
gation into inter-group relations and for
the penetrating nature of the Marais
Report.

it does not make pleasant bedtime
reading. The most disturbing aspect
revealed by the report is the chasm of
prejudice and distrust between Blacks
and Whites.

There can be little doubt that former
Government policy with its emphasis
on separation had a particular, perhaps
overriding share in this.

It created compartments in which
Whites and Coloured people lived. It
could do nothing about geographical
mixing of the population which
continued irrespective of policy.

But it created an apartheld of
communication in which the Black and
the Afrikaner especially became
strangers to each other. They forgot
how to understand each other as
people and their future ideals became
polarised.

It is disturbing to discover that the
future ideals of Black and White are in
many respects so diametrically op-
posed to each other. Fulfilment of one
leaves little or no hope for realisation of
the other. Thus we have largely landed
ina situation of ultimatum.

3400/749

84

As relevant to our circumstances Is
the finding that the Black does not
compare himself with his equivalent in
other African countries. He observes
his own position, politically, socially
and economically in terms of that of his
White fellow-man.

Fortunately the situation is not
hopeless. The report has even found a
list of common factors which could
serve as points of departure toimprove
relations or to greater understanding.

What is encouraging is that, if these
positive recommendations are weighed
up against National Party policy, there
are striking similarities.

Totry to extract a single recommenda-
tion or finding from the report as the
most important would be ignoring the
complexity of the circumstances and
doing the report an injustice.

But the role of personal relations in
an intergroup context should be
stressed. There is always the tempta-
tion, after such a report, of salving one's
own conscience by making the
Government responsible for it.

The Marais Report makes it quite
clear that relations among groups
cannot be improved without dedicated
effort at personal level.

Briefly, that means that the future
depends on individual and personal
relations across the colour line.


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3400/712

with the timing of the TPLF’s decision to make the
proposals public. The TPLF then countered ‘the
EPLF’s criticism by producing in November a long
document which stressed that the TPLF would not
be dictated to. This March it duly re-published its
proposals.

In May the EPLF returned the attack publicly,
criticising the TPLF and saying that the Eritreans
alone have the right to secede. Drawing a distinction
between nations and nationalities, and between
nationalities living exclusively in one area (like the
Eritreans) and those split into several areas (like the
Oromos), The EPLF drew particular. attention to
the predicament of the Afar people,‘ who live mostly
in Wollo. and Tigray provinces. Together with the
Tigrayans, Oromos and the other nationalities, the
EPLF reckons the Afars should have the right to
self-determination. (In 1978-79 the TPLF offered
the Afars autonomy within a TPLF-run Tigray —
an offer the Afars found insulting). The EPLF
clearly wants to encourage anti-TPLF actions by
the left-wing Afar National Liberation Movement
(which anyhow cooperates with Addis Ababa) and
the right-wing Afar Liberation Front (ALF) which
recently ended three years of joint operations with
the TPLF because of the latter’s apparent refusal to
allow ALF any publicity.

However, Afars also live in. Eritrea — a fact that
undermines partly the EPLF’s argument. To justify
the proposition that Afars in Tigray and Wollo have
the right to self-determination, but not those Afars
in Eritrea or Djibouti, the EPLF says the colonial
powers broke down nationality and tribal barriers
and gave the people the national consciousness (i.e.
the idea for being Eritrean) that goes with political
and economic unity. The Eritrean Afars, claims
the EPLF, are therefore merely one of the nine
nationalities in the single Eritrean nation. That. the
biggest nationality in Eritrea is Tigrayan is ironic,
and a growing worry for the EPLF. In its May
document,.the EPLF says pointedly ‘‘once the separ-
ate national identity of a multi-national people is
recognised, it is unacceptable to demand from with-
out that certain nationalities join hands with you’’.

The TPLF, already angry because the EPLF did
not inform it, before. starting indirect talks with the
Ethiopian government, is riled by the EPLF’s. May
criticisms, particularly over EPLF questioning of the
TPLF’s handling of Tigrayan. refugee matters. The
TPLF-EPLF alliance, which is militarily of great
importance, is not about to be revoked. But stress
between the two movements has reached the point
where armed clashes could break out.

Footnote

1. The Ethiopians claim the majority of those moved are from
Wallo, and that only 28,000 had been moved from Tigray by the
end of May.

39



ZIMBABWE

MINISTER OF NATURAL RESOURCES WARNS OF SOIL DEPLETION
Bulawayo THE CHRONICLE in English 18 Jul 85 p 1

[Text] Harare--Zimbabwe has only 50 years of good farming left unless some-
thing drastic is done to curb the current soil depletion rate, the Minister
of Natural Resources and Tourism, Cde Victoria Chitepo, warned here yesterday,

The average soil loss in communal lands was 50 tonnes per hectare per year
and even on the commercial farms the picture was not good. In the latter
sector some 12 percent of the arable land had 10 years ago been damaged be-
yond repair,

Cde Chitepo said this in a speech read on her behalf at the annual general
meeting of the Conservation Trust of Zimbabwe by the permanent secretary in
her Ministry, Cde Maurice Tagwireyi.

"It ig estimated that if soil depletion rates continue at this level, Zimbabwe
has only 50 years of good farming," she warned.

On siltation, Cde Chitepo said Zimbabweans should be prepared for “a shock"
to hear what the natural picture looked like.

A survey conducted recently on 132 dams in Masvingo revealed that 50 percent
of them would be useless soon, while 12 percent of the dams were dead, she said.

National forests were dying at an estimated rate of 75 000 hectares of land
every year, the most serious cause being deforestation for crop cultivation.

“Assuming that the woodland area in the communal areas added up to five million
hectares, it would mean that the country has 66 years left before the last
forest is cleared," she said.

cs0; 3400/747

125



have clearly seen that the
market for good used ex-
ecutive cars has become
buoyant because people
pay less fringe benefit
tax.”,

Other industries in the
motor trade which have
been hard hit are compo-
nent and tyre manufactur-
ers who now have to cut
production and staff to
supply a far smaller de-
mand from vehicle manu-
facturers.

“It would appear as
though the downturn in

vehicle sales is greater
than it really should be,” _
another industry source
told The Citizen. “It is,
however, time that the
Government takes the
brakes off as the prime
rate is coming down —
clear signs that the econ-
omy is improving and per-
haps a positive chance for
our industry is immi-
nant.”

Most — manufacturers
are also working on short-
time, having cut vehicle
production down to meet

ithe lower demand. __

PE Car Plant Strikes Cause Two Shutdowns

PORT ELIZABETH. —
Volkswagen and the loco-
motive plant of General
Motors shut down yester-
day through continuing
strike action by the work-_
ers.

Workers at Ford's
Neave plant resumed
-work early yesterday but
by 10.30am had downed
tools again. They went
out on strike on Wednes-
day.

A spokesman for Ford
said it was not clear at this
stage whether the Neave
plant would be closed
down for the day.

On Wednesday, for the
second time this year, all
three motor companies in
the Eastern Cape, had
workers out on strike.

The first occasion was a
few months ago when the
three closed in Domino
Fashion during a wave of
strikes over interim wage
grievances.

This time, the strikers
at all three plants have
differing grievances.

Volkswagen _manage-
inent said that because so
few workers had reported
for duty yesterday, the
entire plant — affecting

_ some 3500 wor

would have to close down
for the day.

Last week, Volkswagen
workers downed tools for
three days over manage-
ment’s decision to lend
mini-buses for the All
Black rugby tour.

The plant also closed
down on Wednesday
afternoon shortly after
workers on the Golf pro-
duction liné downed
tools. The Golf line ac-
counts for some 70 per-
cent of the total produc-
tion at the company.

The workers have said
they want their pension
contributions paid out to”
them and are also unhap-
py with the existing pen- -
sion scheme.

Both unions represén-
ting the workers — the
National Automobile and
Allied Workers’ Union
(NAAWU) and the Fed-
eration of South African
Trade Unions (Fosatu) —
were told that manage-
ment would consider the
feasibility of refunding
their pension contribu-
tions.

The GM loco plant is to
close until Monday be-
cause of an unresolved
strike that started there _

109



INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVES QUIZZED ON BLACK ADVANCEMENT

Harare THE HERALD in English 13 Jul 85 p 5

[Text]

VICTORIA FALLS,
PRIVATE sector representatives
were yesterday once again quiz-
zed about the apparent lack of
Progress in the advancement of
black Zimbabweans to meaning-
ful senior management positions,

In a session during the last
day of the Confederation of Zi-
mbabwe Industries annual congress
here, Government ministers and
senior officials took their tur to
ask questions, with the Minister
of State (Indus' and ‘Tech-
nology), Cde Ki irai Kangai,
urging delegates to be totally
frank and blunt,

This advice had been prompted
by the CZI’s rather ambivalent

ly to a question about its
attitude to the Government's
socialist policies, in which CZI’s
incomiug deputy president Mr
David Long implied that there
was no fundamental conflict be-
tween the. Government and
private sector beliefs ag long as
fare was flexibility and co-opera-

ion.

Ode Kangai noted that the
Post-independence trend of ap-
polnting blacks to senior manage-
Ment ppsitions appeared to have
slowed ‘down, and where the ap-
polntments were made, they. were

Imited to personnel management
and public relations fields.

Another question from the
Ministry of Labour, Manpower
Planning and Social Services said

cso; 3400/740

that even in these appointments,
the rs of those appointed
were ited compared to those of
their white counterparts.

The outgoing president of
ZI, Mr.Alan Paterson, said that
while no statistics were available,
he believed that progress had been
made in the advancement of blaci
staff and many companies were
giving a great deal of attention
to human resources development,

But he pointed out that blacks
could have been slotted into cer-
tain types of appointments be-
cause, although they were highly
trained and often had several
degrees, they did not necessarilly
have the practical experience
meeded for more specialised posts
in industry,

‘One delegate, Dr Chris Mu-
shonga, was less complacent and
said that the practice of appoint-
ing black personnel managers
merely to ease Halson with the
Government on staff . matters
mus atop.

He believed that the C2I
should conduct a survey of all its

members to find out what was -

being done about the situation.

‘Ode Kangai explained that his
question had been prompted by
the fact that several black middle
management employees of multi-
nationals had told his ministry
that they were concerned about
the low pace of thelr advance-
ment. .

118

ZIMBABWE

‘Mr Paterson said that frustra-
tion about promotion was com-
mon among both blacks and
whites, but said the issue would
be examined by the OZI.

Another issue that will prob-.

be closely ‘considered -by the
over the next year will be
staff housing.

Continuin; the debate on
housing started on Thursday, a
former OZI president Mr Frank
Mills answered a question from
the Ministry of Construction and
National Housing about the
private sector's contribution to
solving the national housing back-

log.

‘He outlined the loan and
guarantee schemes adopted by
various companies and said he
was pleaseq ta ‘hear that the
Government was prepared to
make land available to companies
near factories for workers’ accom-
modation,

But efforts to provide work-
ers’ housing had been hampered
by the depressed state of the
economy.

A representative of the Minis-
try of Construction and National
Housing was not satisfied with
the answer stressing’ that he
would have preferred more con-
crete examples of what had been
Gone by the private sector so
far and a delegate suggested that
ithig wag another area where a
study was mecessary.


ZIMBABWE

NEIGHBOR NATIONS TRAIN FOR BAN KING IN HARARE
poate . wo three Wl gS fee Wim ee CABS 0
Harare THE HERALD in English 18.Jul. 85. BUSINESS. HERALD ‘supplement p 1
{Text] Standard Chartered banks in neighbouring countries have already started

using Harare as a regional. training centre, the banking group's chief executive
in Zimbabwe, Mr Daviéd Moir, said this. week, ,
A managerial course for bank employees which ends this week had nine locals and
two Batswana while another one to begin on August 19 had two Zambians already
enrolled,

There is a possibility that more Zambians and Batswana would enrol for the
course, Other Standard Chartered banks in Lesotho and Swaziland will also
participate in the training programmes,

Last week Standard Chartered's group managing director, Mr Michael McWilliam,
said a two-day conference of the group's 13 African banks and its London head
office, had discussed the setting up of regional training centres and an inter-
change of personnel within Africa,

Mr Moir said the local bank would also help those in the neighbouring
countries with new software.

cso; 3400/748

123



JPRS-SSA- 85-074

21 August 1985

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

ConTENTS

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

BENIN

Ecological Deterioration of South Deplored
(Andrée Noican; NORD SUD, Jun 85) ceeccscccceeccrececeecese

Efforts To Organize Indian Ocean Conference Renewed
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 6 Jul 85) ceccvccvecccecveces

Seychelles Elected to Chair I0FC
(NATION, 10 Jul 85) cecccccccccvcccccececececccresecesscees

Indian Ocean Fishery Meeting Reported
(NATION, 11 Jul 85) ccececvccccccccccceseescscscccvccsacess

Briefs
SADCC Fish Project

Political, Economic Programs Threatened
(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 3 Jul 85) wecececeeeeee

BOTSWANA

BNF Leader Kenneth Koma Discusses Party Line
(DAILY NEWS, 17 Jul 85) ccccescscscccecccccccsecersscrerers

BPP's President Maripe Expresses Party's Views
(DAILY NEWS, 17 Jul 85) sescoveveccscvccrcrcesrervsvercsers

Australian Donation Reported
(DAILY NEWS, 5 Jul 85) csssccceccccccececresucccscesecerees

Chinese Delegation Visits, Discusses Trade Cooperation

(DAILY NEWS, 8 Jul 85) wccccececccccccevcccrcceesseververes
Wholesalers Asked To Stimulate Exports

(DAILY NEWS, 8 Jul 85) scsccececccscercececsceececneecerers

12

13

15

7

18

20

21

22

23

24



The sick-bay admits black and white NSM in the whole Witwatersrand area.
Dependants of the unit's black PF members are treated on an out-patient
basis and they are referred to the nearest provincial hospital of their’
choice for specialised treatment. ,

The sick-bay carries out a community care programme in the unit which offers
home visits to black mothers as well as convalescents. They also offer the
immunisation of babies. This programme is for the black PF NCO members who
live in the unit's housing facilities.

On the job training is carried out for black and white medical orderlies at"
the sick-bay and lectures are given on hygiene and buddy-aid to the unit's
members.

In 1981 the Adult Education Centre was formed for the purposes of improving
the academic qualifications of the unit's black members. The centre's
facilities include four lecture rooms, a library and a laboratory and it is
run by six qualified teachers who are NSM at 21 Bn.

The centre, which teaches students from standard six to matric (Senior
Certificate) has had a very successful pass rate. There were 73 students
enrolled last year and 88 percent.of them achieved a pass rate. One of the
unit's first black officers received his matric certificate through the
centre.

This year there are ten wives of the unit's black PF members who are attend-
ing courses at the centre. The subjects taught include biology, English,
Afrikaans, business economics, history and Biblical studies. Teaching aids
which have been supplied by sponsors include skeletons, slide shows, overhead
projectors, transparencies and videos. :

The 21 Bn Band which started nearly eight years ago on 1 June 1977, is a
brass band that originally consisted of only seven people. Today the band,
under the leadership of WOl J.J. Steyn, consists of eight trumpeters, three
euphoniums, three tenors, three trombones, four bassists and horns.

All the band members are musically qualified and some possess a Grade 8
theory and practical. In 1978 the band made its first appearance in the
Operational Area. One of the highlights of their achievements was when
they received a commendation certificate from the commanding officer of

sector 70.

A pop group under the leadership of S Sgt Lefty Phashe was formed last year
and they have performed together with the brass band at a variety of shows
such as the Rand Easter Show, Pretoria, Pietersburg, Port Elizabeth and
Qwa-Qwa show as well. The group has played at military tattoos and forTM
television. Their music includes jazz, rock, regae and disco, but they
also compose some of their own material.

Upon making contact with 21 Bn's quartermasters stores, it was easy to
understand why they came fifth out of 129 units in the SA Army logistical

102



JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

“se “SEYCHELLES

BEL OMBRE COASTAL IMPROVEMENTS REPORTED

Victoria NATION in English 11 Jul 85 pp 1, 2

[Text]

A SEA wall being built to pro-
tect the coastline and the main’
road between the Bel Ombre
market and the Corsaire res-
taurant will eventually bring!
much more benefit than origi-
nally imagined, Transport offi- ,
cials said yesterday.

The 70-metre-long wall of’
granite rocks and cement will
not only prevent erosion, but
will also allow an area of about’
800 square metres to be re-
claimed and filled in. This will
provide space for different
facilities that will benefit both
district inhabitants and
Corsaire patrons, and help the!
Seychelles Marketing Board:
provide better services to both
the public and Bel Ombre
fishermen. .

Bel Ombre is a fishing village
protected from the sea, like so
many others along the Mahe
coastline, a by a fringing reef.
Several months ago part of this
reef was cleared to form a safe,
coral-free channel for . the
fishermen.

However, this also let in
large waves that used to break
on-the reef. These scriously
eroded the small beach bet-
ween the market and the
Corsaire where most of the

fishermen pulled up their boats
and where the main road
bordered on the seashore.

The Special Projects Unit
started work on the sea wall
three weeks ago and will take
another six weeks to finish. The
project is costing around
R100,000 and is being built un-
der the technical supervision of
the Department of Transport.

The wall will have a concrete’;

slipway to allow fishermen to
pull their boats out of the water
and onto a storage area which
will be provided. One side of
the slipway will be fitted with
concrete-filled PVC slidgrs so

that fibreglass boats, which are:

popular among Bel Ombre
fishermen, can be pulled up or
launched without being da-
maged underneath, A winch
will be installed to pull up the
larger boats.

The builders also hope that
the slipway will serve’ as a
groyne to help trap sand along
the wall and form a beach.

Parking space
A transport spokesman said
yesterday that the area bet-

ween the wall and the main
road would be filled in and that

62

the part next to the Corsai
which is undergoing extensi
renovation, would provide
parking space for restaurant
patrons. The Compagnie Sey-
chelloise de — Promotion
Hotéliére (COSPROH), which
will manage the Corsaire, is
therefore contributing towards
the cost of the sea wall.

But of much more interest
and benefit to Bel Ombre in-
habitants will be a collection
centre to be built by the Sey-
chelles Marketing Board's Fish
Division, which is also helping
to pay for the sea wall.

The Division is to build nine
fish collection centres around
Mahe, two on Praslin and
another on La Digue. District-
based fishermen will sell their
catches tg the SMB at these
centres. The fish will be gutted
and cleaned before being sent
in refrigerated lorries to a cen-
tral unit now being built at the
fishing port in Victoria.

The centres will provide
fishermen with such necessities
as ice and bait, allowing them
to concentrate all their efforts
on fishing.

The main objectives and
functions of the Fish Division
‘of the SMB include organising


JPRS“SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

MAURITIUS

LANGUAGE ROW SPLITS GOVERNMENT

Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 6 Jul 85 p 5

[Text] Dev Vira SAWMY, a leading figure in the ruling MSM-PMSD=RTM coalition
in Mauritius since his defection from the opposition MMM, disclosed to
the press this week that_the government was currently deeply split over
policy. One faction, he said, was "modernist" and favoured democracy,
while the other wanted to dismantle the country's democratic
institutions, particularly the press.

I.0.N.- These disclosures, which come soon after similar revelations
by former ministers Sir Satcam BOOLELL (whose Labour party is no
longer in government) and MSM "rebel" Sylvio MICHEL, as well as
Youssouf MOHAMED, still a member of the coalition, have embarrassed
the government. One bone of contention is the conservative wing's
alleged desire to diminish the importance of French in the country's
schools, and a "Language battle” is said to pit Gaetan DUVAL's PMSD
against the MSM under Harris BOODHOO. Although the two parties have
close links, the former wants ‘the status of French maintained while
the Latter opposes it. In a front-page story recently the daily Le
Mauricien reported the existence of a government plan to downgrade
French, paradoxically at a time when Parts is the principal source of
aid for Port Louis. On the side of the "modernists", ign minister
Anil GAYAN, although a member of the MSM, is said to have strongly
_eritieised such a project and to be backing the installation of a
national unity government to include the MMM. For the moment, the MMM
has not reacted. It is itself in the throes of serious internal
disputes, according to a local party official, Mr DOOHARIKA, who has
just been suspended for "indiscipline". He and others want to keep
Paul BERENGER as party leader while another faction wants him
replaced. Mr DOOHARIKA accused in particular the anti-BERENGER
tendency of favouring an alliance with the MSM, the party of prime
minister Anerood JUGNAUTH.

cso: 3400/711

48



JPRS“SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

NEW WEEKLY ALLEGES POLICE AID TO RENAMO
Pretoria DIE AFRIKANER in Afrikaans 26. Jun 85 p 3
[Article: "'Police Helps RENAMO'"]

[Text] Members of the South African Police gave assistance to the Mozambique
National Resistance Movement [RENAMO] as recently as April of this year.

This allegation was made in the first issue of a Johannesburg weekly, THE
WEEKLY MAIL. This newspaper is being published by journalists who were pre-
viously on the editorial staff of the RAND DAILY MAIL.

According to the report, a number of Black detainees in the Eastem Transvaal
have signed sworn statements to the effect that RENAMO has enjoyed the coopera-
tion of the [South African] Police. They say that the Police brought represen-
tatives of RENAMO to prisons in the Eastern Transvaal where they conducted
talks with detainees. The detainees, all Blacks from Mozambique, were ques—
tioned on conditions in Mozambique, and attempts were also made to recruit
them for the rebel movement.

The newspaper reports that the Black Sash has investigated a number of cases
of Shangaans who were detained on illegal immigration charges. "Observers
were confused by these arrests, and only recently--when the link with RENAMO
became obvious--did there emerge a possible reason for the arrests," THE
WEEKLY MAIL reports.

One of the detainees, Peter Mabaso, told the newspaper that he visited
Mozambique on 6 January. On his return, he was taken into custody as an ille-
gal immigrant, even though his documents were in order. During his stay in
the police cells at Malelane, he was visited on several occasions by represen-
tatives of RENAMO, Mabaso alleges.

After the charge against him was dropped and he was released, he was taken %
into custody a second time at Nelspruit. Here a White man visited him and

talked to him about RENAMO... He was urged to join RENAMO so that the charge
against him could be dropped, Mabaso says.

12271
cso: 3401/264

97



AUSTRALIAN DONATION REPORTED

Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 5 Jul 85 p 1

{Excerpt]

cso:

3400/751

Meanwhile, the Botswana
Drought Relief Programme
was this week given a further
P113 320,20 boost through a
donation from Australia,
bringing the total amount of

Australian assistance to the;

Programme to P573 320,20.
This. was announced in a
statement from. the
Coordinator of Rural
Development in the Ministry
of Finance and Development
Planning, Mrs E.B. Mathe.

Mrs Mathe expressed the ;

deepest gratitude for the
donation and said it would
certainly improve Botswana's
ability to provide relief
measures to the severely
affected.

The funds,- according to
the statement, will be used to
purchase cooking utensils for
supplementary feeding
centres which cater for

mainourished children as a:

result of the drought.

