JPRS*SSA=85*107
4 November 1985

a
SOUTH AFRICA

VARIED REACTION TO DISINVESTMENT CALL REVIEWED

Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES (Business) in English 29 Sep 85 p 5

[Article by David Carte]

(Text]

FOREIGN companies,
under pressure to disin-
vest from SA, are lying!
low, waiting for the
fuss to die down and the
rand to recover.

The Economist (Britain)
and puss Week (Ameri-
ca) give prominent coverage
thie ‘week to companies leav-
ing SA.
todithough hardly any

ign C01 ave
pulled out ofbAin high moral
dudgeon taking tens of mil-
lions of rands with them, both
ietipreston of arge-seale

e impression le
withdrawal. var

In fact the only foreign
company that has done so,
ostensibl y ior political rea-
sons, has been Apple Comput-
er and that may have been a,
public relations gesture.

Cover story

Business Week has made a.
cover story of the matter.
‘The Economist provides a
list of 34 companies that have
left “in the past year or so”,
alongside a report about de-.
clining foreign confidence.

Several of the more note-
worthy departures from SA
occurred well before the pre-
sent political upheaval start-
ed. Economist's list in-
cludes withdrawals as
ancient as Associated British
Foods’ pull-out from Pre-
mier and Jardine Matheson’s’
sale of Rennies.

56

No mention is made of the

t ly generous prices
paid by predatory South Afri-
can companies and institu-
tions. Rennies, Premier and
Amalgamated Bottling in~
dustries were sold at prices
the vendors could not resist.

Best reason

Business Week mentions 17
‘US compe anies that have quit.
je mega-corpora-
tions listed is Coca-Cola,
which is still very much of a.
peers in SA. Coca-Cola
as sold only part of Amalga-
mated Beverage Industries,
which is a small section of its
operations in SA.

It sold for the best com-
mercial reason — a generous
offer from SA Breweries.

Also in Business Week's
list is Ford, which merged its
Operations with Anglo’s Sig
ma, reduced its stake to 40:

and surrendered manage-

ment.

But, like most of the com-
panies mentioned in both
magazines, Ford did not take
much money out of SA. It has
a smailer part of a bigger
operation. Like Barclays it
can tell its critics, it has no
control. .

Ford SA_has repeatedly
stated that Fords will be on
the roads here in another 60

years.


Investments approved in the Code, too, continued the growth trend that started
after major economic liberalization measures were taken. They actually grew
by 76 percent, and will make it possible to create about 4,000 new jobs.

Public finances also did well, considering that monetary financing was limited
to 301.5 million zaires for a ceiling set at 1.35 million zaires on 30 June
1985 [as published].

(To be continued)

9294
CSO: 3419/8

120


JPRS+SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

BONGO'S SURPRISING MOVES TOWARD OPPOSITION VIEWED
Paris AFRIQUE NOUVELLE in French 21-27 Aug 85 pp 8, 9
[Article: "Amazing Bongo"]

[Text] On Sunday 11 August, at 4:00 local time, Capt Alexandre Mandja, sen-
tenced to death for "participating in the creation of a movement tending to
change the constitutional regime and to overthrow the present government,"
was executed. "For the first time," President Bongo commented, I rejected a
plea for clemency, for I have already pardoned too often.”

The following day; from Paris where it has its headquarters, the National
Recovery Movement (MORENA), the banned opposition party, announced no less
than the constitution of a Gabonese government in exile. The MORENA govern-
ment, with Mr Paul Mba Abessole as its president, and Mr Max Koumba~Mbalinga
as its prime minister, consists of 10 members.

Actually, the formation of this government in exile was to be announced last
February at a press conference in the French capital, which was eventually
forbidden. As is known, President Bongo does not "understand" that a "friend-
ly" country like France will allow Gabonese opponents to attack openly, from
the French territory, the present regime's management of Gabon. The publica-
tion of a book revealing practices of a nature to embarrass the Gabonese
president's family, to attack openly, from its territory, the present regime's
management of Gabon [as published]. The [word(s) missing] of this Gabonese
government in exile, the Gabonese minister of interior stated that "unfortu-
nately, this information, if it turns out to be true, may again seriously
endanger the renewed excellent" relations between France and Gabon.

But, surprisingly, on the occasion of the 2%h anniversary of the country's
independence (sse boxed insert [not reproduced]) on the 17th, President Bongo
announced the liberation of six MORENA members who had been imprisoned since
1982. "I decided," the Gabonese chief of state explained, "to pardon once
again, once more, those who have gone astray." He added: “Amnesty Interna-
tional and the League for Human Rights can no longer say that there are
political prisoners in Gabon."

Apart from that, multi-partyism is out of the question: "It is only within
the Gabonese Democratic Party that criticism is permitted, and those who
will not understand this will find me on their way." Assessing 25 years of
independence, Omar Bongo said he was proud that Gabon had become "one of.
the best endowed countries on the continent."

9294
cso: 3419/8 22


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areas. Equally concerned about the impact of the rise in fuel prices on
agricultural production, following the analysis of the structure of these
prices, the president and founder of the MPR asked the council to decide on
conerete measures to limit the effect which fuel prices are having on the cost
of food products. An interdepartmental committee, chaired by the head of the
economy and industry department, was created to prepare a report for next
Friday's meeting. It will also have the task for the same occasion of
establishing price projections for petroleum products until the end of the
year so as to gauge their repercussions on economic activity.

The committee includes the departments of planning, mines and energy,
transportation and communications, agriculture and rural development, finances
and the budget, and the president of the Bank of Zaire.

After the First State commissar's announcement, the executive eouneil heard
the reports of the state commissar for planning with regard to the program for
the restoration of the Kisenge mining company and another from the economic
affairs committee on the first quarter of the fiscal year.

After discussion, the council accepted the reports of the planning committee
and gave directions to its chairman to continue the negotiations begun with
foreign partners for the modernization of the Kisenge mining project which
_produces manganese but whose activities, mainly oriented towards export, have
been affected by the closing of the Banguela railroad since 1975.

From the analysis of the report on the first quarter of the current fiscal
year presented to the council by the economic affairs committee, it appears
that generally speaking the social situation is satisfactory, and that calm
reigns both in public and private business. The payment of public
administration personnel proceeded normally after the planned readjustment of
salaries which went into effect last 1 July.

Where public finances are concerned, the report of the economic affairs
committee indicated that the council followed its budget up to last 30 June in
conformity with the performance criteria called for in the program adopted
with the assistance of the International Monetary Fund. As a matter of fact,
during this period revenues rose to 18.657 billion zaires compared with 20.146
billion zaires in expenses.

After consolidating the treasury's total operations, the budget deficit of
1.489 billion zaires was reduced to 385.7 million zaires for the first
quarter. The deficit was absorbed in the amount of 301 million zaires by bank
financing, and 84 million zaires by treasury bond subscriptions. Bank
financing and treasury bonds are thus definitely below the ceiling set at 1.35
billion and 300 million zaires respectively in accordance with the
International Monetary Fund.

Where the exchange rate is concerned, the report noted that over the last few
days Zairian currency has done well against the American dollar, with the last
assessment on 24 July putting the ratio at 50.55 zaires to the dollar. Mining
production was up 2.3 percent for the first 5 months of the year in relation
to the same period in 1984. This progress is to be explained almost

116



Ocber temas ‘Ander Ukbetalings
‘Treasury Bila repaid: eral Terugoetaling van Skatkibiljete: Binnelands - 1 996 007 000 - 7.689 119000 -
‘Tax Recemnpuon Conificues repaid. Belasngcelgingeenfitae peel. = = lat =
Levy repaid : Leningshe((ing gedels.. = 1 056 604 = $ $14 085 =
a Beualmaddele Byer. = = = 14 976 784 =
Beualmaddete Bydne. = 788 000 = 100 =
LMA. Valut Aanpessing = = = 1384 =
Binnelandse Effekte, Obligasies en Lenings
ie
$9 Nesimate Verdedipingsobligasies - 3000 - yn 20 -
74 Texoune-obligasies = 257 400 = 1931 400 =
Tweede Reeka 84 Tescuri-cbigates = 358 200 = 1306 700 =
Onbepealde Termyn Tescune-obligasies = 2425 200 = 19 $53 900 =
Onbepealde Termyn  Nasionale | Verdedi- = 919 480 = 4674 790 =
Binge obliques
vee engtnonesbligatie - ~ - 517315 -
Sine ee paree Etec:
. - 200 100 - 4210 -
212 000 = $39 000 =
15 400 = 1798 400 =
737 300 = 2611 $50 =
1167 300, = 3932 700 =
= 2142 209 = 5 $01 99 =
= 613 667 = 1 $47 667 =
= 618 500 = 1978 000 =
= = = 300 000 000 =
= = = 45 707 408, =
= 10 000 = 347 000 =
= 118 $00 = 351 000 =
= 1083 030 = 2414 170 =
= 1214 290 = 3 62 300 =
= 632 200 = 1 208 700 =
= ‘64 000 = Sas 660 =
= 392 000 = 963 000 =
= 765 910 = 1506 910 =
= in7 500 = 350 700 =
= 108 903 106 = 108 903 108 =
‘Eien Moar of August Toul t Aprilve 31
s. > Bepronng Mand Aupueus Toul Apaivet 1 apes
190506 1985 1 8s 90a
R R R R R
- - - 6338 40 -
- - - Bows =
= = - 6491 720 =
= - - 220s =
- = - 54913 936 =
- ‘73 072 933 - 99 866 411 =
= nw — | __ 165709 =
x 2192 141 436 9 791 403 985 =

Toute... eeseesctseesetnscnsesseee

Skatkissaldo, 31 Augustus 1985

Torale

151 157 000
117-000 000

47.080 000

013.217 000

4970. 002 861

CSO: 3400/185

65



Power Station: Matimba

Location: Near Ellisras

Method of firing: Coal-fired

Installed capacity: 6 x 665 MW (When com-
pleted)

Annual fuel requirement: 11 Mt

Source of fuel: Iscor’s Grootgeluk colliery
Water from: Strydom Dam on Mogol River
Status: First set to be completed 1986, last set
1991

Civils

Terracing: LTA Construction

Main civils and building works: Concor Construc-
tion

Chimneys: Concor Construction

Coal handling system

Type: Stacker reclaimer system: Iscor/MAN
Terrace coal handling: LTA Mitec

Stockyard conveyor system: E L Bateman

Coal plant civils: Concor Construction

Boilers

Main contractor: Sieva

Boiler feed pumps: MAN/Howden Weir
Boiler feed pump Drives: MAN/Brown Boveri
Electrical Work*

Main cabling contractor: Industrial Electrical
Generator transformers: Asea Electric
Generator busbar: Hubert Davies

Switchgear: ial Electrical (Merlin Gerin and
ABO Teefanten) (Semen)

Instrumentation
Boiler & turbine control systems: Siemens
‘Water treatment control systems: Hartmann and

Brown

Outside plant: Brown Boveri

Cooling system

Type: Direct air-cooled steam condenser
Main contractor: GEA Aircooled Systems
Auxiliary cooling: Hamon Sobelco

‘Ash handling system

Type: conveyor-based dry ashing system
Dust handling : Simon Carves
Conditioners: Cladius Peters
Overland Ash Conveyors: Babcock Moxey
Stacker plant: Mannesmann Demag
Environmental control systems
Precipitators: Simon Carves

‘Water treatment plant: Simon Carves
Low-Pressure Services

Main contractor: Genrec-PED

* Including main contractors

Power Station: Palmiet pumped storage scheme
Location: Near Grabouw, Cape Province
Installed capacity: 2 x 200 MW (when com-
pleted)

Source of energy: Water from Palmiet River
Status: First set to be commissioned, December
1987. Second set to be commissioned, March 1988
Major Contractors

Rockview and Kogelberg Dams: Department of
Water Affairs

Preliminary civil work and site access roads:
Savage & Lovemore

Main civil work: Palmiet Civil Contractors (PCC)
Pump turbines: J] M Voith GmbH (Germany)
Generator motors: Fuji Electric Co (Japan)
Penstock steel liners: Sorefame Africa
Hydraulic gates and screens: John Thompson Af-
rica

Machine hall EOT crane: Mannesmann Demag
Main transformers: Asea Electric (South Africa)
Load switches and reversing isolators: Brown
Boveri (South Africa)

Civil consulting engineers: SVE (a consortium of
Ninham Shand, Van Niekerk Klein & Edwards,
and Electrowatt)

Environmental consultants: Ekoconsult Inc

Power Station: Koeberg

Location: Near Cape Town

Method of firing: Nuclear pressurised water re-

actor (PWR)

Installed capacity: 2 x 922 MW (e) (when fully
tional)

‘Annual fuel requirements: 48 480 kg U in UO
enriched 3,25% .

Water from: Fresh water from Voelviei, seawater
for cooling circuits

Status: First set taken into commercial operation
on July 21, 1984. Last set to be taken into com-
mercial operation about October 1985

Civils

Main Contractor: Spie-Batignolles

Reactors: Framatome

Turbines: Alsthom

Electrical Work: CGEE-Alsthom
Instrumentation

Reactor turbine control systems: Frematome
Water treatment control systems: Alsthom
Outside plant: Alsthom

Remote switching: CGEE Alsthom
Environmental control systems*
Dressing*

* Including main contractors

76


Whereas Chad's survival rests largely on the productivity and expansion of the
existing companies; :

Whereas smuggling and illegal traffic in merchandise constitute a bottleneck for
the national economy;

Whereas the regulation of commercial activities now in force, which plays a pro-
tectionist role to preserve the interests of the companies and merchants regu-
larly listed in the trade registry, constitutes the life's breath of the country
in their role of creating jobs, distributing income to households and paying
various taxes that provide funds for public finances;

Conscious of the Government of the Third Republic's efforts to assure the social
well-being of the local populations, the workshop participants recommen @:

First, in the economic and social domain:

Tax relief for companies to help them produce at lower cost and sell at a higher
profit.

Increase the number of sales outlets through retail merchants and public orga-
nizations in order to satisfy consumer needs everywhere.

Develop public awareness through the written and spoken press and the mass orga-
nizations like UNACOT [expansion unknown], OFUNIR [expansion unknown] and
RAJEUNIR [expansion unknown] in order to persuade Chadian households
to become aware of the danger resulting from smuggling and contraband.
Encourage national savings for the purpose of stimulating new investments.
Second, in the administrative and financial domain:
Rigorously apply the laws regulating the exercise of commerce in the country.
Give workers an opportunity to participate in the existing organizations con-
cerned with commerce and the economy and in those to be created in the prospect
of a recasting of those regulations governing workers, such as the enterprise
committees, in such a way as to actively and positively contribute to the pre-
servation of workers' purchasing power.

Limit the issuance of quota system licenses to respect the import quota.

Adopt energetic measures to stop smuggling and hard currency flight.

11,466
CsO: 3419/566

12


JPRS*SSA+85+107
4 November 1985

SS _
SOUTH AFRICA
TPQ PLAN INCREASES PRODUCTIVITY
Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 13
[Text] we Te ‘ect team
ivity at Escom’s Kriel power station in the eastern example, meet
Prorat increased by 9,58% from 1963 to 1984 measured corer min managers and
by te pilot implememation of REALST (Resource Allo- fegioal manage
ion oy de sity Insists after, TPQ facilitators will
veloped by the National Productivity Institute (NPI). alte wl
The main reasons for the sharp increase Were beter ma. Pn ‘ying nea am
terial usage, energy gains (in coal, fuel oils and the like) Sips an wey oe
and better manpower utilisation. . Ouputs measure:
‘Another REALST pilot project, at Distribution Central cea ais to help name
(Rand and OFS region), showed a 7,55% gain over a six- agers to S00 tore
south period, due mainly to bener uslistion of labour» what the pri more ‘clearly
‘These pilot projects are part of Escom’s Total ‘Produc- the same time, we are build-
ivity and Quality (TPO) ‘ as ment teams at all levels of
98) in conjunction with the NPL. One of the objectives is the rears
to boost total productivity within the 66 000-employee com- be ject is the for-
mation of TPQ management
Says the head of produc ut, Vander Merwe 227, mation of PQ manages
Merwe: “The im is (0 ime 20% of producivity gins tes, Se coccur.
originas inate in li manage to sol
pes and toa Tesources ment; ‘Thus, many problems in
utilisation organisa- of the TPQ projects involve The .
tion, not osly that of labour. placing productivity tools mw above TPQ projects
i eile, is of Une sod cles (PQCs), which now
separable, hence the title, helping them to determine Mien OO.
Total Productivity and ways of measuring output munber between ‘hat
iy : and the ithin their saves R6 for every rand it
At the centre of the TPQ resources within their area s a ‘ ch,
fons abies Boe mx Van der Merwe says, capital
seein ot responsibil rive she Pr savings are not the primary
definition of responsibili- plan and drive the pro- ae <
ties; participation; decen- gramme. a PQCs.
tralisation; the development One such project is the so- “The corporate TPQ
of problem-solving capabil- called key perfor bajred steering commitiee, which
ities and the recognition of scheme. This involves the is chaired by the CEO,
contributions to said goals. identification, in adopted the following policy
‘The main thrust of TPQ is ton with the managers co for QC: to develop td,
ities. * are critical to the successful fe neem in rerticipa

Cso: 3400/185

his team in participative


[(Mense)] Is it not correct that each candidate needed 500 supporters and
that, in order to get those supporters, he needed to be able to see
the full electoral list first?

[Sixishe] That is incorrect. It is the responsibility of each candidate
at his constituency to go around the constituency personally, and knock
at doors and seek supporters who will in fact be his witnesses, 500
witnesses, and those who support him will sign on a piece of paper in
their homes.

((Mense)] But is it not correct that these 500 supporters would have to
be on the electoral roll?

(Sixishe] Precisely, it is quite correct.

[(Mense)] The opposition parties say that they were not given a chance to
see the full electoral list, even when they did see them.

(Sixishe] That is not true, because the lists were available in all 60
constituencies. What I can tell you is that the opposition parties are
going around making all these accusations simply because they noticed a
long time ago that they would get no support. May I ask Mr (Mense) why
for example~-taking into account their accusations, assuming that they
are correct--why is it up till nomination day that they did not submit
one single candidate to the electoral office? One should be talking about
withdrawal of candidates as a result of chicanery on the part of the
government. One should be talking of withdrawal of candidates as a result
of harassment by government, right? But there is no question of withdrawal
of candidates. In fact, what appears to have happened is that they did
not even register one single candidate.

cso: 3400/115

29



“Sonqoe) uopDe}0xd sounUEY 20}8M Jo VONOOIES [OHA
seinBis

it
T

NIVW ONIDWNd Vv ONOTW NOILO3S “WOIdAL

100


JPRS*SSA+85*107
4 November 1985

Ys
eo

SENEGAL

GOOD RAINFALL BENEFITS CROPS
In Ziguinchor

Dakar LE SOLEIL in French 24,25,26,27 Aug 85 p 10

(Text] The arrival of relatively well-distributed rains throughout the
Ziguinchor region eases, however slightly, the anxiety at the beginning of the
agricultural season not only allowing the pursuit of labor and sowing but also
contributing to a satisfactory crop.

That is, at least, the predominant feeling resulting from the last meeting of
those who follow the agricultural season, which took into account the
rainfall, the state of affairs regarding the crops and parasitic infestations.

In the opinion of an Agriculture Ministry representative, the peanut, at the
branching stage, is beginning to flower in places, while the millet shows good
development with a satisfactory vegetable-like appearance.

Concerning the rainy season, the first seedlings are starting to send out new
shoots at the very time that the aquatic rice, currently in seed beds, is
growing well. The beans and manioc are experiencing respectively a timid
start from seedlings and a good take-off from plantings.

As for parasitic infestations they have reappeared at Bignona, with
caterpillars and locusts attacking the grains, especially rice, corn and
millet.

According to the Agriculture Ministry representative, treatments have started
and the dispersal of insecticide powders is underway.

At the latitude of Ziguinchor, the battle against the defoliating caterpillars
is also going forward and, in the face of the regular termite attacks on the
rice in the seed beds, "propaxur" [translation unknown] has been distributed
in order to combat these pests. In Oussouye Department, it is especially the
persistence of the "zonocerus" [translation unknown], at a low density, which
has been observed.

36


EXCHEQUER ACCOUNT REPORTED AS OF 31 AUGUST

JPRS+SSA=85=107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Pretoria GOVERNMENT GAZETTE in English/Afrikaans 13 Sep 85 pp 15-17

[Text]

No. 2078
Statement of Recei

13 September 1985

into and Transfers from the Ex-

cheque Account for the period 1 April 1985 to 31 August

Head of Revenve

Amsee Outvongsee
‘Skackisbljene: Binnelands ... eae
Binnetandse Effekte, Obligasies en Lenings

Opgencem:
‘Onboepaalde Termyn Tesourie-obligasies...
‘Onbepeside Termyn Nesionale Verdedi-

15.5%, 1990...

16%, 1986
15%, 1988
14.5%, 2008
15%, 1994
148, 1992

14.5%, 198:

14%, 1987

61



JPRS=SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

MOZAMBIQUE

POLITICAL RELATIONS CONSOLIDATED WITH IRAN
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 6 Sep 85 p 3

[Text] The foreign affairs ministers of Mozambique and Iran expressed
the desire to consolidate political relations between the two countries
and "stressed the need to cooperate closely in the United Nations, the
Non-Aligned Movement and other international organizations to form a base
for broadening cooperation."

Mozambique and Iran also condemned all violations of international law

in the Iran-Iraq conflict. In a joint communique issued at the conclusion
of a visit to Iran by Joaquim Chissano, Mozambican minister of foreign
affairs, at the invitation of his Iranian counterpart, Akbar Velayati,

both countries deplored "any invasion of one country by another" and viola-
tions of international law in the Gulf war, "such as the use of chemical
weapons, attacks on civilian targets, and threats to free navigation,
commercial vessels and oil tankers."

Iran has accused Iraq of resorting to chemical warfare and the Iranian oil
loading facilities at the Kharg Island terminal have been attacked repeatedly
by Iraqi aircraft.

The communique also deplores the apartheid government of South Africa and
unnamed Western countries for their "support of bandits in Mozambique" and
calls for "the immediate cessation of all aid to these enemies of the
Mozambican people."

The two ministers pointed out the close relations between South Africa and
Israel and well-received measures being taken to isolate these two pariahs.
They called for the immediate lifting of the state of emergency in South
Africa and the unconditional release of political prisoners from "apartheid"
prisons.

The ministers expressed "repugnance” at the role played by "certain Western
countries" which support the South African regime, "thereby condoning its
crimes."

The communique appeals to all Middle Eastern and African countries to be
vigilant "against terrorist actions which have tried to spread criminal

32


ISSUES--UITBETALINGS

Estimates ‘Month of August Tonal} April 131 Angus

Service Diense Begroting Masod Auguanus ‘Tonaal | Apel act 31 Awgusras

1985786 1985 1904 198s, igee

R R R R ry
1 ‘868 000 965 416 4.368 000 4407 010
2170 13003 110 #630 65 415
2 1-760 000 1.049 000 8117 000 4754 000
#80 000 $47 000 4872 000 2737 000
3 42 168 000 26333000 | _ 196308000 | 145 566.000
4 445 508.000 | 378 637000 | 2317660000 | 1 943 198.000
s. 90.000 000 | 40080000 | 445 800000 | 198 250.000
$7000 10.040 000 asco | $0 200000
6 4.608.000 | 90.911 768 20054 100 | 536899619
1 1100 000 8373000 | seastooo | 39.411. 000

8 = = 3261 720 -
9 8907000 | 68 $00.00 42291000 | 468 900000
10, 76.000 000 65000000 | 437000000 | 347 300000
n 0.000000 | 138.0000 | 420.000 000 | 463 000 000
12. 1336 416 000 | 103.000.000 | 145 000000 | 575730000 | 730.000 000
302.000 17000 21000 85.000 79400

13 387 849 000 - - = -

. 1925 932.000 | 181 157.000 - 1 069 378 000 =
“ gen Ontwikkeling. 2159657000 | 154 372.000 92000000 | 796 298 800 | 479.000 000
‘Statutory Amount... ‘Stanutére Bedrag... 776 #31 000 B 070 000 18000000 | 115380000 | 151 000 000
18. Education and Training .. Onderwys en Opleiding os. ‘917 486 000 73.000 000 42000000 | 343. 000000 | 291 000 000
pcscenen 4.374 108 000 | 329.000.000 | 316000000 | 1 $65 000 000 | 1 674 300 000
127 973 000 7,000 000 6700 000 | 38 400000 34 307 000
84 137 000 | 60,000 000 40.000000 | 340.000 008 | 278 760.000
177078 000, | 13 $00 000 10.000 000 | 70.000 000 53 500 000
780 000 300 000 3 $40 000 4.423 000
72270 27366000 | 159341000 | 18271100
73 600000 | 113000000 | 373400000 | 390700000

24 200000 = 107 400 000 =
62 700 000 76900000 | 321.633 000 | 217 480.000
76 600 000 0.000000 | 381350000 | 347.000 000
365 412.000 | 274.089.000 | 2207 303.000 | 1761 502.000
{11 365 0001} (68 114 0007) (213 866 CON] (243 633 CODY
999 000 49 000 4995 000 4.529 000
9 700 000 32700000 | $1. 700000 | 163 900000

117000 000 - ‘517 000 000 -

452 164 000 47-060 000 - 220 360 000 -

R {32.074 981 000 | 2.471 272170 | 2093 624.267 | 13 $47 318 470 | 10950999 514

‘*Min Diskonto R.S.A. Effekte 615 000 000 11365 000 68 114000 | 213 866000 | 223 633 000
, R | 31.459 :981 000 | 2.459907 170 | 2.025 510 267 | 13 333.454 470 _| 10 667 306 514

- - 23.1290 3101131 T4139 41
= - Rano 2640774 | 126 629430
29 $00 000 2737 35 1798 000 6435 235 8336 005

1 800 000 ~- - Lior =

1.000 - = 150 2000
. R 22 301 000 2737285 ost 12197917 | 207390516
R | 31 482 282 000 | 2.462 64a 42s | 2.07667 611 | 13 345 652 387 _|10 874 687 030

64



Piping arrangements
and water hammer protection

Ata typical pumphouse each pump is ar-
ranged to receive its water from asuction
header or manifold, a relatively short
straight run of piping is arranged to lead
the water to the pump under good flow
conditions; a‘suction isolating valve is
provided in this length and close to the
manifold. Inter-stage piping in the case
of separate stages incorporate a through-
bolted closer joint to facilitate easy re-
moval and reinstallation if required dur-
ing overhauls.

The delivery pipeline from each pump
set is made sufficiently long to accommo-
date a water meter as it is the policy to
provide accurate metering on each pump
set to facilitate satisfactory operation
and the carrying out of routine perform-
ance tests. Delivery lines are connected
into a delivery header or manifold, a re-
flux and delivery valve being provided
shortly before the connecting point in
most cases. In some recent applications
an.automatic closing delivery valve has

been employed to do away with a reflux .

valve and to reduce the water hammer
effect on shut down.

Water hammer protection is an essen-
tial feature in the delivery pipeline sys-
tem from the pumping stations and in-
stallations employing pump inertia, air
vessels, pressure release valves, surge
tanks and discharge tanks have been
adopted. A typical system employing the
above protective devices is shown in Fig-
ure 5 and for any particular pumping sys-
tem a selection of the equipment is made
to suit the circumstances.

Ina typical installation utilising press-
ure release valves the delivery header sy-
tem is equipped with two release valves
that discharge water from the delivery
header to the balancing reservoir serving
the suction system at the pumping sta-
tion. Each release valve is equipped with
a hydraulic power system including an
accumulator that opens and closes the
release valve when circumstances re-
quire this. The open-and-close cycle can
be initiated either by interruption in
electrical power supply or by marked re-

101

duction of the header pressure. Both
modes of operation result in the de-
energising of a solenoid valve to initiate
one cycle of the release valve from
closed to open and back to the closed po-
sition. The time for opening and the time
for closing can be adjusted and both of
these times added together determine
the full cycle time corresponding to the
surge characteristic of the pipeline sys-
tem being protected. -

Dangers of high water hammer peak
pressures arise when pumping is inter-
rupted by the simultaneous tripping of a
number of pump sets. This condition is
particularly applicable in the event ofa
general power failure. However, should
simultaneous tripping be caused by a
condition other than a general power
failure, the protective cycle will be initi-
‘ated by the drop in pressure.

The economic implications of
power costs and consequently
ot performance

It has been indicated that the power de-
mand of a large pump set is of the order
of 9000 kW. An increase in efficiency of
one per cent could reduce the power de-
mand by some 90 kW. The cost of power
(at 90 per cent load factor) at a typical
pumping station may be taken as
4c/kWh. The operation of a machine
saving 90 kW at an annual utilisation fac-
tor of 67 per cent will reduce energy cost
by RO,04 x ,67 x 24 x 365 x =
R21 120 per annum.

Because of the long-term value of sav-
ings in power demand itis essential that a
supplier of pumps guarantees perform-
ance. Public bodies in South Africa re-
quire a performance guarantee and in
adjudicating a tender they adjust the
tender price to give credit to high effi-
ciency pumping plant and require a ten-
derer to guarantee the power demand in
kW at the specified duty point and call
for a penalty to be deducted from the
contract price should the demand be
higher than that guaranteed. The guar-
antee has to cover the pump set com-
plete with prime mover and the main
contractor is made to be responsible



JPRS=SSA*85-107
4 November 1985

ZIMBABWE

COPPER CONTRACT WITH AUSTRIA WILL MEAN INCREASED EXPORTS
Harare THE HERALD [Business] in English 26 Sep 85 p 1
[Article by Andrew Rusinga]

[Excerpts] The contract signed between Aluminium Industries and Austria Metall
AG will provide Almin with a guaranteed overseas export market worth about $1,2
million a year in foreign exchange.

The copper-alloy plant will save the country about $900 000 through import sub-
stitution. Together with projected export sales of $520 000 to Zambia, Tanzan-
ia and Malawi, the net foreign exchange benefit to Zimbabwe--through import sub-
stitution and exports—will be about $2,65 million a year.

Almin managing director Mr Peter Pyle told Business Herald this was the first
time that Zimbabwe had secured first world markets for high-tech copper products.

“But we will have a problem with competitiveness. The plant we are building
will have a capacity of 3 000 tonnes a year. The first world market has plants
with capacities of up to 50 000 tonnes a year."

Almin announced last week that it had signed a $5,5 million contract with the
Austrian firm to design, supply, erect and commission plant and equipment,
Austria Metall would also train Almin personnel.

Mr Pyle said in addition to the $5,5 million, an additional $1,5 million would
be spent locally on buildings and infra-structure.

Almin's top toolmaker, top technical officer and operations manager will be
sent to Austria for training.

Contractors for the buildings should be on site in January and will complete
their work in April. Equipment will start arriving and should be fully in-
stalled for manufacturing in December next year.

Mr Pyle said the experiences and development of the Austrians was particularly
relevant to Zimbabwe because they had developed their capabilities in this field
from small beginnings through adaptation and without any multi-million dollar
investments. "And this is exactly the same thing that we are trying to do here.
We are mirroring their development process of the past 20 years."

cso: 3400/117 END

123



JPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY WHITE PAPER SCORED
Johannesburg THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER in English Sep 85 p 377
{Editorial by L.R. Robinson]

[Text]

This recently issued White Paper is
another exercise in futility. It is couched
in all the right-sounding terms but makes
no specific recommendations or
planning except in the broadest terms.

