Chemical Analysis of 

Thermal Waters in 

Yellowstone National Park, 

Wyoming, 1960-65 

By J. J. ROWE, R. 0. FOURNIER, and G. W. MOREY 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1303 

Results for samples collected from 89 geysers, 

pools, and hot springs are compiled together 

with previous analyses 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1973 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

V. E. McKelvey, Director 

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 73-600154 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402- Price 35 cents domestic postpaid or 25 cents GPO Bookstore 

Stock Number 2401-G2367 
CONTENTS 

Pap 

)lbstract ------------------------------------------------------- 1 

Introduction --------------------------------------------------- 1 

Sample collection ----------------------------------------------- 2 

Jlnalytical methods --------------------------------------------- 2 

Results -------------------------------------------------------- 4 

Iteferences cited ------------------------------------------------ 8 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Pap 

FIGURE 1. Sketch map of the Norris Geyser Basin showing locations 

of hot springs and geysers ------------------------- 5 

2. Diagram showing comparison of water compositions typical of various localities in Yellowstone National Park_ 6 

TABLES 

Paae 

TABLE 1. Ohemical composition of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park -------------------------------------- 12 

2. Locations of unnamed hot springs -------------------- 27 

3. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of evaporated 

residues ------------------------------------------ 28 

lll 

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF 

THERMAL WATERS IN 

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, 

WYOMING, 1960-65 

By J. J. RowE, R. 0. FouRNIER, and G. W. MoREY 1 

ABSTRACT 

Analytical results for 166 samples collected during 1960-65 from 89 geysers, pools, and hot springs are compiled together with previous analyses 

to provide a comprehensive collection of aV'ailable analytical data on the 

thermal waters of Yellows·tone National Park, Wyo. These data permit 

further study of the variation of composition with time or geologic occurrences. Data are presented for pH, temperature, silica, aluminum, iron, 

calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonia, bicarbonate, 

carbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, boron, arsenic, and the semiquantitative spectrographic analysis of residues from evaporation of some of the 

waters. 

The chemical characteristics of waters from V'arious localities in Yellowstone are graphically compared and discussed. 

INTRODUCTION 

Extensive chemical analyses of waters from hot springs and 

geysers in Yellowstone National Park have been reported by 

Gooch and Whitfield (1888) and by Allen and Day (1935). Scott 

(1964) analyzed ten thermal waters from Yellowstone to determine possible effects of the nearby Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959, upon the hydrothermal system. White, 

Hem, and Waring (1963) reported six new chemical analyses and 

Noguchi and Nix (1963) published partial chemical analyses of 

waters from five geysers. Field measurements of silica dissolved 

in the hot-springs waters were reported by White, Brannock, and 

Murata (1956) and by Morey, Fournier, Remley, and Rowe 

(1961). The new results reported here and the compilation of previous analyses are part of an effort by the U.S. Geological Survey 

to reevaluate the geology and geochemistry of Yellowstone. 

We are indebted to many colleagues in the Survey who have 

contributed to this study, especially to D. E. White for his advice 

'Deceased. 

1 
2 THERMAL WATERS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 

and assistance and to A. H. Truesdell, J. J. Remley, and J. L. 

Ramisch for their participation in various aspects of the collection and analytical determinations carried out in the field. We are 

particularly grateful to J. C. Hamilton who performed the spectrographic analysis of residues and to the U.S. National Park Service 

for their cooperation and assistance. 

SAMPLE COLLECTION 

The samples were collected in narrow-mouthed bottles, held in a 

flexible metal loop at the end of a 20-foot-long jointed rod made of 

aluminum tubing. By inserting the bottle in the pool upside down 

and righting it at the desired sample location, collections could be 

made anywhere in reach of the rod. Most of the samples were collected in polyethylene bottles, but samples for the determination 

of HCOa- and C03- 2 were collected in glass bottles. Collections 

were made from the hottest regions of the pools and as near the 

vents as possible. Temperature measurements were made either 

by a portable potentiometer and a copper-constantan thermocouple 

passing through the aluminum tube and lowered into the hot 

spring with the aid of a lead weight, or by a maximum thermometer suspended from the end of the rod. 

ANALYTICAL METHODS 

Silica was determined by a modification of the molybdenum blue 

method described by Shapiro and Brannock (1956). Ionic silica 

was determined on the samples in the field without treatment 

except for filtration of samples containing suspended matter. For 

the determination of total silica, samples were evaporated with 

NaOH and fused to convert the polymerized forms to ionic species before the analysis was performed. Field determinations for 

silica were carried out as reported by Morey, Fournier, Remley, 

and Rowe (1961). 

Aluminum was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of the calcium-aluminum-alizarin red-S complex, according to a modification of the method reported by Shapiro and Brannock (1956, 1962). For samples high in fluorine a 

preliminary evaporation of an acidified solution in Vycor dishes 

was made to volatilize the fluorine. 

Iron was determined by orthophenanthroline using a modification of the method described by Shapiro and Brannock (1956). 

Sodium and potassium were determined flame photometrically. 

Dilution methods were used for the sodium to overcome any possible potassium interference. Standards were prepared containing 
ANALYTICAL METHODS 3 

sodium and potassium concentrations similar to those foun-d in 

the waters. The emission was measured at 489 nm for sodium and 

at 766 nm for potassium. 

Lithium was determined flame photometrically, measuring the 

emission at 671 nm. The method of addition was used to check the 

accuracy of the method and to overcome matrix effects. 

Calcium was determined flame photometrically by the releasingaudition method described by Rowe ( 1963). For samples high in 

calcium, analyses were done by the EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) titration of Shapiro and Brannock (1956). 

Magnesium was determined spectrophotometrically by the Eriochrome Black T method using a modification of the methods of 

Harvey, Komarmy, and Wyatt (1953) and Rainwater and 

Thatcher (1960). 

Carbonate and bicarbonate were determined by titration with 

standardized sulfuric acid as described by Rainwater and Thatcher 

(1960). 

Sulfate was determined by the barium chromate method of 

Iwasaki, Utsumi, Hagino, Taratani, and Ozawa (1958) after separation of the sulfate on an activiated alumina column as described 

by Fritz, Yamamura, and Richard (1957). 

Chloride was determined by a potentiometric titration, modified 

from Kolthoff and Kuroda (1951) using a charting method and 

constant rate of delivery of AgN03 standard solution. 

Fluoride was determined after distillation by the spectrophotometric thoron-thorium nitrate method of Grimaldi, Ingram, and 

Cuttitta (1955). It was also determined directly by this method 

without distillation for samples containing very small amounts of 

aluminum. Fluoride results for some samples were confirmed by 

the cerium3-alizarin complexan method of Belcher and West 

(1961) ; aluminum was extracted when present, by 8-hydroxyquinoline and chloroform. 

Boron was determined spectrophotometrically with dianthrimide using the method described by Rowe (1962). 

Field pH measurements were made with a portable pH meter 

using a high-temperature glass electrode, range 0 to 14, and a 

silver-silver chloride reference electrode. The electrodes were 

standardized in buffer solutions brought to the temperature of the 

pool. 

Spectrographic analysis was made on the residues from evaporation of about 500 milliliters of each water sample. The evaporation factor was derived from the weight of residue and volume of 

the sample so that the analysis value, in percent, multiplied by 

the factor gives parts per million in the original water sample. 
4 THERMAL WATERS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 

RESULTS 

Our analyses are given in table 1 along with previous analyses 

of waters from the same springs or geysers. The locations of 

unnamed springs are described in table 2. Analyzed springs at 

Norris Geyser Basin also are located in figure 1. Semiquantitative 

spectrographic analyses of the evaporated residues of some of the 

waters listed in table 1 are given in table 3. A comparison of the 

chemical characteristics of hot-spring waters found in various 

parts of the park is given in figure 2. 

The springs at Mammoth issue from Mesozoic shales and sandstones. Limestone is present deep in the stratigraphic section. The 

springs at Norris Geyser Basin and those listed in table 1 between 

Norris Geyser Basin and Lower Geyser Basin issue from Cenozoic 

rhyolitic ash-flow tuff. All the other springs listed in table 1 are 

within a large caldera and issue from Pleistocene rhyolite or glacial sediments derived mainly from rhyolite. 

The hot springs of Mammoth are noted for the abundant deposition of travertine. These waters are particularly rich in bicarbonate, sulfate, calcium, and magnesium. The chloride content is 

relatively low and sodium is present in excess of chloride. The 

silica content is very low and the potassium content, relative to 

sodium, is very high. The composition of the hot-spring water 

probably reflects reaction with carbonate sediments at depth. 

At Norris Geyser Basin, two end-member types of chloride-rich 

hot-spring waters can be distinguished by their potassium-lithium 

and potassium-sodium ratios. Both ratios generally are lower in 

waters from the western part of the basin than in waters of the 

eastern part (fig. 2). In other respects, the chloride-rich waters at 

Norris Geyser Basin are very similar: They have the highest silica 

and chloride contents and the lowest bicarbonate contents of any 

waters in Yellowstone. The very low bicarbonate content leaves 

the pH of the water essentially unbuffered so that mixing with a 

very small amount of acid sulfate water may lower the pH to 

3 or 4, giving rise to an acid chloride water such as from Little 

Whirligig Geyser (loc. YF37). Silica deposits readily from the 

neutral waters. However, dissolved silica polymerizes very slowly 

in the acid chloride water and little silica deposition occurs. 

Acid sulfate waters are found throughout Yellowstone, particularly at higher elevations and at the Mud Volcano area. According to White, Sandberg, and Brannock (1953), acid sulfate waters 

may form where steam, rich in acid-forming gases, intersects 

near-surface groundwater. Oxidation of H2S to H2S04 commonly 

lowers the pH to about 2 and subsequent reaction of this water 
0 

I 

0 

RESULTS 

500 1000 1500 2000 I'EET 

I I I I I I I I 

100 200 300 400 500 MIETEI'IS 

CONTOUR INTERVAL 15 FEET 

DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL 

5 

FIGURE 1.-Norris Geyser Basin showing locations of hat springs and 

geysers. Base from U.S. Geological Survey, 1973 (in compilation). Grid 

areas keyed to table 2. Unnamed springs identified by the locality numbers applied during the study. 
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS AREA 

Cl 

HILLSIDE SPRINGS OF 

UPPER GEYSER BASIN 

M illiequivalents "-

20 

>-----+----<0 

.. 