They will also help build
storage centres needed for
the adequate distribution of
food to the population now
in its fourth year of serious

drought, the release explains. °

Mrs Mathe said the
donation was channelled
through the Australian High
Commission in Harare,
Zimbabwe.

22

JPRS-SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

BOTSWANA


POLITICAL, ECONOMIC PROGRAMS THREATENED

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 3 Jul 85 p 7

[Text]

President Mathieu Kérékou’s political and economic
liberalisation -programme has. been practically
destroyed ‘by the continued closure of the border
with Nigeria. Benin’s trading sector always depended
on Yoruba-controlled contraband with Nigeria — a
trade that has now come to’a standstill. And Benin-
based joint-venture schemes -with Nigeria, such as
the Onigolo cement works and the Savé sugar com-
plex, have been virtually paralysed by the Nigerian
decision to save cash by buying these products at a
lower price elsewhere.

Not surprisingly the economic crisis, in which
rapidly growing unemployment is one result, has
sparked off social unrest. The most serious incidents
were in April and May when university students
demonstrated against ‘new guidelines ending the guar-
antee of state employment for all diploma holders.
To prevent the protest from expanding into wider
tribally-based demonstrations against the govern-
ment, Kérékou asked the security forces to clamp
down hard. Several students-were killed and dozens
were arrested. Though the unrest was quelled it will
probably break out again at the start of the new
school year in September. Most students favour
accelerated economic liberalisation, reckoning that
it would open up job opportunities the bureaucracy
and parastatals are incapable of creating. As a result
of the university unrest, Kérékou sacked minister of
education Michel Alladayé. He also replaced the
president and vice-president of the university.

Kérékou’s present strategy is probably to avoid
rocking the boat until rising petro-dollar revenues
bail out the regime in three to four years. The success
or failure of this strategy depends on his ability to
enlist support from the army, ‘particularly the elite
forces"from his own northern region which provide
the backbone of the crack Garde Presidentielle bat-
talion, (North Koreans provide close-up security).

During the past year Kérékou has shifted gradually

18

JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

BENIN


an

Thus in the first eight years of the unit's life, it progressed from a train-
ing school for security guards to a fully developed Corps School for black
soldiers.

One of the highlights of the unit's history was when they received the
Freedom of Soweto in 1983. To celebrate the-occasion, 21 Bn held a parade
and marched through the streets of Soweto. On 15 December-that year a change
of command took place and Cmdt M.J. Buitendag became the unit's fourth and
present-day OC.

The highlight of 1984 was when the first two black officers of 21 Bn were
commissioned with the rank of lieutenant.

The prime function of 21 Bn is to train black soldiers for the SA Defence
Force and for the National States. As such, training is the fundamental
aspect of 21 Bn and it prepares the member for his future task, whether it
be in a service capacity or as an infantryman. The battalion holds the
following courses: a) basic training, b) leader group training, c) promo-
tional courses for black SA Army members up to the rank of WO2, d) promo-
tional courses for black SA Army members in the supporting services of the
fighting elements up to the rank of staff sergeant, e) qualifying courses
(in a particular task) of black PF members, f) orientation of white officers
and NCO's before being posted to black regional units, g) advanced training
for all members of the National States and lastly advanced leadership train-
ing of black commando members.

This training takes place in English, Afrikaans and certain black languages.
It is evaluated by means of written examinations and practicals.

21 Battalion as a unit, is a large, well controlled area that consists of
many facilities that combine to produce an organised, self-supporting train-
ing outfit. These include a Training School, a personnel section, an Aduit
Education Centre, Military Police office, a quartermaster, a unit band, a
unit chaplain and a large sick-bay.

Sport is of course an important part of the unit's training programme and is
therefore encouraged. The unit has already had three sportsmen who have
received their Springbok colours, and a soccer team (21 Bn Young Tigers) who
succeeded in playing in the third league of the NPSL. Sgt M.J. Tsagae was
the first member of the unit to receive his Springbok colours for boxing.
After him L Cpl G. Strydom received his colours, also in boxing and Lt P.M.
du Toit received his colours in wrestling. A host of sports are offered at
the unit.

21 Bn's 33 bed sick-bay, which administers medical treatment to the unit and
surrounding regions, can deal with a variety of ailments which include flues,
accidents and fractures. Serious medical cases are sent to 1 Military Hospi-
tal. The sick-bay, which treats both in- and out-patients, is manned daily
by two full-time doctors, a dentist, a nursing sister, seven black PF medi-
cal orderlies and three NSM medical orderlies.

101



OIL PRICE DECLINE PLACES PRESIDENT IN JEOPARDY

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 3 Jul 85 pp 5-6

[Text]

If oil prices continue to drop, President Dénis Sas-
sou-Nguesso’s delicate internal political position will
be jeopardised. Though Brazzaville politics have
been remarkably calm since last’ year’s congress
of the ruling Parti Congolais du Travail (PCT),
negotiation with the IMF and World Bank — a
prerequisite for an emergency economic policy —
will almost certainly rekindle the rivalry' between
the pro-Soviet faction and the pragmatic «group
behind the president (AC Vol 25 No-21). .

The economic crisis is:a paradox: never have the
prospects for the offshore oil industry been so bright.
Output last year exceeded 6m tonnes for the first
time and could be 7m tonnes this year. Discoveries
by France’s Elf Aquitaine group — notably the
Tchibouéla field — and by Italy’s Agip will substan-
tially boost production during the next five years.
Exploration activity by other companies is also incre-
asing.. The government is trying to attract American
companies by offering more concessions in offshore
areas as well as in the hinterland. (Amoco bought
an offshore block in late 1983; Conoco recently
acquired offshore acreage).

However, the rise in oil income has been more
than matched by rocketing expenditure — the price
Sassou-Nguesso has paid for four years of peace.
Tribally-based patronage is very expensive. Some-
how he has to reduce expenditure_and clamp down
on dissent. What he fears most is an alliance between
ideological mavericks in the PCT and regional politi-
cal barons — the combination which led to the
assassination of President Marien Ngouabi in 1977,
A potential rallying point for discontent in the nor-
thern Cuvette region, especially if Sassou-Nguesso
aims for economic austerity, is former president,

Joachim Yhombi-Opango. Since his release from

prison late last year, the security forces have watched
him very carefully. So far he has refrained from open
politics, though he has encouraged his supporters in
the armed forces, the administration and the exiled

30

JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

CONGO


SOUTH AFRICA

RECORD WOOL SEASON REPORTED
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 20 Jul 85 p 17

(Text)

PORT ELIZABETH. — proved demand, espe- R13.3-million in the fund — tween five and 10 percent
South African wool pro- cially for fine wool. Raw claculated _ on “average next season, which opens
ducers reported a record wool traded at an average prices received during the on August 28. It said
1984/85 season ended R4,10akgcomparedwith 1984/85 season. farmers expect produc-
May with revenues up 39° apreviousR2,87andare- _ It said there had been'a_tion not to rise by more
percent at R402-million cord R22,15 was paid for decrease in production than one percent. —
from the previous sea- a single bale of super fine because of a prolonged Reuter.
son’s R290-million, the - wool, the Board said. drought, adding that dur-
Wool Board said. The Board said it had ing the past two seasons

It said revenue in-. drawn on its stock-fund production had declined
creased because of a fall by about R49-million be- by eight percent.
in the rand on the ex- cause of improved prices The Board said the

t and im- received, leaving around country’s approximately
change market and im- ive ig $0 000 farmers produced

98.2-million kg of wool,
3,3 percent less than last
year’s figure of 101,6-mil-
lion and the lowest pro-
duction figure since the
1947/48 season.

It said 99,5 percent of
the 669,000 bales of wool
offered this season was
sold.

The board said South
Africa's most important
woo! trading partner this
year was West Germany,
purchasing about 21 per-
cent of the country’s ex-
port wool. Britain bought
almost 20 percent, France
16 percent, Italy 13 and
Japan nine percent.

\ It said it expects world
‘prices to increase by be-.

cs0; 3400/745

111



DISPUTES DELAY FORMATION OF NEW COUNCIL

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 31 Jul 85 p 11

{Text ]

WINDHOEK. — The es-
tablishment of a constitu-
tional council to draft an
independence _ constitut-
ion for South West Africa
will be delayed for at least
three weeks as‘ the Nat-
ional Assembly — ad-
journed yesterday morn-
ing until August 14 so that
disputes over technical is-
sues can be settled.

Yesterday's adjourn-—

ment was proposed by the
Minister» of Finance, Mr
Dirk Mudge, after the
second reading debate on
the Constitutional Coun-
cil Bill was adjourned on
Monday.

Mr Mudge said yester-
day morning he believed
debates were being held
that were not in the coun-
try’s interest because of a
lack of clarity over techni-
cal issues.

He suggested the As-
sembly adjourn so that all
parties could satisfy them-

‘selves over the contents

of the Cape Town docu-
ment of the Multi-Party
Conference submitted to
the South African State
President and over
whether _ proclamation
AG-8 — providing for
racially based second-tier
authorities — was a con-
stitutional issue or not.
On Monday, the leader
of the Swapo-Democrats,
Mr Andreas Shipanga,
and the Swanu leader, Mr

54

Moses Katjiuongua, al-
leged provisions had been
slipped into the Constitu-
tional Council Bill with-
out the knowledge of
their parties.

The debate was also
marked by an apparent
turnabout by Mr Mudge
who said the Bill made
provision for the Cabinet
to decide not to refer
proclamation AG-8 to the
Constitutional Council.

Until, Monday, Mr
Mudge had insisted AG-8
was a constitutional mat-
ter and, therefore, had to
be referred to the Consti-

. tutional Council to be dis-

cussed.

Mr Shipanga alleged
there were new elements
in the Bill on which his
party had not been con-
sulted.

These elements had
also not been included in
the proposals for setting
up the transitional gov-
ernment which were pres-
ented to the South Afri-
can State President, Mr P
W Botha.

Mr Shipanga referred
to. a clause in the Bill
which says no Bill which
aims at the repeal of the
Reheboth Self-Govern-
ment Act, the Represen-
tative Authorities Procla-
mation, and the constitut-

ion of any representative _

JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

NAMIBIA



OUTLOOK FOR CAR INDUSTRY GRIM

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 11 Jul 85 p 11

[Article by Evert van Niekerk]

[Text]

TENS of thousands of
motor industry em-
ployees have already

lost their jobs and the.

crisis has now reached
top management level
as well with many
more workers, from
factory floors to man-
agement, to get their
walking tickets as the
worst car slump ever in
the motor industry
takes on greater mo-
mentum.

Industry sources told
The Citizen yesterday
that the present fiscal and
monetary mix is extreme-
ly adverse to the motor
industry, but that other
manufacturers of durable
goods are also in a situa-
tion of “distress”.

“Unless interest rates
are lowered — or the
Government extends re-
payment times on hire
purchases — the situation
will get worse and worse
for manufacturers of dur-
able goods, and it will af-
fect employees at all le-
vels. Because the motor
industry has always been
in the limelight our situa-
tion receives the most
public attention, but I can
assure you that elsewhere

_ in the manufacturing in-

dustry it is not going any
better.”

108

The Citizen was told
that more than 7 000 mo-

tor manufacturing indus- -

try workers have lost their
jobs in the past 12
months. Since vehicle
sales began to-drop in
1982 the industry has cut
employment down by
more than 11 000 work-
ers.

It was pointed out that
the downturn in vehicle

sales, which in the case of

some manufacturers is
about 60 percent less than
last year, is also having an
adverse effect throughout
the associated industrie.
“At least 100 vehicle
agencies have had to close
their doors during the
past few months, and
some of them were pre-
viously well established
concerns in operation for
more than 30 years.”

Mr. Jannie van
Huysteen, executive di-
rector of the Motor In-
dustries’ Federation said
in the retail garage trade
more than 20000 em-
ployees have lost their
jobs during the past 12
months because of the
downturn in the economy
which in turn adversely
affected vehicle sales.

“However the new
perks tax has a direct
bearing on the slump of
car sales,” he said. “We

JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA



JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

POLYTECHNIC STUDENTS--Over 1,000 second year students of the National Youth
Service (NYS) start four days of familiarisation visits to the Seychelles
Polytechnic today, in preparation for further studies there should they be
accepted to the establishment next year. The visits will also make it easier
for the NYS students to choose which Polytechnic department they wish to
apply to. During the “Day on Campus", as the visit are called, NYS boys

and girls from the the Agriculture and Maritime Studies, Art and Social
Studies, Construction and Engineering, and Science channels will visit their
corresponding departments at the Polytechnic's Anse Royale and Mont Fleuri
campuses. Under the NYS education programme, all the students spend their
first year studying a broad and general range of subjects. In the second and
final year, from which they will either go on to further studies at the Poly-
technic or, especially in the case of the General Studies Channel, the world
of work, the students enter into one of the five channels mentioned. Their
entry is based on their interests, their performance in the first year, and
the number of places available in the channels. Each channel prepares the
students either for work or for specific courses at the Polytechnica. [Text]
[Victoria NATION in English 1 Jul 85 p 1]

CSO: 3400/638

72



WHOLESALERS ASKED TO STIMULATE EXPORTS

Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 8 Jul 85 p a

[Text]

GABORONE: Thestimulation
of Botswana exports and the
diversification of import
procurement sources are
objectives the government
would like to see undertaken
by wholesalers.

This was said by the Deputy
Permanent Secretary in the
Ministry of Commerce and
Industry, Mr Edwin Matenge
in an address to members of
the proposed Botswana
Wholesalers Association here
last week.

He suggested that the
association should regularly
seek and endevour to fully
exploit possible alternative
markets for imported items.
We must not continue, he
said, to buy from markets
simply out of tradition.

Mr Matenge stated that it
had been shown on many
occasions that some of the
products obtained from
countries like South Africa

could be more cheaply .

purschased from other
markets.

cs0; 3400/752

He reiterated the fact that
the overwhelming
dependence on any one
market for any country, in
the world could produce
problems. Mr Matenge
pointed out that during the
discussions with the visiting
Chinese trade mission it
became apparent that some
goods from that part of the
world, bought through South
African distributors, were
much more expensive than if
they had been imported
directly.

He also suggested the
formation of specialist
distributors for goods
imported from other parts of
the wolrd such as Europe
and North America. Mr
Matenge stated that the
financial and business climate
in Botswana should be an
incentive for foreign
companies to consider the
idea.

He requested those with

links with wholesalers in_

24

JPRS~SSA~85 ~074
21 August 1985

BOTSWANA

South Africa, to give some
consideration through the
proposed association to
obtain sales for Botswana
manufacturers in the interest
of the Common Customs
Union.

He stated that the proposed
association should give
particular attention to
consumer protection. Mr
Matenge said that since there
were no formal consumer
associations in the country,
wholesalers and distributors
had to take on some of the
responsibility to ensure that
goods they handle were of
the right price, the
appropriate quality and ofa
wideenoughrange offera
competitive selection for
buyers.

He said in recent years it
had been alleged that goods
which would not be allowed
to be distributed in their
countries of manufacture
because of health or other
hazards, had been dumped
in Third World countries.



Anotheriimportant obstacle was the deepeseated distrust among Blacks at the
Government ‘s intentions, especially in regard to the negotiation process.

Blacks wanted more tangible evidence of the Government's intentions, evidence
that would induce them to participate in the body politic.

A part of this tangible evidence wanted by Blacks was the unconditional release
of Mr Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners, sdid Prof Esterhuyse.

There was also a Blac majority which wanted a national convention to discuss
South Africa's political future.

Stability

The prospects for socio-political stability would be considerably enhanded if,
in one way or another, concessions could be made in regard to some of these
requests, Alternatively they might be included in an agenda for provisional
negotiations,

Prof Esterhuyse said the abolition of influx control and the pass laws would
also contribute much to improved Black-White relations.

"These laws affect the lives of Blacks from morning to night and the political
price paid for this is great. The experience of constantly being under police

control has contributed much to the feeling among Blacks that they are the
‘oppressed' and the Whites are the 'oppressors'."

cso: 3400/747

90



supplanted the small farmer, one cogent reason pushing masses of
people inward upon the cities. And now again we are hearing talk
of urban poverty, of shantytowns and squatters, of urban pollution
... Yet on top of the raw needs this crowding brings to the cities
-- the demand for space, for water, for fuel, for food, for trans-
port, for work --\.come the speculative phenomena that benefit the
very people who ‘own. the space, the water, the fuel, the food, the
transport, and the jobs. The stage is set.

Shantytowns or: Tentacular Poverty

Hectare after hectare, the city nibbles away at the land around it.
This can be done in-an orderly way, but that seldom happens in big
cities where the ‘population. is growing at 5 percent a year and
where private landowners block any urban expansion. A tradition

of unlawful but methodical squatter occupation has taken hold, es-
pecially in Latin America. What the "invaders" want is: access
to the city, the right to settle there. As for housing, they will
build it themselves. The authorities respond in varying ways to
this just demand. By municipalizing the land, provided they are
willing to hurt the landowners just once; by opening up new zones
to urbanization and making them more or less accessible with roads
and streets; by legitimizing squatter occupation; by helping new-
comers to build houses. Alas, even in the best of cases half the
newcomers stay on the outskirts and crowd into the shantytowns.
There is not much water there, the health and school facilities

are minimal or non-existent, there is no money, malnutrition plays
havoc among the children. And you can see them playing in the open
sewers or on trash-piles...

People are afraid of the shantytowns. They want to fence them in
behind barbed wire, to destroy them. Some set fire to them before
dawn, after driving out their inhabitants. But they simply spring
up somewhere else. In Mexico City, in Dacca, in Manila, in Lagos,
one of every. two or three inhabitants lives in that insecurity.

The city ignores “it, but it cannot ignore the city because it lives
.-r make, that ‘survives --‘on it.

After years and years of indifference -- didn't they go so far as
to set up palisades around the shantytowns in Lima so the Pope
wouldn't see thém? -- came the recognition. Indira Gandhi, at
the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in
Stockholm, declared: "Are not poverty and need the most important
kinds of pollution? How.can we talk to those who live in the vil-
lages and the city slums about the need to protect the air, the
seas, and the rivers, when their own. lives are contaminated at
the source? The environment cannot be improved under such condi-
tions of poverty." With that came recognition of economic beha-
vior as the cause of urban inequity.

The City Gasps. It Thirsts. It Struggles to Live... os

Yes, the city thirsts. It is a sponge. It sucks the ground water,



JPRS~SSA~85~074
1 August 1985

SIERRA LEONE

BRIEFS

COOPERATION WITH IRAN--A memorandum of understanding was signed in Tehran
early in May on cooperation in trade, technical services, oil and mining:
on technical aid for Lierra Leone, the import of bauxite from that country
for the Arak aluminium works, and exchanges of delegations, [Text] [Paris
AFRICAN DEFENCE in English Jul 85 p 9]

sO: 3400/744

73



JPRS-SSA-85-074
° 21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

HEAD OF NRP ACCUSES NATIONAL PARTY FOR NATION ALIENATION

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 19 Jul 85 p 13

[Text] CAPE TOWN. — The the centre to plan and
National Party govern- build the new Republic.”
ment could not evade its Mr Sutton said the key
responsibility for a politi- to this consensus was a
cal programme that had — House of Deputies for ur-
made South Africa the ban Blacks in the new
polecat of the world, the Parliament.

leader of the New Repub- -
lic Party, Mr Bill Sutton, _ “Participation —_ by
Said yesterday, Blacks will give legitima-

Ina statement released cy to the whole reform.
here, Mr Sutton said the programme and encour-
State President, Mr P W. age moderate Blacks to.
Botha, had taken excep- resist the radicals who are
tion earlier this week to destroying the fabric of |
the blame heaped on urban life,” Mr Sutton
Afrikaners as originators __ said. — Sapa,
of apartheid.

“Still less can he evade
the consequences of the
total failure to achieve
government objectives as
documented in the HSRC
report.

“This report closes the
debate among Whites
about Blacks and opens
the door on the debate
among Blacks about
Whites.

“This debate is now be-
ing waged in blood and vi-
olence in the Black
townships,” Mr Sutton
said.

South Africa did not
need an old and tired
Government trying to
remedy its mistakes of the
past.

“South Africa needs a
new Government with re-
form as its watchword,
teaching out to gather
moderate leaders of all
groups in a consensus of

cso: 3400/738
79



JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

ECOLOGICAL DETERIORATION OF SOUTH DEPLORED.
Brussels NORD SUD in French Jun 85 pp 48-53

[Article by Andréé Noican:"Is South Destined to Be North's Dump?"

[text] As it seeks at any cost to copy the deve-
lopment pattern suggested by the northern hemi-
sphere countries, the southern half of the world
is destroying its own environment. And yet...
the resources are there. They must be managed.

The industrialized nations of Europe, North America, and Japan are
proud of their industrial development. That development, though,
has come at the price of a ravaged environment. Greenpeace and
other environmentalists cry havoc at acid rain, industrial wastes,
every kind of pollution in the seas, the rivers, the land, and the
air. They are not wrong. And yet, despite this example, the na-
tions in the southern half of the planet strive to outdo one ano-
ther in developing their own industrial sectors, or in clear-cut-
ting their forests so they can be replanted "in a civilized way."
.+-Big deal! Don't they understand that they must manage their
natural capital in a different way, or are they going to make the
same blunders as their neighbors to the north? Haven't they yet
grasped the fact that the tropical forests are going up in chimney-
smoke and letting the desert in?

A Horrifying Record

When you look at our natural capital at the world level, you rea~
lize that the situation is worse than grave?

-- Our planet is getting over-populated; .

-- The ozone layer that protects the earth against the sun's ultra-
violet rays is in danger of destruction, as the stratosphere is pol-
luted by chlorinated fluoro-carbon, a substance used primarily as
an aerosol propellant. If this theory is accurate, every form of
life on earth is threatened.

-- the lead content of the air'we breathe is’mounting, and that
constitutes a major health hazard, particularly to children who

are exposed to it. Lead retards brain development. It comes from
motor vehicle exhaust gases;

=- carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have reached



DETAILS ON EMIGRATION

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 20 Jul 85 p 9

{Text ]

| POLITICAL unrest and
the state of the economy
are forcing more South
Africans to seek greener
pastures abroad, par-
ticularly —_ professional
people.

| This is according to
| Mr Sid Catton of a lead-
‘ing personnel agency,
Professional —Assign-
ments Group.

: Figures from the Cen-
tral Statistical Services
“in Pretoria indicate that
nearly 1 000 people emi-
grated in March this
year, whereas last year

the figure was 761.
Emigration during
cso; 3400/738

the first three months is
up 14 percent on the
same period last year.

Financial people tend
to go to Australia, Ca-
nada and the US. A
sprinkling also go to the
UK.

“It.is relatively easy
for accountants to adapt
to these countries be-
cause of the reciprocity
of diplomas. Their
qualifications are ac-
cepted without prob-
lems,” says Mr Catton,

Engineers and
draughtsmen go mainly

to the UK and else- —

where in Europe. “They
rely on their experience
rather than. on their
qualifications.”

