U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5072

Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Valley Authority

Evaluation of Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals at the 

Proposed Allen Combined-Cycle Combustion Turbine Plant, 

Shelby County, Tennessee

Evaluation of Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals 

at the Proposed Allen Combined-Cycle Combustion 

Turbine Plant, Shelby County, Tennessee

By Connor J. Haugh

Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Valley Authority

Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5072

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

SALLY JEWELL, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Suzette M. Kimball, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2016

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Suggested citation:

Haugh, C.J., 2016, Evaluation of effects of groundwater withdrawals at the proposed Allen combined-cycle 

combustion turbine plant, Shelby County, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations 

Report 2016–5072, 8 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165072.

ISSN 2328-0328 (online)
iii

Contents

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................1

Approach................................................................................................................................................2

Regional Model ..............................................................................................................................................3

Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals.........................................................................................................3

Model Limitations...........................................................................................................................................4

Summary..........................................................................................................................................................7

References......................................................................................................................................................7

Figures

1. Map showing location of the proposed Allen combined-cycle combustion 

turbine plant, Shelby County, Tennessee..................................................................................2

2. Map showing simulated potentiometric surface change in the Memphis aquifer 

at the end of the 30-year average withdrawal period at the proposed Allen 

combined-cycle combustion turbine plant, Shelby County, Tennessee..............................5

3. Map showing simulated potentiometric surface change in the Memphis aquifer 

at the end of the Tennessee Valley Authority withdrawal scenario at the proposed 

Allen combined-cycle combustion turbine plant, Shelby County, Tennessee ...................6

4. Graph showing periodic water levels in well Sh:J-140 from 1968 to 2015, Davis 

well field, Shelby County, Tennessee ........................................................................................7

Table

1. Generalized correlation chart of units of Tertiary age of the Claiborne and 

Wilcox Groups in West Tennessee and northern Mississippi ..............................................3
iv

Conversion Factors

U.S. customary units to International System of Units

Multiply By To obtain

Length

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

Area

acre 4,047 square meter (m2)

acre 0.004047 square kilometer (km2)

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) 

Flow rate

gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.06309 liter per second (L/s)

Datum

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).
Evaluation of Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals 

at the Proposed Allen Combined-Cycle Combustion 

Turbine Plant, Shelby County, Tennessee

By Connor J. Haugh

Abstract

The Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study 

groundwater-flow model was used to simulate the potential 

effects of future groundwater withdrawals at the proposed 

Allen combined-cycle combustion turbine plant in Shelby 

County, Tennessee. The scenario used in the simulation consisted of a 30-year average withdrawal period followed by a 

30-day maximum withdrawal period. Effects of withdrawals at 

the Allen plant site on the Mississippi embayment aquifer system were evaluated by comparing the difference in simulated 

water levels in the aquifers at the end of the 30-year average 

withdrawal period and at the end of the scenario to a base case 

without the Allen combined-cycle combustion turbine plant 

withdrawals. Simulated potentiometric surface declines in the 

Memphis aquifer at the Allen plant site were about 7 feet at 

the end of the 30-year average withdrawal period and 11 feet 

at the end of the scenario. The affected area of the Memphis 

aquifer at the Allen plant site as delineated by the 4-foot 

potentiometric surface-decline contour was 2,590 acres at the 

end of the 30-year average withdrawal period and 11,380 acres 

at the end of the scenario. Simulated declines in the underlying 

Fort Pillow aquifer and overlying shallow aquifer were both 

less than 1 foot at the end of the 30-year average withdrawal 

period and the end of the scenario.

Introduction

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) proposes to 

reduce sulfur dioxide emissions at its Allen Fossil Plant (ALF) 

in Shelby County, Tennessee, by retiring the coal units and 

constructing a natural gas power plant. The existing coal-fired 

units at the ALF provide real and reactive power for the Memphis, Tennessee, area. To continue to reliably serve the area, 

generation resources must be located at or near the ALF. The 

proposed plant will be a two-on-one natural gas plant that can 

run in either simple- or combined-cycle mode. The simplecycle mode uses very little water, whereas the combined-cycle 

mode is projected to use an annual average of 2,500 gallons 

per minute (gal/min) and a maximum of 5,000 gal/min from 

wells screened in the Memphis aquifer (table 1). 

In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the TVA, conducted an investigation to define the 

potential effects of groundwater withdrawals associated with 

the proposed Allen combined-cycle combustion turbine plant 

(hereafter referred to as the Allen plant site) on water levels in 

the Mississippi embayment aquifer system. Groundwater from 

the Memphis and Fort Pillow aquifers, which are in the Mississippi embayment aquifer system, is used to supply municipal and industrial water needs in West Tennessee (Parks and 

Carmichael, 1989, 1990). Self-supplied domestic groundwater 

withdrawals are usually from shallower zones including the 

alluvium or the fluvial deposits, which constitute the shallow 

aquifer at many locations. 

The Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study 

(MERAS) was completed as part of the USGS Groundwater 

Resources Program to assess groundwater availability 

within the Mississippi embayment. The primary tool used in 

the assessment of groundwater availability is the MERAS 

groundwater-flow model (Clark and Hart, 2009). In the 

study described in this report, the effects of groundwater 

withdrawals associated with operation of the proposed Allen 

plant site were estimated by using the MERAS groundwaterflow model.

Purpose and Scope

This report presents an analysis of the potential effects 

of groundwater withdrawals associated with operation of the 

proposed Allen combined-cycle combustion turbine plant in 

Shelby County, Tennessee (fig. 1). The effects of groundwater 

withdrawals at the Allen plant site, in conjunction with existing withdrawals, were analyzed using the MERAS groundwaterflow model (Clark and Hart, 2009). This analysis will help 

further the understanding and evaluation of the effects of 

increased water use on an important multistate aquifer. This 

report does not address the potential effects of water leakage 

from the shallow aquifer on groundwater quality in the 

Memphis aquifer.
2 Evaluation of Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals at the Proposed Allen Combined-Cycle Combustion Turbine Plant

Approach

The effects on water levels in the aquifer system from the 

Allen plant site withdrawals were evaluated by comparing the 

difference in simulated water levels in the aquifers at the end 

of the 30-year average withdrawal period and at the end of the 

scenario (30-year average plus 30-day maximum withdrawal, 

hereafter referred to as the TVA withdrawal scenario) to a base 

case with no withdrawals at the Allen plant site. The differences 

in water levels between the simulations with and without the 

Allen plant withdrawals were contoured to provide an overall 

measure of withdrawal effects. The areas encompassed by 

the –4-ft potentiometric surface change contour were used to 

compare the affected areas (Haugh, 2012). 

The Allen plant site (fig. 1) is simulated to have an annual 

average groundwater withdrawal of 2,500 gal/min and a 

30-day maximum groundwater withdrawal of 5,000 gal/min. 

The wells at the proposed site would pump water from the 

Memphis aquifer (table 1). The rate of groundwater withdrawal by the proposed Allen combined-cycle combustion 

plant was assumed to be constant at the annual average rate 

over the 30-year period. This same approach was used during 

an investigation by the USGS, in cooperation with the TVA, 

conducted during 2008–2009 to define the potential effects of 

ral16-7002_fig 01

40

40

240

240

55

55

Sh:J-140

ALLEN

SHEAHAN

McCORD

DAVIS

MORTON

LICHTERMAN

MALLORY

PALMER

Allen plant site

Wolf River

Loosahatchie River

Coldwater River

Mississippi River

Nonconnah Creek

SHELBY

DE SOTO

CRITTENDEN

TUNICA

LEE

ST FRANCIS

TATE

TATE

ARKANSAS

MISSISSIPPI

TENNESSEE

90°15'W 90°0'W 89°45'W

35°15'N

35°0'N

Sh:J-140

0 2.5 5 MILES

0 2.5 5 KILOMETERS EXPLANATION

Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division well field

Observation well and number

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 

variously dated, various scales

Figure 1. Location of the proposed Allen combined-cycle combustion turbine plant, Shelby 

County, Tennessee.
Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals 3

groundwater withdrawals associated with the operation of five 

proposed combined-cycle combustion turbine plants on the 

Mississippi embayment aquifer system in West Tennessee and 

northern Mississippi (Haugh, 2012). 

Regional Model

The MERAS model covers 97,000 square miles (mi2) 

and consists of 13 model layers with grid cells of 1 mi2 (Clark 

and Hart, 2009). The modeling code used for the MERAS 

model is MODFLOW-2005 (Harbaugh, 2005). Model layers 

correspond to aquifers and confining units from land surface 

down to the top of the Midway Group (table 1). In Shelby 

County, these include the following aquifers: the “shallow 

aquifer” (alluvium and fluvial deposits), the Memphis aquifer, 

and the Fort Pillow aquifer (table 1). In Shelby County, the 

Memphis aquifer is confined by the overlying Cook Mountain 

Formation. Recharge to the Memphis aquifer is primarily from 

the infiltration of rainfall in the outcrop area (east of Shelby 

County). The Memphis aquifer also receives some water as 

vertical leakage from the shallow aquifer where the confining 

unit is thin, sandy, or absent. The MERAS model simulations 

spanned more than 130 years from 1870 to 2007 and incorporated the most current water withdrawal data available (Clark 

and Hart, 2009). 

Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals

The differences in water levels between simulations with 

and without pumping at the Allen plant site were contoured 

to provide an overall measure of the effects of pumping at 

the Allen plant site. At the end of the 30-year average withdrawal period, the simulated potentiometric surface of the 

Memphis aquifer in the model cell containing the Allen plant 

site declined by about 7 feet (ft; fig. 2). Simulated declines 

in the underlying Fort Pillow aquifer and overlying alluvial 

aquifer did not exceed 1 ft. The area encompassed by the 

–4-ft potentiometric surface change contour at the end of the 

30-year average withdrawal period is 2,590 acres. At the end 

of the TVA withdrawal scenario (30-year average plus 30-day 

maximum withdrawal), the simulated potentiometric surfaces 

of the Memphis aquifer in the model cell containing the Allen 

Table 1. Generalized correlation chart of units of Tertiary age of the Claiborne and Wilcox Groups in West Tennessee and northern 

Mississippi.

[Fm, formation]

System Series Group West Tennessee Northern Mississippi Regional hydrogeologic unit

Quaternary Holocene and 

Pleistocene Alluvium Alluvium

Shallow aquifer

Quaternary Pleistocene Fluvial Deposits 

(terrace deposits)

Fluvial Deposits 

(terrace deposits)

Tertiary

Eocene

Claiborne

Cockfield Fm Cockfield Fm Upper Claiborne aquifer

Cook Mountain Fm Cook Mountain Fm Middle Claiborne confining unit

Memphis Sand

(Memphis aquifer)

Sparta Sand

(Sparta aquifer) Middle Claiborne aquifer

Zilpha Clay Lower Claiborne 

confining unit

Lower sands in the 

Claiborne Group Lower ClaiborneUpper Wilcox aquifer

Wilcox

Flour Island Fm Upper sands in the 

Wilcox Group

Paleocene

Fort Pillow Sand

(Fort Pillow aquifer) Middle Wilcox aquifer

Lower sands in the 

Wilcox Group Old Breastworks Fm Lower Wilcox aquifer

Midway Porters Creek Clay Porters Creek Clay Midway confining unit

Clayton Fm Clayton Fm

Modified from Hosman and Weiss, 1991.
4 Evaluation of Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals at the Proposed Allen Combined-Cycle Combustion Turbine Plant

plant site declined by 11 ft (fig. 3). Simulated declines in the 

underlying Fort Pillow aquifer and overlying shallow aquifer 

did not exceed 1 ft. The area encompassed by the –4-ft potentiometric surface change contour (affected area) at the end of 

the TVA withdrawal scenario is 11,380 acres.

The simulated potentiometric surface decline of about 

7 ft in response to the estimated average groundwater withdrawal at the Allen plant site can be compared to measured 

water levels from well Sh:J-140 (http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/

F7P55KJN, USGS station no. 350124090072200), an observation well completed in the Memphis aquifer and located 

in the Davis well field (about 3 miles [mi] to the southeast) 

(fig. 1). The Davis well field began withdrawals in August 

1971 with average withdrawals of about 8,300 gal/min from 

1972 through 2000 (Parks and others, 1995). In the early 

2000s, withdrawals at the Davis well field increased and averaged about 12,900 gal/min from 2006 through 2014. Periodic 

water-level measurements from well Sh:J-140 show an initial 

decline during 1971–72 of about 20 ft due to withdrawals at 

the Davis well field (fig. 4). Annual water-level variations in 

subsequent years (1973–2015) in well Sh:J-140 average about 

10 ft. Seasonal water-level fluctuations in the Memphis aquifer 

in the Davis well field area are related to variations in withdrawals at the well field or in the Memphis area (Parks and 

others, 1995). The simulated potentiometric surface declines 

at the Allen plant site of about 7 ft in response to average 

withdrawals at the Allen plant site would be less than the typical seasonal variations in water levels observed in observation 

well Sh:J-140 at the Davis well field.

The simulated potentiometric surface decline of 11 ft 

at the end of the TVA withdrawal scenario at the Allen plant 

site is notably less than the simulated declines (20 to 56 ft) 

in source aquifers from the five sites previously analyzed by 

Haugh (2012). The affected area at the Allen site (11,380 acres) is 

near the minimum area from the five sites previously analyzed 

where affected areas ranged from 11,362 to 535,143 acres 

(Haugh, 2012). Pumping rates at the Allen site were similar 

to those at the previously studied sites where four of the five 

sites had annual average water withdrawals of 2,460 gal/min 

and 30-day maximum water withdrawals of 3,473 gal/min. 