180PPM 

~ SiO, 

WESTERN PART OF 

NORRIS GEYSER BASIN 

435PPM SiO, 

NORTHWEST PART OF 

UPPER GEYSER BASIN 

306 PPM Si0 2 

EASTERN PART OF 

NORRIS GEYSER BASIN 

600 PPM SiO, 

SOUTHEAST PART OF 

UPPER GEYSER BASIN 

390 PPM SiO, 
FIGURE 2.-Comparison of water compositions typical of various localities in Yellowstone National Park. E-ach circle is divided according to the relative milliequivalent concentrations of the major dissolved constituents in the water; cations in the upper hemisphere; 

anions in the lower hemisphere. The radius of each circle is proportional to the square root 

of the sum of either cation milliequivalents or anion milliequivalents, whichever is greater, 

so that the area of the circle is proportional to the total number of equivalents present. The 

circumference is marked off in arc lengths proportional to the number of equivalents of 

each species as indicated and the area of each sector is proportional to the number of 

equivalents of the particular species. A missing sector indicates the charge unbalance in 

the summation of analyzed cations as compared to anions. 
8 THERMAL WATERS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 

with the enclosing rock yields water of a composition such as at 

Norris (loc. YF58) and at the Mud Volcano area (loc. YF13). 

The concentrations of sodium and potassium are low in this type 

of water, but the potassium-sodium ratio is very high. These 

waters are relatively rich in aluminum and iron and poor in 

chloride. 

Compared with the chloride-rich alkaline waters of the Norris 

Geyser Basin, neutral to alkaline hot-spring waters within the 

confines of the caldera contain comparatively low concentrations 

of chloride, potassium, silica, and boron and high concentrations 

of fluoride, bicarbonate, and carbonate. In terms of atomic proportion, dissolved lithium commonly exceeds potassium. Also, 

spectrographic data for evaporated residues show that the waters 

from within the caldera are relatively rich in tungsten, containing 0.2 to 0.3 ppm (parts per million). No tungsten was detected 

in the waters from Norris Geyser Basin. High values of pH and 

carbonate have little significance; they are due to the escape of 

carbon dioxide from convecting surficial pools of hot-spring water. 

The deep-seated waters are near neutral in pH. For instance, 

Daisy Geyser and Bonita Pool in Upper Geyser Basin have been 

shown by exchange function (Marler, 1951) and tracer studies 

(Rowe and others, 1965) to be connected at depth. Daisy Geyser 

(loc. YF5) does not have a big surficial pool and water was collected during the preliminary overflow just before eruption. There 

was little opportunity for escape of C02 from the water before 

analysis; the pH was 7 .6. On the other hand, Bonita Pool (loc. 

YF70) has a large surficial pool, and in-pool pH measurement 

gave a value of 8.55. Also, the sum of equivalents of bicarbonate 

plus carbonate in water from Bonita Pool equals the equivalents 

of bicarbonate in water from Daisy Geyser. 

In Upper Geyser Basin, two end-member types of neutral to 

alkaline hot-spring waters may be distinguished by their 

Cl: (HC03+C03). In terms of equivalents, this ratio is gr-eater 

than 3 for waters from the southeast part of Upper Geyser Basin 

and is about 1 for waters from the northwest part of Upper Geyser Basin. In addition, waters from the southeast part have 

slightly higher Li:K, Li:Na, and K:Na as compared to waters 

in the northwest part. Both types of water deposit silica. 

Black Warrior Lake (loc. YF30) is typical of moderately dilute 

hot-spring waters that tend to occur at the margins of the Upper 

and Lower Geyser Basins. These waters are relatively rich in calcium and magnesium and have low Cl:HCO:l· They deposit small 

to moderate amounts of travertine and manganese oxides and 

very little silica. 
REFERENCES CITED 9 

Additional work is underway to define the distribution of types 

of hot-spring water within Yellowstone National Park, and to 

determine their genesis. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Allen, E. T., and Day, A. L., 1935, Hot springs of the Yellowstone National 

Park: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 466, 525 p. 

Belcher, R., and West, T. S., 1961, A study of the cer.ium"-aliz.arin comple~an-fluoride reaction: Talanta, v. 8, p. 851-862. 

Fritz, J. S., Yamamura, S. S., and Richard, M. J., 1957, Titration of sulfate following se,paration with alumina: Anal. Chemistry, v. 29, p. 158-

161. 

Gooch, F. A., and Whitfield, J. E., 1888, Analyses of waters of the Yellowstone National Park, with an account of the methods of analysis employed: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 47, 84 p. 

Grimaldi, F. S., Ingram, Blanche, and Guttitta, Frank, 1955, Determination 

of small and large amounts of fluorine in rocks: Anal. Chemistry, 

v. 27, p. 918-921. 

Harvey, A. E., Komarmy, J. M., and Wyatt, G. M., 1953, Colorimetric determination of magnesium with Eriochrome mack T: Anal. Chemistry, 

v. 25, p. 498-5()0. 

Iwasaki, Iwajii, Utsumi, Satori, Hagino, Ken, Taratani, Toshikazu, and 

Ozawa, Takeijiro, 1958, Spectrophotometric determination of a small 

amount of sulfate ion: Japan Chern. Soc. Jour., pure chemistry sec., 

v. 79, p. 38-44. 

Kolthoff, I. M., and Kuroda, P. K., 1951, Determination of traces of chloride: 

Anal. Chemistry, v. 23, p. 1304-1306. 

Marler, G. D., 1951, Exchange of function as a cause of geyser irregularity: 

Am. Jour. Sci., v. 249, p. 329~342. 

Morey, G. W., Fournier, R. 0., Hemley, J. J., and Rowe, J. J., 1961, Field 

measurements of silica in water from hot springs and geysers in Y ellowstone National Park, in Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic 

sciences: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C333-336. 

Noguchi, Kimio, and Nix, Joe, 1963, Geochemical studies of some geysers 

in Yellowstone National Park: Japan Acad. Proc., v. 39, p. 370-375. 

Rainwater, F. H., and Thatcher, L. L., 1960, Methods for collection and 

analysis of water samples: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1454, 

301 p. 

Rowe, J. J., 1962, Determination of boron in waters containing fluoride, 

in Short papers in geology, hydrology, and topography: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B114-Bl16. 

--- 1963, Releasing-addition method for the flame-photometric determination of calcium in thermal waters: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 

v. 27, p. 915-923. 

Rowe, J. J., Fournier, R. 0., and Morey, G. W., 1965, Use of sodium iodide 

to trace underground water circulation in the hot springs and geysers 

of the Daisy geyser group, Yellowstone National Park, in Geological 

Survey research 1965: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 525-B, p. B184-

B186. 
10 THERMAL WATERS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 

Scott, R. C., 1964, Records of poste,arlhquake chemical quality of ground 

water, in The Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 435, p. 179-184. 

Shapiro, Leonard, and Brannock, W. W., 1956, Rap1d analysis of silicate 

rocks: U.S. ~ol. Survey Bull. 1036-C, p. 19-56. 

--- 1962, Rapid analysis of silicate, C'arbonate, and phosphate rocks: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1144-A, 56 p. 

White, D. E., Brannock, W. W., and Murata, K. J., 1956, Silica in hotspring waters: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 10, p. 27-59. 

White, D. E., Hem, J. D., and Waring, G. A., 1963, Chemical composition of 

subsurface waters, Chap. F in Data of geochemistry, 6th edition: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 440-F, 67 p. 

White, D. E., Sandberg, C. H., and Brannock, W. W., 1953, Geochemical and 

geophysical approaches to the problems of utilization of hot-spring water 

and heat: Pacific Sci. Gong., 7th, New Zealand, 1949, Proc., v. 2, p. 

490-499. 
TABLES 1-3 
TABLE I.-Chemical composition, in parts per million, of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park 

[See table 2 for location of unnamed hot springs and geysers. Locality numbers were applied during this study. Tr., trace; Alk., alkaline] 

Locality 

Blue Spring, main terrace -------· Cupid Spring (YF132) ----------- East Jupiter Terrace ( YF17) ---

Do -------------------------- Jupiter Spring, main terrace ----- Mammoth Spring, main terrace, near west edge. 

Opal Spring ( YF18) ------------

Do --------------------------· Do -------------------------- Spring near Opal Spring (YF26). 

Bathtub Spring (YF45) ---------

Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Big Alcove Geyser (YF57) -------

Cinder Pool (YF 25) ------------

Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Constant Geyser (YF38) ---------

Do --------------------------· Echinus Geyser (YF23) ---------

Do --------------------------· Do -------------------------- Do --------------------------

Do -------------------------- Do --------------------------· Do --------------------------· 

Do --------------------------· Emerald Spring (YF47) ---------

Do --------------------------· Do --------------------------· 

References 

Date of Collection Temperature 

(•C) 

pH 

L&bora- Field tory 

Mammoth Hot Springs area 

White and others, 1956 •. 

This study --------------· D. E. White, unpub. data 

This study 1 -------------· 

Allen and Day, 1935 

White and others, 1963 

D. E. White, unpub. data 

____ do ------------------

This study' -------------· This study --------------· 

Allen and Day, 1935 ----· ____ do ------------------

This study --------------· ____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------· D. E. White, unpub. data 

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------· 

This study' ------------· 

This study --------------· Gooch and Whitfield, 1888. 

This study --------------· Gooch and Whitfield, 1888. 

D. E. White, unpub. data 

Scott, 1964 -------------· D. E. White, unpub. data 

This study' --------------· This study --------------· ____ do ------------------· ____ do ------------------· ____ do ------------------· ____ do ------------------· 

____ do ------------------· 

Aug. 1954 Oct. 1962 

Sept. 1960 ••.. do ca. 1930 

Sept. 1957 

Oct. 1947 

Sept. 1960 

.••. do ---- ____ do ----

70.5 

73 

75 

72 

72 

72 

69 

69 

Norris Geyser Basin 

1928 

ca. 1930 

Sept. 1961 

May 1965 

Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1947 

Sept. 1957 

Sept. 1960 

---.do 

Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1885 Sept. 1961 

Aug. 1884 Sept. 1947 

Sept. 1959 

Sept. 1960 ____ do 

Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1962 

May 1966 

Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1962 

May 1965 

91 

92 

87.5 

90.5 

92 

86 

86 

84 

92 

77 

91 

82 

82 

87 

87 

83 

86 

87.5 

86 

86 

6.25 

4.45 

3.9 

3.55 

3.50 

4.60 

6.88 

6.70 

6.6 

6.48 

6.45 

6.45 

4.40 

4.18 

6.3 

4.17 

4.2 

3.83 

3.8 

4.05 

Acid 

3.0 

Acid 

3.35 

3.5 

3.49 

3.40 

3.60 

3.4 

3.42 

4.3 

·3.93 

4.40 

Field 

51 

52 

51 

53 

400 

452 

222 

316 

317 

458 

280 

273 

294 

552 

SiOo AI 

Laboratory 

56 

52 0.2 

52 <.1 46 Tr. 60 .2 

50 

51 <.1 55 <-1 

503 

327 48 

426 1.5 466 

227 0.41 

270 

348 1.6 321 1.8 468 4.8 

460 1.9 253 2.7 

250 1.6 

287 2.2 279 2.5 

294 2.3 273 

558 0.8 570 0.6 596 

Fe 

<0.1 

<.1 

0 

.06 

<.1 

<.1 

Tr. 

