# Patent

## Title
Method of capping printhead with two-stage capping mechanism

## Abstract

A method of capping a printhead is provided in which a carrier is moved from a non-capping position, through a transition position, to a capping position at which a capping member carried by the carrier caps the printhead, and pivoting of the capping member is effected relative to the carrier during transitional movement of the carrier between the transition and capping positions.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/003,702 filed on Dec. 6, 2004, herein incorporated by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates in general terms to Inkjet printers and more particularly to capping the nozzles in inkjet printheads. The invention has been developed primarily in relation to a pagewidth printhead and the invention is herein described largely in that context. However, it will be understood that the invention does have broader application, including reciprocating type printheads.
CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS
The following applications have been filed by the Applicant simultaneously with the present application:

















11/003,786
7,258,417
11/003,418
11/003,334
11/003,600
11/003,404


11/003,419
11/003,700
7,255,419
11/003,618
7,229,148
7,258,416


11/003,698
11/003,420
6,984,017
11/003,699
11/003,463
11/003,701


11/003,683
11/003,614
11/003,684
7,246,875
11/003,617









The disclosures of these co-pending applications are incorporated herein by reference.

CROSS REFERENCES TO OTHER RELATED APPLICATIONS
The following patents or patent applications filed by the applicant or assignee of the present invention are hereby incorporated by cross-reference.

















