Appendix 2A

RHODE ISLAND

DEPARTMENT OF

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

OFFICE OF AIR RESOURCES

2002 EMISSIONS INVENTORY

2/12/2008
2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction and Summary ................................................................................4

1.1 Scope ...............................................................................................................4

1.2 Purpose...........................................................................................................4

1.3 Responsible Agency.........................................................................................4

1.4 Data Format ....................................................................................................5

1.5 Stationary Point Source Inventory....................................................................5

1.6 Stationary Nonpoint Source Inventory.............................................................5

1.7 Mobile Source Inventory..................................................................................6

1.8 Summary of Emissions Data .............................................................................6

2.0 Stationary Point Sources......................................................................................9

2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................9

2.2 Compiling the point source list...........................................................................9

2.3 Emissions Estimation Procedures...................................................................15

2.3.1 Exclusion of nonreactive VOC from Emissions Totals...............................15

2.3.2 General Procedures ..................................................................................15

2.3.3 Documentation for Sources using Volatile Organic Liquids for Degreasing, 

Cold Cleaning, Miscellaneous Industrial Solvent Use and Surface Coating 

without Control Equipment .................................................................................15

2.3.4 Miscellaneous Surface Coating and Printing Sources with Control 

Equipment ..........................................................................................................16

2.3.5 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion..........................................................19

2.3.6 Gasoline Storage and Handling Facilities..................................................20

2.3.7 Boat Building ............................................................................................20

3.0 NONPOINT SOURCES.....................................................................................25

3.1 Emissions from Nonpoint Source Gasoline Distribution Losses.....................26

3.2 Aviation Gasoline ............................................................................................28

3.4 Solvent Utilization............................................................................................28

3.5 Commercial and Consumer Products..............................................................34

3.6 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt......................................................................35

3.7 Dry cleaning ....................................................................................................37

3.8 Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) and Composting .......................38

3.9 Small Stationary Source Combustion..............................................................40

3.10 Residential Wood Combustion ......................................................................43

3.11Commercial Cooking......................................................................................44

3.12 Agricultural Tilling..........................................................................................45

3.13 Paved and Unpaved Roads ..........................................................................46

3.14 Construction ..................................................................................................46

3.14.1 Non-residential Construction ...................................................................46

3.14.2 Residential Construction .........................................................................47

3.15 Fires/ Open Burning ......................................................................................47

3.15.1 Structural Fires........................................................................................47

3.15.2 Residential Open Burning........................................................................48

3.16 Nonpoint Ammonia Sources..........................................................................49

3.16.1 Agricultural Production ............................................................................49

3.16.2 Agricultural Fertilizer Application ............................................................50

3.16.3 Industrial Refrigeration ..........................................................................50

3.17 Biogenic Sources ..........................................................................................55

4.0 Mobile Sources...................................................................................................63
3

4.1 Non-Road Sources..........................................................................................63

4.2 Aicraft .............................................................................................................65

4.3 Commercial Vessels........................................................................................68

4.4 Locomotives ....................................................................................................69

4.5 On-road Mobile Sources .................................................................................71

5.0 QA/QC...............................................................................................................65

5.1 Purpose and Intention ....................................................................................65

5.2 Roles and Responsibilities .............................................................................65

5.3 Point Sources.................................................................................................66

5.4 Nonpoint Sources:..........................................................................................67

5.5 On-Road Mobile Sources ...............................................................................68

5.6 Non-Road Mobile Sources .............................................................................68

Attachment A: “Air Pollutant Emissions Inventories for Block Island State Airport, 

Newport State Airport, North Central State Airport, Quonset State Airport, TF Green 

State Airport, and Westerly State Airport”

Attachment B: On-road Mobile Source Files

Attachment C: Non-road Mobile Source Files
4

1.0 Introduction and Summary

This document presents the 2002 base year emission inventory for Rhode Island. 

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designated 2002 as 

the base year for State Implementation Plan (SIP) revisions developed to show 

attainment of the 8-hour ozone and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns 

(PM2.5) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The EPA has classified

Rhode Island as a moderate nonattainment area for the 8-hour ozone standard. 

Rhode Island is in attainment of the PM2.5 standard at this time but this document 

includes a PM2.5 inventory that has been developed for regional modeling purposes. 

Additionally, the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) requires states to 

prepare an inventory every three years for criteria pollutants. This document, along 

with electronic data submitted in June 2004, meet the criteria specified in the CERR. 

1.1 Scope

This inventory addresses emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and

oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which are ozone precursors, as well as sulfur dioxide 

(SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), PM2.5 (filterable and condensable

fractions) and particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM10) (filterable and 

condensable fractions). The inventory includes emissions from stationary point, 

stationary nonpoint, on-road mobile and non-road mobile sources and covers all 

areas of the State, since the entire State is considered a nonattainment area for 

ozone.

1.2 Purpose

The 2002 base year inventory will be used for the following purposes:

1. Rhode Island, a moderate nonattainment area for the 8-hour ozone standard,

must submit a SIP revision to the EPA in 2007 demonstrating that the State 

will be in attainment of the 8-hour ozone standard by 2010. The attainment 

SIP must include a reasonable further progress analysis (RFP) that shows 

that ozone precursor emissions in the State will be reduced by 15% between 

2002 and 2008. The inventory in this document will be the 2002 RFP 

inventory and will be the basis for projecting future year inventories for use in 

the RFP and in other parts of the attainment demonstration. 

2. Although Rhode Island is in attainment of the PM2.5 standard, this inventory,

along with inventories from neighboring states, will be used for regional 

modeling to evaluate the effectiveness of control strategies to address 

regional attainment of the PM2.5 standard as well as visibility degradation in 

Class 1 areas in the region.

1.3 Responsible Agency

The Office of Air Resources of the Rhode Island Department of Environmental 

Management (RI DEM) prepared the inventory. Other Rhode Island agencies

that contributed information necessary for calculating emissions include the

Division of Motor Vehicles of the Department of Administration and the 
5

Department of Transportation. EPA and the Mid Atlantic Regional Air 

Management Association, Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union 

(MARAMA/MANE-VU) have developed emission inventories for several nonpoint 

source categories which were used in this inventory as noted in the report.

1.4 Data Format

Both annual and typical summer weekday emissions for the 2002 base year are 

provided in this document. In addition, all base year emissions have been 

entered in the EPA’s National Emissions Inventory (NEI) database.

1.5 Stationary Point Source Inventory

Chapter 2 of this document presents the results of the stationary point source 

inventory. The point source inventory was prepared from the results of a mail 

survey of facilities in the State. The names and calculated emissions of all 

stationary commercial and industrial sources which emitted at least 10 tons of 

VOC, 25 tons of NOx, or 100 tons of CO in 2002 are listed in Chapter 2. In all, 

66 point sources were identified.

Chapter 2 includes sample calculations documenting the methodologies followed 

for the following types of sources:

§ Surface Coating Operations for sources with and without control 

equipment

§ Degreasing Operations

§ Fuel Combustion in boilers

§ Boat Building

1.6 Stationary Nonpoint Source Inventory

Chapter 3 of this document presents stationary nonpoint source emissions 

estimates for several source categories. The emissions estimates for some

of these source categories are taken from the EPA National Emissions 

Inventory (NEI) of nonpoint sources. For some source categories, Rhode 

Island used emission inventory estimates developed by MARAMA/ MANE-VU 

Chapter 3 outlines the methodologies and the sources used to calculate 

emissions from nonpoint sources. The following nonpoint source categories 

are included in this report:

· Gasoline Distribution

· Portable Fuel Containers

§ Architectural Coating

§ Automobile Refinishing

§ Industrial Adhesives

§ Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use

§ Surface Cleaning

§ Surface Coating

§ Graphic Arts

§ Process Solvents
6

§ Traffic Paint

§ Publicly Owned Treatment Works(POTWS)/Composting

§ Paved and Unpaved Roads

§ Residential/Nonresidential Construction

§ Fires

§ Residential Wood burning

§ Commercial Cooking

§ Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt

§ Small stationary source fossil fuel use

§ Agricultural production

§ Agricultural Tilling

§ Agricultural Fertilizer

§ Industrial Refrigeration

1.7 Mobile Source Inventory

Non-road mobile source emissions are presented in Chapter 4 of this document.

Emissions from non-road engines were calculated using the EPA Nonroad Emission 

model, core model version 2005a, February 2006 The recently revised non-road 

model predicts emissions generated from more than 80 basic and 260 specific types 

of equipment. Typically, equipment in this category includes recreational vehicles, 

logging equipment, tractors, construction equipment, residential/commercial lawn 

garden and water pleasure craft. The model does not predict emissions from 

commercial marine vessels, locomotives or aircraft. 

On-road mobile source emissions were calculated using EPA’s Mobile 6 model. 