•37 .2 

.1 

.1 

.1 

Tr. 

1.1 

0 

2.3 

1.8 

2.6 

1.2 

.2 

Ca 

209 

310 

339 

338 

272 

315 

6 

11 

1.8 

2.4 

8.4 

6.4 

7.0 

14.6 

3.15 

11.6 

5.6 

1.6 

4.2 

4.3 

3.1 

3.1 
Locality 

Blue Spring, main terrace- 78 

Cupid Spring ( YF132) ---- 68 East Jupiter Terrace (YF17). 

Do -------------------- 67 Jupiter Spring, main 71 terrace. Mammoth Spring, main 68 

terrace, near west edge. 

Opal Spring (YF18) -----

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- 61 Spring near Opal Spring 62 (YF26). 

Bathtub Spring (YF45) __ 

Do -------------------- Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Big Alcove Geyser ( YF57) _ 

Cinder Pool (YF25) -------

Do -------------------- Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Constant Geyser ( YF38) __ 

Do -------------------- Echinus Geyser (YF23) __ 

Do --------------·------ Do -------------------- Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Emerald Spring (YF47) ---

Do -------------------- Do --------------------

See footnotes at end of table. 

1 

1 

.2 

.3 

.2 

.9 

.9 

1.8 

.5 

0 

4.9 

1.1 

1.0 

.5 

Na 

129 

122 

124 

130 

143 

129 

134 

141 

517 

274 

326 

193 

518 

406 

423 

419 

319 

349 

126 

164 

151 

160 

163 

157 

352 

360 

K Li HCOs CO a 

Mammoth Hot Springs area-Continued 

56 

42 

52 

56 

56 

69 

56 

55 

52 

16 

33 

39 

22 

72 

60 

66 

61 

74 

86 

40 

54 

49 

51 

50 

50 

50 

65 

68 

57 

1.4 

1.5 

1.6 

1.8 

2.3 

1.9 

1.8 

1.0 

526 

816 

871 

667 

747 

Norris Geyser Basin-Continued 

4.0 

1.5 

5.9 

5.1 

5.2 

4.8 

3 

5.1 

Tr. 

1.2 

1.5 

.9 

.7 

.7 

5.0 

5.2 

19 

46 

1.0 

1.5 

19 

0 

0 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

so, 

529 

578 

479 

528 

501 

477 

477 

97 

813 

70 

84 

125 

87 

3 111 

134 

3 232 

310 

286 

284 

280 

270 

85 

Cl 

169 

161 

163 

165 

169 

170 

168 

165 

165 

810 

416 

553 

265 

668 

790 

727 

720 

574 

584 

121 

108 

105 

108 

108 

115 

107 

618 

F 

1.6 

3.0 

2.4 

4.0 

3.5 

5.2 

5.2 

5.3 

2.7 

6.0 

6.0 

6.0 

4.4 

B 

4.4 

4.0 

3.8 

4.2 

4.3 

4.2 

4.0 

5.3 

10.6 

5.7 

5.2 

12 

10 

u.s 

11.4 

9.9 

10 

5.4 

1.0 

1.7 

2.2 

2.0 

12.4 

9.7 

As 

0.60 

.5 

.63 

1.3 

1.2 

.08 
TABLE 1.-Chemical composition, in parts per million, of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park-Continued 

Locality 

Green Dragon Spring (YF19) ---· 

Do --------------------------· Do --------------------------· 

Do --------------------------· Do --------------------------· 

Do --------------------------· Little Whirligig Geyger (YF37) 

Minute Geyser (YF68) ---------

Do --------------------------- Opal Spring • (YF27) ------------

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Palpitstor Geyger (YF66) --------

Do ---------------------------· Pearl Geyger (YF64) -----------

Do ---------------------------· Do ---------------------------· Perpetual Spouter (YF52) --------· 

Do ---------------------------· Do ---------------------------· Pinwheel Geyser (YF29) ---------

Do ---------------------------· Do ---------------------------· Primrose Spring (YF41) --------· 

Do ---------------------------· Do ---------------------------· Steamboat Geyser (YF22) --------

Do ---------------------------· 

Do ---------------------------· 

Do ---------------------------· Do ---------------------------· Opalescent Pool (YF20) ---------· Unnamed Spring (YF21) --------

Do ---------------------------· Do ---------------------------· 

References 

Date of 

Collection Tem· pH perature Labora· 

( •C) Field tol']l' 

Norris Geyser Basin-Continued 

White and others, 1963 D. E. White, unpub. data 

____ do ------------------· This study 1 -------------· 

This study -------------· 

____ do ------------------· This study --------------· 

---.do ------------------· 

---.do ------------------· Allen and Day, 1935 

White and otlters, 1966 •. 

____ do ------------------· D. E. Whi~e. unpub. data 

---.do ------------------· This study 1 -------------· 

This study --------------· 

---.do ------------------· ---.do ------------------· Gooch and Whitfield, 1888 

This study ___ -----------· 

---.dO ------------------· ---.do ------------------· ____ do ------------------· 

----do ------------------· Whit., and otlters, 1966 --· 

This study 1 -------------· 

This study --------------· 

---.do ------------------· ---.do ------------------· 

---.do ------------------· D. E. White, unpub. data 

----dO ------------------· ----do ------------------· 

This study --------------· ____ do ------------------· 

This study --------------· D. E. White, unpub. data 

White and otlters, 1963 

D. E. White, unpub. data 

Aug. 1964 Sept. 1967 Sept.1960 

___ .do 

Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1962 Sept. 1961 ____ do 

May 196& 

ca. 1930 Sept. 1947 Aug. 1964 

Sept. 1967 

Sept. 1960 ____ do 

Sept. 1961 ____ do ----

May1965 

Aug. 1884 Sept. 1961 

May 1965 Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 

May 1965 Sept. 1947 Sept. 1960 Sept. 1961 ____ do 

Sept. 1962 May 1965 Sept. 1947 

Sept. 1957 

Sept. 1960 

.•.. do --- Sept. 1962 

Sept. 1960 

Sept. 1947 Aug. 1961 

Sept. 1957 

87 

71 

85 

90 

91 

92 

92 

BoiJI;g 

94 

93 

91 

87 

77 

80 

84 

82 

82 

93 

92.5 

92 

95 

84 

92 

92 

93 

Boiling ____ do __ 

•••• do •• •••• do __ 

•••• do __ 

40 

90.5 

84.5 

88 

2.9 

5.40 

2.5 

6.70 

7.35 

7.63 

2.75 

3.26 

7.0 

7.8 

2.47 

3.0 

2.86 

2.9 

2.9 

2.87 

3.2 

6.1 

6.38 

8.(}8 

7.68 

8.6 

2.42 

2.3 

1.9 

7.0 

6.86 

6.6 

6.60 

8.25 

8.54 

8.18 

3.01 

2.90 

3.1 

3.15 

3.45 

3.45 

6.4 

7.3 

7.2 

7.7 

7.87 

7.7 

6.47 

8.0 

7.8 

FJeld 

428 

390 

406 

432 

50/i.±:lO 

179 

168 

3!;l 

426 

468 

288 

420±30 

466 

444 

400 

414 

550 

368 460±80 

SiO• 

Laboratol']l' 

369 

441 

392 

426 

420 

444 

404 

717 

189 

168 

369 

464 

440 

291 

291 

460 

444 

410 

416 

416 

570 

666 

492 

629 

AI 

1.5 

3.1 

3.0 

2.9 

2.1 

.16 

0 

1.7 

6.1 

.1 

3.1 

<·1 

.1 

.18 

1.8 

1.9 

1.6 

1.0 

<-1 

.1 

Fe 

.8 

.4 

.6 

1.0 <.1 

Tr. 

.6 

.7 <.1 

Tr. <.1 

<-1 

1.1 

1.1 

1.7 

1.0 

<.1 <.1 .2 

Ca 

6.5 

6.2 

4.8 

4.8 

2.6 

6.1> 

6 

1.1 

3.2 

0 

.7 

7.2 

6.4 

6.8 

7.7 

2.1 

2.7 

2.7 

2.0 

2.4 

6.8 

7.2 
Locality 

Green Dragon Spring 0 

(YF19). 

Do -------------------- 1.0 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- .7 Do -------------------- .6 Do -------------------- Little Whirligig Geyser 0.6 

(YF37). Minute Geyser (YF68) .4 

Do -------------------- Opal Spring' (YF27) ---- Tr. 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- 0 Do -------------------- 1.0 Do -------------------- Do -------------------- 1.1 Do -------------------- <.1 

Palpitator Geyser ( YF66) - .4 

Do -------------------- Pearl Geyser (YF 64) ---- .9 

Do -------------------- .4 

Do -------------------- Perpetual Spouter ( YF52) _ • 7 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Pinwheel Geyser (YF29) --

Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- .5 Primrose Spring (YF41) __ .8 

Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Steamboat Geyser ( YF22) _ 

Do -------------------- .7 Do -------------------- Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- Opalescent Pool ( YF20) __ .2 Unnamed Spring (YF21) __ 

Do -------------------- .2 Do -------------------- 1.27 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Na 

243 

328 

315 

289 

285 

349 

352 

437 

400 

10 

9 

4.5 334 

404 

400 

349 

360 

356 

362 

286 

283 

431 

373 

352 

377 

467 

439 

K Li HCOa 

Norris Geyser Basin-Continued 

61 

62 

55 

54 

55 

83 

44 

42 

107 

92 

5.2 

4.2 

2.2 

40 

34 

64 

54 

54 

46 

46 

91 

86 

74 

55 

58 

80 

54 

65 

60 

77 

74 

3.2 

4.3 

4.4 

3.5 

3.5 

5.3 

4.9 

5.8 

.1 

.2 

.06 

4.2 

2.2 

5.8 

5.3 

6.0 

5.1 

3.9 

3.9 

5.5 

4.6 

4.9 

5.2 

6.6 

8.4 

3.4 

3 

.21 

.1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

56 

47 

30 

0 

0 

31 

610.6 

28 

0 

0 

0 

0 

co. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7.9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

so. 

