F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAR 26 2004

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

TEODULFO CARDENA-GARCIA,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 02-1189

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

CRISTOBAL GARCIA-SUAREZ,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 02-1199

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Colorado

(D.C. No. 01-CR-124-B)

Submitted on the briefs:

Richard J. Banta, Denver, Colorado, and Richard D. Irvin, Boulder, Colorado, for

Defendants-Appellants.

John W. Suthers, United States Attorney and Andrew A. Vogt, Assistant United

States Attorney, Denver, Colorado for Plaintiff-Appellee.
1

 On August 9, 2002, we consolidated appeals 02-1189 and 02-1199.

2

 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

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Before SEYMOUR, MURPHY, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.

O’BRIEN, Circuit Judge.

This appeal calls upon us to consider the propriety of the cumulative

application of sentencing enhancements. Appellants Teodulfo Cardena-Garcia

and Cristobal Garcia-Suarez jointly1

 appeal from the district court’s enhancement

of their sentences under both United States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.) §

2L1.1(b)(5) and § 2L1.1(b)(6) (2001). We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §

1291 and affirm.2

After illegally entering the United States from Mexico, and assisting others

in doing so, Appellants purchased a van in Phoenix, Arizona, to transport

seventeen illegal aliens to Chicago, Illinois. Including themselves, Appellants

crammed nineteen people into a van designed to hold only seven passengers. En

route to Chicago, with Mr. Cardena-Garcia driving, the van encountered poor
3

 During sentencing the district court noted, in addition to overcrowding

and the speed of the van, a report by a state patrol technician indicated the rear

leaf spring assemblies of the van were modified with lift blocks to support more

weight, the van’s left rear brake pads were worn to below one-eighth inch, the

brake wheel cylinder was leaking fluid, and the right rear brake pads were worn,

causing metal-on-metal contact.

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road and weather conditions on Interstate 76, approximately thirty-three miles

east of Sterling, Colorado. In an area with a posted seventy-five miles per hour

speed limit the van was traveling an estimated ten to fifteen miles per hour when

a semi truck traveling about sixty to sixty-five miles per hour crested a small hill

and collided with it from the rear. Six of the illegal immigrants were killed and

others were seriously injured.

After investigation the Colorado State Patrol allocated sixty percent of the

fault for the crash to the driver of the semi truck, and forty percent to Mr.

Cardena-Garcia.3 The truck driver pled guilty in state court to careless driving

resulting in death. Neither Appellant was charged in state court, but both pled

guilty to and were convicted of transporting aliens unlawfully present in the

United States for financial gain resulting in death, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §

1324(a)(1)(A)(ii), (A)(v)(II), (B)(i) and (B)(iv).

Prior to and at sentencing Appellants objected to enhancements under both

U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(5) and (b)(6). The district court rejected their objections and

applied the enhancements. It increased their offense level by three (resulting in
4

 The guideline calls for a two-level increase, but to a minimum level of 18.

5

 Mr. Garcia-Suarez received an additional two-level enhancement because

he was the leader or organizer of the criminal activity. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). 

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an offense level of eighteen)4 for intentionally or recklessly creating a substantial

risk of death or serious bodily injury to another, U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(5), and

imposed an additional eight-level increase because deaths occurred during the

commission of the offense, U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(6)(4). Mr. Cardena-Garcia was

sentenced to fifty-seven months imprisonment, and Mr. Garcia-Suarez was

sentenced to sixty-eight months.5

When considering challenges to enhancements at sentencing, “[w]e review

the district court's factual findings . . . under the clearly erroneous standard, and

review de novo the district court's legal interpretation of the Sentencing

Guidelines.” United States v. Hawthorne, 316 F.3d 1140, 1145 (10th Cir. 2003)

(quotation marks and citation omitted), cert. denied, 124 S. Ct. 209 (2003). The

implicated sentencing guidelines provide:

(5) If the offense involved intentionally or recklessly creating

a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to another person,

increase by 2 levels, but if the resulting offense level is less than

level 18, increase to level 18. 

(6) If any person died or sustained bodily injury, increase the

offense level according to the seriousness of the injury: . . . (4) 

Death add 8 levels.

U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(5) and (b)(6).
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Before we can get to the core of this appeal — cumulative application of

guideline enhancements — we must address a threshold issue. Appellants argue §

2L1.1(b)(6) requires causation, relying on a footnote in United States v. HerreraRojas, 243 F.3d 1139, 1144 n.1 (9th Cir. 2001), which states “[w]e assume,

however, that for § (b)(6) to apply, the relevant death or injury must be causally

connected to dangerous conditions created by the unlawful conduct.” They claim

the § 2L1.1(b)(6) enhancements were inappropriate because the six deaths and

other injuries were not the proximate and direct result of foreseeable harm created

by their conduct. Appellants read too much into the footnote. In any event, we

disagree that proof of direct or proximate cause is required to impose a

§ 2L1.1(b)(6) enhancement.

Guideline § 2L1.1(b)(6) covers a broad range of conduct made criminal by

8 U.S.C. § 1324(a). With respect to the subset of conduct specifically applicable

here, transporting aliens unlawfully present in the United States for financial gain

resulting in death, the guideline language is clear and plain — if a death resulted

from the transportation, an eight-level enhancement is required. § 2L1.1(b)(6)(4). 

