111058 JPRS-SSA-87-007

26 JANUARY .1987

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

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JPRS-SSA-87-007

26 JANUARY 1987

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

CONTENTS

INTER,AFRICAN AFFAIRS

ANGOLA

Japanese Trade With Region Detailed

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 29 Nov 86)

Briefs

Aid To Front Line States

Chipenda Urges Reconciliation; Rejects Interference

(BBC, 22 Dec 86)

Briefs

Border Situation Discussed 10

Forced Recruitment in Malanje 10

MPLA Uses Chipenda 10

MPLA Expected To Intensify Campaign 11

Cubans Suffering Low Morale 11

New ID, Residence Cards 11

CAPE VERDE

Country's Untapped Marine Resources Noted

(Evelyne Silva; AFRIQUE NOUVELLE, 5 Nov 86) 12

ETHIOPIA

Briefs

China Donates Pesticide 16

- a
LIBERIA

Briefs

NDPL Chairman's Comments Refuted 17

1984 National Census Figures Released 17

MOZAMBIQUE

ANC Representative on RSA 'Threats' Against Mozambique

(Jacob Zuma; Maputo to Southern Africa, 23 Dec 86) 18

60,000 Mozambicans Await Repatriation From Malawi

(PANA, 29 Dec 86) 20

Armed Forces Overrun Strategic MNR Base; Other Successes

(PANA, 25 Dec 86) 21

Prime Minister Speaks on Regional, Domestic Issues

(Mario Machungo Interview; FINANCIAL MAIL, 12 Dec 86) 23

Vilanculo Wages Battle Against Drought

(DOMINGO, 23 Nov 86) 27

Railway Workers Form New Union

(NOTICIAS, 1 Dec 86) , 30

Gaza Province Launches Cashew Marketing Campaign

(NOTICIAS, 25 Nov 86) 32

Danish Development Group Finances HIDR0M0C Program

(NOTICIAS, 24 Nov 86) 35

Pollution by Foreign Ships at Beira Port Causes Concern

(NOTICIAS, 25 Nov 86) 37

Briefs

Severe Food Shortages in Zambezia 39

Central Plan Budget Examined 39

Renamo Claims 500 Killed 39

Renamo Successes Against Troops 39

Refugees Claim Malawi Aiding MNR 40

'Massive Displacement' in Manica 40

Military Base in Tete Seized 40

Help Needed With Refugees 40

MNR Reportedly Short of Ammunition 41

Sanctions Aid Airlines 41

RSA Firm Ships Arms to MNR 41

Consortium for SADCC 42

Soviet Books for Diplomats 42

Possible French Military Training 42

- b -

J
NIGER

Briefs

Saudi Financial Aid 43

SOMALIA

Briefs

EEC Aid for Agriculture 44

UGANDA

Briefs

Economic Protocol With Libya 45

ZIMBABWE

Briefs

Coverage Extended 46

SOUTH AFRICA

AFRIKANER/GOVERNMENT

Steyn Discusses Duties in New Ministerial Post

(Danie Steyn Interview; BUSINESS DAY, 12 Dec 86) 47

Activities of Zulu 121 Battalion Described

(PARATUS, Dec 86) 48

Umgeni Commando Best in Natal

(Amn Jonathan Cleland; PARATUS, Dec 86) 51

SAAF's Technical Expertise Provided by School of Technical Training

(Jeremy Sullivan; AD ASTRA, Dec 86) 52

IPLC Denies Authorization to 53 Out of 201 Inquiries

(SAPA, 23 Dec 86) 53

Briefs

Heunis Expresses Confidence 54

BLACKS

Buthelezi Asks Renewed National Reform Commitment

(SAPA, 27 Dec 86) 55

ANC's NZO Elaborates on Peace Award for Mandela

(Maputo to Southern Africa, 24 Dec 86) ; 57

c -
Television 'Network' Program Reports on 'Brutality' in ANC Camps

(Johannesburg Television Service, 18 Dec 86) 59

Sources Reveal Umkhonto we Zizwe Strength

(THE STAR, 17 Dec 86) 63

ANC Contests Police Chief Coetzee's Claims

(Addis Ababa Radio Freedom to South Africa, 23 Dec 86) 64

Increasing Violence Among Rival Black Political Groups Analyzed

(Shaun Johnson, Sefako Nyaka; THE WEEKLY MAIL,

12-18 Dec 86) 66

Warring Soweto Factions Declare Truce

(Jon Qwelane; THE SUNDAY STAR, 28 Dec 86) 69

Police Claim 'Criminal Elements' Exploiting Blackouts

(SAPA, 19 Dec 86) 71

Xhosa Speakers Being Discriminated Against in Cape Town

(Barry Streek; CAPE TIMES, 17 Dec 86) 72

Azaso's Name Change Signifies Break With Past

(Shaun Johnson; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 12-18 Dec 86) 73

Township Youth Groups Showing Strength

(THE WEEKLY MAIL, 12-18 Dec 86) 74

ANC Official Denies Ammunition Coming From Mozambique

(Maputo to Southern Africa, 20 Dec 86) 75

Azapo Congress Agrees To Link Up With 'Rival' Groups

(CITY PRESS, 21 Dec 86) 76

SANLAM on Implications of Black Population Growth

(SAPA, 15 Dec 86) 78

Natal Truce Declared Among COSATU, Inkatha, KwaZulu

(S'bu Mngadi; CITY PRESS, 21 Dec 86) 80

AZAPO Official Claims Street Committees Successful

(SAPA, 22 Dec 86) 81

Committee Suspends Port Elizabeth Boycott

(SAPA, 29 Dec 86) m 83

Briefs

Tutu Appeals for Tolerance, Peace 85

UDF Natal Publicity Secretary Detained 85

ANC Asks Commonwealth Aid 85

AZASM Condemns Soweto Killings 86

- d -
Azapo Calls for UDF Unity Talks 86

Black Policemen Moved to Homes 87

Transkei, Ciskei Exchange Prisoners 87

Blacks Account for 4 Percent of Managers 87

Press Restrictions Condemned 87

Official Escapes 88

Azaso's Final Congress Resolutions 88

SOCIOPOLITICAL/OTHER

Academic Sees 'Drastic' Change in U.S. Policy

(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 27 Dec 86) 89

UTASA President Discusses Tensions in Teaching Profession

(Franklin Sonn; SUNDAY TIMES, 14 Dec 86) 90

Church, Civic Groups Urge Soweto Students Back to School

(SAPA, 29 Dec 86) 92

Church Leaders Criticize New School Regulations

(SAPA, 31 Dec 86) 93

Commentary Stresses Importance of Education

(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 26 Dec 86) 95

Commentary Praises Dedication of Security Forces

(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 24 Dec 86) 97

Commentary Defends Cross-Border Raids

(Johannesburg International Service, 24 Dec 86) 99

PFP's Swart Rejects Negative Report on Indaba Impact

(SAPA, 29 Dec 86) 10°

Labor Union Conflicts in 1986 Reviewed

(Alan Fine; BUSINESS DAY, 18 Dec 86) 102

ECONOMIC

Researchers Preview 1987 Economic Performance

(SAPA, 26 Dec 86) •

104

Favorable Trade Balance in 1986 Noted

(SAPA, 23 Dec 86) 106

Country Faces Shortage of Accountants

(Stuart Sutton; BUSINESS DAY, 15 Dec 86) 107

Bilateral Trade With Taiwan Rises

(BUSINESS DAY, 17 Dec 86) 1°8

- e -
Briefs

Christmas Sales Below Projections 109

U.S. Computer Firm Not Disinvesting 109

Exxon Pulls Out inq

Mobile Oil To Continue ^Q

Motorists Underpay for Petrol 110

Stellenbosch BER: Recovery Still Lags 110

/12223

- f
INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

JAPANESE TRADE WITH REGION DETAILED

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 29 Nov 86 pp 23, 24, 26, 28

[Text] JAPAN'S trade with Africa during the first half

of 1986 has been dominated by the strength

of the yen.

Imports from Africa totalled $1,969 million, some 19.4 per cent up on the previous

year's first-half figure of $1,649 million, and

raising Africa's share of Japan's total import

trade from 2.6 per cent to 3.1 per cent.

Japanese exports to Africa were down 10.9

per cent, however, from $2,305 million to

$2,054 million, cutting the continent's share

of Japan's worldwide exports from 2.8 per

cent to 2.1 per cent. Japan's trade surplus

with Africa thus narrowed from $706 million

to $144 million.

Despite the growing sanctions storm and

its own economic recession, South Africa

continues to dominate Japan-Africa trade,

accounting for some 56 per cent of all

Japan's imports from Africa and 30 per cent

of exports. Imports from South Africa during

the first half of 1986 were up 26.2 per cent at

$1,123.5 million and exports up 31.7 per

cent at $650.5 million.

These figures in part reflect exchange rate

movements, however. For the whole of

1985, Japanese exports to South Africa, at

$1,020 million, were down 44.6 per cent on

1984. Japanese trade circles attribute the fall

to the South African recession, the fall in the

value of the rand, and the uncertain political

situation. Exports of Japanese vehicles, for

example, were down by about a half, as were

shipments of vehicle parts, reflecting curtailed operations by local assembly plants.

Another factor was the difficulty in getting a

100 per cent payment guarantee from

banks, prompting Japanese car manufacturers to hold down shipments.

Main items affected by the decline in

exports to South Africa included transport

equipment (down 49.4 per cent); electric

equipment, including communications

equipment and home appliances (-49 per

cent); engines, turbines, construction materials, mining equipment and other machinery

(-42.2 per cent), and iron and steel (-31.6

per cent).

Japanese imports from South Africa in

1985 were up by 14.5 per cent, however, at

$1,844 million. Of this, coal and other mineral fuels accounted for 22.4 per cent; metal

ores, including chromium and manganese

ores 17.8 per cent; gold 12.5 per cent, and

platinum and palladium 12.1 percent.

The strength of the yen did not affect

demand for high-quality Japanese goods,

such as television sets, but Japan's market

share for such goods as metal tableware or

textiles was eroded by competition from

South Korea and Taiwan.

The appreciation of the yen and resulting

competition from other suppliers have hit

Japan's exports to its other major African

markets.

The decline in steel exports to Kenya in

1985, for example, is largely attributed to the

33 per cent decline in the value of the Kenyan

shilling against the yen overthe 12 months to

April 1986. This drove the export price of

Japanese steel up by about 30 per cent,
Japan's trade with Africa, first-half 1985-86

($'000)

Algeria

Angola

Benin

Botswana

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cameroon

CapeVerde

Central African Republic

Chad

Comoros

Congo

Coted'lvoire

Djibouti

Egypt

Equatorial Guinea

Ethiopia

Gabon

Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Kenya

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Madagascar

Malawi

Mali

Mauritania

Mauritius

Morocco

Mozambique

Namibia

Niger

Nigeria

Rwanda

Sao Tome & Principe

Senegal

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Somalia

South Africa

Sudan

Swaziland

Tanzania

Togo

Tunisia

Uganda

Zaire

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Africa total

World total

Africa as % oftotal

Source: Japan TariffAssociation

1985

Jan-June

78,006

593

974

51

2,096

1,031

7,151

2,979

123

39

6,284

14,938

207,400

18,805

6,850

41,421

336

5,512

30

28,922

7,152

14,506

1,134

9

30,586

78

60,002

6,359

12,644

3,359

2,460

1,127

7,402

418

722

397

890,519

23,474

3,883

10,258

262

1,035

7,476

31,418

84,977

24,202

1,649,400

64,606,781

2.6

IMPORTS

1986

Jan-June

98,395

26

109

103

971

1,317

30,573

3,762

1,147

75

2,845

30,530

50

173,347

23,808

7,401

205

42,561

911

18

6,086

* 28

28,511

7,359

23,122

286

2,508

46,489

1,125

73,046

9,230

13,382

10

1,729

12,051

132

49

28

,123,489

22,160

3,867

12,597

3,739

842

8,109

16,358

109,844

25,175

1.969,505

64,544,871

3.1

1,

%

change

+26.1

-95.6

-88.8

+ 102.0

-53.4

+27.7

+327.5

+26.3

+832.5

+92.3

-53.1

+ 104.4

-16.4

+26.6

+8.0

+2.7

+ 171.1

+ 10.3

-6.7

-1.4

+2.9

+59.4

-74.8

+27,766.7

+52.0

+ 1,342.3

+21.7

+45.1

+5.8

-99.7

-29.7

+62.8

-68.4

-93.2

-92.2

+26.2

-5.6

-0.4

+22.8

+ 1,327.1

-18.6

+8.5

-^17.9

+29.3

+4.0

+19.4

-0.1

1985

Jan-June

197,482

15,518

8,995

285

3,192

3,414

27,052

669

2,058

19,548

202

5,942

23,889

10,694

331,236

48

14,636

20,837

2,263

21,481

898

368

62,345

43

488,812

166,401

5,946

7,389

2,082

1,734

8,377

24,217

6,187

151

4,465

166,978

8,551

27

7,939

1,784

2,543

5,354

493,706

20,258

448

38,000

8,649

6,850

11,416

17,987

13,596

12,183

2.305,125

82,250.782

2.8

EXPORTS

1986

Jan-June

147,336

10,825

11,999

258

6,438

4,588

47,327

202

1,722

21,806

267

10,199

45,665

9,910

298,543

31

32,626

26,082

1,914

12,977

515

195

78,581

174

153,002

112,795

14,528

8,387

4,719

2,626

14,856

21,191

10,392

438

3,525

64,356

16,319

77

8,973

2,959

3,236

14,142

650,416

23,279

723

48,713

19,034

15,742

6,572

24,093

21,997

17,182

2,054,452

98,698,650

2.1

%

change

-25.4

-30.2

+33.4

-9.5

+ 101.7

+34.4

+74.9

-69.8

-16.3

+ 11.6

+32.2

+71.G

+91.2

-7.3

-9.9

-35.4

+ 122.9

+25.2

-15.4

-39.6

-42.7

-47.0

+26.0

+304.7

-68.7

-32.2

+ 144.3

+ 13.5

+ 126.7

+51.4

+77.3

-12.5

+68.0

+ 190.1

-21.1

-61.5

+90.8

+ 185.2

+ 13.0

+65.9

+27.3

+ 164.1

+31.7

+ 14.9

+61.4

+28.2

+ 120.1

+ 129.8

-42.4

+33.8

+61.8

+41.0

-10.S

+20.0
making it vulnerable to competition from

European products. Similar problems

affected exports of iron and steel products to

Cameroon.

Last year saw a steep drop in Japanese car

exports to two major customers — Algeria

and Egypt. Bus and truck exports to Algeria

were down 80 per cent on 1984 and car

exports down 34 per cent — a trend which

has continued into 1986. In Egypt, car exports fell to a mere $57 million in 1985,

compared to $234 million in 1984. Egypt's

increasingly restrictive import policy, designed to protect infant industries, accounts

for the sharp decline, as well as the country's

own economic problems resulting from falling oil prices. Exports of televisions, ventilator

assembly kits, canned fish, textiles, ceramic

tableware and glassware were similarly

affected.

The lack of purchasing power as a result of

falling oil prices also accounts for a sharp

decline in Japanese trade with Nigeria. Exports fell 23 per cent in 1985 to $342 million

and the decline has accelerated this year,

with first-half exports down over 60 per cent

on first-half 1985 at $167 million. Declining

exports reflect the shrinking market — and

lack of import licences — for the heavy

industrial goods which account for over 90

per cent of Japanese exports to Nigeria.

Japanese companies remain active in

Niaeria. however. Chivoda is working on the

petrochemical plant at Kaduna, and

Japanese exports could pick up again with

work expected to get under way soon on the

fourth oil refinery at Port Harcourt, where

JGC Corporation and Marubeni have the

backing of a $280 million credit arranged by

the Ministry of International Trade & Industry.

Unlike other oil exporters, Japan's trade

with Nigeria has also been affected by the

elimination of its own oil imports from the

country. In first-half 1986, Japanese imports

from Nigeria — nearly three-quarters of

which are foodstuffs — totalled a mere

$1.73 million, nearly 30 per cent down on

first-half 1985. In contrast, oil imports from

Egypt have been booming. Oil and cotton

between them accounted for 98 per cent of

Japanese imports from Egypt in 1985 of

$544.5 million, double the 1984 level.

Despite the problems of the appreciating

yen and the lack of foreign exchange in many

countries, Japan's trade with Africa has

found some areas of growth in 1986. In Cote

d'lvoire, for example, Japan managed to

reclaim its market lead position in the vehicle

sector in first-half 1986. Recovery is also

taking place in east Africa, where Japanese

trading houses such as C Itoh & Company

and construction firms like Kajima Corporation and Mitsui Construction Company have

been winning important business. Last year

saw a 7 per cent fall in Japanese exports to

Kenya, while imports were down nearly 24

per cent. This was reversed in first-half 1986.

Exports totalled $62 million, a 26 per cent

jump on first-half 1985, while the much

lower level of Japanese imports of Kenyan

products also registered growth — of 10 per

cent, to $6 million. Exports of transport and

communications equipment have both

shown growth, as have tea and cut flower

imports from Kenya.

The progressive liberalisation of neighbouring Tanzania's trade policy has transformed Japan's prospects there. First-half

1986 saw a 28 percent jump in Japanese

exports, to $48.7 million, reversing the decline in 1985 over the previous year. Vehicles

account for 30 per cent of Japanese exports

and these showed a spectacular 280 per cent

increase in the first quarter of 1986 alone.

Japanese imports from Tanzania are also

up, rising nearly 23 per cent in first-half 1986

to $ 12.6 million. Over half of this was coffee.

Trade is expected to continue to expand,

with active negotiations under way for the

export of refrigerating equipment, edible oil

manufacturing machines, machine tools,

marine engines and printing machines. In

return, Japanese importers are showing interest in leather goods, marine products,

fruits and handicrafts.

Japan's trade with Tanzania is highly

skewed in Tokyo's favour, something which

characterises much of the country's trade

with the continent and which has caused

problems in some cases. Algeria, for instance, has applied strong pressure for the

large trade imbalance in Japan's favour to be

reduced. This occured in 1985 — when

Japan's surplus fell to $317.5 million from

$475.5 million in 1984. This was the result of

both a decline in Japanese exports and the

purchase of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

worth some $90 million, to help offset the

decline in Japan's purchases of Algerian

crude oil.

Japanese imports from Cameroon, at

least, have shown a spectacular increase,

jumping no less than 327 per cent in first-half

1986 over the equivalent 1985 period. Imports rose to $30.57 million — as against

exports of $47.3 million — as more coffee,

which accounts for three-quarters of im-
ports, was bought. Such growth, could be

precarious, however, if — as expected —

coffee prices drop. Timber, the other main

import, is already in decline.

A large growth was also registered in

imports from Zambia. Zambia has the almost

unique distinction of having a large trade

balance in its favour with Japan, which is a

major customer for its copper. Japanese

imports from Zambia rose nearly 30 per cent

in first-half 1986 to $109.8 million, with

non-ferrous metals accounting for 99.6 per

cent of the total. Japanese exports to Zambia

were also up in first-half 1986 — no less than

62 per cent — with motor vehicles again

dominating

Given the problems facing many Japanese

smelters — Zambia was the only copper

importer to maintain its volume of imports

this year — the increase in imports from

Lusaka will come as a great relief to the

cash-strapped country and is a trend it

hopes will continue. Overall, Japan's trade

with Africa is unlikely to undergo radical

changes in the coming year. The growing list

of proscribed imports from South Africa may

benefit a few African countries, such as

Zimbabwe. Japanese firms are showing increasing interest in Mozambique, like Nissho

Iwai in hotels and fisheries, and Angola,

where Mitsubishi Petroleum Development

Corporation is involved in oil exploration.

And Tokyo's greater aid participation in the

continent may lead to a corresponding increase in some trade links.
Lack ofincentive hits investment

THE prospects for Japanese investment in

Africa are not bright. Against a background of sluggish markets for primary

commodities and the rising indebtedness

of African countries, there is little incentive

to invest in new raw material development

projects.

Nigeria, hit by declining oil prices, is a

case in point. As of mid-1985, Japanese

investment in Nigeria amounted to a $157

million in 88 different enterprises. More

than 40 joint Japanese-Nigerian ventures

were in operation — half of them engaged

in production of textiles, metal processing,

motor-cycle assembly, manufacture of

electrical household appliances and electrical cables and other production activities. Others were engaged in construction,

oil development, fishing, insurance,

machinery and other trading activities.

Japanese penetration of Nigerian trade

and industry lagged behind the US and

European countries in both volume and

value of business, although in some areas

— production of galvanised iron sheets

and motor-cycle assembly, for example —

Japanese firms commanded a majority

market share.

In recent years, however, Nigeria's deteriorating economic situation, and in particular the growing difficulty in importing

necessary raw materials, have forced

Japanese enterprises to curtail their operations, dismiss workers and reduce expatriate staff.

Japanese business involvement in Kenya

is also showing a downward trend. In the

early 1970s, 13 Japanese enterprises were

established in Kenya, but no new ones

have set up there since 1975 and now only

four remain—working in textiles, electrical household appliances, fishing nets and

nut. harvesting.

One Japanese firm that started timber

production in Kenya transferred the technical know-how to the local industry and

turned the business over to the government. A company which has developed

processing of macadamia nuts has good

prospects for expansion, however, in line

with the Kenyan government's export

promotion policy. The government also

welcomes Japanese co-operation in training workers and providing know-how for

developing the country's agricultural prospects.

However, recent moves by the government to liberalise local car assembly could

lead to renewed activity in a sector in

which Nissan is already present. Fuji Heavy

Industries has indicated its intention to

assemble four-wheel-drive station wagons

locally.

The withdrawal of Japanese firms from

Zaire has continued, in the wake of the

pull-out by six companies involved in the

copper industry in 1983. Mitsui Corporation withdrew from a cobalt development

project in 1984.

Nevertheless, Japanese trading circles

report that Zaire still shows strong interest

in attracting Japanese enterprises. They

report that the most promising areas include banking, assembly and production

of electric and electronic equipment, processing of marine products, leasing of

second-hand machinery, manufacture of

furniture and investment in local furniture

production, and trading in diamonds.

Similarly, in Zambia, Japanese companies are continuing to invest. The

November announcement by Japan International Co-operation Agency that it is to

go ahead with a feasibility study on a

magnesium plant is only the latest in a

series of Japanese involvements in the

mineral sector.

HP
Raising aid in the land of

the rising sun

AFRICA'S economic problems have combined with Japan's newly acquired desire

to make its presence felt on the multilateral aid scene to greatly enhance the country's significance as a donor this year.

Traditionally, two-thirds of Japanese aid

has gone to the more strategically important countries of Asia. In 1985 Japanese

bilateral aid to Africa totalled only $382.1

million — $277 million of it to sub-Saharan

Africa — a pitiful sum for the second

largest trading economy in the world.

Africa's 1984-85 famine crisis, however,

has transformed attitudes to the continent. Last year, the Japanese Foreign

Affairs Ministry organised an 'Africa

month' to publicise the continent's problems. The government has responded by

stepping up aid flows, not least through

parallel financing with the World Bank's

special Africa facility (SAF), where Japan

has agreed to provide just over $190 million in additional aid.

The benefits are already being felt.

Japan has agreed to contribute $32.4 million to Guinea's structural adjustment loan

(SAL) programme, agreed earlier this year

with the World Bank. And, during President Kountche's September trip to Tokyo,

Japan agreed to provide Niger — an important supplier of uranium — with $23.7

/12828

CSO: 3400/697

million for road construction as part of its

SAL programme with the bank.

Co-operation with the bank is a key

feature of Japan's aid involvement in Africa, helping to belie the low numbers of its

own bilateral programme. After the US,

Japan is the second largest contributor —

at 17.75 per cent — to the bank's International Development Association (IDA), but

commands only 8.35 per cent of the vote,

compared with the US' 18.6 per cent. A

similar situation arises in the bank itself,

where Japan is again the second largest

contributor to the capital stock. Tokyo has

argued that its 5.9 per cent of voting

power does not match its 6.2 per cent share

of subscriptions. The ensuing battle to get

a fairer voting share at the US' expense has

held up finalisation of negotiations on the

eighth IDA replenishment.

If the political issue can be settled — and

it is evidence of Tokyo's growing clout on

the multilateral stage, to the point where

it could be the source of the new IMF

managing director if the Europeans cannot settle their differences — Japan has let

it be known that it is prepared to help close

the gap between the $11,800 million for

IDA 8 that the level of the proposed US

contribution would imply and the $12,000

million most countries feel is the minimum

acceptable.

Japan's multilateral initiative is gradu

ly being matched by its own bilate

programme in Africa. Japanese aid to A1

ca has been concentrated either on ee

Africa or on strategic raw material su

pliers such as Egypt —the largest recipie

— and Zambia.

Talks have been held with Kenya tl

year on no less than $65 million in pote

tial aid and soft loans for water supp

vocational training and, above all, te

phone switching equipment. Water supf

could also be a dominant part of ne

Japanese aid to Sudan. Mozambique toe

becoming an increasingly important re

pient of Japanese aid. In May, the la

president Machet visited Tokyo, where

discussed up to $20 million in aid

rehabilitating agricultural equipmer

pesticides and fertilisers and construct»

of a fishing port.

Fishing — along with agriculture ai

irrigation — continues to domina

Japanese aid initiatives in Africa, ofti

linked to opportunities for Japanese fim

Shimizu Construction Company is to bui

a shrimp factory in Mauritius, following

$5 million aid agreement. Japanese coi

panies, such as NEC Corporation, will a

benefit from a $22.3 million soft-lo

agreement with the Malawi governme

for expansion of microwave links, anoth

important area of Japanese activity on tl

continent.
INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

AID TO FRONT LINE STATES~The Swedish International Development Authority

(SIDA has decided to allocate a further 209 million kronor in support to a

cooperation organization of the so-called Front Line States in Southern

Africa. The money is to be used over the next few years within the fields of

transport and communications and for a hydro-power station. Part of the money

is included in the investment in Southern Africa decided by the government in

October. SIDA's current and planned projects in the Front Line States amounts

now to about 1 billion kronor. [Text] [Stockholm Domestic Service in Swedish

1700 GMT 16 Dec 86 LD] /12913

CSO: 3400/694
ANGOLA

CHIPENDA URGES RECONCILIATION; REJECTS INTERFERENCE

MB221821 London BBC World Service in English 1515 GMT 22 Dec 86

[From the "Focus on Africa" program]

[Text] For some time now the MPLA government in Angola has been taking quite

a beating ont he public relations front from UNITA rebels. The leader of

UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, has been here, there, and everywhere stating his case

and getting quite a lot of backing from, for example, America. Now, it seems,

the MPLA is making something of a comeback. It is appealing to all supporters

who have defected to come back into the fold. A top man, who has now

announced he is doing that, is Daniel Chipenda, a founder member of the MPLA.

The MPLA hope that he is going to be out and about in support of them. In

Portugal Jill Jollef has been talking to Mr Chipenda. Here is her report.

[Jollef] Mr Chipenda was a noted leader of the MPLA during the anti-colonial

struggle against Portugal, but changed sides shortly before independence in

1975 after a dispute over the party leadership. He joined up with the

American-backed FNLA [Angola National Liberation Front] movement, which he

described as the more nationalist of the two opposition parties, but left

Angola for exile in Portugal in 1979. Since then he has been associated with

various Angolan opposition movements in Lisbon. His surprise reconciliation

with the MPLA was given front-page treatment by the newspaper AFRICA, which

showed Chipenda embracing Angola's Lisbon ambassador.