464 

189 

149 

164 

185 

113 

68 

41 

25 

326 

760 

69 

272 

113 

69 

66 

122 

93 

100 

76 

38 

Cl 

408 

660 

522 

600 

457 

456 

607 

623 

742 

748 

708 

740 

6.0 

8.0 

6 668 

652 

702 

599 

536 

560 

600 

603 

469 

436 

396 

700 

566 

584 

601 

762 

744 

780 

F 

4.8 

4.3 

3.3 

6.4 

2.4 

4 

6.2 

6.8 

6.7 

2.6 

2.6 

3.7 

18 

4.9 

B 

6.9 

7.8 

8.0 

8.0 

9.2 

9.4 

9.0 

11 

.4 

.4 

.6 

8.6 

8.5 

10.6 

13.8 

10.0 

8.4 

8.8 

7.8 

i£-

9.5 

9.4 

13.4 

12 

0.43 

2.9 

2.8 

3.1 
TABLE 1.-Chemical composition, in parts per million, of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park-Continued 

Locality 

Unnamed Spring (YF21) -------

Do ---------------------------· Do ---------------------------· 

Do ---------------------------· Unnamed Spring (YF24) ---------· 

Do ---------------------------· 

Do ---------------------------· Do ---------------------------- Unnamed Spring ( YF28) ---------· 

Do ---------------------------· Unnamed Spring ( YF40) --------· 

Unnamed Spring (YF42) --------· Unnamed Spring (YF43) ---------· 

Unnamed Spring (YF44) ---------

Do --------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF46) --------

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF48) -------- Unnamed Spring (YF49) -------- Unnamed Spring (YF51) --------- Unnamed Spring (YF53) _______ _ 

Unnamed Spring (YF54) --------

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF58) --------

Do --------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF59) --------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF60) --------

Do --------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF62) --------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF63) ------·-

Unnamed Spring (YF67) ---------

References 

Date of Collection Tem- pH 

perature Labor&• (°C) Field tory 

Norris Geyser Basin-Continued 

D. E. White, unpub. data 

This study 1 -------------· 

This study --------------· ____ do -------------------

D. E. White, unpub. data 

____ do ------------------· ____ do ------------------· 

This study 1 -------------· 

___ _do ------------------· 

This study --------------· ____ do ------------------· ____ do ------------------· 

____ do ------------------· 

This study ------------- ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------ _ ___ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------

Sept. 1960 ___ _do 

Sept. 19~1 

Sept. 1962 Aug. 1954 

Sept. 1957 Sept. 1960 ____ do __ _ 

____ do 

Sept. 1961 ____ do __ _ 

____ do __ _ ____ do __ _ 

Sept. 1961 May 1965 

Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 

May 1965 Sept. 1961 ____ do __ _ 

____ do __ _ 

____ do __ _ ____ do __ _ 

Sept. 1962 May 1965 

Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1962 

May 1965 

Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 

Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 

Oct. 1962 

May 1963 Sept. 1961 ----do __ _ 

72 

71 

72 

68 

70 

64.5 

54 

54 

91 

92 

89 

89 

89 

90 

89 

78 

82.5 

86 

53 

88 

75 

92 

87 

92 

92 

92 

92 

79 

94 

91 

82 

85 

91 

85.5 

85.5 

93 

82 

69 

7.10 

2.20 

7.20 

5.95 

5.65 

6.80 

7.20 

3.50 

7.5 

7.45 

7.45 

7.68 

2.20 

2.40 

2.29 

2.29 

7.65 

6.4 

3.25 

3.65 

3.2 

5.45 

6.25 

5.75 

5.35 

6.4 

2.8 

3.0 

3.05 

3.6 

4.0 

7.27 

7.15 

2.0 

2.17 

5.4 

8.04 

7.82 

2.6 

3.21 

7.4 

3.45 

3.35 

2.7 

2.3 

Field 

428 

420 

432 

204 

573 

400 

343 

474 

409 

426 

489 

494 

570 

491 

229 

276 

267 

350 

381 

290 

484 

636 

332 

374 

550 

496 

315 

262 

Si02 

La bora· 

tory 

435 

430 

450 

259 

184 

205 

608 

434 

371 

494 

430 

444 

490 

496 

570 

234 

311 

267 

347 

389 

448 

456 

290 

207 

504 

692 

588 

338 

383 

560 

496 

432 

450 

323 

258 

Al 

<-1 <-1 .2 

20 <.1 <-1 

7.0 

1.2 

1.4 

0.1 

.08 

.2 

7.7 

2.7 

3.0 

3.2 

.6 

.2 

28.9 

12.0 .21 

.17 

6.0 

3.8 <.1 

2.2 

1.7 

2.3 

4.9 

Fe 

<-1 <-1 

1.3 

<-1 <-1 .7 

.9 

1.4 

<-1 

<-1 

2.1 

1.4 

1.3 

1.0 

1.1 

<-1 

1.6 

1.1 <.1 <.1 

1.6 

.5 <.1 

.5 

.4 

.3 

1.1 

Ca 

6.4 

10.4 

8.6 

2.6 

2.4 

2.4 <.1 

2.8 

2.8 

1.8 

2.5 

2.4 

3.5 

1.8 

7.4 

3.4 

8.6 

3.7 

3.6 

3.2 

.2 

.3 

3.0 

3.1 

3.1 

2.4 

2.9 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

2.8 
Loeality Mg 

Unnamed Spring (YF21) __ 

Do -------------------- .5 

Do -------------------- .7 Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring {YF24) __ 1.0 

Do -------------------- 0 Do --------------------

Do -------------------- <.1 Unnamed Spring {YF28) __ <.1 

Do -------------------- <.1 Unnamed Spring (YF40) __ .5 

Unnamed Spring (YF42) _ .7 Unnamed Spring (YF43) __ .9 

Unnamed Spring {YF44) __ 0.2 

Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF46)__ .3 

Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF48) 1.0 Unnamed Spring (YF49) __ .7 

Unnamed Spring (YF51) __ .7 

Unnamed Spring (YF53) __ .5 Unnamed Spring (YF54) __ .4 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF58) __ .6 

Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF59) __ .2 

Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF60) -- .2 

Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF62) -- <.1 

Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Do.-------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF63) __ .3 Unnamed Spring (YF67) __ 1.3 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Na 

516 

526 

512 

502 

27 

10 

15 

15 

400 

308 

304 

329 

282 

356 

404 

375 

297 

282 

260 

289 

390 

397 

15 

4.8 378 

420 

356 

455 

390 

385 

372 

267 

141 

K Li HCOa 

Norris Geyser Basin-Continued 

56 

66 

56 

56 

24 

12 

15 

13 

91 

66 

79 

87 

77 

40 

41 

50 

43 

40 

63 

60 

42 

23 

31 

31 

32 

18 

8.2 

85 

73 

90 

87 

81 

87 

85 

76 

83 

39 

21 

7.0 

7.4 

6.5 

6.5 

<.1 

<.1 

.06 

<.1 

6.2 

5.3 

4.6 

5.1 

4.1 

5.1 

5.6 

5.2 

3.6 

3.4 

2.7 

2.9 

3.9 

4.2 

0.4 

0.1 

6.2 

6.3 

6.3 

6.5 

6.0 

5.8 

6.2 

3.8 

1.3 

18 

25 

0 

0 

0 

0 

34 

11 

0 

0 

0 

8 

20 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

18 

0 

0 

6 

29.5 

0 

0 

28 

0 

0 

0 

COs 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

so. 

883 

33 

76 

26 

482 

471 

548 

504 

24 

95 

183 

86 

121 

51 

196 

35 

230 

165 

140 

86 

60 

29 

925 

560 

172 

41 

288 

150 

68 

106 

84 

137 

353 

Cl 

860 

826 

78(} 

6.(} 

7.0 

7.0 

7.0 700 

543 

504 

586 

485 

627 

687 

620 

471 

438 

411 

438 

642 

626 

224 

6 687 

668 

721 

732 

5·93 

640 

650 

458 

170 

F 

7.5 

7.0 

6.0 

4.6 

3.0 

3.6 

2.8 

5.2 

5.7 

5.6 

2 

2.4 

1.6 

3.6 

4.3 

5.6 

6 

1.1 

5 

5 

2.5 

5 

5.4 

4.6 

4.0 

2.4 

1.0 

B 

11 

15.0 

12.4 

1.5 

.6 

.66 

.8 11.2 

8.2 

4.5 

4.9 

4.8 

12.8 

13.8 

10.4 

9.8 

9.2 

9.0 

7.2 

11.6 

10.6 

.6 

.3 10.0 

10.8 

10.0 

12.0 

11.0 

10.2 

7.0 

3.0 

As 

0.2 

3.0 
TABLE 1.-Chemical composition, in parts per million, of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park-Continued 

LocalitY 

Chocolate Pots (YF136) ----------

Do --------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF137) ------

Beryl Spring (YF31) ------------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Black Warrior Lake -------------- Black Warrior Lake (vent) ------ Black Warrior Lake (Steady 

Geyser) ( YF30). 

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Clepsydra Geyser ( YF75) --------

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Firehole Pool (YF154) ----------- Great Fountain Geyser (YF35) __ _ 

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Narcissus Geyser (YF84) ---------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Ojo Caliente Spring (YF156) ----

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Shelf Spring ( YF81) -----------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Date of 

Collection 

Tem- pH 

pera- References ture Labora- ( •c) Field tory 

Between Norris and Lower Geyser Basins 

Allen and Day, 1935 ----

This study -------------- ____ do ------------------ Allen and Day, 1935 

D. E. White, unpuh. data. 

This study 1 -------------

This study --------------

----do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

ca. 1930 Oct. 1962 

----do 

July 1928 

Sept. 1960 

----dO 

Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 

May 1965 

54 

53 

83 

91 

93 

91 

92 

92 

93 

Lower Geyser Basin 

Scott, 1964 -------------- Sept. 1959 65 D. E. White, unpub. data. Sept. 1960 93 

This study 1 ------------- ----do --- 92 

This study --------------

----do ------------------ ____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

----do ------------------ This study ------------- Gooch and Whitfield, 1888 

Allen and Day, 1935 ------

This study 1 -------------

This study -------------- D. E. White, unpub. data. 