It started in June 1977 when the Minister
of Economic Affairs appointed a study
group under the Chairmanship of Dr SJ
Kleu, Chairman of the Board of Trade
and Industries. The Report on industrial
Development Strategy (Kleu Report) «
was submitted in February 1983. With a
view to preparing a White Paper on the
broad strategy recommended by the
Study Group and securing the largest
possible co-operation of the private
sector, the Minister of Trade and
Industries referred the report to an
Industries Advisory Committee under
‘the Chairmanship of the Minister. The
Committee comprised the then Deputy
Minister of Industries, Commerce and
Tourism, the then Director-General of
Trade and Industries, the Chairman of
the Board of Trade and Industries and
representatives from organised industry
and commerce as well as other
knowledgeable persons serving in their
private capacity.

42

After discussions with various
Departments, the Reserve Bank, South
African Agricultural Union, NPI, CSIR
and the SA Foreign Trade Organisation
and senior business executives, the basis
for a White Paper was prepared. The
White Paper was eventually issued in the
usual form, recommendations by the
Committee with Government comment,
in May 1985 — eight years after the
formation of the Kleu Committee.

Mention is made, for instance, of

“A well trained corps of scientists,
managers, technologists and ~
technicians” as being “essential in order
to develop technology, absorb it and
apply it”. The Committee has
apparently never heard of engineers!

It emphasises that technological policy
should be in a market-orientated
economy where the decisions on
technological matters in industry are
taken by individual entrepreneurs and
that the technology they will apply will
be whichever is the most profitable for
them. Agreed, but who will decide the
policy?


BIG DEMAND FOR UPS UNITS REPORTED

JPRS=SSA*85+107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 47

[Text]

cso:

Despite one of the worst economic slumps
in South African history, one sector of
the economy is Tecording healthy gains.

This is the power ion equipment
industry, one of whose market leaders is
reporting record sales of locally produced
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) sys-
tems for commerce and i .

Says Wolfgang Junker, managing di-
rector of Ommitec Electronic Manufac-
turers: ‘‘The steady growth of computers
and electronics in office and industry has
created a parallel demand for reliable sys-

ivetti Africa has: given them its official
seal.of approval.

Olivetti has recommended to distribu-
tors throughout South Africa that they
specify Omnipower UPS units for use in
conjunction with Olivetti systems.

And Olivetti and Omnitec have also
signed an agreement wherein Olivetti will

3400/185

84

undertake the servicing and maintenance
of Omnitec equipment throughout South-

Believed to be the first tie-up of its kind
between a major computer company and
aleading local UPS manufacturer, the deal
will give users of Omnipower UPS units
‘access to Olivetti’s nationwide network
of 42 supply and service centres.

Ommitec’s current catalogue of local
and imported power protection equipment
includes:

@ A new range of compact 10 and
15 kVA pulse-width modulated thyristor-
controlled UPS units, which will shortly
be to 45 kVA;

Sees wer 300 and S00 VA and 1,
2, 3 and $ kVA UPS units:

© Spanish Salicru power line condition-
ers, an alternative: power protection de-
vice which ‘irons out” and rectifies
spikes, dips and transients and stabilises
voltage fluctuations; and

© “Heavyweight” French Socomec UPS
units of 25 kVA rating and above.


zones, we have implemented a series of measures ranging from protection of

our vegetation, by classifying a number of forests, to systematic reforesta-
tion of areas that we consider deforested. Reforestation of the areas around
Ndjamena and certain other cities is part of that policy. On the other hand,
in the case of livestock grazing areas we have tried to formulate a plan for
restoring forest-grazing reserves. Acacia albida, whose beneficial effect on
soil has been widely demonstrated, has been introduced in agricultural areas.
We have also tried to raise our population's standard of living by developing
some of our forest products. I am referring to gum arabic and shea butter.

Because of the various powers of the Ministry of Tourism, Water and Forests,
the nature of our actions itself constitutes a campaign against desertifica-
tion. It is perhaps this aspect that distorts the nature of the problem,
since people are inclined to believe that combating desertification involves
only the Department of Tourism, Water and Forests. Our role of policing
forests and protecting the environment makes others think that this is solely
our area of concern. That is where the problem lies, because desertification
is the culmination of a phenomenon involving factors which do not fall solely
under our department's jurisdiction. Concerning irrational customs or even
overgrazing, you will agree with me that formulating a policy in such areas
requires the action of the Ministries of Agriculture and Livestock Breeding.
In answer to the question of whether there is a comprehensive, coordinated
policy for combating desertification, I would say that in the last three
years there hasn't been any. :

Question: In your opinion, a forestation policy and a policy for combating
desertification are quite distinct. What must be added to the former to
derive a general strategy for combating the desert's advance?

Answer: Actually, a forestation policy could be part of a strategy for com-
bating desertification.

As for adding something to a forestation policy to make it another policy for
combating desertification, it would be enough for the other components of the
rural world to participate in this phenomenon. It would be enough to include
the rural population, the foundation of any policy, as well as other components
contributing to the rural world's development. I mean the Ministries of
Agriculture and Livestock Breeding and many others, given the multiplicity of
parameters involved in this campaign.

Using the Department of Tourism and Water and Forests as an example, I can
list our constraints in implementing our forestation policy. First, resources
are quite inadequate for effective action. In addition, some of our actions
have not been fully understood by the population. When we introduce species
which we consider appropriate for implementing some of our programs, we note
that generally they are poorly accepted by our population, to such an extent
that some of our completed programs are considered a transplant in the rural .
world. The population, the principal beneficiary of what we are doing, does
not feel included at all in what is being done and the result has been pro-
grams that constitute a socially artificial entity. To avoid this kind of
problem, it will be necessary to approach these population groups and to
obtain their prior support for anything that may be done. To do so, their
needs must be taken into account and their desires known. This is why I



Government Cutback Targets Within Reach
(THE CITIZEN, 1 Oct 85) ....

Spending Power of Sowetans Assessed
(Amrit Manga; SUNDAY TIMES, 22 Sep 85) ....

Ciskei's Sebe Criticizes UDF Civil Servants
(SAPA, 6 Oct 85) .ccsccccccccvcccccvevercecereeseesseeeees

Businesses Plan Use of CIM
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) .scscesececcscscececeveucece

CIM May 'Help in Struggle Against East'
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) .scsssssceccecscececescesere

Small Businesses Holding Their Own .
(THE CITIZEN, 4 Oct 85) coecseceeccecceccecceseevcescecees

Varied Reaction To Disinvestment Call Reviewed
(David Carte; SUNDAY TIMES, 29 Sep 85) .sscsecvcccssccevee

Barend: Answer to Debt 'More Exports!
(THE CITIZEN, 1 Oct 85) wcccccccccccccccccececcvcrccecnces

Reserve Bank Seeks Foreign Debts Information
(THE CITIZEN, 8 Oct 85) ....

Reserve Bank Assets-Liabilities Reported
(GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 13 Sep 85). ......

Exchequer Account Reported as of 31 August
(GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 13 Sep 85) wcccccecccvccccecevecveees

Banking Institutions Report Assets-Liabilities
(GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 20 Sep 85) ..scccecececccecccvvcceecs

Entrepreneurs Needed for Rural Power
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) .scesececescececcceccscecee

TPQ Plan Increases Productivity
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) ..sessesvevcceccccesvccesees

Best Use of Coal Discussed
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) .

Coal Exports in Jeopardy
(John Orpen; THE SUNDAY STAR, 22 Sep 85) ...ssceeceeeee

Current Escom Projects Detailed
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) ....

-e-

47

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49

50

52

55

56

58

59

60

61

66

70

71

72

74

75



JPRS=SSA=85=107
4 November 1985

SOMALIA

BRIEFS

SOLDIERS KILLED IN MUTINY--Reports from the headquarters of the 9th General
Ayanshe Division of the Democratic Front for the Salvation of Somalia,
DFSS, wing of the Somali opposition forces say that a mutiny by the 35th
Brigade of the loyalist troops of the fascist Mogadishu regime on

29 September 1985 resulted in the death of six soldiers and many otherw
wounded. The loyalist troops of the Mogadishu regime stationed at Dabad
clashed among themselves after a vehicle carrying Qat was confiscated

by a group of soldiers. The reports add that the brigade commander was
seriously wounded during the fighting. [Text] [(Clandestine) Radio
Halgan in Somali to Somalia 1700 GMT 3 Oct 85]

cso: 3400/115
i

39



JPRS=SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

ENTREPRENEURS NEEDED FOR RURAL POWER

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 16

[Text] South Africa faces major challenges in providing

cso:

energy for rural areas in the near and longer term,
says Dr Gert Venter, manager of the National
Programme for Energy Research (NPER).

In the short term, the country will have to
develop more efficient domestic cooking/heating
units to stem the tide of rural deforestation, and,
in time, it might have to look at decentralised
energy provision in these areas.

Entrepreneurs, Dr Venter believes, have a key

‘on firewood for about 90% of their energy re-
quirements, mainly cooking andheating. Acombi-
nation of massive over-exploitation in some
densely populated areas, and a general lack of
planned afforestation in those areas have resulted
in very serious deforestation in certain regions.

“The by-product of deforestation is ecological
damage and a decline in the quality of life,”” Dr
Venter says.

‘A possible solution to the looming crisis, he

says, is to develop high-efficiency, low-cost
stoves.
“Presently, firewood is used mostly in open
fires whose thermal efficiency is of the order of
1%. ad

“The CSIR is supporting the development of
a low-cost, energy-efficient stove which could,
perhaps, be manufactured locally in the rural areas
and cost as little as R50.

Overseas research organisations, too, are ¢n-
gaged in similar R & D projects, and one of the
questions being asked is whether energy-efficient
stoves actually save energy.

“The answer is no,” Dr Venter says. “But
the point is that users could get more out of them
and, hence, such units would tend to improve the
quality of life."*

If the looming deforestation crisis is to be
averted, serious attention will have to be given

to large-scale, multi-disciplinary afforestation"

projects, Dr Venter believes.

3400/185

70

In the medium term, the question of electricity
supply to rural areas will have to be addressed.
The provision of electricity is a.powerful factor
in the improvement of the quality of life.

“‘But,"" says Dr Venter, “‘when one is talking
about supplying electricity to half of the country’s
F , the question which must be answered
is whether it is more cost-effective to extend the
Escom grid or to supply electricity on a decen-
tralised basis."* .

_A related issue, he says, is that of partial elec-
tricity supply. In the past, largely First World
standards have been applied to the provision of
electricity in South Africa.

“The question now is whether South Africa
can afford to apply these standards to the rural
areas, and whether we should not perhaps be
looking at appropriate standards which could
contribute to lower capital costs.

Partial electricity supply would, of necessity,
involve the use of a variety of renewable energy
sources,

Dr Venter says demand for electricity in runi
areas revolves around lighting, television and n-
dio. Photovoltaic cell technology, for example,
is developing to the extent that it could, within
the next few years, be successfully used for some
of these low-power requirements in dwellings.

Photovoltaic cells could conceivably be used
in conjunction with ‘new-generation’ stoves for
cooking and heating, solar panels for heating water
(assuming that piped water is available), and,
perhaps, other renewable energy sources. =~

The challenge, Dr Venter says, is to integrate:
these alternative sources into highly efficient sys-
tems. The major stumbling block is cost, and,
Dr Venter says, South Africa urgently requires
competent entrepreneurs to co-develop and mar-
ket viable systems at the lowest possible cost.

“There is a ‘lot of merit’ in a partnership
between the public and private sectors.””


cso:

3400/185

Duvha,- one has probably
gone as far as one can go."”

At the same time, im-
proving the efficiency of
older power stations, some
of which average in the re-
gion of 20%, is con-
strained by the capital cost.

“There is a point where
one can really not improve
without vastly increasi
the capital cost of the
equipment. In view of the
relative low cost of coal,
it would not be cost-effec-
tive to try.

“If, however, the coal
Price increased substan-
tially, it might be to our
advantage to spend the

While some would ar-
gue that curtailing main-
tenace is a highly effective
means of saving money,
Escom has proved beyond
doubt that its planned
maintenance programmes
are cost-effective, as the
average availability’ (ca-
pacity hours available x
100 + total capacity hours

79

ina year) of power stations
is increased.

Power station availabil-
ity is central to the drive
to reduce capex and fuel
costs. It determines the re-
serve capacity which Es-
com requires: the smaller
the reserve, the less capital
need be spent on equip-
ment which normally is un-
utilised.

Itis generally more cost-
effective to invest in im-
proving availability than it
is to provide reserve ca-
pacity.

“But,” Els says, “there
is'a crossover point, and
we, therefore, attempt to
optimise by improving
availability to the point
-where it costs us less than
it would to have a higher
feserve margin.

“Target availability,
which we hope to achieve
within the next five years,
is 77% (the current figure
is roughly 75%, up 3%
over 1983)”



365072
JPRS-SSA-85-107
4 November 1985

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

008

FBIS| FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

| REPRODUCED BY

NATIONAL TECHNICAL |
INFORMATION SERVICE | | |

US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161
130

AeT



GEC Traction will be manufacturing
some of the motors according to Hitachi
design. In fact, we understand that GEC
Traction has adjusted its marketing
strategy to tender for the manufacture of
equipment of other major suppliers as
well.

What was your Department’s involve-
ment at Sentrarand?

All the development of specifications,
design and tests were based on research
and data which were supplied by our de-
partment. Yes, we were greatly involved
in the project.

We have heard that something went
wrong with the retarders which were
supplied by a local company. Can you
comment on this please?

After intensive testing we found a defect
in the piston which was the source of the
problem. After a lot of development
work in our testing centre we assisted the
company in overcoming the problem toa
large extent.

What do you see as major challenges for
the local railway equipment manufactur-
ing industry in future?

SATS has for the last fifteen years
mostly been occupied with heavy haul
equipment for the transport of coal and
minerals. The transport of these com-
modities became more efficient through
the application of increased axle loads
(18,5 to 26 tons). This demand having
been met to a large extent, the emphasis
is now shifting towards the design and
development of new rolling stock and
equipment for low density high-rated
traffic.

Our Department will be responsible
for the building of a total of 9000 mini-
containers at a cost of R25-million this
year. R21-million has been voted in ad-
dition to this figure for automatic sorting
equipment and conversion of wagons.

105

How large is the workshop facility which
is controlled by your Department?

‘We have eight workshops in all. The big-
gest is Koedoespoort in Pretoria with
3000 people. Next in line are the Bloem-
fontein, Durban and Salt River
workshops with approximately 2 500 em-
ployees each, followed by Uitenhage
with 2000 and Germiston with 1 800 em-
ployees. There are also workshops at
East London (700 employees) and
Pietermaritzburg (600 employees). The
Germiston workshop controls our three
welding depots at Beaconsfield, Dans-
kraal and Elandsfontein.

Can you give us some idea of the number
of locomotives, wagons and coaches
which are repaired and maintained by
the workshops?

We are looking after approximately
4600 locomotives of which more than 49
per cent are electrical units; our wagon
fleet consists of 174000 and our coach
fleet 10733 units.

What is SATS’s policy in regard to in-
creasing its workshop facilities? Will it,
for instance, be moving towards greater
privatisation?

We do not need to increase our
workshop facilities in the foreseeable
future as they have sufficient capacity to
serve both our present and future com-
mitments. Our wagon stock has not in-
creased at all over the last couple of
years because of our policy to go for a
higher degree of specialised design with
increased capacities, shorter turn-
around times and lower maintenance re-
quirements. In fact we see our total roll-
ing stock decreasing in future when the
steam locomotives, older wagons and
timber coaches are phased out.

‘There is no question of private indus-
try competing with us over maintenance
and repair of our rolling stock as they are
not really geared up for repair work.



MAURITIUS

Berenger Returns From Meeting in Reunion
(LE NOUVEAU MILITANT, 20 Sep 85) ..ccecccccvccccveessecees

Briefs
Minister Visits Madagascar

MOZAMBIQUE

Political Relations Consolidated With Iran
(NOTICIAS, 6 Sep 85) .ccccseccccccvcvecceccccvcceeceeeecees

Transport Minister Meets Zimbabwean Counterpart
(Maputo Domestic Service, 4 Oct 85) sesscecseccvececvevece

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

Briefs
' Armed Forces Celebrate Anniversary

SENEGAL

Good Rainfall Benefits Crops
(LE SOLEIL, various dates) ..ssccseccceevee

In Ziguinchor
Tivaouane, by Mamadou Ndiaye
In General, by Sammy L. Chaupin

SOMALIA

Briefs
Soldiers Killed in Mutiny

SOUTH AFRICA

Internal Security Act Restricts Meetings
(GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 27 Sep 85) .csceccecccccccececceeees

Industrial Development Strategy White Paper Scored
(L. R. Robinson; THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER,

Sep 85) crcecccccecscccsccuvcevcsevccecccsvccneccesseseces

Number of Unemployed Doubles
(THE CITIZEN, 2 Oct 85) wecccceccceccncccceccsceccvceeeeer

Survival Strategy Conference Held
(Keith Abendroth; THE CITIZEN, 3 Oct 85) ........

30

31

32

34

35

36

36
37
37

39

40

42

44

45


Can you give us an indication of the en-
gineering staff in your department?

We have a total of 17000 employees in
the Department including adminis-
trative staff. Of this figure 2760 are arti-
sans, 1500 apprentices, 183 mechanical
engineering assistants and 209 mechani-
cal engineers. 8000 of the 17.000 total
are black and 9000 white employees.

SATS gives great priority to the training

of its manpower. Can you tell us more_

about how this is being implemented.

‘We have special schemes including bur-
Saries to encourage training at Universi-
ties and Technikons. We also have ap-
Prentice schools at every depot and
special supervisor training courses.

If the economy turns up, do you find it

_ difficult to retain your skilled workers?

cso:

We find at all times— but more so dur-
ing good times—that we lose a large

percentage of apprentices after they
have qualified.

3400/185

106

Is registration as a professional engineer
a requirement for promotion above cer-
tain levels in your department?

Yes, it is. This ruling has just come into
effect.

How many professional engineers and
cagineers-in-training have you got in
your department?

The number of professional engineers is
67 and engineers-in-training 14. This
number is, however, very fluid because
of the above ruling which has just come
into effect and which has resulted in a
flood of applications which will be reach-
ing SACPE soon.

What is SATS’s view in regard to engin-
cers-in-training being prepared for regis-

SATS policy is that engineers-in-training
should be given every opportunity to
meet the. full requirements for registra-
tion with SACPE. We in fact have a rec-
ognised training scheme which is pre-
scribed for our engineers-in-training.
But it is obvious, as in the case with the
practical application of any other pro-
gramme, that the outcome will depend
on the character and outlook of the en-
gineer-in-training to his job.


It should be mentioned that within the precincts of this mosque are expected to
be built an Islamic center, housing for the imam and other Arabic scholars, a
library and a water tower,

Saudi aid to assist Guinea's efforts to combat the effects of drought comes to
$9,127;000. and will see the completion of two programs:

1. Building of two irrigation dams (Mafenwol/Dounkimagna and Bafinf/Dolo) to
facilitate truck gardening.

2. About a hundred wells equipped with manual pumps in the prefectures of
Gaoual and Koundara, to relieve the rural areas hit hardest by drought,

Construction of the two dams has been turned over by GTZ [expansion unknown] to
a Franco-German group (Daumas/Dywidag), which has already started work at the
site,

The signing of this contract took place on 17 April of this year in Conakry, at
a ceremony presided over by CaptanThiana Diallo, secretary of state for water
resources and forestry, and his excellency Mr Wahib Saikhoun, the charge
d'affaires of the Saudi embassy in Guinea,

All this will contribute to the further consolidation of the fraternal ties and

traditional solidarity which have > aliays characterized relations between the
two countries.

9516
CSO : 3419/12

27



JPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

i

SOUTH AFRICA

CONSTRUCTION OF ESCOM'S TUTUKA POWER STATION REPORTED

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 26

{Text]

cso:

3400/185

86

scheduled to.come on
stream in December, and
No 3 assembly, now in an
advanced stage of con-
struction, is due to undergo
hydraulic tests in Novem-


AEC'S PLATING PLANT DIVERSIFIES

JPRS«SSA*85=107
4 November 1985

Se

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 26 Sep 85 p 25

[Text]

The Western World's
largest and most sophisti-
cated electrolytic and elec-
troless plating plant is set
to make inroads to the min-
ing, oil, gas and chemical
industries.

The Atomic Energy
Corporation's plating di-
vision has just completed
the electroless nickel plat-
ing of six rams for hy-
draulic roof supports for a
local mine.

This could be the first in
a series of revolutionary develop-
ments for mining in South Africa.

Said manager of the division, Der-
ick Cluver:**Conventional coatings
usually crack under expansion, mak-
ing the equipment vulnerable to cor-
rosion.

We coated the rams with a ductile
layer of nickel and a second hard,
abrasion-resistant layer to overcome
this problem.”"

He explained to EngineeringWeek
that until a month or two ago, the
Atomic ion’s plat-
ing division was operating ‘t full ca-
pacity. Now that the nickel plating
of the new uranium enrichment plant
at Pelindaba is complete, the plant
has a 90% spare capacity.

cso: 3400/185

81

“We believe we can now fill an
important niche in the plating field.
‘We have an enormous plant, with 18
plating lines, 6 mx6 mx7 m tanks and
the most advanced technology, not
previously available in this country.
AII our specifications have been to
nuclear standards, so quality is of the
very best.’”

Electroless nickel plating, a tech-
nology new to South Africa, is of
particular importance to mining. It
provides a uniform coating on every
surface and is corrosion resistant to
dilute acids and chlorides.

The abrasion, wear.and galling re-
sistance is excellent and equals the
hardness of chrome when heat-

Tt can be applied to a number of
substrates such as stainless steel, iron,

plastics.

‘Applications of the technology in-
clude the automotive, aircraft, com-
puter, electronics and food processing
industries.

There are also numerous possi-
bilities for electroless plating using
materials such as teflon.

“Our aim is not to compete with
existing small platers, but to com-
pliment them and we will be looking
specifically at import substitution,”
‘Cluver added.



A=85*107

SS.
IPRS*S 1985

4 November

__
CHAD

~ _—_—

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT MEETING HELD
Ndjamena INFO-TCHAD in French 28 Aug 85 pp 5-9

(Text] ATP [Chadian Press Agency]--"The search for ways and means of protect-
ing our businesses and our local products": This was the central theme of a

day of study and reflection organized in Ndjamena on Sunday, 25 August, on the
premises of the Training Center for Development (CEFOD) by the National Union of
Chadian Workers (UNATRAT). About 100 delegates composed of union personnel and
activists as well as some of the administrative staffs of our companies, parti-=
cularly the Chadian Cotton Company, took part in this workshop during which the
participants tried to grapple with the problems of contraband and the smuggling
of foreign products that dangerously compete with our local products.

Mr Gabriel Dombal Djimbague, the secretary general of UNATRAT, who introduced

this workshop, painted an overall picture of a few typical companies that con-
stitute the pivot of the Chadian economy because they create jobs for workers and
contribute to our country's economic and social development. In this way the sec-
retary general of UNATRAT played up the socioeconomic impact of these agroindus—
trial companie$ like the Chadian Cotton Company,the National Sugar Company of

Chad (SONASUT), the Chadian Textile Company (STT), the Chadian Cigarette Factory
(MCT), the Logone Breweries and the Moyen-Chari Soft Drinks Company. Speaking

of the Chadian Cotton Company,Mr Dombal stressed the fact that the introduction
of cotton in our country in 1928 permitted us to establish some 20 factories which
have been a source of jobs for several hundred people. Aside from its chief ex-
Port product, which is fiber cotton, the Chadian National Cotton Company is
interested in horizontal activities, specifically through the creation of the
Moundou Oilworks and the soap factory, and the production of oil cakes and glyce-
rine, which are highly valued on our markets as well as abroad. As for the STT,
it produces all sorts of clothes, which are highly prized in Chad as well as
abroad, and it also markets upholstery fabric and seat covers for vehicles.

Now these young factories are forced into dangerous competition by the illegal
introduction of foreign products that are sold at lower prices on our markets,
particularly in the capital. The secretary general of UNATRAT took as an example
and proof of this the SONASUT which, with a monthly production of 30,000 tons

of sugar, sees its products literally swamped by 60,000 tons of illegally im-
ported sugar from Nigeria and Cameroon. The same holds true for the MCT or
Bastos, and select Siats are being smoked less and less to the advantage of
"Maizobi," the importing of which is banned in Chad. Not counting the snobbism
of some Chadians (true, they are few in number) who have a propensity for a pipe



cso:

gically important for their kind of business.
he ie, believe that climate is changing,”

The situation is different because of a
change in the monopolistic structure of
the country’s economy and increasing
competition both locally and from abroad.

“All the shelters are breaking down and,

for the manufacturing industry, efficien-
cies through computerisation and auto-
mation are becoming a matter of survival
as much as good business sense,” said
Biebuyck.
“Protectionism is part of the reason why
South African industry has lagged behind
the rest of the world. However, even in-
ternationally, the manufacturing sector has
lagged behind the financial irfstitutions.

“Another local problem has been the
cost of labour. Previously, the manufac-
turer could throw labour at whatever
problem he had, but this is ceasing to be

case.” .

The cost of labour is constantly increas-
ing, which places a much higher premium
‘on productivity. But the only way to get
higher productivity is through increased
automation and the increased use of au-
tomation

“For these reasons, we believe South
Africa is on the threshold of an enormous
expansion in the use of information tech-
nology in industry. This includes auto-

mation, robotics, shopfloor data collection,
ier systems, and integrated NC ma-
es.

3400/185

51

“When you start to add all these things
together, you are beginning to talk about
CIM. However, we believe true CIM is a
long. way off.
“Nevertheless, that is the direction we
should be approaching.”

A different industry

Comcon holds the view that numerous
different skills have to be brought to ‘bear
in the manufacturing sector on what is
essentially a different industry to the fi-
nancial. A manufacturing situation is nor-
mally very different because it does not
have the systems prior to computerisation
that banks have.

“The typical manufacturing operation
does not have a system. The foreman,
when he comes on shift, will base his de-
sion on what work to do on a number
of factors, but primarily based on his ex-
perience,” said Vellacott.

“However, a good information system
will tell him exactly what to do and this
will be based on criteria such as what is
best for the overall optimisation of the

These demands may be different to the
gut feeling of the foreman. Therefore, says
Comcon, a retraining exercise is needed.

“With CIM, what you are trying to get
are the benefits of long production runs
with short setup times and downtimes be-
tween jobs — without any of the disad-
vantages.”



JPRS+SSA*85+107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

PUMPING SYSTEMS SUPPLY POTABLE WATER TO PWVS REGION

Johannesburg THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER in English Aug 85
pp 324-331

[Article by Jimmy Gardiner]

[Text]

‘The Rand Water Board supplies potable water to the Witwatersrand, the major industrial
development and highest population density area in the PWVS region. Typically the pumps:
used for the supply of water range in capacity to 300 M¢/d at generated heads up to 380 m.
‘The Witwatersrand is approximately 50 km from the Vaal River source and over 300 m

higher.

Inthe following article Jimmy Gardiner gives a review ‘of pumps which are being used by the
Rand Water Board to supply 2 000 MZ/d of potable water to consumers In the PWVS region,
During peak demands this figure exceeds 3000 M¢/d.

Mr Gardiner is Assistant Chief Engineer; pipe fabrication, of the Rand Water Board. .

Function of pumping machinery”

Pumping to provide a potable
water:

Figure 1 shows diagrammatically the
river purification and pumping stations,
the routes of pumping mains, the
booster pumping stations and the distri-
bution pipelines to the extremities of the
Rand Water Board limits of supply.

The major. industrial development
and the highest population density in the
PWVS region ison the Witwatersrand
which is approximately 50km from the
Vaal River source and over 300m
higher. The area is supplied with potable
water by the Rand Water Board and typ-
ically pumps for the supply of water
range in capacity to 300 megalitres per
day (Mé/d) at generated heads up to
380m. A typical profile of a pumping

93

system is shown in Figure 2. Water is
pumped from the river stations to the
foothills of the elevated area and booster
pumping stations deliver the water to the
distribution system. The storage of
water in the area where it is consumed is
achieved only by the building of costly
Teservoirs and the storage capacity is
therefore limited and great importance’
is placed on the continuity of supply
from pumping machinery and the deliv-.
ery pipelines.

Currently approximately 2000 Mé/d
of potable water is supplied to: con-
sumers and the peak demands exceed
3000 Mé/d. Most of the water is deliv-
ered under pumping conditions over a
distance of more than 50 kilometres to =
system of reservoirs on strategically
placed sites along the Witwatersrand. A



JPRS+SSA*85~107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA
BEST USE OF COAL DISCUSSED
Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 12
[Text]
Of the R3 995-million in ‘ a
costs incurred by Escom last The concept is relatively
year, almost 18%, or about new, at least as far 2s large-
R680-million was on the scale applications sre con
purchase and railage of al- cemed. Essentially, run-of-
most 56 Mt of coal (See dia- mine coal is beneficiated by
gram). the coal producer/owner to
Cleariy, there are impor- yield two usable
tant benefits to be derived one of whichis a product
from optimum allocation, suitable for thermal power
extraction and processing of generation, the other for use
fossil fuel its. at the colliery owner’s discretion, either for
Escom has instinited sev- export or for local use
eral measures to minimise ‘Escom’s 11 Mt-a-year, air-cooled Ma-
cost escalations in this area. timbe facility, for exan will, when it
It has, for example, for a goes on-stream later this year, be supplied
number of years, located with beneficiated coal from Iscor’s Groot-
power stations at or near coal geluk colliery near Ellisras.
deposits, and, on several oc- The middle will go to Matimba,
casions, jointly financed while metallurgical-grade coal will continue
power station-tied colli- to be used in Iscor’s processes.
cries. Says Dr Neethling: “In addition, and very
In these instances, the importantly, one is increasing the life of
utility, because it was able national reserves for future consumption. "*
to raise capital at lower in- ‘The overwhelming majority of Escom’s
terest rates than private en- thermal power stations are or will be sup-
terprise, was able to reduce Plied by privately-owned collieries, and the
capital costs. multi-product colliery concept remains,
But, says Dr Dirk Neethl- therefore, to a large extent linked to the coal
ing, chief director of the en- export programme, now in its fourth phase.
ergy branch of the From this perspective, multi-product col-
of Mineral and lieries could have significant advantages.
Energy Affairs (DMEA) and On the one hand, says Dr Necthling, many
member of the Energy Pol- “would like an in ther
icy Committee (EPC), one portfolio because, while the export market
of the single most fluctuates, Escom demand is ”
elements in the bid to con- On the other, Escom-tied mines by def-
tain the cost of fuel could inition tie up substantial reserves. The multi-
well be the promotion of the product concept promises the best of both
multi-product colliery con- worids by allowing mining houses to skim
cept. off coal for export while meeting Escom

72°


propaganda and obtain material support in these countries against the People's
Republic of Mozambique." .

On the issue of Western Sahara, the communique supports the Saharan people's
right to self-determination and demands that Morocco "respect OAU resolutions
on the Sahara."

Both ministers vigorously deplored imperialistic interference in the internal
affairs of Latin American countries, particularly Nicaragua and Grenada.
President Ronald Reagan recently called Iran, Nicaragua and three other
countries part of an alleged worldwide center of "terrorist conspiracy."