The national reconciliation policy of the MPLA is linked with its campaign to

counter the growing credibility of the South African-backed UNITA in Western

diplomatic circles. Angolan Foreign Minister Afonso van Dunem visited

Portugal last week to prepare a visit by President Jose Eduardo dos Santos.

Apart from the obvious thaw in Lusan-Angolan relations that his visit

represented, he also repeated the call for Angolans to return home.

Mr Chipenda explained in an interview with Focus on Africa that all those

years in opposition he had always insisted on a principle of reconciliation

between the Angolans. He pointed out that, of the hundreds of thousands of

Angolans living outside the country, there were around 75,000 people of

professional training and that if they returned they could take up jobs now

occupied by foreigners, mainly Cuban and Eastern bloc technicians. If that
happened we would be halfway to a political solution, he said. Mr Chipenda

said America's military aid to UNITA had only aggravated Angola's problems as

increased military involvement on either side did. It's time we stopped

talking about Russians, Americans, Cubans, and South Africans as the cause of

our problems, he said. We Angolans must take responsibility for ourselves.

/12913

CSO: 3400/687
ANGOLA

BRIEFS

BORDER SITUATION DISCUSSED—Three members of the Angolan Government and one of

the Zairian Government met in Boma, in Zaire's Bas Zaire Province, on 18 and

19 December, to analyze the situation along the Angola-Zaire border. The

meeting resulted in a joint communique, in which the two sides reaffirmed

their common desire to join efforts to prevent any action that may disturb the

desired tranquility along the whole of the common border. This meeting also

decided to hold the second meeting of the [words indistinct] in the second

half of next year. The two sides also agreed to hold a meeting between the

Bas Zaire subregional chairman of the People's Movement of the Revolution and

the (Gulidla) municipal commissioner in Cabinda Province. However, no date or

venue was set. The meeting was attended by Cabinda Provincial Commissioner

Jorge Barros Tchimpuati, Zaire Provincial Commissioner Artur Vidal Gomes, and

Uige Province Commissioner Zeferino Estevao Juliana on the Angolan side. Bas

Zaire Governor (Chiao Hwane) represented Zaire. [Text] [Luanda Domestic

Service in Portuguese 0500 GMT 22 Dec 86 MB] /12913

FORCED RECRUITMENT IN MALANJE—Free Land of Angola, 20 Dec (KUP)—Hundreds of

youths are fleeing to rural areas in Malanje Province to escape forced

recruitment operations carried out by government authorities, according to a

KUP correspondent. These operations are linked to ill treatment of people by

the MPLA authorities in slums and villages around towns, specifically in the

Cangandala area where the inhabitants of Cuque, Carimba, and Culamagia were

tortured after being accused of facilitating the recruitment of youths by

UNITA. The KUP correspondent adds that this generates great resentment which,

allied to the MPLA's inability to meet the most basic needs of the people,

leads to rapprochement with UNITA, which is increasingly seen as an

alternative to the MPLA government. [Text] [(Clandestine) KUP in French to

Southern and Central Africa 0605 GMT 20 Dec 86 MB] /12913

MPLA USES CHIPENDA—Free Land of Angola, 17 Dec (KUP)—The MPLA regime is

using politically unaccredited people like Mr Daniel Chipenda as part of its

current tribal strategy. Daniel Chipenda accepted to play the MPLA and Soviet

Union game which means undercutting UNITA's support from the rural population

especially in central Angola. According to UNITA information Chipenda

receives $1,000 monthly from the MPLA ambassador in Lisbon, Portugal. ?The

MPLA is also willing to use former Chipenda contacts with South Africa.

Through such procedure, the MPLA is showing its hypocrisy and the

contradictions of its policy in southern Africa. UNITA reiterates that the

solution to the Angolan conflict lies in the withdrawal of all foreign troops

10
from Angola. The current MPLA leadership is showing total disorientation in

using Mr Chipenda to play the tribal factor and the South African card.

[Text] [(Clandestine) KUP in French to Southern and Central Africa 0605 GMT

17 Dec 86 MB] /12913

MPLA EXPECTED TO INTENSIFY CAMPAIGN—Free Land of Angola, 22 Dec (KUP)--Over

the past few days, UNITA officials have been deeply involved in a campaign to

increase the awareness of cadres and residents of UNITA's liberated areas, as

well as of those areas where the MPLA is trying to cut UNITA off from the

population. This was revealed to KUP by a trustworthy source yesterday.

According to the source, who is close to the UNITA leadership, in the wake of

the failure of the MPLA's long, drawn-out offensive, which lasted until the

first beginning of December this year without any success whatsoever, it is

expected that the MPLA will intensify its terror and intimidation campaign

against the civilian population as well as fabricate testimony to discredit

UNITA both inside and outside Angola. It is widely believed that the MPLA

will try to infiltrate UNITA in order to have grounds to charge UNITA with

maltreatment of the population. This view has already been expressed by MPLA

deserters and prisoners as well as independent sources who have come to visit

UNITA's liberated territory, the official said. He preferred to remain

anonymous. [Text] [(Clandestine) KUP in French to Southern and Central

Africa 0600 GMT 22 Dec 86 MB] /12913

CUBANS SUFFERING LOW MORALE—According to reports from KUP correspondents in

Angola's worst hit war areas, the morale of the Cubans has dropped

considerably, especially in central and eastern Angola. A large number of

Cuban soldiers, looking underfed, have been seen in certain areas. They

behave much in the same manner as when they first occupied Angola. People

plantations in central Angola, and in Bie Province in particular, are raided

by hungry Cubans who do not even bother to cook the crops. More and more

Cubans say that the reason they came to Angola—to fight South African

aggression, according to what they were told in Cuba—does not correspond to

reality. Though they still participate in military operations, Cuban troops

are being increasingly relegated to defensive positions. The high losses, the

hostility of the Angolan people, and disillusionment, together with the

failure of the Cuban socialist experiment in Angola, have made the Cuban

troops a mere deterrent factor, due to their numbers and superior weapons.

[Text] [(Clandestine KUP in French to Southern and Central Africa 0600 GMT 21

Dec 86 MB] /12913

NEW ID, RESIDENCE CARDS—Cabinda Province has been chosen for an experimental

program issuing an identity and residence card, which is the official document

that will legally replace the present identity document. The identity and

residence card, which will be issued by the Ministry of the Interior, is the

result of the need for general population control and is compulsory for all

Angolan citizens over 13. This document will permit an easier localization of

unemployed manpower, which will immediately be sent to rural areas. This

measure also seeks to impede the exodus of people from rural areas. When the

identity and residence card is made official, the Ministry of Justice will

(?again assume) its function of issuing identity cards. The Ministry of

Interior, which is presently in charge of that function, also stated that

every expatriate will be given a new resident expatriate card. [Text]

[Luanda Domestic Service in Portuguese 0500 GMT 22 Dec 86 MB] /12913

CSO: 3400/700 U
CAPE VERDE

COUNTRY'S UNTAPPED MARINE RESOURCES NOTED

Dakar AFRIQUE NOUVELLE in French 5 Nov 86 pp 24. 25

[Article by Evelyne Silva: "Economic Sectors to Be Promoted"]

[Text] Cape Verde—As they are less subject to climatic hazards, fisheries and

industry should play a major role in the development of the country. As they

depend closely on other economic sectors, they are not being fully exploited

for the moment.

Marine resources constitute a major source of wealth for this "Sahara at sea."

As it is less subject to climatic risks, the fishing industry is destined to

play an important role in the social and economic development of Cape Verde.

The fishing industry helps to improve the nutritional health of the people,

with an average annual consumption per capita of about 28 kilograms of fish,

whereas the world average is only 18 kilograms. Moreover, tuna fish, the

principal export item, is a product of the fishing industry.

However, it must be recognized that this source of "income" is under

exploited, both by individual fishermen, working on their own, as well as by

the fishing industry.

Fish taken by individual fishermen account for 85 percent of the total catch

These individual fishermen constitute some 5 percent of the population.

However, the fishing industry remains only slightly developed. Fishing

techniques are still limited to the use of line and net. However, in this

area an effort has been made to motorize fishing boats. In 1980 only 170

boats were motorized. Now 400 boats are motorized, out of the total fishing

fleet of 1,200 boats. To develop fishing by individual fishermen, in 1979 the

Cape Verdean Government established the SCAPA (Company for Selling the Catch

and Assisting Individual Fishermen), whose objectives were to stabilize the

fishing market and to provide better living conditions for the fishermen, by

purchasing their catch and by providing them with technical support (sale of

fishing equipment, spare parts, and motors).

Unfortunately, SCAPA is no longer performing this role at this time. First of

all, as it suffers from poor administration, it is having difficulty in

ensuring an appropriate cash flow, because it is not making much of an impact

on the market. It buys fish from the fishermen and resells it to the people

12
at prices fixed by the state. However, the weak purchasing power of the

people has led to the development of. parallel markets (fishermen who sell

their fish themselves or fish wholesalers). Therefore, in view of the cost of

transportation and of preserving the fish, the companv has suffered losses

from year to year. According to responsible company officials whom we met,

there is even a question of closing down operations, "to organize this sector

more effectively, including the private fishing industry in it."

Regarding large-scale fishing, this sector is operating below its potential.

There are 23 ships in its flotilla. (Three belong to the state and 20 belong

to private companies.) These ships are from 15 to 20 years old. Tuna,

lobster, and deep sea fish make up most of its catch. (About 2,000 tons are

caught each year by the large companies.)

Nearly 1,000 tons of tuna are processed each year by state-owned canning

plants (in Bavista, Praia, Sal, and San Nicolau) and are exported to the

Netherlands and Italy. To make this sector of the industry profitable, the

state has also estabalished INTERBASE, a company which carries on large-scale

fishing, exports tuna and lobster, rents freezing facilities in its

refrigerated warehouses, and repairs company-owned ships. According to

leaders of the fishing industry, INTERBASE faces the same problems as SCAPA.

However, there are numerous proposals for properly exploiting the fishing

industry. For example, there is a proposal to increase tuna fish processing

(The total output is now 5.000 tons per year.) by building a larger and better

equipped plant than any now existing, by replacing old fishing company boats

through the extension of loans to private persons, and by acquiring tuna

fishing boats in exchange for raw materials. Finally, there is a growing

desire to diversify into other fish products. For example, there is a

proposal for the production of fish meal. Dried, smoked, and salted fish

should also be consumed more generally by the people of Cape Verde.

If all of these measures become a reality, fishing would inevitably play its

proper role, that is, by increasing the food purchasing power of the people,

by raising the living standards of the fishermen, and by reducing

unemployment.

Clearly, the fishing industry is another economic sector which should have an

important place in the development of Cape Verde. Certainly, mineral

resources are very limited. Some people say: "Cape Verde has nothing but

rocks." Well, that is true, to some extent! However, sand, stones, clay,

limestone, and volcanic soil can be used for the manufacture of plaster, a

kind of natural cement.

The essential components of the industrial sector are the shipbuilding port of

Mindelo (San Vicente), the fishing industry, and textiles. There are also

plants engaged in the repair and maintenance of agriculture equipment and

trucks and private plants devoted to semi-industrial production. Similarly,

the skilled labor sector (construction for the private sector, the textile

industry, and carpentry) includes more than 1,200 private companies and

provides nearly 6,700 jobs.

13
Although the industrial sector is still relatively little developed, this

situation, among other things, is due to the small size of the market, the

shortage of infrastructure, an inadequate supply of water, the high cost of

energy, high production costs, and, of course, the shortage of trained

personnel.

Despite all of these difficulties, Cape Verdean industry provides 6.5 percent

of the available jobs, and it accounts for 8.0 percent of GNP. As in the case

of the fishing sector, it is desirable to open up industry to the private

sector, since 94 percent of the investments are made in the state sector.

With industry and fishing in an embryonic state and a subsistance agriculture

which does not produce enough to feed the people, what is the Cape Verdean

economy finally based on?

According to Jose Brito, Cape Verdean minister of planning and cooperation

the economy is based on three factors: international assistance, receipts from

the airport at Sal, and emigrant remittances. He stated that this is a

situation over which the Cape Verdean authorities have no control at all.

However, in terms of aid and international cooperation, Cape Verde has a good

reputation among the aid donor countries. The sense of responsibility and

honesty of its leaders seem to be the reasons for this. Thus, the country is

engaged in a very diversified cooperation program. The West Germans have a

program on Fogo and Brava Islands, covering an integrated project of intensive

farming and livestock raising. The French have a program of technical

assistance (construction of a shopping center, irrigation facilities, and

cultural centers). The Cubans provide medical assistance, the Soviets provide

military aid, and the Americans are involved in various development projects.

There is also the question of the use made of this aid, particularly food aid

which, according to many experts, has been carefully handled. Food aid is not

distributed without cost to the people. Beginning with the first few years of

independence, the government sought to break away from this "mentality of

dependency." it established the National Development Fund (FDN) an

institution for the management of food aid. This body has the task of 'using

the aid for financing programs and projects with the funds obtained from the

sale of the food aid. In this way the FDN has financed many projects (road

infrastructure, soil protection, dikes, and reforestation). Another

remarkable aspect of food aid is that it is used to pay the workers on FDN

proiects. They receive half of their pay in money and the other half in

consumption goods (rice, milk, and corn).

Regarding the fears expressed regarding the resources obtained from the

international airport at Sal, which amount to three-fourths of invisible

exports by the country, these concerns are real. Sal is one of the few

landing places on the African continent used by South African airlines. The

recent boycott of South African Airways by the United States will reportedly

cost about 1.0 billion CFA francs per year to the islands, Cape Verdean

government officials state.

There remains the question of emigration. Even though this has slowed down

recently, the money sent home by emigrants strongly contributes to the

14
stability of the economy. More and more emigrants, with the banking

facilities which the state has provided them with, are investing in the

construction of buildings and in trade. Not to mention the fact that many

families are supported by this money which is remitted from abroad.

However, lacking any domestic base, the economy of Cape Verde is managed with

a great deal of austerity. Having decided in 1977 to adopt a floating foreign

exchange rate, based on a basket of currencies, Cape Verde has no more

difficulty in this field than many other African countries. It even has the

advantage of having a real and stable unit of currency, the escudo.

Furthermore, there is no black market in foreign currency.

5170

CSO: 3419/40

15
ETHIOPIA

BRIEFS

CHINA DONATES PESTICIDE—The Ministry of Agriculture today received 20,000

liters of pesticide from the Chinese Government. This aid comes in response

to the ministry's appeal to international organizations through the FAD for

60,000 liters of pesticide, 3,000 spraying sets and 5 mobile teams. The aid

was handed over to Deputy Agriculture Minister Mesfine Mekonen by Chinese

Ambassador Zhang Ruijie. [Excerpt] [Addis Ababa Domestic Service in Amharic

0930 GMT 19 Dec 86 EA] /12913

CS0: 3400/698

16
LIBERIA

BRIEFS

NDPL CHAIRMAN'S COMMENTS REFUTED--The president of the Liberia Council of

Churches, LCC, Archbishop Michael K. Francis, has described as unfortunate a

recent accusation by the acting chairman of the National Democratic Party of

Liberia, NDPL, Miss (Miata Sherman), that the LCC was being too political and

biased during the reconciliation talks between the NDPL and the opposing

parties. According to the DAILY STAR newspaper today, Archbishop Francis

noted that Miss (Sherman) knows this is not true and it is to be regretted

that instead of looking at our efforts in the past positively, she chose to

restate the party's official assertion that the LCC was politically biased.

The LCC president recalled that June of this year, the council issued a

statement in which it pointed out that at no time was it biased during the

reconciliation talks. The council regretted that at the time of talks Miss

(Sherman) did not participate nor at any time did she have dialogue with us.

When I asked as to whether the LCC had any plans to continue the

reconciliation talks, the LCC president noted that there is no immediate plan.

We cannot embark on such a worthy cause if one of the principal groups

believes and asserts that we are biased which, in point of fact, is not the

case. [Text] [Monrovia Radio ELWA in English 1710 GMT 12 Dec 86 AB] /12913

1984 NATIONAL CENSUS FIGURES RELEASED—The final results of the national

population and housing census conducted in 1984 has been released by the

government. The two week exercise took place from 1 to 15 February in 1984.

According to an Executive Mansion release issued yesterday and quoted by the

LIBERIAN NEWS AGENCY, after 1 February this year the population of Liberia was

approximately 2.2 million people. The release said the Government of Liberia

has accepted and is in accordance with the release of the results. In

announcing these figures, the release emphasized that these estimates have

already been adjusted and modified, based on the results of the Post

Enumeration Survey [PES]. According to the analysis of the PES, the

population was undercovered by approximately 12 percent meaning the 1984

census covered only 88 percent of the people in this country. [Excerpt]

[Monrovia Radio ELWA in English 0655 GMT 9 Dec 86 AB] /12913

CSO: 3400/669

17
MOZAMBIQUE

ANC REPRESENTATIVE ON RSA 'THREATS' AGAINST MOZAMBIQUE

MB240734 Maputo in English to Southern Africa 1800 GMT 23 Dec 86

[Report on statement by Jacob Zuma, chief ANC representative in Maputo, during

a ceremony marking Heroes Day in Maputo on 16 December]

[Excerpts] Members of the executive office of the African National Congress

in Maputo visited one of the city's cemeteries to pay homage to the fallen

heroes of the South African struggle. Among the dead ANC members in the

Mozambic soil are Moses Mabhida, who was a senior Executive Committee member

of the organization, Ruth First, and the 19 others who died during the South

African commando raid in Matola suburb in 1981. The visit to the graves by

the ANC delegation was part of the commemoration of the organization's Heroes

Day, the day of the beginning of the armed struggle. Speaking at the

ceremony, ANC chief representative in Maputo, Jacob Zuma, recalled the

historical importance of the armed struggle against foreign domination in the

region.

Mr Zuma also referred to the recent situation in the region in which the

government of President P.W. Botha has been threatening to take action against

countries in the region, including Mozambique.

[Begin Zuma recording] He has not only ended up by murdering South African

people inside South Africa and ANC people outside and the nationals of the

neighboring countries, in fact, he has drawn up a strategy to remove in the

region, by murder, leaders of the independent states. We have the recent

example of the late President Comrade Samora Machel. These death squads are

in action. As you know they have kidnapped from Swaziland some comrades,

Comrade Shadrack Msizeni Maphumulo with four other nationals, two Swazis and

two Swiss. In a period of four days' time, they have kidnapped Comrade Ismael

Ibrahim.

Accompanying these kidnappings are the deadly threats against Mozambique.

When they cannot resolve their problems in South Africa they then seek to make

countries like Mozambique help them resolve their own problems by threatening

them so that they will act on their behalf. When they kidnap Shadrack they

reported that they had arrested trained men entering South Africa from

Swaziland. That was a lie. They manufactured this because they wanted an

excuse to cover their own dirty activities. Four days later, when they

kidnapped Ibrahim, they again manufactured a quick story. A truck was

18
arrested entering South Africa full of ammunition, thousands and thousands of arrested enter g made deliberately to cover their

SrSrT^tiStJlfS stSnand, and in addition to threaten Mozambique.

They said, as they announced this in their controlled news bulletins these

weapons' originated from Mozambique. It is a strange *W.W £

indeed. Is Mozambique manufacturing weapons for the ANC? Did they have

labels that they are manufactured in Mozambique so as to be recognized at the

point oarres/that they in actual fact originated from Mozambique? But they

can say [words indistinct]. It is a lie, it is a story made in order to

terrorize in order to cover their own dirty activities of directing and

Ending and°tdra

eining the armed bandits in Mozambique and therefore trying

to make Mozambique to feel it has done something wrong, when it has not, when

it is South Africa.

It is time to make the Mozambican comrades feel is the ANC doing something in

our midst! It is time to compel Mozambique to take some action against the

ANC in order to prove a point, [end recording]

/12913

CSO: 3400/702

19
MOZAMBIQUE

60,000 MOZAMBICANS AWAIT REPATRIATION FROM MALAWI

MB291502 Dakar PANA in English 1445 GMT 29 Dec 86

[Text] Maputo, 29 December (AIM/PANA)—At least 60,000 Mozambicans are in

Malawi awaiting repatriation, according to today's issue of the newsDaoer

NOTICIAS. y v

The exact figure of the number of Mozambicans who fled from South African

backed bandits in the Provinces of Tete, Zambezia and Sofala into Malawi is

not known, and some sources put it as high as 200,000.

Since late September some 11,000 people have been evacuated from Malawi to the

coal mining town of Moatize in the Northwestern province of Tete. About 4,000

of these are living in a large improvised centre for displaced people, while

the rest are staying with relatives or have moved on to Tete City.

According to refugees inside Malawi, so that they can try and divert some of

the goods that international organizations are sending to [words indistinct].

An official of a Mozambican humanitarian body told the paper that when he

visited Malawi he found the displaced Mozambicans extremely ill at ease

"because the distribution of food is organised by the Malawian police. The

Mozambicans are beaten up if they do anything wrong in these centres."

For this reason many Mozambicans are anxious to return home, even without any

organised effort at repatriation. They have been making their own way to the

border, many going from Zambezia to Tete through Malawi.

Displaced people in the Moatize centre receive support from the Mozambique Red

Cross and from the Natural Disasters Office (DPCCN). For the moment they have

sufficient food, but require clothing and cooking utensils.

Children arrive at Moatize in extremely debilitated condition. There is a

shortage of milk, and of oral rehydration salts for children suffering from

diarrhoea.

The health centre at the Moatize camp tries to rectify this problem by

teaching mothers to make their own anti-diarrhea mixture of salt, sugar and

water. However, even this may not be viable given the acute shortage of salt

in and around Moatize.

/12913

CSO: 3400/702

20
MOZAMBIQUE

ARMED FORCES OVERRUN STRATEGIC MNR BASE; OTHER SUCCESSES

MB251723 Dakar PANA in English 1640 GMT 25 Dec 86

Hext] Maputo, 25 December (AIM/PANA)-A strategic base of the South Africantacked MNR bandits in the central province of Zambezia has been overrun by the

Mozambican armed forces, according to a report in today's issue of the daily

paper NOTICIAS. The base, at Namanjavira, in Mocuba district in the centre of

the province, was the point of departure for bandit gangs ambushing vehicles

carrying supplies to and from upper Zambezia.

In the fighting at Namanjavira Mozambican troops killed 80 bandits. An

unspecified number were captured, one of whom claimed that bandits were

reacting to the current offensive in several ways, some making their way back

to Malawi, others hiding their weapons and trying to blend in with the local

peasantry, while some were turning themselves into the authorities. The

newspaper did not give the exact date of the capture of Namanjavira.

In the district of Gurue, in the north of the province, the armed forces

killed 18 bandits at the end of November, and captured a further 1J.

Altogether 40 bandits were killed in Gurue during the month. Sixty people

were freed from bandit captivity.

On 20 December, in a clash at Mugaveia, also in Gurue district, Mozambican

troops killed eight bandits and captured six.

In Namarroi an MNR agent, who claimed that he was trained and equipped by the

South African military on Malawian soil, was captured in November. He said

that he was part of a group of 4,000 bandits infiltrated into Zambezia from

Malawi. On instructions from the South Africans, this force broke up into

five groups to commit acts of banditry throughout upper Zambezia. Amongst

their most important operations were attacks against a tea factory at Socone,

and against the small towns of He and Namarroi.

In He district, an MNR camp at Namevo was overrun on 13 December. The

Mozambican unit involved killed the chief of this MNR group, but the report

gave no further details.

21
In Nicuadala, 35 kilometres north of the provincial capital, Quelimane, seven

captured bandits were presented to a meeting of 6,000 people. They were

accused of being part of an MNR group that specialised in attacking civilian

vehicles and killing their occupants.

/12913

CSO: 3400/702

22
MOZAMBIQUE

PRIME MINISTER SPEAKS ON REGIONAL, DOMESTIC ISSUES

Johannesburg FINANCIAL MAIL in English 12 Dec 86 pp 34, 35

[Interview with Prime Minister Mario Machungo by FM correspondent Jose

Caetano in Maputo; date not given]

[Text] The FAfs special correspondent Jose Caetano last week spoke to Mozambican Prime

Minister Mario Machungo in Maputo. His.

wide-ranging interview is exclusive to the FM

and is the first that Machungo has granted to

a South African publication.

FM: What is the present position in relations

between Mozambique and SA?

Machungo: The legal framework of our

relations with SA is the Nkomati Accord. It

is the result of our wish to establish relations

of good neigbourliness and non-aggression

with our neighbour. We do not agree with

apartheid, but we have respected and always

will respect the Nkomati Accord.

This was stated by President Joaquim

Chissano when he was elected by the Central

Committee, and reaffirmed very clearly on

his swearing-in as president.

And that's why we expect SA to assume,

in real terms, its responsibility both regionally and internationally as a state respectful of

the norms of international relations. It

should comply with the Nkomati Accord and

stop supporting the armed bandits who are

busy destabilising our country.

Is it therefore reasonable to expect that the

Joint Military Commission (JMC) will be

reactivated and that Mozambique will try to

end the acrimony between Maputo and Pretoria?

The JMC resulted from the Nkomati Accord. We are ready to meet with the South

African side to analyse matters resulting

from our relations in terms of the accord.

There have been developments which resulted in us not being able to meet — particularly the situation created by the sudden death

of President Samora Machel. In addition,

certain situations were created which need to

be clarified. Nevertheless, none of this puts

in jeopardy the functioning of all mechanisms created by the accord, the JMC included.

Do you think that a conventional military

offensive could ever lead to the capitulation of

the MNR?

By MNR I assume you mean the armed

bandits who are a creation of SA. We are

fighting for peace in our country. In this

particular case, we are fighting against

armed bandits who are a South African

instrument for the destahilisatinn nf 0Ur

country.

Would an end to this be sufficient to reestablish peace and security in Mozambique?

Peace in the region will logically be linked

to the solution of the apartheid problem. Or

else the South African government should

behave responsibly and create situations for

peace by accepting to live with neighbouring

countries irrespective of their political systems. We shall not give up struggling for

peace in our country and will mobilise all our

efforts to secure this peace and stability. ^

Could this war eventually end in direct military confrontation between the Frontline

states and SA?

SA is a military and economic power in

our region. But we also know from experience that it is not the amount of arms that

can defeat the will of a people to live free.

When we decided to take up arms because of

our yearning for freedom, we were a nation

consisting mainly of illiterate peasants. The

fact that SA is nearly an atomic power will

not make us lay down our arms.

23
It is the South African regime which is the

aggressor, which creates armed bandits,

which occupies portions of countries in the

region — it is SA which is at war.

SA will have to live up to its responsibilities and live with us as an African country,

which it is.

What is the war costing Mozambique?

We are at present allocating 50% of the

State budget to the war effort. Military expenses have grown in the last few years. But

it is not that alone that counts, it is the

sacrifices that our people have to support.

The children who die as a result of the armed

bandits, the medical stations which are destroyed, the bridges, the locomotives and the

men — over 100 000 men have died in this

war of aggression.

More than 300 000 children have been left

without schools. There are other sacrifices

such asjobs, which our workers have lost as a

result of the destruction of the means of

production of our country. But we will continue to make every necessary effort to defend our legal rights.