6,623,101
6,406,129
6,505,916
6,457,809
6,550,895
6,457,812


7,152,962
6,428,133
7,204,941
10/815,624
10/815,628
10/913,375


10/913,373
10/913,374
10/913,372
7,138,391
7,153,956
10/913,380


10/913,379
10/913,376
7,122,076
7,148,345
10/407,212
7,252,366


10/683,064
10/683,041
6,746,105
7,156,508
7,159,972
7,083,271


7,165,834
7,080,894
7,201,469
7,090,336
7,156,489
10/760,233


10/760,246
7,083,257
7,258,422
7,255,423
7,219,980
10/760,253


10/760,255
10/760,209
7,118,192
10/760,194
10/760,238
7,077,505


7,198,354
7,077,504
10/760,189
7,198,355
10/760,232
10/760,231


7,152,959
7,213,906
7,178,901
7,222,938
7,108,353
7,104,629


7,246,886
7,128,400
7,108,355
6,991,322
10/728,790
7,118,197


10/728,970
10/728,784
10/728,783
7,077,493
6,962,402
10/728,803


7,147,308
10/728,779
7,118,198
7,168,790
7,172,270
7,229,155


6,830,318
7,195,342
7,175,261
10/773,183
7,108,356
7,118,202


10/773,186
7,134,744
10/773,185
7,134,743
7,182,439
7,210,768


10/773,187
7,134,745
7,156,484
7,118,201
7,111,926
10/773,184


09/575,197
7,079,712
6,825,945
09/575,165
6,813,039
6,987,506


7,038,797
6,980,318
6,816,274
7,102,772
09/575,186
6,681,045


6,728,000
7,173,722
7,088,459
09/575,181
7,068,382
7,062,651


6,789,194
6,789,191
6,644,642
6,502,614
6,622,999
6,669,385


6,549,935
6,987,573
6,727,996
6,591,884
6,439,706
6,760,119


09/575,198
6,290,349
6,428,155
6,785,016
6,870,966
6,822,639


6,737,591
7,055,739
7,233,320
6,830,196
6,832,717
6,957,768


7,170,499
7,106,888
7,123,239
10/727,181
10/727,162
10/727,163


10/727,245
7,121,639
7,165,824
7,152,942
10/727,157
7,181,572


7,096,137
10/727,257
10/727,238
7,188,282
10/727,159
10/727,180


10/727,179
10/727,192
10/727,274
10/727,164
10/727,161
10/727,198


10/727,158
10/754,536
10/754,938
10/727,227
10/727,160
10/934,720


10/296,522
6,795,215
7,070,098
7,154,638
6,805,419
6,859,289


6,977,751
6,398,332
6,394,573
6,622,923
6,747,760
6,921,144


10/884,881
7,092,112
7,192,106
10/854,521
10/854,522
10/854,488


10/854,487
10/854,503
10/854,504
10/854,509
7,188,928
7,093,989


10/854,497
10/854,495
10/854,498
10/854,511
10/854,512
10/854,525


10/854,526
10/854,516
10/854,508
7,252,353
10/854,515
10/854,506


10/854,505
10/854,493
10/854,494
10/854,489
10/854,490
10/854,492


10/854,491
10/854,528
10/854,523
10/854,527
10/854,524
10/854,520


10/854,514
10/854,519
10/854,513
10/854,499
10/854,501
10/854,500


7,243,193
10/854,518
10/854,517
10/934,628









DEFINITIONS
The expression “pagewidth printhead” is applicable to a printhead that has a length which extends across substantially the full width of (paper, card, textile or other) media to be printed and which, whilst remaining in a stationary position, is controlled to deposit printing ink across the full print width of advancing print media.
The expression “reciprocating printhead” is applicable to a printhead of the type that normally is integrated with an ink cartridge, which is carried by a reciprocating carriage and which is controlled to deposit printing ink whilst scanning across (momentarily) stationary print media.
The expression “capping facility” is applicable to a capping mechanism of a type used for capping and, if required, purging ink-delivery nozzles in a pagewidth printhead and to a service station of a type used in the capping and purging of ink-delivery nozzles in a reciprocating printhead.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The printheads of Inkjet printers have a series of nozzles from which individual ink droplets are ejected to deposit on print media to form desired printed images. The nozzles are incorporated in various types of printheads and their proper functioning is critical to the creation of quality images. Thus, any partial or total blockage of even a single nozzle may have a significant impact on a printed image, particularly in the case of a pagewidth printer.
The nozzles are prone to blockage due to their exposure to ever-present paper dust and other particulate matter and due to the tendency of ink to dry in the nozzles during, often very short, idle periods. That is, ink which is awaiting delivery from a nozzle forms a meniscus at the nozzle mouth and, when exposed to (frequently warm, dry) air, the ink solvent is evaporated to leave a nozzle blocking deposit.
Servicing systems are conventionally employed for maintaining the functionality of printheads, such systems providing one or more of the functions of capping, purging and wiping. Capping involves the covering of idle nozzles to preclude exposure of ink to drying air. Purging is normally effected by sucking deposits from the printhead that block or have the potential to block the nozzles. Wiping is performed in conjunction with the capping and/or purging functions and involves gently sweeping a membrane across the face of the printhead.
The majority of conventional inkjet printers, particularly so-called desk top printers, employ reciprocating printheads which, as above mentioned, are driven to traverse across the width of momentarily stationary print media. In these printers, service stations are provided at one side of the printing zone and, on command, the printhead is traversed to the service station where it is docked for such time as servicing is performed and/or the printer is idle. However, inclusion of the service stations increases the total width of the printers and this is recognised as a problem in the context of trends to minimise the size of desk-top printers.
Moreover, the above described servicing system cannot feasibly be employed in relation to pagewidth printers which, as above mentioned, have a stationary printhead that extends across the full width of the printing zone. The printhead has a length that effectively defines the printing zone and it cannot be moved outside of that zone for servicing. Furthermore, a pagewidth printhead has a significantly larger surface area and contains a vastly greater number of nozzles than a reciprocating printhead, especially in the case of a large format printer, all of which dictate an entirely different servicing approach from that which has conventionally been adopted.
Also, in the case of a pagewidth printer it is most desirable that the printhead be not moved relative to its supporting structure, and this gives rise to the following requirements:

    1. The servicing system must be moved to the printhead to effect a servicing operation.
    2. The servicing system must be moved away from the region of the printhead during a printing operation, to permit passage of print media.
    3. The servicing system should desirably be moved into servicing engagement with the printhead in a manner that minimises the risk of damage being done to the printhead nozzles.


Furthermore, capping facilities, whether of the capping mechanism type or the service station type, should advantageously be protected against loss of contained moisture and ingress of contaminating material. That is, it has been recognised that contained moisture should be maintained in the capping facility between capping operations, so as to minimise the risk of nozzle blockage during a capping operation. Similarly, contaminating material should be excluded from the capping facility during intervals between capping operations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a first aspect the present invention provides a method of capping a printhead comprising the steps of:

    
    
        moving a carrier from a non-capping position, through a transition position, to a capping position at which a capping member carried by the carrier caps the printhead; and
        effecting pivoting of the capping member relative to the carrier during transitional movement of the carrier between the transition and capping positions.
    
    


Optionally, the transitional movement of the carrier is less than the movement of the carrier between the non-capping and capping positions.
Optionally, the carrier is pivotally mounted to a support by way of a pivotal element having a first pivot axis, and the capping member is pivotally mounted to the carrier by way of a pivoting arrangement having a second pivot axis that is located parallel to and spaced from the first pivot axis.
Optionally, the capping member has a capping element that is radially displaced from the second pivot axis, and the radial displacement of the capping element from the second pivot axis is small relative to the spacing between the first and second pivot axes.
Optionally, the ratio of the transitional movement of the carrier to the total pivotal movement of the carrier between the non-capping and capping positions is within the range 1:12 to 1:20.
Optionally, the capping element is arranged to engage with a face portion of the carrier when the carrier is located in the non-capping position whereby a recessed portion of the capping element is effectively closed against loss of contained moisture and ingress of contaminating material.
Optionally, the capping element incorporates a lip which is formed from an elastomeric material, wherein the lip is configured to locate about the inkjet nozzles of the printhead when the capping member is in the capping position, and wherein the lip is arranged to engage with a face portion of the carrier when the carrier is located in the non-capping position whereby a recessed portion of the capping element is effectively closed against loss of contained moisture and ingress of contaminating material.
Optionally, the capping member is provided with at least one first stop member that is arranged to contact the printhead and thereby to effect pivoting of the capping member relative to the carrier as the carrier makes the transitional movement from the transition position to the capping position.
Optionally, the capping member is provided with at least one second stop member that is arranged to contact the carrier and thereby prevent pivoting of the capping member relative to the carrier as the carrier moves from the transition position to the non-capping position.
Optionally, at least one abutment is located adjacent the printhead and is operable to effect pivoting of the capping member when the carrier approaches the non-capping position, whereby the capping member is moved away from a print media feed path.
The invention may be embodied in various arrangements, one of which is now described by way of illustration with reference to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings—
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a printer having a pagewidth printhead,
FIG. 1A shows, in perspective, an assembly of the pagewidth printhead and a capping mechanism mounted in operative relationship to the printhead, the assembly being removed from a printer chassis to which it normally would be mounted,
FIG. 2 shows an end view of the assembly as seen from the far end of FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 shows a slightly enlarged view of the assembly as shown in FIG. 2 but with a drive motor and end plate removed to reveal an actuating mechanism that is driven by the drive motor,
FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of the assembly as seen from the end shown in FIG. 3,
FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of the capping mechanism removed from the printhead,
FIG. 6 shows, in perspective, an end view of the capping mechanism of FIG. 5,
FIG. 7 shows, again in perspective, an opposite end view of the capping mechanism,
FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of the capping mechanism as seen in the direction of section plane 8-8 shown in FIG. 7,
FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of a capping member removed from the capping mechanism of FIGS. 5 to 8,
FIGS. 10 and 11 show elevation views of first and second end members respectively of the capping member,
FIG. 12 shows an end view of a portion of the assembly of FIGS. 1 to 4, as viewed in the direction of section plane 12-12 shown in FIG. 4, with the capping member located in a nozzle capping position,
FIG. 13 shows a view similar to that of FIG. 12 but following an initial movement of the capping member away from the nozzle capping position,
FIG. 14 shows a view similar to that of FIG. 13 but following progressively further movement of the capping member away from the nozzle capping position,
FIG. 15 shows a view similar to that of FIG. 14 but with the capping member moved to a parked position remote from the printhead,
FIG. 16 shows a perspective view of one of the printheads as seen in the direction of a printing zone of the printhead,
FIG. 17 shows a sectional end view of one of the printheads,
FIG. 18 shows a perspective view of an end portion of a channelled support member removed from the printhead of FIG. 17 and fluid delivery lines connected to the support member,
FIG. 19 shows an end view of connections made between the fluid delivery lines and the channelled support member of FIG. 18,
FIG. 20 shows a printed circuit board, with electronic components mounted to the board, when removed from a casing portion of the printhead of FIG. 17,
FIG. 21 shows, in perspective, a sectional view of a portion a printhead chip that is mounted to the printhead and which incorporates printing fluid delivery nozzles and nozzle actuators,
FIG. 22 shows a vertical section of a single nozzle in a quiescent state,
FIG. 23 shows a vertical section of a single nozzle in an initial activation state,
FIG. 24 shows a vertical section of a single nozzle in a later activation state,
FIG. 25 shows a perspective view of a single nozzle in the activation state shown in FIG. 24,
FIG. 26 shows in perspective a sectioned view of the nozzle of FIG. 25,
FIG. 27 shows a sectional elevation view of the nozzle of FIG. 25,
FIG. 28 shows in perspective a partial sectional view of the nozzle of FIG. 23,
FIG. 29 shows a plan view of the nozzle of FIG. 22,
FIG. 30 shows a view similar to FIG. 29 but with lever arm and moveable nozzle portions omitted,
FIG. 31 illustrates data flow and functions performed by a print engine controller (“PEC”) that forms one of the circuit components shown in FIG. 20,
FIG. 32 illustrates the PEC of FIG. 31 in the context of an overall printing system architecture, and
FIG. 33 illustrates the architecture of the PEC of FIG. 32.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT
FIGS. 1A to 4 show an assembly 18 of a pagewidth printhead 20, a capping mechanism 21 and a mounting plate 22. The assembly 18 is shown removed from a mounting structure or chassis of the printer 19 that is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1.
The printer 19 of FIG. 1 is shown diagrammatically because it may be constituted by any one of a large number of printer types; including desk-top, office, commercial and wide format printers. Also, the printer may incorporate a single sheet feed system or a roll-feed system for print media (also not shown), and it may be arranged for printing alpha-numeric, graphical or decorative images.
The printhead 20 may incorporate the features of or comprise any one of a number of different types of printheads, including thermal or piezo-electric activated bubble jet printheads as are known in the art.
Each of the printheads 20 may, for example, be in the form of that which is described in the Applicant's co-pending U.S. patent applications listed in the cross-references section above and all of which are incorporated herein by reference. But other types of pagewidth printheads (including thermal or piezo-electric activated bubble jet printers) that are known in the art may alternatively be employed.
As illustrated in FIGS. 16 to 20 for exemplification purposes, the printhead 20 comprises four printhead modules 23 mounted within a casing 24, each of which in turn comprises a unitary arrangement of:

    a) a plastics material support member 25,
    b) four printhead micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) integrated circuit chips 26 (referred to herein simply as “printhead chips”),
    c) a fluid distribution arrangement 58 mounting each of the printhead chips 26 to the support member 25, and
    d) a flexible printed circuit connector 59 for connecting electrical power and signals to each of the printhead chips 26.


However, it will be understood that each of the printheads 20 may comprise substantially more than four modules 23 and/or that substantially more than four printhead chips 26 may be mounted to each module.
Each of the chips (as described in more detail later) has up to 7680 nozzles formed therein for delivering printing fluid onto the surface of the print media and, possibly, a further 640 nozzles for delivering pressurised air or other gas toward the print media.
The four printhead modules 23 are removably located in a channel portion 27 of a casing 24 by way of the support member 25, and the casing contains electrical circuitry 63 mounted on four printed circuit boards 62 (one for each printhead module 23) for controlling delivery of computer regulated power and drive signals by way of flexible PCB connectors 63a to the printhead chips 26. As illustrated in FIG. 16, electrical power and print activating signals are delivered to the printhead 51 by way of conductors 64, and printing ink and air are delivered by fluid delivery lines 65.
The printed circuit boards 62 are carried by plastics material mouldings 66 which are located within the casing 24 and the mouldings also carry busbars 67 which in turn carry current for powering the printhead chips 26 and the electrical circuitry. A cover 68 normally closes the casing 24 and, when closed, the cover acts against a loading element 69 that functions to urge the flexible printed circuit connector 59 against the busbars 67.
The four printhead modules 23 may incorporate four conjoined support members 25 or, alternatively, a single support member 25 may be provided to extend along the full length of the printhead 51 and be shared by all four printhead modules. That is, a single support member 25 may carry all sixteen printhead chips 26.
As shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, the support member 25 comprises an extrusion that is formed with seven longitudinally extending closed channels 70, and the support member is provided in its upper surface with groups 71 of millimetric sized holes. Each group comprises seven separate holes 72 which extend into respective ones of the channels 70 and each group of holes is associated with one of the printhead chips 26. Also, the holes 72 of each group are positioned obliquely across the support member 25 in the longitudinal direction of the support member.
A coupling device 73 is provided for coupling fluid into the seven channels 70 from respective ones of the fluid delivery lines 65.
The fluid distribution arrangements 58 are provided for channelling fluid (printing ink and air) from each group 71 of holes to an associated one of the printhead chips 26. Printing fluids from six of the seven channel 70 are delivered to twelve rows of nozzles on each printhead chip 26 (ie, one fluid to two rows) and the millimetric-to-micrometric distribution of the fluids is effected by way of the fluid distribution arrangements 58. For a more detailed description of one arrangement for achieving this process reference may be made to the co-pending U.S. patent applications referred to previously.
An illustrative embodiment of one printhead chip 26 is described in more detail below, with reference to FIGS. 21 to 30; as is an illustrative embodiment of a print engine controller for the printhead 20. The print engine controller is also later described with reference to FIGS. 31 to 33.
A print media guide 28 is mounted to the printhead 20 and is shaped and arranged to guide the print media past the printing zone, as defined collectively by the printhead chips 26, in a manner to preclude the print media from contacting the nozzles of the printhead chips.
The fluids to be delivered to the printheads 20 will be determined by the functionality of the printer. However, as illustrated, provision is made for delivering six printing fluids and air to the printhead chips 26 by way of the seven channels 70 in the support member 25. The six printing fluids may comprise:

    Cyan (C) printing ink
    Magenta (M) printing ink
    Yellow (Y) printing ink
    Black (K) printing ink
    Infrared (IR) ink
    Fixative.