____ do ------------------

This study t -------------

This study --------------- ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ Allen and Day, 1935 

White and others, 1956 --

This study ------------- ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1962 Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1962 May 1965 

May 1965 Aug. 1884 

ca. 1930 Sept. 1960 Sept. 1961 

Oct. 1947 Sept. 1960 ____ do 

Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 May 1965 

1929 Sept. 1947 May 1965 Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 May 1965 

94 

93 

87 

87 

87 

90 

93 

95 

95 

90 

92 

92 

89 

95.7 

95 

95 

95 

95 

6.4 

6.65 

6.9 

8.45 

7.80 

6.25 

6.45 

7.25 

7.40 

8.00 

6.8 

6.8 

6.8 

7.01 

7.25 

7.3 

8.1 

7.0 

7.62 

8.85 

9.23 

9.10 

8.40 

Alk. 

8.7 

8.6 

8.95 

7.4 

6.8 

7.9 

7.71 

8.00 

7.75 

8.65 

8.76 

8.70 

Field 

269 

262 

269 

209 

196 

329 

324 

317 

300±20 

331 

338 

350 

400 

Sio. 

Laboratory 

98 

105 

152 

268 

266 

270 

175 

199 

211 

198 

204 

338 

347 

323 

318 

316 

325 

315 

354 

332 

328 

218 

240±30 

253 

352 

412 

350 

Al 

0 

.2 

4.0 

0 

<·1 

<-1 .17 <.1 .16 

2.1 

1 <.1 <.1 

<·1 <-1 .07 

0 

<.1 .02 

Fe 

6 <.1 

2.2 

<-1 <.1 

0 

<.1 

<.1 

.1 <.1 

Tr. 

1 <.1 <.1 

<.1 <.1 

1 

Ca 

25 

10.7 

3.3 

1.6 

4.6 

5.1 

18 

14 

11 

12.1 

12.3 

.3 

1.7 

Tr. 

<-1 

.5 

<-1 

.7 

1.0 

4 

.7 
Locality 

Chocolate Pota (YF136) __ _ 

Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF137) _ 

Beryl Spring (YF31) ----

Do -------------------- Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Do --------------------

Do --------------------

Black Warrior Lake 0 

.4 

.3 

Black Warrior Lake (vent)- .7 Black Warrior Lake (Steady 

Geyser) (YF30). .9 

Do -------------------- .7 

Do -------------------- Clepsydra Geyser (YF75) __ <.1 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Fireho!e Pool ( YF154) __ 

Great Fountain Geyser 2.3 (YF35). 

Do -------------------- 0 Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- <.1 Narcissus Geyser (YF34) __ _ 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- <.1 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Ojo Caliente Spring 0 

(YF156). 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Shelf Spring (YF81) ---- <.1 

Do -------------------- Do --------------------

See footnotes at end of table. 

Na 

114 

118 

35 

409 

400 

408 

410 

96 

89 

89 

93 

85 

341 

335 

335 

366 

334 

338 

312 

312 

297 

310 

335 

326 

335 

K Li HCOa COa so. 

Between Norris and Lower Geyser Basins-Continued 

31 

21 

11 

23 

22 

22 

22 

22 

12 

13 

13 

1<1 

14 

14 

14 

14 

11.5 

15 

14 

14 

13 

16 

20 

21 

17 

18 

12 

9.5 

16 

18 

17 

0.7 

.4 

5.3 

6.1 

6.0 

5.9 

353 

146 

129 

140 

Lower Geyser Basin-Continued 

0.9 

.46 

.5 

.5 

.5 

2.5 

2.3 

2·.5 

3.4 

3.4 

2.0 

2.3 

2.1 

2.3 

2.4 

2.4 

0.5 155 

150 

145 

136 

178 

136 

5292 

182 

223 

221 

236 

208 

200 

170 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

85 

106 

83 

42 

0 

0 

29 

35 

51 

28 

30 

296 

66 

43 

63 

35 

26 

22 

37 

49 

23 

3 22 

18 

19 

14 

18 

29 

68 

21 

CJ 

29 

27 

18 

549 

543 

540 

534 

53 

52 

52 

53 

346 

324 

351 

343 

340 

356 

348 

340 

336 

324 

370 

347 

F 

4 

<.1 

16 

17 

11 

10 

10 

10 

21 

16 

20 

21 

18 

20 

24 

18 

B 

0.4 

.3 

6.2 

7.8 

7.2 

0.42 

.65 

.6 

.6 

.5 

1.05 

3.1 

4.0 

4.0 

3.6 

2.7 

4.0 

4.0 

5.1 

4.0 

As 

3.3 

0 

.01 

1.3 

3.6 

2.3 
TABLE !.-Chemical composition, in parts per million, of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park-Continued 

Locality 

Surprise Pool (YF83) -----------

Do ---------------------------

Do ---------------------------

Excelsior Geyser (YF10) --------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Artemsia Geyser (YF2) ----------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Bonita Pool (YF70) -------------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Chinaman Spring (YF129) -------

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Daisy Geyser (YF5) -------------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Ear Spring (YF86) --------------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Giantess Geyser (YF7) ----------

Do ---------------------------

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do ---------------------------

Date of Collection 

Tern- pH 

peraReferences ture Labora- (0C) Field tory 

Lower Geyser Basin-Continued 

This study ------------- Sept. H•G1 

____ do ------------------ Sept. 1962 ____ do ------------------ May 1965 

95 

95 

95 

Midway Geyser Basin 

Gooch and Whitfield, 1888. Aug. 1884 Allen and Day, 1935 ___ ca. 1930 White and others, 1956 __ Oct. 1947 

Scott, 1964 -------------- Sept. 1959 D. E. White, unpub. data. Sept. 1960 

This study 1 ------------- •••• do --- This study -------------- Sept. 1961 

92 

91 

63 

76 

76 

!>8 

Upper Geyser Basin 

Gooch and Whitfield, 1888. 

Allen and Day, 1935 ----

This study 1 ------------

This study --------------

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------ Allen and Day, 1935 D. E. White, unpub. data. 

This study -------------- ____ do ------------------ Allen and Day, 1935 White and others, 1956 --

This study 1 --------------

This study -------------- ____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------ Gooch and Whitfield, 1888. 

Allen and Day, 1935 ----

This study -------------- ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

Sept. 1884 ca. l\130 

Sept. 1960 Sept. 1961 ____ do __ _ 

Sept. 1962 

May 1965 

ca. 1930 Sept. 1960 Sept. 1962 May l%5 ca. 1930 Oct. 1947 

Sept. 19~~ 

Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 May 1965 Aug. 1884 ca. 1930 

Sept. 1960 Sept. 1962 Oct. 1962 

May 1965 

89 

91.5 

89 

90 

92 

92 

92 

93.5 Boiling 92.5 

94 

88.6 

90.5 

95 

:15 

95 

94 

95 

95 

92 

93 

7.80 

8.0 

8.20 

8.55 

8.25 

7.85 

7.60 

8.35 

7.95 

8.07 

8.55 

8.67 

8.40 

8.45 

8.4 

8.0 

8.35 

7.5 

Alk. 

8.95 

8.8 

8.7 

9.11 

8.95 

7.7 

7.75 

7.64 

7.80 

9.26 

9.4 

9.25 

Alk. 

8.85 

9.1 

9.00 

Field 

286 

280±30 

283 

280 

267 

271 

294 

280±20 

306 

390 

384 

Si02 

Labora--

tory 

292 

327 

294 

221 

237 

255 

303 

282 

274 

268 

275 

272 

293 

296 

292 

1287 

323 

327 

304 

388 

374 

392 

394 

372 

417 

397 

3~ 

400 

AI 

<.1 .17 

1.2 

1 

7.9 

0 

.2 <.1 <.1 

1.2 

.3 

<.1 <.1 .09 

4.9 

0 <.1 <.7 

Fe 

.01 

1.8 

1 

0 

<.1 <.1 

Tr. 

0 

.2 

.1 <.1 <.1 

<.1 

<.1 <.1 

<·1 

Tr. 

0 

.1 

<-1 

Ca 

.7 

2.2 

3 

1.6 

<.1 

2.5 

1.4 

Tr. 

0 

.9 

.3 

1.2 

.9 

.8 

.7 

0.7 

0 

.4 
Locality 

Surprise Pool ( YF83) ---

Do -------------------- Do --------------------

Excelsior Geyser (YF10) --

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Do --------------------

Artemsia Geyser (YF2) ---

Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Bonita Pool ( YF70) -------

Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Chinaman Spring YF129) __ 

Do --------------------

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Daisy Geyser (YF5) ------

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Ear Spring ( YF86) -----

Do ------------------- Do ------------------- Giantess Geyser (YF7) ----

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Do --------------------

See footnotes at end of table. 

.2 

2.2 

0 

.6 

.1 

.2 

0 

<-1 <.1 .2 

<.1 

<.1 <.1 

1.2 

0 

.1 

Na 

334 

335 

419 

410 

408 

400 

385 

382 

398 

422 

385 

390 

441 

440 

338 

325 

460 

341 

347 

345 

362 

349 

360 

364 

K 

14 

14 

13 

Ll HCOa 

Lower Geyser Basin--Continued 

3.8 

3.5 

310 

282 

co. 

26 

39 

Midway Geyser Basin--Continued 

33 

14 

12 

12 

15 

14 

2.0 

2.6 

2.2 

2.8 

2.7 

0.01 

5530 

562 

527 

646 

Upper Geyser Basin--Continued 

16 

16 

17 

16 

19 

15 

19 

17 

18 

17 

21 

20 

20 

19.5 

40 

20 

21 

20.7 

20.7 

18.5 

7.0 

4.0 

3.8 

4.3 

3.9 

4.6 

4.9 

4.4 

5.1 

5.6 

li.7 

5.8 

5.8 

5.4 

0.21 "361 

411 

425 

452 

452 

174 

155 

619 

621 

59 

0 

5

1-05 ___ , 

113 4o __ _ 

0 

20 

0 

75 

58 

83 

76 

0 

0 

ii>--

0 

18 

47 

so. 

56 

17 

•18 

21 

21 

34 

•16 

18 

27 

19 

17 

49 

42 

26 

8 

20 

21 

17 

•16.7 23 

22 

22 

CI 

301 

296 

279 

271 

278 

278 

280 

270 

300 

289 

290 

340 

305 

385 

375 

371 

311 

302 

310 

446 

420 

441 

429 

427 

418 

F 

26 

20 

18 

24 

24 

iz--

26 

30 

23 

29 

25 

20 

29 

B 

3.4 

5.0 

2.5 

2.6 

2.8 

3.4 

3.0 

5.6 

3.1 

3.0 

3.2 

3.2 

3.3 

4.4 

3.2 

4.8 

7.2 

4.6 

5.0 

As 

2.0 

1.1 

1.4 

0.46 
TABLE !.-Chemical composition, in parts per million, of thermal waters, Yellowstone Natlonal Park-Continued 

Locality 

Hillside Springs (YF6) ----------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Ink Well Spring (YF130) --------

Iron Spring (YF3) ---------------

Do --------------------------- Old Faithful Geyger (YF33) ------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Punch Bowl Spring (YF144) ----

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Riverside Geyser (YF8) ----------

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Sapphire Geyser (YF9) ----------

Do ---------------------------

Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Do ---------------------------

Do --------------------------- Sentinel Geyser (YF103) ---------

Do --------------------------- Solitary Geyser (YF99) ----------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Spouter Geyser (YF90) ----------

Do --------------------------- Do --------------------------- Tortoise Shell Spring ( YF102) __ 

Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do --------------------------

Date of Tem• pH 

Collection pera- References ture Labora-

( •C) Field tory 

Upper Geyser Basin-Continued 

Allen and Day, 1935 

D. E. White, unpub. data. 

____ do ------------------

This study --------------- ____ do ------------------

____ do ------------------ Allen and Day, 1935 ----

This study 1 -------------

Gooch and Whitfield, 1888. 