Mozambique is receiving support and help

from Western countries. Could you talk

about this?

Mozambique has co-operation agreements

with just about all Western and socialist

countries — especially with industrialised

countries.

For example, with Italy we are building two

important dams in the south — the Corumane and the Pequenos Libombos. We are

building, with the support of various countries, a grid for the supply of electrical energy to the central and northern regions of the

country by taking advantage of the power

generated by Cahora Bassa.

The Nordic countries have contributed

significantly to the efforts of development

and economic rehabilitation of Mozambique

in general. We have received contributions

from all these countries.

In addition, co-operation has developed

positively with the US, Japan, the UK,

France and Portugal, with whom we have

just negotiated a debt rescheduling agreement. These are all countries with which

Mozambique already has a tradition of cooperation.

Mozambique is due to announce a wide-ranging programme of economic measures to cope

with its serious economic situation. Could

you give us an idea of these?

The programme consists of two fundamental parts. The first is the recovery of the

productive sector. At present, it does not

make sense to talk of structural adjustments

to the economy without ensuring an increase

in production. This increase in production

will result, essentially, from measures which

we are going to implement in the agricultural

sector in general — both private and cooperative — to increase food production.

The second is to rehabilitate the industrial

sector to enable it to play its role in the

commercialisation of both agricultural products and the supply of consumer goods to

the farming population.

We also have defined objectives in the

areas of transport and communications —

two sectors which are fundamental for regional co-operation — and, in addition, will

be aiming at increasing our exports.

At the same time, we are going to have to

take some steps to reduce the imbalances

which have been occurring, especially in the

financial sector, and which have been aggravated, since 1981, with the increase in destabihsation and aggression from SA. The overall objective will be to contain State

expenditure.

We have defined a credit policy aimed at

containing both inflation and the supply of

credit. This policy will also be used to reduce

the deficits accumulated by companies —

both State and private.

Also, we have devised the basis of a new

fiscal system which is only waiting approval

at the forthcoming session of the Popular

Assembly.

Does this mean that companies will have to

demonstrate their profitability?

The company is the basic cell of the economy and if it is not able to produce profits

for reinvestment we are not going to set

growth. 6

For this to be achieved, companies need to

have economic and financial autonomy and

we will have to create a suitable legal framework for this. This will allow companies to

tree their initiative and imagination and promote the efficient use of profits irrespective

of whether they are private or state-owned

Could these measures have something to do

with the present negotiations between

Mozambique and the International Monetary

Fund (IMF)? '

When, in 1976, we applied UN-mandated

sanctions against the illegal regime of Rhodesia, our country was strongly affected We

were then also forced to draw up a programme of economic rehabilitation to adjust

to circumstances. J

24
In 1982-1983

we again designed an emergency plan — to

adjust to the increase in destabilisation. In view

of the fact that

we are members

of the IMF and

the World Bank,

we had to discuss

certain aspects of

the actual programme with these institutions.

VV'isat arc the prospects of :i tinal o«r<M>moni

vhh The IMI-'?

i'he basic ideas of the programme liavc

already been discussed with both the IMF

and Word Bank with whom we are in permanent contact. The climate of the negotiations

has been one of understanding. And since

our programme is absolutely realistic and

normal, for a country such as ours, I do not

see why we should not come to a final agreement soon.

What are the main points of Mozambique's

new code of investment?

Frelimo's Fourth Congress (held in April

1983) reaffirmed the role of private initiative

in the development of our country. The Popular Assembly then approved direct foreign

investment which defines the benefits, incentives, conditions of investment, and the priority areas of investment.

Naturally we thought that it was important also to Hcfine the legal status of the local

investor. This new investment code, the draft

Bill on Private National Investment, has

been accepted by the Cabinet and will be

submitted to the Popular Assembly. This law

will offer tax and financial benefits to the

local investor in accordance with his role in

the development of the national economy.

What are the priority areas of investment?

Among them is the agricultural sector and

the need to achieve an increase in food production and foreign trade, where the objective is import substitution and the stimulation of exports.

The Mozambican economy is tending towards decentralisation. On the other hand,

the security situation perhaps calls for a

strong central

power. Is there

not a contradiction?

On the contrary. What is

envisaged is decentralised management with

central direction,

which will restrict itself to

what is essential

and fundamental. We often say: joint planning and disperse

application.

room iui' imiiaiivc wiLiiuiH oosiaCica iO Miter

utilise the natural and human potential

available in our country. This is not a denial

of centralised direction.

How does Mozambique regard Pretoria's intention to expel Mozambican workers in

SA? What wiU the consequences be?

The remittances of the miners constitute

an important portion of our foreign currency

reserves; if this had not been the case SA

would not have taken this measure unilaterally.

The situation is not new. In the Seventies,

there were about 120 000 Mozambican miners in SA. Today there are only about

60 000. The sudden return of 60 000 people,

as well as the end of remittances to the State,

will increase our difficulties. In addition to

miners, there are other workers mainly from

the south of the country who work in SA and

so support their families.

We think that the benefits deriving from

Mozambicans working in SA are reciprocal.

If this had not been the case, SA would not

have signed the labour convention with the

Portuguese colonial government.

This step will affect Mozambique in

various ways and will force us to create

conditions to receive our compatriots and

provide them with jobs and means of living.

Would Mozambique be prepared to lend its

support to a "transitional" South African

government?

After being in direct conflict with the

Portuguese colonial government, and as a

result of the Lusaka Accords, we created a

government of transition.

25
In the case of SA, it is the ANC and the

democratic forces within SA who know what

should be the appropriate procedure leading

to democracy in SA. What we want is that it

should be up to the South African people to

find the way, and those who struggle for

democracy should be participants in this

search.

What did President Machel's death mean to

you personally?

President Samora was extraordinary both

as a person and as leader. Those of us who

worked closely with him knew the immense

dimensions to his character. He was a warm,

humane ;md open person who understood the

•:. .v;r-.-i::-; •• 'if- :<.'■■■< kncv how : 5 share

illCiHS 01 tilC pi'lVlU-r l.iC i.', oUCii 01 US. i'10 Was

a sincere friend, and his death shocked us

terribly. To this moment, it is difficult for us

to believe. His death was a tremendous blow.

But we shall carry on with his ideals.

/12828

CSO: 3400/706

26
MOZAMBIQUE

VILANCULO WAGES BATTLE AGAINST DROUGHT

Maputo DOMINGO in Portuguese 23 Nov 86 p 3

[Text] Administrator Estevao Mucavele had just returned from a mission inside

the district of Vilanculo when he was informed of the arrival of the Water

Directorate delegation at the district headquarters.

He was wearing a camouflaged uniform, with slightly dusty boots, indicating to

any visitor the assurance that he was in a war zone.

Another fact, however, is that even in a war zone, that leader had just arrived

from other major battles confronting the district: those of the war against

thirst.

With over 10,000 inhabitants, and an area of 10,882 square kilometers along the

coastal strip and in the interior of the northern section of Inhambane Province,

Vilanculo has been one of the districts most devastated by the drought which

has affected the province since the early 1980's, particularly in 1983. At

the same time, the raids by armed bandits against the population and civilian

targets were also embarking on their most severe phase in that region, making

life in the district even more difficult.

The drought and the war only exacerbated the situation marked by the water

shortage in the district of Vilanculo.

The district inherited a difficult situation from the colonial government,

because, in it, there were wells only in commercial settlements, according to

the comment made to AIM [Mozambique Information Agency] by the administrator.

The population living 100 kilometers south has no water; and, 200 kilometers

inland, the population has been forced (and still is, in most instances) to

resort to the commercial settlements as well.

Along the national highway which connects the northern and southern parts of

the country, the distance between one well and another is from 12 to 20 kilometers.

On his reconnaissance mission to learn about the population's problems and

needs, the administrator said, "I was left speechless" upon learning on the

27
site that the well in Muabsa (one of the localities in the interior) was

damaged. He said that the closest well was 16 kilometers distant, and that

over 1,000 persons reside in the same locality.

"In wartime, the situation becomes even more difficult," he complained, adding

that this population, consisting generally of women and children over 10 years

of age, is subject to ambushes on the part of the armed bandits.

According to the administrator, the population of Blane and Mavanze, whose

wells have also been damaged, is in the same predicament.

He emphasized: "However, we are experiencing improvements. The technician is

a person who accepts these upsets."

Beside him, the young Dutch engineer, Yusdi, contracted by UNICEF, was not in

uniform, but his pants and shirt, showing the white color, made it clear that

he was returning from the same "battle."

"He is one of the family," remarked the administrator, referring to the youth,

evoking the surprise and admiration of everyone. Yusdi is unusually brave,

because with only a 3-month stay in the district, he has made a point of

traveling to the most remote and distant areas, although his work area is

officially confined to the coastal strip.

As a preventive and rehabilitation measure for the drought situation that has

ravaged much of the country, an emergency project has been executed since last

year on the national level, for the rural water supply.

According to the administrator, at the present time the district of Vilanculo

has 38 wells, including the old ones.

In his opinion, at least 70 wells are necessary to meet the population's

minimal water consumption requirements.

It was in connection with this program that officials from the Water Supply

and Sanitation Directorate Unit (UDAAS), the UNICEF agent, and Water Directorate technicians from Inhambane Province traveled to the district of Vilanculo.

The purpose was to assess this year's work and to. learn "on the spot" what the

bottlenecks in the project were, as well as to devise plans for 1987, inasmuch

as "the major problems for the execution of the project have been solved."

This project involves eight districts in Inhambane Province where, in addition

to digging new wells and water holes, the existing ones are being recovered.

The construction activities which are already in an advanced phase in the

southern part of the province, will continue for another year and a half, with

the aid of UNICEF funds for the purchase of equipment and technical assistance.

28
The UDAAS national enterprise is responsible for the implementation of the

project, so as to ensure the construction of 80 wells per year in the southern

section of the province, and 40 in the northern section.

In areas where it is impossible to construct wells, owing to the depth of the

water tables and the nature of the soil, water holes are-being dug by the

also Mozambican enterprise, GEOMOC (Geology of Mozambique). Based upon the

project, 36 new water holes are intended per year, while the rehabilitation of

an additional 30 will be undertaken simultaneously.

The estimated price of this project is $1.8 million. It is aimed at benefiting 87.5 percent of the province's 1.557 million inhabitants (as of 1985).

Crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn, Inhambane Province has the Save River as

its only regular source of water. And, since it has been one of the two

provinces most stricken by the drought in southern Mozambique, during the

early 1980's water became so scarce that the emergency food supply and that

of the water itself had to be provided through the coast to the interior

regions.

While hundreds of persons died of starvation and lack of water, thousands of

others were left with malnutrition.

At that juncture, they left their possessions and their homes to move in the

direction of the coast, in search of food and water.

During the same period, several food and medicine supply centers were created

by the government.

In the specific instance of the district of Vilanculo, there came into existence the most famous region of Inhambane, Pambarra, where, at present, the

residents are not only benefiting from the recent rainfall, but also have

four wells located around each district, as part of the rural project for

emergency water supplies.

2909

CSO: 3442/47

29
MOZAMBIQUE

RAILWAY WORKERS FORM NEW UNION

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 1 Dec 86 p 1

[Text] Thursday afternoon in Maputo, with the election of executive organs,

namely, the Union Council and the Control and Discipline Committee, the

National Union of Railway Transport and Technical Assistance Workers was

created. This new trade union agency consists of 51 members, six of whom

comprise the Secretariat. Alcano Horacio Mula was elected to the position

of secretary general of the union.

The formation of this union represented the high point of the national meeting

that has been under way since last Monday in the Central Council conference

hall of the Mozambican Workers Organization [OTM] in the nation's capital.

The work was directed by the assistant secretary general of the Mozambican

Workers Organization, Jose Correia Ganancio.

As was underscored during the closing session of this meeting, the National

Union of Railway Transport and Technical Assistance Workers came into existence

with a view toward solving the many problems that the workers in this sector

have been facing in carrying on their daily productive activities.

Thus, for 4 days the participants at this meeting engaged in identifying and

debating all the problems which currently constitute a barrier hampering the

performance of satisfactory activity In this branch of industry.

The lack or theft of spare parts, as well as the constant departure of qualified

cadres from their work stations, were cited by those participating in this

meeting as some of the main problems being encountered by the enterprises

associated with railway transport and technical assistance in their daily

activity.

Furthermore, they noted that, during the past few years, the best qualified

workers have opted to leave their enterprises, so as later to open clandestine

shops and garages. It is they who have subsequently worsened the problems In

the operation of enterprises related to the railway transport and technical

assistance branch of Industry; because they have corrupted certain workers

without a conscience, prompting them to divert spare parts, so as to enable

them to put their own shops and garages into operation.

30
In order to prevent this situation from continuing to occur, the participants

recommended to the National Union of Railway Transport and Technical Assistance

Workers that an immediate study be made of activities aimed at putting an end

to this tragedy in the enterprises.

2909

CSO: 3442/47

31
MOZAMBIQUE

GAZA PROVINCE LAUNCHES CASHEW MARKETING CAMPAIGN

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 25 Nov 86 p 3

[Text] Gaza Province has started the campaign to pick and market cashew nuts in

some of its districts. They are the districts of Mandlhakaze and Chibuto, where

one can already observe the cashews on the cashew nut trees. Meanwhile, certain

difficulties have been cited as bottlenecks for the success of the current

campaign. The problems of the transportation facilities.for removing the nuts

have been partially surmounted, thanks to the recent provision of vehicles to

this province's dealers by the Ministry of Commerce. What. concerns the dealers

most at present is the fact that, to date, the items to give an incentive to

the campaign have not yet reached the province.

For example, in Manjacaze district, the marketing of cashew nuts has already

started at the headquarters in the locality of Macuacua, just 30 kilometers

from the district headquarters. Momed Issagy Adamo, a dealer in Macuacua, told

our reporter that the performance of the cashew trees during the current harvest

is quite satisfactory, even though the first blooming was destroyed by lack of

rainfall.

Because, by the opening of the campaign, items intended for this operation had

not reached the province yet, Nizamo Mussay decided, temporarily, to give some

dealers goods which were originally intended for the normal supply quota in

the district. Mentioned among the items delivered were sugar, rice, and soap.

One of the dealers included in this routing of goods is Issagy Adamo who, to

date, has marketed over 400 kilograms of cashews picked during this campaign.

Amade Popota, manager of the Nizambo Mussagy warehouse in Manjacaze, remarked:

"We realize that the recent events in our country have contributed considerably

to this slight delay in the arrival of goods. That is why we decided to adopt

this local measure temporarily, to cope with the campaign, until the goods

arrive from Maputo."

Meanwhile, in the locality of Chimbonhanine, 15 kilometers from the district

headquarters of Chibuto, although the cashew pickinghas started, the marketing

has not yet been satisfactory because, as we learned on the site, "we have not

yet received barter goods," according to reports from the dealers.

, / ' '

; '

; /

32
Issufo Ibrahimo, a dealer from that area, told our reporter that, despite the

slight delay that has occurred in the arrival of the goods, it is possible that

the results attained in the current campaign may exceed those of the previous

one.

The locality of Chimbonhanine is considered the cashew nut production and marketing center for the district of Chibuto. In fact, during the last campaign,

Chimbonhanine marketed 350 of the 2,056 tons of cashews marketed In the entire

district.

If I Knew....

Some members of the population who were approached expressed their opinion of

the cashew trees' performance during this campaign:

"If I knew you were coming, I would have kept something to show you that there

are already nuts in this area." This was how Lote Zucule, a peasant and resident of the communal village of Godide (headquarters of the locality of Godide),

began commenting. Lote Zucule, aged 48 and a commander in his village s militia

forces, is considered and rated one of the best and largest producers of cashew

nuts in the area.

He himself does not know exactly how many cashew trees he has; he can only say

that most of his trees were inherited from his grandparents. "I think that I

must have over 600 cashew trees," he comments.

In his view, the cashew nuts are best bartered for items of prime necessity:

cloth, kerchiefs, and aluminum items (dishes, pots and pans, coffeepots, and

kettles, among other things).

In fact, although our interviewee expressed regret at the "sudden" manner in

which we arrived in his village, he did not lack a keg quite filled with cashew

juice (produced in this campaign); something which confirmed to us the fact that

this fruit is gradually reaching that remote territory of Chibuto.

Salvador Muiambo, head of the Godice local assembly, for his part, voice optimism regarding the results to be attained during the present harvest. However,

he noted that it will all depend on the backing in the form of barter goods

that the state makes available to the dealers; because the problem of transportation facilities has been minimally surmounted.

He reported that, in his locality, since 1981 over 900,000 cashew nut trees

have been planted, some of which died for lack of rain during 1981-82.

He maintained: "This year, I think the results will be satisfactory. You

yourselves are viewing this with your own eyes."

Some Difficulties

The greatest difficulty at present is associated with the delay in the goods

arriving in the shops for the harvest. As we learned from a source at the Gaza

33
Provincial Cashew Service, this situation was prompted by the recent incidents

which put the country in mourning, leading to an abnormal amount of movement in

the capital. However, it is the dealers V opinion that, if the goods reach the

shops by the second half of this month, there will still be a possibility of

fulfilling the goals which, nevertheless, have not yet been officially approved

in the province. '

rr

Another difficulty that was cited by the dealers in all the locations that we

visited is associated with the lack of transportation facilities equipped with

a hauling system. This situation has made it impossible for the dealers to

enter the interior sections, because most of the paths leading to those sites

can only be traversed by vehicles which meet the aforementioned conditions.

In fact, the dealers are of the opinion that every cashew nut producting district

.(or warehouse operator) should be equipped with a tractor having the respective

hitch.

For the present, the effort made during the last campaign by the Ministry of

Commerce, allocating 21 vehicles to certain dealers who distinguished themselves

in this province during the 1985-86 harvest, is to be praised and respected.

It is an effort which really constituted a qualitatively positive step forward

in the rehabilitation of the country's cashew nut sector.

It is noteworthy that there are included in the 21 vehicles assigned to Gaza

Province 18 wagons with a tonnage of 3,500 kilograms, two trucks, and a tractor

with the respective hitch.

2909

CSO: 3442/45

34
MOZAMBIQUE

DANISH DEVELOPMENT GROUP FINANCES HIDROMOC PROGRAM!

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 24 Nov 86 p 2

[Text] The Danish Development Agency (DANIDA) has just announced the granting

of 10 million Danish kroner (nearly 50,000 contos) to HIDROMDC [Mozambican

Water Enterprise] to finance imports of pumps and engines, electric pumps,

different makes of diesel motors, spare parts, and various other types of

hydraulic equipment, with the first shipment scheduled to arrive by the first

quarter of 1987, as was confirmed by a Danish technician associated with that

state company, Kim Greffel.

The donation, considered one of the most significant made by that agency to

date, is intended to ensure the continuity of the technical assistance for

water supply and irrigation programs and projects run by HIDROMOC; while at

the same time guaranteeing the gradual recovery of the various hydraulic equipment damaged or broken down for lack of spare parts.

Kim Greffel disclosed that, through DANIDA, Denmark is also studying the

possibility of granting HIDROMOC a third loan to enable the enterprise to

continue without interruption the hydro-agricultural and water supply programs

and those for technical assistance to equipment during the next 3 years. DANIDA

has already granted that enterprise two loans (in 1978 and 1983) in the amount

of 25 million Danish kroner, the approximate equivalent of 125,000 contos.

According to the enterprise's management, starting next year and with technical

backing from DANIDA, HIDROMOC will begin assembling pumps and engines and

electric pumps in the country. For this purpose, during the first quarter of

1987 various shop equipment, and digital banks for testing, as well as extremely modern machine and motor operation testing equipment, are due to arrive in

Maputo, as the Danish technician, Kim Greffel, confirmed.

In order to fully meet the requirements imposed by the technology for the

assembly of pumps and engines and electric pumps, the management disclosed that

the expansion of the current hydraulic equipment repair shops would begin soon,

so as to provide them with excellent operating conditions.

The granting of all this backing is a result of DANIDA's high regard for the

services being rendered by HIDROMOC and also the fact that it has fully implemented the cooperation programs agreed upon and financed by the Danish agency.

35
Kim Greffel disclosed that the two missions from the Danish Development Agency

which visited the enterprise between 1984 and 1986 to evaluate the projects

executed claimed to be impressed by the enterprise's level of organization,

and prepared a brochure in which it explained all the water supply programs

carried out, from the establishment of the cooperation agreements in 1978

until last May.

With a view toward continuing the activities related to the water supply, for

which HIDROMOC has proven capable of providing its assistance, a study is

being made of the recovery and rehabilitation of the pumping systems of at

least six Mozambican towns, namely, Lichinga, Nacala, Nampula, Inhambane,

Quelimane, and Chokwe. According to the schedules, the execution of these

programs is due to start during the second half of next year.

Good Cooperation

A brochure prepared by Mozambican and Danish specialists, containing data

relating to the cooperation programs carried out between 1978 and 1986, notes

that the Mozambican authorities associated with the water sector were reliable

in using the funds granted by the Danish agency for imports of various agricultural equipment and those for water supplies, based on the established cooperation

agreements. It expresses the view that, hence, the cooperation has been excellent between our country and Denmark, and that the latter country's authorities

will continue to render all the necessary aid to make it possible to implement

various programs and projects linked with the development of agriculture and

the water supply to the population.

With respect to HIDROMOC, the main beneficiary of the loans and donations from

Denmark, in the critical post-independence years, DANIDA's role ensured the

importing of pumps, the recovery of irrigation and water supply systems, and also

the recovery of various hydraulic equipment.

In cooperation with other national sectors and with the multilateral assistance

of DANIDA, HIDROMOC is conducting a national survey of diesel motors and pumps

and engines existing in the country, in order to schedule their repair. In

this work, it has assumed the responsibility for repairing various types of

motors. Other enterprises have been charged with repairing different makes, in

rather small numbers.

According to the HIDROMOC management, DANIDA has also played a major role in

the training of Mozambicans in various technical fields relating to the work

of the enterprise.

2909

CSO: 3442/45

36
MOZAMBIQUE

POLLUTION BY FOREIGN SHIPS AT BEIRA PORT CAUSES CONCERN

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 25 Nov 86 p 3

[Text] In August of last year, the oil tanker "Neptune Orion," arriving from

Singapore, was forced to pay the Mbzambican Government compensation amounting

to 459,474 meticals, equivalent to $11,486.85, because of having caused

maritime pollution along the entire edge of the port of Beira, by spilling

thousands of liters of "super" gasoline, the spread of which extended from

dock 10 to dock 6, over an area of 19,000 square meters. This was the most

extensive pollution to date occurring in the port of Beira. According to the

maritime administrator of Sofala, Joao Queiroz, the money arrived in the state's

exchange fund in the Bank of Mozambique.

The incident occurred at dawn on 6 August of last year, when the "Neptune Orion"

was docked in the port of Beira offloading "super" gasoline. As the commander

of the aforementioned ship explained to the maritime authorities in the city

of Beira, the pollution must have been caused by a technical failure on the

part of the ship's crew.

Apart from the circumstances under which the incident occurred, the maritime

authorities took action based on the terms of international law, imposing the

pertinent penalty, in addition to the fact that the ship itself was temporarily

seized and banned from leaving the port of Beira until the penalty was paid.

This was followed by the advance filing of a suit which, moreover, caused the

booking of the respective commander on board.

As administrator Joao Queiroz explained, the penalty was not imposed on the

oil tanker because of the mere fact that the foreigners had polluted the port

waters as a result of the technical failure. The problem is based on the direct

consequences and effects that could be caused by the pollution. The suit

relating to the incident was directed on the basis of the international regulations in effect.

In keeping with Article 1 of Decree No 495/73, of 6 October, unless there is

a special permit, the pouring or dumping of any harmful water and residual

substances, as well as any other substances or waste that could in any way

pollute the water, beaches, or shores, such as petroleum products in the contiguous waters and territorial sea, as well as in the ports, docks, slips, beds,

37
and branches of navigable and unnavigable rivers, beaches, shores and other

areas under the jurisdiction of the maritime authorities, is prohibited.

The same provision adds that "super"gasoline is a petroleum product and, as

such, its spilling, except by reason of force majeure [innevitable act], is

in violation of the aforementioned national legal ruling. This is a fuel which

has major potential for immediate igniting.

This instance of pollution which occurred on 6 August 1986 jeopardized not only

the safety of the port of Beira, but also the other ships located there, and

all the infrastructures and equipment in that railroad-port complex, which

might very well have been devastated by a potential blaze. "All that would

have been required was for someone to go through there smoking or involuntarily

cause a fire, to bring about a disaster," recalled Joao Queiroz, as he explained

one of the consequences that could have stemmed from the fuel spill.

More important than this is the problem involving the maritime resources which

were also at risk. The Beira maritime authorities have not yet heard of any

situation caused by this pollution. But consideration could also be given to

the consequences that this may have brought for the users of the beaches, and

for the maritime flora and respective fauna.

'We Requested Cooperation'

Following this incident, the Sofala maritime authorities requested the cooperation of all the maritime shipping agents and all those who have floating equipment, in notifying the ships entering for which they are agents that they must

adopt all the preventive measures in handling inflammable cargo.

"The penalty will not solve anything; what we want to maintain is the port's

safety. The penalty has been established as an alternative," admitted administrator Joao Queiroz who, however, predicted that, in the future, the penalty

for the violation of these laws would be more severe.

2909

CSO: 3442/45

38
MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

SEVERE FOOD SHORTAGES IN ZAMBEZIA—People in every district of Mozambique's

most populated province, Zambezia, are experiencing severe food shortages.

Zambezia is currently facing the worst terrorist aggression by South Africa's

MNR bandits. This war situation has caused thousands of people to be

displaced. Mozambique's natural disasters office finds it difficult to

distribute food to the interior of the province due to chronic lack of

transport. Only the areas around Quelimane, the provincial capital, and the

coastal districts have received food supplies. Despite normal rainfall in

Zambezia this year, the forthcoming harvest will be 30 percent less than last

year, this is because many families have abandoned their farms due to armed

banditry. [Text] [Maputo in English to Southern Africa 1100 GMT 23 Dec 86

MB] /12913

CENTRAL PLAN BUDGET EXAMINED—The Council of Ministers, which met yesterday in

its 19th ordinary session, examined the state central plan and state budget

drafts for 1987. The session also devoted its attention to issues connected

with economic rehabilitation. [Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese

0400 GMT 24 Dec 86 MB] /12913

RENAMO CLAIMS 500 KILLED—MNR guerrillas in Mozambique claim to have killed

hundreds of government troops and police in a series of attacks in northern

and southern provinces, and on the outskirts of Maputo. An MNR statement

issued in Lisbon says some 500 soldiers were killed in the raids and large

quantities of arms and ammunition seized. The MNR says its forces attacked

three police barracks on the outskirts of Maputo, killing 15 police officers.

It says they also raided various army barracks in Nampula and Gaza provinces.

