HFO-1234yf Low GWP RefrigerantLCCP AnalysisMary KobanDuPont Fluoroproducts22009-01-0179AgendaHFO-1234yf RefrigerantThermodynamic PropertiesToxicity UpdateEnvironmental PropertiesFlammability PropertiesSystem PerformanceLCCP AnalysisPerformance Data InputsIHX OptimizationLCCP ScenariosGlobal LCCP ResultsConclusions32009-01-0179HFO-1234yfExcellent environmental propertiesMeets 2011 EU F-Gas RegulationVery low GWP of 4, Zero ODPAtmospheric chemistrydetermined and publishedLow toxicity, similar to R-134aLow acute and chronic toxicitySystem performance very similar to R-134aExcellent COP and Capacity, no glideThermally stable and compatiblewith current R-134a materialsMild flammability (manageable)Flammability significantly less than 152aA2 recommended by ASHRAE [A2L classification under development]Expect “A2L” ISO 817 classification versus “A2” for 152aGlobal SolutionGood performance in all climates, and car sizesCompatibility with current technologyallows for rapid global adoption42009-01-0179HFO-1234yf Thermo PropertiesProperties1234yf134aBoiling Point, Tb-29oC-26oCCritical Point, Tc95oC 102oCPvap, MPa (25oC)0.6770.665Pvap, MPa (80oC)2.442.63GWP (100 ITH)41410ODP00Temperature,oCVapor PressureREFPROP EquationOf State available00.511.522.533.5-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100134aHFO-1234yf

Pressure (MPa)Vapor Pressure similar to HFC-134a52009-01-0179HFO-1234yf Has Low ToxicityHFO-1234yf ToxicityTestHFO-1234yfHFC-134a•Acute Lethality•Nodeaths400,000 ppm•Nodeaths359,700 ppm3•Cardiacsensitization•NOEL>120,000ppm•NOEL50,000ppm•LOEL 75,000 ppm3•13 weekinhalation•NOAEL50,000 ppm•NOAEL50,000 ppm3•Developmental (Rat)•NOAEL50,000 ppm•NOAEL50,000 ppm3•Genetic Toxicity•Not Mutagenic•NotMutagenic3•13 weekgenomic(carcinogenicity)•Notactive(50,000 ppm)•Nottested3•2-yrcarcinogenicity•Notrequired•Notcarcinogenic3•EnvironmentalTox•NOEL>83 mg/L(Pass)•NOEL>100 mg/L(Pass)3•Developmental(Rabbit)•NOAEL4,000PPM,•LOAEL5,500PPM•NOAEL2,500PPM•LOAEL10,0003•1-Gen segmentof2-GenReproductive•InterimNOAEL5,000-15,000ppm(6-hour exposures)•NOAEL50,000ppm(1-hour exposures)362009-01-0179HFO-1234yf Toxicity SummaryQRecently completed developmental and reproductive studieshave shown that HFO-1234yf will not be classified adevelopmental or reproductive toxin.QHFO-1234yf has recently been classified as a Class A (lowtoxicity) refrigerant by ASHRAE.QHFO 1234yf WEEL was adopted at 500 ppm (8-hr TWA) by theAIHA WEEL Committee. AIHA Standards expects thisassignment to be published in the 2009 set of WEELs.QAfter independent review of all toxicology test results, DuPontand Honeywell have concluded that HFO-1234yf is safe tocommercialize for use in MAC.QFurthermore, industry risk assessments of various potentialexposure scenarios have also concluded HFO-1234yf is safe foruse in mobile AC applications.72009-01-0179HFO-1234yf Environmental PropertiesODP = 0100 Year GWP = 4(GWP134a= 1300)Measurements completed and publishedPapadimitrou, V.C. et al,“CF3CF=CH2 and ZCF3CF=CHF: Temperature dependent OH ratecoefficients and globalwarming potentials”,Phys.Chem. Chem. Phys. Vol 10 (2008) pp 808-820.Hurley, M.D. et al,“Atmospheric chemistry ofCF3CF=CH2: Products andmechanisms of Cl atomand OH radical initiated