Allen and Day, 1935 ----

This study 1 -------------

This study -------------- Noguchi and Nix, 1963 __ 

Allen and Day, 1985 -----

This study --------------

____ do ------------------ Allen and Day, 1935 White and others, 1956 • 

This study 1 -------------

This study -------------- ____ do ------------------ Allen and Day, 1935 White and others, 1956 _ 

Scott, 1964 -------------- D. E. White, unpub. data. 

This study 1 -------------

This study -------------- ____ do ------------------ ____ do ------------------

Allen and Day, 1935 -----

This study -------------- Allen and Day, 1935 Noguchi and Nix, 1963 __ 

This study -------------- Allen and Day, 1935 ----

This study --------------

•.... do ------------------ Allen and Day, 1935 __ 

Scott, 1964 ------------ D. E. White, unpub. data. 

This study --------------

ea. 1930 

Aug. 1951 Sept. 1960 ____ do 

Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1962 ea. 1930 

Sept. 1960 

Sept. 1884 

ca. 1930 Sept. 1960 

Sept. 1961 1962 

ca. 1930 Sept. 1962 

May 1965 ca. 1930 

Oct. 1947 

Sept. 1960 

Sept. 1961 May 1965 

ca. 1930 Oct. 1947 

Sept. 1959 

Sept. 1960 ____ do 

Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 

May 1965 ca. 1930 

Sept. 1962 

ca. 1930 

1962 

Sept. 1962 ca. 1930 

Sept. 1961 Sept. 1962 ca. 1930 Sept. 1959 Sept. 1960 Sept. 1962 

86 

86 

86 

91 

90.8 

95 

84-88 

90 

85 

92.8 

95 

95 

93.5 

95 

98 

95 

94.5 

95 

92 

90 

94 

94 

98.5 

94 

92.5 

91 

92.5 

92 

92 

94.5 

95 

93.5 

6.55 

8.65 

7.45 

8.6 

8.15 

8.3 

8.1 

7.43 

6.6 

7.0 

6.65 

3.45 

Alk. 

8.97 

9.3 

9.15 

7.94 

8.05 

9.02 

8.9 

8.7 

8.8 

8.69 

9.15 

9.2 

9.1 

9.2 

9.0 

9.0 

8.7 

9.02 

9.21 

8.8 

9.0 

9.2 

9.8 

9.45 

Field 

180 

455 

356 

374 

226 

266 

348 

326 

313 

SiO• 

Laboratory 

170 

175 

190 

180 

286 

365 

456 

383 

357 

381 

390 

384-396 328 

340 

348 

242 240±20 

268 

248 

321 

320±20 

244? 

352 

355 

322 

331 

262 

365 

374-393 364 

309 

309 

329 

259? 

340 

AI 

0 

.1 <.1 .12 

0 

.6 

.9 

0 <.1 <.1 

0 

.03 

0 

<.1 <-1 

0 

.3 

<.1 <.1 

.8 

.8 

0 

.9 

<.1 .51 

-o~i-

.9 

Fe 

0 

<.1 <.1 <.1 

Tr. 

1.2 

Tr. 

Tr. <.1 .1 

0 

<.1 

0 

<.1 <.1 

Tr. 

.3 

<.1 <.1 <.1 

<.1 

0 

<.1 

<.1 <.1 

0 

<.1 

Ca 

9 

8.4 

8.4 

.7 

2 

3.2 

1.5 

4 

.7 

0 

.4 

0 

.1 

.6 

4 

1.6 

.5 

.3 

.3 

4 

.3 

.7 

0 

1.6 

.5 
Loeality 

Hillside -Springs (YF6) ___ 0 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- 0 Do -------------------- . 7 

Do -------------------- .6 Ink Weii Spring YF130) --- Iron Spring (YF3) -------- Tr. 

Do -------------------- 1.4 Old Faithful Geyser (YF33) _ .6 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- Punch Bowl Spring (YF144) 0 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Riverside Geyser (YFS) ---

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- Sapphire Geyser (YF9) ___ Tr. 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- 0 Do -------------------- Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Sentinel Geyser ( YF103) __ 

Do -------------------- Solitary Geyser (YF99) ___ 0 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Spouter Geyser (YF90) ___ _ 

Do -------------------- .5 Do -------------------- Tortoise Shell Spring 0 (YF102). 

Do -------------------- 0 Do -------------------- Do --------------------

See footnotes at end of table. 

Na 

124 

133 

145 

133 

375 

77 

122 

367 

372 

349 

326 

450 

425 

372 

338 

341 

453 

420 

429 

423 

412 

445 

355 

317 

320 

415 

425 

420 

408 

396 

405 

K Li HCOa 

Upper Geyser Basin-Continued 

10 

6.9 

8.3 

8 

30 

28 

45 

27 

31 

21 

22 

20 

19.5 

20 

19 

17 

16 

16 

17 

18 

16 

19 

20 

20 

18 

17 

23 

24 

18 

20 

23 

19 

17 

22 

.7 

.8 

.7 

3.7 

.3 

5.6 

5.7 

5.3 

3.6 

3.8 

3.5 

2.2 

1.8 

2.1 

2.1 

2.3 

3.3 

4.4 

3.5 

3.3 

4.8 

4.4 

5.0 

0.01 

249 

246 __ _ 

252 

0 

0 

5124 

0 

597 

568 

329 

334 

466 

332 __ _ 

366 

406 

303 

328 

68 

0 463 

452 

45{ 

282 

174 

157 

COo 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

100 

10 

0 

54 

41 

66 

99 

103 

82 

90 

69 

47 

76 

87 

81 

74 

76 

102 

60 

so. 

12 

14 

12 

17 

15 

231 

220 

•ts 

21 

45 18.5-21 19 

18 

16 

12 

15 

22 

14 

55 

ld 

12 

18 

21 27-28.9 23 

29 

43 

18 

18 

27 

20 

Cl 

55 

66 

71 

72 

262 1 

6 439 

435 

434 

451-466 

297 

294 

296 

288 

300 

307 

308 

309 

305 

270? 

308 

296 

240 

242 

377 

401-416 

373 

313 

326 

312 

381 

382 

385 

378 

F 

10 

25 

1.2 

2.0 

0 

22 

23 

20 

34 

24 

25 

21.5 

18 

28 

32 

26 

21.5 

32 

27 

35 

18 

32 

B 

1.6 

1.0 

1.2 

1.2 

3.1 

2.2 

4.6 

5.6 

5.0 

5.0 

5.9 

3.3 

3.1 

3.2 

3.2 

3.7 

2.6 

2.9 

3.4 

3.4 

2.6 

4.5 

3.6 

4.7 

2.2 

6.1 

4.4 

As 

1.6 

2.5 

2.5 
TABLE !.-Chemical composition, in parts per million, of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park-Continued 

Date of Collection Tern- pH pera- Locality References ture Labora- (0C) Field tory 

Upper Geyser Basin-Continued 

Turban Geyser (YF36) ----------

Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF1) ----------

Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF4) ---------

Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF32) 

Unnamed Spring (YF96) -------- Unnamed Spring (YF109) --------

Gooch and Whitfield, 1888_ 

This study 1 ------------

----do ------------------ ----do ------------------ ----do ------------------ D. E. White, unpub. data. 

____ do ------------------ This study 1 -------------

This study -------------- ____ do ------------------ White and others, 1963 D. E. White, unpub. data. 

This study 1 -------------

This study -------------- ____ do ------------------ This study 1 -------------

____ do ------------------ This· study ------------ ----do ------------------

Sept. 1884 Sept. 1960 

Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1962 

May 1965 Oct. 1947 

Sept. 1960 ____ do 

Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1962 Oct. 1957 

Sept. 1960 ____ do 

Sept. 1961 

Sept. 1962 

May 1965 

Sept. 1960 Oct. 1962 

Sept. 1962 

91 

89 

91 

92 

92 

85 

71 

71 

71 

70 

94 

92.5 

92.5 

91 

92 

92 

78 

94 

82 

8.15 

8.72 

4.6 

8.75 

8.65 

Smoke Jumper Hot Springs 

Unnamed Spring (YF14) -------- Unnamed Spring (YF15) -------- Unnamed Pool (YF16) ---------

This study 1 ----------- Sept. 1960 ____ do ------------------ ____ do __ _ ----do ------------------ ____ do __ _ 

91 

82 

92 

West Thumb Pools 

Abyss Pool (YFll) -------------

Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do -------------------------- Do ~------------------------- Occasional Geyser (YF12) --------

Do -------------------------- Do --------------------------

Scott, 1964 -------------- Sept. 1959 D. E. White, unpub. data. Sept. 1960 

This study ------~------- "---do ____ do ------------------ Sept. 1961 ____ do ------------------ Sept. 1962 This study 1 ------------- Sept. 19eO ____ do ------------------ Sept. 1961 ____ do ------------------ Sept. 1962 

81 

92 

91 

91 

92 

94 

95 

92 

Potts Hot Spring Basin 

Unnamed Spring (YF79) ------ This study ------------- Sept. 1961 

Do -------------------------- ____ do ------------------ Sept. 1962 

Unnamed Spring (YF106) -------- ..•. do ------------------ ____ do __ _ 

89 

92 

92 

7.58 

7.80 

Alk. 