Mozambique and Iran also repeated their commitment to the Movement of
Non-Aligned Countries and expressed opposition to "imperialist interference
in the affairs of Africa and the Middle East," encouraging the Non-Aligned
Movement to resist such interference. ‘

They suggested that member nations in the Non-Aligned Movement which act
contrary to the Movement's principles "should be subject to sanctions or
expelled."

No specific case was mentioned, but a ready example is Indonesia's invasion
and annexation of the former Portuguese colony of East Timor in flagrant
violation of the principles of the Non-Aligned Movement.

8844
CSO: 3442/3

33



SURVIVAL STRATEGY CONFERENCE HELD

JPRS*SSA+85~+107
4 November 1985

——

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 3 Oct 85 p 11

{Article by Keith Abendroth]

[Text]

LEADERS of South

African commerce, in-

dustry and agriculture ,

put their heads. to-
gether in a summit
conference in Pretoria
yesterday to map out a
survival strategy for
the Republic in the
face of the ever tight-
ening economic and
political situation.

The unique meeting
was called by the South
African, Agricultural
Union together with lead-
ers in industrial, commer-
cial and economic fields
primarily to discuss the
mutual and conflicting
concems of the various
sectors in planning for
economic growth.

The president of the
SAAU. Mr J A ‘Kobus’
Jooste said that political
aims would have to come
to grips with economic
factors — because a pros-
Perous community would
in the critical coming
months be irreplaceable
and indispensable for re-
alistic negotiations on the

Political future "of the
country.

45

— Farmers, he said, were

in an unwholesome situa-
tion which could largely
be ascribed to a continued
shrinking of their profit
margin over the past dec-

“ was vitally import-
ant, said Mr Jooste, that
private enterprise, agri-
culture and the Govern-
ment “do,a few obvious
things”

He expressed optimism
for the economy’s future.

“We must keep our
heads and not become
panicky — we must stick
to our guns and not let go,
again. We must make it
worthwhile for people to
save,” he said.

Mr Andre Hamersma,

manager of the
Standard Bank Invest-
ment Corporation warned
organised agriculture that
it would, to a greater ex-
tent, have to solve its own
problems in the future
and rely less on the State.

“The farmers will have
to change from “
ers’ to businessmen,” said
MrHamersma,

They would have to be-
come more market orien-
tated and increasingly de-
cide for themselves what

SOUTH AFRICA



JPRS=SSA*85~=107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

PUTCO BUS COMPANY FARE RISE--PUTCO [Public Utility Transport Corporation]
bus fares are going up. According to a statement by the company, a

14 percent increase has been approved by the National Transport Commission,
but the hike has been adjusted to take into account the recent increase

in the price of fuel. This means that PUTCO pus fares will be increased
by 17.5 percent from the beginning of next month. The PUTCO statement says
the company is aware of the economic situation, and has done everything
possible to minimize the impact of rising costs on commuters, but the

fare hike is unavoidable. A spokesman for the Soweto Civic Association
has criticized the increase as yet another indication of the insensitivity

that has become synonymous with the company. [Text] [Umtata Capital
Radio in English 0700 GMT 5 Oct 85]

cso: 3400/115

114


BUSINESSES PLAN USE OF CIM

JPRS*SSA*85=107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK (High-Tech) in English 12 Sep 85 pp 12-15

(Text]

Implementing systems takes time and
it s important for a company to evolve a
strategy. and make sure what It is doing
now is within that strategy and contributes
towards

it.

“tt is a whole strategy of how you are
going to use information technology and
automation in your piartt, taking a five-
to 10-year overview,” said Brebuyck.

“At least then you know everyone in
the company is looking towards a com-

mon .

But CIM is still a bit of a mystery to most
SA manufacturing firms, which, ‘even if
they do understand the concepts, have
no knowledge of its applicability or rele-
vance to their environment.

“Unless you go overseas, there is very
little to look at, and very few examples to
be followed. In-‘South Africa, there is still
a substantial degree of pioneering to be
done in CIM,” said Guy Vellacott, head
of Comcon Industral, a recently-formed
division of Comcon.

Introducing systems
The situation in South African manu-

facturing is similar to the financial industry
10 years ago.

50

CIM in South Africa is merely at the
begins ming of tts Hfe cycle.
an

financial institutions simply could not sur-
vive the 1980s unless they started using
these systems as a strategic resource.

= “Ifyou look at those banks which made

heavy commitments to information tech-
nology, they have gained ground at the
expense of their competitors who haven't
done that.

“In South Africa, you can see very

quickly which banks have gained in prof-
itability and market share in the past few
years and the correlation between that
‘and which banks have spent a lot of money
in information technology,” said Bie-
buyck.
“That is the scenario the financial in-
stitutions have gone through. Now it is up
to the manufacturing sector to see infor-
mation systems, or rather information
technology, in the same light.”

There have been isolated islands of
companies which have implemented au-
tomation of one sort or another but, says
Vellacott, there have been very few man-
ufacturing companies which have looked
at their future and said that information
technology, in its widest sense, is strate-


and how much to” pro-
duce.

Clearly, said Mr Ham-
ersma, the role of the
State in the future econ-
omic dispensation would
be much smaller than it
had been in the past.

“Unavoidably, South
Africa will move towards
a more market orientated
economy,” he said.

Unhappily, the sins of
the past would not disap-
pear overnight and there.
would be teething prob-
lems on the way to such
an economy.

Pretoria University’s -

Professor P J Haasbroek:
said that South Africa:
would have to step up her
growth rate — to win
back international faith in

“Our international
creditworthiness, which
took so many years to.
build up, was lost Over:
night when the authorities |
lowered the boom on our
creditors,” he said. ~

cso: 3400/185

To win back a degree of
international faith, and to
eliminate the unemploy-
ment problem — which
was an important cause of
the political unrest — the
republic would have to
step up her growth rate.

The aim will be to ac-
celerate growth without

stepping up imports, said -
Prof Haasbroek.

__ He predicted a massive
increase in the years
ahead in Black consumer.
demand — with 21 mil-
lion Blacks estimated to
be in the cities alone by
the turn of the century.

“South Africa’s hope
does not lie in the direc-
tion of the First World,
but rather in recognition
of our Third World limi-
tations — and the build-
ing of a development stra-
tegy that takes account of
this,” he said.

Among other speakers,
the chief of Central Econ-

46

\Mr J P Dreyer said that
\good progress was being
made in implementing the
measures planned in the
| White Papers on agricul-
tural and industrial devel-
ent.
Prature steps should
‘make a substantial contri-
bution to the more pro-
ductive application and
‘ptilisation of production
factors.

But in the final instance
the individual producer
had to decide for himself
what, when and where to
produce, as well as the
price of the commodity
and which production
methods and techniques
would be the most profit-
able for bim.

In the process, he said,
aid given by the Govern-
ment to farmers or con-
sumers — in the states
striving for market orien- -
tated prices — should not
be achieved by price ma-


JPRS+SSA=85=107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

CURRENT ESCOM PROJECTS DETAILED

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 22

[Text]

By curbing growth in demand for electric-
ity, Escom’s demand-side management
programme, if successful, could cut cu-

‘mulative capital expenditure to the year 2000
by up to R15-billion,

This is ini addition to capex cuts an-
Rounced after the submission and govern-
ment acceptance of the De Villiers
commission of enquiry’s report late last
The commission estimated that demand
for electricity is likely to grow at an average
of 5% a year and not, as Escom extrapo-
lations suggested at the time, by 7%. Re-
vised estimates subsequently put average
annual growth at 6%, and it is.on this basis
that the major power station construction
projects highlighted on this page are pro-
gressing.

The commission also recommended that
Escom play a leading role in promoting
energy conservation in order to achieve ‘‘a
more modest"’. growth in capital expendi-
ture. It said Escom should strive to cut de-
mand for power in the long term by between
0,7% and 1%, which, in 1984 rands, rrans-
lates into a massive R15-billion.

To what extent demand-side management
projects now in the pipeline will affect cap-
“ital expenditure remains to be seen, though
it is highly unlikely that they will impact on
any of the current projects listed here.

75



_

KENDAL POWER STATIONS COOLING TOWERS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 25

[Text]

cso:

3400/185

High Structures, a spe-
cialist company jointly
owned by Group Five and
Gillis Mason, is making
excellent progress on a
contract worth R45-mil-
lion to construct six dry
cooling towers at Kendal
power station.

On completion these
structures, one of which is
pictured here in-the early
stages of construction, will
be the largest cooling tow-
ers yet built anywhere in
the world. Each will be a
massive 144 m in diameter
above the columns, as
against 100 m, for exam-
ple, at Matla.

Each shell will require
16 000 m° of concrete
(Matla: 7 000 m*) and
1 170 tof reinforcing, and
will be 165 m high (Matla:
150 m).

‘The towers will each be
supported by 52 huge
cross-columns standing on
a series of piles with a ring
beam on top. The cross-
columns are cast in situ at
pond floor level and laid

onto soffits for several

quires 53,3 m? of con-
crete, 16,5 tof reinforcing
and 210 m® of shuttering.
Each weighs 133 t and
stands 25 m high.

specially devised 4 lifting
system involving steel
ing legs and rome im
stead of a crane.

Says Frans Barnard, a
director of High Struc-
tures: ‘The use of this sys-
tem, which is a world first
and has been patented,
achieves a considerable
saving when weighed
agninst the cost of a large

 ereAnother advantage of
the system is that no stag-
ing is required for work
above the columns.

“The workers operate
from platforms rigged onto
special corbeis on the sides
of the cross-columns,”"
said Barnard.

85

JPRS+SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


JPRS*SSA+85=107
4 November 1985

ee
SOUTH AFRICA

INTERNAL SECURITY ACT RESTRICTS MEETINGS
Pretoria GOVERNMENT GAZETTE in English 27 Sep 85 pp 1, 2

[Text]

GOVERNMENT NOTICES

MINISTRY OF LAW AND ORDER
No, 2221 27 September 1985

GATHERINGS PROHIBITED UNDER SECTION 46 (3)
OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT. 1982

Whereas I, Louis le Grange, Minister of Law and Order,
deem it neccessary for the maintenance of the public peace.
Thereby—

(1) under section 46 (3) (a) of the Internal Security Act.
1982 (Act 74 of 1982), prohibit any gathering in the
Republic during the period 27 September 1985 up to
and including 31 March 1986, except any gathering
for the purposes of a bona fide-sport occasion or
which is held within a building; and

(2) under section 46 (3) (b) of the said Act, prohibit any
gathering in any building wheresoever in the Republic
during the period mentioned in paragraph (1). if such
gathering is a gathering organised, convened or held
or otherwise brought about—

(a) to advise, encourage, propagate, advocate or

+ promote the non-attendance or opposition to the
attendance of any school, college. university or
other educational institution by any person: or

40


cso:

reflectors can become ineffective owing
to encrustation by mud; often confusing
signs carried by trucks also lead to acci-
dents, especially at night. A researcher
at the NITRR pointed out that current
warning signs were ineffective. He said
that chevrons were inadequate owing to
low reflectivity and insisted that signs
had to be detected and recognised at
least 200 metres away even under the
most unfavourable conditions.

Transportation assets

A few papers were presented on the
management of the country’s transpor-
tation assets and their conservation. Sev-
eral modes—road, rail, sea, air and
pipeline —were discussed as well as the
fact that these could yield infinitely more
if a more rational approach were made
to the application of high technology to
the management of traffic.

From various papers it transpired that
the benefits of containerisation appear

-likely to be appreciably increased by ap-

plication of advanced telecommunica-
tion techniques. Much was also said on
the improvement of national productiv-
ity, especially in the light of heavy invest-
ments needed in transport.

3400/185

110


election of union delegates and meetings and general meetings organized to
harmonize labor relations and debate various labor problems of enterprises.

With respect to problems concerning the industrial sector, in particular the
1,500-zaire toll tax collected on all trucks entering the ONATRA [National
Transportation Office] ports at Matadi and Boma, the Council decided that
this tax would be suspended immediately pending consultations between ANEZA
(National Association of Zairian Enterprises] and ONATRA, under the super-
vision of the department in charge.

The Council then heard the state commissioner for planning's report on leading
indicators for the first half of the current year.

This report shows that, compared with the corresponding period of last year,
this period as a whole has been marked by a certain slowing down, especially
as far as mine production, construction and exports of agricultural products
are concerned.

The decline noted in the mining sector is essentially due to frequent plant
equipment breakdown and transportation problems.

As far as foreign trade is concerned, although exports declined by 2.7 percent,
imports increased by 12.2 percent.

At monetary levels, the rate of inflation was 14.5 percent during the first
half of 1985, the goal set under the readjustment program signed with the
International Monetary Fund being 20 percent by the end of 1985.

In addition, the rate of exchange of the Zaire currency was depreciated by
20 percent with respect to the dollar between January and June 1985, compared
with 12.95 percent for the corresponding period of 1985.

As far as domestic prices are concerned, they rose by 17.6 percent during the
first half of 1985, compared with the same period of last year [as published].
The accelerated variation of domestic prices is influenced to a large extent
by several factors, in particular the behavior of the zaire currency, the
price level of oil products, the readjustment of transportation prices, etc.
To improve the situation, the Council recommended measures involving the
rigorous implementation of the budget, the reorganization of public enter-
prises to bring their operating costs and their contributions to the State
budget under control, the stabilization of exchange and inflation rates, and
a selective policy of credit to the economy.

On the other hand, appreciable progress was observed in many of the country's
other economic sectors. These are in particular the manufacturing industry,
the oil industry, and the water and energy sector, which grew respectively

by 9, 10 and 1.7 percent during the first 5 months of the year.

119



JPRS~SSA-85-107

4 November 1985

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

CoNTENTS
INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Switch to Roller-Table Mills Advocated
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) ...-eeeee

CHAD
Efforts To Combat Desertification Discussed
(Mahamat Ali Interview; INFO-TCHAD, 6 Aug 85) wseccceeceece
Industrial Development Meeting Held
CINFO-TCHAD, 28 Aug 85) wcccccccccccccceccecceeescercesscee
Briefs
BEI Loan
ETHIOPIA
Involvement With Three-Sided War Examined
(Pierre Viaud; AFRIQUE CONTEMPORAINE, Jul~Aug-Sep 85) .....
GABON
Bongo's Surprising Moves Toward Opposition Viewed
(AFRIQUE NOUVELLE, 21-27 Aug 85) ..
GUINEA
Relations With Soviet Union Outlined
(HOROYA, 24 Sep 85) cccceccseccccccecccvcccscccsccecceseses
Saudi Development Aid Reviewed .
CHOROYA, 26 Sep 85) wececcccvcccecccvcccccresseveccecsectes
LESOTHO

Information Minister on Elections
(BBC World Service, 2 Oct 85) csscscecccccrccccccsccesceeee

13

4

22

23

26

28



JPRS=SSA*85~=107
4 November 1985

MN

SOUTH AFRICA

SATS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CHIEF INTERVIEWED

Johannesburg THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINE:
3982 389 ER in English Sep 85

[Interview with Dr Herbert Scheffel, Chief M
lechanical Engineer of bd
Services, by Bob Robinson and Arlene Kaljee] 8 © Of SA Transport

[Text]

South African railway equipment manufacturers may be in serious trouble. Many have gone
under and some companies are changing their marketing strategies because of SATS

requirements for high technology.

In an exclusive interview with Dr Herbert Scheffel, Chief Mechanical Engineer of SA
Transport Services, it was ascertained that local manufacturing companies have not been
doing enough research and development In the high technology field which, for example, ts
required for electric traction, and are finding it difficuit to provide the necessary design and

manutacturing capabilities.

Another important fact which emerged was that SATS is now concentrating on the design
and development of new rolling stock and equipment for the efficient and speedy transport

of high-rated goods.

‘The interview took place in Dr Schefte!’s office at SA Transport Services in Pretoria.

Dr Scheffel, your Department has been
involved for some time now in the design
and development of high technology so-
phisticated rolling stock. Can the local
manufacturing industry manufacture
this equipment?

Yes and no. If we talk about, for exam-
ple, electric traction, the South African
manufacturing industry has been finding
it difficult to adapt to modern design
technology without allowing the local
content percentage to drop. However,
SATS is forced to specify modern tech-
nology.in order to remain competitive in
the transport field.

103

Can you tell us more about your Depart-
ments’ research and support facilities
which have been developed for analysis
and testing of more complex detail de-
signs? -

Our test facilities, including buildings,
constitute a capital investment of R9-
million, and staff employed directly on
development design exceeds 120, includ-
ing engineers, scientists, engineering as-
sistants, draughtsmen and technicians.



1 343 625 000 - 6 720 836 000 -
7394 600 31775 600 -
796 800 $457 300 -
- - 1437 000 000 -
=: - (88 475 ooo} -
= - ‘300 000 000 -
- - (16 822 000" -
= - 1380 000 000 -
- - (27 800 000} -
= - 168 000 000 -
= - 20579 ooo -
130 $00 000 - 430 300 000 =
(10 069 o00y* - (ar 7 wor =
- - 500 000 000 -
- - (27 966 coor -
= - ‘50 000 000 -
= - (430 0007" -
30.000 000 - 180 000 000 -
(1.296 000% - (4 116 nop -
- - 14 266.617 -
= - 146 341 463 -
1173 004 - 7420 216 -
14 048 248 - 20161 45 -
1 347 737 682 - 10 641 758 341 -
11363 000 = 213 $64 000 =
1536 372 682 10 427 894 41
21 885 669 486 -
797970 -
151 157 000 - 1.069 378 000 -
157 994 198 - 1077 357230 -
1748 - 15 910 -
117 000 000 = 517 000 000 =
117 001 749 - 517013 910 -
—<— <a ——_
462 156 - 113 1 -
47 050 000 = 720 360 000 =
4132136 - 721 463 ot -
pacer

3.086 137 360

63



JPRS+SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

CISKEI'S SEBE CRITICIZES UDF CIVIL SERVANTS
MBO70936 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1950 GMT 6 Oct 85

[Text] Swelitsha, 6 Oct (SAPA)--President Lennox Sebe of Ciskei has lashed
out at civil servants who are members of the United Democratic Front [UDF].
Speaking at a rally at Zwelitsha at the weekend, he called them the offspring
of serpents who should "voetsak" [get lost] and resign from their clerical
jobs.

He also criticised businessmen who closed their shops during funerals of
unrest victims and asked why they did not close their businesses during the
funerals of cabinet ministers, chiefs, headmen and mayors. "If businessmen
close for the funerals of delinquents who have been prevented from carrying
out atrocities, they are against the government."

Mr Sebe also accused some teachers of fuelling school unrest. He said
a teacher in a rural village had been arrested for confiscating and
destroying membership cards of the ruling Ciskei National Independence
Party.

He appealed to the residents of townships and villages to keep order by
patrolling their areas and to report evildoers to the authorities. Police
would only be sent to unrest areas where there were vigilantes. The
vigilantes would be supplied with walkie-talkie radios.

President Sebe said men who refused to assist in quelling unrest should
be evicted from their homes and vowed that evildoers would be hunted
like wild animals.

Schools that had been burnt down would not be rebuilt, but any headman's
house that had burnt down would be rebuilt by the government.

Mr Sebe appealed to parents to discipline their children and attacked
school committees that did not report teachers who did not teach or let
pupils leave their classes.

He lashed out at grown men who allowed themselves to be intimidated by
boys. Men who succumbed to threats by boys should either go back to the
circumcision school or leave Ciskei, he said.

cso: 3400/115
49



For many years bronze-fitted pumps
have been used for pumping water hav-
ing free chlorine of not more than 0,5
milligrams per litre. Over recent years
residual free chlorine in the water has
been gradually increased to ensure ad-
equate disinfection of water that may
have originated from polluted sources
and experience indicates that the
bronzes are being attacked resulting in
increased friction due to roughening of
the impeller shrouds and water passages
and increased leakage loss between the
impeller necks and the casing rings.
Stainless steel impellers are now pre-
ferred and the casing rings are being sup-
plied in corrosion and erosion resistant
materials to ensure minimum leakage
loss for a long period.

The majority of pumps use con-
ventional packed glands although mech-
anical seals are considered under con-
tracts for new plant and certain of those
accepted have been used with success.
Marked wear has occurred on bronze
gland sleeves and for this application ce-
ramic coated sleeves have proved to be
effective and long-lasting. Ceramic coat-
ings have been used successfully on im-
peller neck rings and casing rings and
spare parts made of superior materials
are now being purchased and during
periodic overhauls every effort is made
to restore or improve efficiency.

Choice of prime movers

Pumping large quantities of water at
relatively high heads demands a large
energy source. A 90Mé/d pump gener-
ating a head of 3500kPa requires ap-
proximately a 4800kW prime mover,
while a pump delivering 300Mé/d at a
generated head of 2100kPa requires a
prime mover of 9000 kW. The cost of en-
ergy is therefore a major consideration
in the choice of a prime mover and the
advantages and disadvantages of various
drives in use at large pumping instal-
lations in South Africa are discussed as
follows:

98

Squirrel cage electric motors

A constant speed squirrel cage electric
motor in conjunction with a direct-on-
line starter is the simplest and one of the
most reliable types of prime mover avail-
able for large units. The associated elec-
trical switchgear is simple and reliable
but because of the high starting current
tequired (4,5 times the full load current)
there could be a limit placed by a power”
supply authority on the unit size allowed
for direct-on-line starting.

Maintenance is not complicated and
the starting current could be reduced to
2,6 times full load current by using a star-
delta starter but this measure‘is not prac-
tised by the Board.

Electric variable speed drives

Variable speed electric motor drives
have become efficient since the appear-
ance of the NS induction regulator drives
with communicator motor. Variable
speed drives on pumping systems that
are operating below the designed system
duty point for long periods can save en-
ergy significantly and NS drives are used
in a number of pumping systems for that
purpose. Disadvantages of this type of

Azan

Figure4
‘Two-stage pump set with variable speed first

stage.


JPRS+SSA+85~*107
4 November 1985

GUINEA

RELATIONS WITH SOVIET UNION OUTLINED
Conakry HOROYA in French 24 Sep 85 pp 1, 6

[Text] Commercial cooperation between the Soviet Union and the Republic of
Guinea has been growing in a fruitful and dynamic way for a quarter of a
century now. One of the contributing factors to this cooperation has been the
long-term agreement signed on 8 September 1960, which has given it a solid
contractual basis. This document rests on the principles of equality and mutual
benefit, calls for reciprocal extension of most favored nation status, and
provides for commercial exchanges covering a wide gamut of merchandise, as was
intended by the two countries’ external trade authorities.

Stable commercial ties have been formed over the last 25 years between the
Soviet and Guinean export-import companies. The volume of trade between the two
countries continues to grow: from 1960 to 1984 it has grown from 7.2 million to
90.5 million rubles. Specifically, Soviet exports to Guinea grew from 5.2
million to 33.5 million, while Soviet imports from Guinea increased from 2
million to 57 million rubles.

Bauxite from the National Enterprise of Kindia, built with the help of the
USSR, is the mainstay of trade between the two countries. The accord on
construction of the Kindia Bauxite Office (OBK) and the long-term contract
signed within that framework provide for Guinea to deliver to the USSR, for 30
years beginning in 1974, 90 percent of all the bauxite produced by that
enterprise, A little more than half of this amount serves to pay back the
credits the Soviet Union has already provided Guinea for economic development,
while the rest is delivered on normal commercial terms, with payment in freely
convertible currency which Guinea uses for the purchase of necessary items.

The capacity of the Kindia Bauxite Enterprise is increasing. In 1984 it grew
from 2,5 million to 3 million tons. Exports of Guinean bauxite to the USSR have
also increased, Since the long-term contract went into effect, Guinea has
supplied the Soviet Union 24 million tons of bauxite, 11 million tons of it
paid for in freely convertible currency for a total of 130 million rubles.

Soviet exports to the Republic of Guinea consist primarily of capital
equipment, automobiles, and spare parts. Great importance is attached to the
maintenance of equipment furnished, spare parts provisioning, and the training
of technically skilled Guineans.

23



cause. As a matter of fact, whether it involves production, education, politi-
cal training, aid to refugees, or health care, the EPLF leadership operates as
a real government and its technical and political cadres, trained, in the
field, in the guerrilla fighting school, are many.

Thus, this organization has been resisting the army for the past 23 years.
During that time, the latter launched six great-scale offensives; the last one
at the end of 1982 was named "Red Star." It had been ordered by President
Mengistu himself and ended in failure for the governmental forces.

It must be mentioned that the tactic has been simple ever since the guerrilla
began. It has involved for each of the opponents not only securing the bush
but also towns and urban centers in all the provinces of Eritrea. Each time
the secessionists secure too large a number of towns, the government retaliates
with a large-scale offensive against the towns, for the purpose of liberating
them, as well as against the bush and EPLF hideouts.

Large-scale resources were used during the "Red Star" operation: 120,000 men,
Migs, tanks, helicopters, Soviet and Cuban advisers, Libyan and South Yemeni
contingents and, most of all, deadly nerve gases of the GA type were used for
the first time. This time the town of Nakfa , occupied by the EPLF for the
past 7 years, was targeted; but it held.

In-between large-scale offensives, the governmental forces harass the secession-
ist forces with repeated small-scale attacks. After 23 years of fighting,
Eritrea seems impregnable, but war continues unflaggingly on a daily basis.

Tigre, the Eritrean Connection

In December 1974, Ras Mengesha Seyoum, the former governor of the province of
Tigre, wanted dead or alive by the country's military leaders, formed a resist-
ance movement aimed at obtaining the secession of the province he was adminis-
tering. The movement was formed in the province of Bagemde, west of the Tigre,
and the forces at the disposal of Ras Mengesha, which totaled some 600 men, were
assured of the ELF and EPLF support. Despite sharing common purposes, the
Tigrinya language and a deep distrust of the Amhara who have dominated the coun-
try for many years, the Eritreans refused to unite with the Tigre People's
Liberation Front (TPLF).

With the passing of time, the goal of the Tigre rebellion was to seek, like many
similar movements the world over, through the roundabout way of spectacular
actions, an identity and authority denied them by the central power. Unlike the
Eritreans who have gotten used to warring, so to speak, the Tigre-speaking
people have made a specialty of taking hostages, which seems to have much more
impact abroad.

Thus, in April 1983, the TPLF kidnaped 10 members of humanitarian organizations;
in August 1984, 10 Swiss citizens in the province of Wollo; in October of that
same year, 14 other foreigners were taken hostage during the attack against
Lalibela. They were all released after a few weeks of detention-visit to the
"liberated zones."

19



CSO:

since division of responsibility between
main contractor and sub-contractor is
Not recognised.

Although it is not always practical to
have a pump layout that will conform to
the requirements of a recognised test
code the user specified site tests and for
that purpose a site layout drawing forms
part of the specification to enable ten-
derers to allow in their guarantee for any
performance adjustments that may be
required due to site layout. The main
problem experienced is the determin-
ation of the flow rate and in this respect
calibration of flow devices is done or
alternatively orifices are designed
specifically for test purposes. If possible
a pump is isolated on a reservoir that is
surveyed and the test then conducted af-
ter first having done a leakage test on the
system. Accuracy of high quality test
pressure gauges is checked by dead
weight testing equipment and where
practicable suction heads are taken by
means of manometers and substandard
instruments are used for all electrical
readings.

Not all suppliers of pumps have facili-
ties to carry out work tests on large pump
sets and invariably there are practical
problems in respect of delivery pro-
grammes that makes it impossible to
carry out a combined works test with the
pump and its associated motor. Where
suppliers have facilities, a witnessed
works test on a pump is preferred. The
results are used as a check on site tests
since the performance guarantee has to
be verified by the latter.

A full works test on each motor is al-
ways required as this is required to pro-

3400/185

102

vide information to construct the circle
diagram and to compute the starting cur-
rent, torque and motor efficiency.

Although the layout of pumps in a
pumping station seldom permits full con-
formity with the requirements of the test
code, results obtained have seldom de-
viated significantly from those obtained
at works tests. Measurement of power
input by means of substandard instru-
ments is simple and the same applies to
pressure gauge readings provided rea-
sonable lengths of pipe diameters are
available upstream and downstream
from the pump branches.

It is, however, seldom possible to al-
low the minimum required distances up-
stream of flow measuring venturis or ori-
fices and in this respect it has been found
that provision of a flow straightener after
a bend upstream of a venturi serves to
smooth out vortex currents and im-
proves entrance conditions. Experience
has shown that poor performance during
site tests as a result of site conditions that
influenced the test results have been the
exception. Generally poor performance
was rectified by the contractor carrying
out a modification of some kind with a
consequent improvement in the per-
formance established at site.

Acknowledgment

The author is grateful for the permission
granted by the Chief Engineer of the Rand
Water Board to present the information con-
tained in this article.

Reference

“Function and choice of pumping machin-
ery”. A paper prepared for the International
Water Supply Association, Tunis, 1984, by
E Myburgh and J L Gardiner


JPRS~SSA*85~107
4 November 1985

‘| MAURITIUS

BRIEFS

MINISTER VISITS MADAGASCAR~-Mr Karl Offman, minister of cooperatives, will go
on Sunday to Madagascar. He will be accompanied by Mr Benjamin Moutou,
“principal cooperative officer.” The minister will have meetings with Malagasy
cooperative movement officials. The talks will primarily concern possibilities
for increasing trade in cooperative products between the two countries. The
talks may cover possible bulk importation (by Mauritius and Madagascar) of
livestock fodder. After his trip to Madagascar, Mr Offman will then visit the
Soviet Union, where he has been invited by the Russian cooperative movement. We
note that representatives from Madagascar, Reunion and India, including the
Indian minister of agriculture and rural development, will be in Mauritius next
month to attend the 15th cooperative [as printed]. [Text] [Port Louis L' EXPRESS
in French 23 Sep 85 p 5] 9516

9516
CSO: 3419/12

31



MAGNIS TRUCK TO PRODUCE JAPANESE VEHICLES

JPRS+SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

_

———_

SOUTH AFRICA

Johennesbere THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER in English Sep 85
Pp 379

[Text]

Anew round in the battle for supremacy
in the South African market has opened
with the launch here of a new generation
of Japanese commercial vehicles to be
built in large numbers by Magnis Truck
Corporation.

The company is mobilising its fi-
nancial muscle, South Africa’s biggest
and most modern truck building plant,
and a national network of 85 dealers in
the first phase of a bid for increased mar-
ketshare.

Already Magnis is Africa’s largest
truck-maker, thanks to its development
and manufacture of the military Samil
vehicles, plus its civilian Samag and Nis-
san Diesel model ranges.

Now it has invested several million
rands and geared up its Rosslyn plant for
the large-scale local production of the
new generation Nissan Diesel truck
range which has already taken the
Japanese domestic market by storm.

The South African venture is so im-
portant that an engineering team has
been working at Magnis for nearly two
years to get the new truck into produc-
tion here before any other country out-
side Japan.

Called the Condor in most of the
world and to be known as the Nissan-
Diesel CM Series in South Africa, the
new Nissan Diesel truck will spearhead
the attempt by the Japanese automotive
industry to win a significant share of the

112

American heavy commercial vehicle
business, as they have already done in
the bakkie sector. It may also lead an
export drive by the Japanese into the
fiercely competitive European commer-
cial vehicle market.