The filtered air will in use be delivered at a pressure slightly above atmospheric from a pressurised source (not shown) that is integrated in the printer.
One of the printhead chips 26 is now described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 21 to 30.
As indicated above, each printhead chip 26 is provided with 7680 printing fluid delivery nozzles 150. The nozzles are arrayed in twelve rows 151, each having 640 nozzles, with an inter-nozzle spacing X of 32 microns. Adjacent rows are staggered by a distance equal to one-half of the inter-nozzle spacing so that a nozzle in one row is positioned mid-way between two nozzles in adjacent rows. Also, there is an inter-nozzle spacing Y of 80 microns between adjacent rows of nozzles.
Two adjacent rows of the nozzles 150 are fed from a common supply of printing fluid. This, with the staggered arrangement, allows for closer spacing of ink dots during printing than would be possible with a single row of nozzles and also allows for a level of redundancy that accommodates nozzle failure.
The printhead chips 26 are manufactured using an integrated circuit fabrication technique and, as previously indicated, embody micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). Each printhead chip 26 includes a silicon wafer substrate 152, and a 0.42 micron 1 P4M 12 volt CMOS micro-processing circuit is formed on the wafer. Thus, a silicon dioxide layer 153 is deposited on the substrate 152 as a dielectric layer and aluminium electrode contact layers 154 are deposited on the silicon dioxide layer 153. Both the substrate 152 and the layer 153 are etched to define an ink channel 155, and an aluminium diffusion barrier 156 is positioned about the ink channel 155.
A passivation layer 157 of silicon nitride is deposited over the aluminium contact layers 154 and the layer 153. Portions of the passivation layer 157 that are positioned over the contact layers 154 have openings 158 therein to provide access to the contact layers.
Each nozzle 150 includes a nozzle chamber 159 which is defined by a nozzle wall 160, a nozzle roof 161 and a radially inner nozzle rim 162. The ink channel 155 is in fluid communication with the chamber 159.
A moveable rim 163, that includes a movable seal lip 164, is located at the lower end of the nozzle wall 160. An encircling wall 165 surrounds the nozzle and provides a stationery seal lip 166 that, when the nozzle 150 is at rest as shown in FIG. 25, is adjacent the moveable rim 163. A fluidic seal 167 is formed due to the surface tension of ink trapped between the stationery seal 166 and the moveable seal lip 164. This prevents leakage of ink from the chamber whilst providing a low resistance coupling between the encircling wall 165 and a nozzle wall 160.
The nozzle wall 160 forms part of lever arrangement that is mounted to a carrier 168 having a generally U-shaped profile with a base 169 attached to the layer 157. The lever arrangement also includes a lever arm 170 that extends from the nozzle wall and incorporates a lateral stiffening beam 171. The lever arm 170 is attached to a pair of passive beams 172 that are formed from titanium nitride and are positioned at each side of the nozzle as best seen in FIGS. 25 and 28. The other ends of the passive beams 172 are attached to the carriers 168. The lever arm 170 is also attached to an actuator beam 173, which is formed from TiN. This attachment to the actuator beam is made at a point a small but critical distance higher than the attachments to the passive beam 172.
As can best be seen from FIGS. 25 and 28, the actuator beam 173 is substantially U-shaped in plan, defining a current path between an electrode 174 and an opposite electrode 175. Each of the electrodes 174 and 175 is electrically connected to a respective point in the contact layer 154. The actuator beam 173 is also mechanically secured to an anchor 176, and the anchor 176 is configured to constrain motion of the actuator beam 173 to the left of FIGS. 22 to 24 when the nozzle arrangement is activated.
The actuator beam 173 is conductive, being composed of TiN, but has a sufficiently high electrical resistance to generate self-heating when a current is passed between the electrodes 174 and 175. No current flows through the passive beams 172, so they do not experience thermal expansion.
In operation, the nozzle is filled with ink 177 that defines a meniscus 178 under the influence of surface tension. The ink is retained in the chamber 159 by the meniscus, and will not generally leak out in the absence of some other physical influence.
To fire ink from the nozzle, a current is passed between the contacts 174 and 175, passing through the actuator beam 173. The self-heating of the beam 173 causes the beam to expand, and the actuator beam 173 is dimensioned and shaped so that the beam expands predominantly in a horizontal direction with respect to FIGS. 22 to 24. The expansion is constrained to the left by the anchor 176, so the end of the actuator beam 173 adjacent the lever arm 170 is impelled to the right.
The relative horizontal inflexibility of the passive beams 172 prevents them from allowing much horizontal movement of the lever arm 170. However, the relative displacement of the attachment points of the passive beams and actuator beam respectively to the lever arm causes a twisting movement that, in turn, causes the lever arm 170 to move generally downwardly with a pivoting or hinging motion. However, the absence of a true pivot point means that rotation is about a pivot region defined by bending of the passive beams 172.
The downward movement (and slight rotation) of the lever arm 170 is amplified by the distance of the nozzle wall 160 from the passive beams 172. The downward movement of the nozzle walls and roof causes a pressure increase within the chamber 159, causing the meniscus 178 to bulge as shown in FIG. 23, although the surface tension of the ink causes the fluid seal 167 to be stretched by this motion without allowing ink to leak out.
As shown in FIG. 30, at the appropriate time the drive current is stopped and the actuator beam 173 quickly cools and contracts. The contraction causes the lever arm to commence its return to the quiescent position, which in turn causes a reduction in pressure in the chamber 159. The interplay of the momentum of the bulging ink and its inherent surface tension, and the negative pressure caused by the upward movement of the nozzle chamber 159 causes thinning, and ultimately snapping, of the bulging meniscus 178 to define an ink drop 179 that continues outwardly until it contacts passing print media.
Immediately after the drop 179 detaches, the meniscus 178 forms the concave shape shown in FIG. 24. Surface tension causes the pressure in the chamber 159 to remain relatively low until ink has been sucked upwards through the inlet 155, which returns the nozzle arrangement and the ink to the quiescent situation shown in FIG. 24.
As can best be seen from FIG. 25, the printhead chip 26 also incorporates a test mechanism that can be used both post-manufacture and periodically after the print head assembly has been installed. The test mechanism includes a pair of contacts 180 that are connected to test circuitry (not shown). A bridging contact 181 is provided on a finger 182 that extends from the lever arm 170. Because the bridging contact 181 is on the opposite side of the passive beams 172, actuation of the nozzle causes the bridging contact 181 to move upwardly, into contact with the contacts 180. Test circuitry can be used to confirm that actuation causes this closing of the circuit formed by the contacts 180 and 181. If the circuit is closed appropriately, it can generally be assumed that the nozzle is operative.
As stated previously the integrated circuits of the printhead chip 26 is controlled by the print engine controller (PEC) integrated circuits of the drive electronics 63. One or more PEC integrated circuits 190 is or are provided (depending upon the printing speed required) in order to enable page-width printing over a variety of different sized pages or continuous sheets. As described previously, each of the printed circuit boards 62 carried by the support moulding 66 carries one PEC integrated circuit 190 (FIG. 31) which interfaces with four of the printhead chips 26, and the PEC integrated circuit 190 essentially drives the integrated circuits of the printhead chips 26 and transfers received print data thereto in a form suitable to effect printing.
An example of a PEC integrated circuit which is suitable for driving the printhead chips is described in the Applicant's co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/575,108, Ser. No. 09/575,109, Ser. No. 09/575,110, Ser. No. 09/607,985, Ser. No. 09/607,990 and Ser. No. 09/606,999, which are incorporated herein by reference. However, a brief description of the circuit is provided as follows with reference to FIGS. 31 to 33.
The data flow and functions performed by the PEC integrated circuit 190 are described for a situation where the PEC integrated circuit is provided for driving a printhead 20 having a plurality of printhead modules 23; that is four modules as described above. As also described above, each printhead module 23 provides for six channels of fluid for printing, these being:

    
    
        Cyan, Magenta and Yellow (CMY) for regular colour printing;
        Black (K) for black text and other black or greyscale printing;
        Infrared (IR) for tag-enabled applications; and
        Fixative (F) to enable printing at high speed.
    
    


As indicated in FIG. 31, images are supplied to the PEC integrated circuit 190 by a computer, which is programmed to perform the various processing steps 191 to 194 involved in printing an image prior to transmission to the PEC integrated circuit 190. These steps will typically involve receiving the image data (step 191) and storing this data in a memory buffer of the computer system (step 192) in which image layouts may be produced and any required objects may be added. Pages from the memory buffer are rasterized (step 193) and are then compressed (step 194) prior to transmission to the PEC integrated circuit 190. Upon receiving the image data, the PEC integrated circuit 190 processes the data so as to drive the integrated circuits of the printhead chips 26.
Due to the page-width form of the printhead assembly, each image should be printed at a constant speed to avoid creating visible artifacts. This means that the printing speed should be varied to match the input data rate. Document rasterization and document printing are therefore decoupled to ensure the printhead assembly has a constant supply of data. In this arrangement, an image is not printed until it is fully rasterized and, in order to achieve a high constant printing speed, a compressed version of each rasterized page image is stored in memory.
Because contone colour images are reproduced by stochastic dithering, but black text and line graphics are reproduced directly using dots, the compressed image format contains a separate foreground bi-level black layer and background contone colour layer. The black layer is composited over the contone layer after the contone layer is dithered. If required, a final layer of tags (in IR or black ink) is optionally added to the image for printout.
Dither matrix selection regions in the image description are rasterized to a contone-resolution bi-lev bitmap which is losslessly compressed to negligible size and which forms part of the compressed image. The IR layer of the printed page optionally contains encoded tags at a programmable density.
Each compressed image is transferred to the PEC integrated circuit 190 where it is then stored in a memory buffer 195. The compressed image is then retrieved and fed to an image expander 196 in which images are retrieved. If required, any dither may be applied to any contone layer by a dithering means 197 and any black bi-level layer may be composited over the contone layer by a compositor 198 together with any infrared tags which may be rendered by the rendering means 199. The PEC integrated circuit 190 then drives the integrated circuits of the printhead chips 26 to print the composite image data at step 200 to produce a printed image 201.
The process performed by the PEC integrated circuit 190 may be considered to consist of a number of distinct stages. The first stage has the ability to expand a JPEG-compressed contone CMYK layer. In parallel with this, bi-level IR tag data can be encoded from the compressed image. The second stage dithers the contone CMYK layer using a dither matrix selected by a dither matrix select map and, if required, composites a bi-level black layer over the resulting bi-level K layer and adds the IR layer to the image. A fixative layer is also generated at each dot position wherever there is a need in any of the C, M, Y, K, or IR channels. The last stage prints the bi-level CMYK+IR data through the printhead assembly 20.
FIG. 32 shows the PEC integrated circuit 190 in the context of the overall printing system architecture. The various components of the architecture include:

    
    
        The PEC integrated circuit 190 which is responsible for receiving the compressed page images for storage in a memory buffer 202, performing the page expansion, black layer compositing and sending the dot data to the printhead chips 26. The PEC integrated circuit 190 may also communicate with a master Quality Assurance (QA) integrated circuit 203 and with an ink cartridge Quality Assurance (QA) integrated circuit 204. The PEC integrated circuit 190 also provides a means of retrieving the printhead assembly characteristics to ensure optimum printing.
        The memory buffer 202 for storing the compressed image and for scratch use during the printing of a given page. The construction and working of memory buffers is known to those skilled in the art and a range of standard integrated circuits and techniques for their use might be utilized.
        The master integrated circuit 203 which is matched to the ink cartridge QA integrated circuit 204. The construction and working of QA integrated circuits is also known to those skilled in the art and a range of known QA processes might be utilized.
    