Accountants are usu-
ally South African and
they tend to look to the
‘new world’ (America,
Australia, Canada)
rather than the Euro-
pean ‘old world’, he
says.

In the computer field
destinations vary. “At
the moment there is a
big demand in Europe,
but also in Australia and
Canada.

107

JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

“There has not been a
major exodus of com-
puter staff, though, as
there is a healthy de-
mand here. In the US,
on the other hand, there
is an over-supply of
computer staff,” he

says.

People in secretarial
and clerical positions
are not usually bread-
winners so there is not
much activity in this
field. There is also not a
big trend toward emi-
grations in the market-
ing category at the mo-
ment, according to Mr
Catton.



LABOUR PARTY HELPING GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENT APARTHEID

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 18 Jul 85 p 13

{Article by Brian Stuart, Political Correspondent]

[Text]
CAPE TOWN. — The
Progressive _ Federal

Party has criticised the
Labour Party, the ma-
jority Coloured party
in the House of Rep-
resentatives, for sup-
porting the Govern-
ment in implementing
apartheid at local gov-
ernment level.

It has suggested the LP
might be co-operating in

apartheid in order to en-”

trench its position within
the Coloured community.

A report drawn up by
the PFP’s research de-
partment is highly critical
of LP support for the

Government’s 1985 Local
Government Affairs
Amendment Bill, in

terms of which powers
and assets may be trans-

ferred from existing local ©

authorities to Coloured
sand In management
committees.

‘The PFP report said:
“The politically cynical
mind would be tempted
to deduce from these ar-
rangements that the Gov-
ernment and the LP are
co-operating closely to
implement the Govern-
ment’s apartheid policy,
and — considering the

cso: 3400/720

immense amount of pat-
ronage at LP disposal
once it effectively con-
trols Coloured housing —
to strengthen and ‘en-
trench the LP in Coloured
politics.”

This Bill was one of 19
listed in the report as op-
posed by the PFP at the
first session of the trica-
meral parliament but not
opposed by the Labour
Party or the National
People’s Party, the ma-
jority Indian Party in the
House of Delegates.

“It would thus appear
that the majority partics
in these two houses went
out of their way not to op-
pose legislation _intro-
duced by the Govern-
ment, or to embarrass the
Government.

“This is obviously an
implication of the pres-
ence of the Rev Allan
Hendrickse (LP leader)
and Mr Amichand Raj-
bansi (NPP leader) in the
Cabinet.

“In this respect they
must be seen as part of
Government and not as
part of opposition.”

‘The appointment by

the State President; Mr P_

W Botha, of a Deputy
Minister from each of the
LP and the NPP would
further strengthen the in-
terdependence between
the ‘National Party, LP
and NPP and could lead
to a greater desire by the
_other two parties to sup-
port the Government.

Dealing with legislation
to end the Provincial
Council system at the sec-
ond tier of government
and to create Regional
Services Councils, the re-
port said it was clear that
local authorities, as they
existed today, would
undergo drastic changes.

“The establishment of
regional services councils
will undoubtedly emascu-
late existing local govern-
ment bodies, particularly
those in the metropolitan
and other major urban
centres.

“At the same time it
will enable the Govern-
ment to implement its
stated policy of racially
separate local authorities
far more easily. Legis-
lation adopted this year
and in the last few years
provides the framework
to achieve this end.

77

JPRS~SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

“These changes have

been presented as an at-

tempt to ‘bring local gov-
ernment nearer to the
people’ as evidence of the
Government’s resolve to
decentralise and to de-
volve_ powers and func-
tions. The opposite seems
to be nearer the truth.
“Local government in
the new scheme of things
seems to be further re-
moved from the people

; and what is taking place

seems to be a greater di-
versification of functions
and functionaries, but in
fact a far greater degree
of centralisation of pow-
er,” the report said,



evaluation for 1984. The stores and organisation of equipment can only be
said to be tidy, well controlled and carefully planned. In fact 21 Bn
received a four star grading on its safety rating certificate for loss con-
trol in 1984.

They are aiming for a five star rating this year and have suffered no losses
of equipment so far.

QM's functions include general base maintenance, the supply of rations and
logistical back-up for training, eg issuing of equipment and basic logistical
administration. They have also supplied 115 Bn with full logistic support
and equipment.

The staff that man 21 Bn's QM consist of only three white PF members, the
remainder being 52 black PF members. QM positions that are normally occupied
by WO2 and WOl ranks are successfully manned. by their black staff sergeants.
These include positions such as RSQM, Chief Storeman and Stores Inspector.

21 Battalion is controlled by a military police office that is housed next to
the main entrance of the unit. Their functions include traffic control and
the investigation of criminal cases which they carry out often in conjunction
with the SA Police at Westonaria. They execute full MP coverage at the
battalion and also carry out tasks that are given to them by the officer
commanding Provos Unit Boksburg North.

The Catering School, which falls under the Training Wing of the battalion,
consists of two sections namely training kitchens which include a bakery
department and the actual unit kitchen which feeds the battalion. There are
three chef courses run by the Catering School which consist of a basic chef
course, an intermediate and an advanced chef course.

The second in command of the Catering School, Sgt N.B. Menue, is one of the
instructor chefs who is responsible for training the learner chefs on the
latter courses. "The basic course that we run is the very first cooking
course in a chef's career. During its four month period, the chef is taught
how to prepare soups, fish and meat dishes, vegetables and puddings," said
Sgt Menue. -

The unit kitchen is manned completely by the battalion's own black staff and
they cater for an officer's mess, a senior NCO, NCO and privates mess.

Also under the Training Wing is the battalion's Driving and Maintenance
section. Here the Transport Officer, who is the first black QM CO in the
SA Army, carries out a host of functions. CO P.M. Magoro ensures that
maintenance and preventative repairs are carried out on all the unit's
vehicles.

In fact, in the units Transport Park there is a huge control board from
which complete vehicle control is carried out. The frequency of vehicle
services are monitored as well as preventative maintenance and accident
control. The allocation of vehicles to various parts of the unit and the

103



JPRS~SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

POLL SAYS WHITES FAVOR GREATER INTERRACIAL CONTACT IN SCHOOLS

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 22 Jul 85 p 13

[Text]

CSO;

MOST South African
Whites are in favour of
greater inter-racial con-
tact at school level, a
compulsory Black lan-
guage as a school subject
and uniform education
systems in all four provin-
ces.

A poll conducted
among 2000 Whites by
Market and Opinion Sur-
veys (Pty) Ltd for Rap-
port, and published yes-
terday, showed that 76,2
percent favoured a Black
language being a compul-
sory subject for White
scholars.

Only 10,5 percent re-
jected the idea.

Support came from
75,9 percent of Afri-

3400/738

kaans-speaking _ people
polled and 76,7 percent of
English-speaking people.

Among Afrikaans-
speaking people 11,9 per-
cent were opposed, as
compared with a lower 8,-
5 percent of English-
speaking people.

There was wide diver-
gence between Afrikaans
and English people on the
subject of greater inter-
racial contact at school le-
vel, where the totals were
54,2 percent in favour and
26,5 percent against.

English-speaking
people were overwhelm-
ingly in favour, by 78,7
percent to the 6,8 who
said no. :

But among Afrikaans-
speaking people canvass-

ed, only 36,7 percent
were in favour with a
large 40,5 percent against
and the rest undecided.

There was also a strong
difference of opinion be-
tween supporters of the
White political parties,
according to the survey.

Among Progressive
Federal Party supporters
there was a giant 96,5 per-
cent in favour of more in-
ter-racial contact at
school level, as compared
with support from 55,2
percent of NP supporters
and only seven percent of
CP supporters.

Another divergence of
opinion was shown be-
tween the provinces.

In Natal 72 percent and
in the Cape 60,6 percent
were in favour, as com-
pared with lower figures
of 49 percent in the
Transvaal and only 32
percent in the Free State.

On the question as to
whether there should be a
standard syllabus
throughout the country,
almost 86 percent ap-
proved and only 4,2 per-
cent were opposed.

The “yes” vote was 97
percent in the Free State,
91 percent in Transvaal,
82 percent in the Cape
and 69 percent ini Natal.

88

Almost 90 percent of
Afrikaans-speaking
people canvassed were in
favour of abolishing prov-
incial differences in edu-
cation as compared with
79 percent of English-
speaking people.


JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

NAMIBIA

INDEPENDENCE NOT IN NEAR FUTURE
Windhoek DIE REPUBLIKEIN in Afrikaans 4 Jun 85 p 5

[Text] "At the moment we are being told that true independence for South-West
Africa/Namibia is on the back burner, at least for a number of years, and that
a form of internal semi-independence will be seriously pursued," said Prof Wolf-
gang Thomas yesterday evening in Windhoek, when he addressed the Interessen Ge-

meinschaft [Partnership of Concern] of Windhoek.

Prof Thomas, an economics professor at the University of West Cape Province,
said that Namibia was always more of a strategic and internal political problem
for South Africa, rather than accomplishing what the mandate required of South
Africa.

There is a prevailing fear in South Africa that a "communist power" will hoist
its flag in South-West Africa/Namibia. Recent happenings in South Africa have
markedly confirmed this sentiment. South Africa also learned over the past
eight years that foreign aid to an independent Namibia will amount to only a
small part of what South Africa annually contributes to Namibia.

I£ a wholesale white exodus is to be prevented, an independent Namibia will have
to receive extensive aid from South Africa. Independence will thus now force
South Africa to budget less money for defense.

At the moment, the cry for immediate implementation of Resolution 435 seems to
be empty talk--almost like a political cliche.

No kind of internal settlement seems logical.

But after saying all of this, one must also make a number of seemingly contra-
dictory remarks:

1) He has no doubt that as a freedom movement, SWAPO still enjoys the support
of the majority of Namibians.

2) Unless SWAPO supporters are brought into Namibia's social, economic and po-
litical decision-making, the war will continue; and

3) In order to satisfy the Blacks' ambitions, more than superficial changes
have to be made. Fundamental changes must be brought about.

“56



CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 'TOTALLY UNACCEPTABLE’ SAYS DIRK MUDGE

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 30 Jul 85 p 13

[Text]

WINDHOEK. — A Cen-
tral. Government for
South West Africa which
consisted of representa-
tives of separate ethnic
groups was “totally unac-
ceptable and even dan-
gerous,” the Minister of
Finance in the territory’s
Transitional Govern-
ment, Mr Dirk Mudge,
said yesterday.

“The consequences. . .
with Black against White
... would be too ghastly
to contemplate,” he said
in the National Assembly
when he opened the sec-
ond reading debate on the
Constitutional — Council
Bill.

The Bill makes provis-
ion for the establishment
of a Council on which all
participating parties in
the Transitional Govern-
ment will have represen-
tation, and which will be
briefed with the task of
drawing up a draft consti-
tution for SWA within the
next 17 months. ,

The establishment of
the Council is in line with
the Multi-Party Confer-
ence Government’s decla-
ration of intent to “lead
our’ country to a nat-
ionally acceptable inde-
pendence which can gain
international —_ recognit-
ion”.

Mr Mudge said the way.

he saw it, political coop-
eration in the territory

52

was only possible if it
crossed ethnic and lan-
guage barriers.

There was a definite
need for the’ establish-
ment of the Constitution-
al Council-as everyone in
SWA agreed the present
political dispensation was
not satisfactory.

The only differences

“among the , different

groups were the nature of
the change needed, the
tempo with - which it
should take place, and the
procedures that should be
followed.

Mr Mudge appealed to
all political leaders in the
country to be objective
and not be dogmatic at
this stage. .

One of the major issues
the constitutional council
would have to look at
would be proclamation
AG-8,. providing for
racially based second-tier
governments in the terri-
tory, because, there were
definite shortcomings.

“This will have to be
looked at, in depth, for

sible improvement or
even replacement, if
necessary,” the Minister
said.

He pointed out, howev-
er, that the Bill tabled
yesterday made provision
for the Cabinet to decide
not to refer AG-8 to the
new Council.

There were other ways
to make temporary

JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

NAMIBIA


building up national research
capabilities was a pre-requisite
for regional cooperation.

Suggestions for more effec-
tive cooperation included hold-
ing more training courses and
workshops to assess stocks,
identifying research and train-
ing needs on a regional basis
and countries in the region who
could provide training, ex-
changing experiences through
study tours, and meetings of di-
rectors of research program-
mes to discuss problems and
objectives and to harmonize
work plans.

Committees and projects

Thus the meeting decided to
strengthen the various commit-
tees and projects of the United
Nations’ Food and Agriculture
Organisation dealing with tuna
fishing and management. A
meeting of tuna scientists will
take place in Sri Lanka later
this year.

The Commission also con-
sidered that it was necessary to
improve handling and proces-
sing and to strengthen national
quality control and inspection
‘systems.

cso: 3400/736

While recognizing that uni-
formity in quality contro! mat-
ters was not easy to achieve in
the Indian Ocean due to diffe-
rent national capabilities and
levels of development, the
Commission felt it would be
useful to carry out a study on
the feasibility of having com-
mon guidelines leading to the
formulation of regional quality
control standards. It also con-
sidered that more training in
fish quality control and inspec-
tion was required at the na-
tional and regional levels.

At the end of the session,

14

Seychelles was elected
chairman of the Commission
for the next two years with
Bangladesh, France, the Mal-
dives, Oman, Sri Lanka and
‘Thailand as vice-chairmen.
Established by the FAO in
1967, the IOFC promotes, as-
sists- and. coordinates ‘national,
programmes over the entire
field of fishery development
and conservation. It promotes
research and development ac-
tivities with international as-
sistance and helps solve prob-
lems relating to the manage-
ment of offshore resources.



During operation «Red Star», the Ethiopian
Army called on impressive means: 120,000
troops, MiG aircraft, tanks and helicopters,
backed by Soviet and Cuban advisers, Libyan
and Southern Yemen contingents, and forthe
first time, a lethal nerve gas. This time the city
of Nakfa, occupied by the EPLF for seven
years, was the main objective. The city held
out, however.

Between the major offensives, government
troops harass the secessionists with repeated
small-scale surprise attacks. *

After 23 years of fighting, Eritrea would
seem to be unconquerable, but still the
fighting goes on.

‘Tigre —the Eritrean

«connection .

In December 1974, Ras Mengesha Seyoum,
former governor of the province: of Tigre,
wanted dead or alive by Ethiopian military
authorities, founded a resistance movement
aimed at gaining the secession of the
province he had .administrated. The
movement was formed in the province of
Bagemde, to the west of Tigre. Ras
Mengesha's forces, amounting to 600 men,
were supported by the FLE and the EPLF.
Despite their common background, the
Tigrina language and a deep mistrust of the
Amhara, who had dominated the country for
years, the Eritreans opposed a union between
the Tigre Peoples Liberation Front and their
own movements. Over the years, the
objective of the Tigre rebels, as is the case
with many similar movements around the
world, was to use spectacular actions to
establish an identity and the authority
contested by the central government. Unlike
the Eritreans, who had become used to
guerrilla combat, the Tigre forces specialized
in taking hostages, operations that seemed to
have much greater impact outside of the
region. in April 1983 the TPLF kidnapped 10
members of humanitarian organizations. In
August 1984, 10 Swiss citizens were taken.
hostage in Wollo Province. And in October
1984 14 foreigners were captured during an
attack on Lalibela. All of ‘them were freed
tollowing several weeks of detention in
«liberated» zones.

TPLF leaders, who call for the creation of a
‘multinational state, claim to contro! 85% of
the territory in Tigre. Here too, the major
operations launched by the government do
not seem to have had any great success.
While the regular army seems to control the
major highways and cities, it does not dare:
venture much beyond these zones. The brief
kidnapping on March 3, 1985, of 5 crew
members of a Transall aircraft at Lalibela, all
French en route from Djibouti with food-aid

43

for the region, revealed the strength of the
insurgents. On’ January 9, 1985, Tigrean
combattants claimed to have carried out a
number of attacks in the north of the country,
during‘ which 569 ‘Ethiopian troops were
reported to have been killed or wounded.
They-even succeeded in holding the Wogera
district capital of Dabat for 5 days.

Ogaden disputed by Somalia
and Ethiopia

The first conflict between Somalia and
Ethiopia was briefly dealt with earlier in this
article. From November 1977 to March 1978,
the two countries again opposed one another
over the Somali ethnic population residing in
the Ogaden. The Somalia of General Barre,
for whom Moscow had just dropped its

“support, turning instead to Addis Ababa, had
-setback to its conquest was the consequence

of a clearly erroneous choice of action.
Attacking Ethiopia when it had openly chosen
the Marxist-Leninist road, obviously meant
risking the loss of Soviet support, without
being assured of Western support to replace
it. The Somalis thought they were taking on a
country where anarchy reigned, and did not
count on Ethiopia's being able to get quickly
back. on its feet. following its alliance with
Moscow. In “1982, during July, Mogadishu
accused Addis Ababa of having engaged an
offensive against Somalia with tanks and

jation, directed by Cuban, Soviet and
Southern Yemen advisers. For its part, Addis
Ababa set up a radio station for broadcasts by
opponents of the Somali regime.

Violent combats took place on August 15,
1982 along the central axis of Galcaio, in the
center of Somalia,-40km within the country’s
‘borders. This. obliged President Barre to
decree a state of emergency for the border
zone with the Ethiopian Ogaden. The site of
the clashes was no accident. The Gaicaio axis
is Somalia's most vulnerable region. There
are barely .200km between ‘the Ethiopian
border.and the Indian Ocean. By’cutting this
desert strip in two, Ethiopia was looking to
assure an opening to the Indian Ocean. ‘Its
own coastal access was subject to attacks
from Eritrean and Tigrean guerrillas. Barre
received emergency aid from the United
‘States in July and-August of 1982. Moscow's
hopes that the Somali regime would be
overturned -were dashed. ‘Ethiopian troops
retreated five months later.

in late November 1984, the hijacking of a
Somali Boeing to Addis Ababa by three
Somali military: officers again heightened
tension between the two countries. Ethiopia,
‘since 1982, has been supporting liberation
movements looking to overthrow the Barre
regime.



JPRS~SSA-85~074,
21 August 1985

MADAGASCAR

BRIEFS

FRENCH AID--Madagascar is to receive a 16 million franc loan from France's
Caisse Centrale de Cooperation Economique to finance the modernisation of
equipment at the country's largest textile plant, the Cotoniere d'Antsirabe
(COTONA). [Excerpt] [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 6 Jul 85
p 7]

CSO:  3400/713

47



JPRS~-SSA-85-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

UDF CONDEMNED FOR ITS ACTION AGAINST NEW ZEALAND RUGBY TEAM

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 18 Jul 85 p 6

[Text] soQUTH AFRICANS are shocked at the aban-

cso:

donment of the All Blacks rugby tour.
Not just because it is a blow to our efforts to
maintain the sporting contacts that remain

open to us, but because it is completey outra- .

geous that the New Zealand Rugby Football
Union should be interdicted from sending a
team here.

More than that, one of the most telling reasons
for the court injunction was the evidence

- given by the Rev Arnold Stofile, an ex--

ecutive member of the United Democratic
Front, who told the court that “our people”
wold be killed and injured when they dem-
* onstrated against the team in South Africa.
The UDF has done this country tremendous
harm, from the time that it exploited the
Durban consulate sit-in to its most recent
claim that the “system” had been responsible
for the death of four UDF leaders in the
Eastern Cape — an insinuation that was
taken up abroad as confirmation that the
South African Government is killing off its
opponents, which is a heinous and false sug-
gestion.
The UDF, according to the Minister of Law
and Order, Mr Louis le Grange, has been

behind much of the unrest in recent months. .
And there is no doubt that some elements in

the UDF have links with the African Nat-
ional Congress, which is determined to drive

police, councillors and officials from the ‘

townships so that the radicals can take over.

How long the Government will tolerate the
activities of the UDF remains to be seen, but
if action is taken against it, it will only have
itself to blame.

That aside, we can see no sense in the court
injunction, which was an unwarranted inter-
ference in the decision of a validly constitut-
ed and autonomous sports body.

We do not know whether the New Zealand
public realises that if a court can stop a team
from touring, even only by an interim injunc-
tion before the case itself is decided, the
lamps of individual liberty in New Zealand

\_ are dimmed, sa

3400/718

76

Today the anti-apartheid mob can get its way,
tomorrow it can be some other bunch of
crackpots who by demonstrations and threats
can create a situation that will convince a
court that a valid decision taken by a sports
body or other organisation should be
blocked.

We hope New Zealanders will also realise that
what has happened is a gross interference
with their right to play sport where they wish
and against whom they wish, and that it is »
their Government, with its vile campaign
against the tour, that is mainly responsible.

As for South African rugby players, they can
only express their dismay at the turn of
events. For it has always been one of the
great ambitions of South African players to
wear the green and gold against the All
Blacks. .

The disappointment is all the more acute be-
cause the tour seemed to have been cut and
dried, with 30 players selected for the touring
side and trials held in Cape Town to choose
the Springbok team.

Nevertheless, though we share the dismay of
players and we express our contempt for
those responsible for the abandonment of the
tour, we caution South Africans not to make
this a cause for national despondency.

There is more to life than sport. We have more
pertinent and insistent problems than
whether or not the All Blacks tour our coun-
try. The cancellation of the tour is not a nat- -
ional disaster. It is also not the end of rugby.

But there are lessons to be learnt from the
debacle — and the first one is that we cannot
allow the UDF to steal a march on us by its
devious tricks.

We have to fight with even greater vigour —
and certainly with a cunning to match that of
the UDF — to ensure that our remaining
sporting links continue and that we expand
them wherever possible.

If, in the end, the rugby world turns its back
on us, then we will have to organise rebel
rugby tours like the cricketers have done.

Even if it means that rugby has to go profes-
sional.



The Causes of Deforestation

There are three major causes of deforestation, Jon Tinker explains.
The first is the forest products industry. When you stop and think
about the extraordinary richness of a tropical rain forest with its
hundreds of species, each of them endowed with unique properties,
the idea of cutting them down to make paper or boards emerges as
unbelievable folly.

It is every bit as extravagant to use the complex mixture of hundreds
of organic chemical substances containing petroleum to get the energy
out of them rather than leaving that to the petrocehmical industry.
It requires an attitude of using the books from a beautiful scien-
tific library to feed a stove. It is to be hoped, says Tinker, that
we will be smart enough to find more appropriate uses for the tro-
pical forests -- and for ‘petroleum -- before the planet's store of
both is exhausted.

The second cause of deforestation is agriculture. Where the tropi-
cal forest has been cleared to make way for farming, the results’
have rarely been satisfactory. The soils on which the rain forests
thrive are barren and poor, with 95 percent of . nutrients provi-
ded by the vegetation itself. Once the trees are cut down, it is
frequently impossible to grow anything in the soil, or even to pro-
vide grazing for livestock for moré than a few years, after which
the yields are so poor as to be not worth talking about. In our
time, small populations needing land will clear-cut a hectare or
two, work it until the soil is exhausted, and then pick up and go
elsewhere. With’. every: move, they find land less and less suited to
permanent cultivation: steeper slopes, thinner topsoil, cultiva-
tion more difficult, poorer and poorer yields, even as they leave
behind them lands that will never again be productive. These mar-
ginal populations are destroying their own environment. They are
not doing this out of stupidity or short-sightedness, but simply.
because they have no alternative. They must perforce plow and sow
steep slopes, even though they know full well that the first rains
may wash the.soil into the river, because there is not enough level
land available.