Since it was formed in 1982, the
Magnis Truck Corporation has been
broadening its model range. The take-
over by Sanlam of the Magnis parent
company, Messina Limited, towards the
end of 1984, and the subsequent incor-
poration of Magnis into Sankorp, a hold-
ing company controlling a large number
of Sanlam’s industrial and financial hold-
ings, has added new impetus to the com-
pany’s growth and has speeded up its en-
deavours to become South Africa’s top
seller of civilian heavy commercial ve-
hicles.

Magnis was created from Truckmak-
ers as part of the Messina mining and
automotive group’s policy to rationalise
its Nissan Diesel and Samil truck-manu-
facturing operations. The first major de-
velopment from this was the emergence
two years ago of the Samag premium
trucks. They have a unique European
and South African pedigree combining
design elements from Iveco, Europe's
No. 2 truck manufacturer, and the local
military Samils.

The Samags gave Magnis coverage of
the premium South African truck mar-
ket between 12,5 and 26 tons gross ve-
hicle mass (GVM) with both forward


SMALL BUSINESSES HOLDING THEIR OWN

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 4 Oct 85 p 11

[Text]

Despite the recession,
most small businesses
assisted by the Small
Business Development
Corporation are hold-
ing their own, and_
some are even thriv-:
ing.
The managing director
of the SBDC, Dr Ben
Vosloo, says small busi-
ness development is in-
creasingly being seen as.
the key to economic pros-
perity, in even the most
developed nations.

“This is the age of the
small business,” he said.

“It plays an increasing
role in creating new job
opportunities, maintain-
ing a free market econ- |
omy, generating income |
and spreading prosperity
more widely, providing
wider choices in the mar-
ket place. and enhancing :
political and social stabili-

"Fre SBDC says there
has been a “tremendous
“increase” in the number
of people applying for
Joans to finance infant en-
terprises in the past six
months, but there is a
danger that the small
business sector's dyna-

CSO: 3400/185

mism will be strangled by
a shortage of develop-
ment, funds, and a mass
of bureaucratic regu-
lations.

To coincide with a
drive for new financial re-
sources, the SBDC is.also
making representations to
the President's Council,
showing the inhibiting ef-
fects of petty regulations
on the development of
smail businesses in urban
areas.

* In recessionary times,
when anemployment is
high, small businesses as-
sume even greater im-
portance to the economy.
SBDC statistics show that
the cost of creating one
job in a large, sophis-
ticated enterprise is be-
tween R99000 and
R120 000, while the cost
to small ventures often
shrinks as low as R120,
seldom rising above
R10 000.

Included in the SBDC’s |

wide range of assistance
schemes, is one called the
Comprehensive  Assist-
ance Program, specially
designed for infant enter-
prises. The scheme offers
loans of up to R30 000,

Zoupied with ongoing
guidance. Some small
businesses. which have
made use of this scheme
have shown impressive
growth in the past few
years, despite the cond-
tion of the economy. The
SBDC has provided the
following case histories:
@ Mr James Mbetse,
trading as MB Anodising,
who purchased a small
anodising plant in 1982,
and developed it into a
prosperous business ano-
dising aluminium compo-
nents for the electronics
industry. Although hav-
ing no formal education,
hard work’ and persever-
ance led to Mr Mbetse’s
success.
@ Mr Passmore Mdluli,
trading as Passmore Panel
Beaters, who moved his
small backyard business
to the SBDC’s Dobson-
ville Industrial Park in
1982, and expanded to
such an extent that his
staff increased from two
to about 30. He told The
Citizen that half a dozen
business acquaintances
were in the process of ap-
proaching the SBDC for
industrial park premises.
@ Mr Richard Hlungwa-

55

JPRS+SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

ni, trading as George Mo-"
tors, who moved his back-
yard repair business to
the Emdeni Industrial
Park in Soweto three
years ago, and since then
has achieved an ever in-
creasing turnover.

@ Mr M A Makwala,
trading as Alma Fashions,
who, after many years of
operating at home, mov-
ed to the Orlando Indus-
trial Park, and set up a
textile processing plant
which has secured con-
tracts to supply clothing
and other textile prod-
‘ucts.

Besides the SBDC's
Comprehensive Assist-
ance Program, other
schemes include the Gen-
eral Financing Program
for existing small busi-
nesses in the formal sec-
tor (loans of up to
R300 000), the Mini-Loan
scheme for the informal.
or semi-formal infant en-
terprise (loans of up to
R2 000), the Suppliers’
Guarantee scheme
whereby the SBDC
guarantees payment to
suppliers of raw ma-
terials, and the Small
Business Aid Fund which
provides bridging finance
of up to R50 000.



JPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

ANNUAL TRANSPORTATION CONVENTION DISCUSSED

Johannesburg THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER in English Sep 85 p 380

[Text]

“South Africa’s transportation assets —
the way ahead” was the theme of this
year’s Annual T: tion Conven-
tion which was held from 29 July to 2 Au-
gust at the CSIR Conference Centre,
Pretoria.

Papers were presented on a wide
Tange of topics covering marine trans-
portation, road freight transport, trans-
port and traffic safety, transportation as-
sets and developing countries, and
more.

Marine ‘transportation

Some of the papers addressed changes in
marine transport in the foreseeable
future. One paper mentioned the sail-as-
sisted motorship, the “Usuki Pioneer”
and others the hovercraft, variants of
container ships and towed bags con-
taining liquid cargoes.

The most likely change to take place
seems to be in the management field
where proper co-ordination of all trans-
port modes linked to marine movements
will have to ensure that shipping remains
fully employed, that turn-around time in
ports is reduced, that harbour handling
facilities are improved and fully utilised,
and that inland operators who handle
containers play their part effectively.

Another important area which was
covered was that of global marine trans-
port systems. One speaker explained the
concept of global systems including the

109

recently established round-the-world
lines. He also set out the economic cri-
teria for the successful operation of
future marine transport undertakings.

Road freight transport

Various aspects of regulations for road
freight transport were discussed. One
speaker questioned whether trucks were
given sufficient consideration when
roads were planned. Roads are being de-
signed with long gradients of up to five
per cent or more, which is unsuitable for
effective truck operation.

An expert psychologist pointed out
that more had to be demanded by oper-
ators from prospective drivers than only
a driver’s licence. The quality of the
training they received was even more im-
portant as well as the consequences of
driving under the influence of liquor.

Transport and traffic satety

An illumination specialist, who ad-
dressed the conference on the human
eye, said that not enough was being done
for travellers to see properly at night or
to ensure safety of pedestrians. He sug-
gested that all organisations involved
should formulate a code of national illu-
mination standards as well as methods of
implementing them.

Associated with this subject is the
poor.marking of heavy vehicles. Retro-


Breakdown of costs — 1984
3 $85-million

‘operation:
17,6 % coal costs
1,0 % railage on coal
7,8 % other (including nuciear)
5,8 % maintenance
6,8 % administration and general

39% Loan charges
32,0 % interest:

13 % Contribution to statutory funds
11,3 % Capital Development Fund
1,7 %% Reserve Fund

8 % Distribution costs
0.2 % operation

2.0 % maintenance
5,8 % administration

(O° SF pee eee
09 % management

0,1 % Giecricty purchased

‘Rand Mines, for one, is considering going
‘the multi-product route on an, as yet, un-
named Escom-tied mine.

8 consulting metal~
ba oP hoeel Mine 2 ” coal division: ‘“These
reserves could, perhaps, be better utilised.
Investigations have shown that re-allocating
certain reserves could be mutually benefi-

| cial. It will give us room to manoeuvre.”
| - Until now, a disincentive from the mines’
| poimt of view has been the Phase 4 export

cso: 3400/185

73

quota, which restricts permissible town

| nual coal exports to 80-million tons. Mines
considering

going the multi-product route

would have to export the product as part of

their individual quotas.

But, Dr Neethling told Engineering-
‘Week, the DMEA is about to announce that
tonnages of export-grade coal from mullti-
product mines will not be subtracted from
individual export quotas, in other words will
be over and above the 80-million-ton export

All of this is good news for shareholders,
but, as Dr Neethling puts it, ‘“Escom cannot
only go to the consumer waving the national
flag and say: “We have enended the life of

coal reserves’

volumes of fly ash have’ been

h

The DMEA, therefore, is in the process
of commissioning a totally new evaluation
of national reserves.

‘Says the DMEA's Dr Ne “There
Sean Dea
cxraa rps forthe supply ofl powet
stations. The proposed. , Which
shouldbe vastly more sophisticated than the
existing one, will form the basis of 2 coal
management system that should provide us
with , Buidelines for beter decision-mak-
ing.”



mechanization centers, seed selection stations, agronomy research centers, and
a garage and repair shop for maintenance of transport vehicles. The accord also
calls for major repairs on equipment and infrastructure at the bauxite
extraction complex, the creation of an independent energy supply source for
that complex, and the relaunching of the Simbaya Prefabrication Combine, which
will help solve the housing problen.

. Guinean officials emphasized at the signing ceremony that the USSR has always
been a steadfast friend of the Guinean people, that it was the first country to
come to Guinea's assistance after independence was proclaimed, and that since
then Soviet-Guinean cooperation has ceaselessly grown, to the benefit of both
the Guinean and Soviet people.

9516
CSO : 3419/12

| 25



cso:

be fitted on robots, bringing even more
flexibility to the tecnology.

A further, much talked about devel-
opment has been the marrying of new
laser technology with new skills in ma-
terials manufacture — that of fibre optics.

Here, the ability to manufacture ex-
tremely pure glass has resulted in a boom-
ing growth sector in the communications
industry.

In short, fibre-optic communication
converts electrical energy to light energy,
which is then propagated through an op-
tical fibre, projected on to a light detector
and converted back into electrical energy.

Like any new technology, fibre optics
must be examined carefully to determine
its cost-effectiveness, in particular instal-
lations. Nevertheless, fibre-optic cables
offer unique performance capabilities in
many applications.

Aside from their cost, fibre-optic cables
offer superior features to those of twisted-
pair or coaxial cables. The biggest advan-
tage is its bandwidth, resulting in a high
information-carrying capacity, its resist-
ance to electromagnetic noise, and space

savings.

Holography is no longer something you
see at the Planetarium, it has become a
serious production tool. A recent devel-
opment has been to apply it to industrial
design and testing uses.

The applications are numerous: Vibra-
tion visualisation; revealing structural de-
formations, determining stress and thermal
strains, effects of pressure; monitoring
erosion and corrosion. It can see invisible
defects, check voids or debonds, locate
cracks, visualise flow, probe with impact
pulses, recognise patterns and can be used
in process control, particle sizing, optical

3400/185

91

elements and, finally, commercial dis-
plays.

Most engineering applications of hol-
ography make use of the ability to record
two slightly different scenes and display
the minute difference between them.

This powertul technique, called, more
correctly, holographic interferometry, is
becoming an invaluable aid in engineering
design, testing, quality control, and anal-
ysis.

This technology also stands to benefit
from fibre-optics technology. A team of
engineers in the USA aims to transmit
coded signals representing holograms
along thin cables of optical fibre.

With this techniques, the researchers
think they will be able to obtain holograms
of parts of engineering structures to which
access is difficult. For example, the hol-
ograms could be piped along the cable
from the inerior of a hot engine.

To take holograms of, say, a cylinder
ting in a car engine while the ring is sub-
jected to stresses inside the engine is vir-
tualy impossible with current technology.

Making it possible to test such engineering
articles while they are in use will epresent

nology continue to grow, the message that
can be gained from the current state is
that this is ‘a widely and successfully-ap-
plied technology on the international front.
If South African industry is to grow, it
must, as with other advanced technolo-
gies, be very careful of dismissing it as
inappropriate or unsuitable. For, despite
the high-tech image, lasers are useful,
proven production tools with their own
particular, cost-effective benefits.



suggest ‘that a national debate on the issue be organized, in which all parties
involved in the campaign for combating desertification would take part, includ-
ing the population. Because of the phenomenon's national nature and scope,
our country's authorities should decide on the appropriateness of such a
debate, specify its limits and formulate a working plan.

Question: Do you believe that educating the population about the phenomenon
would be the starting point for any adequate strategy?

Answer: Absolutely. An aware population is much more apt to achieve the
goals set by a plan for combating desertification. To carry out such a plan
during our country's reconstruction phase, there is one outstanding priority,
a priority which, while governing each of their actions, stands out forcefully:
food self-sufficiency. I personally think that the strategy of this campaign
for combating desertification should go hand in hand with the quest for food
self-sufficiency. But this quest should not be carried out at the expense of
our country's socioecological balances. From this perspective, the goals to
be achieved might be food security, satisfaction of energy needs and environ-
mental protection. More specifically, I think this will involve making the
public aware and mobilizing them to obtain their effective and responsible
participation in all projects for combating desertification. It will involve
obtaining desirable human resources for appropriate training, and promoting
scientific and technological research for a better understanding of the prob-
lem and for defining a strategy that is better suited for combating desertifi-
cation. All of that implies a plan of action, which we see in the following
approach: promoting a national debate that would lead to a number of recom-
mendations which take everyone's views into account; formulating a master
plan for combating desertification; formulating a rural code. This last
feature is very important. It is an idea that has been discussed for some
time and one which has been unanimously endorsed by every meeting of rural
development experts (conferences in preparation for agricultural campaigns
and conferences on livestock breeding).

Question: What exactly is a rural code?

Answer: In some countries there are sectoral codes; for example, the forestry
code includes most forestry legislation while the agricultural code includes
all legislation concerning real estate law. There is also a pastoral code
governing the course and time of transhumance. To coordinate all this legis-
lation, a common code would have to be created for all these areas.

Question: Thus it is a group of laws governing rural development in general? '

Answer: Yes, it is. It would have the merit of regulating the use of glass, -
because in reality there are enormous problems in this regard. Such a code

could possibly solve these problems. In general, a number of cohabitation

problems arise among livestock breeders and farmers. A rural code could

solve them.

Question: Going back to the phenomenon of desertification, the population
must still understand the worth of a tree. What is its importance?

Answer: The importance of trees is well known to everyone in a country that
satisfies 90 percent of its energy needs with firewood. Moreover, there are


COAL EXPORTS IN JEOPARDY

JPRS+SSA+85-107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR (Business) in English 22 Sep 85 pl

[Article by John Orpen]

[Text]

SA COAL exports worth
2,4 billion are in jeopardy.

Countries around the world,

but particularly in Europe,
are taking active steps to boy-
cott South African coal im-
ports.
These steps are not only
being taken for obvious politi-
cal reasons but because the
general state of unrest in the
country — together with the
recent threatened miners’
‘strike — has done nothing to
improve South Africa’s image
as a reliable supplier.

A new and potentially more
serious threat to our coal ex-
ports has recently come to
light in France. In the past
three weeks there have been
protests against imports of
South African coal by French
stevedores who have been
holding up the offloading of
coal at Le Havre, Rouen and
Fos.
This action is bound to in-
crease as coal imports are

cso: 3400/185

particularly sensitive at the
Moment due to the possible
closure of uneconomic French
coal mines, which are not
competitive with imported
coal. There appears to be col-
lusion between the stevedores
and coal miners who fear for
their jobs.

The protests are “to show
solidarity with South African
workers, the interests of
French workers and opposi-
tion to apartheid”.

Last year France imported
about 6,1 million tons of SA
coal or 16 percent of our ex-
port sales. A similar situation
also applies to Italy with its’
uneconomic coal pits.Ships
carrying coal look like being:
blockaded there too.

Italy represents roughly 12
percent of SA coal exports but
the state electricity utility
ENEL is not. yet ready to
make contract decisions as “it
is a political issue, not a tech-
nical or commercial one”.

74

The El Cérrejon project in
Colombia also poses a ‘threat
to SA coal exports. It is now
‘up and running with an even-
tual target production of 25
million tons a year, and its
output does not carry the po-
litical stigma of SA coal.

‘According to David Russell,
analyst with J.D.Andersan,
“Assuming a worst case sce-
nario, with all the political
rumblings, South Africa could
Jose up to 40 percent of its
current export market share.
The mining houses here are
currently viewing the politi-
eal stands being taken as
marketing strategies to get
sales at lower prices from
grateful South African suppli-
ers! Just how true that view
is, only time will tell.” .

However, on the bright side,
because of its cost competi-
tiveness and reliability of:
quality and supply, South
Africa should be able to main-
tain its 27 percent share of the
less politically sensitive Pa-
cific rim markets like. Japan



CSIR'S GENETIC ENGINEERING DESCRIBED

JPRS+SSA*85+107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 3

[Textp

cso:

Genetic engineering is set to revolu-
tionise areas as diverse as medicine,
agriculture, mining and chemical
processing in South Africa, according
to Prof Jennifer Thomson, head of the
CSIR's molecular and cell biology
laboratory.

Restriction enzymes discovered 10

In the field of pharmaceutics, in-
sulin and various hormones are pro-
duced in this way and laboratories are
presently working on a possible cure
for viruses, which may have a role in
cancer therapy. __

This could be possible by cloning

interferon, which is produced in very

At present, enzymes and proteins
are being imported ata high cost from
overseas, and Prof Thomson
Seam Akin shld develop same,

batoirs and for water purification.

3400/185

80

In the field of agriculture, genetic
‘could make food

these
in the extraction of ores such as gold
and uranium.
In the medical field, genetic en-

gineering could result in break-
Prenatal diagnosis of

throughs in the

may, one day,
diseases.

leagues are confident of future break-
throughs — provided South Africa can
catch up with state-of-the-art tech-
nologies, she said.



JPRS*SSA«854107
November 1985

EFFORTS TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION DISCUSSED
Ndjamena INFO-TCHAD in French 6 Aug 84 pp 1-10

{Interview with Mahamat Ali, Director of Forests, Hunting and the Campaign
for Combating Desertification, on the eve of National Tree Week; place of
interview not specified]

[Text] Deforested landscapes, soil leached and totally eroded by the com-
bined action of wind and water: this is the face of our country over a large
part of its territory. The endemic drought that has persisted for almost 10
years does not explain the scope of this disaster, of course, nor could human
activity alone account for it. Desertification is advancing at an accelerated
tate, snatching thousands of hectares away from mankind each year. Its most
advanced front, although it is difficult to determine its exact boundaries,
is located right in the middle of the Sahel, but deforested pockets are also
appearing in southern Chad, where climate conditions are more clement. The
phenomenon is taking on the alarming appearance of a true national disaster
against which national resources and human energy must be concentrated to
change its course. This concern, latent since 1982, was publicized this year
during National Tree Week, which is under the auspices of President El-Hadj
Hissein Habre. By visiting the reforestation site, President Habre wished to
lend support to the colossal task undertaken by the Departments of Water and
Forests and to reaffirm the political determination of the Third Republic's
authorities to join together to tackle the problem despite their various
affinities.

But it is not an easy job to halt the desert's inexorable advance while pre-
serving our environment's ecological balance and to restore our flora while
encouraging the satisfaction of our people's industrial and energy needs.
This goal quite naturally takes on the aspect of a gamble in a country in
which, strictly speaking, there is no coordinated policy for combating
desertification. The sectoral programs proposed by the Ministry of Water and
Forests, however, suggest that ideas are being discussed for the technical
definition of a general strategy. The director of forests, hunting and the
campaign to combat desertification, Mr Mahamat Ali, whom we interviewed on
the eve of the conference inaugurating National Tree Week, clearly perceives
the shortcomings of the forestation policy followed to date by his respective
department and is calling for greater mobilization of national resources to
retard the desert's advance. In the second part of this interview he recom-
mends opening a national debate on desertification to formulate a policy that
would take into account the interdependence of desertification factors, and


cso:

port. This problem is also being ad-
dressed in the study.”

He said that it had to be clear that the
co-ordination of all aspects of transport
with South Africa’s neighbours, primar-
ily the TBVC (Transkei, Bophutha-
tswana, Venda and Ciskei) states was ¢s-
sential if any orderly transport system
was to be obtained. “This is the objec-
tive pursued in the ‘Co-ordination of
‘Transport’ project. This project is of an
ongoing nature and is done in close co-
operation with the multilateral technical
committee on transport.

“The ‘Organisation of Transport’ pro-
ject is looking for a more rational and
workable reorganisation of South Afri-
can Transport Administration which
makes provision. for current consti-
tutional developments, developments
within the multilateral co-operative
structure and future transport regulatory
policy developments. Substantial pro-

3400/185

108

gress has been made by the study team in
terms of recommendations on the re-
organisation of transport.”

Minister Schoeman anticipated that
legislation would be ready for consider-
ation at the 1986 parliamentary session
to establish a mainly private sector trans-
port advisory council which would ad-
vise the Minister on all matters of trans-
port policy. “Similarly, it is foreseen that
legislation will be drafted to provide for
the establishment of a transport tribu-
nal, responsible for the settlement of
transport disputes in terms of specific
acts. To start off with, the tribunal will
be responsible for the road transport and
air services acts. Draft bills in this regard
will soon be made available for public
comment.

It was expected that results of the

study would be available in the near
future.


ESCOM PRODUCTIVITY DRIVE GAINS IMPETUS

JPRS*SSA+85+107
4 November 1985

i

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 10

[Text]

The need to contain capital expenditure
and optimise efficiency explicit in this key
recommendation of the De Villiers report
has given new impetus to the drive to
improve productivity within Escom.

‘This centres on the so-called Total Pro-
ductivity and Quality (TPQ) programme,
which, as the name implies, is meant to
embrace and inform all corporate activ-
ities, and to boost aggregate corporate
productivity by at least 3% a year (See
Page 11).

In an organisation with fixed assets of
R19-billion, plant will naturally play a
major role in any corporate productivity
gains. Areas which could yield produc-
tivity gains include plant design, availa-
bility and thermal efficiency, according
to J S ““‘Bussie’* Els, who as GM, oper-
ations, oversees planning, control, op-
eration, maintenance and performance of
the generating and integrated power sys-
tem.

He says the possibility of incorporating
lower initial cost items at the design stage
is being investigated in greater depth.

“One could, for instance, look at in-
stead of ordering a Mercedes, buying a
Volkswagen, as it were, provided the per-
formance is comparable.

“While it could be cost-disadvanta-
geous over the life of the equipment, it
could in the present capital squeeze have
the advantage of reducing initial capital
costs.”

A design technique which has proved
to be highly cost-effective and which will
be applied to good effect to future proj-
ects, is standardisation, where feasible,
of generating plant.

78

Says Els: ‘We design so-called six-
packs, power stations utilising six gen-
erating sets of equal generating capacity.
Thereby, we are able to optimise the num-
ber of installations, such as conveyors, at
each power station. In turn, this optimises
Spare parts and, from an operations point
of view, reduces the number of skilled

“We have also, to a certain extent,
standardised on certain boiler/turbine
configurations. The Duvha installation,
for example, is duplicated at Tuuka, while
the Matia and Lethabo, and Matimba and

“This means that we are able to apply
knowhow developed at one power station
to the other."*

Thermal efficiency is another area
where further productivity gains could be

‘made, On an average sent-
‘out basis, the thermal ef-
ficiency of Escom stations
has increased quite dra-
matically over the past
decade, from 28,7% to
31,4% (1965: 23,6%).
However, because the im-
provement of thermal ef-
ficiency has certain
financial and practical
constraints, further im-
provements in this area will
probably be less substan-

Explains Els: “When
one has reached 36% to
37% efficiency, which is
the norm at new-genera-
tion facilities such as


For our rolling stock, our facilities,
which are situated at the Koedoespoort
testing centre, compare very favourably
with any other in the world of the same
size. At the centre of our testing centre is
an impact ramp and a testing rig capable
of testing vehicle structures to 350 tons in
tension and 400 tons in compression.
Two hundred measurements can be
taken simultaneously. Only two other
companies in South Africa, Union Car-
tiage and Dorbyl Railway Products,
have similar testing rigs, but which are
less sophisticated.

Apart from the above static testing
Tig, we also have a hydraulic fatigue test-
ing machine with 16 actuators. In addi-
tion we have a photo-elastic bench, high-
speed camera and some specialised
instrumentation for investigation and re-
search into the mechanics of rail/wheel
interaction. A metallurgical and chemi-
cal laboratory for testing of materials
and fracture analysis is a further invalu-
able asset. .

We also provide a service to the rolling
stock industry and other government de-
partments as well as companies and rail-
ways of neighbouring countries by open-
ing up this facility to them for testing
purposes.

Could you highlight some of the successes
of local design by your Department which
have been made possible by this testing
facility?

Our successes have been mainly in the
field of wagon design, mostly because of
the need for superior technical design in-
put for the manufacture of wagons.
Major achievements in this field are the
development of the self-steering bogie,
initially for good vehicles, subsequently
for passenger vehicles and now for
motorised vehicles including locomo-
tives; and the design and construction of
amonocoque design coal gondola wagon
(CCLS) with the unique load/tare ratio
of 4,2 : 1. The tare weight for a coal
wagon with a carrying capacity of 84 tons
is 20 tons. This is a considerable im-
provement over the previous design with
aload/tare ratio of 2,7: 1.

104

Mention is made in a lecture which was
presented at the Institution of Mechani-
cal Engineers (London) that a bogie simi-
lar to yours will be tested for the London
Underground. Can you comment on this
as well as whether the Scheffel bogie has
been adopted by any other railway sys-
tems in the world?

The bogie which is being tested for the
London Underground belongs to our
competitors, British Rail, who claim that
their development is based on prior
patents.

At this stage the Vienna Railway is the
only other railway which has actually
placed orders for motorised bogies.
Many others have shown interest as well.
‘The goods bogies, on the other hand, are
already in operation in approximately
ten countries on four continents.

Your Metroblitz superfast Johannes-
burg-Pretoria train was initially very
successful. Why was this project dropped
and are there any plans to get it re-
instated?

The Metroblitz was basically a technical
experiment to see whether it is techni-
cally feasible and whether changes
would have to be made to the track and
signalling systems ifhigh speeds are to be
introduced.

‘After all the facts had been considered
it was concluded that it would be more
economically advantageous to upgrade
the speed of all trains on certain lines by
making adjustments to those lines, as ex-
perience showed that a single train with a
speed much higher than the other trains
can have a detrimental effect on line
capacity.

A major project was the allocation of a
contract for a new generation of trainsets
to Dorbyl Railway Products, which is a
contractual partnership between Dorby!
and Hitachi. Will Hitachi be manufactur-
ing any equipment, such traction
motors, locally?


As an interesting aside, Afgen has de-
veloped numerous peripherals for its min-
ing laser equipment. These products have
Proved so successful that the company is
Now actively developing an export mar-
ket. In fact this year, exports have ac-
counted for 40% of its turnover.

There are a number of trends in these
relatively unsophisticated He-Ne lasers,
although the product has been fully de-
veloped. The demands in construction and
mining are for robust, reliable, lightweight
and cheaper equipment.

Lasers in these sectors have advanced
to the point that their use becomes prac-
tically an unskilled job because of the sim-
plicity and robustness of the equipment
which must be designed and built to sur-
vive harsh environments.

“The equipment we supply is more of
a foreman’s tool to increase productivity,
enable faster, more accurate levels to be
set and reduce mistakes,” said Reed.

The applications for lasers in mining
and construction alignment have probably
all been fully developed. The future will
bring smaller, more reliable and power
efficient, and easier to use lasers.

Lasers in construction and mining solve
a major South African problem — the
shortage of skilled labour. Once an align-
ment laser has been set up, it needs only
to be checked every day or so. It can also
be operated by a relatively unskilled,
costly-to-train worker.

Perhaps this factor, more than any
other, is enough to make any construction
company take a long, hard look at this
application of the He-Ne laser.

Other applications of the He-Ne laser
in alignment are in positioning timber logs
accurately in a sawmill to ensure optimum
cutting with the least wastage of time and
material, and in positioning machinery on
a factory floor.

Another very recent development has
been the application of lasers to metrol-
ogy. Traditional metrology systems are
mechanical in nature.

Lasers offer the benefit of being a non-
contact measuring medium and promise
the micron levels of precision that are only
possible with very large and expensive
machinery.

In no other field can the presence of
lasers be better felt than in the field of
metal working which has been revolu-
tionised over the past 10 years with the

89

introduction of computerised, numeri-
cally-controlled machines.

The application of lasers to CNC prom-
ises to further revolutionise the industry
with its ease of use, flexibility of operation
and tremendous cost benefits when ap-
plied to the right situation.

Leader in the field of laser cutting and
the only real operator in this field in the
country is Industrial Laser Systems.

Says managing director John Bond:
“The beauty of lasers are that they are
such easy tools to use. Because of Star
Wars and James Bond, many had the
concept that it was a space-age research
tool, but it isn’t.

“The laser has become a powerful cut-
ting and drilling machine. It can cut ac-
curately, quickly, silently and with a
minimum amount of material wastage.
Equally as important, it can cut virtually
every known material from glass and plas-
tics to wood, metals, natural and synthetic
fibres and composites.”

Bond accepts there is a strong con-
servative element in South African in-
dustry and a general wariness about the
application of new, advanced technolo-
gies. But, he told High-Tech, there is no
longer a place for non-progressive tech-
nology if local industrialists want to achieve
optimum profitability and a competitive
foothold in the international open market.

“Laser technology has become an inex-
tricable and essential facet of modern in-
dustrial research, development and
production in leading First World nations.
The embryonic laser R & D days have
long since passed and the challenge today
is being focused on making laser equip-
ment more efficient, more diverse and less
expensive,” says Bond.

“The growth of the laser market in
countries like England, Japan and the USA
has been comparable with the increasing
application of specialist computer appli-
cations like CAD/CAM, CNC machinery,
automated production as a whole and, of
course, the broad concept of flexible man-
ufacturing systems (FMS).”

Turning to the local scenario, Bond
stresses there is a bright future for laser
and allied technologies. Several progres-
sive companies, large and small, have re-
cognised this factor and have honoured
their faith by investing in cost-effective laser
hardware.

He claims a wide spectrum of industries
stand to save thousands, if not millions,
of rands in the long-term by investigating


Smallest

General Foods is also on
the Business Week list, sug-.
gesting withdrawal by a
mega-corporation. But Gen-
eral Foods sold nothing more
than its 20% stake in salt and;
ning associate, Cerebos, |
. Which has to be one of Gener- |
al Foods’ smallest interests

anywhere in the world.

an American World Air-

us ation on both lists.
It was knocked out of the SA
market by nothing more than
a plummeting rand, which
made it too expensive for
South Africans to fly, and its
gwn parlous financial. posi-
ion.

International Harvester
sold its Maritzburg truck
operation because the US
parent was desperately ill.
Barclays and Standard
banks are on the 's
list even though neither took
@ cent out of SA. Both de-
clined to follow rights issues
in order to localise control of
the banks and to tie up with
other SA institutions.
Although both can now tell
critical shareholders the:
have no control over their

CSO: 3400/185

operations, both have the
largest single stakes and ef-
fective control. Both have re-
duced interests in much-en-
larged operations.

Doubtful

Apart from these exam-
ples, there is hardly one

eavyweight corporation in
the e lists are thus a
doubtful guide to foreign sen-
timent about SA — but there
is no doubt many companies
would have left if the rand
had not plunged.

‘Another near certainty is
that some will still go if the
rand does recover above 60
US cents. In the past, foreign
concern about SA has tended
to evaporate a few months
after the townships sim-
mered down and profits
started rolling. After the un-
rest and the debt standstill,
the damage this time will be
longer lasting.

Still, declining unrest in
gine as

ieve in

vest. So would more acute

litieal and economic prob-
Fems in the West.