8.50 

9.0 

9.45 

9.25 

4.39 

4.40 

4.3 

3.7 

4.5 

9.6 

9.6 

9.7 

9.4 

9.78 

9.60 

8.9 

6.9 

6.3 

2.3 

8.2 

8.4 

8.5 

8.45 

8.49 

8.6 

8.4 

8.85 

9.1 

7.32 

8.13 

Field 

315 

322 

270 

268 

361 

367 

313 

246 

254 

262 

282 

286 

2€2 

266 

310 

sm. AI 

Laboratory 

304 3.2 318 <.1 

<.1 318 .8 

200±20 

278 .2 2(6 .1 

262 .2 363 .2 

374 <.1 370 <.1 358 1.2 368 

318 <.1 320 1.0 256 .07 

256 <.1 264 <.1 300 38 

1977 0.2 

297 <.1 289 <.1 290 .9 283 <.1 266 <.1 262 .6 

303 

305 

143 

<0.1 .7 

.6 

Fe 

Tr. 

<.1 

<.1 

<.1 

.2 

.2 

.2 

.06 

<.1 

<.1 

.4 

<.1 

<.1 

<.1 

<0.1 

<.1 

5.2 

0 

<.1 

<-1 

<.1 

<.1 

<0.1 

<.1 

<.1 

Ca 

2.8 

<.1 

.3 

<.1 

.5 

.8 

.1 

.5 

<.1 

.8 

2.1 

<0.1 

1.6 

.7 

.53 

<.1 

1.2 

1.1 

0.5 

.6 
Locality Mg 

Turban Geyser (YF36) ---- 0 

Do -------------------- <.1 

Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF1) ---

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- <.1 

Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF4) --- 0 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF32) __ <.1 Unnamed Spring (YF96) __ 

Unnamed Spring (YF109) _ 

Unnamed Spring (YF14) __ 0.2 Unnamed Spring (YF15) __ <.1 Unnamed Pool (YF16) ___ 1.2 

Abyss Pool (YFlll ------ 0 

Do -------------------- Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- <.1 Do -------------------- Occasional Geyser ( YF12) _ <.1 

Do -------------------- <.1 Do --------------------

Unnamed Spring (YF79) _ 0.2 

Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF106) _ 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Na 

382 

371 

371 

364 

37 

42 

40 

37 

352 

355 

356 

341 

334 

297 

415 

370 

33 

40 

10 

444 

428 

423 

427 

420 

337 

352 

335 

334 

385 

357 

K Li HCOa 

Upper Geyser Basin-Continued 

16.7 

18 

19 

18 

18 

19 

20 

20 

18 

24 

20 

26 

23 

23 

22.5 

16 

20 

20 

3.6 

4.7 

4.7 

4.4 

.18 

.3 

.2 

.16 

5.2 

4.5 

5.0 

5.1 

4.8 

4.9 

3.0 

2.7 

•270 

185 

145 

0 

0 

0 

0 

50 

168 

CO a 

83 

54 

0 

0 

70 

50 

49 

0 

Smoke Jumper Hot Springs--Continued 

14 <0.1 34 15 <.1 7.5 <.1 

West Thumb Pools-Continued 

20 

17 

21 

17 

21 

17 

15 

16 

3.4 

3.1 

3.5 

3.3 

3.5 

2.4 

2.4 

2.4 

598 

518 

415 

406 

338 

0 

0 

35 

18 

28 

59 

Potts Hot Spring Basin-Continued 

15 

17 

18 

3.5 

4.0 

3.4 

220 

490 

466 

106 

0 

0 

so. 

•25 

25 

20 

122 

121 

116 

23 

21 

21 

17 

15 

35 

48 

Cl 

377 

370 

366 

4 

1.2 

2 

405 

406 

400 

400 

370 

301 

430 

0 

F 

28 

27 

2 

1.4 

25 

28 

24 

22 

33 

16 

8 

B 

7.6 

4.0 

4.0 

.05 

.06 

.02 

4.4 

4.4 

4.6 

4.2 

4.2 

3.6 

5.5 

0.32 

.38 

4.4 

As 

.8 

1.7 

1.5 

1.6 

1.4 

---------------

65 298 

52 

27 

85 

42 

68 

58 

38 

298 

298 

230 

254 

235 

258 

254 

243 

19 

26 

28 

22 

23 

24 

26 

3.0 

3.3 

4.0 

3.8 

3.4 

3.0 

3.2 

3.1 

2.0 

<.01 
TABLE 1.--Ckemical composition, in parts per million, of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park-Continued 

Date of 

Collection 

Tern- pH 

pera• Locality References ture Labora-

(0C) Field tor7 

Shoshone Geyser Basin 

Taurus Spring (YF133) ---------- Gooch and Whitfield, 1888. June 1887 

Do -------------------------- This study -------------- Oct. 1962 

Unnamed Spring (YF134) -------- ____ do ------------------ ____ do ---

93 

92 

Mud Volcano Area 

Churning Cauldron (YF13) ------ D. E. White, unpub. data. July 1956 

Do -------------------------- Scott, 1964 -------------- Sept. 1959 Do -------------------------- D. E. White, unpub. data _ Sept. 1960 Do -------------------------- This study 1 ------------- ____ do 

Loeality Na K Li NH• 

48 

33 

55 

55 

HCOa 

1.7 

Alk. 

4.6 

3.0 

2.0 

2.0 

co. 

Shoshone Geyser Basin-Continued 

Taurus Spring (YF133) __ _ 0.9 

Do -------------------- Unnamed Spring (YF134) _ 

Churning Cauldron ( YF13) _ 28 

Do -------------------- 69 Do -------------------- Do -------------------- 73 

320 

322 

250 

65 

150 

70 

77 

1 See table 3 for spectrographic analyses of residues. • 6 ppm Fe+2, 31 ppm Fe••. 

23.5 

13 

23 

46 

46 

24 

46 

0.9 

1.2 

1.2 

5445 

Mud Volcano Area-Continued 

06 

.06 

.1 

• SOa calculated as S0.-2• 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

• Spring on Porcelain Terrace near old road. 

Field 

297 

so. 

3 46 

48 

85 

494 

1440 

3440 

1066 

SiO• 

La bora· 

tory 

293 

305 

280 

230 

225 

325 

Cl 

193.5 

200 

125 

2.2 

20 

2.5 

AJ 

4 

.3 

.3 

38 

51 

F 

23 

16 

0.6 

2 

Fe 

Tr. 

<0.1 

<-1 

55 

38 

B 

4.6 

3.0 

1.8 

0.34 

.25 

.4 

• Total C02 calculated as HCO.-. 

Ca 

Tr. 

<0.1 

1.0 

79 

171 

152 

As 

0.53 

0 
T'ABLES 27 

TABLE 2.-Locations of unnamed kot springs 

Locality 

No. Location 

Locality 

No. Location 

Locality 

No. Location 

Norris Geyser Basin 

[Locations for Norris Geyser B8Bin are keyed to figure 1] 

YF2L _________ F4 YF46 __________ E5 YF58 __________ D6 

24_ _________ D5 48 __________ A4 59 __________ C6 

28 __________ c6 49 __________ B3 60 __________ C6 

40 __________ D5 SL _________ ca 62 __________ D5 

42 __________ D5 53 __________ E4 63 __________ G4 

43 __________ D5 54 __________ E4 67 __________ E4 

44 __________ E5 

Locality No. Location 

Between Norris and Lower Geyser Basin 

YF137 _________ Spring on east bank of Gibbon River at first bridge upstream from Beryl Spring. 

Upper Geyser Basin 

YFL __________ Murky spring 70ft S. as• W. of Splendid Geyser. 

4-----------40 ft south of 1929 drill hole. 

32 __________ Small spring 30 ft N. 70• W. of Old Faithful. 

96 __________ Small spring on east side of Firehole River 70 ft S. 40• 

E. of Cliff Geyser, Blaek Sand Basin. 

109 _________ Small spring between Lone Sta1 Geyser and parking lot. 

Smoke Jumper Hot Springs 

YF14 __________ Clear discharging spring 6 ft in diameter on Continental 

Divide, west of Little Summit Lake. 

15 __________ Cloudy discharging spring 150 ft south of YF14. 

l6 __________ Large boiling pool south of Summit Lake trail at Continental Divide. 

Potts Hot Spring Basin 

YF79 __________ Very small spring on Yellowstone Lake side of main road 

near parking lot. 

106 _________ Small intermittent spring flowing from beneath rocks at 

west end of hot spring area. 

Shoshone Geyser Basin 

YF134 __________ Small pool 200ft S. 45• E. from patrol cabin. 
28 THERMAL WATERS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 

TABLE 3.-Semiquantitative spectrographic 

[Visual detection limit for ooch element is given in parenthesee. Pereentag~e figures are re. ported to the nearest number in the series 7, 3, 1.5, 0.7, 0.3, 0.15, .... M, major con- stituent; 0, looked for but not found. ItaJic figures beneath each analysis value, parts per million in the original solution, were calculated by multiplying the analysis value by the evaporation factor indicated below the YF locality number. The following elements were looked for but not found: P(0.1), As(O.Ol), Bi(0.003), 

AJ(,0.001) 

Fe(0.003) 

Mg(0.00003) 

Ca(0.0001) ------

Na(0.01) --------

K(0.2) ----------

Ti(0.0002) 

Mn(O.OOOl) 

B(0.003) 

Ba(0.0003) 

Be(O.OOOl) 

Cr(0.0003) 

Cu(0.00003) -----

Ga(0.0001) 

Ge(0.0003) 

Hg(0.3) ---------

Li(0.003) -------

Mo ( 0.0003) ------

Ni(0.003) -------

Pb(O.OOOl) 

Sn(0.0003) 

Sr(0.0003) 

V(0.0001) 

W(0.003) 

Y(0.003) --------

Yb(O.OOOl) 

YF1 

5.85 

0.07 

.4 

.015 

.09 

.03 

7 

40 

7 

40 

.I! 

.15 

.9 

0 

.007 

.04 

.007 

.04 

.007 

.04 

0 

0 

0 

.003 

.Oil 

.003 

.01! 

0 

.07 

.4 

0 

.0007 

.004 

.007 

.04 

0 

-<::ooos 

0 

0 

0 

0 

YF2 

14.7 

0.07 

1 

<.005 

<.001 

:ii7--

1 

M >140 

1.5 

ftll 

0 

<.0005 

0 

0 

0 

.03 

.4 

.0007 

.01 

.0015 

.01! 

.oos 

.04 

0 

1.5 

I! I! 

0 

0 

.0015 

.01! 

0 

<.0005 

0 

.015 

.ll 

0 

0 

Upper Geyser Basin 

YF3 

11.4 

0.07 

.8 

.3 

8 

.15 

ll 

.7 

8 

M >110 

7 

77 

0 

.03 

0 

0 

0 

.9 

.007 

.08 

.007 

.08 

.0007 

.0003 

.09 

.0015 

.01! 