The third cause of deforestation, next to the timber and pulp cut-
ters and clear-cutting trees for agriculture, is firewood gathering.
When women are content to gather firewood from the ground, the im-
pact on a real forest is: rarely,serious; that is not the case,
though, when most of the trees have been felled: those that are
left are increasingly at risk. .

The foresters in West Africa who plant exotic species in ramrod-
straight rows, talk scornfully of "worthless bush." The peasants
in the Sahel, better versed in the art of survival in a pitiless
environment, are far more aware of the value of trees. They eat
their nuts or fruits; they use their leaves to feed their cattle,
their bark to dye cloth or tan leather, the berries to make medi-
cinal potions, the shade to sleep under. But if there is no other
source of fuel to cook the daily meals, the trees that did grow in
the heavily populated areas are doomed to disappear.

9



JPRS=SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

NAMIBIA

RADIO ACCUSES SWAPO LEADERSHIP OF CORRUPTION
MB190929 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 19 Jul 85

[Text] The ordinary SWAPO fighter in the bush should reassess his position
in relation to the leadership of the terrorist organization. Once again,
SWAPO leaders have been accused of misusing the movement's funds, and of
living in relative luxury while many SWAPO followers go hungry.

The latest. charges are made in a report by the Frankfurt-based International
Society of Human Rights, known by its German initials, IGFM. Attempts by

the human rights society to interview SWAPO leader Sam Nujoma met with failure.
Afterward, the society reported that Mr Nujoma was very busy with parties,
receptions, revolutionary celebrations, and dinners with Russian emissaries.

Former SWAPO members told the researchers taht relief funds and goods were
being appropriated and misused by SWAPO leaders. (Ngiza Indanjoni), a

former bookkeeper in SWAPO'S office in Luanda, said that the SWAPO leaders
sold blankets, meat, and medicine, and made good business out of it. She also
said SWAPO had inflated the number of Namibian refugees from around 20,000

to a fictitious 100,000, in order to acquire more relief money. A former
SWAPO official, Mr Joseph Mulunga, told the human rights society that relief
goods destined for Namibian refugees were being intercepted and sold on the
black market in Angola by the SWAPO leadership corps.

In the late 1970s, similar accusations were leveled against the SWAPO
leadership. Several SWAPO members published a document in which Sam Nujoma
was accused of massive embezzlement of funds entrusted to him by the OAU
liberation committee, the World Council of Churches, and Scandinavian
countries. The document also painted a grim picture of deprivation suffered
by the SWAPO fighters--poorly trained, poorly armed, and on the verge of
starvation.

The upshot of this situation is that SWAPO terrorists are being killed by the
hundreds as they cross into South-West Africa. These are no longer military
missions. They are suicide missions for SWAPO fighters. The clear evidence
is therefore that, while Sam Nujoma and his henchemen live it up and have a
good time in the capital cities of the world, terrorist forces are experiencing
a grim and futile fight against the SADF, which is the most powerful on the
continent.

cso: 3400/733
51



Employment, Income Rise Reported
(NATION, 5 Jul 85) SEO ee ee meee rere rene ee ee es ereeeeseeseees

Youth Employment Project Described
(NATION, 24 Jun 85) Dee eee e eee e eee ee een rece eeeseeseene

Briefs
Pioneers in Bulgaria
Tourism Figures
Moscow Film Festival
Polytechnic: Students
SIERRA LEONE

Briefs
Cooperation With Iran

SOMALIA

Fragmentation of Opposition Movements Reported
(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 3 Jul 85) Peon cere eee e teen eeeeeee

SOUTH AFRICA

BEELD Urges Gesture in Support of Reagan
(BEELD, 15 Jul 85)... cece ccc ecw eee eee eeeeeeereee oes

UDF Condemned for Its Action Against New Zealand Rugby Team
(THE CITIZEN, 18 Jul 85) ...:5......... tence cere renee neee

Labour Party Helping Government Implement Apartheid
(Brian Stuart; THE CITIZEN, 18 Jul 85) ........eccceeee eee

PFP MP Attacks Botha's Perspective
(THE CITIZEN, 19 Jul 85) ..

Head of NRP Accuses National Party for Nation Alienation
(THE CITIZEN, 19 Jul 85) .....

White Homeland Gets Strong Support From Right Wing
(Brian Stuart; THE CITIZEN, 22 Jul 85) ..;

Black Role in Solving Urbanization Problems Called For
(DIE TRANSVALER, 28 Jun 85) .cccccececceeeee

Findings of HSRC Study on Race Relations Discussed
(SOUTH AFRICA DIGEST, 5 Jul 85) .icccccceceececceeee sees

PRETORIA NEWS Praises, Highlights Findings
DIE VADERLAND Praises Study

66

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

83

83
84


YOUTH EMPLOYMENT PROJECT DESCRIBED

Victoria NATION in English 24 Jun 85 pp 1,

[Text]

A SPECIAL programme
that will provide up to
1,500 youths a year with
between one and four
years’ work experience
before formal full em-
ployment is to be intro-
duced by the Government
soon. :

The Work Experience Prog-
ramme was explained to the
chairmen and social affairs offi-
cials of the Seychelles People’s
Progressive Front’s (SPPF) dis-
trict branches and government,
parastatal and private em-
ployers by Labour and Social
Security Minister Joseph
Belmont at the Maison du
Peuple last Thursday. It was
aimed, he said, at helping
young people of the 15 to 21-
year age group who were not at
the NYS or the Polytechnic.
However, the WEP was not in-
tended as an alternative to
further studies at these
establishments.

“This programme,” Mr
Belmont, whois also the Secre-
tary for Social Affairs on the
SPPF Central Committee,
said, “has been drawn up in

keeping with the policy of the
Front and of the Government
to continually give Seychellois
youth more and more op-
portunities to participate in
productivity and contribute to
national development.” In this
Particular case, it would also
provide them with the experi-
ence they needed to prepare
them for the world of work.

But the Government’s ef-
forts naturally did not end
there, Mr Belmont said. “It will
continue with its aim of creat-
ing, through the new National
Development Plan, full-time
jobs for everyone, though this
is, of course, a more long term-
objective,” the Minister said.

Contribution

“In the meantime, the Work
Experience Programme will
ensure that youths who enter
full employment are in a posi-
tion to contribute more effec-
tively in helping to raise the
country’s level of produc-
tivity.”

The Programme is for youths
who have completed Primary 9
but who did not join the NYS
or who dropped out of the

68

Service; NYS graduates who:

were not admitted to the
Polytechnic or who dropped
out during their first year; and
youths who have completed
only their first year at the
Polytechnic,

Youths who are already em-
ployed but who would have
otherwise fallen into this categ-
ory will continue to work and
be paid as they are.

The Programme -has five
main objectives. It will help.
provide basic training and pre-
pare youths for the world of
work, and thus make it easier
for them to find employment la-
ter on.. Minister Belmont noted
that nowadays, employers very
often turned away young
people because they lacked ex-
perience. This was especially so

if the person had not gone onto.

more advanced studies after
Primary 9 or the National
Youth Service (NYS)..

The programme will also en-
sure that trained and ex-
perienced workers are re-
warded at a higher level than
youngsters who are employed.

JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

SEYCHELLES


CHINESE DELEGATION VISITS, DISCUSSES TRADE COOPERATION

Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 8 Jul 85 pl

[Text]

GABORONE: The Minister
of Commerce and Industry,
Mr Moutlakgola Nwako last
week hosted a Chinese
delegation which had arrived
on Wednesday. The
delegation led by the Chinese
Minister of Metallurgical

Industry, Mr L. Dongye was |

here on a follow-up visit
following Botswana's
missions to their country. _

According toa release from
the Ministry of Commerce
and Industry, the two
countries discussed possible
long-term economic
co-operation.

During the discussions,
said the release, Mr Nwako
recalled that already excellent
technical and economic co-
operation existed. He cited
the rice project in Maun, the
health project in Francistown
and the railway up-grading
in southern Botswana.

The two delegations also
discussed the progress of the

€S0; 3400/7521

processed trade agreement
between their countries. On
that issue, Mr Nwako
informed his counterpart that
a document to that -effect
had been approved by the
cabinet and was currently
being considered by the
Southern African Customs
Union Area before racti-
fication.

Mr Nwako informed the
Chinese that the Government

firmly believed in the’

diversification of trade links
with other countries including
the People’s Repubilc of
China, sald the release.
Minister Nwako also
recalled that when he was in

China sometime back, hesaw_

many products which
compared favourably in
quality and price, to those
“we are currently importing.”
He said it was essential for
the business community in
Botswana to be increasingly
aware of those new important
procurement opportunities.

23

JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

BOTSWANA

On the other hand, the
Chinese delegation informed
Mr Nwako that their visit was
partly a follow-up of the trade
and investment promotion
mission he led from Botswana
to China in late 1983.

The release also gave a
brief account of a recent
meeting between Mr Nwako
and a delegation from South
Korean trading company.

That delegation was led by
Mr Hai Yong Rhee, the vice

| president and director of one

of South Korea’s biggest
businesses, the Hyindai
Corporation.

Matters discussed included
the greater import of selected
textiles from South Korea,
with long-term possibilities
ofestablishing a South Korea
orjoint venture operation for
the making of specialist
Products. In addition,
possibilities of vehicle
assembly and steel rolling
mill, were explored.



JPRS~SSA~85~074.
21 August 1985

SEYCHELLES

EMPLOYMENT, INCOME RISE REPORTED
Victoria NATION in English 5 Jul 85 pp 1, 2

[Text]

EMPLOYMENT and incomes
rose while unemployment and
inflation tumbled in Seychelles
last year as, after three years of
economic stagnation, 1984
showed strong indications of
growth,

The latest annual report of
the Central Bank just out notes
that the number of people in
formal employment (i.e. not
including domestic workers,
the self-employed and family
workers) increased by three
percent while the number look-
ing for jobs through the Labour
Office fell by 8.7 percent.

Between 1983 and 1984, the
average earnings of a Seychel-
lois worker rose by 1.1 percent
and reached R1,983 per
month.

As the price performance
continued to improve strongly,
the rate of inflation fell from
6.6 percent in 1983 to just 1.2
percent in 1984. On an annual
average, price inflation in 1984

was four percent as against 6.1.

percent the year before.
Looking at the economy in
general, the Central Bank
states: “Led by the resurgence
of tourism since the closing
months of 3983, economic re-
covery gained momentum

throughout the year under re-
port. While tourism-related
sectors benefited, the recovery
has yet: tc become broad-
based, partly because of the
time lag in transmission of
tourism recovery to other sec-
tors and partly because of the
slow growth in investments.”
“Tourism performed extra-
ordinarily well during 1984,”
the Bank notes, and direct
spending by tourists in Seychel-

- les brought in R 279 million in

1984, more than 53 percent of
the total foreigri exchange re-
ceived by the banks during the
year.

Yet, tourism was seriously
threatened after two interna-
tional airlines pulled
out their European routes to
Seychelles in MarchyApril
1983. The Gouvernment res-
cued the industry from poten-
tial collapse by taking a bold
and calculated step to launch
an international air service with
a leased aircraft under the aus-
pices of its own hithero
domestic airline, Air
Seychelles.
~ “The important lesson un-
derscored by this experience is
that international access trans-
port, which is vital to the
tourism industry and hence to

66

the national economy, should
not be left entirely to the nar-
row commercial considerations
of foreign airlines,” the Central
Bank states.

Subsidy

For a small’ country opera-
ting an international air service
with a leased aircraft, it notes,
it might be inevitable that there
will be losses calling for some
subsidy from the government.
But this subsidy, if any, can be
justified by the benefits, in
terms of jobs and incomes and
also foreign exchange earnings,
which the revival of tourism
brings to the country, the Cen-
tral Bank adds.

Nevertheless, as a matter of
prudence, the Government is
believed to be periodically as-
sessing Air Seychelles’ interna-
tional operations financially, so
as to minimise or eliminate
losses. .

Traditionally, the services
sectors, dominated by tourism-
related services, have provided
the engine for growth, con-
tributing ‘no less than 75 per-
cent to the gross domestic pro-
duct. Non-services sectors, en-
gaged mostly in producing
commodities, account for the
remaining quarter, The indica-
tions are that roughly the same



JPRS~SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

COUP IN UGANDA -- The overthrow of former President Milton Obote of Uganda is
discussed by the DAILY TIMES. The paper observes that during his tenure of of-
fice, the deposed Ugandan president fanned the embers of tribalism in a bid to
stay perpetually in power. It points out that the people may, however, have a
consolation in the belief that the new leadership of General Tito Okello may
reverse the fortunes of their country for good by avoiding the pitfalls of his
predecessors. The TIMES enjoins all Ugandans to cooperate with the new govern-
ment in order to restore peace in that country. [From the press review] [Text]
[Lagos International Service in English 0830 GMT 3 Aug 85 ABI

THREAT TO REPATRIATE BLACKS -- The recent threat by apartheid South Africa to
repatriate 1 million blacks is the issue examined by THE VANGUARD. It believes
that the repatriation will have more adverse effects on the racist economy than
it will have on the Frontline countries. The paper is of the view that the
brand of reaction is being borne by France.alone since.the imposition of the
state of emergency in black towships. THE VANGUARD, therefore, calls on African

- countries to initiate, as a matter of urgency, a survival contingency plan for
the Frontline countries. [From the press review] [Text] [Lagos International
Service in English 0830 GMT 3 Aug 85 AB]

cso: 3400/802

59



states in the tuna fishery would
depend on local factors, as well
as on the efforts and develop-
ment policies of individual
governments.

The IOFC members stressed
that the cooperation of both
coastal countries and distant:
water fishing nations such as
France, Spain and Japan was
essential to collect and compile
the detailed data that was
needed to assess fish stocks.

The Commission felt that it
was necessary that manage-!
ment decisions should be based
on sound scientific advice.
Meetings of administrators res-
ponsible for fisheries manage-
ment and development should
be preceded by meetings of
scientists. The next meeting of
the Committee on Manage-
ment of Indian Ocean Tuna is
to be held in Sri Lanka in De-
cember 1985.

Several delegations expres-
sed some concern about the
possible effect of large purse
seining operations on the arti-
sanal and long-line fisheries.
It was, however, pointed out
that such an impact would be ,
more likely in cases where both +
types of fishing were underta-
ken in closely adjacent areas.

Regarding yellowfin, the re-
sults of the introduction of
purse seining had led scientists
to revise their previous estima-
tions, which were exclusively
based on the data collected
from long lining. It was now
thought that the Indian Ocean
stock might well reach a poten-
tial of 100,000 to 150,000 tons.

cso: 3400/736

The skipjack potential of the
region was not yet well known,
but catches could probably be
increased quite substantially.

The need for continuing in-
ternational cooperation in tuna
management and development
was unanimously recognised.
However, although delega-
tions referred to other interna-
tional bodies dealing with tuna
management in various parts of
the world as examples, it was
pointed out that the situatjon
was unique inthe Indian
Ocean. The Commission in-
cluded a large number of de-
veloping coastal countries,
which accounted for about 45
per cent of the total tuna
catches. This very special.com-
bination of interests and
capabilities required solutions
specifically adapted to the
region.

16



cso:

3400/712

Footnotes

1. Sassou-Nguesso will have to be careful not to offend Le
Mouvement du 22 Février (M-22), which has become the ideologi-
cal standard-bearer of his regime. M-22 activists such as Camille
Bongou (head of the PCT permanent secretariat), Ambroise
Noumazalaye, Bernard Combo Matsiona, Joseph Elenga Ngaporo
and Benoit Moudele Ngollo will be against watering down what
is left of Congo’s Marxism.

2. He has a reputation as a pro-West pragmatist. In the early
1970s he added the ‘‘Ange’’ to his name because of his admiration
for the then pro-Chinese extreme leftist Capt. Ange Diawara.

33



changes to the political
dispensation in SWA
while the draft constitut-
ion was being awaited and
it was quite possible this
could happen with AG-8,

Mr Mudge also ap-
pealed to members not to
request the new Council
to investigate interim
changes in the present
dispensation as this would
delay the drafting of the
final constitution, Mem-
bers should rather use the
alternative options avail-
able to them if they felt
something had to be
changed urgently.

The Bill only makes
provision for the six par-
ticipating parties in the
Transitional Government
— the Labour Party, the
Democratic Turnhalle Al-
liance, the Reheboth Free

Democratic Party, the .

SWA National Party, the
Swapo Democrats, and
an SWA National Union
grouping — to have rep-
resentation on the Consti-
tutional Council.

Mr Mudge emphasised,

however, that the MPC
Government was com-
mitted to continuing
forts to bring other poli
cal parties in SWA which
had so far boycotted the
process to the negotiation
table.

If parties like the South
West Africa People’s Or-

anisation decided to join
in time, representation
could also be provided for.
them on the Council.

If boycotting parties
left it too late to ensure
representation, the draft
constitution would still
have to be negotiated
with them, if possible,
and it would ultimately
have to be put before the
people of SWA/Namibia
for their approval or re-
jection, Mr Mudge said.

Dealing with the cur-
rent situation at local, or
municipal government le-
vel, the minister said the
cabinet would not hesi-
tate any longer in finding
ways for all members of
urban communities to
have a say in this sphere.



cso:

3400/712

the political balance in the regime away from pro-
Marxist members of La Ligue Internationale de la
Défense des Droits du Peuples (La Ligue), and has
reduced the influence of older officers who played
a key role in the 1972 coup. A younger generation
which is much more beholden to Kérékou has been
promoted in their place. In the army ‘it includes,
for.example, Lieutenant-Colonels Léopold Ahoueya,
Charles Bebeda and Gaston Coovi.

On the tribal side Kérékou’s main preoccupation
has been to prevent an alliance between the Yoruba,
who live mainly in the Porto Nuovo and Cotonou
areas, and the Fon of Abomey and Ouidah, against
the hegemony of northern tribes — such as his own
Yoaba tribe, the Dendi, the Pila and the Bariba.
Romain Vilon Guézo, president of the national
assembly and head of the trade union movement, is
relied on by Kérékou to control Fon discontent.

In the short-to-medium-term there is certainly no
prospect of economic improvement. Loans con-
tracted by the government to finance the Savé sugar
project and the Onigolo cement factory have pushed
up the external debt to about $900m without generat-
ing any revenue to repay them. An agreement with
the IMF, followed by a Paris and London Club
rescheduling of the debt, looks the most likely scen-
ario at present.

Part of a revised economic strategy will have to
include a rejigging of the banking sector, whose
main institution, La Banque Commerciale du Benin
(BCB), is in bad shape. Its longstanding director-
general, Bruno Amoussou, was arrested late last year
on obscure charges. French businessmen no longer
accept BCB financial guarantees.

The longer-term hope, on which Kérékou pins his
future, is of course oil. Output from the small Semé
field, close to the maritime frontier with Nigeria, is
producing about 9,000 barrels.a day (b/d), of which
about 5,000 b/d is exported. A second development
phase has been launched with the help of the
Norwegian company, Saga Petroleum, with the aim
of increasing production to 16,000 b/d next year,
perhaps up to.20,000 b/d by 1987. The government
has also announced recently that new concessions,
onshore and offshore, will soon be offered to western
oil companies, several of which have sent representa-
tives to discuss ‘possibilities with Beninois officials.
Petroleum affairs have been handled directly by the
president’s office following the cabinet reshuffle last
year. As in Cameroun, oil revenue is not fully
included in the national budget or in the trade
statistics.

19



JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

BLACK GROUPS PRESSURE WHITE BUSINESSMEN TO BACK DEMANDS

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 12 Jul 85 p 11

[Text]
PORT ELIZABETH — In addi-

tion to the terrifying violence ,

and near-anarchy in Eastern
Cape black townships, several
communities are exerting a
more subtle pressure that has
forced white commerce to in-
tercede with the authorities to
improve township life.

Widespread organised boycotts
by black consumers threaten to
cripple many white-run busin-
esses.

Businessmen say it is an “un-
precedented trend” aimed at
bringing a greater awareness of
black social and political griev-
ances to white commercial organi-,
sations.

In Adelaide, where there has
been an almost 100 percent boy-
cott for more than two months, the
local businessmen’s association
and municipal officials have met
black township representatives in
a bid to end the boycott.

DEMANDS
Public relations officer for the

association, Mr Keith Wootton, ;

said his organisation had met the
boycott organisers, the Adelaide
Youth Congress, who had listed 22

demands to be met before the boy-
cott could be ended: nen

“Their demands ranged from re-
pairing township roads to the re-

cso; 3400/739

“say the boycotts are maintained

moval of the police and army: ‘
units from the township,” said Mr ~
Wootton. “We wrote to several
authorities and forwarded copies
‘of our letters to the Youth Con- -
gress — but the boycott has con-
tinued.”

In nearby Fort Beaufort, where ;
a less effective boycott has been in ~
operation .for more than three
months, several white-owned bu-
sinesses which rely mainly on the
black trade face bankrupcy unless
the boycott is ended, according to
the president of the Fort Beaufort
Chamber of Commerce, Mr Ri-
chard Roy. .

‘Traders _in the affected towns

only by a high level of intimida-
tion by black youths.

Last week, a month-long boycott
of white-owned businesses in Gra-
hamstown was called off after a
township action committee pre-
sented a list of 34 demands to the
Grahamstown Chamber of Com-
merce. Among the demands were
the withdrawal of police and

. SADF patrols from the townships

and ‘the resignation of the local
black community council.

‘The president of the Port Eliza-
beth Chamber of Commerce, Mr
Frank Whiteman, said: “There is
no doubt that the boycotts are a

+ manifestation of the current un-

rest in the Eastern Cape. This can

86

~?

be seen from the political de-
mands that are being made as
conditions for ending the boy-
cotts.”

Asked if businessmen would be
able to meet the demands of the
boycotters, Mr Whiteman said
that, through the Association of
Chambers of Commerce, business-
men had access to the Cabinet but,
on the local level, it was difficult
to determine who to speak to in
the divided black townships.

Another problem was that boy-
cotting groups expected that the
changes they demanded could be
made almost overnight. Poe

Professor Bill Davies, professor

! of development studies at Rhodes
. University and former head of the

Urban Foundation in the Eastern
Cape, said the boycott tactic used
in smaller towns could, at last,
alert white businessmen to black
grievences and could possibly re-
sult in political action to redress
those grievances.

“J don’t believe the organisers of
the boycotts think that local white
businessmen’ can solve all the
problems facing the black commu-
nity. But, if the boycotts continue
and businesses start going broke,
some political reaction may set in
and white businessmen will start
calling on their local MPs to try to
solve these political problems.”


JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

ETHIOPIA

'FORGOTTEN' WAR ON THREE FRONTS DESCRIBED

Paris AFRICAN DEFENCE JOURNAL in English Jul 85 pp 54-57

[Article by Pierre Viaud]

[Text]

The origin of the breaks .

After having resisted Muslim growth for
several centuries, Ethiopia, a Christian
empire on the African continent, had to
contend with threats from the growing
European colonial appetite starting at the end
of the 19th century. The country was in
particular threatened by Italy, which installed
a power base on the Eritrean coast starting in
1869, with the purchase of the port of Assab.
France established itself at Obock, near
Djibouti, in 1884 to build its influence in the
country, while London and Rome began
secret negotiations for the division and
sharing of the country. What these European
powers were looking for was a hold on access
to the sea. The peace treaty of 1896, which
followed the first victory of Ethiopian troops
over the Europeans, left Eritrea under Italian
control. Shortly afterwards, agreements
more or less fixed the precise limits of French
possessions in the region. To the east and
south, the British and Italians split up
Somalia. Before the outbreak of the conflict
with Italy, Emperor Menelik had tried to
expand his empire, which remained at the
time limited to Abyssinia proper, that is to say
the high plateaux where the people spoke
Amharic’ and the dominant religion was
Orthodox Christian. Victorious campaigns
against the troops of Muhammad Abduilah
Hassan, the Mullah of Somalia, succeeded in
sparking.an uprising against the British and
Italians at the beginning of the century. Other
expeditions to the south enabled Menelik to
annex the Harrar, Ogaden and Haud
provinces, along with the Kafa, Sidamo and
Galla regions, giving Ethiopia borders that
roughly correspond to its present day state.

World War II signalled the end of the Italian
occupation, who surrendered to the Free

40

French and British forces, aided by Ethiopian
freedom fighters. Haile Selassie, who had
been forced into exile, returned to the capital
in 1941. Although peace had been
established, Ethiopia encountered difficulties
in establishing its territorial integrity and
independence. Rome claimed to have a UN
mandate for continued administration of the
country. Egypt laid claim to Eritrea, and Great
Britain wanted to annex the Ogaden to its
Somali holdings. Thanks to the energetic
undertakings of the Ethiopian foreign affairs
minister, Eritrea was placed under his
country’s administration as a federal
territory, while the Haud and Ogaden
provinces, occupied until. 1954 by British
troops, were returned to Ethiopian rule. But
the border with Italian Somalia, which Rome
continued to govern under its UN mandate,
was not determined. In 1962, the Eritrean
parliament unanimousty voted — a vote
considered more or less manipulated — to
‘simply incorporate the territory as part of
Ethiopia. The ancient empire of Axoum
would thus undergo the greatest territorial
expansion in its history: 1184 000km?
{740 000 square miles), or over twice the total
area of France. But while Addis Ababa gained
a coastline with the ports of Massoua and
Assab, the Amharic speaking, Orthodox
Christian population ceased to be a majority.
It now accounted for only. 40% of the 25
million inhabitants. Eritrean separatists and
Somali claims would pose new problems to
an Ethiopia that had barely recovered from
the struggle against Italian occupation and
WWII. The inter-mixing of the different
peoples throughout Ethiopia’s often
tormented history has been considerable. But
the rifts between the Abyssinian Christians,
who hold the majority of the. leadership


JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

BLACK ROLE IN SOLVING URBANIZATION PROBLEMS CALLED FOR
Johannesburg DIE TRANSVALER in Afrikaans 28 Jun 85 p 11
[Article: "Strategy on Black Urbanization New Challenge"']

[Text] Blacks flocking to the cities represent one of the
most difficult issues that will have to be dealt with in
the foreseeable future. This is what Professor A. F. Steyn
said today at Stellenbosch in a report on urbanization

and rural depopulation. The following is a summary of

the report.

The issue of the increasing, accelerated urbanization of Blacks is one of the
greatest challenges facing us in the last. decades of the century, and a strat-
egy is necessary for it that will clearly demand new thinking.

It is quite clear from studies that the policy of influx control will not be
adequate in the growing pressure and necessity for Black urbanization. The
permanence of Blacks in the city will have to be accepted once and for all.

It is thus of the utmost necessity that one of the highest priorities in South
Africa be that of developing a national urbanization strategy--a strategy that
clearly demands new thinking.

A move will have to be made away from the idea that Blacks are objects for
which provisions have to be made. They will have to be made participants in
finding solutions in order to allow urbanization to take place within the
framework of orderly development.

In every society, there exists a special bond of symbolic cooperation between
city and country, and a delicate balance between these two forms of settlement
should be preserved.

When urbanization increases to such a degree that existing services and social
structures of the rural population deteriorate to such an extent that the qual-
ity of life and perhaps even agricultural production are adversely affected,
then the rural populace and society on the whole can face great problems.

81



JPRS-SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

NIGERIA

BRIEFS

EDICT ON RELIGIOUS PREACHING-~The Bauchi State Government has enacted an edict
regulating religious preaching. Known.as the Religious Preaching Edict, 1985,
the edict stipulates the status of religious preachers and the conditions for
their operation. It makes it compulsory for all registered religious preachers
to obtain licenses from Christian and Islamic bodies or permits from sole
administrators of where they want to preach. Under the edict, it is an offense
for all preachers to play religious cassettes or use electronic equipment in

a manner that constitutes public nuisance or indicates contempt for other'. ~
religious denominations. The offense attracts a fine or 6 months imprisonment
or both. [Text] [Kaduna Domestic Service in English 1700 GMT 26 Jul 85 AB]

LARGE WORKER TURNOUT—In Niger State, an attendance register has been opened

in all government establishments to identify civil servants who join in the
strike by the NLC [Nigeria Labor Congress]. Our staff correspondent in

Minna reports that at the end of the working hours today, the total number of
absentees were not known. However, a government statement said the turnout
was large and commended the workers. It said the workers’ action has portrayed
them as responsible citizens ready to make sacrifices for the development of
the state. The governor had earlier warned that workers who participate in the
strike should regard themselves dismissed. The NLC is demanding the restora-
tion of the workers' allowances after the expiration of the 6 months given by
the government. However, Governor David Mark said the allowances would not be
restored until January due to the government's finances. [Text] [Lagos Domestic
Service in English 1700 GMT 26 Jul 85]

58



When on the other hand there is too little opportunity. for urbanization for
a rapidly growing population, then large problems with respect to providing
services, development and the necessary societal structure, as well as large,
scale impoverishment, can also result.

An when a rapid influx of. an impoverished rural populace to the cities'takes
place, then wide-ranging problems with respect to employment and sufficient
provisions for housing and other services, as well as the deterioration of
social structures, can result.

Because of the pluralistic composition of the South African population, to-

gether with the fact that South Africa has a dualistic economy, South African
society is presently approaching a full spectrum of all these problems.

The different population groups are in different phases of urbanization.

Whites have a low rate of population growth, together with a high level of
urbanization and a low rate of urban population growth.

In contrast, the Black population, which is economically a deve loping popula-
tion, has a high rate of growth with a low level of urbanization and a high
level of urban population growth.

The Asian and Colored population groups are between these two groups.

12271
CSO: 3401/264

82



COLOREDS SAY THEY ABSTAINED FROM VOTE

Harare THE HERALD in English 15 Jul 85 p 1

(Text]

cso;

3400/740

THE Coloured com
in Hatfield ig up in arms
about allegations that it

. Supported the  Conser-
. Vative Alliance Zimbabwe

@uring the recent elec-
tions, pointing out that
most of them did not
vote because they reject-
ed ithe idea of being on
a separate voters’ role.

This had emerged from
several house. meetings In
‘the constituency since the
elections and — throws
doubts on claims by the
independent candidate for
Hatfield, Mr Herbert
Thompson, that a large
slice of Coloured votes
went to Mr Dennis John-
son of the OAZ.

It haa been pointed out
at the meetings that the
constituency fg a darge
one, covering about 10
suburbs which have a
large white population.
If most Coloureds did not
vote, CAZ won the elec-
tion on a largely white
vote.

‘Phe CAZ candidate won
with 729 votes against.
the 441 for Mr Dick Cart-
wright of the Independent.
Zimbabwe Group and 339
for the — Independent
candidate, Mr Herbert
‘Thompson.

‘One resident dn the
constituency, Mr David
Kilpin, hay accused Mr

electorate as “he should
‘have known that he would
not win as most voters
did not know what} he
stood for’.

The votes that the in-
dependent ‘candidate had

en would have gone
to the 12G to give the
group an advantage over
the In other words,
“it ig Mr Thompson who
supported the CAZ- and
not the Coloured commu-

nity”.

le pointed out that
Coloureds believed that
the ruling party would
look after the interests of
all the people in Zimba-
bwe, regardless of race;

and rejected the fact that :

they had been included on
the white voters roll,
Another leading mem-
ber ofithe Coloured com-
munity in Hatfield, who
refused to be named, said
“very few of the so-called
Coloureds are on the vo-
ters’ register as they re-
fused to pirticipate in the
racist Lancaster House
constitution which clas-
sifles them as whites”,
‘The outrage in the con-
stituency ‘was aroused
soon after the election
for the 20 white mem-
bers of parliament when
Mr Thompson, who does
not live in the constitu-
ency and has spent sev-
eral years in Zambia, ac.
cused Coloured voters of

‘Thompson of splitting the supporting OAZ,

117

ZIMBABWE



INDIA PLANS TO BUILD RATIWAY ROLLING STOCK

ZIMBABWE

Harare THE HERALD in English 11 Jul 85 BUSINESS HERALD Supplement p 1

{Article by David Masunda]

[Text]

INDIA’s State Trading
Corporation has gsubmit-
ted a $45 million plan to
use the facilities of threa
of Zimbabwe's st
rolling gtock manufac-
turera to make railway
wagons for Africa and
other regions.

The plan would encom- :

pags the use of manufac-
uring facilities at More-
wear, Zéco and F, Issels
and Son to make railway
wagons and possibly
coaches from local and
Indian raw materials,
STCs manager
Harare, Mr Bhisham
Sedo Sabnani; sald this

‘week.
‘An Indian delegatior
was in the

“was  ¢X-

tremely pl

found that the three « com-
inieg together all

Tinat was required

start such a project in

Zimbabwe.

“Already, temarkable
pro has been
le... talks are now

on ifor meeting the im-
mediate requirements of
Zambia on ‘Uganda,
among others,” sald Me
Sabnani,

‘The plan would also in-
volve smaller loca] com-~
panies who would come fa
as 8 tractors or
sub-assemblers for some
of the items, Items being
Presently imported by

Ine three manufacturers
would come from: Indla.

‘There was a possibility

cso: 3400/740

of extending manufacture
to include rallway pas-
senger coaches and special
railway cars for the min-

ing in try.

"if there is sufficient
demand in this part’ of
the region for passenger
coaches we will use our

. expertise to manufacture

in:

i

them in Zimbabwe,” he
said.

Saia Mr Sabnant: “Al
the three companies have
shown tremendotis Inter-
eat.”

production
of three of Africa’s lar-
gest rofing stock manu-
facturers and better the
Jocal industry’s chances
when tenderlag for inter-
national contracts.

Local companies have
lost contracts in the re-

gion in the flercely-con- |

Such a move would
pamalgamate

tested rolling stock
matket ecause their
financial packages did
not compare well to those
of well-established Kura-
pean manufacturers.
Bulawayo-based Zeco
failed in itg bld to supply
Botswana with
locomotives earlier this
year because a Canadian
competitor made a hetter
finahelal package that in-
eluded a 25 percent soft
joan and a it ta
rehabilitate a section of
rail track in Botswana.
Sources in Hararg sald
Zeco’s locomotives coat
just as little as the Cana-
dan GC who won the

+ contract.

“Under this arrange-
ment, we won't be com-
petitors ‘but India would
use the three ag sub-con-
tractors or ¢o-bidders,”
said Mr Sabnan!.

He sald negotiations
were also undenway for
the local assembly of In-
dian-type small tractors
by a local company for
anticipated orders fram
the region. Such small
tractors (45 hp) could
be used by small-scale

‘farmers, co-operatives |

120

and even large commer-
alal farmers.

Mr Sabnanl sald STC
had also used $2,25 million
of the balance of a line of
credit India gavo to Ztin-
babwe in 1982 to bring in
tractors, tractor parts,
diesel engines, com-
pressors for the mining.
industry, water system
parts and statiquery
manufacturing: machi-

nery.

An India / Zimbabwe
barter deal made
available more than $1,35
million which would be
used to bring Into Zim-
babwa tractors and yew-
ing machincs and parts.
Another barter deal was
expected this month and
would be of machinery
tor the mining Industry.

STC’s Projects aud
Wquipment Corporation
had ‘been contracted to
co-ordinate the supply of
the machinery which
would include dumper
tucks, excavators buil-

Gozers, scrappers and
drilling equipment.
Mr Bian said a
much bigger barter deal
was . expected to he
finalised this year,


JPRS~SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

BOTSWANA

BPP'S MOSOJANE DENIES CHARGES OF TRIBALISM

Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 12 Jul 85 p 1

{Article by Leano Mphotho]

[Text]

CSO;

FRANCISTOWN: The
Northern Regional Chairman
of the Botswana Peoples
Party (BPP), Mr John
Mosojane, has likened what
he said could be
“Institutionalised” tribalism in
Botswana to the South
African apartheid policy.
‘Addressing a political rally
‘at Sommerset here at the
\weekend Mr Mosojane said
like apartheid in South Africa,
institutionalised tribalism was
.a bad practice in Botswana.

Mr Mosojane said that if

: his party could be elected to |

‘power it would amend the
constitution to harmonise
what he referred to as “tribal
tensions” in the country.
“He dismissed as “utter
nonsense” allegations that his
party was a tribal one

composed mainly of members :

of one tribe. Mr Mosojane
sald that his party drew
supporters from all parts of
the country and was
. becoming stronger.

He said the fact that
for first time in the history of
Botswana, there were mayors
from opposition parties, was
indicative of a new era of
political consciousness in the
country.

Mr Mosojane claimed that
Batswana were discontented
jwith the BDP government
because It was failing to

3400/752

address itself to employment
and other needs. He
expressed optimism that the
BPP would do well in the
next general elections.

Mr Mosojane said he
wondered what the
government was doing about
factories which were closed
down and resulted in the
retrenchment of workers
following the introduction of
the rules of origin in
Zimbabwe.

He also cautioned people
against joining the Botswana
National Front which he said
believed in a one party state.
Mr Mosojane claimed that if
the BNF came to power the
opposition could be silenced.

Another speaker,
Councillor Motlatsi Molapisi,
claimed that figures from the

27

Prisons Department indicated
that 75 per cent of people
sent tojail, committed crimes
because, they were not
employed.
He said by building more
prisons, the Government was
only curing the symptoms of
adisease Instead of the cause.
Councillor Molapisi said that
if Government could create
employment opportunities
crime would be controlled.
Councillor Molapisi also
complained about lack of
localisation in the
Administration of Justice and
shortage of qualified doctors
atthe Jubilee Hospital, which
he said were evident enough
indications that the BDP
Government had failed to
provide social services to the
community. BOPA ©



The waters. If the rivers, the streams, the watering-holes and
the lakes of the South are polluted with pesticides -- offered

as "cooperation" from the North... -- or by runoff from them, it
is going to be the poor who will be poisoned and who will suffer
the belly-aches. The rich, it is true, have running water, fil-
ters, purifiers, and private wells. They often pay far less than
the poor for water that is piped into their houses through munici-
pal: pipelines, leaving the poor no choice but to use increasingly
contaminated’ sources for the water they need to wash, drink, and
cook with.

The forests. If only a few trees are left, the poor are going to
have to walk an increasingly long way, for hours or’ even for a
whole day, to gather a supply of wood to keep them warm. Even in
this age of oil and nuclear power, firewood is still the princi-
pal source of energy for half of mankind. We must not forget that
deforestation causes not only desertification: it has other evil
effects on the daily lives of people: for example, the increased
time and fatigue involved in gathering firewood, which usually
devolves on the woman, corisimes. much. time that by rights should
be .spent on household tasks and on bringing up her children. It
leads to the disappearance of food products needed in the prepa-
ration of local dishes, and that of products required by tradi-
tional medicine. It leads to the abandonment of rural craft acti-
vities, because*thé craftsman can no longer find the special kind
of wood he needs. °

As for the land, it is unquestionably the most important natural
resource of all. When the soils are degraded, polluted, eroded
by rain or wind, it is the poor who are driven onto increasingly
marginal lands, too sterile to be cultivated, too steep or too
marshy to support a proper house.

The environment is not a problem that worries the rich, avers Jon.
Tinker, director of "Earthscan," an international institute for
environment and dévelopment in London. It is a problem that con-
fronts the poor first and foremost. To become a believer, you
need only think of a standard development project, involving a big
dam to retain water for irrigation or for generating electricity.
All too often, the flanks of the mountains in the water basin up~
stream from the reservoir will be quickly deforested anes the dam
is completed. In many tropical regions, soil erosion follows
swiftly. The reservoir itself begins to silt up. The electric
turbines start taking in sand, which reduces the reservoir's capa-
city. Protecting the forests around dam basins does not boil down
to a simple question of protecting rare species of ferns or monkeys
-- although they are important too, at least from the point of view
that they are useful as signals... It is rather a matter of good
economics, of sound application of technology, Jon Tinker argues.

A reservoir half filled with silt will hardly produce electricity.



the Eritrean Liberation Front — Peoples
Liberation Force (ELF-PLF). The leaders of the
EPLF could not come to terms with the FLE,
however. Eritrea remains practicaly 100%
under the contro! of the secessionists,~
though, with the exception of major urban
areas such as Asmara and Massaoua.

The Dergue was shaken by a purge in
February 1977, and Mengistu Haile Mariam
seized power. He quickly put Ethiopia on a
Marxist-Leninist course, which led to a
turnabout in foreign relations. Ethiopia found
itself in an increasingly critical situation. The
Eritrean threat was now seconded by the
increased activity of the West Somali
Liberation Front, actively supported by
Mogadischu. The movement was gradually
making inroads in the Ogaden region. Fidel
Castro, who was travelling through Africa at
Moscow's behest, attempted to bring peace
to the entire Horn of Africa during a secret
meeting with Mengistu, Somalian President
Siad Barre, and the head of Southern Yemen.
The two African leaders refused the
formation of a Yemeni-Somatian-Ethiopian
alliance, however, which would have
included a provision for autonomy for Eritrea
and the Ogaden. Shortly afterwards,
Mengistu travelled to Moscow, and the
previous alliances were overturned: the
USSR promised weapons to the Ethiopian
government, which quickly downgraded its
relations with the USA. Although Moscow
had until then supported Somalia, which had
just declared a second war with Addis Ababa,
Cuban troops and Soviet advisers came to
reinforce the Ethiopian Army. The direct
intervention of a superpower in Ethiopian
affairs thus helped step up the war on three
fronts, a war waged with such complexity
that public opinion scarcely takes any interest
in its development. This war is clearly a
«forgotten war», however curious that might
seem.

Eritrea and the endless

secession

It is much easier to comprehend the
mechanism of Eritrean secession if one keeps
in mind the period mentioned above, during
which the Amharas undertook their
expansion to the expense of the other ethnic
groups. These other groups were often
heterogenous, but shared the fact that they
were not Christians, but for the most part
Moslems. Eritrean autonomy, established
following World War Il, was transformed in
1962 by a vote of the Eritrean parliament. The
measure called for pure and simple
annexation to Ethiopia. A resistance
movement was organized. The result was the
formation of three liberation movements, as

42

cited above. The most powerful of these was
the EPLF, which appeared in the 1970s. After
a 25-year struggle, Eritrean guerrillas are the
oldest fighters in Africa. They trained the
opponents to Selassie’s rule and today train
the most virulent opponents of the present
regime. These fighters are supported by an
impressively organized network, with
backing from the civilian population. In the
Sahel mountains, village militia take charge
of transport of weapons and food on camel-
back to the different fronts. The EPLF has in
turn organized women, young people and
farmers into associations. Hundreds of
ubarefoot doctors» travel through the
villages, dispensing medical care and basic
hygiene training. Schools have also been
opened, most of them underground, and in
people's stores the EPLF offers certain
products at reduced prices. The rear bases in
the Sahel mountains are also impressive.
With ant-like patience, the guerrillas have dug
into the rocks to build fortified hospitals,

‘workshops, print shops and garages. While

activities are limited during the day due to the
threat from Ethiopian aviation, the night
brims with activity: the information section
prints magazines, newspapers, schoolbooks
and broadcasts radio programmes in Tigre
and Tigrinia, the two main languages spoken
in Eritrea, as well as in Amharic. Truck
convoys link the bases to camps along the
Sudanese border over a road network that
has been literally hand-dug in the mountains.
Despite the differences that exist between
nomad and sedentary segments of the
population, between Moslems and
Christians, the struggle for independence has
united the vast Eritrean mosaic, comprised of
11 different peoples. To all of them, the EPLF
has brought a common cause. Whether for
production, education, political training,
refugee aid or health care, the EPLF operates
like'a government. Large numbers of political
and technical advisers are being trained in
the bush. This organization has held out
against the Ethiopian Army for over 23 years,
with the latter having launched six major
offensives. The last of these, code-named
«Red Star», was headed in 1982 by President
Mengistu himself; and led to a major setbak
for the Ethiopian government forces.

It should be noted that since the outset of
the conflict, guerrilla tactics have been
simple. They consist of taking over not only
the countryside, but also the cities and
villages of all of the provinces in Eritrea. And
each time the insurgents succeed in taking
too great a number of cities, the Ethiopian
government intervenes with a large-scale
offensive aimed at retaking the cities and the
countryside, as well as attacking rebel
strongholds.



dangerous levels, due primarily to the increasing use of fossile
fuels and to deforestation. You can already see the dire effects
in the acid rains that, of recent years, have destroyed vast rea-
ches of forests and polluted lakes and rivers;

-~ marine pollution due to toxic waste dumping (nuclear, chemical,
petroleum spills, etc.) has brought about ecological catastrophes
of major scope of recent years, and is still one of the direst of
our ecodogical . problems. Pollution of the seas threatens the
marine life that is one of mankind's principal food sources;

-~ it would appear that the forests are vanishing at the rate of
12 million hectares per year because of timbering, clearing for
crops, and the use of wood as fuel. We dare not undér-estimate

the degree to which the forests are indispensable to life on earth
because they are not only one of the principal sources of food pro~
ducts: they also provide all the oxygen in the atmosphere, help
to hold down its carbon dioxide content and, by their. metabolic
processes, govern the climates of the planet. In most regions of
the world, it is forests which, by their regulating effect on cli-
mate, make it livable for people and crops. Plant roots hold the
soil in place and play a major role in recycling fresh water. In
short, earth would be uninhabitable were it not for the forests;
~- the death of forests and of. certain plant species deprive wild
animals of their natural habitat. A great many animal species
have become extinct for that reason, and many more will disappear
in this insane destruction of the forests. It is estimated that,
for every variety of plant that becomes extinct, 10 to 30 organ: —
isms will vanish with it. If we add to that the poaching on wild
animals everywhere..in the world, we get some idea of the rate at
which we are destroying our natural heritage;

-~ we know perfectly well now that the earth's mineral resources,
particularly its fossile fuels, are limited. and thatatcurrent rates
of removal they will be exhausted: in some cases, in less than half

a century...