57

Tarnished

The “hassle factor”, in
terms of which a tiny foreign
interest for a large US or UK
multinational becomes a dis-

roportionately large domes-
fe problem, is one incentive
to go. Short-term thinkers
may also withdraw because
of a tarnished long-term eco-
nomic outlook for SA.

But the biggest, most busi-
nesslike and far-sighted
foreign cor] tions are ex-
pected to take the line of
companies, such as NCR aiid
Hoechst — that {ney are in
every t political sys-
fear and have survived coups,
revolutions, many elected
and unelected governments.

‘The attraction of being in
SA is the possibility that it
will become the economic
hub of Southern Africa with a
growing mass market as
more and more people ele~
yate themselves from
third world to the first.

‘The final reason SA re~
mains attractive is that gold
makes it perform contra-cy-
clically to other economies.

It is a good place to hedg
one’s bets, particularly while
the world debt problem is,
ticking away. like a time
bomb.



There are four stages in the move
towards CIM. These are:
©@ Initiation;

@ Promulgation and co-ordination;
@ Control and integration;
@ Maturity and refinement.

Bill Sandras, a Hewlett-Packard
manufacturing consultant, advocates
starting with a single small production
line set up on flexible manufacturing
principles. This should be monitored
very closely and measured, so that the
benefits can be verified.

Among the promises that CIM makes
are that quality will be built into the
product at 20% of the product cost, and
that it will build in the manufacturing
techniques and processes one adopts.
One should also save at least 10% on
labour costs, 55% on materials and 35%
‘on overheads.

In addition, customers will be happier
with performance and responsiveness,
and use of company assets will increase
considerably.

At Hewlett-Packard (1984 sales were

$6,4-billion), we have been using CIM -

techniques to improve our own use of
assets. In the past five years, we have
doubled our investment in computer
hardware alone to $180-million at lst

Of course, there has also been a lot
of money and work in research, train-
ing, education and management which
has added to the overall bill. But the
results have been staggering:

@ Stock holdings have dropped from
20% of sales to 15%;
© Creditors’ repayments have im-
proved from 62 days to 52;
@ The cost of processing orders has
dropped from two cents to 0,6 cents;
@ The time taken to design new prod-
ucts, for example a new microproces-
sor, dropped from two years to two
months and now has 80% fewer parts
and 60% less labour, but the quality
has improved considerably;
@ Weare one third of our way towards
our corporate goal of cutting field fail-
ures of our products to one-tenth of
what they were;
@ Our sales revenue/employee has in-
creased by 43%.

53

Conservatively, we have recovered
almost three times our original invest-
ment through savings, better quality and
therefore fewer repairs, and through
better access to information, so that we
can respond faster to some very volatile
markets.

One of the biggest benefits has-been
the phenomenal increase in productiv-
ity. At our Japanese plant, productivity
measured in terms of revenue/em-
ployee has increased by 91%.

Our manufacturing costs as a per-
centage of revenue have dropped by
42%, and we have cut stocks by 64%
without affecting our ability to supply
goods on time.

All this has enabled us to increase our
market share by 214% and as a result,
our profitability has risen by 177%.

We face many different problems in
South Africa, not the least of them being
low (and declining) productivity. Martin
Bailey, of the Wits Materials Handling
Research Unit, suggests this is because
we have neglected these problems, but
in fairness, only some of them are ex-
temal to our business.

Among them are:

e Narrowing the wage gap without an

@ Many siate-controled bodies and
monopolies;

@ Small population and therefore small
production volumes;

@ Lack of technical expertise;

@ Too few exports;

@ Bad management techniques;

® Too few entrepreneurs and no in-
frastructure to support them;

@ An ostrich approach to modern
techniques.

Bailey also points out that South Af-
rica has a proliferation of products,
which means that any production run
is necessarily even shorter than our small
population suggests.

Ina study, Bailey found there are 17
motor car makers producing 255 con-
figurations of passenger vehicle.

Many have said that South Africa has
too much choice, but they are assuming



Abeba. But the border with Italian Somalia, which Rome continued to administer
under UN trusteeship, was not defined. In 1962, the Eritrean Parliament re-
quested through a more or less manipulated unanimous vote the pure and simple
incorporation of the territory into Ethiopia. The former Aksum empire then
became the largest it had ever been throughout its history: 1,184,000 square
kilometers, or twice the area of France. However, although it regained a sea-
coast with the ports of Mesewa and Aseb, the Amharic-speaking Christian
population no longer held the majority. It now. accounted for no more than 40
percent of the approximately 25 million inhabitants. Barely over the trials of
the Italian occupation and of World War II, Ethiopia was to be faced with the
new problems of Eritrean separatism and Somali demands. The mixing of popula-
tions had been tremendous all through the tormented history of Ethiopia. It
remains nonethless true that a deep gap has persisted between the Christian
Abyssinians, who act as the ruling class, and the Islamic populations of the
Eritrean coast and eastern provinces.

The problems brought on by the emancipation of Africa were to replace the threat
of partition which the colonial powers had placed upon Ethiopia.

The First Conflicts

The first border conflict with Somalia, independent since 1960, appeared sudden-
ly in 1964. The British policy, which led to the union of the two Somalias,
Italian and English, into a single nation, could not fail to bring to the
emperor's mind the bad memory of the Anglo-Italian attempts at dividing
Ethiopia, and Mogadiscio had not concealed its hopes of incorporating the
Ethiopian Ogaden, Djibouti and the northeastern region of Kenya, three regions
inhabited by Somali, in a "Greater Somalia."

Sudan acted as a mediator and a cease-fire was reached after a few weeks of

* hostility: The two parties promised to try to find a solution to their border

dispute through negotiations. But, whereas the conflict with Somalia was abet-
ting, at least temporarily, unrest was growing in Eritrea where a secessionist
movement, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), was being formed. Paradoxically,
the ELF found support with the Sudanese government, which enabled it to organize
in Khartoum demonstrations hostile to Ethiopia.

The First Diplomatic Strategy

From then on, the emperor's diplomatic strategy was dominated by the desire to
secure alliances designed to counteract an unrest followed with assorted degrees
of active sympathy by Arab and socialist countries.

In that context, it seems that the emperor's natural allies should have been the
western countries and those African countries which were then generally favorable
to Israel, Addis Abeba having easily recognized the latter due to the historical
ties between the two countries. The United States, Kenya and France were of
course favorable to Ethiopia. But the emperor embarked on a policy of rapproche-
ment with the USSR, based on the memory of the friendly relations between Addis
Abeba and czarist Russia which considered the Church a sister church of the
Russian Orthodox Church. The USSR began building a refinery in Aseb as far back

15



JPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED DOUBLES

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 2 Oct 85 p 13

[Text]

DURBAN. — The nurm-
ber of officially registered
unemployed in South
Africa has risen from
64 226 in August 1984 to
122 518 in August 1985,
an increase of 90,7 per-
cent, Dr Piet van der
Merwe, Director-General
of Manpower, said at the
International _Institute
Personnel Convention in
Durban yesterday.

Dr Van der Merwe said

that according to the la~

test population surveys,
about 500000 Blacks
were unemployed in June
1985 while 85 000
Coloureds and 23 300
Asians were unemployed
in May 1985.

He said unemployment
was undoubtedly one of
the most serious econom-
ic problems in the Repub-
lic and was increasing at
an alarming rate.

It had numerous side-
effects: These were the
increased disruption of
family; increased feelings

cso: 3400/185

of irretrievability and per-
ception that nothing can
be improved whatever.
happens; a direct correla-
tion between an.
increase in unem-
ployment and the
possibility of unrest; in?
creased social demands;
an increase in crime; and
the acceptance of viol-
ence as the only solution
to a problem. H
He said that his depart-
ment was tackling the
problems as a matter of

‘urgency.

In the 1985 Budget,
R31-million was allocated
to the department for the
training of work figures
and unemployed people
of which RS-million was
made available to devel-

it boards.
He said a vital element
in creating or providing
jobs was to remove or by-

44

) pass red tape and to pro-
\ vide supportive services
‘on an immediate and very
| practical day-to-day level.
‘__ In spite of the deepen-
| ing recession and an in
‘trease in unemployment,
South Africa was still ex-
periencing a shortage of
illed manpower.

According to a survey
conducted by the Depart-
ment of Manpower in
September 1984, nearly
42 000 vacancies were re-
ported in the profession-
al, semi-professional and
technical fields, which
amounted to a shortage of
8,4 percent.

From the beginning of
this year until the end of
July, the Department had
placed more than 218 000
people in employment.
However, it was essential
that training efforts
should be increased con-
siderably for future years.

Dr Van der Merwe said
his department had train-
ed 548000 workers in
1984 and in 1985 505 000
workers had benefited
from training schemes.


SPENDING POWER OF SOWETANS ASSESSED

JPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES (Business) in English 22 Sep 85 p 4

{Article by Amrit Manga]

[Text]

cso:

SOWETANS have dis-
ible income of be-

ween R1,5-billion and.

R1,7-billion a year —
but only 10% of it is
spent in the townships.

African Bank managing di-
rector Moses Maubane says
20% of black disposable in-
come is spent in townships
nationwide.

Mr Maubane says: “We
need to overhaul the entire
black business

infrastructure
if the direction of purchasing :

power is to be reversed.”
The estimate of Sowetan
earni sed on a popu!
{ation “ot nearly Ts-maillon
pee le and 106000 house-
Ids, each with an average

earning a worker of R500 a *

month.

Market share...

“Black business’s future
share-of the market will be
determined by the extent to
which it diversifies. If it does
not change, it will lose the
market.”

The increase in market
share from 1% in 1977 to the
current 10% is largely attri-
buted to limited diversifica-
tion. Until 1976 black busi-
nesses were limited to about
66 classes of retailing.

Soweto is served by about
20 cafes, 46 dry-cleaners, sev-

3400/185

éi drapers, 19 hardware

dealers, 26 filling stations,
274 sroce rs 152 general deal-
ers anc greengrocers.
More than 2500 business ue
gences have been issued ir

chises, services,
ing and export-related busi-
nesses are untapped by

blacks.
“South Africa has many
products with a ready mar-
et abroad. Handi pro
duced by black people are an
example. .

Handicrafts

“uBut black people are not
the ones asking protits from.
these products.

“Existing retailers can

themselves out of the mar-
ket.

‘Mr Abranowitz says: “Al-
though all discounts are
passed on to them, their
goods are still overpriced.

“Before any change in buy-
ing patterns can be achieved,
black retailers must adopt

“competitive methods.”

48

Reason

Mr Maubane says the ina-
dequacy of black retailers to
serve their communities is
only part of the problem,

fact that their prices
are higher than those of com-
petitors in town is a matter of
economics.

“The black businessman
will have to diversify into
new areas if he is to claim a

bigger share of the market.”
‘An undeveloped business
infrastructure poses prob-
lems for boycotters who de-
pend on black shops to supply
needs.

Mr Maubane says: “It is
doubtful that black busi-
nesses can compete with
white retailers for the con-
sumer’s purse under present
conditions.”
si cane, Sectors | have made

icant gains — mainly
because of consumer boy-
cotts of white enterprises.

The informal sector has
mushroomed in some areas
of the Eastern Cape. Street
vendors have increased in
numbers and cash-and-carry
outlets on the boundaries of
townships have made consid-
erable gains.

Cash-and-carry businesses

“have profited because white
‘wholesalers are reluctant to

enter townships.



of Volksrust
Stato: Fist sett be compited 1991, lst se
1995

‘Terracing: Concor Roads
Main civil contract: Engineering not yet issued

Coal-handling system
Engineering not yet issued
Main contractor: Stinmiler
Turbo-generators
Main contractor: GEC
Electrical works
Instrumentation
Control and instrumentation: Not decided
system
Direct dry-cooling: GEA
Ash-handling

2

Hy

Tenders not yet issued or decided
Environmental controi systems
Precipitators: Tenders not yet issued or decided

cso:

Power Station: Kendal
Location: Near Witbank
Method of firing: Coai-fired

capacity: 6 x 686 MW (when com-
pleted)

Annual fuel 12 Mt

Source of fuel: TCL’s Khutala colliery

Water from: Usutu and Vaal rivers

Status: First set to be completed 1988, last set.
1993

Civils

‘Terracing and main civil work: Gillis Mason
Coal system

3400/185

Distribution transformers: GEC
Instrumentation
Boiler-turbine control system: Brown-Boveri (South
Africa)
Remote switching: Siemens
‘Water treatment and outside plant: Not decided
Cooling system
Dry-cooling: DB Thermal (indirect)

system
‘Type: Conveyor-based dry-ash system
Conditioners: Babcocks .
Dust-handling plant, overland ash conveyors and

Installed capacity: 6 x 609 MW (when com-

pleted)

Annual fuel requirement: 10 Mt

Source of fuel: Anglo-American’s New Denmark
colliery

Water from: Grootdraai Dam on Vaal River
‘Status: First set taken into commercial operation
May 1985. Last set to be completed 1990

Main contractor: Steinmiiller
Turbo-generators

Main contractor: GEC Engineering
Feedheaters: GEC/Hamon Sobelko

* Electrical work

Main transformers: Asea

Cabling: Hubert Davies
Instrumentation

Control and instrumentation: Siemens

Cooling towers: GEA

‘Type: Dry-ashing conveyor-based system
a fol conve ral

Conditioners: Steinmuller ”

Overland ash conveyors: E L Bateman
Stacker plant: Weserfnte

* Dressing
Enviroumental control systems
Bavironmental con

Water treatment plant: Foster Wheeler

* Including main contractors

77


or foreign cigarettes -- Mustangs, Gauloises, Marlboros -- because of the pub-—
licity or a stay abroad. The SIT and the Soft Drinks Company are not [ille-
gible] since, aside from the WAX [expansion unknown] of Benin or Nigeria and
Coca-Cola of Cameroon, from the standpoint of clothing on our market we see what
is commonly referred to as "ngondja’s or second-hand clothes. According to the
national companies, the places where these foreign products are brought into the
country are Chari-Baguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi and the geographic Ouaddai.

Mr Gabriel Dombal happened to speak of regulation of the business profession in
Chad because, he explained, all lucrative, human activities are subject to laws.
The essential purpose of this codification of trade is to protect individuals
(merchants) and corporations, that is, the above-mentioned companies. This gives
the state the opportunity to profit from trade and refloat the state coffers,
specifically through the issuance of import or export licenses, IRPP [expansion
unknown] taxes and the single tax. The secretary general of UNATRAT noted that
it goes without saying that smuggling and contraband contribute enormously to
the impoverishment of the coffers of the state and, insofar as they do, they
involve a lost opportunity for the country's public finances. Aside from this,
the economic and social role of these national factories can no longer be de-
monstrated. Actually, they contribute to the development effort, particularly
through urbanization, the installation of road infrastructures, the construction
of housing for personnel, the creation of jobs, the development of social ser-
vices in some of the country's regions which lack them, the funding of the re-
tirement fund, etc.

The secretary general of UNATRAT lastly noted that, despite the good will and
dynamism of the managers of these companies and the Government of the Third Re-
public's readiness to adopt certain protectionist measures, the difficulties
these factories are in leave them only two alternatives: to close down or re-
sort to reductions of personnel. Scarcely joyful prospects for the nation and
for the workers. This has already happened since the Chadian Cotton Company or
BGMC [expansion unknown] have had to close down some of their plants due to the
economic situation or a lack of machines. Chad, which is emerging from a long
war, lives largely off of foreign aid and its tax system is in the process of
being restructured. We must, therefore, absolutely protect our local factories.
And Mr Dombal Djimbague sees two possibilities for recovery: government sub-
sidies or resort to loans. But despite successive government subsidies for the
public and parastatal enterprises, these companies have often tottered due to
the lack of a spirit of initiative. And loans from banking companies run up
against the irascible phenomenon of hoarding, which is currently practiced in
Chad.

The secretary general of UNATRAT alluded to certain provisions of the Constitu-
tion and the articles of association of the UNIR [expansion unknown] as well as
to certain statements made by President El Hadj Hissein Habre, which advocate

a spirit of initiative and enterprise among all Chadians. He furthermore added
that the goal of the revolution is to reach the point of assuring control over

our political, economic, social and cultural situations. We must encourage pri-
vate initiative and be capable of producing in the interest of Chadians and com-
batting all the disasters that are infiltrating our national economy. Chadians

10


JPRS+SSA*85+107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

CIM MAY 'HELP IN STRUGGLE AGAINST EAST' _

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK (High-Tech) in English 12 Sep 85 pp 13, 15

[Text]

Computer integrated manufacturing
(CIM) is a phrase on everybody's lips
these days, and no wonder — itis being
hailed in the USA as the key tool which
will allow America to compete success
fully against Japan.

We, in South Africa, with our serious
productivity problems at all levels,
should also be taking a hard look at it.

CIM is a way of looking at your man-
ufacturing business from an information
perspective, rather than a product per-

spective.

Instead of saying that we will make
a particular product because that is what
we are good at, we ask instead what
we can make that people will buy, and
what we need to do to make and sell
that product at a profit.

In answering these questions, we look
at design, manufacturing processes,
quality testing, and planning and con-

trol systems.

By linking these aspects via a com-
puterised information system, we find
that we can gain a far greater degree of
control over the business.

Imagine a wheel with the
computer at the hub. Around
the circumference are six key
areas — computer aided de-
sign (CAD), robotics, com-
puter aided manufacturing
(CAM), automated materials
handling, manufacturing
planning and control sys-
tems, and group technology.

52

Each area is, or performs, a process
‘on which the next depends, and infor-
mation from each is needed to gain con-
trol of the business. Thus, while it is
possible (and even desirable) to auto-
mate each area as fast as possible, it is
also vital to link the areas to the central
information system.

The need for this becomes more ap-
parent when we look at the Japanese
factories which have been set up to take
advantage of the Just In Time (JIT)
manufacturing principles. These as-
sume that the most efficient way to make
a product is for it to spend as little time
as possible in the factory.

The Japanese have cut the time
needed to set up their machine tools
from hours to minutes, thus enabling
them to switch from making one prod-
uct to another on the same line very
quickly and simply.

Yamazaki, a large Japanese machine
tool maker, found that by switching to
flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)
at a cost of some US $18-million, it
saved nearly $7-million in stock and la-
bour costs in the first two years.

In addition, the number of machines
used to make their products dropped
from 68 to 18, the staff was cut from
215 to 12, the floor space dropped from
103 000 square feet to 30 000, and the
average time to process a work piece
dropped from 35 days to 1,5 on one
line, and from 60 days to three on an-
other line.


Escom Productivity Drive Gains Impetus
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) .ccceccccccccccccevccvcncees

CSIR's Genetic Engineering Described
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) ..cccccccccvcccececcccccerce

AEC's Plating Plant Diversifies
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 26 Sep 85) ..

Sasol Plans Fourth Synthetic Fuel Plant
(Peter Farley; THE STAR, 10 Oct 85) ..

Empro Awarded Lining Contract
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) .

Big Demand for UPS Units Reported
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) ..

Kendal Power Stations Cooling Towers Under Construction
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) .....

Construction of Escom's Tutuka Power Station Reported
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) ..seccovscceccccccccvccceecs

Alberts Sees Urgent Need for Metals Research
(Madden Cole; THE CITIZEN, 1 Oct 85) seccevcecceseeceevecs

Industrial Use of Lasers Examined
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) .cccccccccccccrccccccevesces

SAPO Limits Contracts to SA Cable Companies
(ENGINEERING WEEK, 12 Sep 85) ..ecesscececececccccscececs

Pumping Systems Supply Potable Water to PWVS Region
(Jimmy Gardiner; THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER,

Aug 85) ccccecevevccccccvcccevecscecseecrencesecscesseeees

SATS Mechanical Engineering Chief Interviewed
(Herbert Scheffel Interview; THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL
ENGINEER, Sep 85) .sceseesceccscccccscecceececcereessveees

Transport Policy Recommendations Examined
(THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER, Sep 85) ...seesess

Annual Transportation Convention Discussed
(THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER, Sep 85) ......ee05

Mini-Container Manufacturing Industry Developed
(THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER, Sep 85) ...seseeee

78

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

92

93

103

107

109

111


16. Furniture, fittings and equipment/Ameublement, toebehore en

vitrusting ... : (559 840)
17, Bank premises/Bank persele. (680 464)
18. Fixed property other than bank premises/Vaste ciendom

behalwe bankpersele.... sesssnveeesssnseeeesensaes (55 638)
19. Assets other than the foregoing/Ander bates as bovermelde (2 115 924)

|
(17 738) (66 130) (643 799)
(3 850) (47 905) (734 319)
(18 759) (30 976) (105 373)

(575 896) (181 098) | (2 909 283)

20. Tonal assets/Totale bates 42 303 554

4 152 568 15 867 638 63 783 820

21. Total foreign assets (included in total assets)/Totale buitelandse
‘banes (ingesluit by totale bates)...

bedree tot ‘n bepealde grasd van benadering gegee word, sal die aangegewe totaal

Note/Opmerking:

(a) Where figures are given to a certain degree of approximation, the total shown does not necessarily equal the sum of its constituent items/Waar

| nie noodwendig gelyk wees aan die som van sy samestellende bedrae

(@)°°0" indicates an amount less than R500 and ““—"" no amount whatever/"*O"' dui 'n bedrag minder as R500 aan en *—"* geen bedrag..

{20 September 1985)

cso: 3400/185

69



Also, Soviet exports to Guinea include oil products, electric appliances,
certain food products and other merchandise necessary for the Guinean economy.

It is sensible for trade between the Soviet Union and Guinea to have a
long-term basis. Both sides want to maximize the potential for growth of
mutually advantageous trade, further diversify the range of goods traded, and
increase the total volume of deliveries.

Current Status and Prospects

The USSR currently has bilateral economic and technical cooperation agreements
with 34 countries on the African continent. More than 570 projects, including
180 industrial plants, have been constructed or are now under construction in
Africa with Soviet assistance,

Guinea was one of the first African countries with which the USSR established
economic cooperation. The foundations of this cooperation were laid by the
signature, in August 1959, of a bilateral agreement on economic and technical
cooperation.

Since then Guinea has seen the establishment of 26 industrial and agricultural
enterprises, social and cultural projects, and training programs. Many of the
enterprises were the first to be established in newborn branches of the Guinean
economy.

The national bawcite extraction enterprise in the Kindia region (OKB) is the
most important project to come out of Soviet-Guinean economic cooperation.
Today it is a large mining complex with a capacity of 3 million tons of bauxite
per year. The USSR provides equipment, spare parts and working plant for the
enterprise. More than 100 Soviet specialists are working in projects related to
the complex.

Since the first years of cooperation, the USSR has provided Guinea assistance
in many different forms, through the development of instructional systems and
training of skilled Guinean manpower in diverse fields involved in the economic
and cultural life of the country, The Polytechnic Institute of Conakry, now a
university, has been in operation for 10 years now.

Soviet organizations are also helping Guinea to establish a scientific sector.

A microblological and virological laboratory was built in Kindia in 1977, and a
scientific research center went into operation in 1981 in Conakry for research

in the fields of oceanography and heliophysics, as well as for the study of the
influence of tropical climate on materials and finished products.

The Military Committee for National Redressment [CMRN] and the Guinean
government have determined that increased agricultural production and
agricultural self-sufficiency are essential priorities. The USSR was one of the
first countries to give concrete proof of its commitment to help the friendly
Guinean people attain this important goal. A bilateral assistance protocol on
the creation of a major multi-use agricultural production unit on 2,400
hectares of land in the Monchon zone was signed in June 1984. On 14 September
1984 in Conakry came the signature of a new economic and technical development
cooperation agreement between the USSR and the Republic of Guinea. Among other
things the accord calls for creation of a series of agricultural production

24


Commercial | - Discount General
banks houses Merchant banks Total
Handels- | Diskonto- Algemene Totaal
banke huise banke
(R1 000) (RI 000) (R1 000) (RI 000) (Ri 000)
Capital, reserves and liabilities other then to the public
Kapitaal, reserwes en verpligtings behalwe teenoor die publiek
8. Paid-up share capital/Gestorte aandelekapitaal . 240 708 8751 76 015 88 522 413 996
9. Net unimpaired reserve funds/Netto onaangetasie reserwe-
1429 510 26 839 208 406 633 662} 2.298 417
10. Na ‘oul paid-up capital and unimpaired reserve funds/Netto
totale gestone kapitaal en onaangelaste rerwefondse | (1 670 218) (35 590)) (284.421) | (722: 184)] (2.712 413)
11. Balance due to South African head office and local branches/
Saldo verskuldig aan Suid-Afrcaanse hooftantoor en binne-
landse takke.. : (282 610) - - 20596] (303 206)
12. Uneamed finance charges/Onverdiende finansieringskoste.... | (2 267 408) (32 494) (63 628) | (2713 208)| (5 076 738)
13. Liabilities other than the foregoing/Ander verpligtings as bover-
melde oe sone (2 604 164) (19 469) (420 974) (339 733)| (3 384 340)
14, Total capital, reserves and liabilities other than to the public/
Tovaal van kapital,reserwes en vepligtngs behalwe teenoor .
ie Publick .....ccssecscsesesesee 6 824 400 87 553 769023 | 3795 721| _11 476 697
15, Grand total of liabilities/Groonotaal van verpligtings.... 42303 554 | 1460060} _ 4 152568 |_15 867638] _ 63 783 820
16. Total liabilities to non-residents (included in grand total of ‘
bilities/Totale verpligtings teenoor nie-inwoners (ingesluit
groottotaal van verpligtings). 3.971 077 - 320 929 143070| 4 435.076
———
17. Total deposits withdrawable by cheque by clients (included in
short-term deposits by the public)totale deposito’s per tjek
opeisbaar deur Kliéme (ingesuit by Komermyndeposio's deur
die publiek) .. 1.643°303 _ 1 643 303
ASSETS/BATES
1. Subsidiary coin, gold coin, bullion and bank notes/Pasmunt.
goudmunt, staafgoud en banknote... (473 253) - (34) (12 107)} (485 394)
2. Deposits with/Deposito's by: « (2 126 575) (458)| (236.340) | (357 936)} (2.721 309)
S.A. Reserve Bank/S.A. Reserwebank . 690 043 14 59 683 192 358 942 158
S.A. commercial banks/S.A. handelsbank 236 798 304 88 923 136 686 462711
National Finance Corporation/Nasionale Finansiekorporasie 832 815 80 8514 - 841 409
Other S.A. banking institutions/Ander S.A. bankinstellings 261 036 _ 425 3740 265 201
Foreign banking institutions/Buitelandse bankinstellings . 66 198 - 33 025 9 653 108 876
Building societies/Bouverenigings .. 39 667 _ 45712 15 499 100 878
Local authorities/Plaaslike besture .. 18 - $8 - 76
3. Negotiable cenifieates of deposivVerhandelbare depose
fikate.. (228 790) (48 533) (34 009) (14 468)} (325 800)
4. Loans and advances to banking institutions/Lenings en
voorskotte aan bankinstellings: (481 894) - (69 874) | (277520)| (829 288)
Discount houses in S.A./Diskontohuise in S.A. 202 200 - 67 821 277 383 $47 404
Other banking institutions/Ander bankinstellings .. 279 694 - 2.053 137 281 884
5. Bills of and advances to the Land Bank/Wissels van en
voorskotte aan die Landbank (1 062 568) | (481 784) (23.818) | (147 285)| (1.715 455)
6. Treasury bills/Skatkisbiljene (90 366) | (106 063) (41 300) (15 635)| (253 364)
7. Investments/Beleggings: (4.077 329) | (402 550)| (491. 468) | (1 201 236)| (6 172 583)
Government stocl/Staatseffekte 1177 $06 298 $78 150 797 $16 420| 2 143 301
Government loan levies/Leningsheffings 4792 1 250 839 1200 8 081
Land Bank debenrures/Obligasies van die Landbank 887 798 7031 48 650 247888 | 1-254 567
Stocks of administration boards/Effekte van
strasierade 100 - 574 79 1473
Stocks o 21-324 2631 $618 18 014 47587
Debentures or stock guaranteed by the GovernmenuO et
sies of effekte deur die Regering gewaarborg 180 368 - 12.008 53 606 245 982
Debenrures and notes issued by the Industral Develop
Corporation/Obligasies en notas uit die Nywer-
don ek en 63 226 - 6 230 7.000 16 454

heidontwikkelingskorporasie.
Securities of the S.A. Re:
Reserwebank ...

67



JPRS*SSA+85°107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA
RESERVE BANK ASSETS-LIABILITIES REPORTED
Pretoria GOVERNMENT GAZETTE in English 13 Sep 85 p 33
[Text]
NOTICE 570 OF 1985
SOUTH AFRICAN RESERVE BANK
Statement of Assets and Liabilities on the 31st day of August 1985
Liabilities Assets
R R
2.000 000,00 4 804 940 511,15
42 424 261,17
3 698 301 162,00 =
102 100 759,75
1 201 073 397,72 762 020 979,33
35 476 130,78
992 385 847.21 | Total gold and foreign assets .... 5 669 062 250,23
1 089 307 239.05 | Do
5.966 637 787,22 1 671 600 000,00.
977 417 756,74
51 304 061,82
557 758 185,75
4 100 463 510,61

R13 027 605 765,15
—_——

Ri3 027 605 765,15
— Ss

Ratio of gold reserve to liabilities to the public less foreign assets 63,9 per cent.

Pretoria, 5 September 1985.

CSO: 3400/185

60

B. P. GROENEWALD, General Manager.


iNo1EN—

Areas of secession

As a matter of fact, Ethiopia found itself in an increasingly critical situa-
tion. To the Eritrean danger was added the threat of the increased activity of
the Western Somalia Liberation Front (WSLF), actively supported by Mogadiscio,
which was gradually investing the Ogaden. While touring Africa, and with the
consent of Moscow, Fidel Castro attempted on March of that same year in Aden
an operation of reconciliation involving the whole Horn of Africa. This
attempt took place during a secret meeting with Mengistu, Somalian President

17



JPRS=SSA*85=107
4 November 1985
re

MOZAMBIQUE

TRANSPORT MINISTER MEETS ZIMBABWEAN COUNTERPART
MB042022 Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 1700 GMT 4 Oct 85

[Text] Alcantara Santos and Herbert Ushewokunze, the ministers of transport
of Mozambique and Zimbabwe, respectively, held a meeting in Beira city
today. The meeting was aimed at finding practical ways of implementing
the programs in their sector within the framework of the SADCC. The
Mozambican minister of ports, railroads, and merchant marine noted that
the meeting was the first to be held after the recent victory achieved

at the Gorongosa hills in Sofala Province by a Mozambican-Zimbabwean joint
force against armed banditry. Alcantara Santos pointed out that SADCC's
transport commission was a valuable instrument not only for the two
countries, but also for the other countries that use the port of Beira to
transport their merchandise.

Within the framework of this solidarity, the Mozambican and Zimbabwean
ministers of transport described as positive the Nordic countries’ initia-
tive which have been rendering assistance in the field of communications.

The two ministers also reiterated the transport sector's great responsi-
bility in developing the region and above all in eliminating economic
dependence on South Africa.