The magnitude of change at all the sites and the spatial extent 

of affected areas varied depending on the transmissivity and 

storativity of the aquifers, the amount of confinement from 

above and below, the withdrawal rates, and the effects of 

nearby boundary conditions (Haugh, 2012). At the Allen plant 

site, the simulated decline is smaller than the decline at any 

of the previously studied sites, most likely due to the greater 

thickness and transmissivity of the Memphis aquifer at the 

Allen plant site. 

The simulations show less than a 1-ft decline in the 

overlying shallow aquifer; however, the potential effect of the 

withdrawals on water levels in the shallow aquifer as well as 

the potential for water-quality changes due to the leakage of 

water from the shallow aquifer near the Allen plant site cannot 

be fully evaluated with the available data and the scope of the 

current investigation. Water-quality changes in the Memphis 

aquifer due to the leakage of water from the shallow aquifer 

have been noted in nearby Memphis Light, Gas and Water 

Division well fields at Davis (about 3 mi to the southeast) 

(Parks and others, 1995) and at Allen (about 6 mi to the west) 

(Parks, 1990). The simulated declines in the potentiometric 

surface of the Memphis aquifer as a result of simulated withdrawals at the Allen plant site were localized and similar in 

magnitude and extent to declines associated with other users 

over the simulation period. 

Model Limitations

Models are simplifications of natural systems. Factors 

that affect how well a model represents a given natural 

system include the model scale, the accuracy and availability 

of hydraulic property data, the accuracy of withdrawal, 

water-level, and streamflow data, and appropriately defined 

boundary conditions. The MERAS model, used for the analysis presented in this report, is consistent with the conceptual 

model and hydrologic data of the MERAS study area. The 

MERAS model uses a grid-cell size of 1 mi2, and a model will 

not provide accurate prediction on a scale smaller than the 

grid resolution. The hydraulic-conductivity zones used in the 

MERAS model represent large-scale variation in hydraulic 

properties; the actual spatial variations of hydraulic properties 

of the aquifer system occur on a much smaller scale and are 

poorly defined. Further discussion of the limitations of the 

MERAS model are reported by Clark and Hart (2009, p. 56).
Model Limitations 5

ral16-7002_fig 02

40

40

240

240

55

55

Sh:J-140

Wolf River

Loosahatchie River

Coldwater River

Mississippi River

Nonconnah Creek

SHELBY

DE SOTO

CRITTENDEN

TUNICA

LEE

ST FRANCIS

TATE

TATE

ARKANSAS

MISSISSIPPI

TENNESSEE

–2

–4

–6

–2

90°15'W 90°0'W 89°45'W

35°15'N

35°0'N

Sh:J-140

Allen plant site

0 2.5 5 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 2.5 5 KILOMETERS

Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division well field

Potentiometric surface change contour—Shows 

simulated change in potentiometric surface. 

Contour interval is 2 feet.

Observation well and number

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 

variously dated, various scales

ALLEN

SHEAHAN

McCORD

DAVIS

MORTON

LICHTERMAN

MALLORY

PALMER

Figure 2. Simulated potentiometric surface change in the Memphis aquifer at the end of the 30-year 

average withdrawal period at the proposed Allen combined-cycle combustion turbine plant, Shelby 

County, Tennessee.
6 Evaluation of Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals at the Proposed Allen Combined-Cycle Combustion Turbine Plant

ral16-7002_fig 03

40

40

240

240

55

55

Sh:J-140

Wolf River

Loosahatchie River

Coldwater River

Mississippi River

Nonconnah Creek

SHELBY

DE SOTO

CRITTENDEN

TUNICA

LEE

ST FRANCIS

TATE

TATE

ARKANSAS

MISSISSIPPI

TENNESSEE

–2

–4

–6–8

–2

90°15'W 90°0'W 89°45'W

35°15'N

35°0'N

Sh:J-140

Allen plant site

0 2.5 5 MILES

0 2.5 5 KILOMETERS EXPLANATION

Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division well field

Potentiometric surface change contour—Shows 

simulated change in potentiometric surface. 

Contour interval is 2 feet.

Observation well and number

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 

variously dated, various scales

ALLEN

SHEAHAN

McCORD

DAVIS

MORTON

LICHTERMAN

MALLORY

PALMER

Figure 3. Simulated potentiometric surface change in the Memphis aquifer at the end of 

the Tennessee Valley Authority withdrawal scenario at the proposed Allen combined-cycle 

combustion turbine plant, Shelby County, Tennessee.
References 7

ral16-7002_fig 04

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Water level, in feet below land surface

Year

Figure 4. Periodic water levels in well Sh:J-140 from 1968 to 2015, Davis well field, Shelby County, Tennessee.