The MNR says its own forces suffered 11 dead and 47 wounded in a week of

fighting. There has been no independent confirmation of the attacks, and the

Maputo government rarely comments on the claims, and Western diplomats say

they are usually exaggerated. [Text] [Umtata Capital Radio in English 1100

GMT 27 Dec 86 MB] /12913

RENAMO SUCCESSES AGAINST TROOPS—Tehe Renamo movement of Mozambique says its

forces have killed 333 government troops in a week of fighting which ended on

Wednesday. A Renamo statement released in Lisbon says the fighting took place

in the Nampula, Gaza, and Maputo provinces. Five Tanzanian soldiers, as well

as 155 members of the local militia and 15 policemen were also killed. The

movement said it had distributed to local people 97 tons of rice and 839 tons

of sugar seized in an attack on a military train carrying the provisions from

39
the Mozambican port of Nacala to Nampula. [Text] [Johannesburg International

Service in English 1100 GMT 27 Dec 86 MB] /12913

REFUGEES CLAIM MALAWI AIDING MNR—Malawi is said to have provided military

trucks to some of South Africa's MNR terrorists when they invaded Mozambique's

central province of Zambezia last September. Eyewitnesses who escaped the

attack on the Mozambican border town of Milange in Zambezia have revealed this

information to a reporter of the Maputo Daily NOTICIAS newspaper. They said:

As the attack began, they fled to nearby high ground, from where they say

covered military vehicles on the Malawian side of the border. These vehicles

had brought the MNR terrorist gangs to the border area. The eyewitnesses fled

into Malawi as was the case with many residents of Milange. In Malawi, they

were subjected to persuasion by the Malawian security officials. These

officials wanted the Mozambicans to take up residence in Malawi. The Malawian

security men, who spoke in English and Chichewa, even made provocative remarks

such as: Who is stronger, Renamo or Frelimo? Renamo is the Portuguese

acronym used to refer to South Africa's MNR terrorists. The Mozambican

eyewitnesses also said that some days after the terrorists had raided Milange,

the Malawian authorities brought a team of journalists over the border into

the Mozambican town. These journalists, two blacks and five whites, are said

to have spent an entire day inside Mozambican territory. [Text] [Maputo in

English to Southern Africa 1100 GMT 27 Dec 86 MB] /12913

'MASSIVE DISPLACEMENT' IN MANICA—In recent months, actions by armed bandits

in the pay of Pretoria have caused massive displacement of people from

different areas of Manica Province. This is revealed in a report issued by

the National Department for Prevention of and Fight Against Natural Disasters.

According to the document, these people seek refugee in district and hamlet

headquarters. The situation is worse in the districts of Guro, Gondola, and

Mossurize. The document stresses that there is a big shortage of clothing in

the northern region of the province, and a total of 15,000 blankets are

needed. The report also notes that 1,000 tents are needed to shelter the

displaced people. The famine situation is aggravated by the absence of rains

in the province's northern and southern regions. [Text] [Maputo Domestic

Service in Portuguese 0800 GMT 27 Dec 86 MB] /12913

MILITARY BASE IN TETE SEIZED—The antigovernment Renamo movement in Mozambique

says its forces have attacked and occupied a government military base in

central Tete Province, killing 64 soldiers. A Renamo spokesman in Lisbon said

the soldiers, 23 of whom were Zimbabweans, were killed in the attack on

Cazula, which is situated 75 km north of the capital. A large quantity of war

material was captured in this way. The Noticias, de Portugal news agency

quoted a Mozambican newsman as saying there have been a large scale of Renamo

infiltrations into the region since September. The newsman said that about

80,000 Mozambicans had fled Tete into neighboring Malawi and Zambia to escape

the war and the hunger resulting from it. [Text] [Johannesburg International

Service in English 0630 GMT 28 Dec 86 MB] /12913

HELP NEEDED WITH REFUGEES—The Mozambican authorities are gathering facts to

evaluate the suffering of thousands of Mozambicans fleeing from terrorism by

South African backed armed bandits in the provinces of Tete, Zambezia, and

Sofala. The refugees are concentrated in the district headquarters or in the

40
Mozambique Armed Forces camps. Tete Province, which is sheltering the

displaced from Zambezia and Sofala Provinces, has the biggest accommodation

center located in Moatize, which handles about 11,000 people. According to

today's edition of the NOTICIAS newspaper, the actions by the authorities are

insufficient, and they want more support, especially from the international

community. [Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 0800 GMT 29 Dec 86

MB] /12913

MNR REPORTEDLY SHORT OF AMMUNITION--The Mozambique National Resistance

movement is facing an acute shortage of ammunition, according to documents

which the Mozambican authorities say were captured at an MNR base. The

Mozambique News Agency, AIM, said the documents came from the rebel "general

staff". It ordered commanders throughout the country to take measures to

save ammunition. "Small groups must not be given more than four 60-mm shells

and three RPG rockets," the document said. "This does not mean that during

operations all that ammunition will be used." Groups involved in operations

against "big targets" were allowed to use "four or five shells and four or

five rockets." AIM released the details of the document to support allegations

by the Mozambican authorities that South African was planning to supply the

MNR with ammunition. AIM claimed that the operation had been planned at a

meeting in Pretoria between Military Intelligence officers and MNR leaders.

The operation would be carried out between December 24 and January 3, the

agency claimed. [Text][Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 21 Dec 86

p 11]/12828

SANCTIONS AID AIRLINES--The national airlines of Mozambique and Cape Verde

will gain from the suspension of flights between South Africa and the United

States as part of U.S. sanctions against Pretoria. The Mozambican company,

LAM, in agreement with Cape Verde1s TACV, will begin a weekly service next

January between the Cape Verde airport of Sal and New York, using a DC-10

aircraft. Sal is one of the few airports which South African Airways can

use. For both political and commercial reasons the Portuguese airline TAP

recently refused a proposal from South Africa that it also fill in between

Sal and the United States, but TAP still intends to lease long-range aircraft

to TACV for this purpose. Landing fees paid by SAA to Cape Verde represent

almost half of that country's income in hard currency. Its loss in revenue

resulting from the U.S. sanctions has been put at three million dollars a

year. With its Boeing 747s SAA accounted for 90 per cent of SAL's traffic

and its revenue. Out of 15 weekly flights eight went to New York. [Text]

[Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 13 Dec 86 p 3]/12828

RSA FIRM SHIPS ARMS TO MNR—AIM [Mozambique Information Agency] has learned from

reliable sources in Pretoria that a private South African air transport company,

COMAIR, has made a shipment of arms and ammunition to the armed bandits in

Mozambique and of UNITA in Angola. The general director of COMAIR, P. V. Hooven,

is a member of the South African commission investigating the causes of the death

of President Samora Machel. He participated in one of the meetings (that of 29

October) of the International Investigating Commission in Komatipoort. COMAIR

has its main offices in Johannesburg, and branches in Margate, Phalaborwa,

Pietermaritzburg, Skukuza, and Welkom. The shipments of weapons by COMAIR to

the armed bandits were made at the order of the Armed Forces of South Africa.

[Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 17 Nov 86 p 1] 2909

41
CONSORTIUM FOR SADCC—A Mozambican consortium comprised of 10 enterprises has

been created for the purpose of promoting and Institutionalizing economic and

trade relations with the member nations of SADCC [Southern African Development

Coordination Conference]. This consortium has been named "Austral." Participating in the ceremony for signing the document forming the consortium were

representatives of the Matola Industrial Company (CIM), Tudor, the Cement

Enterprise, Mocargo, Socimo, Cifel, the Tobacco Commercial Enterprise, Electronic, Cometal-Mometa, and CETA [Structures, Leveling, and Asphalting Building

Company], enterprises which make up the aforementioned consortium. Although

its purpose is to conduct all types of negotiations for the implementation of

commercial and industrial undertakings with the participation of foreign investments in the form of joint ventures, the Beira Corredor is one of the catalysts

for the consortium's activity. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS In Portuguese 17 Nov 86

p 3] 2909

SOVIET BOOKS FOR DIPLOMATS—Late yesterday morning, in Maputo, a gift consisting

of various books was presented to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs by the charge

d'affaires of the Soviet Embassy In our country, Aleksey Makarov. The donation,

which is intended for the Advanced Institute of International Relations, was

received by the vice minister of foreign affairs, Daniel Saul Banze, in a

ceremony at which cadres from that ministry and some members of the Soviet

community serving in our country were.also present. The books, totaling 200,

are part of those displayed at the Soviet Union's booth during this year's

Maputo International Fair. They include books on political economy, philosophy,

psychology, and history, as well as classic volumes on Marxism-Leninism, all

written in Portuguese and Spanish. Expressing appreciation for the act, Daniel

Banze said that the best gratitude would be expressed by the students themselves,

upon making the books tools for their training. The vice minister of foreign

affairs took advantage of the occasion to explain the objectives that had

prompted our government to create a school of International relations in the

country. The photo pertains to the event. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese

29 Nov 86 p 2] 2909

POSSIBLE FRENCH MILITARY TRAINING—Our correspondent in Paris, Daniel Ribeiro,

claims that, according to reports circulating in the French capital, before

his death Samora Machel received a promise from the French authorities that

they would send him, within a short time, military specialists to train certain

elite units of the Mozambican Army, specifically, those which were providing

for his personal security. At that time, Paris reportedly intended to send to

Maputo a member of the military specializing in the "anti-gang" battle, Christian

Prouteau, a well-known French "super-policeman." As has been noted in Paris,

the new president of Mozambique, Joaquim Chissano, does not seem averse to this

idea, and the "super-policeman" may very soon depart for this country. [Text]

[Lisbon 0 JORNAL in Portuguese 28 Nov-9 Dec 86 p 5] 2909

CSO: 3442/47

42
NIGER

BRIEFS

SAUDI FINANCIAL AID—The Saudi Development Fund and our country signed a loan

agreement on 27 December. Under the agreement the fund will make available 2

billion CFA francs to Niger for the funding of the economic development

support program. This allocation is part of the fund's participation in the

World Bank program. [Excerpt] [Niamey Domestic Service in French 1200 GMT 31

Dec 86 AB] /12913

CSO: 3400/700

43
SOMALIA

BRIEFS

EEC AID FOR AGRICULTURE—The SDR and the EEC signed an agreement at the

Foreign Ministry in Mogadishu today. Somalia is to receive aid amounting to

113 million ecus or 10,550 million Somali shillings under the Lome III

Convention. Of this total 101 million ecus or 9.43 billion Somali shillings

is a grant while the remainder is a loan to be administered by the European

Development Bank. The money is for rural development, agriculture, livestock

farming, and fisheries, in particular the Bardhere Dam and the Juba Valley

project. Somalia was represented by the Foreign Minister, Dr Abd al-Rahman

Jama Barreh, and the EEC was represented by the general director of EEC

development, Mr (Presh). [Summary] [Mogadishu Domestic Service in Somali

1700 GMT 17 Dec 86 EA] /12913

CSO: 3400/698

44
UGANDA

BRIEFS

ECONOMIC PROTOCOL WITH LIBYA—Tripoli, Al-Kanoun 20, JAMAHIRIYAH NEWS AGENCY—

A protocol for joint economic cooperation was signed this morning between

Great Jamahiriyah and Uganda at the closing session of the meetings of the

Joint Libyan-Ugandan Commission. The protocol was signed by the secretary of

the General People's Committee for the Treasury and for the Ugandan side by

the trade minister. [Text] [Tripoli JANA in English 1430 GMT 20 Dec 86 LD]

/12913

CSO: 3400/698

45
ZIMBABWE

BRIEFS

COVERAGE EXTENDED—The chief engineer of the ZBC [Zimbabwe Broadcasting

Corporation] for transmitters, Mr Ken Herold, says the installation of

equipment and transmitters to provide Radio 2 and Radio 4 programs in the

Gokwe area has been completed. Listeners in the area can receive Radio 2 on

96.2 kHz and Radio 4 on 103 kHz on FM. The area serviced by this station is

expected to include Madziwadzido and Copper King to the north, (Empress Mine)

to the east, Nkayi to the south, and Malimasindi to the west. Listeners

beyond those locations are advised to use out-door aerials to improve

reception. [Text] [Harare Domestic Service in English 1115 GMT 24 Dec 86 MB]

/12913

CSO: 3400/700

46
SOUTH AFRICA

STEYN DISCUSSES DUTIES IN NEW MINISTERIAL POST

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 12 Dec 86 p 6

[Interview with Minister o

David Furlough; date and p

[Text]

FURLONGER: What are yonr priorities in yonr new job?

STEYN: Privatisation, deregulation and accelerating co-ordination of technological development.

There is also the beneficiation of

minerals and the development of

electronics and the jewellery trade

to stimulate the economy.

One cannot forsake, however, i

the existing priorities in the coun- ,

try in the economics field. These

include development of small busi- ;

ness for the creation of job opportunities, and the fight against inflation.

WHAT is your reaction to the suggestion that you have effectively

been appointed sanctions minister?

IT IS my policy not to talk about

sanctions.

CAN WE expect a shift in direction

for industrial strategies under

your direction, or will the strategies set in motion by your predecessor, Dr De Villiers, continue

as before?

I HAVE just started my job as

Minister also responsible for trade

and industry. At this stage I have

the greatest respect forthe work

that has been done by Dr De Vüliers. For that matter, it will be

difficult to better the existing

strategies.

But it has to be noted that no

/12828

CSO: 3400/688

f Economic Affairs and Technology Danie Steyn by

lace not given]

strategy is permanent in changing

situations - like the process of

reform which is going on in the

country. The situation might arrive where new strategies are necessary to cope with the changing

situation. In such cases, we will

have to adapt according to the situation.

DE VILLIERS was occasionally

criticised as being unqualified to

oversee the country's industrial

and economic development? What

particular skill and knowledge do ;

you bring to the job? • • !

IT IS not for me to question the

trust put upon my skills and knowledge. I am, however, prepared to

apply my past experience in technological and managerial projects.

DOES SA have the skills to survive

industrially and technologically on

its own?

SA HAS the skills in the country to

survive, but it must be developed

to higher standards. The country

possesses a wide spectrum of natural resources and also well-trained

professional and technological

people, like scientists and engineers.

The past record of our country

had provedthat we have the abwty

for technological innovation to

solve the problems posed against

us It is also, however, important

that ties with know-how sources

should be maintained as far afield

DO YOU plan regular meetings

with commerce and industry to ;

canvass views and explain your j

plans? • • ' WITHOUT interaction between

government and the private sector it is very difficult to develop

any country's economy and techno- i

logy- ... ..; :. .-~—- \

It is my intention, as in the past, i

to maintain close co-operation

with the private sector onan informal and individual basis and also

with respresentatives of organised

commerce, like Assocom and the

FCI. These meetings will take

Elace as and when required, and

ave already started.

47

v 1
ACTIVITIES OF ZULU 121 BATTALION DESCRIBED

Pretoria PARATUS in English Dec 86 pp 10-13

[Text]

SOUTH AFRICA

SUCH is the spirit of the Zulu nation - a nation whose military

progress is equal to the best,

and whose military strategy,

which began its development under

Shaka, is still studied in military academies worldwide.

The spirit and tradition of the Zulus'

military history is still carried forward to

this day in the form of a crack and proud

121 Battalion. The Battalion was founded

in January 1979 when 84 members were

recruited from the local population at Jozini, and were sent to 21 Battalion, Lenz,

on a ten week orientation course.

Three months later, 79 of the 84 recruits successfully completed the orientation phase and on 23 April 1979, 121 Bn

was officially established. For two years,

"121" remained based at Jozini until July

1981, when the unit moved to a new camp

in the heart of the Dukuduku State Forest,

just outside Mtubatuba. From that day

hence, the Battalion has grown larger

year by year.

Woven into the fabric of the Zulu social

system is the tradition whereby the young

men are required an accepted pattern of

development. They are expected to find

work in the same organisations that other

family members worked in during their

period of development. 121 Bn is steadily

becoming one of these organisations.

AT present, 121 Bn has an intake every

year but works on the principle that

"if we need people, we have an intake",

said Cmdt J.J. Lotheringen, OC of 121 Bn.

This year, recruiting began in April, using

such media as the radio, local newspapers and, recently, the TV2 channel of

the SABC. A company from 121 Bn was

also involved with recruiting by word of

mouth in the towns and villages.

Over 1 500 hopefulls applied, of which

approximately 450 were selected. The recruits are all volunteers who need give

only 30 days notice should they wish to

leave the unit. All potential recruits must

be between 18 and 30 years of age.

Following selection, the new recruits

then embark on the orientation, phase,

previously lasting 17 weeks but'now condensed into a more concise 4 weeks, buring orientation, the troops are given

courses in hygiene, buddy aid, military

law and drill. Psychiatrists come from

Pretoria to spend a week with the recruits

and help with the selection. For 4 weeks,

every recruit's understanding, assimilation and execution of orders is watched

and they are put through stiff PT sessions, day and night. Those who "cannot

take it" are dropped from the selection.

AFTER the selection phase, basic

training begins. It is similar to that of

any other infantry base in the country.

After basics, the troops go through a 7

week Platoon Weapons phase and finally

they can do either rural or urban counterInsurgency training.

Having completed COIN training, the

troops become fully operational and may

be deployed anywhere. At the time of the

PARATUS visit, one Platoon was deployed with Wit Command and two were

with Natal Command.

At the moment there are only six Blaqk

Instructors, but this will soon change,

said Cmdt Lotheringen. From the present

intake, potential officers and NCOs will be

selected for Junior Leadership training at the Infantry School at Oudtshoorn.

It is hoped that by the end of 1987 there

will be a significant increase in the number of Black NCOs and, in keeping with

SADF policy, the country's first Black officers will assume duties with 121 Bn.

ALTHOUGH recruits need only have a

Std 6 education to qualify for selection, to become a member of the Permanent Force as opposed to the Auxiliary

48
Service, they must be in possession ot at

leasta Std8 qualification.

In order to overcome this major stumbling block, troops who wish to join PF

and do not have the necessary educational qualifications, can further their

education at the Battalion's own school,

the Engweni ("Place of the leopard")

Education Centre. The Centre consists of

two sections, the Engweni Primary

School and the Engweni Adult Education

Centre.

Engweni Primary School, funded by the

Department of Education, caters for the

needs of the children of PF members of

121 Bn. There are at present 24 pupils in

classes ranging from SubA to Std 5.

The Adult Education Centre was established in 1982 to fulfil two main purposes.

It is responsible for language classes, and

secondly the upgrading of members' academic qualifications.

Language barriers area major obstacle

at 121 Bn and in order to overcome this,

two approaches are used. All new recruits

are required to undergo 200 intensive

hours of English language instruction,

and secondly, all non Zulu-speaking personnel, especially officers and instructors, are strongly encouraged to take instruction in basic Zulu:

The second function of the Centre is to

upgrade the qualifications of those recruits and members who whish to enhance their promotional opportunities

within the SADF. The Centre Offers two

courses, Std8 and matric-each course

lasting two years. Four-subjects are offered - English, Afrikaans, Geography

and History. Pupils have the opportunity

to write the Natal Senior Certificate matric

examination on completion of their studies.

Classes are held from 07h00 to 08h00,

and from 15h00to 17h00. However, due to a tight training schedule, recruits are unable to attend classes. Thus it is only

members of the HQ Company who are

able to attend school, although fora while

unsuccessful attempts were made to accommodate recruits after hours. The

Centre's teachers are all qualified teachers currently doing their National Service. IN 1983, the Battalion formed its own

band which has over the years grown

froma trumpet band toa full brass band,

utilising instruments from SASJALSENA.

The band consists of 22 playing members, all trained infantrymen, and all with

varying degrees of musical experience.

One, Cpl S.W. Malinga, isa GradeA trumpet player who played for the NAPAC

Symphony Orchestra fora number of

years.

Under the guidance of Lt S.W. King, the

Band's progress has been remarkable.A

high point was reached in June this year

when 10 members wrote the UNISA Grade 2 examination, concluding 5 months of

hard work on Music Theory.

On6 June, during its first major public

performance, the Band had the privilege

of playing at the opening of the Zululand

Show at Eshowe and did themselves, and

121 Bn, proud in front of His Royal Highness King Zwelitini. .

It is hoped that the Band, which has

also played at weddings and funerals in

the area, will shortly achiove its aim of obtaining its own unique ceremonial uniform, which will include such finery as

feathers. SGT Sam Khumalo has been

a member of 121 Bn for 8 years as the Battalion chef. Along with two shifts, one

starting at 03h30 and the other finishing

at 19h00, he prepares meals for between

700 and 800 men, three timesa day. The

food is excellent, one of the main reasons

why the morale is so good at the unit. And

although slightly less luxurious, the

troops' mess receives exactly the same

food as trie officers' and NCOs' messes.

Sgt Khumalo recently came second in the

SADF Chef of the Year competition Natal

Division, for his excellent cuisine prepared at 5 SAI Bn.

At the moment there isa shortage of

accommodation at the Unit and the new

recruits are presently living in tents. However, an original self-building project, initiated by Cmdt Lotheringen, began in

November 1985 whereby local labourers

and troops are building their own, unique,

A-framed thatched bungalows. To date,

four bungalows have been completed out

of twelve currently being constructed,

and are occupied by members of the HQ

Company. Each bungalow has room for

30 beds.

Nestling among the trees of the Dukuduku State Forest is Marula Park, the

housing estate for Black PF members and

their families. Built by the Army, the

houses consist of three bedrooms, sittlngroom, bathroom and a kitchen/dinning-room. All the houses have electricity. THE Unit has a very active Ladies' Association chaired by Mrs Lena-Marie

Lotherirujun, wife of Cmdt Lothringen.

The association does much work for the

Battalion with regular sales In Mtubatuba,

the welcoming homo of troops returning

from the Border, and organising trips for

welfare children.

Every two months the Association hasa

combined meeting with the wives from

Marula Park, where numerous themes

such as marriage, children and the importance of sport and recreation are discussed. The Association also holds Biblestudy classes and knitting classes, and

collects money to decorate the messes.

Recently the Association funded the decorating of a VIP flat.

49
Not having the distractions of a large

city like Durban, the personnel of 121 Bn

organise their own recreation. After

hours, officers and NCOs can relax in the

bar attached to the NCOs' Mess, or watch

videos or TV programmes. The troops

have their own club which they may frequent after completion of basics. There is

also a large, well-stocked canteen which

is run on similar lines to a general store.

Over weekends, use is made of the

newly acquired swimming pool of which

the Battalion is justly proud. Nearby is the

fishing paradise of Lake St Lucia, a spot

well frequented by Battalion members.

Sports include boxing, basketball, volleyball and golf, but the two closest to the

heart of the Zulus are soccer and long-distance running. The Battalion has a strong

soccer team, a side that has only been together since the beginning of the year but

which is now lying second in the third division of the National Soccer League.

Under the guidance of their coach, Sgt

F.D. Mthembu, the team which plays

under the name 121 Eleven Experienced

Football Club, hopes to moye up into the

second division shortly.

Long-distance running also has a large

following and the Battalion has a number

ol first-class runners. The unit did particularly well during the 1986 Comrades

marathon with two Silver and five Bronze

medals going to members of 121 Bn.

/9274

CSO» 3400/677

THE Battalion has been in existence

for only 7 yoars, but has in that time

made its presence felt. For instance, in

the chaos resulting from Cyclones Demoina and Imboa which hit the region in

early 19B4, 121 Bn rendered vital assistance.

The .Battalion has also done a fair

amount, of Border duty, patrolling, manning road-blocks, protecting bases and

doing escort duty. The Unit's first platoon

to do Border duty did so a mere 18

months after the founding of 121 Bn. In

addition, 121 Bn has 20 qualified trackers,

nine of whom are presently training at the

Dog Training Centre at Bourke's Luck..

An indication of the Battalion's unique

depth of spirit is its unofficial colour

which it received in the first year of its

existance, perhaps the only Battalion to

have done so. The colour takes the form

of a leopard skin, an animal that is traditionally respected by the Zulu people for

its hunting skills and courage.

As in any unit, there are problems, and

to help deal with these, a unique troops'

committee exists which provides a direct

line to the OC for the troops.

However, as Cmdt Lotheringen pointed

out, such is the willingness and discipline

of the troops that they "adapt very well to

becoming soldiers and, once trained, are

excellont troops. No one has forced them

Into joining the Battalion; they are here

bocause they want to be here!"

50
SOUTH AFRICA

UMGENI COMMANDO BEST IN NATAL

Pretoria PARATUS in English Dec 86 p 15

[Article by Amn Jonathan Cleland]

[Text]

AT a gala evening in the Vic

Verster Hail in Durban recently, Umgeni Commando

was chosen as the Best Commando in Natal. At a splendid

ceremony Umgeni Commando,

part of Group 10, was presented with a floating shield

and certificate in recognition

of their overall efficiency.

Umgeni Commando, originally established in 1963 at NMR Headquarters in

Walter Gilbert Road (which incidentally

is still the home of the Natal Mounted

Rifles) was awarded the title of best NaMrs Kay uollman, senior Admin Assistant at Umgeni Commando in Durban,

proudly holds the floating shield the

commando received for being tops in

Natal. Flanking her are Capt Theo Graham, OC of D Company (right) and

Cmdt Brian Shantall, OC of Umgeni

Commando,

tal Commando for the unique prowess

its staff showed 4n the fields of Personnel Administration, Intelligence, Ops

and Logistics. One needs only visit the

commando to see the high level of efficiency with which Mrs Kay Bollman, the

senior Admin Assistant, handles enquiries and problems. ' ' Current OC of Umgeni Commando is

Cmdt Brian Shantall, who was OC of the

commando from 1972 until 1981. In

January this year Cmdt Shantall re--

sumed his old post and under his expert

supervision the commando has gone

from strength to strength.

A total of eighteen commando units

were evaluated in the Natal region but

Umgeni Commando, with the excellent

co-operation from their Durban Corporation Company (D Coy), were untouchable. O Coy is the industrial element of Umgeni Commando and all of 0

Coy's members are volunteers including Blacks, Whites, Asians and women.

Capt Theo Graham, OC of D Coy,

speaks with pride of the excellent relationship Umgeni Commando has with

the industrial sector and general public.

Capt Graham is also the Personnel Admin Officer of Umgeni Commando

which is hoping to add the National title

to its most recent success.

/9274

CSO? 3400/677

51
SOUTH AFRICA

SAAF'S TECHNICAL EXPERTISE PROVIDED BY SCHOOL OF TECHNICAL TRAINING

Pretoria AD ASTRA in English Dec 86 pp 8, 9

[Article by Jeremy Sullivan]

[Text] i AVIATION IS ACOMPLEXTECHNOLOGICAL FIELD, requiring precise technical expertise and an in-depth knowledge of the many facets involved in successfully maintaining the high performance and safety standards needed to

fly aircraft.

For this reason the SAAF relies heavily

on the technical personnel that make up

a large proportion of its members, and

their dedication to ensure that the training they receive, is of the highest quality.

Bearing out this committment is the

School of Technical Training (STT) which,

under OC Col C Brink, trains all the

technical staff required by the SAAF.

Students at STT spend three years

training, after which they must pass a

trade test in order to qualify. Training is

sub-divided into units of four months

each. Every four months a new group

begins its training at STT. All theoretical

courses are held at STT itself, while practical training is often carried out at

various bases around the country.

Each trade, for example aircraft fitter,

electrician, sheet metal worker and

radio fitter, has its own training programme and is a separate section of

the base.

Once they are qualified tradesmen,

ex-students of STT can return and do

more specialized courses, such as the

fuel oil lubricant course or the course for

flight engineers.

The largest section at STT is the fitter

aircraft section, run by Sgt Maj K L Miller

who has been at the base for the past

seventeen years. Besides his administrative function, it is Sgt Maj Millers' job as

head of the section to co-ordinate and

maintain standards of tuition and to

ensure that syllabi are kept up-to-date.

