In the

United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ 

No. 19-2970 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v.

ANTHONY C. JORDAN, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

____________________ 

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Central District of Illinois. 

No. 2:04-cr-20008-SEM-TSH-1 — Sue E. Myerscough, Judge. 

____________________ 

ARGUED NOVEMBER 17, 2020 — DECIDED MARCH 18, 2021 

____________________ 

Before EASTERBROOK, HAMILTON, and ST. EVE, Circuit 

Judges. 

HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. During his first three months 

while on supervised release, Anthony Jordan consistently 

tested negative on drug tests and called the probation office 

to find out about his next required tests. Nonetheless, over 

two days in June 2019, he missed a drug test and two assessments, prompting his probation officer to petition to revoke 

his supervised release. The district court ruled that Jordan 
2 No. 19-2970 

had committed the violations, revoked his supervised release, 

and sentenced him to six months in prison followed by 26 

months of supervised release (including 120 days in a halfway 

house). Jordan has appealed. We conclude that the district 

court did not sufficiently explain its decision, consider Jordan’s defense that his violation was unintentional, or otherwise ensure that its sentence conformed to the parsimony 

principle of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). We therefore reverse the judgment. 

Jordan was originally convicted of crimes involving crack 

cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841. In March 2019, he began three years of supervised release. Shortly afterward, his 

probation officer petitioned to revoke supervised release 

based on three alleged violations. The first two occurred on 

June 3, 2019, when Jordan allegedly did not complete his required mental-health and substance-abuse assessments. The 

next day, June 4, he failed to attend his required drug test. In 

a separate memo, the probation officer reasserted each violation. Based on these violations, the probation office recommended that Jordan return to prison for 10 months, followed 

by another term of supervised release. Jordan contested the 

petition. 

The district court held a hearing on the petition. Before receiving testimony from the government, the court asked Jordan’s counsel if he objected to the violation memorandum. 

Counsel said “no.” The court then announced that it was 

adopting “the factual findings of the violation memorandum.” After this announcement, the government’s witnesses 

testified that Jordan had missed the two assessments on June 

3 and the drug test on June 4, that they could not reach him, 
No. 19-2970 3

and that it therefore took longer to set up these evaluations, 

which eventually occurred. 

Jordan testified next about his efforts to comply with his 

conditions of supervised release. Regarding drug testing, he 

testified that every day, either he, his mother, or his girlfriend 

would call the testing and assessment facility to check in to 

see if testing was required that day. He testified that, on June 

4 (the date of his missed drug test), he called but he did not 

hear his number come up on the recorded message. He 

acknowledged that he had not listened to the entire message 

but explained that he thought that he had listened to the portion that applied to him. He also emphasized that he had not 

tested positive in any of his previous drug tests (about three 

per month). 

Regarding the mental-health and substance-abuse evaluations, he testified that he had met with his probation officer 

on May 28 to discuss the screenings. He agreed to them, and 

the officer said that she would contact him. According to Jordan, at that meeting, he thought that they had planned for his 

next assessment to occur on June 26. It was not until that date 

(June 26), he explained, that he realized that he had missed 

his appointment for June 3. 

Jordan testified about his other efforts to comply with conditions of release. He explained that he gave his probation officers multiple phone numbers so they could reach his mother 

when he was not available, as occurred when he was in 

church. He also noted that he went to an emergency room on 

June 17 to seek a mental-health evaluation:

[W]hen the doctor talked to me, he told me that 

they didn’t do it there. He gave me a list of 
4 No. 19-2970 

places to go there. And I went from there. And 

every time I went to take a drop, I asked them 

about my mental health evaluation. And I kept 

telling them I need it done. And at this time, I 

didn’t even know she had referred me. I was 

just trying to do it on my own, you know. 

A month later, Jordan said, he called the assessment facility from 6:00 am to 11:00 am for an assessment, finally reaching a clinical supervisor whom he saw that day. The supervisor said that he had the power to schedule assessments on that 

day but did not do so; instead he tried to call Jordan later to 

schedule an assessment. Eventually, the supervisor reached 

Jordan’s mother and scheduled an assessment for mid-August. The assessment never occurred, however, because by 

that time Jordan was in custody on the charged violations. 