Resulting in death and causing death are not equivalents. The guideline contains

no causation requirement and we have no license to impose one. Moreover, it is

logical, perhaps tautological, to note that a plea of guilty encompasses all of the

elements of the offense. When resulting death is such an element, requiring proof
6

 There is no indication in the record as to whether or not the mechanical

condition of the van directly contributed to the collision. However, the

alterations to the van to support more weight, and therefore more passengers,

certainly contributed to the deaths and injuries. And the mechanical condition of

the van is indicative of a general unconcern for the safety of its occupants.

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of even more for sentencing purposes would be a striking anomaly. Appellants’

arguments might wash had they pled to a lesser offense and § 2L1.1(b)(6)(4) was

being considered as a relevant conduct enhancement. Even then, the causal link

would need not be that commonly associated with tort negligence — proximate or

direct cause. For example, sufficient “cause” exists if the defendant simply

arranged for the overcrowded conditions in the van, as it is foreseeable the driver

would be distracted in an attempt to avoid detection. United States v. MaresMartinez, 329 F.3d 1204, 1207 (10th Cir. 2003). A sufficient nexus would exist

if the death or injury was reasonably foreseeable and Appellants’ conduct was a

contributing factor. Although not required, a causal nexus is clearly present here.

Appellants were partly responsible for the collision and largely responsible

for the deaths and injuries. The State Patrol attributed forty percent of the fault

for the collision to Mr. Cardena-Garcia, the van driver. The district court noted

the van’s slow speed amounted to reckless conduct, which clearly played a factor

in the collision. Both Appellants are responsible for the gross overcrowding and

both are charged with knowledge of the alterations to and poor mechanical

condition of the van.6 That knowledge is particularly attributed to Mr. Garcia-
7

 Since Mr. Garcia-Suarez’s personal responsibility is palpable, it is not

necessary to decide if, because of his leadership role, the actions of the van driver

should also be attributed to him.

8

 Application note 6 to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(5) applies reckless conduct to a

wide variety of behavior, including “carrying substantially more passengers than

the rated capacity of a motor vehicle . . . .” 

9

 We recognize the double counting argument made by Appellants is not the

one we addressed in United States v. Alessandroni, 982 F.2d 419 (10th Cir. 1992). 

There, we decided a prior criminal conviction could be used in determining both

the appropriate criminal history level and offense level. Id. at 423. Here, the

same circumstances resulted in separate offense level enhancements.

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Suarez because of his position as leader or organizer of the criminal activity.7 In

sum, and regardless of potential civil liability under Colorado comparative fault

law, the conduct of each Appellant clearly contributed to the serious

consequences of the collision, if not the collision itself. Severe injuries, and even

death, were reasonably foreseeable; the Appellants’ acts revealed their

indifference to the risks.

Having concluded that § 2L1.1(b)(6)(4) requires an enhancement in this

case, we turn to the core issue of guideline interrelationships. Appellants concede

the district court properly applied U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(5) (because the passengers

were transported in a reckless manner).8 But they argue the application of both §

2L1.1(b)(5), conduct enhancement, and (b)(6), outcome enhancement, constituted

impermissible double counting because there was only one act — the

overcrowding of the van. We see it differently.9
10 Although we have not previously and specifically addressed the double

counting argument presented here, at least one other case involved enhancements

under both § 2L1.1(b)(5) and (b)(6). United States v. Jose-Gonzalez, 291 F.3d

697 (10th Cir. 2002). In that case we allowed an upward departure to account for

the number of deaths resulting from alien smuggling, even though enhancements

had also been given under both §§ (b)(5) and (b)(6). Id. at 702-03. That lesson

ought not go unnoticed — an upward departure might also have been appropriate

here.

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Impermissible double counting “occurs when the same conduct on the part

of the defendant is used to support separate increases under separate enhancement

provisions which necessarily overlap, are indistinct, and serve identical

purposes.” United States v. Fisher, 132 F.3d 1327, 1329 (10th Cir. 1997)

(quotation marks and citations omitted). However, enhancements under

§ 2L1.1(b)(5) and (b)(6) are not of that ilk. Herrera-Rojas, 243 F.3d at 1144. 

Specifically, § 2L1.1(b)(5) allows for an enhancement based upon “the

defendant’s intentional or reckless conduct, with no consideration of the

outcome;” whereas § 2L1.1(b)(6) provides for an enhancement based upon the

“outcome . . . with no consideration of the defendant’s intentional or reckless

conduct.” Id. (emphasis in original).

In this regard, we agree with the Ninth Circuit. The application of both §

2L1.1(b)(5) and (b)(6) does not amount to impermissible double counting because

each subsection focuses on separate and distinct considerations — conduct and

outcome.10 The same acts may be enhancing conduct, e.g., recklessly creating a
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substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to another under § 2L1.1(b)(5),

even though they also contributed to the outcome of death or serious bodily injury

under § 2L1.1(b)(6). Herrera-Rojas, 243 F.3d at 1144-45. As previously

discussed, an outcome enhancement is required because of the death and serious

injuries, irrespective of fault. § 2L1.1(b)(6). And Appellants’ conduct, which the

district court identified as the overcrowding of the van and the slow rate of speed,

was (as Appellants admit) an appropriate enhancement under § 2L1.1(b)(5). Any

appearance of overlap is merely superficial; each enhancement independently

serves a distinctly different guideline purpose and imposing both was proper.

We AFFIRM the sentencing decision of the district court.