In turn, Herbert Ushewokunze, the Zimbabwean minister of transport,
underlined that the port of Beira was presently being used to half of its
capacity compared with the 3.3 million tons per year that the port can
handle. This situation is caused by the conditions of the railroads
serving the republics of Zimbabwe and Malawi and Mozambique's central
region, which do not offer stability in the movement of trains. However,
the efforts being made at present are likely to improve the handling
capacity of the port of Beira. These efforts include dredging work at the
port, its expansion, and the reconstruction of goods platform, as well

as the establishment of a container terminal. In general, the Beira-
Mutare-Harare railroad and the roads only require rehabilitation work to
enable them to handle the transport of about 4 million tons of merchandise
per year in the near future. To meet this capacity, according to the
Zimbabwean minister of transport, there is a need to introduce a system
of centralized control in the city of Beira.

cso: 3400/115
34


CSO:

the old, conventional manufacturing
methods where only high volumes en-
able us to lower the unit cost and im-
prove productivity.

Unless we change to flexible manu-

facturing systems, incorporate just in’

time techniques, and go for computer
integrated manufacturing, their criti-
cism will continue to be valid and South
Africa will steadily become less and less

competitive on world markets.

“ The economic criteria for judging a

move to CIM needs a different per-
spective as well. It is fast becoming a
question not of “can we afford #t?”, but
“can we afford not to?”.

3400/185

54


The TPLF officials, who demand the creation of a "multinational state," assert

that they control 85 percent of the Tigre territory. It is true that, there

too, none of the large-scale operations launched against the Tigre by the

central authorities has been conclusive until now. The regular army seems to

be controlling the great road axes and the main urban centers, but it does not

dare venture outside these areas. The brief kidnaping of the five crew members, -
all of them French coming from Djibouti, of a Transall plane in Lalibela on

3 March 1985, who were bringing ina’ food shipment, revealed the strength of the
insurgents. On 9.January 1985, Tigre fighters claimed to have been responsible .
for several attacks in the northern part of the country, in which 559 Ethiopians

soldiers were assumed to have been killed or wounded. They even succeeded in

holding Dabat, county seat of the district of Wogera, for 5 days.

Ogaden, the Dispute Between Somalia and Ethiopia

The first Somali-Ethopian conflict has already been mentioned above. From
November 1977 to March 1978, the two countries fought once again over the Somali
populations living in the Ogaden. The Somalia of. General Siad Barre, whom
Moscow had dropped in order to support Addis Abeba, had been supporting the
Western Somalia Liberation Front (WSLF) for a long time. Having launched into
guerrilla warfare, the WSLF requested the support of Somalia, whose troops had
invaded the Ogaden as far back as November 1977. After the success of the
Soviet-Cuban airborne operation against Djijiga on 10 February 1978, Mogadiscio
decided to withdraw its troops. Up to 12 March, the Soviet-Cuban troops, help-
ed by the Ethiopian armed forces, "rid" the Ogaden of the resistance, forcing
the WSLF to go underground. The failure of the Somali attempt at conquering
the Ogaden was the logical consequence of an erroneous choice. To attack
Ethiopia, whereas it had openly chosen the revolutionary path, was to risk
losing Soviet support without being assured of gaining western backing: It
meant dealing with a country temporarily fallen into anarchy, but which could
recover its strength as soon as it became apparent that it would undoubtedly
ally itself to Moscow.

During July 1982, Mogadiscio accused Addis Abeba of launching an offensive with
tanks and planes, officered by Cuban, Soviet and South Yemeni advisers, whereas
Addis Abeba allowed a radio station placed at the disposal of Somali opponents
to continue to broadcast.

The violent fighting which took place on 15 August 1982 along the Galkayo

central axis, in central Somalia, 40 kilometers. within Somalia, forced President

Siad Barre to decree a state of emergency in the border zone of the Ethiopian -
Ogaden. This localization of the fighting was not due to hazard. The Galkayo

axis is in fact the most sensitive region of Somalia. There are barely 200

kilometers between the Ethiopian border and the Indian Ocean. By cutting this -
desertic strip in two, Ethiopia's goal was to ensure for itself access to the

sea, its own accesses being obstructed by the Eritrean and Tigre rebellions.

Emergency aid was granted by the United States in July and August 1982.

Moscow's wish to see the Somalian regime defeated did not occur. The

Ethiopian troops retreated 5 months later.

Late in November 1984, the hijacking of a Somalian Boeing to Addis Abeba by
three Somalian soldiers nearly tightened relations between the two countries

20


Ee

ALBERTS SEES URGENT NEED FOR METALS RESEARCH

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 1 Oct 85 p 29

[Article by Madden Cole]

[Text]

SOUTH Africa would
never be able to gain a
sizeable share of the
world iron and steel
markets if the local in-
dustry was not backed
by a vigorous research
and development pro-
gramme, Dr Louw Al-.
berts, Director Gener-
al of Mineral and

of
ment and Welding 85 at
the National Exhibition
Centre yesterday, said
that the rest of the world
was not standing still in
this field. :
“We are in strong com-
petition with many devel-
oping countries who are
attempting to exploit
their mineral resources to
the full and when it comes
to higher beneficiation we
will be competing with
technically advanced na-

hemisphere.”

The concept of higher
beneficiation of South
African minerals was re-
ceiving increasing atten-
tion by leaders in the re-:
search world and appro-

cso: 3400/185

87

“priate” government dé-
partments, Dr Alberts
said.

He pointed. out that
what was needed to add
more value to the coun-
try’s minerals in terms of

energy and skilled labour -

was an entrepreneurial
spirit within the industrial

ranks and a mineral poli--

cy that would encourage
this approach.

Referring to research,
Dr Alberts said that Japa-
nese investment was
about 0,8 percent of sales,
while in Canada, a coun-
try comparable in many
ways to South Africa, the
figure was 0,4 percent. In
South Africa the figure

* was only 0,1 percent.

“I€ the metals industry
wants to retain its share of
the materials market it

will require a very careful:

in-depth study of the fu-
ture ts of that

market to enable it to
provide the most suitable
metals and alloys.

“The overall challenges
to the foundry industry
are formidable but the

ities in this
country are still sufficient-
ly luring,” Dr Alberts
said.

JPRS+SSA*85° 107
% November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA



cso:

3400/185

(b) to advise, encourage, instigate or incite. except
in so far as it is not prohibited in terms of sec-
tion 65 of the Labour Relations Act, 1956 (Act
28 of 1956). any person to leave his work or
service or not to return to such work or service.
or to delay or impede it.

The prohibitions contained in paragraphs (1) and (2) shall
not apply to any gathering expressly authorised by me. or.
subject to the provisions of section 46 (3) of the said Act. by
the magistrate of the district in which the gathering is to be
held.

Government Notice 705 of 22 March 1985 is hereby
withdrawn,

L. LE GRANGE.
Minister of Law and Order.

———
No. 2222 27 September 1985

AMENDMENT OF PROHIBITION ON GATHERINGS

Under the powers vested in me by section 24 of the Inter-
nal Security Act. 1982 (Act 74 of 1982), I hereby amend
Government Notice 1433 of 28 June 1985 by—

(1) The substitution for the expression “under section 46
(3)"", where it appears for the first time. of the ex-
pression ‘under section 46 (3) (b)"*: and

(2) the deletion of the word **or"* at the end of paragraph
(a), and paragraph (b).

L. LE GRANGE,
Mihister of Law and Order.

41


SASOL PLANS FOURTH SYNTHETIC FUEL PLANT

JPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 10 Oct 85 p 15

[Article by Peter Farley]

[Text]

Sasoj is preparing the way for
the establishment of a fourth ,
synthetic fuel plant, but because:
of current financial commit-
ments will not be ready to
Jaunch such a project for the
next few years.

Chairman Mr David de Vil-
liets writes in the group’s an-
nual report that good progress
is being made on both technical,
and financial fronts in prepara
tidn for such a project, particu-'
larly in respect of gasification
and’synthesis techniques.

:Mr de Villiers stresses, how-
ever, that Sasol welcomes the
renewed interest’ shown in such
‘fuel projects by other private
sector organisations. rn

\) He said the participation of!
others in these projects would
inot only be in.the best interests
‘of the country, but it would also
.Peduce the'pressure on Sasol to
launch another massive project
» before it is ready to do so.

He points out that a practical
structure for investment in new :
. synthetic fuel projects has been:
- established and adds that he is
confident that this structure:
would be applied uniformly to
all such projects.
The main reason Sasol finds :
itself unable to go ahead at this

cso: 3400/185

‘Stage With 4 few plant is the ré-"

payment of loans following the
acquisition of Sasol 2 and the
additional commitments that
will arise from the future acqui-
sition of Sasol 3.

Mr de Villiers points out that
Sasol’s repayments — along
with interest and dividends —
has added almost R2,6 billion to
State coffers over the past two
years. This outstrips the total
,capital cost of Sasol 2.

* Commenting on the group's
moves into fertilizer and explo-

SOUTH AFRICA

sives Mr de Villiers says that .

the fertilizer operations lost
money last year, but he is confi-
dent that, given favourable
rains, thé division should break
even this year.

On the explosives side he says
that trials are still continuing
and that tests have confirmed
their confidence in this new ven-
turé, which he expects to be op-
erational by the end of this fi-
nancial year.

Looking to the current finan-
cial year Mr de Villiers notes
that, provided there are no dras-
tic deviations from the histori-
cal pattern of crude oil prices
and rand/dollar rate, increased
volumes and reduced interest
commitments should enable
sound profit growth to be main-
tained. .

82



a

RESERVE BANK SEEKS FOREIGN DEBTS INFORMATION

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 8 Oct 85 p 15°

[Text]

cso:

yesterday appealed to
the public of South
Africa, SWA and the
independent —home-
lands to submit infor-
mation on their foreign
liabilities to the bank
by October 25.

In a statement the bank
said the information
would enable it to assess
the need. for planning
South Africa’s foreign
debt repayment program-
me.

in terms of' the Ex-

, Change Control Regu-

3400/185

lations the relevant forms
had to be completed by

all residents who had for- ,

eign liabilities as at Au-
gust 31 this year.

Copies of the forms are
available at all branches
of the commercial banks
and at the Government
Offices of the independent
national states.

In cases where the Re-
serve Bank is in possesion
of addresses of persons or
bodies with foreign liabili-

“THE Reserve Bank

59

ites Copies of the form will
be sent directly to them
for completion.

“The onus to obtain
copies of the form, how-
ever, remains on the per-
son or body liable for the
completion thereof and
all forms duly completed
must be returned to the
economics department of
the South African Re-
serve Bank, Pretoria, not
later than October 25
1985," the statement
says.

“The form contains
clear instructions as to its
completion, but any en-
quiries relating thereto
may be directed to a re-
spondent’s own banker or
to the Reserve Bank’s
economics department
telephone (012) 21-2522
ext 311.”

‘All information sup-
plied would be regarded
as strictly confidential.

+ “Failure to supply the

Tequired information will
constitute an offence and
could affect the repay-
ment of the foreign debt

JPRS*SSA+85°107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA



EMPRO AWARDED LINING CONTRACT

ee

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 29

[Text]

CSO:

3400/185

Empro, a Germiston-based
company in the Murray &
Roberts Group, has been
awarded a R600 000 con-
tract to line the internal sur-
faces of new concrete
demineralised water tanks at
Escom’s Kendal power sta-
tion.
The lining material is
pre-cured butyl
rubber in pre-vulcanised
double ply sheet form. The
top layer isa pre-cured ‘butyl
tubber which is said to have

resistant
to 100° C and is highly re-
sistant against diffusion and
leaching.

‘The bottom layer is a cold
curing compound which
guarantees an outstanding
bond.

Says Gary Johnson, mar-
keting manager of Empro’s
Germiston plant: “Rubber
lining of concrete tanks con-
taining corrosive liquids, or
liquids sensitive to contam-
ination, has become more

83

suitable than any other sub-
strate-bound coating.
“Besides good chemical
and abrasion resistance,
rubber lining provides for
excellent crack bridging
, essential for con-
crete structures where
Movement due to expansion
and contraction is unavoid-
able.”
‘The’ Kerabutyl V system
was researched and devel-
Y's West Ger-
man licensors, KCH-
Keramchemi and it has
proved highly successful in
its application to power sta-
tions, pickling lines and the
chemical

industry.

Work on the three
3$00 m? capacity Kendal
tanks will commence in late
198S/early 1986, and the
four-month contract period
calls for the completion of
the project by the end of
April 1986. The deminer-
alised water plant is due to
be commissioned next June.

JPRS*SSA*85=107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA


gpRs+SSA+85°107
4 November 1985

ee

ZAIRE

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL REVIEWS ECONOMIC SITUATION
Kinshasa ELIMA in French 31 Aug-1 Sep 85 p 8
{Article: "Survey of the Economic Situation"]

[Text] At the weekly meeting of the Executive Council, this Friday 30 August
1985, which took place at Council Hall and was chaired by member of the
Political Bureau Central Committee, first state commissioner Kengo wa Dondo,
there were two items on the agenda: the keynote address of the Party Execu-
tive coordinator, and the examination of the report of the Committee on
Economic Conditions.

In his keynote address, the first state commissioner conveyed to the Council
the guidelines of the chairman-founder of the People's Movement of the Revolu-
tion [MPR], the president of the Republic, designed to ensure the correct
operation of the various departments of the Executive Council.

As for the report of the Committee on Economic Conditions, it focussed on
four major points, viz.: wages and employment, variations of the leading
economic indicators during the first half of 1985, the state of completion
of the economic and financial adjustment program as of 30 June 1985, and the
artisanal mining of gold and diamonds during the first half of 1985.

Concerning the first item of the report, the state commissioner for budget
reported to the Council on the extent to which the payroll for August 1985
had been met.

In this connection, the Council noted an appreciable staff decrease over
July 1985, due to the joint efforts of the Civil Service and Finance & Budget
Departments. Indeed, the active and pensioned staff dropped from 179,617

to 179,501 agents, i.e. 116 less. As a result, the August 1985 payroll was
26,292,740.25 zaires less than for the previous month, thus leaving a
significant surplus for the Treasury.

The second facet of this chapter involved the labor situation in enterprises,
which remains peaceful throughout the country, in spite of a few wage demands
here and there. Actually, the National Union of Workers of Zaire (UNTZa) has
negotiated and signed several labor contracts and protocols of agreement con-
cerning the job classifications that were drawn up, labor union training, the

118


JPRS*SSA*85~107
4 November 1985

STATE RESETTLES OVER 900 FAMILIES IN SESSOMBI AREA
Harare THE HERALD in English 26 Sep 85 p 5

[Text] The Government has resettled 976 families in the three-part Sessombi
resettlement scheme in the last three years.

The resettlement officer for Mashambazhou Council, Kwekwe, Cde Enock Munyenyiwa,
told a council meeting last week that more families would be resettled in the
district when the Government acquired more farms to establish the Sessombi IV
scheme.

He said the Government had provided material worth $840 000 for the construc-
tion fo four schools and 28 teachers' houses in Sessombi I. Twenty-seven bore-
holes had been drilled and about 87 km of road at the scheme regraded.

A clinic was constructed at the Nyoni Rural Service Centre and 10 staff houses
had been built at a cost of about $108 000. Plans were also under way to build
an administration block at the centre and six diptanks had been repaired and
were now operational, he said.

The officer said that there were plans to build a proper primary school to ac-
commodate pupils using a farm house as class-room in Sessombi II scheme. An
additional school would be built in Sessombi II and officials from the Depart~
ment of Physical Planning were at present demarcating land for the building of
a rural service centre.

About 200 families who were resettled in Sessombi III in March this year had
already completed building their houses. The families were also engaged in
poultry and school uniform-making projects.

Cde Munyenyiwa said armers in the area had harvested 21 000 bags of maize and
200 bales of cotton and sent most of their produce to marketing board depots.

cso: 3400/117

121



JPRS*SSA=85+107
4 November 1985

LESOTHO

INFORMATION MINISTER ON ELECTIONS
MB021830 London BBC World Service in English 1709 GMT 2 Oct 85
[From the "Focus on Africa” program]

[Text] The Lesotho Government is clearly upset at suggestions that

there was something improper in the conduct of the recent electoral process
in which candidates of the ruling Basotho National Party were returned
unopposed. Elections were scheduled to take place last month, but were
canceled after the opposition parties failed to submit candidates by the
nomination deadline, the previous month. They have alleged that they

were not given proper access to voters rolls, enabling them to get the
required 500 supporters for each of their candidates, and they have accused
the government of Chief Leabua Jonathan of hijacking the Constitution and
effectively disenfranchising the people of Lesotho. On the line to

Maseru, (Kordera Mense) asked Desmond Sixishe, Lesotho's information
minister, how he responded to such charges.

[Begin recording] -[Sixishe] Well, I think the first responsibility of
all political parties is to provide candidates when and if an election is
declared, Parliament was dissolved last December, which was the last
specific indication that we were going for elections. The prime minister
announced 2 years ago that we were preparing for elections, and I think
the responsibility of all parties was to provide candidates in all the
constituencies, and that is a party responsibility. Our party did it,
but the other political parties did not provide candidates. The reason
they did not provide candidates is that there weré no people willing to
stand for them.

[(Mense)] The major complaint by the opposition parties is about access
to the voters rolls, and they claimed when they went to court on this
issue that they had only been given 2 days to inspect the lists.

[Sixishe] I think it is now well known that... [changes thought] what the
decision of the court was, because the electoral rolls have in fact
nothing to do whatsoever with nomination day. The law is very specific;
it says that the government will provide nominational laws 1 month prior
to a general election.

28


drying up and depopulation, the result of a loss of soil fertility. This
must be clear in people's minds, however. Drought and desertification are
two quite different concepts. The first is a single event that recurs peri-
odically, although no study has made it possible to reveal its exact perio-
dicity, whereas desertification is the culmination of a process linked to the
factors mentioned previously. Drought is considered to be a shortage of
water in comparison to a base percentage, whereas desertification is the
cumulative and accompanying effect of all the factors I listed earlier.

Question: Is there, in Chad, a line physically representing the desertifica-
tion front? And if so, where is it located?

Answer: It is difficult to define the exact boundaries of regions that are
undergoing desertification, or that are already desertified, inasmuch as the
phenomenon doesn't develop along a continuous line. At present, our entire
country is threatened with desertification. This is somewhat the [illegible]
proof of what I was saying a while ago about the primacy of human causes in
the phenomenon of desertification. Pockets of desert have appeared in parti-
cular around some communities in the southern part of the country, where
rainfall is clearly sufficient. However! Another consideration must also be
mentioned in this connection. Contrary to what people think, the most ad-
vanced front is not found at the boundary of predesert zones. It is located
much further south, in the middle of the Sahel. I'11 tell you why. Although
predesert areas are ecologically more fragile and vegetation less abundant,
the harshness of the climate and the absence of conditions permitting perma-
nent human settlement have appeared to be balancing factors. The natural
environment has been relatively spared. On the other hand, much further
south, in the middle of the Sahel itself, conditions are more favorable.
There are watering spots and pastureland, and the concentration of human
beings and especially animals around these points create desertified rings
connected to each other by transhumance trails. Through expansion, this
phenomenon becomes part of the desert itself. Summing up what I have said,
it is difficult to define an exact line beyond which we could call the land a
desert.

Question: What is your assessment of the desert's advance in Chad?
Disturbing, serious or disastrous?

Answer: I would say that no label is strong enough at this time to describe
the disaster. If I had to choose between the ones you listed, I would readily
choose disastrous.

Question: All Sahelian countries initiated vast programs for combating
desertification long ago. Chad has lagged behind. Does such a policy exist?
What is it based on?

Answer: There are sectoral policies at the level of each department. Without
prejudging what other departments might say, I can speak for the Ministry of
Tourism and Water and Forests. I am in a good position to do so. This minis-
try had a forestation policy that was suited, as much as possible, to our
country's physical geography, i.e., a classification of zones according to
plant groups. However, this policy was not officially sanctioned, much less
given concrete shape by a Council of Ministers resolution, which has been
done in some other countries. Based on our various plant groups and climate

4


cso:

The White paper goes on to suggest that
to ensure that the national economic,
industrial and technological targets are
integrated to an optimum the bodies best
suited to co-ordinate these aspects at one
point are the CSIR, NPI and SABS as
technical bodies among others.

The usual popular noises are made about
low productivity but the White Paper
ignores the lack of highly qualified -
managers to give workers the means to
become more productive and ignores the
question of increased automation to
reduce unit costs as seen against job -
provision, use of robots, etc.

3400/185

The White Paper, apart from other
deficiencies, provides an interesting
study of the various commissions of
Inquiries, White Papers, and Reports of
the Government since World War II, but
does not provide evidence of any results
emanating from their reports or .
recommendations.

Itis strongly recommended thatthe
organised engineering profession -
submits a carefully compiled comment
on the White Paper in an effort to give
assistance to the Minister in developing
this all-important strategy.

43



thus the resources for combating it and the irreplaceable role of the Chadian
people, the beneficiary and driving force of any program.

Question: National Tree Week began three days ago. Its limitations are
obvious, however, with respect to a campaign for combating desertification.
How do you define this concept? Is it sufficient to view it as an invasion
of human settlements by the desert?

Answer: There are no exact or precise definitions of desertification. Many
people continue to perceive the problem in terms of their concerns, the eco-
logical characteristics of areas suffering from the phenomenon, and also the
economic and social levels of the people affected. In a country like Chad,
part of whose territory is desert, we perceive the phenomenon as an advance
or descent of the Sahara southward or northward. I would only be satisfied
with the definition given at the UN Conference on Desertification, held in
Nairobi in 1977, which states: "Desertification is the reduction or destruc-
tion of the biological potential of earth, soil, finally resulting in the
appearance of desert conditions." It is one aspect of the general degrada-
tion of ecosystems. To simplify the problem, we will merely say that deserti-
fication results from an overexploitation of plant reserves in ecologically
fragile conditions.

Question: Are the underlying causes of desertification a result of human
activity or the effect of climate on the environment? What are they? Do
they apply to all countries?

Answer: At the time of last year's Dakar conference on a coordinated policy
for combating drought and desertification, it seemed that the causes of deser~-
tification are fairly common to all countries. They can be classified into
two groups: natural causes and those linked to human activity. Natural
causes include drought, water and wind erosion, and the fragility of the
ecological systems of most of our soils. As for causes linked to human
activity, we could note, first of all, irrational cultural practices, over-
grazing and especially bush fires.

Question: Which ones are most important?

Answer: I think that the problem should not be viewed from that standpoint.
I say this because drought, a natural cause par excellence, is the result of
a shortage of rainfall and we have no control over it. On the other hand, we
can rigorously control causes of human origin. And there is an increasing
tendency to believe that human causes outweigh natural causes, even though
the latter are much more striking. For example, drought is noticed immedi-
ately, but the causes related to human activity, which are more subtle and
insidious, have proved to be the main cause of desertification in several
countries.

Question: Let's talk about drought a little, because in the minds of our
fellow citizens it is often synonymous with desertification. Doesn't putting
these two concepts in the same category misrepresent the real nature of the
phenomenon of desertification?

Answer: I believe that drought is immediately perceptible and its outward
signs are rather conspicuous: excessive mortality of standing trees, streams

3



JPRS*SSA+85*107
4 November 1985

At this latitude, the dispersal of insecticides is pursued in order to check
the parasitic infestations.

Tivaouane
Dakar LE SOLEIL in French 24,25,26,27 Aug 85 p 10
{article by Mamadou Ndiaye]

. {Text] The condition of vegetables demonstrates that the crops are doing well
in the Tivaouane Department. This is due to the abundance of rain and the
annihilation of the parasites which could result in limited growth. In the
arrondissement of Pambal, the rural communities of Taiba-Ndiaye, Meouane, Koul
and Thilmakha are at the head of the class thanks to a good measured rainfall,
unlike certain other zones where the precipitation has only barely begun.

Still the agricultural sector has fought a fierce battle in order to prevent a
parasitic attack, especially in the zones of Ngandiouf, Santhiou-Bouna and
Mbayene which have received a large quantity of phytosanitary products. On
the other hand, at all the rural community centers as well as the CER [Rural
Expansion Centers] a fairly large quota of these products has been distributed
for a good fight against parasites which could eventually appear. As with
crops, the livestock is also doing well according to the head of the
livestock sector who estimates that, thanks to the multiplication of
pastures, peace again reigns between the stock breeders and the farmers.

As for the rainfall, its distribution over time has been judged satisfactory,
unlike last year - provided one compares the end of July - when only the
Pambal and Tivaouane posts had surplus rainfall.

Yet a halt in the rains has been observed for 3 weeks in the arrondissements
of Meouane and Merina-Dakhar. Nevertheless, the situation is becoming normal
again thanks to the recent downpours.

In General
Dakar LE SOLEIL in French 24,25,26,27 Aug 85 p 10
{Article by Sammy L. Chaupin: "New Contract"]

[Text] Normal rainfall. On the whole a satisfactory crop. This assessment
: of the current agricultural season according to the different CRD [Regional
| Development Commissions] was confirmed by the Minister of Rural Development
(Soleil 12 August). This assessment was reassured by the late onset of
winter creating concern at the beginning of the season,

Year one of the new agricultural policy is thus assured support which should,
if it is confirmed and remains in tact, be worth a return on the fields and a
profit on the efforts agreed upon by the government and peasant-~ two partners
for whom relations are modified and soothed by a new aid system.

37



exclusively by the output achieved by GECAMINES in copper production despite
the difficulties encountered in transportation and therefore in exporting. By
comparison, small scale gold production continued to show a marked decline due
in large part to fraud and to the drop in gold prices on the world market.

It may be recalled that the council had already taken a series of steps to
suppress fraud and to promote gold production.

In agriculture, the weakness in export production registered during the first
5 months was linked basically to difficulties in transportation, and to the
drought which was affecting the northeast of the country. Nevertheless, the
situation showed definite improvement as of April when production increased by
24 percent.

During the first 5 months of the year, manufacturing production was up 9.8
percent in relation to the same period of 1984 due to improved supplies of
primary materials, semiprocessed goods and spare parts, and to the measures
adopted for economic liberalization.

Where prices are concerned, the adjustment of prices for oil products, water
and electricity, salaries and transportation costs, as well as other effects
of anticipation, accelerated the pace of inflation from January to the end of
May 1985, and is now at 11.3 percent in relation to December 1984. Since then,
the tendency has been for slowing inflation and it is expected that the annual
inflation rate will not exceed 20 percent.

In conclusion, it may be affirmed that for the first quarter of the 1985
fiscal year, the trend of economic indicators as a whole is far from
endangering the main objectives established at the beginning of the year, in
particular: 2.3 percent growth in the gross national product, moderate
inflation, and progressive reduction of the budget deficit.

A few days before 1 August, the anniversary of parents which, as everyone
knows, will be celebrated from now on as "remembrance day," the president and
founder of the MPR passed on these guidelines, solemnly reminding the members
of the executive council, and through them all party activists, of the meaning
of this day. Indeed, it is an occasion which should enable everyone, father,
mother and children, to become more aware of their duty to the family, the
party's primary cell, and in a special way to show greater solidarity among
all its members. The morning will be devoted to honoring the dead and the
afternoon to honoring the living.

It is so true that as part of our authenticity, as the head of state so well
put it, life means community, and also the communion of the living and the
dead.

9824
CSO: 3419/572

117



as 1965, under the terms of a technical assistance agreement, and other European
socialist countries in turn granted aid to Ethiopia. However, the worsening of
the Israeli-Arab conflict and the civil war in Sudan were to complicate the
situation. The Arab capitals were accusing Addis Abeba and Tel Aviv of support-
ing the Southern Sudanese rebellion and they increased their aid to the ELF.
Early in the 1970's, Ethiopia established relations with Beijing and strength-
ened those established with Moscow. This rapprochement, however, failed to
mollify its opponents, namely, the progressive Arab camp, Which continued to
criticize the emperor for both the United States’ military aid and his support
of Tel Aviv, accusing him, among other things, of having granted secret bases

to Israel on the islands off the Eritrean shore. Thus, the ELF continued to
receive weapons and it succeeded in carrying out several spectacular operations.
The Ethiopian government went even further toward conciliation with the Arab
and socialist countries: It announced the rupture of diplomatic relations with
Tel Aviv, following the example of most African countries on the wake of the
October 1973 war, and the progressive withdrawal of the United States from the
Kagnew base which had accomodated up to 8,000 American soldiers and technicians.

A Second Diplomatic Strategy Following the Emperor's Fall

Following the February 1974 events, an attempt at reform led, among other
things, to the creation of a 120-member military council, the Derg. It became
gradually apparent that it, alone, was in power and that it was only awaiting
an opportunity to remove the emperor. Haile Selassie, the King of Kings, was
unceremoniously deposed in September 1974. Several prominent aristocrats,
such as Ali Mireh, the Sultan of the Afar, and Ras Mengesha Seymoum, the
governor of Tigre, took to the hills.

The Derg forces resumed the offensive in Eritrea following the failure of a
negotiation undertaken with leading personalities. Repression was carried out
mercilessly and between 1,000 to 2,000 people were slained during the fighting
in Asmara in February 1975. The Eritrean secessionists were weakened by their
internecine dissensions. The ELF, founded in 1961 by Idriss Mohamed Adam, a
pro-Arab and anticommunist Muslim, acquired a competitor in 1970, the Eritrean
People's Liberation Front (EPLF), which was dominated by Christian and progres-
sive elements and which rallied Osman Sabbeh, a former ELF member. The two
organizations, which have been fighting and making up on and off, find refuge
and support in the Sudan which periodically offers its mediation to Addis Abeba.

The Eritrean rebellion made substantial advances in 1976. Patterned on the
Moroccan "green march," a "red march" of militiamen, raised in great number and
hastily armed by the Derg, ended in failure. Yet, that same year, the EPLF was
weakened by its disagreements with Osman Sabbeh who organized a third movement,
the Eritrean Liberation Front/People Liberation Forces (ELF/PLF). For all that,
the EPLF leaders did not succeed in getting along with the ELF. It remained
that practically all of Eritrea was under control of secessionist movements,
with the exception of the large urban centers of Asmara and Mesewa.

But in February 1977, there was a purge in the Derg and Mengistu Haile Mariam

took over. He guided Ethiopia toward Marxism-Leninism. There was therefore a
shift in foreign policy.

16


must develop their creative genius by, for example, participating in companies
like Air Chad, SONAPA [National Animal Production Company], National STAR [ex-
pansion unknown], etc. because, since its advent on 7 June 1982, the Government
of the Third Republic has created the conditions that favor such development.

All these points developed by Mr Gabriel Dombal later formed the subject of a
long debate. Thus the participants complained about the very high prices of
domestic products in comparison with those introduced through smuggling and
contraband, to wit: oil, soap and sugar. Some hoped that these companies would
take all the steps necessary to satisfy consumer demand with local products.

They nevertheless admit that, for the time being, distribution networks are prac-
tically nonexistent since companies like SCOA [expansion unknown], NCSKN [ex-
pansion unknown] and SONACOT [expansion unknown] have not resumed their acti-
vities. For some of the participants it would be desirable for the government
to back certain merchants at the banks to permit them to increase their number
of sales outlets for basic products. A privileged participant in this day of
study and reflection, Mr Amos Maiport, the Chadian Cotton Company's merchandising
manager, who provided important information on the company's agro-industrial and
professional promotion, specifically on the Chadian Cotton Company's partici-
pation in certain Chadian units: National STAR, STT, SIMAT [expansion unknown],
etc. After highlighting relations between the government and the Chadian Cotton
Company, which are many-sided, Mr Maiport noted that, since Chadians themselves
are not interested in their products, it is not surprising that the latter are
not competitive. He went on to say that it is a question of organization and
education before inviting Chadians "to be nationalists in terms of languages and
consumption." Mr Maiport also revealed that in its projects the Chadian Cotton
Company had the intention of creating a holding company that would include a data
processing center, a travel agency, an independent oilworks and an independent
soap factory which would be headed by a central board of directors.