After this testimony, the district court ruled for the government. It found by a preponderance of the evidence that 

Jordan had violated the terms of his supervised release by 

“failing to participate in drug testing as directed, failing to 

participate in substance abuse treatment as directed, and failing to participate in mental health treatment as directed.” 

Echoing the statement it made before hearing any testimony, 

the judge “adopt[ed] the factual findings of the violation 

memorandum as my own.” 

The court then turned to sentencing. The government 

asked for 14 months of imprisonment, arguing that “until the 

defendant is ready, willing, and able to admit that he has 

some sort of problem, there’s no conditions that this Court can 

put in place to make him take those actions.” It added, “we 

do have to punish as well as protect the community.” Defense 

counsel, in response, emphasized Jordan’s efforts to comply: 
No. 19-2970 5

First, Jordan (or family members) called the testing facility 

every day, including on June 4, the day of his missed drug 

test, to see if he had to be tested that day. Second, Jordan had 

never tested positive, despite tests occurring about three 

times each month. Third, the violations were “technical,” as 

evidenced by the fact that the supervisor of the assessment 

facility could have but did not schedule an assessment during 

an in-person meeting with Jordan. Counsel summarized: 

I have a hard time placing all the accountability 

on Mr. Jordan for those missed assessments, especially when he indicates that he took steps, he 

attempted to complete the assessments when he 

showed up for the drug tests, when he went to 

Carle Clinic, and they were subsequently completed while he [was] in custody by Dr. Wolfe at 

SIU. 

After hearing these arguments, and preparing to discuss 

new terms of supervised release, the court warned Jordan that 

if he failed to object, the failure could result in “waiver.” The 

court then sentenced Jordan to six months in prison followed 

by 120 days of community confinement in a half-way house, 

and after that 26 months of supervised release. 

On appeal, Jordan asserts that the district court wrongly 

revoked his term of supervised release and insufficiently justified the sentence of reimprisonment. He repeats that he did 

not intend to miss drug testing because he called the testing 

facility on June 4 and he also tried to get his assessments 

scheduled. Citing Morrissey v. Brewer, 529 U.S. 694 (1972), and 

United States v. Yancey, 827 F.2d 83, 89 (7th Cir. 1987), Jordan 

argues that “[d]ue process requires a written statement as to 

the evidence relied on and reasons for revoking” release, but 
6 No. 19-2970 

the district court did not supply that statement. The government responds that more words were unnecessary because 

the testimony and the violation memorandum, which the

court adopted, proved the violations. Moreover, it added, Jordan’s testimony that he lacked an intent to violate was “implausible.” Although Jordan has served his prison sentence, 

he is still in his term of supervised release, so the appeal is not 

moot. United States v. Raney, 797 F.3d 454, 461 n.6 (7th Cir. 

2015). 

Before delving into the merits, we pause briefly on the 

standard of review. The government contends this court 

should review for plain error. It maintains that because Jordan said at the outset of the hearing that he did not object to 

the probation officer’s memo, he has forfeited his challenge to 

the court’s later adoption of the findings in the memo. 

See United States v. Lee, 795 F.3d 682, 685 (7th Cir. 2015); Fed. 

R. Crim. P. 52(b). We disagree. As Jordan points out, he asked 

for and proceeded to a live hearing with contested testimony 

on the issue of violation. Jordan therefore adequately informed the court and the government that, although he accepted the filing of that memo, he challenged its allegations of 

violations. That seems to be how the district court understood 

his position. Near the end of the hearing, when the district 

judge adopted the findings of that memo “as my own,” she 

again invited Jordan to object. But that invitation was in the 

context of the proposed conditions of supervised release, not 

the findings of a violation. Moreover, a defendant is not required to take exceptions to rulings after a judge makes them. 

Fed. R. Crim. P. 51(a). Thus, no forfeiture or waiver occurred 

here. 
No. 19-2970 7

Jordan’s core claim is that the district court failed to sufficiently justify both the revocation and prison sentence. He invokes the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, but we 

think this case fits better within “the supervisory power of an 

appellate court to review proceedings of trial courts and to 

reverse judgments of such courts which the appellate court 

concludes were wrong.” Cupp v. Naughten, 414 U.S. 141, 146 

(1973). This authority permits us to require sound procedures 

that are not specifically commanded by the statutes or other 

relevant provisions. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 146–47 (1985); 

Terry v. Spencer, 888 F.3d 890, 895 (7th Cir. 2018). Under our 

supervisory authority, we see two flaws in the district court’s 

procedures and decision. 