    


The PEC integrated circuit 190 effectively performs four basic levels of functionality:

    
    
        Receiving compressed pages via a serial interface such as an IEEE 1394.
        Acting as a print engine for producing an image from a compressed form. The print engine functionality includes expanding the image, dithering the contone layer, compositing the black layer over the contone layer, optionally adding infrared tags, and sending the resultant image to the integrated circuits of the printhead chips.
        Acting as a print controller for controlling the printhead chips 26 and the stepper motors 102, 108 and 111 of the printing system.
        Serving as two standard low-speed serial ports for communication with the two QA integrated circuits. In this regard, two ports are used, and not a single port, so as to ensure strong security during authentication procedures.
    
    


These functions are now described in more detail with reference to FIG. 33, which provides a more specific, exemplary illustration of the PEC integrated circuit architecture.
The PEC integrated circuit 190 incorporates a simple micro-controller CPU core 204 to perform the following functions:

    
    
        Perform QA integrated circuit authentication protocols via a serial interface 205 between print images.
        Run stepper motors of the printing system via a parallel interface 206 during printing to control delivery of the print media to the printer for printing.
        Synchronize the various components of the PEC integrated circuit 190 during printing.
        Provide a means of interfacing with external data requests (programming registers, etc).
        Provide a means of interfacing with the printhead assemblies' low-speed data requests (such as reading characterization vectors and writing pulse profiles).
        Provide a means of writing portrait and landscape tag structures to an external DRAM 207.
    
    


In order to perform the image expansion and printing process, the PEC integrated circuit 190 includes a high-speed serial interface 208 (such as a standard IEEE 1394 interface), a standard JPEG decoder 209, a standard Group 4 Fax decoder 210, a custom half-toner/compositor (HC) 211, a custom tag encoder 212, a line loader/formatter (LLF) 213, and a printhead interface 214 (PHI) which communicates with the printhead chips 26. The decoders 209 and 210 and the tag encoder 212 are buffered to the HC 211. The tag encoder 212 allocates infrared tags to images.
The print engine function works in a double-buffered manner. That is, one image is loaded into the external DRAM 207 via a DRAM interface 215 and a data bus 216 from the high-speed serial interface 208, while the previously loaded image is read from the DRAM 207 and passed through the print engine process. When the image has been printed, the image just loaded becomes the image being printed, and a new image is loaded via the high-speed serial interface 208.
At the aforementioned first stage, the process expands any JPEG-compressed contone (CMYK) layers, and expands any of two Group 4 Fax-compressed bi-level data streams. The two streams are the black layer and a matte for selecting between dither matrices for contone dithering. At the second stage, in parallel with the first, any tags are encoded for later rendering in either IR or black ink.
Finally, in the third stage the contone layer is dithered, and position tags and the bi-level spot layer are composited over the resulting bi-level dithered layer. The data stream is ideally adjusted to create smooth transitions across overlapping segments in the printhead assembly and ideally it is adjusted to compensate for dead nozzles in the printhead assemblies. Up to six channels of bi-level data are produced from this stage.
However, it will be understood that not all of the six channels need be activated. For example, the printhead modules 23 may provide for CMY only, with K pushed into the CMY channels and IR ignored. Alternatively, the position tags may be printed in K if IR ink is not employed. The resultant bi-level CMYK-IR dot-data is buffered and formatted for printing with the integrated circuits of the printhead chips 26 via a set of line buffers (not shown). The majority of these line buffers might be ideally stored on the external DRAM 207. In the final stage, the six channels of bi-level dot data are printed via the PHI 214.
The HC 211 combines the functions of half-toning the contone (typically CMYK) layer to a bi-level version of the same, and compositing the spot1 bi-level layer over the appropriate half-toned contone layer(s). If there is no K ink, the HC 211 functions to map K to CMY dots as appropriate. It also selects between two dither matrices on a pixel-by-pixel basis, based on the corresponding value in the dither matrix select map. The input to the HC 211 is an expanded contone layer (from the JPEG decoder 205) through a buffer 217, an expanded bi-level spot1 layer through a buffer 218, an expanded dither-matrix-select bitmap at typically the same resolution as the contone layer through a buffer 219, and tag data at full dot resolution through a buffer (FIFO) 220.
The HC 211 uses up to two dither matrices, read from the external DRAM 207. The output from the HC 211 to the LLF 213 is a set of printer resolution bi-level image lines in up to six colour planes. Typically, the contone layer is CMYK or CMY, and the bi-level spot1 layer is K. Once started, the HC 211 proceeds until it detects an “end-of-image” condition, or until it is explicitly stopped via a control register (not shown).
The LLF 213 receives dot information from the HC 211, loads the dots for a given print line into appropriate buffer storage (some on integrated circuit (not shown) and some in the external DRAM 207) and formats them into the order required for the integrated circuits of the printhead chips 26. More specifically, the input to the LLF 213 is a set of six 32-bit words and a Data Valid bit, all generated by the HC 211.
As previously described, the physical location of the nozzles 150 on the printhead chips is in two offset rows 151, which means that odd and even dots of the same colour are for two different lines. In addition, there is a number of lines between the dots of one colour and the dots of another. Since the six colour planes for the same dot position are calculated at one time by the HC 211, there is a need to delay the dot data for each of the colour planes until the same dot is positioned under the appropriate colour nozzle. The size of each buffer line depends on the width of the printhead assembly. A single PEC integrated circuit 190 may be employed to generate dots for up to 16 printhead chips 26 and, in such case, a single odd or even buffer line is therefore 16 sets of 640 dots, for a total of 10,240 bits (1280 bytes).
The PHI 214 is the means by which the PEC integrated circuit 190 loads the printhead chips 26 with the dots to be printed, and controls the actual dot printing process. It takes input from the LLF 213 and outputs data to the printhead chips 26. The PHI 214 is capable of dealing with a variety of printhead assembly lengths and formats.
A combined characterization vector of each printhead assembly 20 can be read back via the serial interface 205. The characterization vector may include dead nozzle information as well as relative printhead module alignment data. Each printhead module can be queried via a low-speed serial bus 221 to return a characterization vector of the printhead module.
The characterization vectors from multiple printhead modules can be combined to construct a nozzle defect list for the entire printhead assembly and allows the PEC integrated circuit 190 to compensate for defective nozzles during printing. As long as the number of defective nozzles is low, the compensation can produce results indistinguishable from those of a printhead assembly with no defective nozzles.
Some of the features of the complete pagewidth printhead 20 that incorporates the chips 26 and associated print engine controllers may be summarised as follows:

    1. The printhead will normally have at least four color channels.
    2. The printhead will normally incorporate at least 1400 ink delivery nozzles per inch of print width for each color.
    3. The printhead may incorporate a total of at least 50,000 nozzles.
    4. The dot printing processing rate and the drop deposition rate of the printhead may be of the order of 109 sec−1 or greater.
    5. The volume deposited per drop may be of the order of 2×10−12 1 or less.
    6. The energy level expenditure per drop ejection may be of the order of 200×10−9 J. or less.