Sgt Maj Miller showed AD ASTRA the

wind tunnel at STT which enables students to see first-hand the aero-dynamics involved in aircraft construction

and design. He pointed out that the

wind tunnel was especially important to

his fitter aircraft students since their job

relates to the actual frame of the aircraft.

Another feature at STT is the practical

facility hangar in which an Alouette, an

Impala and a Harvard are maintained in

a serviceable condition so that students

can gain a practical understanding of the

content of their theoretical courses.

STT is to expand its functions to

include the training of certain technical

aspects of some officers courses, as well

as the training of non-technical personnel such as clerks and storemen. For this

reason the name and badge of STT were

changed on its 50th birthday, held on 31

October this year, and it is now known as

the School of Logistical Training.

/12828

CSO; 3400/688

52
SOUTH AFRICA

IPLC DENIES AUTHORIZATION TO 53 OUT OF 201 INQUIRIES

MB231119 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1115 GMT 23 Dec 86

[Text] Pretoria, 23 December, SAPA—The Bureau for Information today replied

to a newspaper editorial that yesterday criticised its role in the state of

emergency.

In a statement telexed to SAPA, the bureau said:

"An editorial that refers to the Bureau for Information as the government's

censor agency, creates a totally false impression of the role of the bureau.

The bureau does not authorise publication of reports in terms of Regulation

3(1). This responsibility rests solely with the government departments whose

fields of responsibility are reported on or discussed in articles submitted

either directly to the relevant government departments, or to the Inter

Departmental Press Liaison Centre [IPLC] which channels reports to the

relevant department(s).

"Similarly, a report which boldly states that the usual reply by the IPLC to

press enquiries was a blanket refusal to authorise publication, also creates a

false impression. On 16 December 1986, the bureau for information, at the

request of the department's represented in the IPLC, issued a statement

indicating that of the 134 press enquiries received to that date, only 47 had

not been authorised for publication.

"As of 0700 on 22 December 1986, only 53 of the 201 enquiries received at the

IPLC, were not authorised, 19 were authorised, 89 required no authorisation as

they fell outside the ambit of Regulation 3(1). A total of 14 had been

referred, two were confirmed, 5 pertained to material already published and 19

were enquiries about the IPLC.

"One would have hoped that this report, instead of merely criticising and

condemning the IPLC, would have pointed out that it was the responsibility of

the media itself to adhere to the stipulations of the emergency regulations

and that the role of the IPLC was merely that of channelling reports to the

relevant government departments when the media were of the opinion that the

contents of a report contravened Regulation 3(1) and therefore required

authorisation before publication," the statement concluded.

/12913

CSO: 3400/699

53
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

HEUNIS EXPRESSES CONFIDENCE—Cape Town 27 December SAPA—The greatest

challenge ever faced by the South African nation would be to give content and

effect to ideals of reform as well as to preach the message of reform, the

Minister of Constitutional Development and Planning, Mr Chris Heunis, said in

his Christmas and New Year message. He said the National Party had shown that

it was committed to constitutional and socio-economic reform to remove the

backlogs which some population groups experienced. "There are people who

believe this commitment is the product of foreign meddling and coercion.

There are also those who believe it is false and will deliver nothing more

than sham reform. Mercifully, there are enough reasonable South Africans who

have the driving force which is necessary to experience this reform in their

own personal lives and are encouraged that it has been given expression by the

actions of the government as we have experienced over the past few years on a

variety of levels," Mr Heunis said. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English

1219 GMT 27 Dec 86 MB] /12913

CSO: 3400/699

54
SOUTH AFRICA

BUTHELEZI ASKS RENEWED NATIONAL REFORM COMMITMENT

MB271458 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1454 GMT 27 Dec 86

[Text] Ulundi 27 December SAPA—Never in the history of South Africa has the

whole country waited so anxiously for a word of hope, Mangosuthu Buthelezi,

chief minister of KwaZulu and president of Inkatha, said in his New Year

message today.

"It is now time that the state president and every one of his cabinet

colleagues saw the need for a word of hope that can come from the constituted

Government of South Africa," Chief Buthelezi said. "The South African

Government must now move into a very concerted effort to consult and to speak

the word of hope which alone can come from true consultation."

"As we close 1986 we are all very aware that the mechanisms of consultation

are too vague and too far in the background. The national council is not yet

a reality and unless the state president in the forthcoming parliamentary

session makes it the kind of hopeful reality which all population groups can

accept, another year will pass without hope. We really do not have time for

consultations which are no more than paternalistic orientations of white

interest groups. We really do not have time for further constitutional

experimentation. Somewhere in the march of history a point will be reached

when a call, such as I make—for consultation which will lead to a message of

hope, is no longer realistic. It is realistic now.

"We can yet consult. We can yet meet each other. There is yet enough

goodwill to ensure that consultations can become meaningful. There is yet

time to abandon the politics of prescription such as are contained in the new

constitution and in the move to establish regional services councils to back

up the constitution which the majority of South Africans actually reject. If

I call for the politics of hope and I appeal to my white countrymen to move

into an era of hope, achievement and conquest over adversity, I call on my

black countrymen to do the same. It is hope we need, and black politics

aiming to stifle hope and to fan the flames of violent confrontation must be

condemned as roundly and as stridently as white politics which feed the flames

of conflict with white recalcitrance," Chief Buthelezi said.

"My end of the year message to black South Africans is that we must be big

enough to see the black democratic struggle for liberation through to its end

55
and not abandon the noble objectives which are time honoured and which are

even now achievable."

"There can be no economic recovery without real political advances. Let

everybody understand that we are totally interdependent as blacks and whites.

Let everybody understand that Western industrial democracies have no

schizophrenic divisions between politics and economics. Such democracies

demand the rule of law. They demand equality before the law. They demand

freedom of movement. They demand equality of opportunity. These are the

lifelines of true democracy as it has evolved in all Western-type industrial

democracies. We cannot produce a freak democracy in the international

community which casts aside the necessities of democracy everywhere else. The

normalisation of South Africa is achievable, but it is achievable only by a

joint black-white national commitment," Chief Buthelezi said.

/12913

CSO: 3400/701

56
SOUTH AFRICA

ANC'S NZO ELABORATES ON PEACE AWARD FOR MANDELA

MB241409 Maputo in English to Southern Africa 1100 GMT 24 Dec 86

[From the "Indaba" program]

[Text] The Spanish United Nations Association mentioned Nelson Mandela, the

imprisoned leader of the African National Congress, as the recipient of its

annual peace prize next year. What is the significance of this award? The

ANC secretary general, Alfred Nzo, speaks to Radio Maputo.

[Begin Nzo recording] Well you see, Nelson Mandela has been offered this

peace prize. In the background of a decision already taken by the United

Nations Association of conferring him with the honorary presidency of that

association. Now this must be read in the background of the fruitless efforts

of the apartheid regime which over the years that our leaders have been

languishing in prison, has been attempting to paint a picture, not of

respected leaders of their people who went to jail precisely because of their

convictions and their readiness to lead our people to the attainment of their

strategic tactic of destroying apartheid, seizing power, and building a

unitary democratic state in our country.

Now the failure of that strategy of the apartheid regime finds a reflection in

the fact that the opposite, in fact, has been developing internationally. Let

alone, of course, on the home scene where the leaders of our people have

remained in the forefront of the people's activities, calling for their

release in South Africa. But internationally the prestige of those leaders

has grown reflected in concrete actions of the international community, either

through awarding them various medals, mentioning them in their parliaments for

citations that reflected the great respect that our leaders enjoy within this

community. And as their latest example of the awarding of this peace prize in

Spain reflects.

Now, this has, of course, meant that, you know, the international community

has, through this activity, reflected also the growing prestige of the African

National Congress as an organization that these leaders continue to lead

against the apartheid system, and has contributed a great deal, in fact, in

even clarifying those who had doubts as to the African National Congress being

an essential factor for the solution of that problem. Doubts that, the

clearing of these doubts, are reflected now in discussions that are now taking

place between us and some of the principal allies of that regime,

57
demonstrating quite clearly that they too have come to recognize this

important fact which cannot be wiped off by any other activity on their part.

So that you see, the importance of this award then is reflected in the

background of what we have said earlier: the increase in prestige of our

leaders and, therefore, the increase in prestige of the African National

Congress as the leader of the democratic struggle for our people inside South

Africa, [end recording]

/12913

CSO: 3400/701

58
SOUTH AFRICA

TELEVISION 'NETWORK" PROGRAM REPORTS ON 'BRUTALITY* IN ANC CAMPS

[Editorial Report] Johannesburg Television Service in English at 1830 GMT on

18 December, in the context of the "Network" program, broadcasts a 27-minute

report on the ANC.

The program begins in the studio with presenter John Bishop, who says: "Over

the past decade the ANC has stepped up its recruitment of people to be trained

in camps mostly situated in neighboring states. The conditions in those camps

is appalling. We now investigate the issue with the assistance of former

recruits." The rest of the program is comprised of a video recording.

First scene shows an explosion, damaged buildings, injured persons being

treated, vehicle blown into the air by explosion, as a run-in to the title of

the video: "Umkhonto we Sizwe—Disgrace of the Nation?" Cut to a figure in

Balaclava against a rural background, who turns to face the camera and says:

"I am a rehabilitated ANC terrorist, therefore disguised. Even my hands are

covered, as I could be identified by them alone. I am trained to kill and

reap havoc in South Africa. Cities must go up in flames, and innocent people

of all races must be killed. But fortunately I came to other conclusions

after spending years in ANC camps. Wherever I went in Angola, Mozambique,

East Germany, and the Soviet Union, unpleasant surprises belied the classless

society promised to me. Even today the ANC camps are still a nightmare to my

dreams."

Change of scene of group walking through bush country, with voice-over that

for some "the nightmare of ANC camps are past. They are only a handful of

lucky ones. As they fled the country to a so-called Utopia, they also

returned, disillusioned by the real ANC. This program tells the story of

rehabilitated terrorists, and the hardships endured in ANC camps. It is not

just a story about terrorism, but also about the criminal element in the ANC

community."

Change to shot of another masked figure, labelled "former ANC terrorist," who

says: "In 1978 the revolutionary council, a body of the ANC, ordered Joe

Modise, the commander in chief by that time, for them to organize people who

can steal cars in South Africa for the movement."

Shot of Col J. Büchner of the security branch, who says: "During my

investigation into the activities of the ANC, and especially into the

activities of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of the ANC, during the past

59
years, I have debriefed many trained terrorists who have been captured by us

in South Africa, and during my investigations, I found that the ANC is

involved in acts of criminality. For example, I can just mention that they

have sent specially trained people, trained terrorists, into South Africa,

with the express instruction to steal luxury cars, and take them out, either

through Botswana or Swaziland. The cars are eventually either taken to Lusaka

or Maputo, where they are then used by the ANC hierarchy."

The colonel says, that Joe Modise, the commander in chief of Umkhonto we

Sizwe, is also involved in drug smuggling, and: "I have affidavits to that

effect from ANC terrorists that have been captured and that were debriefed in

South Africa. The Mandrax is normally moved from India through Africa to

Lusaka, where Joe Modise then gets hold of it and channels it down to the

Frontline States."

Then follows shot of a female masked figure, identified as "former ANC female

terrorist trained in Angola," against bushy background, who says: "There is

so much corruption within the ANC and the South African Congress of Trade

Unions (SACTUJ. SACTU, for instance, they were having their offices in

Tanzania, and there were no developments on work. So in 1983 they decided to

change the offices to Lusaka. They had a conference, whereby some members of

the executive were taken out. They tried their best to conceal the scandal

which happened in Tanzania, whereby some of the executive members were

involved in a scandal of misusing money."

Then follows five minutes of a series of photographs of 13 members of the ANC

hierarchy, each with details of position held, and membership of various

committees, departments, and commands, identifying members of the SA Communist

Party. Those shown are, in sequence: Oliver Tambo, Thomas Titus Nkobi

(Communist), Mac Maharaj (Communist), Martin Tembisile Han (Communist), Joseph

Slovo (Communist), Pallo Joradan (Communist), Mbeki Moses Mabhida (deceased)

(Communist), John Kgoane Nkadimeng (Communist), Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki

(Communist), Reginald September (Communist), Mzandile Macpherson Piliso

(Communist), Francis Meli (Communist), James Stuart (Communist). A voice-over

during this series says: "The ANC makes no secret of its close ties with the

South African Communist Party. Although Oliver Tambo is not known as a member

of the SACP, the majority of his national council are all members of the

SACP."

Change to shot of Craig Willisamson, former intelligence agent, who says:

"For many years the SACP has been very cleverly recruiting various individuals

within the ANC, and this is how they seek to manipulate and influence and use

various political organizations, including, of course, the ANC."

Here the video cuts to an aerial view of what the voice-over describes as the

bushy border area of South Africa which 'lends itself to infiltration.' The

camera sweeps across to another masked figure beside a border beacon staring

across the bush land with binoculars, then turns to face camera and says:

"Right behind me is Bophuthatswana, and on my left, Botswana. This Frontline

State serves as the most popular infiltration area for ANC and PAC-trained

terrorists since the signing of Nkomati Accord. This also applies to

disillusioned members. I know, because I have returned this way myself."

60
Then follows shot of unidentified building, and vice-over stating that many

escape but thousands of refugees are still trapped in camps in the Frontline

States. Then, seated, Prof A.W.G. Raath, human rights expert, who says:

"Since 1976 many young people were actually lured to overseas countries to

join the ranks of the ANC under the impression that they would receive better

education facilities there. In practice, this did not materialize, and they

were actually disillusioned by the fact that they would be trained and serve

with FAPLA in Angola, or being sent back to South Africa in a guerrilla

capacity. Many of these young people are still in bordering Southern African

states. They are too scared to return to South Africa, and for all practical

purposes they are actually political refugees in those countries, and many of

them also living in appalling conditions."

Shot of another figure, in rural setting also masked and identified as a

former ANC terrorist, who says: "Since I went outside the country in 1977,

outside I have met allot of people, some of them which went outside as far as

1976. Most of the people met outside the country, they were very frustrated.

Some of them they regret why did they went outside. Some, from frustration,

some from nostalgia, they wanted to go back to South Africa. Some of the

people, during their guard duties in the night, they kill themselves with the

guns. And some of them they tried to run away from the camps, wanted to go

back inside South Africa, but on the way they were caught by FAPLA army, and

they were brought back, and as a result, those people were locked up in Quatro

camp."

The next scene shows a woman in jeans walking up to a rural gate, passing

through gate, pulling on balaclava, and turning to face the camera. The

voice-over says women play an important role in terrorism, adding: "This

woman left the country as an innocent teenager, and returned as a highly

trained ANC terrorist, but the appalling conditions in ANC camps have opened

her eyes to the real facts." The woman then speaks: "I was a member of the

ANC, and I was trained under its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe. The

decision that I took I regret today. There is so much abuse in the ANC of

women. They are being misused by the commanders."

Video returns to Col Büchner: The women "are used by the senior officers and

the hierarchy of the ANC as bedfellows or officers' comforts, and during my

investigation I found there were quite a number of reports of sexual brutality

by members of the ANC towards the women." He says any children born are

raised by the ANC, and their mothers returned to the camps. The previous

woman then speaks about unhygienic treatment of women in the camps. Prof

Raath says: "As far as the implementation of human rights in practice is

concerned, the ANC on a number of occasions has indicated that it is actually

very far removed from the ideal standards of human rights implementated in the

world."

The voice-over next introduces four masked figures seated in a bush area, who

proceed to describe in their own words conditions in various camps. They

describe the lack of food, clothing, comfort. One says: "Even some of the

people which they take themselves as members of the ANC, they do not know how

people are tortured in that camp," a reference to Quatro camp. He describes

beatings and executions. He adds: "Nobody is supposed to discuss those

61
things. It is regarded as a very top secret of the ANC, that people should

not know, even international organizations."

Major General V. van der Merwe, described as commanding officer, security

branch, says the security branch is aware of the various camps where

terrorists are trained, in Africa and overseas, as well as punishment camps

like Quatro camp. On a map of Angola, Quatro camp is pinpointed, and a

diagram of the camp is then shown, with arrows indicating main entrances,

torture rooms, overcrowded cells, isolation-detention facility, toilet

facilities, and graveyard.

Voice-over says mass hysteria is the base of terrorist campaigns. Scenes show

crowds of blacks, marching, running, shouting, carrying banners with communist

symbols and other organizations' slogans, attending funerals, and fading into

shot taken from hillside overlooking a township, and masked figure who says:

"Some time ago Oliver Tambo said in a British television program that the

blood has started to flow in South Africa, and these streams of blood, he

said, will become rivers of blood." He goes on to say it is easy for Tambo to

say such things, and adds: "I wonder if Mr Oliver Tambo is informed of the

number of people that die or disappear in his camps? I wonder if Mr Oliver

Tambo is under the impression of the bad conditions under which so-called

freedom fighters must live in?" The figure then turns away, frame freezes,

and a roll of names of persons who, he says, died in these camps, unfolds.

Against the same frozen scene is then shown the telephone number of the ANC

office in Lusaka, and the video ends.

/12913

CSO: 3400/694

62
SOUTH AFRICA

SOURCES REVEAL UMKHONTO WE SIZWE STRENGTH

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 17 Dec 86 p 21

[Text]

HARARE — The African National Congress's military wing,

Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), has the manpower potential necessary to mount a sustained campaign inside

< South Africa, according to former fighters in other nonI South African black nationalist movements in the region.

! The London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies

, reported recently that Umkhonto we Sizwe now had "perhaps"

UoOOOfijhters. . „_ _;.

"This ist confirmed unofficially by well-placed sources in the Frontline states;', :' • ;....-. ,.-..• . . • *»

The sources indicate that about 500 fully trained ANC men are

now operational inside South Africa, mainly in training roles —

under instructions to provide skills and guidance to young black

militants.

. This figure for the number infiltrated is wholly inadequate in

;terms of the ANC's military objectives — and ANC sources concede the point. Although they hint at a substantial increase in

levels of infiltration, they refuse to provide a figure..

Training new recruits

But former fighters from non-South African black nationalist

organisations in the region argue that Umkhonto we Sizwe has

now, for the first time in its 25 years, reached the position where it

could infiltrate several thousand guerillas into South Africa in

training and combat roles without damaging its ability outside the

country to train up new recruits.

They say this potential for "renewability" is a critical stage to

have reached.

It has developed only in the past three years, they add — a

period during which, according to ANC sources, more young recruits have flowed into Umkhonto we Sizwe than did immediately

after the unrest of 1976 in Soweto and elsewhere.

But in order to be able to convert this potential for mass infiltration into reality and to mount a sustained guerilla campaign, the

ANC's military wing has to overcome several serious difficulties.

These include long lines of communication, infiltration, and

weapons supply between men inside the country and those command structures which are still based outside. These problems

stem largely from a lack, hitherto, of reliable rear bases in neighbouring countries.

The Umkhonto we Sizwe command — under commander Joe

Modise, political commissar Chris Hani and chief of staff Joe Slovo

— therefore have to display a high level of innovation.

/12828 "

CSO: 3400/707

Broad spread of forces

The ANC pins its optimism on the new "insurrectionary" perspective it has been putting across since late 1983.

This involves a rejection, in all but a few areas of the country, of

the use of the classical African guerilla warfare model, such as

that used in Mozambique, Angola and Zimbabwe.

Instead, the ANC is seeking to involve the broadest possible

'spread of forces — from black workers to students, youth and

women — in both political and military activity alongside its fighters.

The ANC believes its military wing has made substantial, though

painfully slow progress, since its beginnings on December 16 1961

when a few score ANC militants under Nelson Mandela's command

embarked on a campaign of sabotage after the ANC's banning.

That limited option has now been discarded for something much

more ambitious. • - •

63
SOUTH AFRICA

ANC CONTESTS POLICE CHIEF COETZEE'S CLAIMS

EA231043 Addis Ababa Radio Freedom in English to South Africa 1930 GMT 23 Dec

86

[Excerpts] Following now is the ANC statement on the regime's [as heard]

slander campaign. [Words indistinct] police in South Africa, Johan Coetzee

[head of South African security police] has published a list of names of

people he claims have been misled and killed by the ANC. It is practice in

the ANC [words indistinct]. The ANC has never and does not intend to discuss

identities of its cadres in Umkhonto we Sizwe, let alone provide [words

indistinct].

Among the things Coetzee intends with this latest ploy is, as stated by

himself, to discourage the youth of our country from joining the fighting

ranks of the ANC, and to demonstrate his so-called sympathy with the youth

allegedly misled by the ANC. Coetzee's hidden agenda which his so-called

revelation is to (?equip) the South African police, especially parents, the

youth and the Church against the ANC and the People's Army and to wash his

hands of the blood of thousands of young South Africans by diverting attention

from his paid child killers. His hidden agenda, furthermore, is to establish

the (?state) of his agents who, as is known, he has been sending into the ANC

with a mission to create the very conditions he today falsely and cynically

accuses the ANC of having established, namely to attempt the mass poisoning of

Umkhonto cadres, sabotage and destroy ANC properties, sow dissent and corrupt

our cadres and especially to assassinate leading cadres of the movement.

That his schemes are not bearing the expected fruit is thanks to the boundless

patriotism of the proudest ranks of our people organized in the fighting

echelons of the ANC and Umkhonto We Sizwe. It is his typically callous

cynicism that Coetzee unfolds his latest campaign to prepare a climate in

which the racists will engage in new acts of terror and aggression, and it is

with the utmost contempt of such a ploy that we call on our people and the

international community to heighten their vigilance against the machinations

of the racist regime, [sentence as heard]

Compatriots, we have now entered the Christmas period, which Christians all

over the world celebrate with happiness and love. This period finds us, the

people of South Africa, in a position in which we cannot join the rest of the

world in celebrations. Our people [words indistinct]. There can be no

celebrations when more than 5,000 children are in detention and more than

64
20,000 other patriots are also being held under Botha's state of emergency.

We have instead decided to mark our own kind of Christmas, Christmas against

the state of emergency.

But what connection does this decision have with the Christian community of

our country? What [words indistinct] with our liberation struggle? The

followers of the Christian faith, to mark this period like the rest of the

followers in the world [passage indistinct].

This question was answered last year when a group of leading churchmen adopted

what has come to be known as the (?Cairo) statement, which among other things

calls on Christians to oppose the tyrannic rule of the racist regime. This

statement has earned itself a number of followers as well as opponents.

Advocates of apartheid are trying to tell us that Christians should obey

whatever authorities say in the country, and that they should not be taking to

the streets to protest against the injustices of the apartheid system. But

the democratic community of our country maintains that Christians, as part of

the oppressed community of our country, have no choice but to join the rest of

the oppressed in the struggle for liberation. We recently had an opportunity

to ask one of the well known militants within the Christian community of our

country, Father Michael (Glemp), who is a member of the ANC to discuss the

significance of [words indistinct].

/12913

CSO: 3400/701

65
SOUTH AFRICA

INCREASING VIOLENCE AMONG RIVAL BLACK POLITICAL GROUPS ANALYZED

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 12-18 Dec 86 pp 10, 11

[Article by Shaun Johnson and Sefako Nyaka]

[Text]

DEATHS resulting from politics in

South Africa are old news. What was I new in 1986 was a specific form of

death: the "necklace".

The horror of this invention of the i

South African struggle holds within i

its fiery grip another astounding I

dimension. Many of the charred

corpses, petrol-bomb victims and '

abducted people were committed antiapartheid activists.

And they were killed by other

committed anti-apartheid activists.

The recent "war" between the

Soweto Students Congress and the

Azanian Students Movement is but one

grim testimony to this fact.

Activists who have served jail

sentences for resistance activity, who

have consistently been harassed by the

state, have been judged by fellow

activists to be ideological enemies so

implacable as to warrant their

murder.

The escalation of violent intraresistance conflict has become so

marked of late that both the African

National Congress (ANC) and the Pan

Africanist Congress (PAC) have made

impassioned appeals to internal

organisations to eschew violence and

sort out their differences through

discussions.

According to Dr Tom Lodge,

author of Black Politics in South

Africa, the current levels of

internecine conflict are unprecedented

in the entire history of South African

black politics.

"Ideological tensions are nothing

new," he says, "but it is completely

new for this conflict to be manifested

in killing and bloodshed."

The Weekly Mail approached the

organisations most affected by the

violence for their perceptions of its

genesis and future direction. At the

level of leadership, all are clearly

deeply worried, and all are desperate

to halt the exponential growth of the

violence-curve.

Predictably, rival organisations, cite

different reasons for the violence, and

apportion blame away from themselves and often towards the easiest of

targets: the state. But their shared

concern is such that they propose

common solutions: essentially consultations to put a stop to clashes and a

refocusing of attention on the state.

The National Executive Committee

(NEC) of the ANC, in a stronglyworded statement this week, said "in

no uncertain terms" . that the

organisation had never had "any

interest in waging hostilities against

other opponents of the apartheid

regime. To enhance the striking

capacity of the liberation forces we

have sought and shall continue to seek

the maximum unity of all antiapartheid forces."

The ANC warned internal activists

that the state, "by instigating physical

confrontation among its opponents,

hopes to construct a convenient cover

for its agents, whose crimes can then

be ascribed to political rivalries

among anti-äpartheid forces" The

ANC alleged that the murder last

week of the well-known Pretoria

political figure Dr Fabian Ribeiro and

his wife was part ofthis process.

The ANC lays all the blame for the

bloodshed on state "manipulation and

nroyocation" and has calledjm. "all

those who are truly committed to the

liberation of our people to direct their

justified anger against the Pretoria

regime and its oppressive institutions."

It has called on all activists to "close

ranks under the leadership ofthe ANC

and the broad democratic movement,

and to heed the watchwords vigilance

and unity".

The Dar-es-Salaam-based chairman

ofthe PAC, Johnson Mlambo, says the

internal violence is "more than

regrettable. It is misguided and we

strongly condemn it — it benefits the

oppressive regime in occupied ; Azania." He points to the "historical '

basis of a society established by

violence and daily maintained by :

violence. This environment of |

violence has tainted some opponents i

Qf the system, who use the same means '

against the oppressed, not the '

oppressor." .

There is also a complex

psychological phenomenon of selfhatred amongst some black activists,

he suggests. "They fear the allpowerful SADF and SAP so much that

they believe that sooner rather than

later the regime will engage in

genuine dialogue resulting in

liberation. Meanwhile, they hate those

among the oppressed who differ with

them"

66
-These people are misguided but

potential allies of the liberation

movement, and "their elimination will

not advance the struggle", Mlambo

said.

"In short, some people don't know

who their real enemy is, and abuse our

noble principle of non-collaboration

as a means of silencing other

tendencies in order to quickly gain

political hegemony within the

oppressed community."

Mlambo alleges that 75 percent of

all deaths can be attributed to the state.

"Indirectly, the racists fan and play up

inter-organisational rivalries — an

example was the exposure last year of

one Meshack Mabogoane, with his hit

list of both Azapo and UDF activists.

Even Bishop Tutu was included."