Is environmental protection for the rich and pollution for the poor?

There are those who believe that concerns and worry about the envi-
ronment are a luxury forthe rich countries that the Third World
cannot afford. Sheer nonsense! Even though it is understandable
that. in the South, some would be tempted to believe its’ And wher
ever the countries of the North start talking environment, the
peoples of the South instantly suspect that they want them to pro-
tect nature and set up game reserves, and they imagine that when
the Northern countries talk about development they mean building
hotels where white tourists with fat wallets can come to take pic-
tures of the lions...

Well, a healthy ecological development hasn't much to do with nature
in its wild state, however important that may be. The important
thing is that the development be effective and that it can succeed.
Just one more point. If the development is ecologically unsound

or unsustainable, in other words, if it damages and destroys the
forests, the water, the soils, and the atmosphere, it is a bad de-
velopment, a sterile development. All right: it is the poor man
who is hurt most by that barren development.



ROLE OF WPE POLITBURO, EPLF TALKS NOTED

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 3 Jul 85 pp 3-4

[Text]

The Workers Party of Ethiopia (WPE) politburo,
formed after the WPE’s inauguration last September
(AC Vol 25 No 19), has no ideological cohesion and
nO capacity to act as a decision-making body. With
the decline. of pro-Soviet and Marxist figures,
notably Legesse Asfaw, head of state Lt-Col. Mengi-
stu Haile Mariam is increasingly intolerant of advice
from almost any quarter. The obvious need to coun-
ter economic decline, drought and civil war with
practical economic measures and pragmatic politics
has sharply boosted scepticism, at every level, of the
expanding ‘Marxist-Leninist’ bureacracy. A new
underground movement, the Workers Party of Ethi-
opia - Democratic Front, is in the process of
hatching.

Though sceptics, for their own safety, espouse
their views guardedly, the forming of the WPE
constitution is prompting a growing amount of
debate. A number of politburo members, such as
minister of labour Berhanu Bayeh, would like to
open up the constitution to discussion among the
intelligensia, especially at the university. But Mengi-
stu dislikes the idea, and is apparently determined
to keep debate to a minimum and present the consti-
tution for the Peoples Democratic Republic of Ethi-
opia at this year’s 12 September anniversary
celebrations. ,

In theory the WPE is to have the same structure
as the Soviet communist party. The aim is to have
an assembly of representatives from all the ‘‘nation-
alities”’ that make up Ethiopia. The Institute of

Nationalities, which is responsible for working out,

the representation and researching the 90-odd lingu-
istic groups in the country, is directly responsible
to the WPE nationalities department, headed by
politburo member Shewandagne Belete. Still consi-
dered an active Marxist, he is close to Assefa Med-
hane, a former member of the defunct Political
Office for Mass Organisational Affairs, now a nom-

36

JPRS“SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

ETHIOPIA


TANZANIA

BRIEFS

EEC AID, INVESTMENT--Dar es Salaam-~-An agreement which would enable Tanzania

to secure a grant of more than 2 billion shillings from the FEC and the European
Investment Bank under the Lome Convention was signed today. The agreement was
signed in Dar es Salaam today by the director general of the EEC, (K. Buter),
the representative of that bank, Mr (Martin Cohen), the principal secretary

in the Ministry of Finance Ndugu Gilman Rutihinda. According to the agreement
nearly 2 billion is aid and 214 million will be provided as investment by the
EEC of special capital. Aid given by the community will be used to improve
agriculture and food production. [Text] [Dar es Salaam Domestic Service in
Swahili 1900 GMT 25 Jul 85 LD] ©

cso: 3400/755

116



INDIAN OCEAN -FISHERY MEETING REPORTED

Victoria NATION in English 11 Jul 85 p 10

[Text]

JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Seychelles has issued licences to no less than 50

foreign purse seiners this year, reflecting a worldwide
shift in tuna fishing activities, an Indian Ocean com-
mission was told recently.

THE Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA), which sent two
top officials to a session of the Indian Ocean Fishery Com-
mission (IOFC) in Bangkok last week, believes that these
vessels catch between 35 and 45 per cent of their fish in
Seychelles’ exclusive economic zone. .

Meanwhile, a joint venture with a French company is
being set up and Seychelles’ first purse seiner is expected in
these waters in the not-too-distant future.

Reviewing the management
of tuna fisheries in the Indian
Ocean, the IOFC meeting, at
which Seychelles was elected
chairman of the Commission
for 1985-87, found that the
amount of tuna caught in the
region and in the Western
Pacific had increased dramati-
cally, as large purse seine fleets
moved in from the Atlantic
and the Eastern Pacific.

Industrial tuna fishing

The Commission also noted
that tuna prices on the interna-
tional market had drastically
declined. This unfortunately
came at a time when a number
of developing countries had ta-
ken up industrial tuna fishing,
an activity previously do-
minated by a very small

numbers of long distance fishing
nations.

Although artisanal tuna fish-
ing has been practiced for a
long time in the Indian Ocean,
industrial fishing started only i
the early fifties with long liners.
These were followed in the
early seventies by pole and
liners and very recently by large
purse seiners, The latter ope-
rate mainly in the Western In-
dian Ocean where their
number increased from three in
1982 to 13 in 1983 and 50 in
1984.

In 1983, total catches of tuna
and tuna-like species reached a
record 380,000 tons. A first es-
timation indicated an increase
of 100,000 tons in 1984.

But despite the spectacular
progress of the industrial sec-

15

tor, artisanal fisheries still ac-
counted for 45 per cent of the
total catches. The IOFC ob-
served that this was a unique
situation which raised very spe-
cial management problems.

About 100,000 tons of tuna ©
and billfishes were taken by
long liners in the Indian Ocean
in 1983, mainly by Japanese,
Korean and Chinese vessels.
Total catches were fairly stable
during the last decade.

While still, concentrating
their efforts in the central area,
purse seiners are now operating
in the whole western part of the
Indian Ocean, from the Ara-
bian Sea to the Mozambique
Channel. Two years ago 20,500
tons of tuna were caught by the
seiners. Half the catch was yel-
lowfin and half skipjack.

It is estimated that the total
purse seine catchers in the In-
dian Ocean in 1984 will reach
100,000 tons, with a small in-
crease in the proportion of
yellowfin.

Participation of coastal
states

The Commission recognised
that the participation of coastal



Biogas: Worth-while:Only:.for the Rich?

Biogas is an interesting technique to explore. All it requires is
to gather cow manure, mix it with water, and pour it into a big
tank, and from it you get natural gas, mainly methane gas, which
can be used as fuel. A splendid example of green energy and ap-
propriate technology! And that. is just what it has turned out to
be in a number of cases. In China's Xixuan Province there are

6 million methane converters.

There were high hopes for biogas in India, where it appears that
millions of "sacred" cows drop their fecal matter in the streets.
What actually happened when a methane generator was set up in an
Indian village? This one was not owned by the commune, as they
are in China, but by a private individual. The steel cover for
the tank costs at least $50, a sum only the rich countries can
afford to pay. It is the peasants themselves who own most of the
cows and, when they buy a methane generator, they usually assign
one of their hands to collect the droppings and bring them back
to the plant.

However, that asset was not going to waste, even before biogas.

It was gathered by the children of the poor, shaped into briquettes,
and dried in the sun for use as fuel. ‘As things stand now, the
poorest people in the village -- which, in India, means the to-
tally destitute -- have lost their supply of free fuel. There is
no firewood, electricity or oil are far beyond their means, and
that means that their only recourse is to gather brushwood, glean
the stuble-fields after the harvest, or gather dead leaves to

cook their food.

Well,: then, to what extent’ is biogas an appropriate "green" energy
if, when you introduce this technology, you rob the poorest of the
poor of their cooking fuel? Just how ecologically sound is this
technology if it means that dead leaves and stubble are burned

as fuel rather than left in place as organic nourishment for the

soil?
An Experiment That Worked: Adrar [Boxed Section]

The water: table beneath the Sahara promises tremendous reserves of
water. You have to hunt for it, though. It is what feeds the
oases and the crops.’ The most ingenious mode of irrigation in

the Sahara is unquestionably the foggara, a long, underground
canal that taps the water by looking for it where it is, which

is in the sandstone formations, at its source, not in the open air,
but “in an underground tunnel, so as to keep evaporation to a mini-
mum. The water is drawn to the surface by capillary action from
the tunnel, and from there is piped down a slight incline toward
the oasis, where it leads to a reservoir, the "majem,;" from which
it is distributed through other, smaller channels, called "seguia, "
to gardens. This mode of irrigation involves no human or animal
energy, .and, best of all, it-néver“runs dry: -its flow never
varies. There are many foggaras in the desert: in the Timimoun

10



Dutch Reformed Church Still Opposed To Mixed Marriages
(THE STAR, 10 Jul B85) ceseeee

Black Groups Pressure White Businessmen To Back Demands
(THE STAR, 12 Jul 85) ....+..05-

Analysts Predict Continued Unrest
(THE CITIZEN, 19 Jul 85) .......

Poll Says Whites Favor Greater Interracial Contact in Schools
(THE CITIZEN, 22 Jul 85) ....-..-0-

Stellenbosch Professor Discusses Key to Ending Unrest
(Brian Stuart; THE CITIZEN, 25 Jul 85) ..

Mulder Calls for Redivision of Land as Solution to Nation's
Problems
(Brian Stuart; THE CITIZEN, 19 Jul 85) ....sceeeeeseeeeee

Border Ban on Priests
(Patrick Cull; BUSINESS DAY, 11 Jul B5) wceecccccccececes

Far-Reaching Changes Taken by Church on Military Issues
(THE STAR, 12 Jul 85) ..ceeecersccceceeeeevcssesoers

Minister Says Ciskei's Growth Among World's Best
(Andre Jordann; DAILY DISPATCH, 24 Jun 85) ..

ANC's Decision To. Intensify Offensive Analyzed
(SOUTH AFRICA DIGEST, 5 Jul 85) ....

New Weekly Alleges Police Aid to RENAMO
(DIE AFRIKANER, 26 Jun 85).

Shock Over UDF Members" Murders Reported
(Sefako Nyaka; SOWETAN, 4 Jul 85) ..

2ist Battalion's Function as Black Training Unit Valuable Asset
(PARATUS, Jun 85)...

Nairobi ANC Group Does Not Recognize RSA State of Emergency
(KNA, 24 Jul 85)...

Sale of Trust Land to Farmers Envisaged “in Ciskei
(DAILY DISPATCH, 24 Jun 85) ..

Details on Emigration

(THE CITIZEN, 20 jul ‘85)

Outlook for Car Industry “Grim
(Evert van Niekerk; THE CITIZEN, 11 Jul [> ee

85

86

87

88

89

91

92

93

95

96

97

98

100

105

106

107

108



“ ZIMBABWE

ECOLOGIST SAYS LAND WASTED ON CATTLE
Harare THE HERALD in English 19 Jul 85 BUSINESS HERALD Supplement p 9

[Text] The chief ecologist of Zimbabwe's National Parks Development has
cast doubt on the principles along which the country's agriculture is run and
. Sees another Ethiopian famine looming here,

Good land is being squandered on cattle, he says and Zimbabwe will have to
come up with better systems of land use urgently as the country's population
will double within 25 years, the continent's food production is dropping and
deserts are expanding,

Dr David Cumming of the Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management
said vast amounts of money were being pumped into the research and develop-
ment of exotic crops and livestock rather than into discovering how best to
make use of indigenous vegetation and game.

His call for urgent action in an address at the annual meeting of the National
Conservation Trust of Zimbabwe this week adds wetght to an appeal for drastic
measures made at the same meeting by the Minister of National Resources and
Touris, Cde Victoria Chitepo,

The minister presented the spectre of a Zimbabwe left without arable land
within 50 years because of the present rate of soil depletion,

Conservationists see the Prime Minister's commitment to implementing a na-
tional conservation strategy, due for completion before the end of the year,
as an indication that they are being lent a more sympathetic government ear.

Therefore, Dr Cumming's statement, that he does not regard as worthwhile the
squandering of natural resources for the sake of beef exports to Europe, is
likely to send ripples through the local cattle industry whose markets are
saturated and which is trying desperately to sell to the European Economic
Community,

He said his department was coming up with revolutionary concepts in areas

such as game and communal farming, but its researchers had only a 10th of
the funds they needed for the productive development of their ideas,

128:



SALE OF TRUST LAND TO FARMERS ENVISAGED IN CISKEI

East London DAILY DISPATCH in English 24 Jun 85 p 2

[Text]

cso:

EAST LONDON — Cis-
kei had evolved an im-
aginative land reform
policy which combined
the best elements of
both the Western land
tenure system and the
traditional system in
Ciskei, the Minister of
Defence, Chief N. D. Ma-
vuso, said at the annual
conference of the Ciskei
Chamber of Commerce
and Industries at King
William's Town,

Chief Mavuso said that
in the traditional land
tenure system there had
been no African social-
ism. “This was a myth
created by Marxists in
order to justify the con-
fiscation of land from its
original owners through-
out black Africa.”

Land usage rights had
always been private and
‘individual but the colo-
nial era had seen the
erosion of these rights.

Ciskei’s policy was to
re-structure the tradit-
ional system and en-
hance it with modern
concepts like the right to
sell, lease and mortgage
land rights. The tribal
authorities would de-
cide for themselves who
could occupy or own
land under their juris-
diction. The process of
land reform would be a
varied one which could
be constantly adjusted
to enable the smooth in-
troduction of a true free
market with the mini-

3400/720

mum disruption to .tra-
ditions and values.

Holders of land rights
would receive proper
title deeds and would,
subject to tribal author-
ity rights, be able to
freely exchange and
mortgage their land
rights. This would en-
able efficient people to
acquire addtional land.

In townships outside
the tribal authorities, all
restrictions relating to
race, nationality and
citizenship would be re-
moved.

Chief Mavuso said a
third of Ciskei’s land
was “trust land” which
had been bought by the
South African Govern-
ment and transferred to
Ciskei. A programme
was being devised for
the sale of this land to
private commercial
farmers and some of it
would be granted to tri-
bal authorities. “Some of
this land will be restric-
ted to Ciskeians and
some will be unre-
stricted,” he said.

Two members of the
Swart Commission, |
which drafted a prog-°
ramme of economic and
legislative reforms for
Ciskei, urged Ciskeian
businessmen to play
their part in preserving
and extending the eco:
nomic freedom prom,
ised them in terms of tax
reforms and other leg-
islation to de-regulate

106

business in Ciskei.

They said that while
the changes in Ciskei
presented an alternative
to socialism and over-
regulation, there would
be vested interests who
would attempt to put
pressure on Ciskei’s
“courageous politicians”
to dismantle the free-
market reforms they had
introduced.

JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA



DETAILS ON LA GOGUE DAM GIVEN

Victoria NATION in English 28 Jun 85 p 2

[Text]

SOME 20 members of the new
Institution of Engineers of Scy-
chelles (IES) were yesterday
afternoon taken on a guided

tour of the country’s largest.

dam at La Gogue.

In what was the first outing
organised by the IES since it
was formed last March, the en-
gineers were explained the
workings of the dam by no
other than the chairman of the
institution himself, Mr Stephen
Rousseau, who also happens to
be the Engineer/Manager of

the Seychelles Water
Authority.
Other top engineers from the

Ministry of Planning and Ex-

ternal Relations and Works ‘

Enterprises Ltd talked about
how the dam, which in techni-
cal terms in made up of a zoned
embankment with a rolicd clay-
filled core, was built in 1976-79.

Designed so that it can be
raised if necessary, the dam
stands 33 metres above its
foundations and is 152 metres

cso: 3400/737

long. A total of 280,000 cubic
metres of earth and rock were
used to build the retaining em-
bankment. The dam can store
up to 970,000 cubic metres of
water covering an area of 9.3
hectares.

Water from the dam is fed to
the public through the Hermit-
age Treatment Works which
also serve the smaller Rochon
Dam which was finished in
1969.

The IES group on yester-
day’s visit included Seychellois
and foreign water, electricity,
vehicle, construction, aircraft,
broadcasting = and _—other

"engineers.

As well as organising visits to
engineering works, the IES
also holds lectures on both past
and future technical projects.

The objectives of the IES are
to promote the engineering
profession in Seychelles, help
train engineers and_ techni-
cians, set standards of profes-

65

JPRS-SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

sional conduct in engineering,
disseminate information re-
lated to the profession, and ad-
vise the education authorities
in| matters concerning en-
ginecring training.

SEYCHELLES



BNF LEADER KENNETH KOMA DISCUSSES PARTY LINE

Gaborone DATLY NEWS in English 17 Jul 85 p 1

[Text]

MAHALAPYE: The leader of the
opposition Botswana National
Front (BNF), Dr Kenneth Koma
has called on his followers, who
attended the party's national
congress, in Mahalapye to work
harder, especially in the field of
political education.

Dr Koma said his party had
experienced considerable growth
in the past few years. But he
advised; “when | say that our
party has grown to the extent
that it is known everywhere in
the country, | do not mean that
we have achieved everything
which needed to be done. There
is still a lot to do if we are to get
into power,” he said.

He disclosed that the party
will establish three political study
centres in the south, central and
north of the country.

Dr Koma expressed the hope
that all constituencies would
make good use of these centres.

Dr Koma informed his
supporters that because the party
could disseminate information
through the media, which it did
not control, arrangements were
being made to revive the party
paper ‘Puo Phaa’ which would
have an editorial policy to
highlight the social and economic

cso; 3400/7512

problems facing Batswana.

With regard to organisatin, Dr
Koma said that there was need
to restructure the party. Headded
they intended to decentralise the
partyasto give ordinary members
the opportunity to actively
participate in its activities.

“Our aim is that the party
should not be run by the top
brass alone, but that the people
must be involved,” he assured.

The party's youth wing, the
Botswana Youth Federation and
the Women’s League were to be
strengthened together with links
to churches and trade unions.

He announced that the present
nine political regions were to be
increased and that every
constituency would have an
independent committee with its
own secretariat.

Dr Koma said that the congress
would review the party's
constitution and manifesto to

* ensure that they were in line with
the prevailing material
conditions.

The BNF president said that
urban migration’ was a serious
problem in Botswana and in the
whole of Africa because of
changing life patterns, more
especially the deterioration of

20

JPRS-SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

BOTSWANA

life in rural areas. He called on
his supporters to determine how
best the problem could be solved.

He said that the BNF believed
that there was no problem that
man cannot solve and that this
could only happen where the
nature of the problems had not
been studied carefully.

Dr Koma criticised the ruling
Botswana Democratic party
(BDP). for not consulting the
people on National Development
Plan VI. He said that the plan
should have been distributed for
the people for discussion before
it went to Parliament.

Or Koma asserted that it was
disappointing that after 19 years
of independence, Botswana
continued to be what he called a
nation of beggers despite the
availability of resources
especially in the agricultural
sector. He said cooperative
farming should be introduced,
and local industries be
established to create jobs for

-Batswana.

“We are not against foreign
investment, ail we are saying is
that Batswana should be given
the opportunity because
anything short of this could result
in a conflict between Batswana
and foreigners,” he said.


the water tables, from the rivers, and from the springs the por="
tion it allots itself, and the water it spews out is filthy.
Potable water is a rare and costly commodity if it must be obtained
through purification. Accordingly, Karachi, Mexico City,' and Cairo
lack potable water. Upstream of the city, the sewer -- if there is
one ~~ and then the river carry dirty water to those who would
drink it, water fouled with industrial wastes, detergents, and
nitrogenous matter. Some rivers have become sewers, where catfish
have supplanted the valuable species, and water-borne'diseases are
steadily growing. Elsewhere, runoff water stagnates in the lagoons
or the ‘undrained swamps, algae proliferate, malaria spreads, and ‘
the water table is dangerously polluted.

The authorities aré very much to blame for the pollution of citiés,
charges Jean-Pierre Diehl, Director of Studies at the Economic ‘and
Social Development ‘Studies Company (SEDES). AL1 too often, their
sole concern is to serve the paying clientele, and confine house-
delivery connections to planned developments, managed and sold or
rented at high prices. All too often, they have underestimated
the requirements in newly urbanized zones, sirice politics does
count for something in the underestimation of unregulated popula-
tions. All too often, they have overestimated the régenerat ion
capacity of the water table, tapped by countless wells, tainted by
human wastes that are dumped untreated into hastily~dug and poorly
Placed sandpits. All too often, the rainwater drainage system is
designed only after urbanization is complete, and has turned out
to be less efficient and more costly that it would have ‘been had
it kept pace with urbanization from the beginning. © ,

So the problem that began -as urban and. moved up-to regional.are
now national. What this means is that we have to look further and
further away to find water, adds Jean-Pierre Hiehl.° That is some-
thing the industrialized countries discovered several decades ago.
They conducted inventories of surface and underground waters, ‘they
thought in terms of basins, then distributed the amounts required
on the basis of the uses to which it would be put. They allowed
for thermal gradients, rainfall patterns, dam capacities. They
knit their systems together. That is something the countries of
the South have rediscovered: the valley of the Indus, Lake Teno-
chtitlan, and the Mekong basin have long nurtured highly effica-
cious water-management civilizations. Today, though, time is
pressing, funds are scant, the water falls suddenly, hard, and
grudgingly. And there are no indications of a miracle solution

in the offing. :

Even so, some have gone along with the experts who reckoned that

by penning the rainfall ‘behind massive and symbolic dams, they would
be constituting a kind of "water granary," from-which all could
draw at will. Very often, they have had to sing small for a while.
The reservoirs silt up; around the one on the Volta, bilharzia and
the blindness that goes with it' have increased tenfold; and the -



ADB GRANTS LOAN FOR EDUCATION

Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 5 Jul 85 p 1

[Excerpt]

cso;

3400/751

GABORONE: Botswana will
receive a P22 million loan
from the African Development
Bank (ADB), for the
construction of 16 community

junior secondary schools and

two vocational training
centres.

A press release from the
Ministry of Finance and
Development Planning,
stated that a Botswana

delegation comprising four ;

people has just returned from
Abidjan, Ivory Coast after
successfully negotiating the
loan.

The release said the
construction of the 16
community junior secondary
schools which is expected to
begin later this year, is part
of a large programme of
providing such schoolsin the
next six years, in order to
address the present acute
primary-school leaver
problem. The two vocational

25

training centres which will
be built in Jwaneng and
Selebi-Phikwe, are part of a
total of four to be constructed
to provide technical training
required particularly for the
private sector.