Input data necessary to run the model were obtained from the Department of 

Transportation and the Division of Motor Vehicles of the Department of 

Administration.

1.8 Summary of Emissions Data

Annual emissions and emissions during a typical summer weekday were calculated 

for the ozone precursors, VOC and NOx. Annual emissions were calculated for CO, 

PM2.5, PM10 and NH3 as well as for the ozone precursors. Total 2002 emissions 

annual and typical summer weekday emissions for Rhode Island are as follows:

Total Emissions (tons) Pollutant Annual Summer Weekday

VOC 41,494 117

NOx 27,924 73

CO 269,981 N/a

PM2.5 3,863 N/a

PM10 8,480 N/a

NH3 1,698 N/a
7

The distribution of typical 2002 summer weekday emissions of VOC and NOx by 

source type is as follows:

Summer Weekday Emissions (tons/day)

Source Type VOC NOx

Stationary point sources 10.3 7.0

Stationary nonpoint sources 47.9 3.4

Non-road mobile sources 26.8 19.7

On-road mobile sources 32.3 42.4

Biogenic sources 124.2 0.68

The distribution of annual emissions by source type is shown in the following table:

Annual Emissions (tons/year) Source Type VOC CO NOx PM2.5 PM10 NH3

Stationary point sources 3,095 1,955 2,225 124 156 217

Stationary nonpoint sources 16,809 10,810 3,045 2,982 7,981 626

Non-road mobile sources 8,763 68,904 5,934 548 n/a 4

On-road mobile sources 12,827 188,312 16,720 209 343 851

Biogenic sources 18,120 1925.13 158.49 n/a n/a n/a
8

Annual NOx Emissions by Source Type

Stationary Point 2%

Stationary Nonpoint 4%

Non-road Mobile 6%

On-road Mobile 88%

Annual VOC Emissions by Source Type

Stationary Point 

8%

Stationary Nonpoint

36%

Non-road Mobile 

21%

On-road Mobile 

35%
9

2.0 Stationary Point Sources

2.1 Introduction

This section documents the development of the Rhode Island Nonattainment 

Area stationary point source list and characterizes the overall process used to 

obtain point source emission estimates by describing the data collection, 

verification and emission estimation techniques used. For the purposes of this 

emission inventory, point sources are defined as stationary commercial or 

industrial operations that emit 10 or more tons per year (tpy) of VOC, 25 or more 

tpy of NOx, 100 or more tpy of CO and/or 100 or more tpy of PM. The point 

source inventory consists of actual emissions for the base year 2002 for point 

sources in the five Rhode Island nonattainment counties.

RI DEM’s Office of Air Resources was the sole agency responsible for compiling 

the point source inventory. RI DEM was responsible for identifying point sources 

meeting the cutoff criteria, verifying and documenting the method used to 

calculate emissions from each source and summarizing and presenting its 

findings.

The remainder of this section details the point source data collection techniques,

explains emission estimation procedures and provides detailed tables of point 

source emissions estimates.

2.2 Compiling the point source list

This section describes methods used to develop the initial point source list from 

which point source emissions for the 2002 Rhode Island base year inventory 

were estimated. This section is included in order to demonstrate that the point 

source list is as complete as possible.

Point source data collection activities for the 2002 base year inventory began in 

January 2003. An existing point source emission inventory, compiled for the 

1990 base year and subsequently used to develop 1996 and 1999 projection 

inventories, formed the starting point for the point source list. The inventory list 

had been updated annually since its initial development. Manufacturing sources 

that emit criteria or hazardous air pollutants and sources known to be major fuel 

users are included in the inventory. 

The Rhode Island Directory of Manufacturers was used to search for any new or 

previously unidentified manufacturing sources in the State. Sources in 

manufacturing SIC codes that have more than 10 employees were added to the 

inventory form distribution list. Internet searches were used to obtain lists of boat 

builders in Rhode Island and all boat builders identified were added to the list. In 

addition, the Office of Air Resources’ list of permitted air pollution sources was 

reviewed and all new sources from that list were added. Potential point sources 

identified by staff engineers were also added. In total 600 sources were 

inventoried for the 2002 base year inventory.
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Rhode Island’s 2002 Point Source Inventory mailing was first sent out in 

February 2003. Forms were due April 15, 2003, and those sources that had not 

returned their forms by that date were sent a second set of forms with a Letter of 

Noncompliance. Approximately 85 forms were not returned. Based on the type 

of industry and the number of employees at these sources, it was determined 

that the sources that did not return the forms would not have met the thresholds 

to be considered point sources. Emissions from these sources are accounted for 

in the nonpoint source portion of the inventory.

Emissions were calculated as described in section 2.3 below. Sources with 

emissions at or above the thresholds in section 2.1 were included in the final 

comprehensive point source list. The following table shows that list, including 

includes the name, location and annual emissions in tpy by pollutant for each 

identified point source.
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Annual Emissions from Point Sources (tpy)

FACILITY NAME VOC NOx CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5 NH3

BRISTOL COUNTY

ALBIN MARINE 11.61 3.23 0.22 6.84 0.10 0.07 0.03

DISPLAY WORLD 18.93 0.30 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00

QUARTER MOON 11.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

SAINT GOBAIN PERFORMANCE PLASTICS 12.82 1.45 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

TPI INC. (WARREN) 31.99 0.72 0.14 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00

TOTAL TONS BRISTOL COUNTY 86.47 5.70 0.42 6.86 0.14 0.11 0.03

KENT COUNTY

ARKWRIGHT* 91.58 9.76 2.41 0.06 0.88 0.48 0.05

CLARIANT CORPORATION 22.27 15.21 19.85 4.40 2.09 1.23 0.44

LEVITON 25.65 13.81 2.02 26.28 1.77 1.50 0.17

MERIDIAN PRINTING, INC. 18.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00

ORIGINAL BRADFORD SOAP WORKS* 55.62 11.34 1.17 22.92 1.80 1.26 1.78

SOLUOL CHEMICAL CO., INC. 35.48 0.42 0.35 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00

STANLEY-BOSTITCH, INC. (EG)* 21.64 15.85 2.05 25.63 2.08 1.43 0.90

UNITED PRINTING 11.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

TOTAL TONS KENT COUNTY 281.37 66.41 27.85 79.29 8.65 5.95 3.34

NEWPORT COUNTY

NAVAL STATION NEWPORT,CODE N8N 6.30 41.90 23.50 19.60 4.20 4.20 0.48

TIVERTON POWER 0.00 35.77 15.08 3.54 6.50 6.50 3.69

TOTAL TONS NEWPORT COUNTY 6.30 77.67 38.58 23.14 10.70 10.70 4.17

PROVIDENCE COUNTY

ALGONQUIN GAS TRANSMISSION CO. (B) 10.33 11.00 15.88 0.52 0.01 0.01

B & D PLASTICS, INC. 34.88 0.09 0.02 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00

BLACKSTONE VALLEY PRESTAIN 29.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

BRANCH RIVER FOAM PLASTICS 23.14 0.15 0.13 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00
12

FACILITY NAME VOC NOx CO SO2 PM10-PRI PM2.5-PRI NH3

BROWN UNIVERSITY 4.10 77.25 9.97 211.14 11.95 5.67 1.24

CCL CUSTOM MFG 107.34 8.14 0.91 5.72 0.80 0.63 2.75

CENTRAL LANDFILL 160.45 38.42 192.97 8.57 0.25 0.25 0.00

COOLEY, INC.* 88.49 2.53 1.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

CRANSTON WCF 42.78 29.60 135.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

EASTERN BUTCHER BLOCK CORP. 12.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

FIBER MARK 59.79 2.47 1.06 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00

GENERAL CABLE INDUSTRIES, LLC 17.15 8.15 2.69 11.16 1.06 0.80 0.14

HERRICK & WHITE LTD. 11.06 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

HOMESTEAD BAKING CO. 12.12 1.38 0.35 4.96 0.16 0.11 0.03

HONEYWELL SENSING & CONTROL 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

JB PRATA 35.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

METAL RECYCLING CO, INC. 1.18 84.94 13.99 1.22 1.62 1.56 0.61

MOBIL* 635.00 12.31 30.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

MONARCH INDUSTRIES 22.00 0.50 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

MOTIVA ENTERPRISES LLC.* 453.00 0.13 0.02 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00

NARRAGANSETT BAY COMMISSION FIELDS POINT 12.92 36.15 127.57 2.34 0.00 0.00 0.00

NEW ENGLAND CONTAINER* 121.00 3.02 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NEW ENGLAND PRINTED TAPE COMPANY* 30.91 1.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