The PAC accepts that the

Africanist/Charterist divisions which

emerged within resistance in the

1950s continutes to play an important

It is unlikely these people

are able to give a coherent

interpretation of the rival

organisation's philosophy

role in current politics. But Mlambo

insists that the PAC view is that "a '

political organisation persuades, it

does not press-gang people to follow

it. In the language of the PAC,

«vanquish your opponent with facts,

and not with the knuckle-duster'."

The PAC chairman cites a statement

made by his jailed president, Zeph

Mothopeng, to a variety of leaders on

Robben Island in 1980: "He told them

that PAC and ANC, each fighting by

itself, could eventually defeat the

racist forces. But if their forces were

united, victory would come much j

sooner."

He says the PAC continues to

endorse the concept of unity between

the "external missions of the

liberation movement, which is

indivisible and inseparable from

internal resistance unity".

He makes an urgent call to Azapo

and the UDF to put an end to violent

clashes between their supporters.

Azapo's national publicity secretary, Muntu Myeza, views the conflict

between rival youth groups as an

"unfortunate recurrence of incidents

which can be avoided by resolute and

determined efforts of the leadership".

In his view the historical basis for

the conflict lies in "the struggle for •

political hegemony by persons who

have a short-sighted view of the •

development ofsociety. Every society . needs the existence of a conflict of;

ideas for the development of that:

society.

"We have always maintained that

within the oppressed there are two

levels: the first is the battle between

the oppressor and oppressed, and the

second is the differences between

groups in the same oppressed class —

very well-defined groupings like

Azapo, the UDF, Inkatha. In this;

particular level, the conflict does not

have to be antagonistic as With the first

level."

He says Azapo believes that because

of the control it exercises over the

"unhappy society" in South Africa,

responsibility for internecine violence

can ultimately "be laid on the doorstep

ofthe ruling class".

Myeza argues that "it would be a

stupid oppressive system which would

not take advantage of the existing

disharmony and use it towards its own

perpetuation. It would be a waste of

time to try to count the number of

instances where the system has been

directly involved."

Myeza says Azapo calls on internal

leadership to apply "political moral

pressure on all parties involved for

the cessation of hostilities. To achieve

this we need to have clear,

unambiguous statements —

particularly from the UDF, which has

been silent hitherto. They must

disown and condemn this violence.

"We do not need individual

statements from persons with an

association with the UDF. We need a

statement from the UDF as an

organisation. We have always been

waiting and wanting to have

meaningful discussions with the UDF,

bearing in mind that we view this

conflict in its national perspective, and

not in the parochial sense that it is

restricted to one or two areas."

Myeza says Azapo has its own code

of conduct, "which all our members

subscribe to — and deviations are

viewed in a serious light However,

where and when the need arises for

our members to defend themselves,

their family and property, they should

do so with means commensurate with

the danger they apprehend."

The UDF*s acting publicity!

secretary, Murphy Morobe, agrees

that the state has taken advantage of:

differences between. organisations,

citing the example of strife in

Mbekweni, near Paarl. The recent

revelations on the Joint Management:

Committees suggest quite clearly that'

this has been on the agenda of the

regime. What we must ensure is that

the conditions do not exist for them.1_

Morobe says the UDF does not want

to fight members of Azapo, or

supporters of black consciousness

(BC), as most people in the

"progressive movement" experienced

their political development in the era

of BC — the 1970s. "We appreciate

the value this has had for our

development," he says.

He sees the current conflict as

debilitating in the short-term, but

even more ominous from a long view

— as "a fertile ground for counterrevolution. • i

"The sooner this is brought under

control, the better. The challenge is,

for those in leadership to exercise i

vision, commitment and resoluteness i

to attend to the issue," he argues. ; |

Morobe has specific ideas about how i

this should be done. It cannot be on a ;

personal and crude level, he says, and :

it is not enough for "merely the

leaders of organisations to interact".

He believes that young activists of i

both tendencies can learn a lot from i

their experiences in prison. "In prison

it is essential to compromise.

Accommodation is possible — to : place the enemy at a disadvantage and

prevent it from dividing prisoners.:

This can be done without one losing •

one's identity." |

The UDF has demonstrated its

willingness to defuse the internecine •

violence, according to Morobe, and:

has written to Azapo on many

occasions.

"We have been accused of making

very few public statements on the

situation," he says, "but this is because

we did not want to be drawn into an

ideological battle with Azapo through

the media."

Morobe expressed deep concern

about the conflict, and called on all.

activists affiliated to the UDF to

67
Rival organisations cite

different reasons for the

violence, and biame the

easiest target: the state

exercise restraint and to work out . ways and means of relating to other.

activists on a day-to-day level.

Lodge, one of South Africa's most

respected academic observers of

resistance politics, agrees that today's

conflict reflects similar tensions and

issues to those of the 1950s. He points

to "different perceptions of leadership" between the UDF and Azapo,

and suggests that "what has really

happened is that rivalry between the

two organisations has been seized ,

upon by rank and file supporters.

"It then becomes a case ofthose who

are not for us are against us — in

terms of treachery, patriotism —

•them and us'. I would be surprised if

these rank and file members were able

tö give a coherent interpretation ofthe

other organisation's philosophy.

"I find it hard to believe that at the

gut level of the townships nonracialism versus anti-racism has much

significance. After all, within the

context of township culture both the

UDF and Azapo are as black as each

other. It is more the case that in the j

last three years people have increas- j

ingly expressed political affiliations in' j

a violent idiom. And the environment

they operate in is violent through no

choice ofthe UDF or Azapo."

He believes that the organisational

leadership bears some responsibility

for the violence, but not directly. "I

think it would be quite wrong to link

these attacks to any conscious design

of the leaders of the UDF or Azapo,"

he says, "and one only has to look at

.the appearance of mischievous

pamphlets sowing discord to know

that there is a third force at work.

"Nevertheless, over the past years

some political leaders have chosen to

define a particular set of positions as

synonymous with liberation, and those

who attack them as traitors." Some

form of responsibility resides in this

style ofpolitics, he suggests.

Lodge believes the recent "peace"

calls from the exile capitals of Lusaka

and Dar-es-Salaam were entirely

sincere. "The ANC made a

conciliatory move to the PAC at their

Kabwe conference, and as far as the:

PAC is concerned I think they are also

sincere — particularly as inasmuch as

they have a shadow in the country, it is;

provided to an extent by the black

consciousness groupings. And they

seem to be on the losing end in the

violence. So for both tactical and

moral reasons I think they are

sincere."

He makes the same judgement of

calls for peace by internal leaders. "I

think what has happened really is that

organisations have a violentconstituency which is sometimes

beyond the control of organised

leadership. This is of course exacerbated by the State of Emergency,:

and leads one to speculate about the

motives ofthe government."

Lodge argues that as serious as the

internecine strife is, it should not be

overestimated. "Given the number of

deaths as a result of this conflict

compared to the hundreds and

thousands who have died over the last

10 years, it must be seen as a problem,

but not as yet the major problem."

He thinks it likely that conceited

conciliatory moves will take place

next year — "but they depend on the

extent to which organisations are still

able to function in a disciplined way

over their affiliates and constituencies

given the State ofEmergency".

The peace calls from the major

protagonists in the conflict are not in

themselves new; they have been a

recurrent refrain over the violent

year now drawing to a close. It

remains to be seen whether in 1987

one or other group will make the leap

of faith required to test opponents'

bona fides, and actually convene a

preliminary meeting.

In many ways, the resolution or

continuation of the current Soweto

conflict will serve as a litmus test for

the future of coexistence between

rival resistance tendencies. It will also

show the ability ofleaders to deal with

a problem which, although not of

their making, demands their wholehearted intervention.

/12828

CSO: 3400/690

68
SOUTH AFRICA

WARRING SOWETO FACTIONS DECLARE TRUCE

MB281534 Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 28 Dec 86 p 1

[By Jon Qwelane]

[Text] The deaths of five Soweto youths at the hands of alleged Basotho

tribesmen, known as the "Russians," led to a truce being hammered out

yesterday between tribesmen and the civic associations.

At the same time the tribesmen said they would soon meet church, youth and

civic bodies to ensure the truce worked.

Two representatives of the Soweto Civic Association met the leader of the

"Russians," Mr Thabang Khiba, and several of his men for talks yesterday.

Mr Khiba said he was aware there were "certain elements" who, since the

clashes between the youths and the tribesmen, "masquerade as Russians and

attack youths."

He had been told that in Naledi, Phiri, Mapetla, White City, Jabavu, Phefeni

and Mofolo townships, people were seen wearing the traditional Sesotho

blankets and carrying knobkieries [clubs]. They had attacked youths, fuelling

suspicion in the community that the "Russians" were behind the violence.

"As a leader of the Russians I have now asked all of them to stop wearing our

traditional blankets, and they must also not carry their knobkieries. We want

the community to know from now that anyone in Soweto wearing a Sesotho blanket

or carrying a knobkieries is not a Russian but an imposter," Mr Khiba said.

He wanted "to set the record straight" on the cause of the clash in which the

five youths died. He said the clash was not caused by his members' refusing

to use candles instead of electric bulbs on some days during the festive

season.

Mr Khiba was supported by the civic association representatives and the

"Russians" with him when he related what he said was the real cause.

"It was a domestic quarrel between one of my members and his wife. The woman

fled and went to call community members in Phiri township who, when they

arrived at the house, did not ask what the tiff was all about but lashed her

69
husband. The woman ran away, probably afraid of facing him after what had

happened. Later a gang of youths returned to the Russian's home and found a

crippled man inside. The owner of the house, who had been whipped by the

crowd earlier, was not home. The youths killed the cripple and set fire to

the house. That is how trouble started," he said.

In retaliation, "Russians" set fire to four youths' homes, while the tribesmen

lost three houses to firebugs. The five youths were slain.

After the killings police would not comment on possible motives but

investigated the deaths as straightforward crimes.

Mr Khiba said: "I am not at all happy about the fighting between us and the

communi ty."

Some of the youths killed in the feud were buried yesterday.

/12913

CSO: 3400/701

70
SOUTH AFRICA

POLICE CLAIM 'CRIMINAL ELEMENTS» EXPLOITING BLACKOUTS

MB190839 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0824 GMT 19 Dec 86

[Text] Johannesburg, 19 Dec (SAPA)—Police are looking into the "lights off"

campaign in black townships following reports of deaths and clashes during

blackouts.

Reports said five people were killed in Soweto this week as knobkierie

[club]-wielding, blanket-clad men known as "the Russians" hunted down youths

who had organised the switch-off.

Residents in other parts of the country were said to be too frightened to

switch on their lights again after hearing disturbances in the darkened

townships.

A police spokesman in Pretoria said today it appeared that a "criminal element" was exploiting the blackouts. He said, however, that it would be premature to suggest that the next blackout, scheduled for 24 December, would

be prohibited in terms of the state of emergency.

Youths in Soweto are reported to have fled their homes this week after the

"Russians" damaged property and abducted and assaulted youths blamed for

ordering people to switch off their lights.

The action to switch off lights between 7 pm and 9 pm stems from the UDF's

"Christmas against the emergency" campaign.

—Meanwhile, Soweto Police confirmed today five people had died in the township in knobkierie attacks this week.

Brig J. J. Beeslaar said three people died in Mapetla, one in Chiawelo and

another in Phiri, The motive for the murders was not clear, and it had not

yet been established whether the deaths were linked, he said, A police investigation was underway. The deaths occurred between Tuesday, 16 December,

when the Christmas campaign against the state of emergency was launched, and

yesterday. Four of the men^-aged between 35 and 60—were found dead in the

streets. One man died at the Baragwanath hospital from his injuries.

Brig Beeslaar could not confirm that many youths in the township were missing,

/9274

CSO» 3400/678

i

71
SOUTH AFRICA

XHOSA SPEAKERS BEING DISCRIMINATED AGAINST IN CAPE TOWN

Cape Town CAPE TIMES in English 17 Dec 86 p 9

[Article by Barry Streek]

[Text]

! XHOSA-SPEAKING Africans in the Cape Town

I were being treated as "aliens" and were therefore !

losing rights to unemployment insurance benefits

and pensions, according to the Black Sash Advice

Office.

- The advice office's organizer, Mrs Sue Joynt, said

-in her latest monthly report that the Unemployment

Insurance Fund contributions paid by black people

in Cape Town were transferred to, the Ciskei and

Transkei governments, but few went to-therhome-

. lands to claim them.

I Mrs Joynt also said the problem of poverty preI sented itself everyday to the Black Sash Advice

i Office in Mowbray. ' ' '

• Most of the people who came to the office were

Africans and "their problems, if they are destitute,

are exacerbated by the restrictive provisions ofthe

Aliens Act.

"All Xhosa-speaking people are by definition

Transkeian or Ciskeian citizens and therefore

'aliens',

"unless they are regarded by the authorities as

permanent residents (which seems to mean that

they must have now defunct section ten rights and/or have their whole family living in accomodation

I here with them) they are not eligible for UIF benefits, pensions, disability grants and so on.

"The UIF contributions for Transkei and Ciskei

citizens are paid over to the governments of these

countries.and the workers are supposed to return

there to claim there benefits. * „,,.:.„

"Very few do this because the chances of ever

getting another job are even more remote up country than they are here. Workers thus forfeit the

'insurance* for which they are paying," Mrs .'Joynt

said. .-;;. . The overburdened state of welfare agencies, together with the inadequacies ofthe Unemployment

Insurance Fund, had led the Black Sash to feel that

the problems should be tackled in a different way.

"It is quite clear that labour-intensive methods of

manufacturing, massive job. creation, self-help

schemes, a measure ofderegulation without the loss

of minimum wages and so on, need to be discussed

and encouraged with great urgency while at the

same time some, sort of immediate relief — not!

charity — needs to be made available," Mrs Joynt \

said.

/12828

CSO: 3400/707

72
SOUTH AFRICA

AZASO'S NAME CHANGE SIGNIFIES BREAK WITH PAST

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 12-18 Dec 86 p 7

[Article by Shaun Johnson]

[Text]

OBSERVERS of the inordinately1

complex world of youth politics in

South Africa will have to update their

list of organisational acronyms. j

For the Azanian Students Organisation, one of the most prominent and1

active groups over the past few years,!

is no more.

Azaso has changed its name to.

Sansco— the South African Nationalj

Students Congress. The decision j

marks a final symbolic break with the

black consciousness tradition which

first gave birth to the student structure

in the late 1970s. -;" • '. -* \

Azaso's continued use of the name,

"Azania" has been anachronistic since:

the organisation effectively ditched its j

black consciousness heritage at a

congress in Wilgespruit in 1981.

There a charterist majority roundly

defeated the incumbent BC leadership

— the latter going on to form the

Azanian Students Movement (Azasm),

which today remains the youth wing

of Azapo, the custodians of black

consciousness. '.'"''

The significance of the decision to

change Azaso's name does not lie in

any alteration of the organisation's

ideology, structure, approach — or,

indeed, prominent personnel. The

content of the organisation will not

change at all.

Rather the change reflects a high

level of organisational confidence —

somewhat surprisingly, given the

harshness of the State of Emergency..

For Azaso to risk losing the media

and membership notoriety of a wellmarketed trademark in favour of

/12828

CSO: 3400/690

ideological consistency is, among

other things, an indication that the ,

organisation believes that it has so far

outstripped its rivals (like Äzasm) that

it need not be concerned about their

exploiting this period of change and

necessary uncertainty amongst rank-;

and-file supporters.

The new name was unanimously f

endorsed at Azaso's sixth and final'

congress, held "somewhere in Natal",

last week. Some 190 delegates,1

representing 60 branches nationwide,

heard the argument that the original

retention of the name had been a

tactical decision.

According to Sansco's first,

president, Billy Ramokgopa — a,

medical student at the University of,

Natal — "when Azaso became a

progressive organisation in 1981,;

there was dissatisfaction with the

name Azania. But for Azaso to be.

strong, it had first to consolidate its;

theoretical position as derived from:

the Freedom Charter and the

Congress tradition.

"Had we changed the name then, it

would have divided the black student

body. At that time the "concept of

nonracialism and democratic struggle

was new to most of the new breed of.

students on the campuses."

Thus the organisation concentrated :

on building membership, with great'

success, and shelved the problem of

nomenclature. When it became clear

recently that Azaso was sufficiently

entrenched, says Ramokgopa, the

issue of the name was put back on its

public political agenda.

An official statement issued after the1

congress lists primary reasons for the

rejection of the old title. Each is

indicative of the depth of division

which still exists between UDF- and

National Forum-aligned youth

groups.

The congress agreed that: "We are

South African, not Azanian students";.

the name Azania "has strong

attachments to the black consciousness ;

organisations which still refuse to

place themselves under the discipline

of the popular' progressive

movement"; and "the question of the

name of our country shall be decided

upon by the people and not by a few

easily excitable and well-read

intellectuals. . !

"As long as this important and

democratic decision is not seen

through, the name of this country

shall continue,to have a geographical!

connotation in relation to the rest of'

the continent of Africa, thus South

Africa." " . |

Sansco is sure to become a wellknown name in South African

resistance politics. It continues the

tradition of Cosas and Azaso. From

the point of view of political analysts,

the new name removes a confusing

element of apparent but not real

Charterist/BC "crossover", and

clearly (and correctly) demarcates the

organisation as mainstream UDF. .

73
TOWNSHIP YOUTH GROUPS SHOWING STRENGTH

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 12-18 Dec 86 p 7

[Text]

TOWNSHIP "comrades" are coming

out of the shadows.

After months of behind-the-scenes i

negotiations between local youth

groups, four regional youth

congresses — in the eastern Cape,

western Cape, northern Transvaal and

southern Transvaal — have been ,

formed in rapid succession and, with i

similar regional structures planned !

for Natal, the northern'Cape and the

Free State, a national'South African

Youth Congress (Sayco) is due to be

launched early in 1987. j

Launched in secret to avoid police!

harassment, the four regional!

congresses claim a combined strength, j

says Southern Transvaal Youth;

Congress (Styco) treasurer IgnatiusI

Jacobs, of several hundred thousand

members. ...<..

When Sayco is launched next year,

he says, it will represent more that

500 000 township youths.

Emphasising their belief that the;

congresses are "legal organisations,,

operating legally", Styco education i

officer Ephraim Nkwe says thei

secrecy shrouding the organisations,

and the delay in announcing the

regional formations (the two Transvaal regions were launched 12 days

ago), "has been forced on us by the

state.

"Before the first State of

Emergency, we were organising

publically, through rallies and open

meetings. With the crackdown, many

of us were detained and killed. W©

learned the lessons ofthat Emergency

and have adopted a new, semiclandestine way ever since.

"As a result, the second Emergency

did not affect our organisations badly,

and we have been able, under j

Emergency conditions, tö build the j

foundations of a national structure."

,. It is, say Nkwe and Jacobs, this "new I

style" which has enabled the

"comrades" to change their.

relationships with the communities in

which they operate, and end their

reputation, "fostered by. the press*Vasoften-brutal enforcers of boycotts and

other anti-government campaigns.'

"With the first Emergency," says'

Nkwe, "many of our leading members

were detained, and local groups had to

keep working, often in isolation. In

some, a trend developed in which they

identified themselves, the youth, as.

.. leaders of the struggle."

So, while the 1985 national

Christmas consumer boycott was

marked by attacks on township

residents who had ignored calls to

boycott white shops (Nkwe is highly

critical of the media for."exaggerating

the frequency" of these attacks), there

have been reports this year of

"comrades" guarding commuters

coming into the townships with

shopping from city centres.

'The new style of organising," says

Nkwe, "has also been made possible

by the growth of organs of people's

power — street committees and block;

committees, etc. We are now working

more closely with our parents and our

brothers and sisters'."

Asked about future Sayco policy, he

says: "Sayco will have a federal

structure, co-ordinating rather than

leading the youth. Most of the local

congresses have already adopted the

Freedom Charter as their guiding

document. j

"We will press for the unbanning of

the ANC, for the release of our

leaders, for the withdrawal of troops

from the townships, and for an end to

the harrassment of exiles.'V-r Agenda

Press Service '

/12828

GSO: 3400/690

74
SOUTH AFRICA

ANC OFFICIAL DENIES AMMUNITION COMING FROM MOZAMBIQUE

MB202000 Maputo in English to Southern Africa 1800 GMT 20 Dec 86

[Text] A senior member of the African National Congress, ANC of South Africa

has dismissed as a lie Pretoria's report that two men were arrested on the

border with Swaziland while carrying ammunition from Mozambique. ANC official Jacob Zuma, who is the organization's chief representative in Mozambique and a member of the movement's National Executive Committee, was speaking in Maputo this morning, Mr Zuma's remarks were made during a ceremony in

one of Maputo's cemeteries to mark the ANC's heroes day commemorated annually

on 16 December, The occasion also marks the launching of armed struggle

against apartheid by the ANC.

Mr Zuma said Pretoria's claim is a story made deliberately to cover the

regime's dirty activities in the region. He said this report by Pretoria

is aimed at threatening Mozambique. Mr Zuma said it is (?very strange, indeed) that South Africa's [words indistinct] ammunition, if any at all, came

from Mozambique, This, he said, because Mozambique does not manufacture any

ammunition, Mr Zuma said in issuing such stories Pretoria is trying to cover

its dirty activities of directing, commanding and training the armed bandits

in Mozambique,

The ANC official also recalled the recent kidnappings in Swaziland: Mr Zuma

said the abductions of people like the South African militant Ismael Ibrahim,

who was taken last Monday near Mbabane, the Swazi capital, are accompanied by

deadly threats against Mozambique. Mr Zuma said these occurrences recently

in the region indicate that South Africa chooses at its own time to which

neighboring countries it wants to take on as part of its program of destabilization. He said it is important to note that the struggle against apartheid

has started inside South Africa and has been fought there and is not taking

palce in neighboring states.

Yesterday it was announced in Maputo that the Mozambican security services had

arrested a South African citizen spying for Pretoria. The man was on a mission to acquire ammunition in order to fabricate evidence that Mozambique is

being used to ferry weapons by the ANC.

/9274

CSOt 3400/678

75
SOUTH AFRICA

AZAPO CONGRESS AGREES TO LINK UP WITH 'RIVAL' GROUPS

MB200554 Johannesburg CITY PRESS In English 21 Dec 86 p 4

£Text] The Azanian People's Organisation ended its seventh annual congress

in the Moslem Movement Hall in Port Elizabeth at the weekend having brought

the Black Consciousness [BC] Movement closer to the general thrust of rival

organizations,

This was without conceding any of Azapo's principles as set out in the organisation's constitution.

The movement agreed to link up with a range of campaigns and activities waged

by their leading opposition in black opposition politics, the UDF/Cosatu/NECC

[National Education Crisis Committee] alliance.

Azapo resolved to among other things link up with the "People's Education"

campaign, help to resolve the crisis in black education and hold peace talks

with the UDF on the political violence which has beset the two groups.

At every point, Azapo asserted that in joint in, it would not hesitate to

criticise its allies where it felt it necessary to do so. [as received]

This was amply shown in the harsh criticisms levelled at the UDF, its campaigns and affiliates.

In an opening speech, Azapo publicity secretary Muntu Myeza delivered a scathing attack on the UDF. He said the front's campaign had failed and the UDF

was turning on Azapo. Where threatened, Azapo members would retaliate, he

said.

"If our homes are attacked and our lives are threatened, we will defend ourselves with whatever means is consummate with the attack," he said.

Azanian Congress of Trade Unions President James Mndaweni called for the BC

movement to join in principle, united action with the UDF and Cosatu.

Mndaweni described the formation of both union federations as a "gain" for

the anti-apartheid movement.

In criticising internal political feuding between the UDF and Azapo, he noted

that workers had been able to go "forward collectively,"

76
In his closing address, the incoming president, Nkosi Molala, offered to

talk to the UDF, even though a previous offer had been met with "synicism,"

"We feel that the intercine political violence which is going on in this

country will in the end not serve the interest of our struggle. It will

only serve the interest of those who want to perpetuate our position of

slavery and servitude," he said,

In a wide ranging attack on Azapo's detractors, Molala blamed the blackon-»black violence on anti-socialist forces,

He singled out the UDF for "accommodating within its confines people who

have a pure capitalist position," and contended that these people were

beginning to "take over,"

The 1987 Azapo Central Committee isi National President Nkosi Molala, vicepresident Lybon Mabasa, vice-president (Education) Mandla Nkosi, vicepresident (Finance) Haroon Patel, secretary-general George Wauchope,

publicity secretary Muntu Myeza, national organiser Phambile Ntloko, project

coordinator Moloantoa Mavi, Cape vice-president Fundile Mafongosi, Transvaal vice-president Mau Mtshweni. The 1987 Azasm [Azanin Students Movement]

president is Monde Ntwasa.

/9274

CSO: 3400/678

77
SOUTH AFRICA

SANLAM ON IMPLICATIONS OF BLACK POPULATION GROWTH

MB150735 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0426 GMT 15 Dec 86

[Embargoed until 2200 GMT 15 December 1986]

[Text] Johannesburg, 15 Dec (SAPA)—The share of black people in the total

urban population will increase to a projected 70 percent in the year 2000.

According to SANLAM [South African National Life Assurance Company] in its

economic survey for December, this has far-reaching implications for housing,

social services, education and employment.

"In South Africa the urbanisation process centres, to a high degree, around

the black population groups, since the other groups are already largely

urbanised. It is estimated that the number of urban blacks will increase

from 8*5 million in 1980 to roughly 20.7 million in 2000. This means that

almost 600,000 blacks will be added to the urban population annually," said

a statement issued by SANLAM.

Mr Johan Louw, SANLAM's chief economist, says this can lead to the following

developments:

-•-Growing demands on public services, which will further underscore the necessity of privatisation.

—A sharp rise in the demand for housing. Unconventional building methods

will of necessity have to be used to a growing extent,

--A redistribution of income, which could have a detrimental effect on the

republic's savings effort. If this process were to be accompanied by a drop

in the cost of labour in relation to that of capital (which should encourage

the use of labour-intensive production techniques), it need not necessarily

place upward pressure on interest rates,

-*An increase in the demand for less sophisticated goods and services, which

could have a damping influence on the need for imported goods. South Africa

will, therefore, be able to rely more on the local demand for goods and services as a growth factor in the economy, a significant development in view

of the expected further boycotting of South African exports.

78
Sectors that could benefit particularly are food, clothing, textiles, furniture and drinks,

Mr Louw firmly believes that inward industrialisation—which is closely

linked to the process of urbanisation—will in future have an extremely

important bearing on employment. This matter will be highlighted to an

increasing extent, since the growing movement of the population to the

urban areas will make unemployment even more noticeable,

"SANLAM, therefore, regards it as vital that regulations and practices having an unnecessarily restrictive effect on entrepreneurship in particular,

be scrapped as quickly as possible," added the statement,

/9274

CSO: 3400/678

79
SOUTH AFRICA

NATAL TRUCE DECLARED AMONG COSATU, INKATHA, KWAZULU

MB191652 Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 21 Dec 86 [as published] p 2

[By S'bu Mngadi]

[Excerpt] Delegations representing Inkatha, the KwaZulu government, the

United Workers' Union of SA [UWUSA] and the Congress of SA Trade Unions declared an uneasy "truce" in the faction-torn Mandini township of Sundumbili

in northern Natal this week.

The peace talks—held at the local COSATU branch's request—came at the

height of an alleged "armed siege" by vigilantes against COSATU members.