First, the district court did not mention, let alone adequately explain, its rejection of Jordan’s defense that he lacked 

intent to violate the conditions of supervised release and had 

made reasonable and good faith attempts to comply. Such an 

explanation is required. United States v. Hollins, 847 F.3d 535, 

539 (7th Cir 2017). The need to address the defense is particularly important here because, before hearing a word of testimony, the court told Jordan that it was adopting the findings 

of violations from the probation officer’s memo. We do not 

know why the court seemed to make findings about violations before the planned hearing on whether violations occurred. But because it seemed to signal its view of the facts 

before hearing any evidence, we think that after the court 

heard the evidence, it needed to explain why that evidence 

did not move the court from that earlier view. And it did not 

do so here. We hasten to add that a revocation may have been 

justified. We recognize that the testimony of offenders on supervised release might not be credible, and we know that district judges may hear a lot of creative excuses for failing to 
8 No. 19-2970 

comply with conditions of supervised release. But without an 

evaluation of the defense, we cannot review whether the district court’s rationale for rejecting it was permissible. 

Second, the district court did not adequately explain its 

decision to imprison Jordan again for six months. Sentences 

must always conform to the “broad command” of the parsimony principle, which requires that sentences be “‘sufficient, 

but not greater than necessary to comply with’ the four identified purposes of sentencing: just punishment, deterrence, 

protection of the public, and rehabilitation.” Dean v. United 

States, 137 S. Ct. 1170, 1175 (2017), quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). 

This principle is especially important in a case like this where 

the alleged violations were not criminal, the defendant asserted a lack of intent, and there was evidence of reasonable 

efforts and good faith, putting in question which of the purposes of sentencing apply. 

The Supreme Court has observed that prison is not necessarily appropriate for every violation of a condition of release, 

such as where, as the defendant asserts here, the defendant 

made bona fide efforts to comply and does not obviously pose 

a threat to society. Bearden v. Georgia, 461 U.S. 660, 668–70 

(1983). “The congressional policy in providing for a term of 

supervised release after incarceration is to improve the odds 

of a successful transition from the prison to liberty.” Johnson 

v. United States, 529 U.S. 694, 708–09 (2000). Sending a defendant back to prison for a violation that occurs despite reasonable and good faith efforts to comply may well undermine that 

transition. 

The district court did not address whether Jordan’s violations were willful, why his mitigation arguments were not 

persuasive, and why prison was necessary. We have often 
No. 19-2970 9

said in sentencing appeals that a district judge need not “belabor the obvious,” e.g., United States v. Sainz, 827 F.3d 602,

608 (7th Cir. 2016), but the reasons for sending Jordan back to 

prison are not obvious to us on this record. 

The government conceded correctly at oral argument that 

the district court did not address Jordan’s mitigation arguments—that, despite his good-faith efforts to comply daily, 

through inadvertence and confusion he missed tests on only 

two successive days and otherwise attended and passed every 

other test. The government argues only that the district 

court’s decision is nonetheless adequate because the facts 

needed to support it are in the record and Jordan’s testimony 

about his attempts to comply was not credible. 

The problem is that we have no idea whether the court 

found Jordan’s testimony incredible, why it deemed his defense insufficient, or why a new six-month prison sentence 

was needed to fulfill the factors in §§ 3583(e) and 3553(a). 

See United States v. Boultinghouse, 784 F.3d 1163, 1177 (7th Cir. 

2015) (court must provide explanation sufficient to enable appellate review). If the district court had reasons to give six 

months of imprisonment, it needed to share those. If that had 

happened, we would have reviewed them for an abuse of discretion, as is the standard for revocation of supervised release. 

United States v. Musso, 643 F.3d 566, 570 (7th Cir. 2011). 

We do not mean to imply that imprisonment may never be 

the appropriate response to violations like those charged 

here, missing a drug test and appointments for treatment. The 

district court may have had in mind the notion that the assurance of reimprisonment—even for a short time for intentional 

or even careless violations—deters future violations. We understand that different judges have different philosophies in 
10 No. 19-2970 

balancing the factors under § 3553(a). But the district court 

needed to say explicitly why it thought that six months in 

prison was necessary for a defendant who had tested negative 

on every test and committed no other violations. 

The judgment revoking supervised release is REVERSED.