The capping mechanism 21 comprises, in broad terms, a capping member 29, a carrier 30 supporting the capping member 29, and an actuating mechanism 31. The actuating mechanism 31 is arranged to effect movement of the carrier 30 back and forth between a first position (FIG. 15) at which the capping member is located remotely with respect to the printhead 20 and a second position (FIG. 12) at which the capping member 29 contacts the printhead 20. When in the first position, as shown in FIG. 15, the capping member is protected against loss of moisture and ingress of such contaminating material as paper dust, as hereinafter described in more detail.
The capping member 29 is shown removed from the mechanism in FIG. 9 and it comprises a capping element 32 which extends between and interconnects two end members 33 and 34. The capping element 32 comprises a channel-shaped element having thin-section side walls 35 separated by a recess 36 and it desirably is formed predominantly from a rigid material such as a metal (eg, aluminium) or a high density plastics material. Also, the capping element has a length which is sufficient to space the end members 33 and 34 apart by a distance that is greater than the width of the widest of print media to be moved past the printhead 20.
The upper surface of the walls 35 of the capping element may be provided with an elastomeric material lip 35a (see FIG. 15) to facilitate sealing of the printhead chips 26 and to facilitate closing and, thus, protection of the capping element when the capping member 29 is moved to its parked (ie, the first) position.
The right-hand end member 33 (as viewed in FIG. 9 and shown in FIG. 10) comprises a generally L-shaped member having one arm 37 to which the capping element 32 is connected and a further, truncated arm 37a, the function of which will hereinafter be described. The left-hand end member 34 is similar to the right-hand end member 33, having corresponding arms 37 and 37a, but (as shown in FIGS. 9 and 11) it carries first and second adjustable stop members 38 and 39 respectively on an arm 40 which includes a lateral projection 41. The functions of the stop members 38 and 39 will be described in more detail later with reference to FIGS. 12 to 14. At this stage it is sufficient to state that the first stop member 38 is positioned to engage with the casing 24 of the printhead 20 and the second stop member 39 is positioned to engage with the carrier 30.
Although not illustrated in the drawings, in an alternative embodiment of the invention the right-hand and left-hand members 33 and 34 might be constructed in the same way. That is, the first and second adjustable stop members 38 and 39 may be provided at both ends of the capping member 29, particularly in the case of a wide format printer.
The complete capping member 29 is pivotally mounted to the carrier 30 by way of a pivot shaft 42 which extends along a marginal lower lip 43 of the carrier and which provides a common pivot axis for the two end members 33 and 34. A biasing device in the form of a torsion spring 44 is located about the pivot shaft 42 adjacent the inner face of the end member 34 and, when the capping member 29 is assembled to the carrier 30, the radial limbs of the spring 44 are loaded against the carrier 30 and the end plate 34 in a manner to bias the capping member 29 in the direction of arrow 45 as shown in FIG. 8. For this purpose one of the radial arms of the spring locates in a channel 52 within the end member 34.
The carrier 30 has a length which is marginally smaller than the distance between the end members 33 and 34, as can best be seen from FIG. 1, and the carrier is pivotally mounted to end plates 46 which are indirectly mounted to the printhead 20. The carrier is supported between the end plates 46 by axially aligned pivot pins 47, one of which is connected to the actuating mechanism 31.
Thus, the carrier 30 is pivotal about a first pivot axis that is located parallel to but spaced from a second pivot axis about which the capping member 29 is pivotally mounted to the carrier. For reasons which will be explained later, the spacing between the first and second pivot axes is large relative to the radial displacement of the capping element 32 from the second pivot axis, typically three times the radial displacement.
The actuating mechanism 31 might take various forms but, as illustrated, it comprises an electric stepping motor 48 coupled by way of a crank 49 and a motion translating arrangement 50 to one of the pivot pins 47. In operation of the capping mechanism, energisation and partial rotation of the motor 48 causes pivotal movement to be imparted to the motion translating mechanism 50 and, consequently to the pivot pins 47 and the carrier 30. This results in movement of the carrier from the first (remote) position shown in FIG. 15 to the second (capping) position shown in FIG. 12. Continuing rotation, or subsequent partial rotation, of the motor 48 then causes pivoting of the motion translating mechanism 50 and the carrier 30 in the reverse direction, and consequential movement of the carrier from the second position, as shown in FIG. 12, to the first position as shown in FIG. 15.
The operation of the capping mechanism and the protection of that mechanism will now be described with reference to FIGS. 12 to 15.
FIG. 12 shows the capping mechanism 21 in the second position, with the capping member 29 in nozzle capping engagement with the printhead 20. In this position the capping element 32 is located immediately below the printhead chips 26 and is able to receive fluid that is purged from the chips. Purging may be effected to clear any unwanted material from the chips' nozzles and/or to establish a humid atmosphere in the environment of the capped nozzles. To assist in this latter function the capping element 32 may be coated or be lined with a hydrophilic material. In a possible alternative arrangement, in which a suction system (not shown) is connected with the capping member for extracting purged material, the capping element 32 may be coated or be lined with a hydrophobic material.
Two significant features are to be observed in the arrangement shown in FIG. 12:

    1. The first stop member 38 is located in contact with the casing of the printhead 20, and
    2. The second stop member 39 is spaced a small distance from the carrier 30.