This vast operation, which would revolutionize our country's economy, has been
disrupted by the war and the Chadian Cotton Company has shelved the project
since granters of funds like the International Monetary Fund and the World
Bank are reluctant to finance such a project at this time. The participants,
however, have one hope,that this project, even though costly, may be reactivated
by the Government of the Third Republic within the framework of the reconstruc-
tion policy undertaken since 7 June 1982. A moment of detente when the parti-
cipants tackled the problem of the "ngoundja," or second-hand clothes, which,
it appears, compete with the STT and reduce our tailors to unemployment because
the ngoundja are "ready-to-wear." After exchanges of bitter-sweet remarks, a
Participant provoked general hilarity when he exclaimed: "Since my birth, I've
been wearing these second-hand clothes, my children too. So we must’ consider
the average citizen's purse."

The fact remains that, after a long debate and after having worked on two com-
mittees, the participants in this day of study and reflection proposed recom-
mendations the dominant features of which are the following:

In view of the problems with which Chad is confronted because of the war that
has been imposed on us from outside, drought and famine;

11


Magnis Truck To Produce Japanese Vehicles
(THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER, Sep 85) ...eseeeee 112

. , Briefs
PUTCO Bus Company Fare Rise. 114
ZAIRE

Fiscal Year's First Quarter Declared Satisfactory
CMIUMBE, 29 Jul 85) sesecsccsscccccvcccccccccesseresseeees = 115

Executive Council Reviews Economic Situation
(ELIMA, 31 Aug-1 Sep 85) ...cseccecccccccccccccvecscvceess 118

ZIMBABWE

State Resettles Over 900 Families in Sessombi Area
(THE HERALD, 26 Sep 85) ..ccscecececcececcvcecececevceeecs 121

Libyans To Negotiate Tobacco Deal
(THE SUNDAY MAIL, 22 Sep 85) crccecccsceccecceccescseceecs 122

Copper Contract With Austria Will Mean Increased Exports
(Andrew Rusinga; THE HERALD, 26 Sep 85) ..csceccecececeees 123

-e-



TRANSPORT POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS EXAMINED

IPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER in English Sep 85
pp 379-380 ‘

[Text]

Recommendations following an in-
depth study of South Africa’s transport
policy will be tabled in Parliament in the
form of draft bills during 1986. This was
announced by Hendrik Schoeman,
Minister of Transport during his open-
ing address to the National Transporta-
tion Convention. The Convention was
held from 29 July to 2 August at the
CSIR Conference Centre, Pretoria.

Mr Schoeman said these recommen-
dations originated from a wide spectrum
of transport-related public and private
sector organisations. Recommendations
are being formulated in two phases.
“The first phase of the study (analysing
and reporting on the status quo) was
completed in April 1984, whereafter
seminars were held to further involve the
public to ensure that the reported status
quo was fully comprehensive.

“Phase II of the study is the evaluation
phase and is currently in progress. In
Phase II issues which were identified in
Phase I are being addressed: For each
issue, possible options for change are
considered in the light of various scenar-
ios. A preferred option, with the interest
of the country as the main consideration,
will then be recommended for each issue
area,” he said.

107

The minister said that four transport
policy areas were being addressed:
namely freight transport policy, passen-
ger policy, transport co-ordination in
southern Africa and the organisation of
transport. “In the project on ‘Intermo-
dal freight competition’ one is looking
for a way to move towards a system of
more equitable and effective compe-
tition in the freight transport market in
order to provide the South African con-
sumer with a less expensive but efficient
transport system. The basic thinking on
this subject centres around the adjust-
ment of the status quo in three areas: fi-
nancial inequities existing between the
modes, economic controls hampering
free entry into the market and.technical
controls in some modes.”

“In the ‘Passenger transport policy’
project, the focus is to allow a place in
the sun for all modes of transport, taking
into consideration the existing composi-
tion of the market, i.e. the current bus,
taxi and train fleets. An important direc-
tion here is to ‘localise’ public transport,
i.e. at regional services council level.
‘The financial issue of subsidisation of
uneconomic passenger services is, of
course, a burning issue in public trans-


BANKING INSTITUTIONS REPORT ASSETS-LIABILITIES

IJPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

Pretoria GOVERNMENT GAZETTE in English/Afrikaans 20 Sep 85 pp 23-25

[Text]
NOTICE 581 OF 198S—KENNISGEWING 581 VAN 1985
STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF BANKING INSTITUTIONS AS AT 30 JUNE 1985
[Published in terms of section 13 (5) of the Banks Act, 1965}
STAAT VAN BATES EN LASTE VAN BANKINSTELLINGS SOOS OP 30 JUNIE 1985
[Gepubliseer ingevolge artikel 13 (5) van die Bankwet, 1965]
Commercial | Discount General |
banks houses Merchant banks =| Toul
Handels- | Diskonto- Algemene Totaal
banke huise ‘Aksepbanke | panke |
T
(R100) | (R1000) | (R000) | (R100) | (RI OOH
LIABILITIES/LASTE |
Liabilities to the public |
Verpligtings teenoor die publiek |
1. Deposits by the public/Deposito's deur die publiek: (32 630 491) - (2.231 687) | (11.419 513) | (46 281 091»
Shon-termvKortermyn... 20 166 1364 - 1287903 | 4056 768 | 25 S08 805
Medium-term! Middeltermyn - 9470 164 _ TNT G12 4001 729 14 184 80S
Long-term/Langtermyn ..... an 2.994 193 - zas.72 | 3363016 | 6 583-08)
2. Loans received by discount houses
ase Lenings deur dskonohuise onvang een verzanine van
bates. .... vevenessee . - (1.357 790) - - (1.357 700)
3. Loans and advances from/Lenings en voorskotte van: (998 506) (80) (9 664) (8.031) | (1 016 281)
SA. Reserve Bank/S.A, Reserwebunk . 3 - - - $
S.A. commercial banks/S.A. handels 4424 = 732 6831 11987
Others/Andere... 994 077 80 8932 1200 | 1 004 289
4. Acceptances on behalf of customers, per contra/Aksepte ten
behuewe van kligmte, per konira.. (1.316 938) - (1 110 908) | (272.614) | (2 700 460)
S. Other bills payable/Ander ter betale wissels. - - - (51 470)| (51470)
6. Filty per cemt of credits in transit, and other liabilities to the
public’Vyftig persent van kreditte in transito, en ander verpli
tings teenoor die publiek .. (533 219) (4.727) (31 286) | (320 289)} (899 521)
7 Total liabilities to the public/Totale verplgtings teenoor die :
publiek..... . 35.479 154] 1372507] 3383545 | 12071917 | $2307 123

66


once again, Ethiopia attempting through the intermediary of liberation movements
to destabilize President Siad Barre's regime since 1982.

Two New Weapons Against the Secessionist Provinces: Hunger and Forced Resettle-
ment

The extreme drought, which has prevailed for several years in this part of the
world, has led unavoidably to a shortage of food supplies in addition to the
agrarian reform. The international aid which is being given to Ethiopia should
therefore be distributed to all the regions of that country buffeted by a 100-
year war. Yet, in order to deprive them of food supplies, the Addis Abeba
regime has declared that signing a cease-fire with the secessionist provinces
was out of the question. The concerned provinces are nonetheless succeeding in
acquiring international economic aid through permanent guerrilla warfare.

Consequently, the central government found a way to end civilian aid to the
liberation movements by resettling the populations from provinces opposed to its
authorities to provinces placed under its authority. This Machiavellian
scenario may stamp out the forgotten three-sided war.

6857
CSO: 3419/583

21



other features and other uses of trees perhaps unknown to the general public.
Trees help to stabilize soil, to regulate the courses of rivers, and to main-
tain water reserves on and in the soil. Sufficiently dense vegetation might
influence the formation of clouds, a prelude to any form of precipitation.

Question: What is Chad's potential with regard to forests?

Answer: The latest studies we have state that we possess 16 million hectares
of natural forest, of which we have set aside some 800,000 hectares for re-
serves, national parks and wildlife preserves, representing a classification
rate of five percent, which is pathetic in comparison to what should have
been done. For our part, we would be satisfied with a classification rate of
approximately 30 percent. This is the goal we are trying to attain.

Question: Sixteen million hectares of forest--that's how many years of ex-
ploitation for satisfying energy and industrial needs?

Answer: That would be difficult to determine, since we would first have to
quantify precisely our population's consumption. Such studies have not been
done. I know that such an estimate was made for the city of Ndjamena. It
dates back to 1974. It estimated annual consumption of firewood and charcoal
at approximately 1,600,000 steres* and consumption of wood for construction
at approximately 306,000 structural components. These figures obviously
applied only to Ndjamena, which had 210,000 inhabitants at the time. It
would be more advisable to conduct the same study again for the entire coun-
try and obtain a national average. We hope to be able one day to bridge this
gap in order to direct our policy better.

Question: My final question concerns a criticism. The most frequent re-
proach of the Department of Water and Forests is in regard to the introduc-
tion of species that you have called exotic. People don't understand why,
instead of soapberry or bangalay trees, you are planting eucalyptus and
acacia albida, which are practically alien to our country.

Answer: Acacia albida is definitely native to our country. As for the
others, I agree with those making such criticism that we have almost systema-
tized the use of exotic species for reforestation. There are several reasons
for this practice. We note, first of all, that deforestation is proceeding
at an alarming rate and to restore our flora we considered it necessary to
use fast-growing species. Most of the species we have introduced possess
that characteristic. I can also say that these exotic species have been
studied. We have a great deal of knowledge about their behavior, which we do
not have for our native species. The latter have the advantage of being
immediately accepted by the population, but our knowledge of them is poor,
since no study has been devoted to them. And we are not the only ones in
this situation. All Sahelian countries use practically the same species.
That means that even in neighboring countries no studies have been conducted
to obtain better knowledge of our native trees. Such studies would be very
expensive and we prefer to use our modest resources to achieve something

One stere = one cubic meter of wood.



JPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

GUINEA

SAUDI DEVELOPMENT AID REVIEWED
Conakry HOROYA in French 26 Sep 85 p 3

[Text] On Monday 23 September 1985 the fraternal people of Saudi Arabia
commemorated the 53rd anniversary of the unification of the country's various
provinces. The occasion was celebrated with boundless enthusiasm, as is
appropriate for a people who are enjoying to the hilt the benefits of progress.

In Conakry this historic date, a memorable one not only for the Saudis but for
all Muslims everywhere, was celebrated simply but spiritedly. Site of the
celebration was the Grand Independence Hotel, where His excellency Mr Wahib M.
Saikhoun, charge d'affaires of the Royal Saudi embassy in Guinea, held a
reception enhanced by the presence of a high-level delegation of the CMRN
[Military Committee for National Redressment] and the government, led by Captain
Kerfalla Camara, member of the CMRN, minister of territorial administration.

The reception was also attended by members of the diplomatic and consular corps
accredited in Guinea as well as by several Guinean officials.

During the ceremony, which took place ‘between 1900 and 2100 hours, Captain
Kerfalla and Mr Wahib Saikhoun toasted the friendly ties of Islamic fraternity
between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Guinea, They took the
opportunity to review several aspects of cooperation between the two countries,
particularly in the domain of economic and social development, where the
kingdom and private Saudi institutions are participating in financing several
ventures.

It was a time for recalling with satisfaction that in terms of economic and
social development cooperation, the list of notable projects is already a long
one.

In fact, "loans, commitments and nonreimbursable gifts provided by the Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia to Guinea have reached a total of U.S. $270 million.” The
kingdom is helping to finance several Guinean projects, as we have said.

Among these development projects, the most important are the

Gueckedou-N' Zerekore road, the Sougueta cement plant, the education project,
the rural health centers, village water projects, irrigated agriculture
development, and the Faisal mosque in Conakry.

26


. certain amount of the water which is de-
livered to the Witwatersrand gravitates
to more distant consumers in lower-
lying areas notably the Pretoria area and
Rustenburg from the system of storage
Teservoirs on the Witwatersrand that
serve in supplying peak demands and-to.
supply consumers in cases of emergency.’
About 90 per cent of the water put into
supply is therefore delivered to the high-
lying area and the total pumping head re-
quired for this duty approaches 500m.
The power demand of the pumping sys-
tem varies between 115MW in normal
demand periods to 220 MW during high
demand periods.

The location of the majority of the
consumers on or beyond the remote and
high-lying Witwatersrand area relative
to the water source is unusual when com-
pared with most developed areas in the
world. The pumping duty to be met
therefore involves high expenditure of
energy and for this reasonit is important
that the pumping installations for the
delivery of water should be of high
efficiency. .

The main route—Figure 2—is such
that there is a gradual rise along the
greater part of the route followed by a
rapid and marked rise from the foothills
of the ridge forming the Witwatersrand
up to the highest points where the distri-
bution reservoirs are sited. Along the
initial and greater lengths of the pump-
ing mains there is a gradual decrease in
pipeline pressure as static height is
gained whereas from the foothills on-
ward there is a rapid decrease in pipeline
pressure as the elevation increases.

Pumping in one single lift from the
Tiver stations to the distribution reser-
voirs would entail a pumping head ex-
ceeding 500m and high pressure pump-
ing mains over the greater part of the
length up to the foothills and pressure
would reduce substantially only there-
after. The prohibitive cost of such long
lengths of high capacity and high press-
ure pumping mains dictated that relift
pumping by booster stations be adopted.
The obvious siting of a booster pumping
station is at the start of the foothills.

THIS PUMPING MAIN PROFILE IS
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BOARD'S
ZUIKERBOSCH - PALMIET - MEYER'S HILL

PUMPING SYSTEM

PUMPING HEAD

HYDRAULIC GRADIENT _FROM

BOOSTER

DISTANCE KILOMETRES

STATION + 1800
DISTRIBUTION
RESERVOIR
‘SYSTEM
b 1780
F 1700
°
= bieso
u
2
z -
= bis0o
BOOSTER PUMPING STATION H
L 1ss0
F180
biaso
1400

° o) 2 30

40 30

Figure2 .
Typical profile of a pumping main.

95



1295+107

“SSA
JPRS*SSAME? 995

4 Novemb

SOUTH AFRICA

INDUSTRIAL USE OF LASERS EXAMINED
Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK (High-Tech) in English 12 Sep 85 pp 7-11

[Excerpts]

Since the construction of the first laser in
1960, the use of this relatively new tech-
nology has spread widely and made its
presence felt in a broad range of endea-

‘vours.

Lasers have become important and val-
uable tools in the whole of industry. How-
‘ever, in South Africa, much of the benefits
of laser technology have yet to be realised
and its use, as with many other high-tech-
nology products, is limited to a few for-
ward-thinking companies.

The common laser types are Helium-
neon (He-Ne), Nd:YAG, ion, CO, pulsed
dye, copper vapoui, nitrogen, ruby, glass
and semconductor diode.

They all vary according to their size,
efficiency, wavelength, output and ap-

ications. .

Pl .

Perhaps the most established and widely
used is the He-Ne laser which is a con-
tinuous, visible beam used particularly in
alignment, information processing, in-
spection, measurement and metrology.

They are used daily on construction
sites, in mines and on the factory floor.
These are applications extensively used
worldwide but not much in South Africa
outside of the mining industry.

The problem, says ‘Julian Reed, sales
director of Afgen, which supplies laser-
based equipment for measurement and
alignment in the construction and mining
industries, lies largely in education.

While the market has developed to the
point that 85% of mines in this country

88

use one or more lasers for such purposes
as directional and grade alignment, con-
struction ‘certainly lags behind.

One mine, Secunda Colliery, has 92
laser guidance systems, but the market
requires education and development.

“We started selling lasers in 1975 but
even up until five years ago it was still
difficult to convince people that it wasn’t
science fiction but a practical working tool,”
says Reed.

“In terms of market penetration, South
Africa Is certainly lagging behind the rest
of the world.”

In mines, the lasers help whenever a
straight line is needed. And, in construc-
tion, the uses are similar but also creating
planes, where levels are critical.

Bulldozers and graders equipped with
sensors to the hydraulics systems can dig
to precise depths required by the gradient,
eliminating costly rework or filling.

Reed claims that lasers used in pipe
laying can easily result in 25-50% pro-
ductivity increases, and in trenching and
earth moving it can be 40%.

“With accurate laser alignment, getting
it right the first time becomes the norm,”
he says.

One earthmoving company in the
northern Transvaal, says Reed, reported
that the two beacon lasers used for ma-
chine control in construction grading, land
levelling and contouring have cut ma-
chine operating times by 40%.

“The savings on operating times far
outweigh the original cost of the laser
equipment.”


conerete. We have therefore tried to attend to the most urgent needs first
by using species that we already know something about.

The second reason has to do with the fragility of our ecological systems.
Native species supported by these soils are very specialized and perish if
the least climate changes occur. This explains, for example, the high mor-
tality rate observed among our vegetation since the beginning of the great
drought of the 1970's. North of Ndjamena, we note a high percentage of dead
standing trees. They are soapberry trees, Senegalese acacias and many other
native species. Thus when it is question of reforesting such areas, should
we use native species that have demonstrated their inability to adapt to new
conditions? A study would thus be needed to determine whether local species
could adapt to new climate conditions. However, we do possess such knowledge
about exotic species, on which many studies have been done.

The third consideration has to do with our policy. We are not carrying out
reforestation for the sake of reforestation. We assign specific goals to the
reforestation that we undertake. When it is a question of producing firewood,
I would agree that local species are more appropriate. But for the production
of structural wood, wood for industry and construction, we must recognize
that the qualities required for obtaining such wood are often absent in the
case of our local species. For as much firewood as we need, we must also
produce as much structural wood, which comes mainly from our palmyra planta-
tions, which are seriously threatened. Being unable to rely on reforestation
based on the use of palmyra trees, which are particularly slow-growing, we
considered eucalyptus. The eucalyptus trees growing today in the vicinity of
Walia are barely seven years old and can be of practical use in construction.
These are the considerations that led us to continue along the chosen path,
i.e., the introduction of exotic species. However, we have not lost sight of
the possibility of developing our local species again one day. But we wanted
to attend to our most urgent needs first and there was no possibility of
devoting our meager resources to conducting research, whose results are diffi-
cult to guarantee.

11915
CSO: 3419/537



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penBis

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eunowaisne

94


drive are the large number of spring-
loaded brushes that need to be adjusted,
commutator maintained, and any failure
of the induction regulator puts the whole
drive out of service.

In 1974 the first variable speed drives
using the static Kramer system in con-
junction with slipring motors were put
into service. The efficiency of this drive
is marginally higher than that of the NS
induction regulator drive and, in addi-
tion, failure of the speed regulating
equipment on a Kramer system does not
affect the availability.of the slipring mo-
tor that can still be used as a fixed speed
motor—or even as a resistance con-
trolled variable speed drive at low effi-
ciency. Routine maintenance of a static
Kramer drive is also considerably less
than on a NS induction regulator drive.

Disadvantages on the static Kramer
drive can arise from the need to provide
harmonic filters and power factor cor-
rection and, in addition, based on ex-
perience gained in South Africa, teeth-
ing problems took a long time to resolve.
However, both electric variable speed

described are giving satisfactory

service.

Electric motor-drives

The development of electric motor-
drives using the principles of frequency
variation are being watched with inter-
est. However, so far no motor of this
type has been tried by the Board.

Steam turbine drives

Steam turbine drives offer excellent
flexibility for pumps because of the abil-
ity to run at variable speeds. Overload-
ing cannot occur since this will auto-
matically result in speed reduction. Any
stéam turbine is not necessarily suitable
as a variable speed pump drive as it is
possible for turbine blades to suffer from
vibration fatigue due to resonance
caused by operating at certain speeds in
conjunction with a centrifugal pump.
The speed range for the operational re-
quirements of a steam-turbine-driven
pump needs to be determined carefully
once pump characteristics are known, to
enable the turbine manufacturer to do

99

an adequate blade design. Generally,
some combination of shrouding, lacing
wires and damping wires have to be
fitted to turbine blades in a turbine oper-
ating under variable speed conditions.
In South Africa with its large coal re-
serves, steam generation in areas close
to coal mines is relatively inexpensive.
Disadvantages -in steam-turbine-drives
are the cost of the associated boiler and
coal and ash handling plant, the large op-
erating staff required and the high cost of
maintenance on the ancillary equip-
ment. The Board has learned that be-
cause of escalation in the cost of steam
generating plant and increase in long-
term interest rates, the cost of boilers
and steam turbines has become inflated
to the extent that it cannot in all cases be
redeemed by the saving in energy costs.
It is, however, still economic to operate
all the existing steam prime movers. The
steam plant serves as a sound emergency
back-up to the electricity supply network.
and good use is made of the steam plant
to take up variations in load while the
‘electric motor driven pumps are used as
far as possible as base load plant. The
higher the load factor the lower the unit
cost of electricity.

Atypical delivery pipeline

The most recently installed long delivery
Pipeline from a river pumping station is
that completed during 1984 between
Zuikerbosch and Palmiet pumping sta-
tions comprising 2300 mm internal dia-
meter pipes some of which are of steel
and others of prestressed concrete. The
pipeline operates at heads of up to 250m.
allowing for surge and at flow rates of up
to 800 Mé/d.

Currently a delivery pipeline from
Vereeniging to Eikenhof pumping sta-
tions is being designed that will be of the
same diameter’ and for a similar duty.
‘The length of the pipeline will be 50km
and the estimated cost is R1500 per
metre that will result in a total capital
outlay of some R75-million.



JPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

ZAIRE

FISCAL YEAR'S FIRST QUARTER DECLARED SATISFACTORY
Lumbumbashi MJUMBE in French 29 Jul 85 pp 1, 8

[Text] It is known that the executive council met last
Friday under the chairmanship of Citizen Kengo wa Dondo,
member of the central committee and the political bureau, and
first state commissar. As we promised in our weekend edition,
we offer below a complete report made out at the conclusion
of this meeting by Citizen Ramazani Baya, state commissar for
press information and spokesman for the party-state's
“executive organization.

"The directives issuing from the president and founder of the MPR [People's
Movement of the Revolution] and president of the republic were communicated
this Friday to the state commissars by First State Commissar Kengo wa Dondo,
member of the central committee and political bureau, who chaired the meeting
of the executive council, the last for July. The meeting dealt with two items,
one internal and the other external.

With regard to foreign affairs, the council was informed of the official visit
of President Omar Bongo of Gabon and his wife beginning on Saturday. His visit
followed that made by the president and founder of the MPR, together with Mama
Bobi Ladawa to Libreville from 22 to 24 July 1985.

The Gabonese president, who has never visited the hinterlands, except for
Kisangani, will spend 48 hours of his stay in Zaire in Gbadolite.

In internal affairs, the council members were apprised that the head of state
had chosen Mbuji-Mayi as the location where he would chair the next expanded
meeting of the executive council.

On the agenda for the 2 August meeting in the Kasai-Oriental regional capital,
the head of the party wanted listed the problem of tightening border control,
particularly in the area of trade in agricultural, mining, and manufacturing
products.

During this meeting, the state commissar for national administration will

present a complete file, based on the reports of the MPR regional presidents,
taking stock of the border trade which is being carried on in their respective

115



“Teal (inciting Opening Balance). Tovaal(insivnende Auavangssaldo).

No. 2078 13 September 1985

Staat van Ontvangste en Oordragte uit die Skatkis-
rekening vir die ype 1 yee 1985 tot 34 Augustus 1985.

Tesourie, Pretoria.

~ONTVANGSTE

Month of Auge ‘Toval | April to 31 August

‘Mesad Anpasres Tomal 1 Apel tox 31 Aupesnas

1985 1984 198s 19a

R R ® R

- - 3339 mm

174-736 628 - - =
3.030 869 475 2m 32136 10 938 405 250 7987 297 388
193 639 $75 253 518 m1 50111 976 666 508 313
3.224 509 350 2.625 630377 4s 577 $553 905 701
- 15 129740 3101 131 T2413 O41
249 oO 2640 774 126 629 430
1798 000 6455s f + £336.005

- 1107 -
= - 150 200
2737 285 39.357 a 12197917 207 380 516

8761 186 217

62


Commercial | Discount Generai
banks houses Merchant oanks Total
Handels- | Diskomto- banks Algemene Totaal
banke huise Aksepbanke banke
Bills of and loans and advances to public corporations/Wis-
sels van en Jenings en voorskoree aan openbare korporasies .. 329 844 29 760 7-205 34733 401 $32
Stocks and debentures of public corporations/Effekte en obli-
gasies van openbare korporasies 184 109 - 23 304 184 755 392 168
Other debentures/Ander obligasies 15 $06 -_ 15 882 3399 34-787
Building societies shares/Aandele van bouverenigings 11 093, - 4 6 11123
Shares of $%. banking institutions, S.A. Reserve Bank and
National Finance Corporation/Aandele van S.A. bankinstel-
lings, S.A, Reserwebank en Nasionale Finansiekorporasi 61539 - 300 17 795 79 634
Other shares/Ander aandele 1 140 126 100 220 037 115631 | 1.475 894
(R100) | (Ri 000) | (1000) | (R100) | (RI 000)
8. Bills discounted or purchased/Gediskontcerde of gekoukte wis-
sels: (654 863) | (381 941) (74.827)| (205 842) | (1 317 473)
Drawn by residents of S.A.—currenuDeur inwoners van
S.A. getrek—lopend:
Bankers’ acceptances/Bankaksepte 305 696 353 715 44 844 134 487 838 712
Trade and agricultural bills/Handel 267 646 - 2 848 39.073 329 $67
Other bills/Ander wissels .. 60 926 28 226 27135 12 284 128 571
Drawn by nonsresidents—current/Deur nie-inwoners getrek-
—lopend ... 20 595 - - - 20 595
Overdue/agiersialig - - ~ 28 2B
9. Hire-purchase discounts and advances (current and over-
dueyHuurkoopdiskonterings en -voorskotte (lopend en
agterstallig) ... (44s 76 | 0 — (161 369)} (6 302 121) | “(10 609 257)
10, Deeds of sale discounted or entered imo (curent and over- o-
due)/Koopakies gediskonteer of aangegaan (open en
agrerstallig) .. - - (19 209) (25) (19 234)
11, Loans and advances to GovernmeatLenings en voorskote aan
Regerings .. (55 424) - (88) (6 914) (62 426)
12, Other loans and advances/Andet lenings en voorskote (21 128 833) (2.172) | (1.219699) | (2.865 191) | (25 215 895)
Unsecured/Ongedek:
Curren/Lopend . 7 699 656 - 815 652 895.050 | 9 410 358
Overdue/Agterstali 1 684 - 3827 1263 6776
Secured—current/Gedek—lopend:
By stocks, shares or debentures/Deur effekte, aandele of
obligasies. 269 080 1146 33715 15 599 319 540
By mortgages over town property/Deur verbande op stede-
like eiendom 4326 349 1026 136 450 795212 | $ 257037
<i . ee 1961 387 ~ 3 200 194 289 | - 2 158 846
By pledge of bills for collection/Deur verpanding van
inkassowissels.. 74 243 - - a 74 284
By sereties and co-principal debiors/Deur borge en
medehoofskuldenare—
819 723 - 22.637 211579 | 1.053.939
3811 144 - 111 350 382 893 | 4 305 387
2.054 132 - 81247 298 286 | 2.433 665
41833 ~- 11 621 25 403 78 857
71 634 - - 45.575 117 209
Overdue/Agterstallig - - = = -
13, Merchandise leases (cument and overdveyHandelsware-nour
komtrakte (lopend en agterstallig). : (1.772.708) - (51 382)| (3 781 330) | (5 605 420)
14, Balances due by branches and S.A. head office/Saldo's
verskuldig deur take en S.A. hoofkantoor .. (1 276 380) - - (81 308) | (1.357 688)
15. Clients’ liability on acceptances outstanding. per conira/Ver-
pligtings van kliémte uit hoofde van uitstaande aksepte. per :
ontraee.e- sevssveneteeee veccsneeeeess | (1316 938) - (1 110 908)| (272 614) | (2 700 460)

68



JPRS+SSA*85+107
4 November 1985

CHAD

BRIEFS

BEI LOAN—-ATP [Chadian Press Agency]~-Within the framework of the Second Lome
Agreement, the European Investment Bank (BEI) has granted a loan of 2 million
ECU [European currency units] for small and medium-scale investments in Chad in
industry, agro-industry, fishing, mining, energy and transports. This loan has
been granted to the government, which will make the funds available to the Chad-
ian Credit and Deposit Bank (BTCD) and the International Bank for Africa in
Chad (BIAT). This loan has been granted in the form of a conditional loan (a loan
the repayment, interest rate and term of which may vary depending on conditions
set in the contract) for 15 years at the rate of 1 percent (one percent) of the
amount of the risk capital provided for in the agreement and the administration
of which is entrusted to the BEI. The funds will be reloaned by the two inter-
mediary banks for projects selected in joint agreement with the BEI and in con-
suItation with the government. The investments to be financed will consist of
either the reestablishment of existing production capacities or the creation of
new activities. (Text] [Ndjamena INFO-TCHAD in French 28 Aug 85 p 11] 11466

CSO: 3419/566

13



Pumps

The static rise of about 150 metres
from the river pumping stations to the
foothills of the Witwatersrand when
added to the friction head loss in this
relatively long pipeline system rep-
resents a pumping head of about 190
metres from the river stations and no re-
lift facility along this part of the pipeline
route is necessary.

The demand for water by consumers
in normal unrestricted periods is increas-
ing at about 5,5 per cent per annum and
consequently additional pumping plants
with associated additional pumping
mains have to be provided at relatively
frequent intervals. As the distribution
network is situated remote from the ma-
jor source of water, the Vaal River, long
pumping mains are necessary and there-
fore frictional head loss is a significant
factor and must be kept to an economic

minimum. An economic study is under-
taken in each case to establish the opti-
mum size of the new pumping main such
that additional capital cost on pipe size
to reduce running costs does not exceed
the capitalised value of any saving in run-
ning costs that is to be achieved.

Choice of pumps

The relatively long pumping mains give
Tise to significant changes in the pump-
ing head with changes in the pumping
rate. The effect of friction is shown in the
shape of a typical pipeline characteristic
curve in Figure 3 and pump sets with pro-
vision for varying the duty are therefore
desirable.

The individual pump sets at the river
and booster pumping stations range in
capacity from 50 to 300 Mé/d. Through-
out the range of sizes both steam turbine
and electric motor driven pump sets are
used. The range of capacities provides a

200
i | -
STAGE PLUS

190: EEE ne
16
wif |
Cito
od 2

5
8 4 ’ \
160.
18s 7
180

PUMP SETS OF TRIS ARRANGEMENT
TM~ RANGE IN CAPACITY FROM 100 TO SOOMI/d.

0
= Col
wt aN eaamacremsns
: 3 PE |scosTER STAGE
©. ow sree Flow _RATE = ui/d =

Figure3
Typical characteristics for long pumping main and electric motor driven pump sets.

96


Siad Barre and the chief of South Yemen. But the two African chiefs of state
refused the formula of a Yemeni-Somali-Ethiopian federation within which Eritrea
and the Ogaden would enjoy autonomy.