A Loan Authorization Bill

will be submitted to the next ,

meeting of Parliament for
approval in order to raise the
joan. The ADB management
will present the loan proposal
to its board of directors for
formal approval of the loan.
About 45 per cent of the loan
is an interest-free long term
credit.

The Botswana delegation
was led by the Director of
Economic Affairs, Mr Kenneth
Matambo, It included Mr O.T.
Mapitse, Assistant Attorney
General, Mr G. Kgomanyane,
Chief Education Officer, Mr
E. Odotei, Principal
Economist and Mr N.
Lindhart, the Director of
Boipelego Education Unit.

SPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

BOTSWANA



cso.

3400/739

The implication of this is that it would enable reli-
gious objectors from the Anglican Church to call
upon one of its theologians to sit on the board when
their cases are heard. This is only possible when a
shurch does not already have a permanent member.
The permanent presence of an Anglican priest was
also considered to give the impression that the church
supported the Defence Amendment Act of 1983,
which allows military service exemption only on
grounds of bona fide religious reasons or universal

* pacifism.

This is seen to be in contradiction to the view of
the church, which supports the principle that people
should be able to refuse military service also on ethi-
cal grounds, and includes the belief of the just-war
doctrine. .

t

The motion also asked that provision also be made
for alternative service for objectors (when approyed
by the board for religious objectors) under the aus-
pices of the church or welfare organisations. At pres-
ent those who serve in community fall under the, au-
thority of the Department of Manpower. |

At the end of the day, the Anglican Church has'not
condemned those who serve in any capacity in ites .
tional defence forces”. This was made clear Also
in its “Just-War Report”, which leaves decision$ to
take up arms up to the individual conscience. i

And it would not approve all-out support tol the

End Conscription Campaign either — the church gave
only its “general support”. a

94



ANALYSTS PREDICT CONTINUED UNREST

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 19 Jul 85 p 8

[Text]

cso:

RIOTS sweeping South
Africa’s Black townships’
are likely to continue for
the foreseeable future,
but the threat of full-scale
revolution against the
country’s White rulers is
still remote, political ana-
lysts and security sources

say.

“Given the duration,
intensity and geographic,
spread of the current un-
rest, the situation is prob-
ably more serious than
during the riots of 1976,”
Mike Hough, director of
Pretoria University’s
Strategic Studies Insti-
tute, said.

“This may be part of a

tevolutionary process, -

but to say it is the start of
a revolution is ridicu-
lous,” he added.

3400/723

Senior South African
security sources said pri-
vately that the current le-
vel of violence, with daily
petrol bombings, stonings
and police retaliation with
shotguns, rubber bullets
and teargas, would be the
norm for the foreseeable
future.

Natal University’s
centre for Applied Social
Sciences said this week in
a study of the unrest:
“Since mid-1984 election,
student, worker and con-
‘sumer boycotts and stay-
way strikes have con-
verged to form a multi-
faceted pattern of endem-
ic social unrest.”

+ Sapa- Reuter.

87

JPRS~SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA



-Koussou dam:in.Ivory Coast will never fill its reservoir to the
level planned.

The Decade of Water decreed at Mar-del-Plata by the United Nations,
to run from 1981 to 1990, marked a turning-point: no more know-
how transplanted without proper precautions, no more. alien sugges-
tions for simplification, priority to need-analysis, priority to
participation by the local people. Now all we need do is put these
excellent resolutions into practice...

The air over cities in the South. In downtown Lagos or Santiago,
the air is often more polluted than that over Los Angeles or New
York. Hence the heightened mortality rates among the elderly and
newborns, brought on by pulmonary disease, conjunctivitis, and
‘dermatitis, but also by the slow and irreversible poisoning that
comes from heavy metal derivatives that are abundant. in engine-
exhaust gases.

Finally ... we shall not rake over the lack of responsibility on

the part of certain companies from countries in the North for the
way they sited their factories, even in the very heart of cities.
Nor shall we deplore the laxity of local authorities, not merely

overwhelmed by the creeping encirclement of the shantytowns, but

also far to elated at seeing a new factory come in...

Husband your resources,!
Change your attitude !
Be yourself at last!

So? "What can we do about the pollution of the soil, the water,
the air, about urbanization run completely out of control and the ©
steady pauperization of the people?". as the countries of the South.

Certainly not throw up your hands!. There are too many resources
in the lands of the South. Besides, with consensus and good will,
you can do anything. You have to manage your natural capital.
Teach your population’ to be responsible for their environment, |
hence the importance :of training... And then, you have to bridle
development. Better yet: manage it with an eye not only'to the
short- and medium-term, but also from the long-term angles. That
means including some environmental givens. One goal to start with:
feed your own people and expand all projects designed to feed the
individual in his home milieu, not in.the city. You have to do
everything possible to see to it that the individual stays in his
environment. To do that, halt desertification by stopping defo-
restation, encourage crop-rotation. Fine. All that sounds lovely!
But we know that these solutions will not work if a man has to heat
his house, cook his food, and get bigger and more frequent crops
to feed his large family! True. But it is not so much at the
people that we ought to be casting stones. The big wood-pulp and
timber companies are far more to blame for deforestation than the
local populations. It's a question of means, of technique...



JPRS~SSA-85~-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

FAR-REACHING CHANGES TAKEN BY CHURCH ON MILITARY ISSUES

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 12 Jul 85 p 11

[Text]

MARITZBURG — Three far-reaching changes in the
official stand of the Church of the Province of South-
ern Africa on military issues emanating from the
25th Anglican Synod here, are bound to cause consid-
erable concern among white members of the church.
The triennial synod of the church, which has a

membership of nearly two million — less than 20 per-

cent of whom are white — closes today.

Two motions passed with vast majorities, and a
proposed change in canon (church) law — the lat-
ter to be finalised only today — affect members of
the church in the SADF, specifically conscripts.

MAJORITY VOTES

The most contentious matter is that of the change
in canon law concerning the authority of bishops
over priests who work in their areas, but who were
licensed by bishops of other dioceses,

Changes in canons have to pass successfully
through three readings and need not only majority
votes in each of the houses of laity, clergy and bish-
ops, but also an overall two-thirds majority.

The implication of a change in the relevant canon,
if passed, is that chaplains ministering, for example,
in the operational area in Namibia would need the
permission of the Bishop of Namibia to provide pas-
toral care for Anglican members of the SADF.

Archbishop Philip Russell of Cape Town, following

.the acceptance in principle of the canon, issued a_

statement saying he would endeavour to ensure that
any Anglican in the SAD would receive the minis-
tration of a priest.

‘The Bishop of Namibia, the Rt Rev James Kaluma,
is also president of the Council of Churches of Nami-
bia, which considers the SADF’s presence in Namibia
an illegal occupation. ‘

Debates on the issue centred much of the time on
the plight of conscripts — who have little choice over
their fate, the synod was told. Alternatives consisted
of a life in exile, alternative nou-combataut or com-
munity service, or six years’ jail.

The question is whether these men should be de-
prived of pastoral care while in the border area.

Approached for comment on what his stand would

93

be should the canon pass through the third stage,
Bishop Kaluma said yesterday: “I plan to seek the
mind of my diocese on my return home. We will thea
let everyone know where we are as a diocese.”
Earlier reports indicated the-diocese would not
give chaplains its blessing to bé in’ the operational
area. '
The second stand — marked “controversial”, and
which consequently also needed a two-thirds majority
— relates to chaplaincy in “national defence forces”.
The resolution — with a‘preamble stating the
synod believes those serving in defence forces
“Should continue to have the spiritual ministration
and pastoral care of chaplains” — aims to demili-
tarise chaplaincy. a
‘The synod resolved that:
@ Chaplains should be seen as representatives of
Christ and his church, not the military. This should be
reflected in their dress, which should be acceptable to
both the military and church but should avoid identi-
fication with the military.
© Chaplains should not carry arms.
© Chaplains should be paid by the church,
@ The bishops should take great care to appoint fit
people, gifted for this particular ministry.
@ The chureh should provide clear guidelines and
adequate training for chaplains.

UNDUE INFLUENCE

@ The bishops should ensure that priests do not serve
on a permanent basis, to ensure that they remain free
from undue influence by perceptions, policies and the
ethos of the military.

© The bishops should make clear to the military the
role of Christian members of military forces.
Chaplains should be directly responsible to the
bishops.

‘A third decision affected the Board of Religious
Objectors, which has as one of its members the chief
Anglican chaplain of the SADF, the Rev John Dain.

‘The appointment of members to the board is done
by the authorities, and the synod requested that the
bishop of the church should make it clear to the Min-

- isters of Manpower and Defence that the church does

not want a permanent member on the board.



JPRS~SSA~85-074
1 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

SHOCK OVER UDF MEMBERS' MURDERS REPORTED
Johannesburg SOWETAN in English 4 Jul 85 p 7

{Article by Sefako Nyaka]

[Text] The anger of black people over the disappearance of two prominent mem-
bers of the United Democratic Front, turned to open revulsion yesterday,

When the disappearance of Cradock leaders, Mr Matthew Goniwe and Mr. Fort
Calata was announced, there were fears that the two men would never be seen

alive again.

And yesterday when news about the fate of the two filtered through, it only
confirmed the people's fears that there is a systematic programme to eliminate
black political activists.

The discovery of the charred and mutilated bodies of Mr Goniwe and Mr Cafata
at Blue Waters, south of Port Elizabeth, on Tuesday afternoon, signals a new
turn in political "assassinations" in South Africa.

Thursday's discovery, made after a police and military search by ground and
air, accounts for all four political activists--all members of the United
Democratic Front--who disappeared last Thursday evening, leaving only the
gutted shell of Mr Goniwe's car on the Port Elizabeth-Grahamstown road as an
ominous indication of their fate.

The former Robben Island prisioner had 45 stab wounds, a slit throat and his
stomach was ripped open and his ears almost cut off,

Former Cosas president, Mr Siphiwe Mtimkulu disappeared without trace outside
a Port Elizabeth hospital. He had gone to the Livinstone Hospital for medica-

tion,

What is more baffling is that Mr Mtimkulu disappeared after having fled a
law suit against the police claiming torture and poisoning.

These are fears the community that the dead and missing men are victims of a

programme of "systematic elimination of anti-apartheid activists" by unknown
agents,

98



SOUTH AFRICA

LE GRANGE ANNOUNCES NEW POLICE BRANCH

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 20 Jul 85 p 10

[Text] :
detective branch, as chief.
A NEW branch of the | ‘of the branch and his pro-
SA Police, to handle "motion to It-gen, retro-.}
all scientific functions, * "spective to July 1. “

. _ Brig J Mvan Niekerk,
cal development made it police dog school, as well tehiet of the inspectorate
necessary for people with as members with profes- of police, and Brig A J

is being created in a
move to rationalise the

structure of the SAP. professional —_qualifica- “sional qualifications, ¢g ' Wandrag, commander of”
Announcing this yes- tions to be employed. pharmacists, engineers the: counter insurgency
terday the Minister of ‘The new component etc.” | unit have been promoted

Law and Order, Mr Louis will be known as the ‘The new component ; to the rank of maj-gen,
ieGrange, saidhe hadap-“‘Crigsinalistics Branch of “Will function under the ” retrospective to April}.
proved the establish- the South — African command of an officer i Mr Le Grange also an- -
ment of a scientific ser- Police,” Mr Le Grange with the rank of licuten- nounced that several offi-
vice component in the said. ant general.” cers had. been promoted
South African Police to "The branch will “inter Maj-Gen LP Neething, to the runk of brigadier
help “cope with the com- alia consist of ... the present chief of the foren- ‘ (deputy commissioner).
plexity of combating and Criminal Bureau, the for- sic scientific laboratory,’ They‘ are: Brig H W
investigating crime. ensic scientific laborato- has been appointed chief : | Kotze, Western Province;
The statement, issued ry, computer, communi- of the Criminalistics | | Brig 1 V D Vyver, head
in Pretoria, said ongoing cation, scientific research Branch and promoted to: office; Brig JJ Viktor,
scientific and technologi- _ services and possibly the Jientenant-general — with - Soweto; Brig E E Oos-
effect from the beginning  ghuizen, Soweto; Brig A
of last month. B Conradie, SAP dog
Gen Neething, BSC, * school; Brig H-C Muller,
MSC, PhD and DSC, “is. Security Branch, Soweto;
also a member of the *. Brig J A du Preez, West-
South African Accademy - ern Transvaal; Brig J V
for Science and Art and ’ yan der Merwe, assistant
various scientific organi- ., chief, Security Branch, ;
sations.” head office; and Brig J C
_ The statement also an- — Broodryk Security
_ nounced the appointment : : Branch, head office. —
of Maj-Gen J A N Grob- « Sapa.
belaar, acting chief of the

cso; 3400/738

114



JPRS~-SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

VANILLA SALES DRIVE--Paul Moreau, director of Reunion's vanilla producers'
cooperative whose output last year totalled 152.6 tonnes of raw vanilla, has
admitted that too high a selling price for natural vanilla is leading purchasers
of the product to fall back on vanillin as a substitute. European buyers
paying in dollars have suffered an effective rise in costs of between 23 and
25 percent, and not 12 percent, as a result of the fixing of the vanilla price
at 70 dollars per kilo by the producer countries of the Indian Ocean in

March 1984, Without wanting to talk of a price cut, Mr Moreau is looking for
a formula which would keep the real price rise at 12 percent for European
customers. He intends to launch a promotional campaign in France for Bourbon
vanilla, the type produced in the Indian Ocean and especially that coming

from Reunion, which was once known as Bourbon Island. The cooperative's
director has also criticised alleged erosion of the price agreement by
Madagascar, which he accuses of selling 20-30 tonnes of vanilla on the German
market at below the 70 dollar mark. [Text] [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER
in English 13 Jul 85 p 6]

cso: 3400/759

61



pattern prevailed in 1984, the
Central Bank report says.

Production showed fairly
mixed trends but because of a
lack of comprehensive data, it
is difficult to determine
whether output actually in-
creased or fell. But if deliveries
to the New Port wevchouse’
provide a fair estimate of pro-
duction, copra production fell
whereas that of cinnamon bark
increased. Production of tea re-
ceived a severe set-back during
1984 after the crop was infested
by pests, but fruits and vege-
tables appeared to have had a
good year.

The fish landed appeared to
have declined marginally and
the number of cattle and pigs
slaughtered also fell. On the
other hand, although compara-
tive figures for 1983 were not
available, the production of
poultry reached full self-
sufficiency.

Available information

showed similar mixed trends in -.

the manufacturing sector also. *
For example, the manufacture
of soft drinks and beverages de-
clined marginally during 1984
whereas that of juices and pre-
serves by the National Agro-
Inductries Ltd (NAIL), now
- the Agro-Industries Division of
the Seychelles Marketing
Board (SMB), showed im-
proved results. The ma-
nufacture of cigarettes received
asubstantial boost from a sharp ©
fall in imports of foreign
brands.
Construction
Considering that about two-
thirds of the increase in em-
ployment between June 1983
and June 1984 was in the mi-
ning and construction sector,
the Central Bank assumes that
construction activity picked up
pace last year.

However, the power output
did not complement the revival |

C50; 3400/638

of economic activity. Electri-
city production fell marginally
under the influence of the
cooler weather that prevailed
generally during 1984.

Developments in the finan-
cial séctor were largely in-
fluenced by the increasing de-
mands on domestic financial
resources by the Government
and the parastals in comparison
to the previous year, in the
sense that there was better re-
venue performance, and a
smaller recurrent deficit of
R38 million. .

Total domestic credit by the
banking system rose to an all-
time high of R 388.5 million in
September, but declined to
R 373.8 million in December,
the major beneficiaries being
the Government and the para-
statals. Bank credit to the pri-
vate sector has been sliding
downwards since 1981 and
amounted to only R 122.3 mil-
lion or about 32.7 percent of
total domestic credit at the end
of 1984.

Wholesale and retail trade
accounted for over half the to-
tal commercial bank credit in

#1984 and together with ad-_

vances to what the report des-
cribes as Other Businesses and
Private Households, etc, con-
sumption-oriented bank credit
seized a commanding share of

about 72 percent of total bank

credit.

Productive sectors such as
agriculture, fishing and ma-
nufacturing enjoyed fairly in-
significant shares on the other
hand. The Central Bank there-
fore concludes on this issue that
“the situation points to the
need for major Government
initiatives to promote greater
activity in these productive sec-
tors, supported by regulatory
measures by the Central Bank
to divert greater flow of bank
credit to these sectors”.

An_ encouraging develop-

ment in the financial sector, the
Central Bank notes, has been

67

the willingness of the public to
hold more financial assets, as
shown by a continuing increase
in bank deposits, especially in
time deposits. These reached a
record R 299.4 million at the
end of 1984.

But the growth of savings de-
posits has been weak in com-
parison to that of time deposits
and the Central Bank believes
that a nationwide savings
campaign may well be overdue.

In the external sector, a
favourable development has
been the reduction in the cur-
rent account deficit to less than
half of that in 1983, influenced,

the Central Bank says, by sub-

stantial receipts from tourism.

\ However, this was mostly off-

set by an almost corresponding
deterioration in the capital
account.

Overall, 1984 closed with a
small balance of payments sur-
plus of R 3.4 million, breaking
a three-year trend of annual de-
ficits since 1981.

But a disquieting aspect of
the external account is the fal-
ling value of domestic exports
since 198% which, after drop-
ping to the lowest level of
R20.3 million in 1982, recorded
yet another low point of R21.9
hhillion in 1984.

“If it is accepted that tourism
is a fickle industry, the best
hedge against the vagaries of

! tourism income is to pay far

greater attention than hitherto
to the promotion of Seychelles’
merchandise exports,” the
Central Bank stresses.



JPRS-SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

INTER~AFRICAN AFFAIRS

EFFORTS TO ORGANIZE INDIAN OCEAN CONFERENCE RENEWED

Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 6 Jul 85 p 2

[Text] Paul BERENGER, leader of the opposition MMM party in Mauritius, spent
two days in Réunion on June 19 and 20 to renew ties with that island's
left-wing parties, the Parti Communiste Réunionnais, the Parti
Socialiste, the Mouvement des Progressistes Réunionnais (MPR) and the
Mouvement pour 1'Indépendence de la Réunion (MIR). Despite an earlier

failure at the end of 1983, he has not given up hope of arranging a
second conference of "progressive" parties of the southwest Indian Ocean.

cso:

I.0.N.- The first such conference was held in Victoria, Seychelles, in
1978, but since then relations between the various political parties
have expertenced a lengthy cooling period directly linked to the
changing political and economic situation in the various countries and
territories concerned (Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Réunion).
Apart from the MPR, which wants a special relationship with the MMM
and a "twinning" of Sainte-Marie and Curepipe, which they respectively
control, the Réunion party leaders were polite but reserved in their
attitude to the Mauritian opposition chief. Neither the socialists nor
the communists, in particular, intend to sit down in a conference with
the_independence-seekers of the MIR. They also want a more precise
definition of the term "progressive".

It remains to be seen whether Mr BERENGER will receive a warmer
welcome in Seychelles, where he is going soon, and Madagascar, where
he is expected in August. In the former, his leading ally in the
region, president France Albert RENE, is currently preoccupied with
rising internal discontent, while in the latter the attendance of
Mauritian prime minister Anerood JUGNAUTH at the 25th anniversary of
independence celebrations does not bode well for the MMM leader.

In Réunion Mr BERENGER stressed to his hosts that the proposed
conference was not aimed against France or anybody else. And if the
question of the French-controlled "scattered islands” were raised, it

would not be a major topic.

3400/711

12



JPRS-SSA-85-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

MINISTER SAYS CISKEI'S GROWTH AMONG WORLD'S BEST
East London DAILY DISPATCH in English 24 Jun 85 p 1
{Article by Andre Jordann]

[Text] East London--Ciskei's growth rate of six per cent in 1984 was one of
the highest in the world, delegates to the annual conference of the Ciskei
Chamber of Commerce and Industries were told at the weekend.

Ciskei's Minister of Defence, Chief N. D. Mavuso, said the high growth rate
showed that Ciskei's economic reforms were bearing fruit.

"Unemployment is falling. Ciskeians are returning to their home from all over
Southern Africa. We are well on the way to being Africa's first economic
miracle," he said.

The: director of the Free Market Foundation, Mr Leon Louw, said the figure of
six per cent would give Ciskei the third highest growth rate in the world at
a time when many other countries were sinking into recession.

"Here is this little place that is prospering. Peace has come to Ciskei. Two
years ago it was riddled with unemployment, boycotts and labour unrest while the
other areas were peaceful. Now it's the other way round."

Mr Louw said that labour bureaus reported that people were no longer register—
ing as unemployed and factories at Dimbaza were unable to find enough workers.
There was an influx of people into Ciskei.

"I hope Ciskei will continue to be a place to which people seeking freedom can
go," he said.

cso: 3400/720

95



JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

SADCC FISH PROJECT--Britain and the nine member states of the Southern Africa
Development Co-ordination Conference ‘have agreed. to co-finance a project for
research into the fish resources of lake Lyasa, the head of the Tanzanian
fisheries research institute, Philip BWATHONDI, has said. [Text] [Paris THE
INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 6 Jul 85 p 7]

CSO: 3400/713

17



JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

MADAGASCAR

RENEWED STUDENT UNREST REPORTED

Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 6 Jul 85 p 2

[Text] Is Madagascar heading for renewed agitation among university students,

cso:

like that which occurred in 1981? While it may be too early to say so
with certainty, it cannot be denied that some unrest is perceptible, with
the appearance of numerous campus graffiti recently. The spectre of
unemployment and the mismanagement of the country's economy seem to be at
the root of the problem.

There has been one new development since the events. which shook the
unviversities three years ago: a structure has been set_up to bring
together students, their teachers and the private sector, sponsored by
the FFKM, the Christian Council of Churches in Madagascar, the only
opposition force tolerated in the country these days. Meetings aimed at
working out a programme of joint demands regulerly take place, involving
delegates from the union of teachers and educational researchers (SECES),
students and teachers of different political persuasions, but especially
from the MONIMA party, and representatives from the private sector such
as André RAMAHOSON, president of union of Malagasy industrialists. The
MEM party, led by MANANDAFY Rakotonirana, a member of the Supreme
Revolutionary Council, is also said to be not uninvolved in these
meetings, even though the party belongs to the official National Front
for the Defence of the Revolution.

3400/711

46



JPRS-SSA~85-074

21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

MULDER CALLS FOR REDIVISION OF LAND AS SOLUTION TO NATION'S PROBLEMS

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 19 Jul 85 p 8

[Article by Brian Stuart]

[Text]

A solution to South Afri-
ca’s problems cannot be
achieve ividing pow-
er, but is possible through

a re-division of the land, |

says Dr Connie Mulder,
Conservative Party mem-
ber of the President's
Council and former Cabi-
net Minister.