COSATU's local office was this week forced to close down after it was occupied by armed men,

Inkatha, KwaZulu government and UWUSA delegates at the meeting charged that

COSATU members—particularly Metal and Allied Workers' Union [MAWU] members

at a local steel factory—had insulted Chief MG Buthelezi, They had said

their authentic leader was Nelson Mandela, but Mandini was "Buthelezi's territory,"

After stormy deliberations, delegates agreed to call on their unions to suspend attacks pending further peace talks next month—where COSATU's 12-man

delegation should include MAWU organiser Michael Mabuyakhulu.

Mabuyakhulu narrowly escaped death at the weekend when a heavily armed group

tried to overturn his car as he sped off from a disrupted union meeting held

in the office.

The same crowd allegedly proceeded to his brother's house where four shots

were fired at the door.

The COSATU delegation at the meeting alleged that COSATU members who have

been attacked include local MAWU chairman Jerry Mbonambi, Paper, Wood and

Allied Workers' Union shop steward Cyprian Mzimela, workers and shot

stewards at a local paper factory "and generally everyone in the street

wearing T-shirts of COSATU-affillated union."

The Inkatha, KwaZulu and UWUSA delegations were led by Cedric Ndaba, Inkatha

Central Committee member N. E, Zulu, and Alpheus Mtshali. COSATU's delegation was led by Vincent Mthembu,

/9274 80

CSO; 3400/678
SOUTH AFRICA

AZAPO OFFICIAL CLAIMS STREET COMMITTEES SUCCESSFUL

MB221102 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1053 GMT 22 Dec 86

[Text] Johannesburg 22 December SAPA—Street committees that have flourished

in Soweto and other South African townships in recent months have proved

partially successful in controlling the political violence and crime that has

become endemic to these areas, a top AZAPO official said today.

Mr Nkosi Molala, president of the Azanian People's Organisation, told SAPA in

an interview that the committees had kept down the number of murders, rapes

and robberies and were also effective in curtailing political violence.

It was necessary, however, not to overemphasise the ability of the street

committees at this stage to perform these functions, Mr Molala said. "The

state has decided to isolate street committee members and handle them

properly. This pressure has been disruptive."

One incident the committees were not able to prevent, was the death of at

least five people in Phiri, Soweto during last weeks clash between Sotho

migrants and young "comrades" who were enforcing a nightly electricity blackout as part of the black Christmas campaign.

However, Mr Molala said the committees, elected by residents to a hierarchy of

posts at street, block and area levels, have been able to contain previous

attacks by vigilantes on political activists as well as "necklace" executions

by warring anti-apartheid factions. "Our organisation has a code of conduct

for street committee members which puts forward methods that make sure people

see the light of day concerning necklacing and other misdemeanors."

In most areas of Soweto Street committees were aligned with either the United

Democratic Front or AZAPO, depending on which organisation was most popular in

the area, Mr Molala said. In some areas, where neither organisation was

dominant, street committees were emerging with members from both groups and

these were especially effective in encouraging "non sectarianism."

Apart from the use of street committees, AZAPO and UDF have been holding talks

at leadership level to discuss ways of preventing internecine violence between

anti-apartheid groups, he said.

81
While these talks had made some progress, Mr Molala said a firm programme of

action was being delayed by the UDF needing to consult its affiliates before

talking decisions.

AZAPO already "has the muscle" from its members to implement its main

proposals that joint UDF and AZAPO delegations address constituencies loyal to

each grouping to explain how the infighting hindered the fight against

apartheid.

Mr Molala's comments confirm a report in a Johannesburg newspaper which quotes

street committee embers as saying the system had been effective in limiting

killings and inter-tribal tension. "In our area killings were such tat we

were sure of finding at least three bodies every weekend, but this is no

longer the case since the street committees were formed," the newspaper quoted

one member as saying.

/12913

CSO: 3400/701

82
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMITTEE SUSPENDS PORT ELIZABETH BOYCOTT

MB291306 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1305 GMT 29 Dec 86

[Text] Port Elizabeth, 29 December, SAPA—The bus service to Port Elizabeth's

[PE] black townships of New Brighton, Zwide and DwaZakele will "hopefully" be

resumed this afternoon, Mr Carl Coetzer, managing director of PE Tramways,

said today.

Last night, following a meeting of the Consumer Boycott Committee (CBC), its

acting spokesman, Mr Mzimasi Mangcotywa, said the consumer boycott in Port

Elizabeth—reimposed on 3 November after a brief break—had been indefinitely

suspended from today.

Mr Mangcotywa said the decision to suspend the boycott was coupled with a plea

for the return of the bus service, which was withdrawn for the third time

early this month after a spate of arson attacks on buses in which three buses

were destroyed.

It was the third time this year the buses had been withdrawn.

Mr Coetzer said today the PE Tramways, through himself, had been "in constant

communication with various civic people."

Mr Magcotywa called on Mr Adriaan Vlok, minister of law and order, to work

towards "normalising" the situation in the country to the satisfaction of all

the people, adding that the CBC hoped the PE chamber of commerce would do all

in its power to forge ahead with their negotiations with the authorities in to

bringing about a better situation.

One of the demands of the CBC—for the release of detained community leaders

and pupils—is being addressed by the chamber, which is awaiting "certain

moves" from the government, Mr Coetzer, who is also president of the chamber,

said today.

Mr Coetzer declined to elaborate on what these moves entailed, but said they

were part of his East Cape option in which the inclusion of detained community

leaders would be an integral part, he said on his election in August.

In his statement last night, Mr Mangcotywa also said: "Our decision to

suspend the boycott must not be viewed by the government and other authorities

83
as a sign of weakness. It must be treated as a challenge to them to work with

haste in normalising the situation in the country."

He said the decision was also taken to give the people some relief because

they had sacrificed a great deal during the festive season.

"We also feel that the traders in the townships are not yet ready to cope with

the excessive needs of the people, especially as we are moving towards the reopening of schools. They do not have enough stock to meet the needs of the

pupils."

/12913

CSO: 3400/701

84
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

TUTU APPEALS FOR TOLERANCE, PEACE—-Cape Town, 12 Dec (SAPA)--In a plea for

tolerance and peace the Anglican archbishop of Cape Town, the Most Rev Desmond

Tutu, says in a pre-Christmas message that South Africans are being denied the

experience of peace because of apartheid. After saying Christmas is the

season when all people are powerfully reminded of God's intention that they

should live in peace, Archbishop Tutu referred to apartheid as "a system

which by its very nature is violent and divisive and completely contrary to

the way of peace, "Even at this time the apartheid government is seeking to

destroy all those organisations that are working for a true peace. It does

this by intention, bannings and sowing division," he said. "I call on all

leaders and the people of these organisations to show tolerance to one

another and not to allow the violence and divisiveness of apartheid to so

exacerbate the differences between them that these become entrenched and

self.destructive, "Our struggle for justice and peace is noble and divine.

We must so wage it that the new society for which we all long is free of

violence and divisions," [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English 1904 GMT

12 Dec 86 MB] /9274

UDF NATAL PUBLICITY SECRETARY DETAINED—Lechesa Tsenoli, the detainee who was

freed in a landmark case which temporarily set aside emergency detentions, was

re-detained last week, Tsenoli, the United Democratic Front's Natal publicity

secretary, was among the first detained after the state's new press restrictions. His lawyers said they had been informed he was being held under

Section 29 of the Internal Security Act. Tsenoli was originally detained

under emergency provisions imposed in June. He was at the centre of a legal

battle earlier this year when the UDF challenged the legitimacy of the state's

emergency detention provisions. In terms of a short-lived ruling, the detention clauses were declared ultra vires and Tsenoli was released. However, a

subsequent Appellate Division judgment given at the end of September held

the Natal judges had erred in their ruling, and reversed the order which

had set him free, [Text] [By Carmel Rickard] [Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL

in English 19 Dec-8 Jan 86 p 4 MB] /9274

ANC ASKS COMMONWEALTH AID—The ANC today asked the Commonwealth to seek the

release of three of its members abducted by South African security forces.

The ANC said that when the SADF raided Swaziland last week, they abducted

Abrahim Ismael, Mrs Grace Cele, and Cedric Maphumulo, According to the ANC

spokesman, Mr Ismael has been referred to as Ronnie, Mr Maphumulo was

85
seriously injured, and it is possible that he died in South Africa, Meanwhile, the Swaziland Government reported last week that it was making every

effort to ask South Africa to release Mrs Grace Cele and return the body of

Mr Maphumulo, who may have died during the raid. The South African Government has refused to reply, [Text] [Mbabane Television Service in Siswati

1630 GMT 19 Dec 86 MB] /9274

AZASM CONDEMNS S0WET0 KILLINGS—Johannesburg, 19 Dec (SAPA)—The Azanian

Students Movement [AZASM] has condemned the reported killings of five people

in Soweto in the wake of the Christmas campaign against the state of emergency,

"AZASM views this traumatic act in the black community with utter disgust,"

a spokesman of the organisation, an affiliate of the Azanian People's Organisation, said. The organisation blamed the murders on: --lack of proper and

adequate consultation with the community and the "organisations of the

people"; and —the lack of sufficient clarification with regard to the

Christmas againstthe emergency call itself, The spokesman said these shortcomings "had made it easier for the thug element to use the situation for

its own ends." He said the emphasis should be on monitoring rather than enforcing the campaign, "People should never be threatened, beaten up or subjected to physical punishment. We have to exercise restrait and control at

all times," said the spokesman, [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English 1058

GMT 19 Dec 86 MB] /9274

AZAPO CALLS FOR UDF UNITY TALKS—Azapo has held its annual congress in Port

Elizabeth. As Mike Louw reports, the organization has decided to hold unity

talks with the UDF, While strongly reaffirming its commitment to socialism,

Azapo has offered to hold unity talks with the UDF, which it claims is being

overtaken by capitalists. This was said in a closing address this morning by

the incoming Azapo president, Nkosi Malala. About 400 delegates and supporters attended the congress, Azapo's offer comes in the wake of what Malala

termed was ongoing internecine political violence between the two groups.

Azapo also resolved to support a call for a black Christmas, and for African

pupils to return to school next year. The congress was held in Port

Elizabeth to commemorate the death in detention of black consciousness

founder, Steve Biko, 10 years ago, and also because the bloody feud reached

its peak in Port Elizabeth last year. Port Elizabeth Azapo members said

their feud has been resolved. [Text] [Umtata Capital Radio in English 1600

GMT 15 Dec 86 MB] /9274

86
BLACK POLICEMEN MOVED TO HOMES--Black policemen and their families who have

been living in a Johannesburg tent-town for the past 10 months are being moved

to permanent homes at Diepkloof in Soweto and Leeuwkop, north of Johannesburg.

The 62 men and their families were moved to a City Deep mine compound in

February after some of their homes were burned down and others were threatened

in unrest. Each family was issued with an army tent and primitive ablution

and cooking facilities had to be shared. Those families who had lost most

of their possessions when their houses were burned down are receiving help

from an emergency police relief fund. A group of 23 families was moved to

Diepkloof last Friday and welfare officer Warrant Officer Ian Opperman (25)

said the rest would be housed at Leeuwkop by December 19. The houses have two

bedrooms, a kitchen, toilet and a sitting room and are provided with hot and

cold running water. Both sites provide greater security for the families

as they are fenced in and situated near police units. [Text][Johannesburg

THE STAR in English 16 Dec 86 p 3]/12828

TRANSKEI, CISKEI EXCHANGE PRISONERS—Five more prisoners, including the Ciskei

president's son, have been successfully exchanged by Transkei and Ciskei. The

exchange took place this morning at the Kei Bridge border post, following a

similar swop last week. Transkei released President Lennox Sebe's son, Major

General Kwane Sebe, and Colonel Zandisile Ngwanya, both of Ciskei's elite

unit. The two were allegedly abducted from an East London hotel in October.

In return, Ciskei released convicted prisoners Kambashe Sebe, Toni Sebe, and

Coli Sebe. PRO [public relations officer] for Ciskei, Mr Headman Somtunzi,

said it was hoped that the exchange would normalize the situation between

Transkei and Ciskei following the two month long dispute. [Text] [Umtata

Capital Radio in English 1100 GMT 30 Dec 86 MB] /12913

BLACKS ACCOUNT FOR 4 PERCENT OF MANAGERS—Johannesburg, 30 December, SAPA—

There are only 256,000 South Africans managing and administering the country

and its businesses out of a total economically-active population of 8.7

million, according to the latest official population analysis. This analysis

and others show that there are more than 33 workers per manager or

administrator in SA, compared with ratios of approximately six to one in the

US and eight to one in Europe. Moreover, if the public sector is omitted, the

SA ratio rises to some 50-to-l. Also, the SA ratio could be more than 100-to1 by the year 2000 unless the number of new, trained black managers and

administrators each year is lifted at least 1,000 percent. At present, only

10,802 blacks are listed as managers or administrators—less than 4 percent of

all such workers. By contrast, some 60 percent of all economically-active

South Africans are black. This means the ratio of all workers to black

managers is currently around 820-to-l. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English

1410 GMT 30 Dec 86 MB] /12913

PRESS RESTRICTIONS CONDEMNED—The secretary for foreign affairs for the ANC of

South Africa, Comrade Johnny Makhatini, says the ANC is a government in

waiting because the Pretoria regime has lost the strategic initiative. He

told the ZBC that the ANC has reached an advanced stage in the armed struggle

and that it is only a matter of time before the Pretoria regime gives in. Ont

he recent tightening of the press in South Africa, Comrade Makhatini called on

the international community to condemn the censorship on the press in that

country. On the possibility of unity between the ANC and the PAC, Comrade

Makhatini said there had been talks in this regard. However, he said, the ANC

is working towards uniting the people of South Africa to build a coalition

87
which takes into account all the races. [Text] [Harare Domestic Service in

English 1600 GMT 31 Dec 86 MB] /12913

OFFICIAL ESCAPES—The administrative secretary of the Pan Africanist Congress,

Mr Joe Mkwanazi narrowly escaped death when a parcel bomb sent to him from

Manzini, Swaziland was defused by Tanzanian police minutes before it was

opened. Mr Kwanazi, who had gone to collect the parcel at Dar es Salaam's

post office advised a customs official not to open the parcel, to inspect it

for customs purposes as he was suspicious about it. Senior customs officials

were called and when they heard the story they contacted the police.

Tanzania's security police under the command of Mr J Mtindi opened the parcel

and found a bomb which they defused. They said the bomb could have killed

many people at the customs office or at the PAC's office had it been casually

opened. They said Mr Mkwanazi was lucky to be alive because the parcel

contained nothing but the bomb. Mr Kwanazi said afterwards: "I'm happy I

have escaped this time. Heroes of the African revolution like Chitepo,

Mondlane and others did not get the second chance." The chairman of PAC, Mr

Johnson Mlambo said the enemies of their cause have suffered a defeat in

failing to assassinate Mr Mkwanazi. [Text] [Johannesburg SOWETAN in English

23 Dec 86 p 1 MB] /12913

AZASO'S FINAL CONGRESS RESOLUTIONS--Azaso went out with a bang--and left its

offspring, Sansco, with an agressive act of resolutions to implement. The

sixth and final congress of Azaso charged Sansco with the task of persuading

its members to campaign in favour of a total academic boycott of South

Africa and to boycott university graduation ceremonies. Both resolutions

carried. Delegates agreed to campaign against the ceremonies, which "were

a means of trying to glorify universities and administrations. This will be

a punitive measure against them." And although the organisation emphasised

the need for debate and consultation with other organisations over the

academic boycott, it committed itself to the extreme form of "no exceptions",

or "total boycott." Other resolutions applying to education included support

for the National Eduction. Crisis Committee's strategy of consultation with

local communities regarding the school boycotts; an endorsement of the

campaigns for "people's education" and an education charter; support for

Medunsa's exclusion of white students; and identification with the United

Democratic Front campaign for national united action. The congress also

condemned the KwaNatal Indaba, calling on "all freedom-loving people to

unite and crush the Indaba", and praised the students and youth of Angola,

Mozambique, Botswana and Namibia for "their struggle against destabilisation

by South Africa." Lesotho, Swaziland, and Malawi were condemned for "their

hostility towards out people who are forced to flee the country." [Text]

[Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 12-18 Dec 86 p 7][Article by

Shaun Johnson]/12828

CSO: 3400/690

88
SOUTH AFRICA

ACADEMIC SEES 'DRASTIC CHANGE IN U.S. POLICY

MB270657 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 27 Dec 86

[Text] The head of the Institute of American Studies at Rand Afrikaans

University, Prof Karel Nofke, has said in an interview with the SABC that the

planned meeting between senior officials of the American Government and the

ANC indicates a drastic departure from the Reagan program. Professor Nofke

was reacting to a statement by the American secretary of state, Mr George

Shultz that the talks did not indicate a policy change and that the American

Government did not recognize perpetrators of violence or condone violence.

Professor Nofke pointed out that the former American ambassador to the Unite

Nations, Mr Andrew Young, had been dismissed from his post after holding

unofficial talks with the PLO. Professor Nofke said he could see no

difference in principle between the discussions held by Mr Young and the

discussions which were to be conducted on a high level between the American

Administration and the ANC.

He pointed out that the United States would have to make drastic changes to

its policy towards South Africa before these countries could resume

discussions. South Africa could not confer with a government which imposed

punitive economic measures on it. Professor Nofke said the American State

Department was under pressure from the American Congress. The State

Department, therefore, did not want to do anything at this stage which could

lead to accusations that it was collaborating with the South African

Government.

/12913

CSO: 3400/704

89
SOUTH AFRICA

UTASA PRESIDENT DISCUSSES TENSIONS IN TEACHING PROFESSION

Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 14 Dec 86 p 21

[Article by Franklin Sonn]

[Textl

THE present state of tension

in the teaching profession sugars no good for the prospects of future peace.

The causes of the turmoil

are mainly due to the general

frustrations born of apartheid.

The tensions are exacerbated by the apparent deliberate efforts of those in

power to destroy the limited

though hopeful opportunities

the De Lange Report offered,

and which might have led

education out of its malaise. ;

On several scores i

"coloured" education has in j

fact become more stifling, , more bureaucratised and, l

above all, more oppressive. |

What are teachers to do in

the face of such a state of .

affairs?

Every profession worth its

salt will take it upon itself to

jealously guard its own integrity.

When any outsider, be it

the army, the police, politicians, businessmen or even

the parent community attempts to run roughshod over

the honour of the profession,

the profession must move

into action.

When outsiders blatantly

interfere with sensitive educational matters, the profession owes it to itself to resist

such efforts.

Should it fail to do so it

would have itself to blame if

the profession loses self-esteem, as weU as the respect

of the community, with the

consequent certain deterioration of standards and the

undermining of classroom

discipline.

Teachers must ask them- • selves the question whether

they are encountering examples of such interference and . what they are prepared to do

about it. As far as the organised profession is concerned, it is left with no

choice.

FIGHT TO

BITTER END

It will fight to the bitter

end. It will rather go down in

honour than to allow history

to reveal that when, in its

darkest hour, it was called

upon to rise in defence of its

integrity and honour it allowed itself to be intimidated

into silence.

It is recognised that party

politicians are inclined to use

power and patronage in an

attempt to legitimise themselves.

Where the legitimacy of

the party politician is lowest,

the tendency to abuse power

and patronage is most severe. _^_

The extent to which party

politicians succeed in their

efforts to use this dual

mechanism to browbeat the

profession is a function ofthe

strength of numbers and

commitment, as well as the

spirit of the profession

against whom this political

assault is waged.

To be more specific:

When a political party

feels itself threatened by a

profession, it tends to abuse

Its position of power by a process of oppression and victimisation.

It will attempt to discredit

and humiliate any leader and

will attempt to break the

back of the professional organisation.

Failing that, it will let the

police ftee on individuals and

if need be, change or even

suspend the law.

On the other hand, it will

' use patronage by rewarding

those who pander to it. It will

overlook the lack of merit or

low professional standing

and poor moral quality of the

individual.

As long as he is prepared to

patronise the ruling party

and clearly puts party-political concerns before professional considerations, he will

be rewarded with promotion

or other benefits.

Once a teacher accepts

this kind of patronage he will

remain more beholden to the

party than to his profession

and thereby the profession is

further undermined.

WORLD

RESOLUTION

Teachers must again ask

themselves to what extent

this is true of our educational

system.

The World Confederation

of Organisations of the

Teaching Profession

(WCOTP) meeting at Regina,

Canada, in August 1986,

unanimously adopted the following resolution: _

"The WCOTP reaffirms its

long-standing policy and conviction that the interests of

all nations and peoples require that labour unions and

associations must be free

openly and enthusiastically

to organise, engage in public

discourse, and represent the

interest of their members in

negotiations with employers

and other appropriate authorities.

The WCOTP reasserts its

demand that all governments

respect the human and collective rights of working people and take immediate steps

to assure the free exercise of

the rights and responsibilities of union and association

leadership, where these

rights and reponsibillties are

interfered with or abridged."

RIGHT TO

ORGANISE

This resolution has subsequently been sent to the Gov- j eminent of South Africa by,

the WCOTP. The two points |

that are clearly made by the i

teachers of the world, meet- <

tag in conference, are:- • I

•Teachers have the right

to organise themselves

democratically and independently and to address the

authorities of the day as an

organised entity.

. Any respectable government is obligated to receive

and consider such representations and to respect the

autonomy and integrity of

the organised profession. If it

does not, it is not democratic,

but oppressive.

•Teachers have the right

to expect that the authorities

afford them certain benefits

such as stop-order facilities.

This is a right to which any

trade union or professional

organisation is entitled.

Any government which

tampers with this right cannot claim that it allows and

respects the right of unions

and professional organisations to exist.

90
The fact is that It would

then be authoritarian.

Stop-order facilities therefore are a right which even

the most oppressive and intolerant regimes hesitate in

contemplating to assail.

Teachers most ask themselves where we stand in

South Africa and what to

make of the claims of people

who glibly state that they

have joined the government

to fight for the restoration of

the rights of their people. --

Can one be an oppressor of

people and deny them their

rights while at the same time

fighting for their rights?

Can one at the same time

be a democrat and an oppres- ■■

sor? Can one be against a

government and equally be

part of It? _

The De Lange Report

deeply agonised over the reaions why education was in

turmoil in South Africa and I

why it became increasingly

clear that education appeared destined to irreparably destabilised the society.

Some of the points on

which the diverse members

who constituted the De

Lange Committee were at

one included the call for one

education minister, free association in the admission of

pupils, party politicians

should have less say over

education, and professional

organisations should have

greater recognition.

It is a telling commentary

that not only are ail five cardinal recommendations being disregarded In "coloured"

education, but active steps

are being taken to destroy

whatever vestige of these vital elements remain in education.

Teachers are therefore entitled to ask themselves the

question whether it is ever

going to be worthwhile participating in committees of

inquiry in future and to wonder what honourable means

remain to break this conundrum.

Most teachers are committed to fight against apartheid. They are prepared to do

so independently and without

being unduly tied to structures which obfuscate the issues.

""They cannot collaborate

wim the system and remain

Independent of it

They cannot, and neither

will they, evade the political

challenges of the day. Only

the naive will imagine that

education can be separated

from politics.

The organised profession

will only leave politics alone

If politics will leave it alone.

Teachers must, however,

teach and teachers will face

this ethical obligation with

courage.

Teachers know that just as

much as a medical doctor

will always treat his patient,

so UTASA will always teach.

ETHICAL

OBLIGATION

This is not a political question, but an ethical obligation. Teachers will therefore

Sallantly play their part in

estroying apartheid while

persisting with their calling

to teach.

It will now be understood

that essentially the organised

profession is not engaged in a

struggle against personalities.

It is committed to fight for

the education of their children and for the rights of

teachers.

If teachers are not prepared to fight to the bitter

end for their rights then they

cannot escape the conclusion

that they are not worthy of

those rights.

At the same time, pro-active initiatives must be taken

to design an educational system which willsatisfy the as-'

piratirns of parents, teachers

and students in the longer

term.

/12828

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91
SOUTH AFRICA

CHURCH, CIVIC GROUPS URGE SOWETO STUDENTS BACK TO SCHOOL

MB290827 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0821 GMT 29 Dec 86

[Text] Johannesburg 29 December SAPA—The Soweto Parents Crisis Committee, in

conjunction with the Soweto Students Congress, yesterday made an impassioned

plea for Soweto pupils to return to school next year, the SOWETAN newspaper

reported today.

In a statement to the editor, the two organisations said the decision to urge

pupils to return to school next year was taken after extensive consultation

with teachers, workers, priests, and the SOWETO Civic Association. They noted

that pupils' grievances were still not solved and called on the Department of

Education and Training to address itself to these problems.

The two bodies called on the department to re-open all schools which were

closed last year, and to repair all those which were damaged. They said the

release of all detained pupils was imperative for a proper education to take

place.

Church leaders from various denominations last week reiterated their call for

pupils and students to return to school next year. In a joint statement, the

church leaders called on "all those who are concerned for the wellbeing of the

country" to support the call. They also urged the clergy to get together and

exercise their role as "coordinators and reconciliators" to bring the

different groups together in "this common task."

"We note with approval that other bodies are making similar calls. We endorse

these calls wholeheartedly and request other interested bodies, whatever their

political and social positions, to forget their differences and throw their

weight behind these appeals," the statement said.

/12913

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SOUTH AFRICA

CHÜRCH LEADERS CRITICIZE NEW SCHOOL REGULATIONS

MB311316 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1313 GMT 31 Dec 86

[Text] Johannesburg 31 December, SAPA—The latest emergency regulations on

education would worsen and not solve the crisis in that field, church leaders

from South Africa's major denominations said in a statement here today.

The churchmen also called on the government to open schools that were closed

and to encourage "positive attitudes" among students who were willing to

return to school without preconditions.

The statement was signed by members of the Anglican, Methodist, Presbyterian,

Roman Catholic and United Congregational Churches, as well as the South

African Council of Churches [SACC].

It said: We the undersigned church leaders find the call by more and more

student groups and relevant community organisations for a return to school

encouraging. "No pre-conditions are being set for this return: However, we

are alarmed at the formalising of the extensive powers given by the state

president to the director-general of education and training. These powers can

only be considered by the students who are called upon to return to school as

a threat. They are not conducive to solving the education crisis but will

rather exacerbate it. We ask the government and the Department of Education

and Training to do all in their power to foster the positive and promising

student attitudes and not to do anything that will make it still more

difficult for students, parents, teachers and relevant community organisations

to communicate with one another and bring about a return to school. In view

of the widespread call for a return to school we are particularly concerned at

the prospect of students of schools that have been closed by the department

finding that these schools have not opened when the students return to school.

We therefore once again call upon the government, as a matter of urgency, to

take the necessary administrative measures needed to open the schools

currently closed. If some delay is unavoidable, the intention to re-open

these schools should be announced together with the earliest possible opening

date."

The statement was signed by: the vicar general of the Church of the Province

of South Africa, Diocese of Johannesburg, Dean Godfrey Henwood; the Rev Peter

93
Storey of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa; Bishop Reginald Orsmond and

Bishop Zithulele Mvemve of the Roman Catholic Church, Diocese of Johannesburg,

Rev J. Wing of the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa; Dr Wolfram

Kistner of the SACC and Mr Chris Aitken of the Presbyterian Church of Southern

Africa.

/12913

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94
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY STRESSES IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION

MB260537 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 26 Dec 86

[Station commentary]

[Text] For many thousands of young South Africans, the joy of Christmas time

has been multiplied many times by the good news of their matric results.