OCEAN STATE POWER 19.98 314.31 236.64 2.53 7.55 7.31 112.89

OSRAM SYLVANIA PRODUCTS INC. 16.29 251.94 16.75 123.88 0.00 0.00 28.61

PACKAGING GRAPHICS 15.42 0.32 0.08 1.14 0.00 0.00 20.00

PORTOLA TECH INTERNATIONAL 42.38 1.90 0.29 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.00

PROVIDENCE METALLIZING CO., INC.* 22.21 10.63 0.87 22.00 1.50 1.04 0.11

R.I. CENTRAL POWER PLANT/CONTIGUOUS PROP 7.08 167.92 105.77 105.04 14.49 13.26 2.14

RI STATE ENERGY CENTER 3.87 17.09 53.78 0.91 13.57 13.57 10.26

R.I. TEXTILE CO. 14.86 0.66 0.16 4.74 0.08 0.05 0.03

RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL 15.66 256.26 25.54 520.15 30.90 15.00 2.77

RIDGEWOOD PROVIDENCE POWER PARTNERS 10.79 59.05 307.85 0.00 0.00 8.41 0.00
13

FACILITY NAME VOC NOx CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5 NH3

SLATER DYE CUMBERLAND 50.34 5.13 0.74 4.57 0.34 0.24 0.2

SLATER DYE WORKS & SLATER SCREEN PRINT 46.47 22.05 2.95 31.79 2.50 1.80 0.75

SMITHFIELD PEAT CO. INC. 2.44 33.96 25.95 0.77 0.50 0.50 0.21

TEKNOR APEX 35.49 21.24 1.69 44.24 3.39 2.35 0.23

USGEN NEW ENGLAND INC 11.96 287.60 115.74 5.60 7.36 7.36 2.04

WOONSOCKET WWTF 3.92 54.34 372.99 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00

UNION INDUSTRIES* 40.45 1.86 0.25 1.99 0.15 0.11 0.00

TOTAL TONS PROVIDENCE COUNTY 2305.63 1823.57 1802.24 1136.67 98.06 79.93 185.01

WASHINGTON COUNTY

ASHAWAY LINE AND TWINE 15.33 0.76 0.37 2.36 0.18 0.12 0.02

BLOCK ISLAND POWER CO. 2.46 44.28 23.72 3.19 3.40 3.20 10.84

BRADFORD DYEING ASSOCIATION INC. 36.82 92.82 9.61 284.15 21.60 15.00 12.94

BROOKWOOD LAMINATING, INC.* 59.75 0.80 0.16 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

CHARBERT INC. DIV. OF NFA 13.11 6.95 1.74 24.96 0.80 0.54 0.28

DARLINGTON FABRICS CORP. (CANAL ST.) 0.21 30.72 3.00 67.66 4.47 3.10 0.29

DEWAL* 10.79 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

ELECTRIC BOAT CORPORATION 10.91 1.73 0.38 2.33 0.15 0.10 0.00

KENYON INDUSTRIES, INC.* 222.50 51.34 4.34 94.80 7.30 5.00 0.00

SENESCO 17.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

TORAY PLASTICS AMERICA* 25.52 22.69 42.67 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00

TOTAL TONS WASHINGTON COUNTY 415.20 252.08 85.99 479.70 37.90 27.06 24.37

STATEWIDE TONS PER YEAR 3,094.97 2,225.42 1,955.09 1,725.66 155.59 123.75 216.94

*VOC EMISSIONS WITH RULE EFFECTIVENESS
14

Stationary Point Source Annual VOC and NOx

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Bristol Kent Newport Providence Washington

tons/

year VOC

NOX
15

2.3 Emissions Estimation Procedures

2.3.1 Exclusion of nonreactive VOC from Emissions Totals.

Only reactive VOCs, as defined by the EPA, are reported in this inventory. Both 

reactive and nonreactive VOCs were reported to RI DEM on the emissions inventory 

forms. All emissions were speciated and entered into the RI DEM database by CAS 

number. To determine which facilities should be considered point sources for the 

base year inventory, VOC emissions were summed, excluding those compounds 

which are designated by EPA as nonreactive.

For some source categories, emission factors for total VOC from the EPA AP-42 

document were used when speciated emissions factors were not available. Many of 

the sources in those categories do not emit nonreactive VOC. When emission 

factors for methane and non-methane VOC were both given in AP-42, the emission 

factor for non-methane VOC was used in calculations.

2.3.2 General Procedures

In the majority of cases, emission estimates for point sources were calculated using

material balance methods. For other sources, emission factors from AP-42 and 

source test data were used. Emissions estimates were adjusted to reflect rule

effectiveness considerations and seasonality where applicable. The following 

equation was used to account for rule effectiveness and seasonal adjustments:

Es = EA*Ts [1- Ce (RE)]

D*Ws

Es = Seasonally adjusted (summer weekday) emissions (lb/day)

Ea = Annual emissions of VOC, NOx, CO or PM (lb/year)

Ts = Throughput during the ozone season, as a fraction of annual throughput

D = Days in operation per week (days/week)

Ws = Weeks of ozone season (weeks/year)

Ce = Control efficiency

RE = Rule effectiveness

In the following sections, examples are provided to show how emissions estimates 

were calculated for the point sources.

2.3.3 Emissions Calculations for Sources using Volatile Organic Liquids for 

Degreasing, Cold Cleaning, Miscellaneous Industrial Solvent Use and Surface 

Coating without Control Equipment

For point source degreasing, cold cleaning, surface coating and/or other 

miscellaneous operations without control equipment, VOC emissions were 
16

calculated by material balance. Credit was given for solvent which was manifested 

off-site. In cases in which the percentage of a chemical in hazardous waste was

unknown, a default value of 80% was used. This figure was based on information 

from the State’s main recycler of solvents.

Ozone season activity levels were based on summer production levels reported by 

each company. Typical summer day emissions were calculated with the formula in 

section 2.3.2 using the seasonal activity and operating schedule information 

reported by the company. Emissions were speciated and non-reactive solvents 

were not included when determining whether a source met the 10 tpy threshold. 

Example summary information and calculations for a degreaser follow.

Sample Mass Balance Calculation

Degreaser 

Year beginning inventory 700 pounds trichloroethylene

Trichloroethylene purchased 2002 10,000 pounds

Year ending inventory 200 pounds

Amount waste solvent reported 

manifested as hazardous waste 3,000 pounds

Percent of manifested waste that is this 

chemical Unknown - 80% default assumed

Production and operating information 24% of annual production in June-August

Operating hours: 8hrs/day, 5 days/wk

50-wks/yr (2 wk shutdown July)

Emission Type Calculation

Annual Emissions

(700+10,000) - (200 + (3,000*.80)) 

= 8,100 pounds per year

Typical Ozone day

(8,100 lbs * 0.24) / (5days/wk *10 wks/ozone 

season) 

= 39 lbs/day

2.3.4 Miscellaneous Surface Coating and Printing Sources with Control 

Equipment

For surface coating or printing operations, the surveys asked for information 

about the coating and ink formulations used at the facility, including the gallons of 

coating used, the density of the coating, the percent total VOC in the coating and 

the percent of listed chemicals in the coating. Spreadsheets were developed for 

each of the companies. In most cases, shipments of waste coating sent off- site 

as manifested wastes were assumed to have the same solvent profile as the 

coating used at the facility. If the company provided results of testing of waste 

for components, those data were used. If the company had control equipment,

the capture and destruction efficiency of the control equipment was obtained 

from either stack test data or permit conditions. Seasonal production and 
17

operation data provided on inventory forms were used to determine daily 

emissions. 

Rule effectiveness adjustments were applied to VOC emissions directed to air 

pollution control equipment as required by EPA. In most cases, RI DEM used 

the EPA default adjustment of 80%, which was multiplied by the efficiency of the 

control equipment and increased the estimated amount of VOC released from 

the facility. The rule effectiveness adjustment is intended to account for the 

control equipment not having been operated at all times that it was supposed to 

have operated and for its efficiency not being optimal at all times. For five

facilities with control equipment, the Office calculated facility-specific rule 

effectiveness adjustment factors using the questionnaire in the November 1992 

EPA document entitled Guidelines for Estimation and Applying Rule 

Effectiveness for Ozone/CO State Implementation Plan Base Year Inventories. 

Rule effectiveness adjustment factors calculated for those facilities are as 

follows:

Company Adjustment Factor

Arkwright 90

NEPTCO 89

Providence Metallizing 86

Stanley Bostitch 89

Union Industries 91
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Sample of Surface Coating Calculation

Gallons of Coating used in 2002 2,000 gal

Percent VOC in coating by weight 80%

Density of the coating 7.36 lbs/gal

Amount manifested 55 gallons

Percent of manifested waste that 

contains VOC (default is 80%)

80%

Calculation of amount of waste that is 

VOC.