oxidation”,Chem. Phys. Lett.Vol 450 (2008) pp 263-267.Nielsen, O.J. et al,“Atmospheric Chemistry ofCF3CF=CH2: Kinetics and mechanisms of gas phasereactions with Cl atoms,OH radicals and O3”,Chem.Phys. Lett.Vol 439 (2007) pp 18-22.Atmospheric lifetime = 11 daysAtmospheric chemistry measuredAtmospheric breakdown products are the same as for134aNo high GWP breakdown products (e.g.NOHFC-23breakdown product)Results published in 200882009-01-0179HFO-1234yf Flammability PropertiesHFC-134a* HFO-1234yf** HFC-152a* Propane*Gasoline §Flame Limits- ASTM E681-04 at 21CLFL (vol% in Air)N/A 6.23.9 2.1 1.4UFL (vol% in Air)N/A 12.3 16.9 9.5 7.6Minimum Ignition Energy -MIE (mJ) N/A >5000 0.38 0.25 0.29Heat of Combustion (kJ/g)4.2 10.7 16.5 46.3 47Burning Velocity (cm/s)N/A 1.523 46 34* Reference: ASHRAE Standard 34** Reference: DuPont MSDS§ Reference NFPA 497Key TakeawaysHFO-1234yf has significantly milder flammability characteristicsthan those of HFC-152a, propane or gasoline.92009-01-0179LCCP AnalysisPerformance Data InputsSAE CRP -1234-1Baseline 134aHFO-1234yf with and without IHXIHX OptimizationGlobal LCCP Analysis102009-01-0179HFO-1234yfHFO-1234yf Capacity-SAE CRP-1234-1

BetterRef –Hill 2008 VDA WintermeetingHFO-1234yf meets or exceedsHFC-134a with minor modification112009-01-0179HFO-1234yfHFO-1234yf COP-SAE CRP-1234-1 BetterRef –Hill 2008 VDA WintermeetingHFO-1234yf meets or exceedsHFC-134a with minor modification122009-01-0179HFO-1234yf IHX OptimizationHFO-1234yf IHX development will continue to provide LCCP benefits132009-01-0179HFO-1234yf LCCP StudyQUsedGREEN-MAC-LCCP©Model,ver3A Tool for Assessing the Life Cycle Energy &Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Alternative RefrigerantsStandard model supported by US EPAIncludes vehicle usage patterns by key cityIncludes number of vehicle registrations per regionQEvaluated several potential scenariosIncluded charge impactsIncluded weight impactsIncluded leak impactsQDetermined potential CO2 equivalent emissionsbenefit based on model’s assumption for 2017142009-01-0179Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of RefrigerantsCO2CO2CO2TransportationMineCO2CO2RefrigerantMANUFACTURINGTransportationIndirect EmissionsEnd-use of chemicalsDirect EmissionsCO2HFCAtmospheric degradation products+RecyclingHCOFCOF2HFCO2BreakdownCO2TFATo be Included in theanalysisHFCRefrigerantUSERefrigerantEnd-of-LifeRaw MaterialsHFCHFCRef-Papasavva and Andersen 2008 MAC Summit152009-01-0179Refrigerant System Assumptions:LeakagesSystem MassTemperature atEvaporator OutletCOP, Qe (from Bench or Vehicle tests)Condenser/Gas Cooler Air Inlet air at idleconditionsFront End Air FlowEngine Cooling FanVehicle AssumptionsCar SizeCompact [current]Midsize [current]SUV [current]Engine typeL4 [current]V6 [current]V8 [current]Vehicle Usage & Climate Assumptions:Distance based on region% Drive Time in Ambient during 6AM -24PM Differentfor Each CityCabin Comfort -% Time with A/C ONDriving cycle based on regionEnvironmentalAssumptions:CO2-eq from refrigerant productionTransportation, End-of-Life and ByProduct EmissionsAmbient Temperature OperationHumidity effectsModelGREEN-MAC-LCCP©Model Input AssumptionsModel Input AssumptionsRef-Papasavva and Andersen 2008 MAC Summit162009-01-0179Potential