#### James R. Mullett, Appellant, *v.*James A. Bradley, Respondent.

(Supreme Court, Appellate Term,

October, 1898.)

Animals — Loss of property right in a sea lion by its escape to the ocean and failure to return—“Natural liberty” regained.

A sea lion is *ferae naiurae,*and "where it escapes from captivity near * New York city and two weeks later is caught in a fish-pound in the Atlantic ocean on the coast of New Jersey seventy miles from the point of escape, the owner has lost his property in the animal, as it has regained its natural liberty and has shown no intention of returning to its place of captivity.

The contention that there can be no return of such an animal to its natural liberty until it has reached its native place, on the coast of California, or, at least a place (not found on the Atlantic coast) where the physical conditions are favorable to its existence, is untenable.

Appeal .from a judgment of the Municipal Court of the city of New York, borough of Manhattan, eighth district.

Kisch *&*Roberts, for appellant.

Frederick W. Mount, for respondent.

Beekman, P. J.

This action is brought to recover damages for the alleged conversion of a sea lion, of which the plaintiff claimed to be the owner, a claim which the defendant, who has the animal in his possession, refused to recognize when the plaintiff made his demand for its return.

It appears that the plaintiff is engaged in the business of capturing such animals and disposing of them to those who are interested in having them for purposes of exhibition. They are caught at the islands of Santa Barbara, near San Francisco, and are then transported by rail across the continent to the east. The animal in question was one of a lot which had been obtained in this manner, and all were intended to fill an order which the plaintiff had received from persons in this city. The one in question, however, was rejected, owing to certain blemishes caused by wounds which it had received while being captured, and the plaintiff continued to retain his ownership of it until its escape from his control as hereinafter *696stated. Having the animal thus thrown back upon his hands, the plaintiff placed it temporarily at Glen island, on Long Island sound, from which place, within a few days after its arrival there, it disappeared, and the plaintiff, quite reasonably, assuming that he had no prospect of ever finding it, made no effort for its recapture. This took place during the 'first week of July, 1896.' It was not until about a year afterwards that he discovered it in the possession of the defendant, and having satisfied himself of its identity, which it may be said is not in dispute here, demanded its surrender, which was refused. It then appeared that the' defendant had purchased the animal from a fisherman, who, on the 20th day of July, 1896, had captured it in a fish-pound which .had been set in the ocean at a point on the New Jersey coast over seventy miles from the city of New York. The complaint was dismissed on the merits in the court below, and the sole question involved in this appeal is whether the plaintiff had lost his right of property in the sea lion by reason of its escape from his control.

It is conceded that sea lions are *ferae naturae,*and that the law applies which holds that only a qualified right of property can be acquired in them, a right which is wholly lost when, escaping from captor, without any intention of returning, they resume their former freedom. 2 Blackst. Com. 392; 2 Kent’s Com. 348; Gillet v. Mason, 7 Johns. 16; Amory v. Flyn, 10 id. 102; Goff v. Kilts, 15 Wend. 550. Blackstone, referring to animals *ferae naturae,*says that “ These are no longer the property of a man, than while they continue in his keeping or actual possession; but if at any time they regain their natural liberty, his property instantly ceases; unless they have *animu/m revertendi,*which is only to be known by their usual custom of returning.” It is said by Chancellor Kent, “Animals *ferae naturae*so long as they are reclaimed by the art. and power of man, are also the subject of a qualified property; but when they are abandoned,- or escape, ánd return to their natural liberty and ferocity, without the *animus revertendi,*the property in them ceases.”

But it is quite unnecessary to multiply citations of authority for a' proposition of law so well settled and familiar as this. It is quite apparent that the case under consideration comes' directly within it. The sea lion in question was *ferae naturae,*and the right of property which the plaintiff had undoubtedly acquired in it was, so to spéák, defeasible and always contingent upon his maintaining his right by actual control when opposed by a disposition on *697its part to escape and resume its former freedom of action. The evidence not only fails to show that there was any *animus revertendi*on its part, but the inference from the facts proven is quite the contrary. Blackstone states, as we have seen, that an intention to return, where such animals depart from the immediate control of the owner *“*is only to be known by their usual custom of returning.” Of course, the evidence here shows that there was no such custom, but that, at the earliest opportunity, the animal broke awray from restraint, and had traveled over seventy, miles from its place of confinement when it was captured, some two weeks after - wards. The necessary inference, from the history of its movements, is that there was decidedly no intention on its part of returning to its place of captivity, or of again submitting itself to the domination of the plaintiff.

But it is contended on the part of the plaintiff that there can be no return of such an animal to its natural liberty until it has either reached its native place or, at least, a place where the conditions of existence áre normal and suitable to its habits and physical requirements. In support of this claim evidence was given tending to show that sea lions of this character are not found on the Atlantic coast, but only on the Pacific, from the bay of San Francisco to St. Nicholas island, or from latitude 30° north to 36° north, and that, for some reasons not fully explained] the conditions along the Atlantic coast are not favorable to their existence here in a wild state.

However that may be, I do not think that the rule is subject to *i*any such sweeping qualification. The natural liberty to which the law refers means that which the animal formerly enjoyed, namely, to provide for itself, in the broadest sense in which the phrase may be used. In short, it may be said to have regained its natural liberty when, by its own volition, it has escaped from all artificial restraint and is free to follow the bent of its natural inclination. Such, it seems to us, was the case here.

It is also suggested by the counsel for the defendant that the animal had been abandoned by the plaintiff, as he made no effort to regain it after its loss, but immediately surrendered all hope of its recovery, and the case of Buster v. Newkirk, 20 Johns. 75, is referred to as, at least, illustrating the general principle on which he founds this claim. See, also, Story on Sales, § 211. It is,- however, unnecessary to pass upon this, in view of the conclusion to which we have come that the plaintiff had lost Ms right of property. *698in the sea lion by reason of the fact that it had regained its natural liberty without any intention of returning. The case was correctly decided by the trial justice, and the judgment must, therefore, be affirmed. •

Gildersleeve and Giegerich, JJ., concur.

Judgment affirmed, yith costs.