Gallons of waste * average density * 

percent waste that is VOC = pounds of 

VOC manifested

55 gal * 7.36 lb/gal * 80% = 324 lb

Calculation of uncontrolled pounds of 

solvent emitted.

Gallons of coating used * % VOC in

coating * density of coating – pounds 

VOC manifested = pounds emitted 

uncontrolled

2,000 gal * 66% VOC * 7.36 lbs/gal – 324 

lbs = 9,391 lb VOC 

Calculation of controlled emissions 

assuming an overall control efficiency of 

97%. 

Uncontrolled emissions * ( 1- overall 

efficiency)= emissions without rule 

effectiveness

9,391 lbs * (1 - 0.97) = 282 lbs of VOC 

without RE

Calculation of VOC emissions with rule 

effectiveness (RE) using a default RE 

factor of 80% and assuming overall 

control efficiency is 97%.

Uncontrolled emissions (1 - overall 

efficiency * RE factor)= emissions with 

rule effectiveness

9,391 lbs * (1- 0.97 * 0.8) = 2,104 lbs of 

VOC with RE

Calculation of typical summer weekday

emissions assuming 25% of the surface 

coating took place in June - August and 

the facility operated 65 days.

Annual emissions * seasonal percentage /

# of days operated June-August

(With RE)

2,104 lbs * 0.25 / 65 days = 8.09 lb/day
19

2.3.5 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion

All sources which burn fuel for electric generation, building heat or for processes

were required to submit data on the amount and type of fuel burned by each type of 

equipment. AP-42 contains emission factors based on the type of source - utility, 

industrial or commercial/institutional, the fuel type, and the size of the fuel burning 

equipment. AP-42 also contains emission factors for emergency generators, 

engines and turbines. Appropriate AP-42 emissions factors were used to calculate 

emissions for all listed point sources except for sources that provided data from 

continuous emission monitors or results from stack testing.

Sample Boiler Calculation

Boiler size 75 mmbtu/hr industrial boiler

Type of fuel burned No. 6 fuel oil

Amount of fuel burned 2002 50,000 gallons

Percent Sulfur in fuel 1%

Percent of fuel burned June-August 10%

Number of days operated June-August 30

Emission factors from AP-42

NOx = 75 lbs/103gal

SO2 = 159 * (% Sulfur) lbs/103gal

CO = 5 lbs/103gal

PM10 =((7.17*(1.12* (% Sulfur) 

+.37)+1.5) lbs/103gal

VOC = 0.28 lb/103gal

Amount of fuel burned * emission factor 

= pounds emitted

NOx

50x103gallons * 75 lb/103 gal = 3,750 lbs 

emitted

SO2

50x103gallons * 159(1) lb/103 gal = 7,950 

lbs emitted

CO

50x103gallons * 5 lb/103 gal = 250 lbs 

emitted

PM10

(50x103gallons*

((7.17*(1.12(1)+.37))+1.5) lb /103 gal) = 

609 lbs emitted

VOC

50x103gallons * 0.28 lb/103 gal = 14 lbs 

emitted

Typical summer weekday emissions 

(VOC and NOx only)

Annual emissions * seasonal % /

number of days operated June-August

NOx

3,750 lb * 10% / 30 days = 12.5 lb/day

VOC

14 lb* 10% / 30 days = 0.05 lb/day
20

2.3.6 Gasoline Storage and Handling Facilities

Point source emissions from stationary source gasoline distribution operations 

include emissions from all activities attributable to bulk gasoline terminals. These 

include emissions from gasoline loading, storage tanks, and leaks from valves, 

flanges and pumps There are currently two bulk gasoline terminals operating in 

Rhode Island, Mobil and Motiva. Both of these sources provided the Office with 

emission statements that detailed all emission points at the facility. The emissions 

statements were reviewed and found to be accurate. Both terminals ran the TANKS 

3 program to estimate their emissions from the storage tanks. The terminals also 

supplied data on the amount of fuel throughput while the vapor recovery unit was 

both operating and not operating. Loading losses were estimated using an 

emissions rate determined by stack testing done at the facilities. Neither facility 

reported loading fuel on to barges. Ballasting of barges is not typically done 

dockside so no barge ballasting emissions were assumed.

2.3.7 Boat Building

Emissions from boat building operations were calculated using the EPA 

recommended method. Section 4.4 of AP-42, “Polyester Resin Plastics Fabrication” 

has been removed and now references emission factors developed by the American 

Composites Manufacturers Association (ACMA). Those emissions factors are 

based on type of application method used, - hand lay up, spray lay up or gelcoat 

spraying- and the percent styrene in the resin. Boat manufacturers were required to 

submit data on the amount of resin used, the percent styrene in the resin and the 

type of application used to apply each resin. A spreadsheet was developed for 

each boat builder. 

The ACMA emissions factors were not used for TPI in Warren. TPI uses a 

specialized vacuum bagging system for resin application. The company has

determined emissions factors for this process through emissions testing. These 

factors were used for TPI.

Sample Boat Builders Calculation

Amount of Resin A used 4,000 pounds

% styrene in resin 35%

Application Method used Hand lay up

Emission factor from ACMA table 95 lbs styrene emitted/ton of resin 

processed

Emissions from resin A Tons resin used * emission factor = lbs 

styrene emitted

(4,000 lb/2,000 lb/ton) * 95 lbs styrene /

ton resin = 190 lbs styrene emitted
21

The following table lists the annual and ozone season emissions for VOC point 

sources included in the 2002 Rhode Island Inventory: 

FACILITY NAME

2002 VOC

(tons/year)

2002 Summer 

Weekday VOC 

emissions

(lbs/day)

BRISTOL COUNTY

ALBIN MARINE 11.61 92

DISPLAY WORLD 18.93 147

QUARTER MOON 11.12 88

SAINT GOBAIN PERFORMANCE PLASTICS 12.82 99

TPI INC. (WARREN) 31.99 222

TOTAL TONS BRISTOL COUNTY 86.47 648

KENT COUNTY

ARKWRIGHT* 91.58 1855

CLARIANT CORPORATION 22.27 70

LEVITON 25.65 139

MERIDIAN PRINTING, INC. 18.01 122

ORIGINAL BRADFORD SOAP WORKS* 55.62 361

SOLUOL CHEMICAL CO., INC. 35.48 287

STANLEY-BOSTITCH, INC. (EG)* 21.64 175

UNITED PRINTING 11.13 87

TOTAL TONS KENT COUNTY 281.37 3096

NEWPORT COUNTY

TOTAL TONS NEWPORT COUNTY 0.00 0

PROVIDENCE COUNTY

ALGONQUIN GAS TRANSMISSION CO. (B) 10.33 39

B & D PLASTICS, INC. 34.88 277

BLACKSTONE VALLEY PRESTAIN 29.88 233

BRANCH RIVER FOAM PLASTICS 23.14 180

CCL CUSTOM MFG 107.34 794

CENTRAL LANDFILL 160.45 238

COOLEY, INC.* 88.49 545

CRANSTON WCF 42.78 302

EASTERN BUTCHER BLOCK CORP. 12.46 95

FIBER MARK 59.79 403

GENERAL CABLE INDUSTRIES, LLC 17.15 128

HERRICK & WHITE LTD. 11.06 88

HOMESTEAD BAKING CO. 12.12 96

HONEYWELL SENSING & CONTROL 20.33 169

JB PRATA 35.71 379

MOBIL* 635.00 3480

MONARCH INDUSTRIES 22.00 170
22

FACILITY NAME

2002 VOC

(tons/year)

2002 Summer 

Weekday VOC 

emissions

(lbs/day)

Providence County (continued)

NEW ENGLAND CONTAINER* 121.00 981

NEW ENGLAND PRINTED TAPE COMPANY* 30.91 258

OCEAN STATE POWER 19.98 105

OSRAM SYLVANIA PRODUCTS INC. 16.29 85

PACKAGING GRAPHICS 15.42 100

PORTOLA TECH INTERNATIONAL 42.38 325

PROVIDENCE METALLIZING CO., INC.* 22.21 205

R.I. TEXTILE CO. 14.86 123

RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL 15.66 86

RIDGEWOOD PROVIDENCE POWER PARTNERS 10.79 56

SLATER DYE WORKS CUMBERLAND 50.34 404

SLATER DYE WORKS & SLATER SCREEN PRINT 46.47 387

TEKNOR APEX 35.49 291

USGEN NEW ENGLAND INC 11.96 75

UNION INDUSTRIES* 40.45 298

TOTAL TONS PROVIDENCE COUNTY 2283.04 13919

WASHINGTON COUNTY

ASHAWAY LINE AND TWINE 15.33 118

BRADFORD DYEING ASSOCIATION INC. 36.82 347

BROOKWOOD LAMINATING, INC.* 59.75 460

CHARBERT INC. DIV. OF NFA 13.11 109

DEWAL* 10.79 83

ELECTRIC BOAT CORPORATION 10.91 87

KENYON INDUSTRIES, INC.* 222.50 1218

SENESCO 17.80 148

TORAY PLASTICS AMERICA* 25.52 132

TOTAL TONS WASHINGTON COUNTY 412.53 2702

STATEWIDE 3063.41 20365

*VOC EMISSIONS WITH RULE EFFECTIVENESS
23

The following table shows estimated VOC emissions with and without rule 

effectiveness considerations for Rhode Island VOC point sources that used air 

pollution control equipment in 2002:

Facility Type of Control 

Equipment

Estimated VOC 

Emissions Before 

Rule Effectiveness

(tons/year)

Estimated VOC 

Emissions After

Rule Effectiveness

(tons/year)

Arkwright Incinerator 28.1 91.58

Brookwood 

Laminating

incinerator 35.67 59.75

Cooley Incinerator 45.37 88.49

Dewal Industries Incinerator 1.7 10.79

Kenyon Industries Incinerator, 

condenser

130.2 222.5

Motiva Vapor recovery 

unit

75.6 453

Mobil Vapor recovery 

unit

73.64 635

NEPTCO Incinerator 7.63 30.91

New England 

Container

Incinerator 40.3 121

Original Bradford 

Soap

Condenser 6.6 55.62

Providence 

Metallizing

Incinerator 14.9 22.2

Stanley Bostitch Incinerator 19.86 21.64

Toray Plastics Control device 18.2 25.52

Union Industries Incinerator 1.9 40.45
24

The following table summarizes the 2002 point source emissions of NOx and CO in 

Rhode Island:

FACILITY NAME

2002 NOx

(tons/year)

2002 

Summer 

Weekday

NOx 

Emissions 

(lb/day)

2002 CO

(tons/year)

BRISTOL COUNTY

TOTAL TONS BRISTOL COUNTY 0.00 0

KENT COUNTY

TOTAL TONS KENT COUNTY 0.00 0

NEWPORT COUNTY

NAVAL STATION NEWPORT,CODE N8N 41.90 142 23.5

TIVERTON POWER 35.77 8 15.08

TOTAL TONS NEWPORT COUNTY 77.67 150 38.58

PROVIDENCE COUNTY

CENTRAL LANDFILL 38.42 142 192.97

CRANSTON WCF 29.60 240 135

NARRAGANSETT BAY COMMISSION FIELDS POINT 36.15 220 127.57

OCEAN STATE POWER 314.31 1642 236.64

OSRAM SYLVANIA PRODUCTS INC. 251.94 1402 16.75

R.I. CENTRAL POWER PLANT/CONTIGUOUS PROP 167.92 1796 105.77

RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL 256.26 2169 25.54

RIDGEWOOD PROVIDENCE POWER PARTNERS L.P. 59.05 302 307.85

SMITHFIELD PEAT CO. INC. 33.96 270 25.95

USGEN NEW ENGLAND INC 287.60 1755 115.74

WOONSOCKET WWTF 54.34 330 372.99

TOTAL TONS PROVIDENCE COUNTY 1529.54 10268 1662.77

WASHINGTON COUNTY

BLOCK ISLAND POWER CO. 44.28 325 23.72

BRADFORD DYEING ASSOCIATION INC. 92.82 1127 9.61

DARLINGTON FABRICS CORP. (CANAL ST.) 30.72 147 3

KENYON INDUSTRIES, INC.* 51.34 281 4.34

TOTAL TONS WASHINGTON COUNTY 219.16 1880 40.68

STATEWIDE TONS PER YEAR 1826.36 12298 1742.03

*Sources which meet NOx or CO threshold criteria only
25

3.0 NONPOINT SOURCES

EPA has prepared a nonpoint inventory for several source categories. Emissions 

methodologies used in that inventory are outlined in a report prepared for the EPA 

by EH Pechan and Associates entitled “Documentation for the Draft 2002 Nonpoint 

Source National Emission Inventory for Criteria and Hazardous Air Pollutants“

(March 2005 version) hereinafter referred to as the Documentation. Emissions 

estimates in the EPA inventory were accepted by Rhode Island and used for this 

nonpoint source inventory for the following source categories:

Aviation Gasoline Distribution

Commercial Cooking

Nonpoint Source Fuel Combustion

Construction (residential, non-residential and road)

Gasoline Distribution

Open Burning – Structural Fires

Solvent Utilization

Publicly Owned Treatment Plants (POTWs) (VOC only)

Paved/Unpaved Roads

Pesticide Application

Portable Fuel Containers

Agricultural Production

EH Pechan and Associates, under contract with MARAMA/MANE-VU, developed 

emissions inventory estimates for residential wood combustion, open burning

(residential waste), industrial refrigeration, POTWs (NH3 only) and composting 

activities. These reports can be found online at the following web address:

http://www.marama.org/visibility/. The Pechan estimates for those categories were 

used for the Rhode Island inventory.

EPA has also published a series of guidance documents as part of its Emission 

Inventory Improvement Project (EIIP) which contain methodologies for calculating 

emissions from several source categories. These methodologies were used to 

calculate emissions for cutback and emulsified asphalt application operations and for 

determining seasonal activity factors for nonpoint source categories.

For source categories for which emissions were calculated on a per capita basis, the

following 2002 population data, from the US Bureau of Census, were used:

County Population

BRISTOL 51,287

KENT 170,499

NEWPORT 85,986

PROVIDENCE 634,827

WASHINGTON 127,126

TOTAL 1,069,725
26

3.1 Emissions from Nonpoint Source Gasoline Distribution Losses

Annual emissions estimates for nonpoint source gasoline distribution were obtained 

from the EPA gasoline distribution inventory that was developed for the final 2002 

National Emissions Inventory. EPA was required to develop that national inventory 

to provide a consistent data set for evaluating the impacts of potential regulatory 

alternatives to support the Mobile Source Air Toxics Rule. Since that inventory used 

updated emission estimation methods, it was used in this inventory for nonpoint 

sources. The methodology is outlined in the Documentation.

Annual emissions were calculated for gasoline pipelines, bulk storage terminals, 

gasoline tank trucks in transit, gasoline Stage I systems at service stations, gasoline 

Stage II systems at service stations and gasoline underground storage tank 

breathing and emptying losses. Emissions from bulk gasoline terminals and plants 

included in the EPA report were not included in this section of the inventory since the 

terminals in Rhode Island were included in the point source inventory. The data for 

gasoline pipelines was also excluded since no major pipelines exist in Rhode Island.

To estimate pounds emitted per summer week day (ppsd), monthly data on gasoline 

sales were obtained from the Division of Taxation. From those data it was 

determined that 27% of the gasoline was distributed during the months of June, July 

and August. 

Gasoline distribution emissions by county for Rhode Island are as follows:

Gasoline Stage I Service Stations Splash Filling (SCC 2501060052)

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 5.60 32.86

Kent 30.31 177.91

Newport 11.52 67.62

Providence 98.02 575.33

Washington 24.81 145.62

Statewide Total 170.26 999.34

Gasoline Stage I Service Stations Balanced Filling (SCC 2501060053)

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 4.05 23.77

Kent 21.94 128.78

Newport 8.34 48.95

Providence 70.94 416.39

Washington 17.96 105.41

Statewide Total 123.23 723.31
27

Gasoline Stage II Service Stations (SCC 2501060100)

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 8.13 47.72

Kent 44.77 262.77

Newport 17.70 103.89

Providence 147.83 867.70

Washington 35.38 207.64

Statewide Total 253.80 1,489.72

Gasoline Tank Trucks in Transit (SCC 2505000000)

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 0.41 2.40

Kent 2.21 12.98

Newport 0.93 5.48

Providence 7.22 42.40

Washington 1.81 10.61

Statewide Total 12.58 73.86

Gasoline UST Breathing and Emptying (SCC 2501060201)

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 6.24 36.63

Kent 33.81 198.45

Newport 14.28 83.83

Providence 110.45 648.31

Washington 27.63 162.16

Statewide Total 192.41 1,129.38

Annual Statewide Emissions from all gasoline distribution 

Process VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Gasoline Stage I Service Stations (Splash Filling) 170.26 999.34

Gasoline Stage 1 Service Stations Balance Filling 123.23 723.31

Gasoline Stage II Service Stations 253.80 1489.72

Gasoline Tank Trucks in Transit 12.58 73.86

Gasoline UST Breathing and Emptying 192.41 1129.38

Total All Gasoline Distribution 752.28 4415.59
28

3.2 Aviation Gasoline

Rhode Island used the emissions estimates developed by the EPA for emissions 

from aviation gasoline distribution for this emissions inventory. The methodologies 

used to calculate emissions for this category are contained in the Documentation. 