After 12 long years they have achieved the ultimate reward of their school

years and, as 1987 approaches all too rapidly, they stand on the threshold of

a new life and new challenges.

These young South Africans enter adulthood at a difficult and traumatic time

in the history of their country. Sanctions, isolation moves, economic

migraines, conflict, and confrontation—all resulting from problems that are

not of their making—stare them in the face. For them, as for their parents

and grandparents, the years that lie ahead will require fortitude and courage,

consummate expertise, and innovative skills. The matriculation results

announced last week and this week show abundantly that the young men and women

now leaving school are well equipped for the task that awaits them.

In the white community, for example, a record number of pupils passed the

Transvaal Education Departments school-leaving examinations, and there were

also a record number of distinctions. Records were broken, too, in

examinations under the jurisdiction of the Cape Education Department. In the

Indian community, school children posted the best results in history, and

amongst the colored community there was a record number of aggregates.

But what of the black school children? The overall Impression of chaotic

conditions at black schools is—like much else in South Africa—exaggerated

and exploited. The factual position is that 90 percent of black matriculants

this year were able to write the entire matriculation examination. At only a

handful of the country's 7,000 schools were matriculants not able to put pen

to paper as a result of intimidation and violence. And the 2 percent

improvement in the pass rate announced this week is certainly encouraging.

Nevertheless, because of political activism, the situation of black school

children is, in the words of a black newspaper, bleakly different to that of

white school children. For black children, the newspaper says, being a

scholar has become a nerve-wracking experience, and, says the newspaper, they

95
face a doubtful future. In these words lies the real tragedy of radical

political activism in South Africa today.

It is common cause that education and training are basic prerequisites for

building a nation and its future. As South Africans put a troubled year

behind them, and prepare to met what will hopefully be a better year and a

brighter future, there is a need for the youth, and the parents, of all

population groups to put their priorities in proper perspective. And

education must surely be at the top of their list of priorities for 1987.

/12913

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96
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY PRAISES DEDICATION OF SECURITY FORCES

MB240539 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 24 Dec 86

[Station commentary]

[Text] All over the country people are relaxing at holiday resorts or

enjoying this festive period with friends and relatives at home. In taking a

deserved break from the cares of everyday life, it would be well to spare a

thought for those whose special efforts during this period make it possible.

For the law enforcement and security agencies—police, defense force, and

others—there are no holidays at the coast, no extended breaks in which the

trials of the job and the world outside may be forgotten for the next few days

or weeks. For many of them the job is even tougher, the hours are longer, and

even the off-duty moments are liable to be suddenly interrupted to deal with

an emergency.

By its own admission the ANC has been trying to intensify its terrorist and

other disruptive activity during this holiday period, and will be

concentrating on the days ahead. The price of security for any society is

eternal vigilance on the part of its law enforcement and security services.

The cost that this has exacted of the members of those services in South

Africa during the past year is too seldom appreciated or even realised. Even

at the best of times the police force is undermanned the ratio of policemen to

the population being a half to a fifth of that of any Western country. Having

to deal during the past year with a revolutionary onslaught that has been

comprehensively planned and directed, they have operated under intense

pressures.

It goes without saying that the pressures have grown immeasurably since the

craze developed in certain quarters for vilifying the law enforcement

agencies. While, in a glare of publicity, mistakes that might have occurred

were magnified and distorted to discredit the whole force, there has been

precious little credit given for good work done under the most arduous

conditions. Few if any other professions have made such awesome demands on

the time, energies, and fortitude of their members.

Through it all--the impossible hours, the hazardous conditions—the members of

the force have done their duty uncomplainingly and with dedication. Black

policemen who had seen their colleagues murdered and lost their own homes

97
stuck it out, battling to keep life liveable for their law-abiding fellow

citizens.

Tomorrow, as families gather in the security of their homes and people relax

in the sun, South Africa should not be unconscious of what it owes to those

who are out doing their daily duty.

/12913

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98
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY DEFENDS CROSS-BORDER RAIDS

MB240957 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 24 Dec 86

[Station commentary: "Terrorism and South Africa's Neighbors"]

[Text] South Africa has again defended cross-border raids on its neighboring

territories in the interests of its own security. In a television interview

on his return from Swaziland after talks with Prime Minister Sotja Dlamini,

South Africa's foreign minister, Mr Pik Botha, said neighboring states that

harbored terrorists must know that those terrorists will be taken out. It did

not matter where the terrorists were, or who they were, or what the

consequences might be. After all, sanctions has already been imposed against

South Africa and while this did not mean that South Africa did not care what

the rest of the world thought of its actions, it simply meant that it would

act in accordance with its best interests.

The so-called kidnappings of people from Swaziland by South African security

forces were obviously discussed between Mr Botha and Mr Dlamini, neither South

Africa nor Swaziland, Mr Botha said, could tolerate ANC terrorists entering

South Africa from Mozambique via Swaziland to commit their cowardly deeds

against civilians. South Africa had not gone across the border to kidnap

people; action had been taken in protection of South Africa's citizens, in the

light of information which the security forces had at their disposal.

There was no way, Mr Botha said, that South AFrica could stand by and allow

people to come into the country to bring about what they called a black

Christmas—a period of murder and bloodshed—over the Christmas season. The

action by South Africa's security forces and the assurance that it would

happen again, whenever necessary, illustrates the most basic reality of the

Southern African region. First the need for regional cooperation between

governments of the subcontinent, in recognition of the interdependence of the

countries concerned; second, while South Africa recognizes this need, and

continues to show willingness to further it, its first duty must be to protect

its people against acts of terrorism perpetrated by members of the ANC, who

are using neighboring states as a base from which to operate. It is therefore

in the best interests of South Africa's neighbors that they refuse sanctuary

or support for the ANC.

/12913

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99
SOUTH AFRICA

PFP'S SWART REJECTS NEGATIVE REPORT ON INDABA IMPACT

MB290832 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0801 GMT 29 Dec 86

[Text] Durban 29 December SAPA—An economists report that over-hasty

jimplementation of the KwaZulu-Natal Indaba proposals would seriously damage

the economy of the two regions was yesterday rejected as "very superficial,"

by Mr Ray Swart, Natal leader of the Progressive Federal Party. He said that

if Natal could move toward a non-racial dispensation such as that envisaged by

the Indaba, he had no doubt that multinational companies and the international

community would be sympathetic to helping South Africa narrow the gap in

education funding for the various race groups.

Mr Swart was reacting to a report by Dr Johan du Pisanie, chief economist of

Senbank, who was commissioned by the Durban Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce

to research the economic implications of fiscal parity in Natal education by

1995 and in health by 2000.

The implications of the report are that in the short term the standard of

living for whites will drop, while that for blacks will stay the same, if not

decline. It has also been implied that parity in education was likely to

result in a large increase in taxes, causing further deterioration in the

economy of the regions.

Indaba chairman Prof Desmond Clarence said the report was merely an

assumption. "There is no question that we would expect quite a lot of money

from government coffers if we are going to equalise education, but I don't

believe it would necessarily mean a lowering of living standards."

Mr Swart said "one hopes that the implementation of the Indaba proposals will

generate the stability and confidence which will produce economic prosperity,

so that one can move towards parity of essential services for all the people

of Natal. "The proposals have got to be seen in their totality. The whole

question of parity in educational and health standards is not only a natal

problem but one for all of South Africa, and the central government will be

faced with the same challenges as any second-tire government in Natal will

face," he said.

100
Mr Brian Hill, president of the Durban Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce, said

he disagreed with Dr Du Pisanie's findings. "There is a much greater demand

to improve the education of black people. It does not mean to say that the

standard of living of whites would go down. I don't think the conclusion is

correct."

/12913

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101
LABOR UNION CONFLICTS IN 1986 REVIEWED

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 18 Dec 86 p 5

[Article by Alan Fine]

[Text]

IN A NUTSHELL, the industrial!

relations scene in 1986 was \

marked by the consolidation of ;

organised labour into three union j

federations representing the I

three main trends in black poli- '

tics. - i

All this occurred in the context of i

sharpened political conflict and an

extraordinary rise in the number of . man-days lost due to industrial action

— which included agitation over a

number of new and unexpected issues.

The most significant story of the

year was the Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), which

represents the non-racial, Left-wing

political tradition. Born a month before the end of 1985, its progress was

examined in depth on these pages

three weeks ago. i

Steady growth !

Suffice it to say that Cosatu or its

affiliates were principally involved

in almost all the major labour issues

of the year. The organisation has :

shown steady growth, now claiming

to represent 650 000 workers, com- <

pared with its initial 450 000 membership.

Thus far — despite heated ideological conflict between the socalled populists and workerists in its

ranks — Cosatu has managed to contain these differing views without

any significant threats of

breakaways.

The Cusa/Azactu merger in October was precipitated by Cosatu's refusal to fall into line with the principled black consciousness opposition

to the existence of white intellectual

leadership of trade unions. The new

grouping claims to represent about

350 000 workers.

Ideologically speaking, it was a

logical development. This apart,

though, it is unclear whether the

smaller and less influential Azactu

section will add much in the way of

status and muscle to what Cusa already had.

The United Workers Union of SA

STwusa) burst on to the scene on May

ay with a rally in Durban attended

by about 70 000 people. Uwusa was,

of course, Inkatha's answer to Cosatu's numerous attacks on it and on its

leader, Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi.

Its main two policy planks are supSirt for free enterprise and opposion to the sanctions campaign.

It is difficult to measure Uwusa's

progress so far. Available evidence

suggests, though, that Uwusa has

"liberated" only a limited number of

Cosatu factories in Natal.

Uwusa arrived on the scene

months before the final burial of the

conservative Trade Union Council of

SA.

Lost man-days

Tucsa had, for the past three years,

suffered a string of disaffiliations by

unions which said Tucsa had failed to

respond to the turbulent changes on

the labour and political scene.

Part of that turbulence is reflected

in the vastly increased number of

man days lost due to industrial action

this year. Industrial relations consultant Andrew Levy says workplace-relatedstoppages alone have accounted

for about 1,2-million man days this

year, compared to 680 000 for 1985.

This rise can probably be partly

accounted for by the continued

Bowth of the organised sector of the

bour force, and increased pressure'

for higher wage increases in recessionary times.

This, despite the fact that there are

up to six-million unemployed in SA

and although the increaseduse of offi- I

cial dispute-settling machinery ' stretched the resources of the Man- , power Department to the limit ..... j

..... Thisfigure does not take account of

political stoppages and stayaways. At

the minimum, says Levy, one can add

another 3,5-million man days for

these. And it is "not inconceivable" j

that the figure could be as high as sixmillion.

The two largest political stoppages

occurred on May Day and June 16.

May Day, at least, is now generally

acknowledged as a permanent — if

unofficial-feature of the South African calendar. , The year began with a strike by

30000 workers at the Impala plati-:

num mine. And this was merely a '

taste of what was to come. As usual, ,

the mining industry was at the centre

of much of it ' According to the Chamber of

Mines, there have been no fewer than

131 wildcat mine strikes this year.

And with scores of miners having lost

their lives in physical conflict, the :

industry has failed to shake off its

violent image. ,

The lowest point for the industry :

was the Kinross Mines disaster in

September, in which 177 people died. ,

102
Theofficialinquiry has not yetbegun.

But the disaster has raised many

i- questions about mine safety in SA.

1 "Oddly enough, in the midst of all

this, the annual wage negotiations between the National Union of

Mineworkers and the Chamber —•

always an' annual highlight — pro-

• ceeded more calmly thanever before,

and there is general satisfaction all

round with the final settlement

Of course, Gold Fields chose not to

be party to the settlement, and it

•

;

faced strikes at three of its mines.

This particular dispute is not yet

•over.

Political conflict

The mining industry, together with

agriculture, has also become embroiled in Southern Africa's political

conflict, with government having

banned the recruitment of migrant

labour from Mozambique.

More than 300 union leaders — and

hundreds more rank-and-file members — have been detained for vary-

. .tag periods since the declaration of

the emergency in June. --> ^'

%Day-to-day union/management re-'

lationships were affected quite badly

initially, although they have since recovered. Evidence is that the detentions were primarily aimed at hampering unions' political endeavours

rather than their everyday shopfloor

activities.

Nevertheless, the detentions

brought into sharp focus the political

role of business. And there was little

agreement between unions and employers over precisely what this

should comprise.

There is little reason to think that

1987 will be any different from 1986.

Already labour has been affected by

the latest security clampdown. Employers will be told to intervene with

government on behalf of unionists affected by these measures and generally take a stronger stand against

apartheid. Pressure on wages will increase as real income falls: And

unions themselves will continue to j

grow. . . _

/12828

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SOUTH AFRICA

RESEARCHERS PREVIEW 1987 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

MB261026 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1005 GMT 26 Dec 86

[Text] Johannesburg, 26 December, SAPA—The foundations have been established

for economic recovery in the coming 18 months, says a Johannesburg Stock

Exchange [JSE] review of the economic outlook.

However, the leading firm of stock brokers, Davis Borkum Hare warns that the

momentum will be hampered beyond next year unless the 7 November summit called

by President P.W. Botha with business leaders is followed through with

concrete proposals and developments in political and economic strategy.

In the longer term, says the firm, the economic outlook will remain hostage to

politics.

In the 1987 scenario, the researchers nevertheless foresee:

—A quickening in the economic growth rate from below zero in 1985 to about

1.6 percent this year and 4.3 percent next year.

—An increase in private consumer spending of 3.4 percent in real terms—over

and above the spiral in retail prices.

—A dramatic swingaround in the pace of real fixed investment from a 9.9

percent fall this year to a 3.3 percent rise in 1987—the first increase since

1982.

—A repeat of the surplus on the current account of the balance of payments of

a robust R5,000-million—most of it to be swallowed by capital outflows, but

still leaving about Rl,000-million to boost foreign exchange reserves.

—An improvement in the rand/dollar exchange rate from the 1986 average of 44c

to around 48c.

—A modest slowdown in the rate of inflation in the first half of next year,

but leading to another upward sweep which is likely to leave the average for

the year as a whole unchanged at between 18 and 18.5 percent.

—From the middle of next year, hardening interest rates, which are now at

their lowest level in several years. This will push short-term rates on

104
bankers' acceptances back to about 15 percent by the year end, says the

report, and the prime rate up from 12 percent to as much as 18 or 19 percent.

The brokers' report forecasts a "relatively favourable environment" for JSE

industrial shares next year on the back of economic recovery, improving

profits, and further large cash flows from the financial institutions.

It says gold shares should be assisted by firm world markets and an average

bullion price of 450 dollars an ounce.

However investors are advised to seek shares in blue-chip quality mines rather

than marginal mines, because of disinvestment pressures and a disinclination

to indulge in new investments.

/12913

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105
SOUTH AFRICA

FAVORABLE TRADE BALANCE IN 1986 NOTED

MB231044 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1032 GMT 23 Dec 86

[Text] Pretoria, 23 December, SAPA—South Africa recorded a favourable trade

balance of R13,507.3 million for the first 11 months of the year, according to

figures released in Pretoria today.

The comparable figure for the corresponding period last year was R12,021.3

million. Preliminary statistics from the Department of Customs and Excise

show imports from January to November this year totalled R25,001.3 million

(compared to R21,028.1 million for the same period last year) while exports

totalled R38.508.6 million (R33.049 million).

The import and export figures have been adjusted largely to bring them into

line with the requirements for compilation of the balance of payments.

According to figures for January to October, the country recorded a favourable

trade balance of $12,077.8 million, showing the increase for November to be

Rl.429.5 million.

The January-November figures world trading zones show that Europe remained

South Africa's largest trading partner. Exports to Europe totalled R9,473.8

million (R8.425.4 million) and imports stood at Rll,206.5 million (RIO,013.9

million).

Asia remained the Republic's second largest export earner with a total of

R5,906.4 million (R4,734 million). It was followed by America, with R4,046.1

million (R3,225.8 million), Africa, with Rl.638.4 million (Rl,450.6 million)

and Oceania, with R295.7 million (R244.2 million).

After Europe, exports from Asia to SA rated second with a total of R4,521.7

million (R3,176.3 million), followed by America, with R3,480.1 million

(R3.592.5 million), Africa with R524.5 million (R421.9 million) and Oceania,

with R271.4 million (R260.4 million).

Other unclassified goods and balance of payments adjustments totalled

R17.087.7 million (R14.919.3 million) for exports and R4,997.1 million

(R3,563.1 million) for imports.

Ships and aircraft stores exported amounted to R60.5 million (R50.1 million).

/12913

CSO: 3400/703

106
SOUTH AFRICA

COUNTRY FACES SHORTAGE OF ACCOUNTANTS

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 15 Dec 86 p 2

[Article by Stuart Sutton]

[Text]

SA FACES a shortage of accountants when the country moves out of

the recession, says Martinus van

Rensburg, registrar of the Transvaal Society of Accountants.

But although accountants are leaving,

firms with international links are sitting

tight.

Van Rensburg says his branch has lost

180 members so far in 1986. Last year

the figure was 110.

And 70% of that loss can be attributed

to emigration, he says.

Tim Curtis, a senior partner at Deloittes, Haskins and Seiles, says: "In the

longer term, the consequences of the

brain drain will not only be felt by the

accounting profession, but by the economy as a whole."

The growing pressure for disinvestment is having little direct effect on SA

accounting firms.

While firms such as Aiken & Carter,

Arthur Andersen, Arthur Young, Deloitte Haskins and Peat Marwick have

strong ties with international accounting groups, they do not depend on these

foreign connections for investment capital.

"The benefits of affiliation are more

intangible," says Guy Smith, senior partner at Peat Marwick.

Examples given are:

D The exchange of knowledge and technological developments;

D The interchange of personnel;

D The sharing of quality standards; and,

D In many cases, a universal corporate

title.

If disinvestment as such is not possible, is there any threat of SA firms being

excluded from their international associations? So far, it appears, that is unlikely. !

Curtis says some pressure has been :

exerted on their US associates to break

ties with SA, but such action is highly

improbable.

Laurie Albertyn of Arthur Young says

pressure on US associates is insignificant. He says it is misplaced as Arthur

Young International has no investment

in its SA division.

The sharp increase in accountants

leaving SA seems to be the problem

causing more concern.

Recent figures released by Central

Statistical Services indicate that 224 accountants emigrated from SA in the first

nine months of this year. This compares

with 96 for the same period last year.

These figures are distorted, however,

because they do not necessarily refer to

qualified chartered accountants. They

may include bookkeepers, for example.

But excluded are accountants who leave

on tourist visas.

Possibly a more accurate indicator of

the number of accountants emigrating is

the change in membership of accountants' professional associations.

Ken Mockler, executive director of

the SA Institute of Chartered Accountants (Saica), says the institute's membership is growing steadily at 3,5% a

year. However, the number of members

not resident in SA is rising. From 1980 to

1985, 13% of its members were nonresidents. In June this year the figure

was 14% and in November 15%.

Mockler believes the situation may be

worse than the figures suggest, because

some newly qualified accountants leave

before joining Saica.

Although the effect on SA of the exodus of accountants is difficult to gauge,

it should not be under-estimated.

About 90% of accountants are employed in commerce and industry, and a

large number of these are moving into

senior management positions. '.:

/12828

CSO: 3400/691

107
BILATERAL TRADE WITH TAIWAN RISES

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 17 Dec 86 p 2

SOUTH AFRICA

[Text] SA'S two-way trade with the

"Taiwan rose by about $90m in

1986, compared with 1985.

But Taiwanese officials say they

have not benefited from the sanctions

campaign against SA.

,/.;.. Taiwan, which recently renewed a

sizeable three-year maize contract

With SA, has no intention of jumping

on the sanctions bandwagon.

Ambassador HK Yang explains:

"SA and my country are joinedin the

fight against communism. We are in

favour of free enterprise, democracy

-and freedom."

"~" Maize accounts for about half of

•the sudden rise in trade with Taiwan.

Economic counsellor CC Kan says

Taiwan's 25% global trade growth

this year — andnot sanctions — accounts for the remaining increase.

. .' SA's trade with Taiwan is expected

;to grow from |3S5m last year to $450-

$500m in 1986.

- Kan says SA is one of Taiwan's 19

"largest trading partners, accounting

.for less than 1% of Taiwan's total

• trade.

The 1986 trade level is far below

the $685m recorded in 1981, before

drought hit SA.

Taiwanese exporters see limited

export potential in SA — where most

of their goods are sold to the 5-million

whites here. Taiwanese computers,

'parts and components, for instance,

now occupy 30% of the SA market, up

from 5% in 1981.

Kan places more emphasis on

Taiwanese investment in SA. He says

70 Taiwanese factories have been

built in SA, most of them lured by

generous tax incentives and subsidies

available in the homelands. These

plants employ 20 000 people today.

In 1985, Taiwan's top two imports

from SA were base metals and energy

materials. This year agricultural products are top-ranked.

Electronic goods and electrical

machines have replaced textiles at

the top of SA's import list from

Taiwan.

SA's trade surplus is expected to

widen from 1985's $57m level — ' mainly because of the maize trade. \

Sapa reports that the US Agriculture Department is concerned over

the agreement under which SA is to

supply Taiwan with 1,8-million tons

of maize over the next three years.

The department, in its weekly

round-up of world agriculture and

trade developments, said the return

of SA to Taiwan's maize market

might displace US maize, since the

US had supplied virtually all

Taiwan's maize.

The US had provided Taiwan with

about 3-million tons a year over the

8ast three years, when SA was out of

le export market because of poor

crops.

/12828

GSO: 3400/691

108
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

CHRISTMAS SALES BELOW PROJECTIONS—Johannesburg 29 December SAPA—Christmas

sales plunged by 38 percent against the latest estimates as hard-pressed

shoppers, counting their cents, shunned luxury and big ticket items on HP

["hire purchase" or on credit] in favour of modest and cut-price gifts,

according to major retailers and official figures just released. Latest

estimates from Pretoria's Central Statistical Service (CSS) put total retail

trade for the Christmas season at R4.4 billion compared with the R7.2 billion

forecast by the Associated Chambers of Commerce some weeks before 25 December.

Reports say the trend has been towards "smart" shopping, to make every rand

spent go as far as possible and to avoid buying on tick—so that credit sales

were down an estimated 50 percent. Reasons for the poor Christmas showing are

given as shaky consumer confidence, smaller bonuses, prohibitive prices and a

resistance to credit purchases. The CSS says retail sales for the festive

season are expected to exceed 1985's total by 20 percent. However, with

inflation pushing beyond 20 percent, the major retailing chains had to battle

just to equal sales last year in real terms. [Excerpt] [Johannesburg SAPA in

English 0837 GMT 29 Dec 86 M] /12913

U.S. COMPUTER FIRM NOT DISINVESTING—Johannesburg, 24 December, SAPA—The U.S.

computer giant Unisys Corporation, formed by the merger of Burroughs and

Sperry, says it is not disinvesting from South Africa as suggested in the

press and a SAPA report this morning. A spokesman for Burroughs Machines in

South Africa, a division of burroughs machines in the U.S., which is in turn

controlled by Unisys Corporation in the U.S., says: "There is no

disinvestment whatever. "Unisys Corporation in the U.S. has simply decided to

convert the division of Burroughs Machines in South Africa into a subsidiary.

Under Section 334 of the SA Companies Act, an application has therefore been

made in the Supreme Court in Johannesburg to have all the business, the

rights, the obligations and the property of the SA division of Burroughs

Machines transferred into a new SA company Unisys Pty, formed for the purpose

and controlled by Unisys Corporation in the U.S. The application has been

made an order of the court and the court has also ordered that all licenses,

exemptions, permits and certificates of authority held in terms of any law by

the applicant (Burroughs Machines) should now be held by Unisys Pty. There is

no question of disinvestment." [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English 1058 GMT

24 Dec 86 MB] /12913

EXXON PULLS OUT—The world's largest oil company Exxon Corporation, has pulled

out of South Africa. The company says it has relinquished all ownership and

management control to a trust established to continue operations. [Text]

[Umtata Capital Radio in English 1500 GMT 30 Dec 86 MB] /12913

109
MOBIL OIL TO CONTINUE—The Mobil Oil Company says it has no plans to follow

the example of the Exxon Company and to sell its interest in South Africa. A

Mobil spokesman said in New York that the company continues to believe that it

was a positive force for change. If it withdrew, it will hurt most black

South Africans. Mobil, which is the second biggest oil company in the United

States, employs 3,100; 1,700 of these are blacks, coloreds, and Indians. The

spokesman was reacting to a New York report that the largest oil company in

the United States, Exxon, had sold its interest in South Africa to a trust

formed by its affiliates in the country. The sum of money involved was not

disclosed. According to the report, Exxon controlled two small companies in

South Africa which sold petroleum and chemical products and employed about 200

people. [Text] [Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 31 Dec 86

MB] /12913

MOTORISTS UNDERPAY FOR PETROL—Motorists continued to pay too little for

their petrol last month. Transvaal motorists under-paid by 1,4c at 83c/l

for 93 octane, according to the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs'

latest figures. In October, they also under-paid by 1,4c, in September

by 1,6c and in August by 3,7c. Domestic charges make up just under 51c of

each litre of petrol soId--government levies account for 20,5c, taxes 12,9c,

retail and wholesale marketing margins a combined 10,158c, and transport

from the coast 7,4c. That, combined with a November landed fuel price of

33,493c—based on world market prices, sea transport costs and the rand-dollar

exchange rate--adds up to 84,451c. The 1,451c shortfall last month was made

up from the "slate", an equalisation fund used to prevent constant shifting

of fuel prices. Sometimes motorists pay too little, sometimes too much.

The November world crude price, in SA cents, was 33,493c/l. This was 0,005c

more than in October, the results of a slightly weaker rand/dollar rate.

A variation of lc in the exchange rate, say fuel industry officials, means a

change of 0,7c/l if other factors remain unchanged. [Text][Johannesburg

BUSINESS DAY in English 17 Dec 86 pp 1, 2][Article by David Furlonger]/12828

STELLENBOSCH BER: RECOVERY STILL LAGS--Economic recovery may be further away

than most economists think, according to the December TRENDS, published by

Stellenbosch University's Bureau of Economic Research (BER). The publication

shows that although leading indicators—which include the JSE industrial price

index, gold and foreign reserves and mining production—have been showing

an upturn since May, this has not translated into an improvement in "real"

economy indicators, such as the physical volume of retail and wholesale

sales and manufacturing products. "The leading indicators are an early signal

of change in the real economy, but this has rtot happened yet," said BER

economist Sterrenberg Pretorius. This view contrasts with the opinion of

many economists that an economic upturn, although gradual, is already underway.

Furthermore, the time lag between a change in the leading indicators and a

corresponding shift in the real economy is uncertain and may vary from one

economic upturn to another. On average the time lag varies from between two

months and 12 months. This means any improvement in the real economy may

only come through in the second quarter of next year. "Furthermore, although

the indicators suggest that an upturn is one the way, they provide no indication

of the strength of that upturn," said Pretorius. Growth phases are

traditionally initiated by improved export volumes and then sustained by

higher consumer spending. However, with the high level of personal taxation

and debt, and low level of real wages, consumers' ability to increase their

spending is in question. [Text][Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 12 Dec 86

p 1][Article by Stephen Rogers]/12828

CSO: 3400/691 END

110