LCCP ScenariosHC-134a capacity and COP data from SAE CRP-1234-1 was used asbaselineConditions Evaluated at Equal Capacity:HFO-1234yf Scenario1-No added componentsHFO-1234yf has COP equal compared to HFC-134a.HFO-1234yf charge used is 5% less than HFC-134a.HFO-1234yf Scenario 2–Internal Heat ExchangerHFO-1234yf has 3% greater COP compared to HFC-134aThe HFO-1234yf charge used is23% more than the HFC-134aEntire system weight is increased by 1 kgHFO-1234yf Scenario 3– Internal Heat ExchangerHFO-1234yf has 5% greaterCOP compared to HFC-134aThe HFO-1234yf charge used is 23% morethan the HFC-134a to accommodatethe needs of the internal heat exchanger.Entire system weight is also increased by 1 kg172009-01-0179LCCP Model Input LogbookYellow boxes indicate difference from baseline HFC-134a182009-01-0179LCCP Scenario Results-Key CitiesResults show improved CO2 equiv emissions with HFO-1234yf scenarios192009-01-0179HFO-1234yf Global LCCPAssumption based on global adoption and looking at year 2017 asfirst year all newcars have HFO-1234yf as refrigerantKey city input used with vehicle registrations by city/region to determine global LCCP202009-01-0179HFO-1234yf Potential CO2 ReductionsRefrigerant SystemsAfrica &M.East AsiaE.EuropeW.EuropeN.AmericaS. & C.America WorldHFO-1234yf Scenario #1 0.198 1.774 0.405 1.387 1.017 0.412 5.193HFO-1234yf Scenario #2 0.207 2.013 0.405 1.416 1.057 0.479 5.577HFO-1234yf Scenario #3 0.217 2.208 0.415 1.466 1.106 0.533 5.945LCCP CO2 Equivalent Emissions Savings based on Scenarios (MMT)Estimated 2017 global CO2 equivalent emissionreductions of 17-20% based on different scenariosResults indicated HFO-1234yf will yield significantenvironmental benefit byreplacing HFC-134a inautomotive air-conditioning212009-01-0179ConclusionsQHFO-1234yf system evaluations performed by multipleOEM’s and Tier 1/2 manufacturers in preparation for 2011EU F-Gas deadlineHFO-1234yf system improvements expected to continueHFO-1234yf COP improvements may exceed HFC-134a COP in varioussystems.QSeveral potential LCCP scenarios were run to investigateenvironmental impact.HFO-1234yf was evaluated with equal capacity and several COP’sequal to HFC-134a3% improved versus HFC-134a5% improved versus HFC-134aQIn all LCCP scenarios, HFO-1234yf provided significant,(17-20%) reductions to total contribution to climate changeversus the baseline refrigerant HFC-134a222009-01-0179HFO-1234yf SummaryExcellent environmental propertiesMeets 2011 EU F-Gas RegulationVery low GWP of 4, Zero ODPAtmospheric chemistrydetermined and publishedLow toxicity, similar to R-134aLow acute and repeated exposure toxicitySignificant testing completedSystem performance very similar to R-134aExcellent COP and Capacity, no glideThermally stable and compatiblewith current R-134a materialsMild flammability (manageable)Flammability significantly less than 152aA2 recommended by ASHRAE [A2L classification under development]Expect “A2L” ISO 817 classification versus “A2” for 152aGlobal SolutionGood performance in all climates, and car sizesCompatibility with current technologyallows for rapid global adoption232009-01-0179Additional InformationFor further information on HFO-1234yf please visit:www.SmartAutoAc.comwww.refrigerants.dupont.com