No emissions are listed for Bristol County since there are no airports in that country.

The activity data used to calculate emissions for this category, the amount of 

aviation gasoline distributed, was obtained by the EPA from the “Petroleum Supply 

Annual for designated Petroleum Administration Districts.” This amount was then 

allocated to the counties based on the landing and takeoff data for general aviation 

flights in each county. 2002 emissions from aviation gasoline distribution operations 

are as follows:

Emissions from Stage 1 Aircraft Refueling (SCC 2501080050)

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Kent 34.97 191.60

Newport 2.09 11.45

Providence 3.36 18.41

Washington 7.18 39.34

Statewide Total 47.60 260.80

3.3 Portable Fuel Containers

Rhode Island accepted the emissions estimates for portable fuel containers that 

were prepared by EPA and the MARAMA/MANE-VU contractor MACTEC. 

Emissions estimates were calculated by applying an emissions factor to the number 

of residential housing units in each county. An assumption was made that 46% of 

the households had gas cans. 2002 emissions from portable fuel containers are as 

follows:

Portable Fuel Containers (SCC 2501060300)

County VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 53.34 300

Kent 173.95 960

Newport 87.64 480

Providence 648.72 3,560

Washington 127.71 720

Statewide Total 1091.36 6,020

3.4 Solvent Utilization

EPA developed emission estimates for eleven nonpoint source categories: 

architectural surface coating, automobile refinishing, commercial and consumer 

products, dry cleaning, graphic arts, industrial adhesives and sealants, industrial 

surface coating, pesticide application, process solvents, solvent cleaning, and traffic 

paints. The methodology used to estimate emissions for these categories is 

contained in the EPA report entitled “Solvent Mass Balance Approach for Estimating

VOC Emissions from Eleven Point Source Categories,” which can be found online at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html . 
29

Rhode Island used the EPA emissions estimates for all of these sources categories 

except commercial and consumer products and dry cleaning in the 2002 inventory. 

All drycleaners in the State were sent emission inventory forms, which were returned 

to the Office with actual solvent usage. These data are more accurate than the data 

contained in the EPA report and were therefore used for calculating emissions from 

drycleaners. Emission factors contained in the Documentation were used to 

calculate emissions from commercial and consumer products, to be consistent with 

other states in the region.

Pounds of emissions per summer weekday for nonpoint sources were calculated 

using the default seasonal allocation contained in Volume 3, Chapter 4 of the EIIP. 

For all categories except for architectural coating, the seasonal adjustment factor

was assumed to be 0.25 and the number of days of activity 5 days per week. For 

architectural coating, the seasonal activity factor is 0.33 and the number of activity 

days is 7.

2002 VOC emissions from industrial process chemical manufacturing, architectural 

coating, traffic marking, industrial adhesive and non-point surface coating operations 

are summarized in the following tables: 

Process Solvents (SCC 2430000000, 2440000000, 2440000165, 2440000235, 

2440000250, 2440000260, 2440000275, 2440000285, 2440000350, 2440000370, 

2440000999)

County VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 28.52 219.36

Kent 710.62 5466.29

Newport 5.40 41.50

Providence 1564.59 12035.32

Washington 95.57 735.16

Statewide Total 2404.69 18497.63

Architectural Coatings (SCC2401001000)

County VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 69.32 497.30

Kent 253.85 1,821.10

Newport 141.34 1,013.96

Providence 794.25 5,697.88

Washington 156.14 1,120.13

Statewide Total 1,414.89 10,150.37

Auto Refinishing (SCC 2401005000)

County VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 3.26 25.08

Kent 32.54 250.31

Newport 7.75 59.62

Providence 62.68 482.15

Washington 9.54 73.38

Statewide Total 115.78 890.54
30

Traffic Markings (SCC 2401008000)

County VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Kent 34.19 263

Newport 1.11 8.53

Providence 23.50 180.77

Washington 0.81 6.15

Statewide Total 59.60 458.45

Industrial Adhesives (SCC 2440020000)

County VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 23.90 183.85

Kent 58.29 448.38

Newport 10.64 81.85

Providence 454.95 3,499.62

Washington 75.33 579.46

Statewide Total 623.10 4,793.11

Graphic Arts (SCC 2425000000)

County VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 43.83 337.13

Kent 175.04 1346.43

Newport 93.72 720.89

Providence 908.55 6988.83

Washington 0.00 0.00

Statewide Total 1221.13 9393.28

Solvent cleaning (SCC 2415100000, 2415100385, 2415300000, 2415300370, 

2415300385, 2420020370)

County VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 21.91 168.56

Kent 102.48 788.28

Newport 37.06 285.06

Providence 289.24 2224.91

Washington 50.16 385.81

Statewide Total 500.84 3852.62
31

Nonpoint source surface coating 

VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Factory Finished Wood: SIC 2426 thru 242Total: All Solvent Types (SCC 

2401015000)

Bristol 0.10 0.74

Kent 0.90 6.92

Newport 0.48 3.69

Providence 7.60 58.48

Washington 19.46 149.70

Total 28.54 219.52

Wood Furniture: SIC 25Total: All Solvent Types (SCC 240102000)

Bristol 0.00 0.00

Kent 0.00 0.00

Newport 1.11 8.51

Providence 0.00 0.00

Washington 0.32 2.47

Total 1.43 10.98

Metal Furniture: SIC 25Total: All Solvent Types (SCC 2401025000)

Bristol 0.04 0.34

Kent 13.02 100.18

Newport 2.11 16.21

Providence 21.61 166.20

Washington 7.80 59.98

Total 44.58 342.91
32

Paper: SIC 26Total: All Solvent Types (SCC 2401030000)

Bristol 0.73 5.61

Kent 19.21 147.77

Newport 0.09 0.70

Providence 115.60 889.27

Washington 1.47 11.27

Total 137.10 1054.63

Miscellaneous Finished Metals: SIC 34 - (341 + 3498)Total: All Solvent 

Types ( SCC 2401050000)

Bristol 0.56 4.30

Kent 0.00 0.00

Newport 0.00 0.00

Providence 98.06 754.31

Washington 0.74 5.66

Total 99.36 764.27

Machinery and Equipment: SIC 35Total: All Solvent Types (SCC 

2401055000)

Bristol 0.00 0.00

Newport 0.00 0.00

Kent 1.56 12.00

Providence 18.90 145.40

Washington 3.05 23.45

Total 23.51 180.84

Electronic and Other Electrical: SIC 36 - 363Total: All Solvent Types (SCC 

2401065000)

Bristol 0.01 0.07

Kent 3.11 23.92

Newport 0.63 4.86

Providence 29.93 230.24

Washington 2.80 21.52

Total 36.48 280.60
33

Motor Vehicles: SIC 371Total: All Solvent Types (SCC 2401070000)

Bristol 0.03 0.20

Kent 0.05 0.38

Newport 0.03 0.25

Providence 12.57 96.71

Washington 0.01 0.05

Total 12.69 97.59

Marine: SIC 373Total: All Solvent Types (SCC 2401080000)

Bristol 146.06 1123.54

Kent 0.84 6.45

Newport 85.50 657.68

Providence 15.72 120.90

Washington 2.72 20.96

Total 250.84 1,929.53

Miscellaneous Manufacturing Total: All Solvent Types (SCC 2401090000)

Bristol 1.42 10.91

Kent 11.70 89.99

Newport 0.60 4.58

Providence 95.66 735.87

Washington 20.02 153.97

Total 129.39 995.32

Industrial Maintenance Coatings Total: All Solvent Types (SCC 2401100000)

Bristol 0.29 2.26

Kent 30.37 233.61

Newport 0.09 0.69

Providence 47.62 366.32

Washington 2.87 22.06

Total 81.24 624.94

Other Special Purpose Coatings Total: All Solvent Types (SCC2401200000)

Bristol 0.00 0.00

Kent 10.29 79.14

Newport 4.92 37.82

Providence 38.65 297.30

Washington 6.91 53.19

Total 60.77 467.45
34

3.5 Commercial and Consumer Products

Emissions from commercial and consumer products were calculated using the per

capita emission factors contained in the Documentation. The following factors were 

used.