Shortly thereafter, Mengistu Haile Mariam went to Moscow and the shift in
alliances took place: The USSR promised weapons to the Ethiopian government
whose relations with the United States deteriorated. Whereas Moscow had
always supported Somalia, which had just began to fight Ethiopia for the second
time, Cuban troops and Soviet advisers were to reinforce the Ethiopian army.

The direct intervention of a superpower in the affairs of Ethiopia was there-
fore going to bolster a three-sided war, whose progress was so complex that
public opinion seems to have lost interest in it. Surprisingly, this war has
been forgotten!

Eritrea, the Endless Secession

To understand the mechanism of the Eritrean secession is simple if one refers

to the above-mentioned era dealing with the expansion of the Amhara, to the
expense of the other, very often heterogeneous, ethnic groups, but whose common
ground is not that, at the beginning, they were Christian but rather that the
majority were Muslim. A 1962 vote of the Eritrean Parliament having changed the
Eritrean autonomy born of World War II to a pure and simple annexation on behalf
of Ethiopia, resistance therefore became organized. This resulted in the
formation of the three above-mentioned liberation movements, the most powerful
one being thé EPLF which first appeared in the 1970's. After 25 years of
fighting, the Eritrean fighters are the oldest guerrilla fighters in Africa.

It is at their sides that many of the emperor's opponents once trained; it is

at their side that today's staunchest opponents of the present regime are being
trained.

The fighters are supported by an impressive organization in which the civilian
population participates. The village militias in the mountains of the Sahel
are engaged in transporting on the back of camels weapons and food to the
various fronts. Reciprocally, the EPLF organized the peasants in women's,
youths' and farmers' associations. Hundreds of "barefoot doctors" have gone
into the villages to administer health care and impart basic sanitation
principles. Schools, clandestine for the most part, have been opened and the
EPLF sells basic commodities at reduced prices in its people's stores.

The EPLF's rear bases in the mountains of the Sahel are also impressive. With
the patience of ants, fighters have dug the rocks in order to set up hospitals,
shops, printing presses and garages in those caves. If activities are reduced
during the day for fear of Ethiopian planes, they are in full swing at night:
The information sector prints magazines, newspapers and school manuals and
broadcasts radio programs in Tigre and Tigrinya, the two leading languages of
Eritrea, as well as Amharic. Truck convoys link the camps to the Sudanese
border through a network of literally hand-dug mountain roads. Despite the
differences. which remain between nomad and sedentary people and between
Christians and Muslims, the fight for independence succeeded in unifying the
Eritrean mosaic made up of 11 different peoples to whom the EPLF gave a common

18



JPRS+SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

GOVERNMENT CUTBACK TARGETS WITHIN REACH
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 1 Oct 85 p 12
[Text]
reent - ” Providing details of the
tr overament de art- ‘ative one and the De- cutbacks, “he said the. Force, which had been
vente ‘al fence Force, had been commission had identi- burdened by extra duties
ments’ financial cut- able to meet the cutback fied three facets. imposed on it.
back targets, totalling requirements, which had a
R471-million for the originally been set at The first was a saving _Dr De Beer empha-
current financial year, _eight percent but had had on personnel expendi. _- sised that jobs frozen had
should be achieved to be reduced to a more ture, with a target of 50 <‘been right through the
according to projec- realistic level for the time percent of vacancies in spectrum of civil service
tions made on progress being, Dr De Beer said. March this year to be fro- posts, from almost the
i : zen. Projections were for highest (Deputy Director-
so far, the chairman of Savi
the Commission for ings a figure of 44 percent, or General level) to the low-
RGminisration, DrJo —-Heemphasised the sav. eched py'hecod ofthe
han de Beer said yes- ings had been a “traumat- financial year. The second facet of the
terday. ic process” as the “fat” ° savings programme, a
¥ had already been cut out Target stop to service bonuses
It was made up of of the Public Service in (13th cheques) had been
about R169-million on previous austerity pro- In money terms the tar- « “easier to achieve but no
personnel expenditure grammes.’ get set had been R211- less traumatic”.
cutbacks, at least R225- million, of which about ai
million on service bonus This year was phase R169-million, or some 80 The Rees mien ar
withdrawals, and some one of the project, and percent, would be get woh rahe ari
R3S-million on a diverse phase two would take achieved. Sent Ye onding os
grouping of savings meas- place in the next financial hon tly, depending on
ures, he said at a Press year, from March 1986, Ten departments had ow pany pant Posts
conference in Pretoria. although no specific plans exceeded this target, 11 were frozen by the end of
: . had been made yet as had been “spot one” a the year.
Education, with the — ¢h A 'd further six had been .
emphasis on Black duce the coomontte elate and “technically below, but Beer'satd had Been a dh
tion. the Police and the political factors, amo1 by less than five percent,” _ a
. Prisons Services had been _—_ others. iad and only two had diffcul-  YOTSS, SfOUP. Of savings

measures, including a

the only departments ex- ties in meeting the re-

t ¢ Those Departments s charge for formerly free
cluded, on instruction that had not made the quirements. transport provided for
. the savings campaign. grade this year due to un- ‘The first had been one Public servants, longer
avoidable. circumstances of the new administrative working hours, and a re-

All the affected De- would be called on to do departments created with duction in merit awards.
partments, with the ex- $0.next year, Dr De Beer- the implementation of the _ The target of R35-mil-
ezption of a new adminis- said. new constitution, and the lion for this would prob-
other was the Defence ably also be slightly ex-

ceeded. — Sava.

cso: 3400/185

47



JPRS~SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

SAPO LIMITS CONTRACTS TO SA CABLE COMPANIES

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 6

[Text]

cso:

On 1 October, the lucrative
Post Office account for the
supply of fibre-optics cable
falls open to tender, as Al-
tech group company STC’s
three-year supply agree-
ment comes to a close.
SAPO plans to spend
about R160-million on op-
tical-fibre cable for its te-
by the end of 1988. However, in a bid to limit
reliance on imports and to stimulate local man-

qualified
‘Aberdare Cables, another Altech Group com-
, with its recently installed cabling plant in
‘Blizabeth, and ATC (SA) with its optical-
fibre drawing and cabling facility in Brits.
‘SAPO has a long-term plan to install. the latest
in optical-fibre telecommunications technology in
the form of a nationwide telecommunications net-
work linking Durban, Johannesburg, Port Eliz~
abeth and Cape Town.
‘The network is known as Diginet.
Diginet consists of 12-fibre cables with a ca~
ity to carry nearly 12 000 conversations with
7520 calls on each pair of fibres.

3400/185

92

SAPO will buy about 26 900 km of optical
fibre in the current financial year at an estimated
cost of about R50-million. In the 1987/88 finan-
cial year it will need about 32 000 ian.

“After that, it is difficult wo say. 88 oar
quirements will nd on available A
quiere io stile at about 35-40 000 km
a year,” said Dawie Malan, senior director of

SAPO’s telecommunications requirements are
estimated to be about 90% of the total current
market for optical fibre. STC’s three-year supply
agreement to supply SAPO with optical-fibre and
peripheral equipment falls away at the end of

September.

In fumre, SAPO’s requirements for optical-
fibre cable ‘‘will be obtained from approved local
manufacturers only’’.

‘There is ‘strong competition between the two
contenders. ATC held the official opening of its
R9-million optical-fibre drawing plant in Brits on
15 August and announced that it would spend a
further R11-million to double its fibre-drawing

capacity.

On the same day, Aberdare announced that it
had already gone into production at its R8-million
optical-fibre cabling plant in Port Elizabeth.



JPRS=SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

MAURITIUS

BERENGER RETURNS FROM MEETING IN REUNION
Port Louis LE NOUVEAU MILITANT in French 20 Sep 85 pp 1, 4

[Text] The leader of the opposition, Paul Berenger, returned to Mauritius the
day before yesterday after 2 days of talks on Reunion, where he met European
parliamentarians, representatives of various Reunion political parties and the
acting secretary general of the Comorian Democratic Front, Mr Yousouf Moussa.

A delegation from the European Parliament is currently in Reunion. It includes
deputies from Italy, France, Greece, Britain and Germany.

Officials from Guadeloupe, Martinique and French Guyana are also on Reunion.

Paul Berenger met with some of these parliamentarians, but most notably with
the acting secretary general of the “Comorian Democratic Front," with whom the
wm [Mauritian Militant Movement] leader had a lengthy discussion of the
situation on the Comoro Islands and Mayotte.

Most of the leaders of the "democratic front" based in the Comoros are
currently in prison, including the secretary general of the front himself,

Mr Yousouf Moussa, acting secretary general of the front, is based on Mayotte.

Paul Berenger and Mr Yousouf Moussa also discussed relations between the front
and other movements opposed to the regime of President Abdallah of Comoro,
including Mouzair Abdallah's Union for a Democratic Republic in the Comoros, Mr
Takiv's National Union for Democracy in the Comoros, the FNNK [expansion
unknown] and the Organization of Comorian Youth.

Paul Berenger also met with leaders of the Reunion Communist Party [PCR], the
Socialist Party [PSR] and the Reunion Progressive Movement {MPR], as well as

with Dr Lagourgue, president of "Unir" and vice president of the Reunion
Regional Council.

9516
CSO : 3419/12

30


JPRS+SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

ETHIOPIA

INVOLVEMENT WITH THREE-SIDED WAR EXAMINED

Paris AFRIQUE CONTEMPORAINE in French Jul-Aug-Sep 85 pp 46-52
[Article by Pierre Viaud: "The Forgotten Three~Sided War"
{Text] Origin of the Rifts

After holding back the Muslim hordes for centuries, Ethiopia, the empire of
Christendom on the African continent, had to face at the end of the 19th centu-
ry the appetites of the European powers, particularly those of Italy which
settled on the Eritrean shore as far back as 1869 after purchasing the port of
Assab. As for France, it played the Ethiopian card by settling in Obock, near
Djibouti, in 1884, while London and Rome drafted secret plans for dividing the
empire. As far back as that era, the European powers wanted to block off all
accesses to the sea. The peace treaty of 1896, which followed the first
victory of black troops over European ones, kept Eritrea under Italian rule.
Some time later, agreements ambiguously defined the boundaries of the French
possessions. To the east and south, the English and Italians divided Somalia
between them. Long before the conflict with Italy, Emperor Menelik had under-
taken to enlarge the empire which remained bounded to Abyssinia proper, that
is to say, the high plateaus, where the population spoke Amharic and belonged
to the Christian religion. Victorious campaigns against the troops of
Muhammed Abdullah Hassan, the Mullah of Somalia, who had aroused the population
against the British and Italians at the beginning of the century, and south-
ward expeditions had made it possible to annex the Harrar, Ogaden and
Haud, the region of Kafa and the countries of Sidamo and Galla and give
Ethiopia approximately the same boundaries that it has retained to this day.

World War II was to put an end to the Italian occupation. The Italian forces
were soon driven to surrender under the onslaught of the British and the French
resistance fighters with the help of Ethiopian guerrilla fighters. Haile
Selassie, who had been forced to go into exile, returned to his capital in
1941. With the return of peace, Ethiopia encountered some difficulties re-
establishing its integrity and independence. Rome even pretended to continue
administering the country under UN trusteeship. Egypt was demanding Eritrea
and Great Britain was considering linking the Ogaden to the Somalias. Finally,
thanks to the drive of the Ethiopian minister of foreign affairs, Eritrea was
placed under the Ethiopian administration as a federate territory, whereas the
Haud and Ogaden, occupied by British troops up to 1954, were returned to Addis

14


BAREND: ANSWER TO DEBT 'MORE EXPORTS'

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 1 Oct 85 p 4

{Text]

SOUTH Arfrica’s abili-
ty to meet its internat-
ional financial commit-
ments in the immedi-
ate future would large-
ly depend on it being
able to continue ex-
panding its exports,
the Minister of Fi-
nance, Mr Barend du
Plessis, told the Inter-
national Monetary
Fund meeting in Seoul,
South Korea, yester-
day.

As a country with a
firm belief in the virtues
of the free market system,
South Africa unreserved-
ly endorsed the call for re-
sistance to protectionis t
measures, without which
Prospects for sustainable
recovery in the world
economy would be under-
mined and the manage-
ment of the external pos-
ition of heavily indebted
countries would be sever-
ely complicated.

ty Open trading

CsO: 3400/185

H particularly welcome |

the firm determination”
expresse@py members of
the interim committee
that their governments
will preserve an open
trading system in which
all countries will have ef
fective access to world
markets,” Mr du Plessis
said. .

A copy of his prepared
speech was released in
Pretoria.

‘The Minister said it was
clear the world economic
situation had improved
during the past year in
certain important re-
spects, but that clouds
were now gathering on
the horizon in spite of
this.

Weak economy

“Primary commodity
prices have recently been
declining and, coupled
with the slowing down of
economic activity in the
United States, the export
earnings of the devel-
oping countries and hence
their growth prospects are
weakening.

“Unless there is accel-

58

d economic expan-
sion to the other major in-
dustrial countries, overall

.industrial growth might

well slow down in the
year ahead at a time
‘when unemployment in
developing countries is a
serious problem and
threat to social stability.
“Add to this the grow-
ing calls for protectionism
and the reluctance of
banks to extend new
loans in Third World
countries, and we have
the makings of a new in-

‘ternational debt crisis,”

Mr Du Plessis said.
Governors of the Fund
and the World Bank
should therefore not be
deluded that the internat-
ional debt problems were
being resolved satisfactor-
ily.
Concern

concer not only for the
debtor countries them-
selves, but also for the
creditor banks and the
monetary authorities of
industrial countries.

—~SOUTH AFRICA

JPRS+SSA+85~107
4 November 1985

However, the events
that had led up to the
forced declaration of a
standstill period for the
repayment of foreign debt
were in many respects
“very different” from
those that had created
debt repayment problems
for many other countries.

South Africa had for
some time been applying
relatively strict monetary
and fiscal policy meas-
ures, resulting in sharply
decreased gross domestic
expenditure, a decline in
imports and enhanced ex-
ports with the current ac-
count surplus equalling
some four percent of the
gross domestic product:

The Republic had
moreover not  experi-
enced any difficulty in.
meeting both its interest
and capital redemption
commitments on long-
term loans, and neither
had the Government nor
public sector experienced
an outflow of short-term
capital. — Sapa.


pRsSSA~
4 November

——

g5+107
1985

SOUTH AFRICA

MINI-CONTAINER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY DEVELOPED

Johannesburg THE SOUTH AFRICAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER in English Sep 85 p 378

[Text]

cso:

The SA Transport Services have devel-
oped a unique form of freight unitisation
which reduces repetitive handling with
Tespect to transit traffic and gives im-
proved protection for freight in transit.
The freight bin (mini-container) con-
cept affords the smaller potential con-
tainer user the benefit of containerising
his traffic, such a service currently being
limited by the use of three-metre con-

tainers. The freight bin measures;

1,457m (width), 2,438m (depth) x
2,591m (height), has a payload of
3000kg and a cubic capacity of 7,9m°
(which represents a quarter TEU). The
smaller size also accounts for a reduction
in packaging requirements.

Reinforced glass fibre panels and
3CRI12 stainless steel will be used for the
framework of the freight bins. These
materials are anti-corrosivé “and un-
painted, and will account for a reduction
in maintenance costs.

Asum of R254-million has been allo-
cated to the manufacture and phasing-in
of freight bins over the next five years.
An additional amount of over R45-mil-
lion will be added to the rail wagon refur-
bishing programme whereby about 7000
existing rail wagons will be modified to
facilitate the conveyance of freight bins.

3400/185

These rail wagons will be equipped
with additional twist locks to accommo-
date the smaller size of the freight bins.
These modified container wagons are
also capable of securing three-, six- and
twelve-metre containers and need not be
used exclusively for freight bins.

The intermodality of freight bin work-
ing also requires specially equipped car-
tage vehicles which will be accommo-
dated in the normal replacement
schedule of such vehicles. These vehicles.
will be equipped with twist locks on
which the freight bins will be secured,
thereby eliminating the need for a

Arailer.

111

The length and height of the original
haulers, with trailers, proved unwieldy
for freight delivery ia urban areas. The
converted cartage vehicles will be able to
convey two freight bins simultaneously,
which will ease delivery in these areas
during peak hours.

‘The freight bin concept will include a
guaranteed express parcel service
nationwide and will be phased in gradu-
ally commencing in 1986. This concept
will initially be used on the Fastfreight
service which, as a result of its improved
service level to the client, has grown
beyond all expectations since its incep-
tion in 1983. .



cso:

control and bonneted designs of freight
carriers, tippers and truck tractors using
ADE engines of 94kW upwards. The
normal control models have proved par-
ticularly popular in off-road operations.

Magnis also has a range of Nissan Die-
sel trucks with engines from 94kW to
206 kW and ranging from 10 to 26 tons
GVM. But still missing from the line-up
has been a competitive truck family in
the 7,5 ton to 15 ton sector, which is the
high volume and most competitive seg-
ment of the local market.

Now Magnis plug that gap with the
new CM Series, which managing direc-
tor Don Fyfe and his team have geared
up to make and sell in large volumes.
The CM Series will be available in truck
tractor, freight carrier, rigid chassis and
tipper variants with six model variants in
both narrow and wide cab versions giv-
ing complete coverage of this high vol-
‘ume sector.

First in line is the &-ton CM8 which
will be the first truck launched in South
Africa to use the ADE 314C engine. De-
signed to offer outstanding economy and
performance in town delivery work, es-

3400/185

pecially on the Reef, the CM8 has been
fitted with 16-inch wheels to give a low
loading height and easy cab access.

Next comes the CM10 with a GVM of
10 tons and a naturally aspirated six cyl-
inder ADE 352 engine. It has been de-

signed for those operators who require a
greater loading capacity than that of the
M8.

The CM12, which has also been
equipped with ADE’s 352 engine, is
available in two wheelbase lengths for
both tipper and freight carrying applica-
tions. :

Finally, topping the list, come two
M15 models featuring turbo-charged
ADE 352T engines and six-speed gear-
boxes. Available in both long and short
wheelbase versions they are suitable for
tipper, truck-tractor, and freight carry-
ing applications. The two CM15s and the
M12 models have been fitted with the
wider cabs.

Already Magnis is a potent force in the
medium commercial vehicle category of
light 2 to 3 ton playload trucks as it
makes the very successful Cabstar range
for sister company Nissan SA.

113



JPRS*SSA+85+107
4 November 1985

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

SWITCH TO ROLLER-TABLE MILLS ADVOCATED

Johannesburg ENGINEERING WEEK in English 12 Sep 85 p 30

[Text]

ities on ore milling believe Because of their intrinsic experiences of drought fur-
Africa’s mining industry design characteristics, ther demonstrate the value
‘could save vast sums in elec- mills offer important advan- of water savings through the
tricity and water by switch- tages over traditional ball dry grinding method.’*

ing to modern roller-table mills, especially in the ma- ‘Dr Loesche ‘claimed ad-
mills for dry milling proc- jor savings they achieved in ditional advantage for the
‘esses. water and energy, Dr roller mill in gold produc-

In separate visits to South Loesche said. _ tion, saying that tests in
Africa, Prof Klaus Schoe- ‘Dr Loesche’s trip was a Loesche’s own laboratories
nert, from the Technical follow-up to a previous vi in Germany had shown that
University of Clansthal, and ‘when he had discussions with leaching time could be re-

Loesche, a spe- fepresentatives from Es- duced by between 20% and
cialist in mineral com, the Chamber of Mines, 50% as a result of initial
came to the same conclusion cement, phosphate and fer- roller grinding.
after inspecting South Af- tiliser manufacturers, 2s weil Dr Loesche added: “*Re-
rican mining and mineral as visiting a number of mines covery was the same com-

and mining houses and pared with the traditional

Loesche roller mills, power stations. leaching process. These are

e to cement pro- laboratory tests and we are
South Africa, are in use in duction, Dr Loesche said: going still further to dem-
a number of South African “When you study the latest onstrate the unquestioned
coal-fired power stations, development in roller mill advantages of the roller mill
including the newest, design, with clinker grind- in this aspect of gold recov-
Duvha: ing we have demonstrated ery.

In his week-long visit that we can achieve energy “While you are mixing
here, Dr Loesche investi- savings of berween 20% and the ground powder with
gated the prospective of sup- over the ordinary ball water to the right water-10-

roller mills to other tiill, while producing at least solid value, which is re

* installations, notably ce- the same quality of cement. quired in the downstream
ment and “‘Loesche mills can be process, you are achieving

prespects, he said, look en- used for any kind of grind- a tremendous saving in i-

. couraging. ing when you want a dry vestment costs by avoiding
Product, and South Africa's thickening of the material.”

cso: 3400/185



and applying this technology. These in-
dustries include: car assembly plants,
electronics, textiles, armaments, mining,
construction, printing and publishing, and
various mechanical engineering enter-

prises.

Bond states that the key advantages of
laser technology include:
© More accurate tolerances; ‘
@ More efficient production rates;
Cleaner working environments;
@ Quieter working conditions;
@ Reduced downtime, maintenance and
Tepair;

© More flexible use of production hard-

ware;
© Support of first-class, ongoing R & D;
© Greater machine safety, when applied

“When one outlines the manifold ad-
vantages of laser technology in plain in-
dustrial terms, one begins to wonder why
the South African response has been
comparatively slack. Admittedly, the cap-
ital costs of some laser equipment are rel-
atively high at an initial glance, but one
should not rashly attempt to analyse cold
financial statistics,” he says.

“The secret to the laser’s success is sim-
ple if one is prepared to make prolonged
investigations into the matter and weigh
up the pros and cons in the long term.”

The prolonged recession, skills short-
ages, high scrap rates (about 25% on av-
erage -in South. Africa), increasing
international competition and the con-
stant threat of sanctions are among the
major contributing factors behind the in-
itial response to laser technology in this

country.

They will become more predominant
factors in the future, says Bond.

“Within the next five to 10 years, lasers
will be an integral facet of many industrial
operations. Although industrialists are be-
coming more tated and
cost-conscious, as well as being better
trained, they have not yet encountered
an industrial revolution along the lines of
the Japanese, for example.”

The flexibility of the laser lies in the fact
that one machine can undertake cutting,
welding, drilling, heat treatment and
marking. Its cost-effectiveness comes from
its versatility and the fact that the finished
product usually requires no rework. It en-
ables one-stop jobs — cuts are clean and
welds result in no heat distortion.

90

The problem with alternative means of
case hardening such as induction or boron
nitriding is that the material is distorted.
With induction hardening, the material has
to be hardened to a depth of at least3 mm
because of twisting and bending in the
metal.

The hardened material then has to be
remachined to the correct tolerances, but
the job is much longer and more expen-
sive than would be needed to machine
the soft material. .

Lasers eliminate the rework required.
The component can be machined to its
final tolerances in the’ soft state.and then
case-hardened without getting a micron
change in the material. .

One of the country’s largest sign man-
ufacturers recently commissioned tts first
laser cutting machine in Johannesburg and
has already reported some significant costs
savings, according to Bond.

Using a large machine made by Control
Lasers of the UK and commissioned by
ILS, the sign company has claimed that
a conventional profiling job using 36 men
and taking hours can now be executed in

- a mere four minutes with only two men
assisting. .
_ Aside from these time-savings, the sign

‘manufacturer is achieving finer engineer-
ing tolerances and a considerably reduced
scrap rate. Amortisation alone, says Bond,
can be achieved within two years on scrap
savings.

Austin-Rover in the UK installed a
£500 000 laser for cutting panels for pro-
totype car models. The manufacture of
prototypes involves an expenditure of
millions of pounds and the speed and flex-

of the operation resulted in the in-
eapent paying for itself in an incredible
two weeks.

‘There are limitations to the present level
of technology. Lasers are power hungry
— efficiency in a CO laser ts typically
about 11% and to get 2,5 kW out,-about
40 kVa needs to be put in.

Another problem is the depth of cut
with a 2,5-kW laser is only 15 mm. How-
ever, these are limitations and not draw-
backs.

The biggest problem is applying ‘the laser
beam to the workpiece. Major develop-
ment work is being done to apply the laser
to the workpiece by means of a fibre-optic
medium.

Applying a cutting beam to fibre optics
technology will allow the technology to


JPRS*SSA*85*107
4 November 1985

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

BRIEFS

ARMED FORCES CELEBRATE ANNIVERSARY--Manuel Pinto da Costa, president and
commander-in-chief of Sao Tome and Principe, participated in the commemoration
of the tenth anniversary of the Armed Forces Friday. In a short speech,
Pinto da Costa said that the Armed Forces have always responded "with honor
and dignity,” but should prepare for "an efficient reorganization to meet
our renewed country's uncertain future." The president added’ that "the Sao
Tome public is confident that the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Sao Tome
and Principe (FARSTP) are a reliable force in the defense of the Nation,
actively participating in the social and economic development of Sao Tome
and Principe. The keynote ceremony of FARSTP Day was held at General
Headquarters Square and was attended by officials, soldiers, representatives
from the Party, government and diplomatic corps and many others. New
recruits were sworn in and cards were given to new Party militants in the
Armed Forces. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 9 Sep 85 p 1] 8844

CSO: 3442/3

35



JPRS*SSA+85*107
4 November 1985

oe

ZIMBABWE

LIBYANS TO NEGOTIATE TOBACCO DEAL
Harare THE SUNDAY MAIL in English 22 Sep 85 p 4

[Text] A delegation from Zimbabwe is expected to visit Libya soon to finalise
details of an estimated $20 million tobacco agreement with that country.

The Secretary of the Libyan People's Bureau, Cde Amer Mohammed Tughar, last
week said that the visit by the Zimbabwean delegation follows an earlier one
to this country by a delegation from the Libyan Tobacco Company.

The Libyan Tobacco Company delegation, here last month, was led by the com-
pany's general manager, Cee M. Gamat. They were in Zimbabwe for 10 days “dur
ing which they had negotiations with different tobacco companies to buy large
quantities of Virginia".

For the past three years Libya has been buying tobacco valued at more than $20
million a year.

Asked why Libya was expelling expatriate workers from Tunisia and Egypt, Cde
Tugbar said that the reason was economic and political. Simce the early 1970s
Libya had been engaged in extensive development programmes to develop the country
in different fields, and to execute these programmes, it had been necessary to
import foreign labour.

"Now with the completion of these development programmes, the time has come to
reduce the number of foreign labourers and the governments concerned were noti-
fied in advance about the decision. We notified their governments that they
should recall their nationals or we would return them."

He said that the governments of Egypt and Tunisia had been informed of the
Libyan decision in 1983. "The other aspect is political. We cannot afford
to send hard currency to support countries that are acting against us. We are
asking these countries to serve the national interests of the Arabs. Libya is
committed to the concept of Arab unity."

cso: 3400/117

122


useful flexibility for meeting load vari-
ations and in all cases high efficiency is
important.

Approximately 35 per cent of the
Board’s present installed pumping ma-
chinery comprises steam turbine driven

p sets, the largest of which is of
200 Mé/d capacity and the balance of the
total installed capacity of pumping plant
is electric motor driven and the largest
sets are of 300 Mé/d capacity:-The power
demand of the largest electric motor
driven pump set can rise to some
9000kW at maximum duty.

In selecting an electric motor drive the
highest motor efficiency is an important
consideration and accordingly it has
been the policy to use fixed speed induc-
tion motors wherever possible. The elec-
tric power is purchased and the tariff in
most cases is based on kW demand and
not kVA demand so that use of synchro-
nous motors in order to achieve the high-
est power factor has not been justifiable.

In an effort to limit the power of the
electric motors and to use the simplest
and most efficient type, the system of ar-
ranging pump sets as separate single
stage pumps each driven by its own
direct-on-line starting squirrel cage in-
duction motor was adopted. The power
demand for starting such sets is reduced
by starting the set stage-by-stage with
timed delays between each start. Such
electric motor driven pump sets have
been used extensively by the Board for
medium to high head pumping duties.

In order to render the electric motor
driven pump sets suitable for pumping at
various heads when the quantity
pumped and consequently the pipeline
friction head is varied, a speed regulat-
ing facility was adopted. This was
achieved by the use of a variable speed
first stage in each case and to obtain the
highest overall efficiency in a pump set
employing an electric motor driven vari-
able speed first stage, the power demand
of the first stage has been kept to the
minimum. The reasons for this are two-
fold; firstly the first stage operates at be-
low peak efficiency at speeds other than
the optimum speed for the pump and
secondly the variable speed electric mo-
tor is somewhat less efficient than a fixed
speed motor of the same size.

97

In each case where variable speed first
stages have been adopted the power of
this stage has been sized-down to the
minimum to meet the head range re-
quirements. the arrangement of a typical
Tiver station pumping installation em-
ploying pump sets with a variable speed
first stage are shown in Figure 3. The
shape of the pipeline characteristic curve
shows the effect of friction and the vari-
ous heads required when running from
one to three pumps is illustrated. The
curves show: that the overall pump set
characteristics are such that the pumping
head requirements are met by operation
of the first stage at the required speed.

The high expenditure of energy to
meet the pumping duty renders it im-
portant from operating cost consider-
ations that high efficiency be achieved.
When the purchase of new pumping
plant is planned the specifications take
account of the quantities required and
the most economic overall arrangement
in Tespect of power source, capacity and
location of pumps and the pipeline sizes.
In particular the requirement of high ef-
ficiency is stressed in the specifications
and the tendered prices are adjusted
according to the guaranteed power de-
mand before the adjudication and-
awarding of contracts. ‘The lowest ad-
justed tender is accepted provided it
qualifies technically, provides high
quality features and is in accordance
with all the specified requirements.

‘The pumping machinery must render
efficient service throughout its oper-
ational life and preference is given to
equipment that includes features that
would ensure sustained efficiency. The
optimum design of the pumps is the best
assurance in this regard and an indic-
ation of the speed and number of stages
is generally provided, the tenderer being
invited to deviate from the specified ar-
rangement if full details of the merits of
any such alternative involving evalu-
ation of the suction requirements, head,
quantities and the specific speed per
stage is assessed to ensure that satisfac-
tory operation and the guaranteed effi-
ciency is feasible. The materials and
methods of construction are examined,
experience being the guide to their suit-
ability.



One side has accepted the decline and revised the list of crops to the benefit
of the other based on the average rainfall of recent years. The change, in
addition to new management strategy for which the results are already
showing, as much from the regional plan as from the choice of theories, frees
man from the land to make him a spokesman of a new type drawn by a political
willingness and an economic situation to a mentality of continuing assistance
which manifests itself in his spirit and in his efforts at the time of the
next marketing campaign.

The new relationships which widen the range of decisionmakers, and their
awareness through the distribution of information should create a position of
choice allowing the peasant to farm certainly according to his needs, but also
for certain governmental objectives contained in the development plan of which
the village, charged to contribute to the results, is unfortunately often
ignorant and discovers only through certain accomplishments.

It is a question of, in fact, being a farmer, with long experience, made
responsible by new demands and ideas, an actor truly involved in the process
of economic development. Also conforming personal needs and national
objectives to benefit the general interest. The allure of winter and the
perspectives of a good harvest favor not doubting the accomplishment of all
these topics and a better perception of the language of truth. The mission
must not only be simply to produce but also to know what to produce and why to
produce it--a task which must be written into the framework of the new
agricultural policy and which everyone should support from the grassroots.

12308
cso: 3419/604

38