.15 

ll 

0 

0 

0 

.003 

.09 

.003 

.09 

0 

0 

0 

0 

YF4 

17.1 

0.07 

1 

<.005 

<.001 

.07 

1 

M >170 

3 

50 

0 

<.0005 

.07 

1 

<.0005 

0 

0 

0 

.0003 

.005 

.003 

.05 

1.5 

1!6 

.0015 

.09 

.0007 

.01 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.015 

.3 

YF5 

18.3 

0.07 

1 

<.005 

<.001 

.07 

1 

M >180 

3 

55 

0 

<.0005 

.03 

.6 

<.0005 

0 

0 

.0003 

.005 

.0015 

.09 

.003 

.OS 

1.5 

ll? .0015 

.09 

.0015 

.09 

0 

0 

0 

.003 

.05 

.015 

.9 

0 

0 

YF8 

15.3 

0.03 

.5 

<.005 

.007 

.07 

1 

M >150 

1.5 

:1!9 

0 

<.0005 

.015 

0 

0 

0 

.ll 

.0007 

.01 

.0003 

.005 

.003 

.05 

.7 11 

.0015 

.01! 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.015 

.I! 

YF9 

18.4 

0.3 

6 

.015 

.9 

.007 

.07 

1 

M 

>tao 

1.5 

:es .0007 

.01 

.0015 

.09 

.03 

0 

0 

0 

.6 

.0015 

.09 

.0003 

.006 

.0015 

.03 

.7 18 

.0015 

.09 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.007 

.015 

.s 

0 
T'ABLES 29 

analyses, in percent, of evaporated residues 

Cd(0.001), Ce(0.01), Co(O.OOOl), Dy(0.003), Er(0.001), Eu(O.OOl), Gd(0.003), Hf(0.002), Ho ( 0.001), In ( 0.0001), Ir ( 0.003), La ( 0.003), Lu(O.OOl), Nb(0.0003), Nd(O.Ol), Os (0.003), 

Pr(O.OI), Re(0.003), Ru(0.003), Sb(O.Ol), Sc ( 0.0001), Sm(O.Ol), Ta(0.01), Tb(O.Ol), 

Te(0.03), Tb ( 0.01), Tl ( 0.001), Tm ( 0.001), U(0.03), Zn(0.01), Zr ( 0.0003). The following elements were not determined. Ag, Au, Cs, F, Pd, 

Hamilton] 

Pt, Rb, Rh, Si. Analyst, J. c. 

Smoke 

Upper Geyger Midway West Mud Jumper 

Basin-Continued Geyger Thumb Volcano Hot Basin Pools area Springs 

YF32 YF33 YF36 YF10 YF12 YF13 YF14 17.4 28.6 17.6 19.7 17.0 25.6 5.08 

Al(0.001) 0.07 0.07 0.07 .15 .07 0.7 0.07 1 s 1 9 1 18 Fe(0.003) •• .015 <.005 <-005 .007 <.0015 1.5 .015 .9 :oii7- .1 98 .08 

Mg(0.00003) ---- .015 .007 .003 <.001 1.5 .03 .9 .s .1 .06 98 .s Ca(O.OOOl) ------ .15 .15 .15 .3 .15 7 .15 9 • 9 6 9 180 .8 Na(0.01) -------- M M .M M M 7 7 >trO >~t80 >tr6 >soo >170 180 35 

K(0.2) ---------- 1.5 3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 7 S6 90 !l8 80 !l6 88 35 

Ti(0.0002) .................. .003 0 0 .0007 0 0 0 .05 .01 Mn (0.0001) ----- .0007 <.0005 <.0005 .003 <.0005 .15 .007 .01 .06 4 .04 

B(0.003) -------- .03 .07 .015 .03 .03 <-005 .03 .5 ll .03 .6 .5 .ll Ba(0.0003) .0007 <.0005 <.0005 .0015 <.0005 .003 .007 .01 .09 .08 .04 

Be(0.0001) 0 0 0 .0003 0 0 0 

:ooiis .·oo(i3- .006 Cr(0.0003) .0003 .0003 .0003 .003 .0007 .005 .009 .005 .006 .005 .08 .004 Cu ( 0.00003) ----- .0015 .ooa .0007 .003 .007 .0015 .007 .09 .09 .01 .06 .1 .04 .04 Ga(O.OOOl) .003 .007 0 0 0 0 0 .05 .Oll 

Ge(0.0003) .003 .003 0 .003 .003 0 0 .05 .09 .06 .005 

Hg(0.3) -------- Li(0.003) .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 0 0 1ll llO 11! 14 lll Mo(0.003) .0015 .0015 .0015 .0015 .oc3 0 0 .09 .04 .09 .03 .05 Ni(0.003) 0 .0007 0 0 0 .0015 .0007 .Oll .04 .004 Pb(O.OOOl) () () 0 () 0 () .015 

.08 

Sn(0.0003) 0 0 0 0 () () .003 

.Oll Sr(0.0003) 0 0 () <.0005 () .07 .0015 ll .008 V(O.OOOl) 0 0 0 0 .003 0' 

:iii5- .08 W(0.003) o·---- .015 .015 .015 .015 0 • 9 •• .9 

Y(0.0003) 0 0 0 0 0 .003 0 

0----- .08 Yb(0.0001) 0 0 0 () .0003 0 .008 
30 THERMAL WATERS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 

TABLE a.-Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses, 

Mammoth 

Hot Springs Norris Geyser Basin area 

YF17 YF18 YF19 YF21 YF23 YF24 YF25 

23.0 21.8 19.2 26.9 10.4 5.26 20.1 

Al(0.001) -------- <0.01 <0.01 0.15 0.015 0.15 3 0.15 

<:oo5- II .4 II 16 3 

Fe(0.003) ------- <.005 .015 <.005 .15 .s .007 .II <.ooi-- II ·' .1 

Mg(0.00003) ---- 1.5 3 .015 .OS .07 .003 35 80 .a .II .4 .06 

Ca(0.0001) ------- M M .3 .7 .3 .15 .7 >sao >1118 8 ItO II .8 14 Na(0.01) .................... 7 7 M M M 3 M 140 145 >t9JI >1170 >tOO 16 >soo 

K(0.2) -------·-- 7 7 7 7 7 3 7 140 140 170 ro 16 140 Ti(0.0002) ............... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mn(0.0001) ................ :ooo7 .0007 .007 .007 :os-- .015 ~iiiiii7 .OS .011 .l .II .II .08 .01 

B(0.003) -------- .007 .007 .15 .3 .07 .03 .s .II .II .8 8 .r .II 6 

Ba(0.0003) .003 .003 .003 .0015 .007 .015 .003 .or .or .06 .04 .07 .08 .06 

Be(O.OOOl) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

:ooiis 0---- 0 

............. Cr(0.0003) .0003 0 ~ooo·r 0 .007 .oor .004 

Cu ( 0. 00003) ---- .0015 .003 .003 .007 .0015 .015 .0015 .03 .or .06 .II .0:8 .08 .011 

Ga(O.OOOl) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ge(0.0003) 0---- 0 0 ----- 0 0 0 0 

~(0.3) -------- Li(O.OOS) ------- :15"" .3 .7 

__ f ___ :s·-- 0 .7 

4 7 18 l!O 8 14 Mo(0.0003) ................. 0 0 .003 .007 0 0 .003 .06 .II .06 

Ni(0.003) .................... 0 0 0 .0007 0 0 0 .Ott 

Pb(0.0001) ~O-l5-- 0 0 0 0 .007 0 .or .08 

Sn (0.0003) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sr(0.0003) .07 .07 .0015 .0015 .0007 .0007 .003 ll :8 .OIJ .04 .oor .004 .06 V(0.0001) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

W(0.003) ------- 0 0 0 0 0---- 0 0 

----- Y(0.0003) 0 0 0 0 .003 () 0 .Oil 

Yb(0.0001) ----- 0 0 0 0 .0003 0 0 .OOIJ 
TABLES 31 

in percent, of evaporated residues-Continued 

Norris GQ&er Beryl 

Basin-continued Lower Geyaer Basin Sprin&' 

YF27 YF28 YF29 YF30 YF34 YF35 YF31 

6.33 20.6 17.6 9.39 14.8 1·7.2 19.9 

Al(O.OOl) 0.16 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.07 .8 .6 1 .9 .4 1 1 

Fe(0.003) .OS <.006 .07 <.005 <.005 <.005 <.005 .I -.oi5- 1 

M~r(0.00003) ---- .03 .015 .015 .015 .007 .007 .I .9 .9 .1 .ll .1 .1 

Ca(0.0001) .................. .15 .16 .16 1.5 .3 .07 .3 .8 II II 15 4 1 6 

Na(0.01) ------- .7 M M M M M M 115 >soo >t15 >tOO >tSO >110 >llOO 

K(0.2) ---------- 0 7 3 3 3 1.5 1.6 140 50 80 40 15 110 Ti(0.0002) ------ .00111 0 0 0 0 0 0 .008 

:Mn(O.OOOl) <~o00-5- :ooii7 ------- .0007 .0015 .07 .007 <.0005 .004 .Oil .1 .1 .01 B(0.003) .03 .3 .3 .03 .03 .07 .07 

•• .IJ .5 .8 .4 1 1 Ba(0.0003) .003 .0007 .007 .0()3 <.0005 <.0005 <.0005 .01 .01 .01 .08 

Be(0.0001) 0 0 0 .00()<3 0 0 0 

:ooo7 ----- .003 Cr(O.OOOS) 0 0 .0003 .0003 .cirioa· .0008 .004 ~ooo7- .008 .004 .005 .006 Cu (0.00003) .0015 .0007 .003 .007 .008 .003 .008 .01 .001 .09 .01 .05 .06 Ga(O.OOOl) 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0007 

0---- ----- .01 Ge(0.0003) 0 0 0 0 0 0 

H~r(O.S) -------- LI(0.003) .............. :o7-- 1.6 1.6 .3 .3 .7 .7 . .. 111 15 II .. Ill 14 :Mo(0.0003) .............. .0016 .003 0 0 .0015 .0015 .007 .008 .OIJ .Of! .08 .1 NI(0.003) ------- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pb(0.0001) 0---- 0 0----- 0 0 0 0-----

Sn(0.0003) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sr(0.0003) 0----- .oo"ii>" :ooo7 .0015 0 0 0---- .Oil .001 .01 0----- V(O.OOOl) 0 0 0 0 0 0 

W(0.003) 0----- 0 0 0 o:i5-- .(iiii- 0-----

0----- .I .9 0----- Y(0.0003) 0 0 0 0 0 

Yb(O.OOOl) 0----- 0 0----- 0 0 0 0 

1t U·S· GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 1973-515-:659/70