Emission factor (lb/person)

Adhesive and sealant products 0.52

Automotive Aftermarket 1.24

Coatings and Related products 0.95

FIFRA Regulated Products 1.69

Household Products 0.70

Miscellaneous 0.07

Personal Care Products 2.04

Seasonal activity was assumed to be uniform and the activity days were 7 days per 

week. VOC emissions from commercial and consumer products are summarized in 

the following table:

VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Adhesive and sealant products (SCC 24600600000)

Bristol 13.40 73.45

Kent 44.56 244.16

Newport 22.47 123.14

Providence 165.91 909.11

Washington 33.22 182.05

Total 279.57 1,531.91

Automotive Aftermarket (SCC 2460400000)

Bristol 31.75 173.95

Kent 105.54 578.29

Newport 53.23 291.65

Providence 392.96 2,153.19

Washington 78.69 431.18

Total 662.16 3,628.27

Coatings and Related products (SCC 2460500000)

Bristol 24.36 133.49

Kent 80.99 443.76

Newport 40.84 223.80

Providence 301.54 1,652.29

Washington 60.38 330.88

Total 508.12 2,784.22
35

FIFRA Regulated Products (SCC 2460800000)

Bristol 43.33 237.41

Kent 144.04 789.25

Newport 72.64 398.03

Providence 536.30 2,938.64

Washington 107.40 588.47

Total 903.70 4,951.80

Household Products (SCC 2460200000)

Bristol 18.04 98.86

Kent 59.98 328.67

Newport 30.25 165.75

Providence 223.33 1,223.74

Washington 44.72 245.06

Total 376.33 2,062.08

Miscellaneous (SCC2460900000)

Bristol 1.80 9.84

Kent 5.97 32.70

Newport 3.01 16.49

Providence 22.22 121.75

Washington 4.45 24.38

Total 37.44 205.15

Personal Care Products (SCC2460100000)

Bristol 52.31 286.65

Kent 173.91 952.93

Newport 87.71 480.58

Providence 647.52 3,548.07

Washington 129.67 710.51

Total 1091.12 5,978.74

Total all commercial/consumer products 3858.45 21,142.17

3.6 Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt

Emissions from cutback and emulsified asphalt were calculated following the 

methodology outlined in Chapter 17 of the EIIP document. Information on the 

amount of cutback and emulsified asphalt applied in the State was obtained from 

Hudson Asphalt. Hudson is the only supplier of these products in Rhode Island. 

They supplied the following information:

Cutback Asphalt

Total Gallons used 2002 629,556

Gallons used for patch (June-Aug) 6,060

Gallons MC3000 (June-Aug) 706

Gallons MC3000SP (June-August) 41,592

Gallons MC800SP (June-August) 1,372
36

Emulsified Asphalt

Total Gallons used 2002 194,712

Gallons June –August 89,518

All cutback asphalt used is medium cure with a density of 7.82 lbs/gallon and a 

diluents concentration of 35%. The density of emulsified asphalt is 8.3 lbs/gallon. 

From EPA guidance documents it was determined that 70% of the diluents would 

evaporate. 

Total emissions from cutback asphalt:

Gallons used * density * percent diluent * % evaporation

629,556 gallons *7.82 lb/gal * 35% diluent * 70% evaporation/ 2,000 lb/ton = 603 

tons per year

For emulsified asphalt the emission factor is 9.2 lbs/barrel (weight per barrel 350 lb).

Total emissions from emulsified asphalt

194,712 gallons*8.3 lb/gallon * 9.2lbVOC/350 lb asphalt/ 2000 lb/ton = 21.24 tons 

per year

Summer weekday emissions were determined by assuming that cutback and 

emulsified are applied 5 days per week based on information obtained from Hudson 

Asphalt. Asphalt use was apportioned to the counties according to population. 

2002 VOC emissions for cutback and emulsified asphalt are as follows:

Cutback Asphalt (SCC 2461021000)

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 30.15 73.29

Kent 96.49 234.53

Newport 48.25 117.26

Providence 355.82 864.83

Washington 72.37 175.90

Statewide Total 603.08 1465.81

Emulsified Asphalt (SCC 2461022000)

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 1.06 15.02

Kent 3.40 48.07

Newport 1.70 24.04

Providence 12.53 177.27

Washington 2.55 36.06

Statewide Total 21.24 300.47
37

Total All Asphalt

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 31.21 88.31

Kent 99.89 282.60

Newport 49.95 141.30

Providence 368.35 1042.10

Washington 74.92 211.96

Statewide Total 624.32 1766.28

3.7 Dry cleaning

Dry cleaning sources in the State use either perchloroethylene or Stoddard solvent 

as a cleaning solution. Dry cleaning sources are inventoried annually for solvent 

use. The majority of the drycleaners use perchloroethylene, which is a hazardous 

air pollutant but is not considered a VOC because of its low photochemical reactivity. 

Therefore, only the emissions of Stoddard solvent are included in the VOC

calculation for this source category. Only three facilities in the State used Stoddard 

solvent in 2002. It was assumed that all Stoddard solvent purchased was emitted. 

To derive typical summer weekday emissions, data supplied by the facility on 

seasonal throughput and number of days operated during June- August 2002 were

used. The annual data were multiplied by the seasonal throughput and divided by 

the number of days operated during the months of June through August to calculate 

average pounds per summer weekday. 2002 VOC emissions from dry cleaning 

operations are as follows:

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Kent 8.10 58.90

Washington 3.50 25.47

Providence 0.08 0.55

Statewide Total 11.68 84.92
38

3.8 Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) and Composting

The MARAMA/MANE-VU contractor EH Pechan developed an ammonia emissions

inventory for POTWs and an ammonia and VOC inventory for composting

operations. These emissions estimates were accepted by Rhode Island for the 2002 

inventory. VOC emissions were calculated using an emission factor contained in the 

Documentation.

Pechan obtained information on wastewater flow and biosolids generation from 

EPA’s Office of Wastewater Management, Envirofacts, and the New England 

Biosolids and Residuals Association. The emissions were allocated to the counties 

based on the location of the POTWs. The wastewater flow rates by county are:

County Flow rate (106gal)

Bristol 1,644.74

Kent 3,314.78

Newport 3,232.79

Providence 37,913.99

Washington 2,531.76

The ammonia emissions factor for POTWs was obtained from the EH Pechan and 

Associates report entitled “Estimating Ammonia Emissions from Anthropogenic

Sources, Draft Final Report (April 2003).” The VOC emission factor was obtained 

from the Documentation.

The following emission factors were used:

Process NH3 (lb/106gal) VOC (lb/106gal)

POTW Wastewater Treatment 

(SCC 2630020010)

0.027 9.9

POTW Biosolids Process 

(SCC 2630020020)

0.146 n/a

2002 POTW emissions are summarized in the following tables:

POTW Wastewater Treatment (SCC 2630020010)

County NH3 (tpy) VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 0.02 8.14 44.61

Kent 0.04 16.41 89.91

Newport 0.04 16.00 87.68

Providence 0.51 187.67 1,028.35

Washington 0.03 12.53 68.67

Statewide Total 0.66 240.76 1,319.22
39

POTW Biosolids Process (SCC 2630020020)

County NH3 (tpy)

Bristol 0.12

Kent 0.24

Newport 0.23

Providence 2.69

Washington 0.18

StatewideTotal 3.45

For composting facilities, Pechan obtained data from a document entitled “2000 

Biocycle National Survey – Solid Waste Composting Trends in the US” on the 

number of tons composted. Pechan derived emissions factors for mixed waste 

using South Coast Air Quality Management District test data. The composting 

biosolid emission factor used is from the 2003 EH Pechan and Associates report 

entitled “Estimating Emissions from Anthropogenic Sources –Draft Report”. The 

following data were used for Rhode Island:

Tons of Composting Waste

County Biosolid (tons) Mixed waste (tons)

Bristol 3,093.67 4,658.41

Kent 10,284.62 15,486.46

Newport 5,186.74 7,810.13

Providence 38,293.21 57,661.45

Washington 7,668.33 11,546.88

Composting Emissions Factors

Process NH3 (lb/ton) VOC (lb/ton)

Biosolids Composting 

(SCC 2680001000)

3.28 1.70

2002 emissions calculated for composting of biosolids and mixed waste in Rhode 

Island are summarized in the following tables:

Biosolids Composting (SCC 2680001000)

County NH3 (tpy) VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 5.07 2.63 14.24

Kent 16.87 8.74 47.35

Newport 8.51 4.41 23.88

Providence 62.80 32.55 176.31

Washington 12.58 6.52 35.31

StatewideTotal 105.82 54.85 297.09
40

Mixed Waste Composting (SCC 2680002000)

County

NH3

(tpy)

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

Bristol 6.55 7.27 39.36

Kent 21.76 24.16 130.86

Newport 10.97 12.18 66.00

Providence 81.01 89.95 487.24

Washington 16.22 18.01 97.57

Total 136.51 151.57 821.03

3.9 Small Stationary Source Combustion

EPA has developed an emissions inventory for residential, commercial/ institutional, 

and industrial combustion. To avoid double counting of emissions from industrial 

and commercial/institutional sources, the emissions from fuel combustion reported in 

the point source section were subtracted from the EPA calculated emissions.