Summary

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) proposes to 

reduce sulfur dioxide emissions at its Allen Fossil Plant (ALF) 

in Shelby County, Tennessee, by retiring the coal units and 

constructing a natural gas power plant. The proposed plant 

(the Allen combined-cycle combustion turbine plant, referred 

to as the Allen plant site) will be a two-on-one natural gas 

plant that can run in either simple- or combined-cycle mode. 

The combined-cycle mode is projected to use an annual average of 2,500 gallons per minute (gal/min) and a maximum of 

5,000 gal/min. Therefore, the effects of groundwater withdrawal at the proposed Allen plant site on the aquifers and on 

groundwater levels were evaluated.

Model results indicate potentiometric surface declines at 

the Allen plant site of about 7 feet (ft) at the end of a 30-year 

period of average groundwater withdrawal and 11 ft at the end 

of the TVA withdrawal scenario (30 years average withdrawal 

plus 30 days maximum withdrawal). The change at the Allen 

plant site is smaller than the declines at any of the five sites 

studied during 2008–2009, which ranged from 20 to 56 ft. The 

simulated decline of 7 ft in response to average groundwater 

withdrawal is also smaller than seasonal variations of about 

10 ft observed in Sh:J-140, an observation well completed in 

the Memphis aquifer at the Davis well field (about 3 miles 

to the southeast). Simulated declines in the potentiometric 

surface of the Memphis aquifer from simulated withdrawals 

at the Allen plant site were localized and similar in magnitude 

and extent to declines associated with other users of the 

Memphis aquifer.

The potential effect of the withdrawals at the Allen plant 

site on water levels in the shallow aquifer as well as the potential for water-quality changes due to the leakage of water from 

the shallow aquifer near the Allen plant site cannot be fully 

evaluated with the available data. Simulated declines in the 

overlying shallow aquifer at the Allen site were less than 1 ft; 

however, water-quality changes in the Memphis aquifer due to 

the leakage of water from the shallow aquifer have been noted 

in nearby Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division well fields 

at Davis and Allen.

References

Clark, B.R., and Hart, R.M., 2009, The Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study (MERAS): Documentation 

of a groundwater-flow model constructed to assess water 

availability in the Mississippi Embayment: U.S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5172, 61 p. 

[Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5172/.]

Fenneman, N.M., 1938, Physiography of eastern United 

States: New York and London, McGraw-Hill Book 

Company, 714 p.
8 Evaluation of Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals at the Proposed Allen Combined-Cycle Combustion Turbine Plant

Harbaugh, A.W., 2005, MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological 

Survey modular ground-water model—The ground-water 

flow process: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and 

Methods 6-A16 [variously paged].

Haugh, C.J., 2012, Effects of groundwater withdrawals associated with combined-cycle combustion turbine plants in west 

Tennessee and northern Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5072, 22 p. [Also 

available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5072/.]

Hosman, R.L., and Weiss, J.S., 1991, Geohydrologic units 

of the Mississippi embayment and Texas coastal uplands 

aquifer systems, south-central United States: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 1416-B, 19 p. [Also available at 

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1416B.]

Parks, W.S., 1990, Hydrogeology and preliminary assessment 

of the potential for contamination of the Memphis aquifer in 

the Memphis area, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey 

 Water-Resources Investigations Report 90–4092, 18 p. [Also 

available at https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri904092.]

 Parks, W.S., and Carmichael, J.K., 1989, Geology and 

ground-water resources of the Fort Pillow Sand in Western 

Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89–4120, 20 p. [Also available at http://

pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri89-4120/.]

Parks, W.S., and Carmichael, J.K., 1990, Geology and groundwater resources of the Memphis Sand in western Tennessee: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 88–4182, 30 p. [Also available at http://pubs.usgs.

gov/wri/wrir88-4182/.]

Parks, W.S., Mirecki, J.E., and Kingsbury, J.A., 1995, Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and source of ground water 

causing water-quality changes in the Davis well field at 

Memphis, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 94–4212, 59 p.
Publishing support provided by:

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For more information concerning this publication, contact:

 Chief, USGS Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science 

Center–Tennessee (LMGWSC)

 640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100

Nashville, TN 37211

 (615) 837-4700

Or visit the LMGWSC Web site at:

 http://tn.water.usgs.gov/
Haugh—Evaluation of Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals at the Proposed Allen Combined-Cycle Combustion Turbine Plant—Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5072

ISSN 2328-0328 (online)

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165072