At the completion of a capping operation, when printing is to commence or resume, counter-clockwise pivoting motion is imparted to the carrier 30 by the actuating mechanism 31. This results progressively in movement of the capping mechanism from the second (nozzle capping) position shown in FIG. 12 to the first (remote) position shown in FIG. 15.
During an initial, transitional movement of the carrier 30 to a transition position (intermediate the first and second positions), as shown in FIG. 13, the torsion spring 44 causes the capping member 29 to pivot in a counter-clockwise direction relative to the carrier 30 until such time as the carrier contacts the second stop member 39. This relative pivotal movement of the capping member 29 causes the capping element 32 to move in a direction that is approximately normal to the confronting face of the printhead, due to the small radial dimension of the capping member relative to the radial dimension of the carrier as determined by the spacing between the first and second pivot axes as previously identified.
When the carrier 30 contacts the second stop member 39, further rotation of the capping member 29 relative to the carrier is precluded and the capping member is carried by the carrier toward the first position as shown in FIG. 15.
Shortly before reaching the first position and as shown in FIG. 14, the truncated arms 37a of the end members 33 and 34 of the capping member 29 are carried into contact with spaced-apart deflecting abutments 51. This contact causes rotation of the capping member 29 in a clockwise direction relative to the carrier 30 and serves to park the capping member in the first position where it is located away from the path followed by print media during a printing operation. Being aligned with the end members 33 and 34 of the capping mechanism, the abutments 51 are located laterally to the side of the print media path.
When parked in the first position, as shown in FIG. 15, the elastomeric lip 35a of the capping element 35 is engaged with a flat face portion 30a of the carrier 30. That is, the carrier itself functions as a covering member for the capping element. In this way the recess 36 of the capping element 35 is effectively sealed (ie, protected) against ingress of dust and other contaminants, and moisture that is present in the recess will be preserved for use in a subsequent capping operation. This is desirable in terms of capping the printhead chips 26 in a manner to prevent drying-out of the printhead nozzles.
As can be seen from FIGS. 12 and 13, the transitional movement of the carrier 30 from the second position to the transition position (or, in reverse, from the transition position to the second position) is small relative to the total pivotal movement of the carrier between the first and second positions. The ratio of the (angular) transitional movement to the total pivotal movement is within the range of 1:12 to 1:20.
When a capping operation is to be performed, the movements as above described are reversed. Thus, the actuating mechanism 31 is energised to cause pivoting of the carrier 30 from the first position as shown in FIG. 15 to the second position as shown in FIG. 12.
In moving toward the second position, the capping member 29 remains stationary relative to the carrier 30 (with the carrier contacting the second stop member 39), until reaching the transition position as shown in FIG. 13. Having reached that position, the first stop member 38 is brought into contact with the casing 24 of the printhead 20 and further movement of the capping member 29 about the carrier axis 47 is precluded. Then, as pivotal, transitional movement of the carrier continues toward the second position, the capping member 29 is caused to pivot in a clockwise direction relative to the carrier 30 and against the biasing force of the spring 44 until such time as the capping element 32 contacts the printhead 20 in nozzle capping engagement. Here again this relative pivotal movement of the capping member 29 causes the capping element 32 to move in a direction that is approximately normal to the confronting face of the printhead during the transitional movement of the carrier 30.
In moving against the biasing force of the spring 44, the force with which the capping member 29 contacts the surface of the printhead 20 is damped. This has the effect of minimising the risk of damage to the printhead chips 26 and of reducing the potential for any ink-loss from the nozzles that might otherwise result from a sudden impact on the surface of the printhead.
It will be appreciated from the foregoing description that the capping mechanism provides effectively for two-stage capping and uncapping. During the capping operation, one stage occurs during movement of the capping mechanism between the first position and the transition position and the second stage occurs during the transitional movement of the capping mechanism between the transition position and the second position. During the uncapping operation, one stage occurs during the transitional movement of the capping mechanism between the second position and the transition position, and the second stage occurs during movement of the capping mechanism between the transition position and the first position.
Variations and modifications may be made in the embodiment of the invention as above described, for exemplification purposes, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method of capping a printhead comprising the steps of:
moving a carrier from a non-capping position, through a transition position, to a capping position at which a capping member carried by the carrier caps the printhead; and
effecting pivoting of the capping member relative to the carrier during transitional movement of the carrier between the transition and capping positions.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transitional movement of the carrier is less than the movement of the carrier between the non-capping and capping positions.

3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carrier is pivotally mounted to a support by way of a pivotal element having a first pivot axis, and the capping member is pivotally mounted to the carrier by way of a pivoting arrangement having a second pivot axis that is located parallel to and spaced from the first pivot axis.

4. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the capping member has a capping element that is radially displaced from the second pivot axis, and the radial displacement of the capping element from the second pivot axis is small relative to the spacing between the first and second pivot axes.

5. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the ratio of the transitional movement of the carrier to the total pivotal movement of the carrier between the non-capping and capping positions is within the range 1:12 to 1:20.

6. A method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the capping element is arranged to engage with a face portion of the carrier when the carrier is located in the non-capping position whereby a recessed portion of the capping element is effectively closed against loss of contained moisture and ingress of contaminating material.

7. A method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the capping element incorporates a lip which is formed from an elastomeric material, wherein the lip is configured to locate about the inkjet nozzles of the printhead when the capping member is in the capping position, and wherein the lip is arranged to engage with a face portion of the carrier when the carrier is located in the non-capping position whereby a recessed portion of the capping element is effectively closed against loss of contained moisture and ingress of contaminating material.

8. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the capping member is provided with at least one first stop member that is arranged to contact the printhead and thereby to effect pivoting of the capping member relative to the carrier as the carrier makes the transitional movement from the transition position to the capping position.

9. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the capping member is provided with at least one second stop member that is arranged to contact the carrier and thereby prevent pivoting of the capping member relative to the carrier as the carrier moves from the transition position to the non-capping position.

10. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one abutment is located adjacent the printhead and is operable to effect pivoting of the capping member when the carrier approaches the non-capping position, whereby the capping member is moved away from a print media feed path.