Dr Mulder told the
Afrikaanse Studentebond
Congress in Stellenbosch
on Wednesday night that

every nation strived for
the greatest measure of
personal freedom within a
free and sovereign coun-

No policy which did not
acknowledge this fact
would be acceptable or
would succeed. No nation
would willingly allow it-
self to be permanently
dominated by another.

“As long as South Afri-
ca is viewed and governed
as a unitary state the dif-
ferences and the variety
in the national composi-
tion will make such high
demands of the constitu-
tion that success is highly

unlikely,” said Dr
Mulder.
cso: 3400/718

In last year’s elections
for the new. parliament,
about 70 percent of
Coloured voters and 80
percent of Indian voters

“abstained.

Dr Mulder said reason
showed that “if you have
‘once set your foot onthe
toad of power-sharing,
you cannot in the long run
keep the Black man out.”

That happened in
Kenya, Zambia and Zim-
babwe. The problem was
that valuable time was
lost on a road which aca-
demic experts said could
not succeed.

“The new dispensation
will work as long as the
State President is pre-
pared to concede to every
demand of his Coloured
and Indian associates in
hls coalition government.

“The clash will come
when all concessions are

«made and the associates

insist on bringing in the
Blacks in a fourth
Chamber.” .

Dr Mulder said the de-
mand was for one-man-
one-vote, and this de-
mand ‘could not be ac-
commodated on the pres-
ent road.

In a plural society such

as South Africa: this de- ~

mand could be met within
, “a re-division of the
* land”.

Within these states one
nation would ‘not domi-
nate aother, full human
rights could be enjoyed
together with freedom of
movement, speech and

religion.
Movement between the
newly-created states

could be regulated by visa
and passport controls,
while economic co-opera-
tion could flourish in an
organisation similar to the
European Economic
Communit

Joint affairs could be
discussed in a States’

91

*manship | could

chair—
rotate
among the member na-
tions, each of which en-
joyed sovereignty.

“Otherwise cach state
would have its own politi-
cal citizenship linked with
the franchise and other
citizenship rights.

“This would require ac-
tion, dynamic action, and
time is runiing out. That
is why I resent the Gov-
ernment plodding on a
road which temporarily
may appear to succeed
but, because of its final
Product, cannot be a suc-
cess,” said Dr Mulder,

Council... The



JPRS-SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

COMOROS

BRIEFS

AIR PACT WITH MADAGASCAR--The first visit by Comoros president Ahmed ABDALLAH
to Madagascar for the celebrations marking the 25th anniversary of indepen-
dence was marked by the signature of an agreement authorising the airlines of
the respective countries, Air Comores and Air Madagascar, to develop their
co-operation. Although the latter serves the archipelago once a week, it
could route one of its flights to Paris via Moroni. It is known that Air
France did all it could to bring about an agreement between the two carriers
in order to foil a plan for a Johannesburg-Paris service via Mornoi by a South
African Airways plane painted in Air Comores colours (see I.0.N. N°172). The
Comorian president flew home from Antananarivo aboard a special Boeing pro-
vided by the United States, accompanied by the U.S. ambassador to Moroni,
Robert KEATING, who is normally resident in Madagascar. Washington is shortly
to open an embassy in the Comoros. [Text] [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER
in English 6 Jul 85 p 2]

csO: 3400/713

29



The reasons why so little interest had been channelled into Africa's natural
resources had to do with the colonial experience, he said, Settlers brought
exotic plants and animals they knew how to handle, regarded wildlife as game
for sport and viewing and today there was little knowledge on the economic
use of wild animals and forests,

cso: 3400/748 END

129



SEYCHELLES ELECTED TO CHAIR IOFC

Victoria NATION in English 10 Jul 85 pp 1, 2

[Text]

:SEYCHELLES has __ been
elected chairman of the Indian
Ocean Fishery Commission
(IOFC) for the next two years.

The news was brought back
from Thailand last weekend by
Mr Philip Michaud, the acting
General Manager of the Sey-
chelles Fishing Authority
(SFA). Together with Miss
Ghislaine Lablache, the Au-
thority’s Director of Research,
he attended the Commission’s
eighth session from July 2 to 6
at the Food and Agriculture
Organisation’s Regional Office
for Asia and the Pacific in
Bangkok.

The delegates from 2%
member states of the Commis-
sion found that catches from
the Indian Ocean almost
reached four million tons in
1983, nearly six per cent of the
world’s marine production.
Shrimp and tuna were the main
resources of economic import-
ance. Shrimp were exploited
practically everywhere to or
over their maximum level,
while tuna fishing was increas-
ing dramatically.

The Seychelles delegation
reported to the Commission

that fishing on the islands’ reefs
was reaching full exploitation.
Trawling was forbidden and
lobster fishing _ and been
banned.

A computerized catch as-
sessment survey had been im-
plemented, new vessels were
being designed to replace tradi-
tional fishing schooners, and
new fishing techniques such as
fish _ - aggregating devices
(FADs) and traps for ‘deep-
water prawns were being intro-
duced.

Reef areas

The Kenyan delegate, sup-
ported by several other delega-
tions, stressed the importance
of conserving reef areas. This
could be done through proper
management and creating pro-
tected areas from where neigh-
bouring fishing areas could be
testocked. -

Nine East African nations,
including Seychelles, recently
signed a convention for the
protection, management and
development of the marine and
coastal environment. Four of

13

JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

' the countries, again including

Seychelles, - have
tatified the convention.

already

On the subject of re-
gional cooperation, it was
emphasized that — marine
fisheries research was tradi-
tionally a cooperative effort
among the neighbouring
countries or countries harvest-
ing the same stocks, But while
it might involve costly vessels
and equipment, successful re-
search was also often done at
little cost, such as by measuring
the amount of fish landed.

In most countries the em-
phasis on research had shifted
from ‘trying to find new re-
sources to assessing the result
of fishing pressure on known
stocks that were currently be-
ing exploited. “It was con-
sidered crucial to collect
enough data at the national
level before any success could
be achieved through exchang-
ing this information.

Some delegations said their
countries lacked trained scien-

+ tists who could carry ous fishery

research. This was vital as



JPRS~SSA~85~074
21 August 1985

Referring to Namibia's economic position, he said:

1) In contrast to Namibia's population of 1.3 million, the country has a rela-
tively large territory, even though one takes the desert regions into conside-
ration.

2) With such a small population, Third-World problems such as unemployment, ur~
banization, lack of sanitation, etc. are more easily manageable.

3) In the light of the country's small population, considerations such as the
tourist potential of the land, its hydroelectric possibilities and its fishing
industry are of great importance.

4) The physical infrastructure of South-West Africa/Namibia is much more highly
developed than that of most African nations.

5) The proximity of South Africa with its sophisticated services is a great as~
set.

6) Because of the country's climate and accessibility, Windhoek can easily be-
come Africa's most sought-after conference center.

7) Despite the severe drought and economic recession, the country's debt is not
nearly as great as that of other African nations.

Prof Thomas said that an internal government endeavoring to secure long-term
success must follow a policy and strategy akin to that of a moderate SWAPO gov-
ernment. >

The real choices for South-West Africa/Namibia lie between superficial changes
in the present racial discrimination system and aggressive reform aimed at
building bridges between SWAPO and non-SWAPO supporters, in order by so doing
to procure ultimate reconciliation, which will pave the way to recognized inde-
pendence.

Some such changes that the transitional government must bring about are:

1) The opening up of the Windhoek college of education to all races in order
thus to lay the foundation for a university of South-West Africa/Namibia.

2) The elimination of certain restrictions that now obtain in multiracial sport
programs and other public activities.

3) The coalition of Windhoek, Khomasdal and Katutura in a multiracial urban
council.

8117
CSO: 3401/185

57



ZIMBABWE

FOREST INDUSTRY TRAINING CENTER TO BE FUNDED WITH ITALY”

Harare THE HERALD in English 18 Jul 85 BUSINESS HERALD supplement pil

[Article by Andrew Rusinga] :

[Text] Zimbabwe and Italy will jointly ‘fund thé constructdon of a $14 million

forest indust#ies training centre in Mutare t¢ tr lical staff for the
local and SADCC timber industries. “es :

Negotiations are well advanced and an agreement between the two governments is
expected to be signed soon, The cost covers capital and operating costs for
the first six years of operation, — ° _——

The projects co-ordinator for Ziinbabwe's Forestry Commission, Mr John Wilt-
shire, said this week the centre would bé built ‘near the Zimbabwe College of
Forestry in the city, : ‘ | .

"Once the agreement is signed construction will commence within three to six
months and we hope to complete the work in 18 months to two years."

When the centre is built the existing college would provide with tree growing
and utilisation courses, said Mr Wiltshire.

At the 4th annual meeting of the Timber Council of Zimbabwe in Harare this
week, outgoing president Mr Boyman Mancama said the centre would fill a
long-felt need for the training of technicians in all stages of timber pro-
cessing.

Mr Mancama said in his annual report trading conditions continue to be de-
pressed in Zimbabwe and neighbouring states.

He gave examples: Sales of wooden tobacco cases during the past five years have
been declining, from 437 789 cases sold in 1980 to 92 977 cases sold last year.
The decline is also evident in sales of bottle cases; 545 100 were sold in

1981 and only 255 000 last year,

The loss of the market share in the tebacco industry was partly related to

competition from cardboard boxes and cost increases within the timber indus~
try's operations.

126



cso:

3400/715

last Monday. Earlier, GM
announced the closure of
their plant at Kempston
Road until Monday to al-
low inventory _ realign-
ment.

The workers at the loco
Plant situated at Aloes
downed tools on Monday
over an alleged row be-
tween a White supervisor
and a worker. The work-
ers want action taken
against the supervisor.

The workers at Ford’s
Neave plant resumed
work again yesterday
after the entire workforce
at the Neave plant
downed tools yesterday in
protest over their wage
increases being held over
until November.

The regional secretary
for NAAWU, Mr Les
Ketteldas, said the em-

110

ployees were refusing to
work unless their wage in-
creases were in line with
the other two motor com-
panies.

According to Mr Ket-
tledas, workers at GM
and Volkswagen had their
interim wage _ increases
back-dated to February 1.
‘The Ford workers howev-
er only had their interim
wage increases back-
dated to May 1.

Wage increases are due
six months after the back-
dated date.

Consequently, VW and
GM workers had been
told they would get
across-the-board in-
creases on August 1
whereas Ford workers
had been told they would
only receive their in-
creases on November 1.



SOUTH AFRICA

INFLATION HITS NEW HIGH

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 23 Jul 85 p 1

[Article by Daan de Kock]

[Text] in Pretoria. yesterday rate. It now seems unlike- ures shows that the index
ica’s ii .- showed that the inflation ly that it will reach this for the lower income
SOUTH Africa's infla- rate on a year-on-year ba- figure. group rose 1,62 percent to

tion rate, as measured © increased from 16,11 Most economists “ex-  188,2 in June.

by the consumer price in May and 11,66 percent pect the rate to start drop- The index for the mid-
index (CPI), reached a jn June last year, to 16,44 ping now. dle income group climbed
new high for 1985 percent. The following table 1,41 percent from 191,2in

when it jumped to. The all items index gives South Africa’sinfla- May to 193,9 for June.
16,44 percent in June. ‘(base 1980-100) rose 1,27 tion rate on a year-on- The index tor the high-
The rate of increase, percent to 191,9.in June _ year basis for the first six er income group rose 1,10
however, has started to after a 1,12 percent in- months of the year: Janu-’ percent from 189,7 in
level off which could be crease to 189,5 in May. ary 13,9%, February May to 191,8 last month.
an indication that the The increase in June 16%, March 15,11%, The food only index in
long-awaited turning came as no surprise. April 15,57%, May June showed an increase
point has been reached. Some economists forecast 16,1% and June 16,44 of 2,01 percent from
Figures released by the a turning point of around’ percent. . 183,8 in May to 187,5 in
Central Statistics Oifice 17 percent in the inflation, An analysis of the fig- June, bocce «

csO: 3400/745

112



Record Wool Season Reported
(THE CITIZEN, 20 Jul 85) ..ccececsececceececcuceeces eeeeee

Inflation Hits New High
(Daan de Kock; THE CITIZEN, 23 Jul 85) ........eeee00e eaee

Taiwan Visitor Pays Tribute to Navy
(PARATUS, Jun 85) ....

Le Grange Announces New Police Branch
(THE CITIZEN, 20 Jul 85) ..

Briefs
Black, Colored Employment Situation
TANZANIA
Briefs
EEC Aid, Investment
ZIMBABWE

Coloreds Say They Abstained From Vote
(THE HERALD, 15 Jul 85) .eeceecsececcvceececceccueeecences

Industry Representatives Quizzed on Black Advancement
(THE HERALD, 13 Jul 85) ..

Increasing Success of Blacks in Air Force
(THE HERALD, 11 Jul 85) ........

India Plans To Build Railway Rolling Stock
(David Masunda; THE HERALD, 11 Jul 85) ..

Italian Construction Cooperative To Build Mazwikadei
(David Masunda; THE HERALD, 18 Jul 85) ;...

Neighbor Nations Train for Banking in Harare

(THE HERALD, 18 Jul 85) .:.....0.50-
Mhondoro District To Get New Place Names

(THE HERALD, 18 Jul 85) ...0...0..00006 errr rere eer er er eee
Minister of Natural Resources Warns of Soil Depletion

(THE CHRONICLE, 18 Jul 85) ..e.cee5: Pec e eee ec cence eecees
Forest Industry Training Center To Be Funded With Italy

(Andrew Rusinga; THE HERALD, 18 Jul 85) .csc..ceceeeeeeeee
Ecologist Says Land Wasted on Cattle

(THE HERALD, 19 Jul 85) ....cc..eee erereeee rere eee ee eee es

-f-

lil

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JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

STELLENBOSCH PROFESSOR DISCUSSES KEY TO ENDING UNREST
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 25 Jul 85 p 20
{Article by Brian Stuart]

[Text] Cape Town,~rSuccess in ending unrest in South Africa depends on the
nature and tempo of structural reform, says Professor Willie Esterhuyse,
senior lecturer in philosophy at Stellenbosch University,

Prof Esterhuyse, a leading figure in the political philosophy of the National
Party, said that in spite of the country being on the knife-edge between the
ideal of stability and the forces of instability, it was safe to assume that
a revolution was not inevitable.

Writing in the Magazine Leadership, he said success in overcoming unrest de-
pended on the nature and tempo of structural reform, and consequently on the
effectiveness with which participation in government was broadened,

South Africans had to learn "the art of associating" with one another and had
to create institutions with authority to give expression to the needs and ex-
pectations of the country's people,

Prof Esterhuyse said unrest thdtrresulted from structural differences, espec-
dally in the political field, could not be ended overnight. There had to be
persistent attempts at reform, negotiation and compromise.

However, it was of the greatest importance that unrest and disorder should be
limited to manageable proportions in the short to medium term. The chances
of achieving this were better than some people imagined or that others wished,

While the Government was committed to reform, a&s expressed by the State Presi-
dent, Mr P W Bobha, there were obstacles in the way of "a sestructuring of the
South African system",

One such obstacle was that segment of the White voting corps still caught up
in the ideological illusions of the past, said President Esterhuyse.

The presence of this group created serious problems for the implementation of
fundamental reform and did not improve the prospects of stability.

89



JPRS=SSA~85~-074
21 August 1985

DJIBOUTI

REPLACEMENT OF DEFENSE MINISTER EXPLAINED
Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English’ 6 Jul 85 p 1

[Text] What has happened that Djibouti's president Hassan GOULED should

decide to dump publicly one of his most trusted allies since 1978, his
inist, ib 2 There was no inkling of the latter's

imminent disgrace when, on June 6, he made his traditional speech at
celebrations marking the eighth anniversary of the Djtboutian armed
forces. But the festivities were hardly over when things went sour.
LOITA's brother Hassan BOKKO, Afar traditional chief of Gobaad was
arrested. Though he was released two weeks later, an official communique
from the presidency on June 29 announced the dismissal of the defence
minister, and an authoritative source indicated that he wae sacked "for
activities contrary to the undertakings of members of the council of
ministers.”

According to information acquired by THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, Mr
LOITA was accused of sending a letter to the government of Saudi Arabia,
without informing the cabinet first, warning that food aid from Riyad to
the Djtboutt Red Crescent, intended for drought victima in the Ee-Eyla
refugee camp, had been diverted by Issas. Two other similar letters
reached the Saudis at the same time: one came from the Djibouti foreign
ministry, and wae signed by the ministry's head of personnel, ABOUBAKER
Ali, aleo an Afar (he is now being held in custody in Gabod prison),
while the other was from the prime minister's office. It had the
approval of premier BARKAT Gourad Hamadou himself and was initialled by
his chief of staff, Mr CHEIKO, who has so far been spared the
president's wrath.

The letters implicitly accused the Red Crescent, which is headed by
the wife of the president, of closing its eyes to the embezzlement of a
stzeable quantity of food aid from Saudi Arabia, France, the European
Economie Community and Libya. Those behind the thefts are senior
Dijboutian officials, who sell the food at vast profit to traders coming
from northern Somalia.

Informed of the situation, Riyadh immediately handed copies of the
letters to the Saudi-based Afar sultan, Ali MIREH, who passed them on to
his reprsentative in Djibouti, Ismail ALI. The latter lost no time in
complaining to the head of the president's office, Ismail GUEDI Harad,
with the letters to back him up. Hassan GOULED, whose regime can not do
without Saudi aid, used the eighth anniversary of Djibouti's

34



ZIMBABWE

ITALIAN CONSTRUCTION COOPERATIVE TO BUILD MAZWIKADET
Harare THE HERALD in English 18 Jul 85 BUSINESS HERALD supplement p 1
{Article by David Masunda]

[Text] One of Italy's largest construction co-operativées--Co-operativa
Muratorio and Cementisti--will start building the $28 million Mazwikadei Dam
in Banket in October,

The development co-operation attache at the Italian Embassy in Harare, Dr
Angelo Baiocchi, said the dam--to be larger than Lake McIlwaine~-should be
completed by the end of 1987,

“They are finalising the papers r<w and construction itself is going to start
maybe in October," said Dr Baiocchi. First surveys were already underway and
equipment was expected in the country in about two months,

Local blasting specialists KW Blasting (Pvt) Ltd are the main subcontractor,
Managing director Mr Robert Brundle said his company had already started
working on the subecontract which was worth about $3 million.

“Qur part of the job, which is putting in tunnels, is the first thing that
has to be done so we started rock excavations last Thursday," he said,

Mazwikadei is to be financed by a $28 million loan from the government of
Italy. The soft loan, and all other Italian loans, has a 1,5 yearly inter-
est rate, is repayable over 10 years and includes a 10-year grace period,

The $28 million is part'of a $79 million/ three-year aid programme to Zimbabwe
and Italy signed last November.

About $23 million of that had already been spent on projects such as Hwange
Stage Two, Musikavantw irrigation scheme, the Kariba south shore and rural
development in Manicaland, he said.

Another loan worth more than $12 million (about US$9,5 million) would go to

the Ministry of Informatton, Posts and Telecommunications to buy telecomnun-
ications equipment, said Dr Baiocchi,

121



JPRS~SSA~85-074
21 August 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

ANC'S DECISION TO INTENSIFY OFFENSIVE ANALYZED

Pretoria SOUTH AFRICA DIGEST in English 5 Jul 85 p 602

[Text] If the African National Congress reduced. The new wave of ANC
could convince anyone that its fairly violence in this context appears more
low-level terrorist activities of the past an act of desperation to reassert its
few years had been the cause of reform slipping grip over black South Africa
in government policies, the logic of than to press home an advantage
stepping up that terrorism to force gained over the white rulers of South
greater and faster change could be Africa.
more easily understood (though not It is for this reason that the ANC
appreciated or applauded in human decision to step up violence must be
terms). Butitis failure, not success, that deplored in the strongest possible
has triggered the ANC decision at its terms.
recent secret congress to allow the But if South Africa faces escalating
distinction between “soft” and “hard” terror in which civilians are as much at
targets to disappear in intensifying its risk as security forces, then it must
political and military offensive in South * consider its response. It is not enough
Africa. to put security clamps on society to

More accommodating government minimise ANC guerrilla activities,
policies, which give hope of full and although vigilance also becomes
genuine political rights being granted essential. The government must move
to blacks in the medium term, flow from with the utmost speed to see that an
the accession to power of Mr P.W. enlightened political policy can win the
Botha. And while he has been at the support of blacks rather than allow
political helm, the ANC has been driven them to succumb to the terror authority
out of Lesotho and out of Mozambique of the ANC. The country may facesome
and has generally been on the run. The tough years as a result of the ANC’s
very reform policies of the government later decision, but only just policies can
threaten the power base of the ANC, rescue South Africa from its mounting
because black grievances are being problems.

cso; 3400/749

96



inal member. of the institute, whose Marxist credenti-
als likewise remain intact.

In practice neither the institute nor Shewandagne
are likely to have much effect: Mengistu, with the
irregular advice of a small circle of advisers, will
make the decisions. The same applies to the WPE
ideological department under politburo member
Shemelis:Mazengia. ‘The department produces reams
of theoretical material for dispatch to the party
discussion forums throughout the country. Wearily
officials pay lip-service to it, recognising that it is
almost entirely superfluous.

The man upon whom Mengistu relies most is
minister-of public security Col. Tesfaye Wolde Selas-
sie, who controls the entire security network, includ-
ing military intelligence. Col. Tesfaye, like defence
minister Gen. Tesfaye Gebre Kidan, is distinctly non-
Marxist but very loyal to Mengistu. Practically every
senior member of the government is under surveil-
lance; some, including ministers, are under 24-hour
close surveillance.

_ The regime is not as stable as it was before the
famine began to bite last year. There is also growing
dissatisfaction within the army and airforce officer
corps, as is reflected in the pace of early retirements,
postings and promotions. The most serious of the
coup attempts was probably last September. An
unconfirmed report from Addis Ababa stated that
on the night of 11 September mines were found by
chance under the pavement beneath the dignatories’
stand in the square where the anniversary celebra-
tions take place. We understand the perpetrators to
be.airforcemen. :

In the short-term Mengistu will almost certainly
remain fully in control. He has the invaluable’ back-
up of the East German and Soviet security services,
which work together with public security, and the
advantage of a climate of fear in which few dare to
make a move against him. But the narrowing of
the circle of confidants around him suggests some
uncertainty. For instance his half-brother, Kassa
Kabede, though inexperienced in foreign affairs, has
been appointed head of Ethiopia’s mission to the
UN in Geneva, where he promptly bought a property
valued at around SwFr 3.5m ($1.5m).

Others once considered close to Mengistu, such as
Maj. Dawit Wolde Giorgis, the ambitious chairman
of the government’s Relief & Rehabilitation Commi-
sion (RRC), have fallen from grace. The forced
evacuation and subsequent burning of the Ibnet
refugee camp in early May was carried out expressly
on orders from RRC headquarters in Addis Ababa.
Mengistu was furious with Maj. Dawit, and
demanded that Dawit consult him in future. Presum-

. ably the new moves to disband the camp have
Mengistu’s approval.

37