The methodology used to calculate emissions is contained in the Documentation. 

The activity data were obtained from the Department of Energy, Energy Information 

Administration 2001 “State Energy Data Report”. For the nonresidential sector, fuel 

consumption was allocated to the counties based on County Business Patterns 

employment data in NAICS codes 31-33. For residential consumption, fuel was 

allocated to the counties based on population distribution. Pounds per summer day 

were determined using the seasonal activity factors in the EIIP. For residential 

combustion, the activity factor is 0.08 with activity 7 days per week. For 

commercial/institutional combustion the factor is 0.15 with activity 6 days per week.

Calculated 2002 emissions from small stationary source combustion sources, by fuel 

and source type, are displayed in the following tables:

Non-point Commercial/ Institutional Coal Combustion (SCC2103001000)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx 

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 0.01 0.04 0.27 1.04 0.02 1.05 0.447 0.197 0.001

Kent 0.05 0.19 1.35 5.19 0.090 5.22 2.227 0.978 0.005

Newport 0.02 0.08 0.63 2.42 0.042 2.42 1.030 0.453 0.002

Providence 0.17 0.65 4.96 19.08 0.33 19.13 8.154 3.583 0.017

Washington 0.03 0.12 0.79 3.04 0.05 3.06 1.304 0.573 0.003

Statewide Total 0.27 1.04 8.01 30.81 0.53 30.87 13.162 5.784 0.0028

Non-point Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil Combustion (SCC 

2103004000)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx 

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 0.11 0.42 6.31 24.27 1.58 13.97 0.75 0.67 0.25

Kent 0.55 2.12 31.44 120.92 7.86 69.50 3.74 3.35 1.26

Newport 0.26 1.00 14.55 55.96 3.65 32.16 1.73 1.55 0.58

Providence 2.03 7.81 115.15 442.88 28.79 254.54 13.70 12.27 4.61

Washington 0.32 1.23 18.41 70.81 4.60 40.70 2.19 1.96 0.74

Statewide Total 3.28 12.62 185.86 714.85 46.48 410.87 22.11 19.80 7.44
41

Non-point Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil Combustion (SCC 103005000)

No emissions for commercial/institutional residual oil combustion were reported in 

the EPA Documentation for nonpoint sources as all sources in this category were 

accounted for in the point source inventory.

Non-point Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas Combustion (SCC 

2103006000)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx 

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 0.83 3.19 15.06 57.92 12.65 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.07

Kent 4.12 15.85 74.96 288.31 62.97 0.45 0.39 0.32 0.37

Newport 1.91 7.35 34.68 133.38 29.13 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.17

Providence 15.10 58.08 274.53 1055.88 230.60 1.65 1.43 1.18 1.35

Washington 2.41 9.27 43.90 168.85 36.88 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.22

Statewide Total 24.37 93.73 443.14 1704.38 372.24 2.66 2.30 1.91 2.18

Non-point Commercial/Institutional Kerosene Combustion (SCC 2103011000)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx 

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 0.23 0.88 1.35 5.19 0.34 2.87 0.16 0.14 0.05

Kent 0.11 0.42 6.72 25.85 1.68 14.30 0.80 0.72 0.27

Newport 0.05 0.20 3.11 11.96 0.78 6.62 0.37 0.33 0.12

Providence 0.42 1.62 24.59 94.58 6.15 52.38 2.93 2.62 0.98

Washington 0.07 0.27 3.93 15.12 0.98 8.38 0.47 0.42 0.16

Statewide Total 0.67 2.58 39.70 152.69 9.92 84.56 4.72 4.23 1.58

Non-point Commercial/Institutional LPG Combustion (SCC 2103007000)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx 

(tpy)

NOx 

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 0.01 0.04 0.27 1.04 0.22 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.001

Kent 0.07 0.27 1.32 5.08 1.11 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.007

Newport 0.03 0.12 0.61 2.35 0.51 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.003

Providence 0.27 1.04 4.85 18.65 4.06 0.03 0.37 0.37 0.024

Washington 0.04 0.15 0.78 3.00 0.65 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.004

Statewide Total 0.43 1.65 7.83 30.12 6.58 0.05 0.60 0.60 0.039

Non-point Residential Distillate Oil Combustion (SCC 2104004000)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx 

(tpy)

NOx 

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 2.37 4.12 61.05 106.17 16.96 144.49 8.07 7.23

Kent 7.92 13.77 203.65 354.17 56.57 481.98 26.93 24.10

Newport 5.72 9.95 147.17 255.95 40.88 348.30 19.46 17.42

Providence 22.80 39.65 586.28 1019.62 162.85 1387.50 77.52 69.38

Washington 6.87 11.95 176.67 307.25 49.08 418.12 23.36 20.91

Statewide Total 45.69 79.46 1174.82 2043.17 326.34 2780.39 155.34 139.02
42

Residential LPG Combustion (SCC 2104007000)

County VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx 

(tpy)

NOx 

(ppsd)

CO 

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 0.07 0.12 1.23 2.14 0.52 0.01 0.10 0.10

Kent 0.31 0.54 5.23 9.10 2.23 0.03 0.42 0.42

Newport 0.26 0.45 4.45 7.74 1.90 0.03 0.36 0.36

Providence 1.55 2.70 26.53 46.14 11.29 0.17 2.15 2.15

Washington 0.60 1.04 10.21 17.76 4.35 0.07 0.83 0.83

Statewide Total 2.79 4.85 47.66 82.89 20.28 0.30 3.85 3.85

Residential Kerosene Combustion (SCC 2104011000)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx 

(tpy)

NOx 

(ppsd)

CO 

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 0.05 0.09 1.22 2.12 0.34 2.90 0.16 0.15

Kent 0.16 0.28 4.08 7.10 1.13 9.66 0.54 0.48

Newport 0.12 0.21 2.95 5.13 0.82 6.98 0.39 0.35

Providence 0.46 0.80 11.75 20.43 3.26 27.80 1.55 1.39

Washington 0.14 0.24 3.54 6.16 0.98 8.38 0.47 0.42

Statewide Total 0.92 1.60 23.54 40.94 6.54 55.70 3.11 2.79

Residential Natural Gas Combustion (SCC 2104006000)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx 

(tpy)

NOx 

(ppsd)

CO 

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 2.25 3.91 38.39 66.77 16.34 0.25 3.10 3.10

Kent 8.40 14.61 143.61 249.76 61.11 0.92 11.61 11.61

Newport 2.28 3.97 39.04 67.90 16.61 0.25 3.16 3.16

Providence 35.23 61.27 602.17 1047.25 256.24 3.84 48.69 48.69

Washington 3.13 5.44 53.55 93.13 22.79 0.34 4.33 4.33

Statewide Total 51.30 89.22 876.77 1524.82 373.09 5.60 70.89 70.89

Total all Non-point Stationary Source Combustion

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 5.93 12.82 125.15 266.66 48.97 165.63 12.89 11.67 0.35

Kent 21.69 48.05 472.36 1065.47 194.75 582.07 46.76 42.08 1.78

Newport 10.65 23.32 247.19 542.79 94.32 396.97 26.73 23.82 0.82

Providence 78.03 173.61 1650.81 3764.52 703.57 1747.04 156.49 141.63 6.52

Washington 13.61 29.72 311.78 685.1 120.36 479.32 33.24 29.69 1.05

Statewide Total 129.72 286.75 2807.33 6324.65 1162 3371 276.08 248.87 10.52
43

3.10 Residential Wood Combustion

Rhode Island accepted emissions estimates for this category that were prepared by 

MARARAMA/MANE-VU contractors EH Pechan and OMNI Environmental Services.

Emissions were calculated based on a survey done by Pechan. The inventory 

includes emissions from both indoor and outdoor residential wood burning

equipment. Rhode Island’s emissions from these sources are presented in the 

following tables:

Outdoor wood burning equipment (SCC2104008070)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 36.97 156.29 0.42 1.77 40.78 0.06 5.59 5.59 0.29

Kent 140.17 593.50 1.59 6.74 154.61 0.24 21.18 21.18 1.10

Newport 84.64 356.09 0.96 4.04 93.36 0.15 12.79 12.79 0.67

Providence 487.98 1,953.64 5.54 22.18 538.27 0.85 73.73 73.73 3.84

Washington 135.22 585.48 1.54 6.65 149.15 0.24 20.43 20.43 1.06

Statewide Total 884.98 3645.00 10.05 41.38 976.17 1.54 133.72 133.72 6.96

Indoor Wood Burning Equipment (SCC 2104008000)

County VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 93.10 26.31 7.76 2.19 452.63 0.96 89.70 89.70 4.64

Kent 310.23 87.67 26.49 7.49 1,527.93 3.47 301.96 301.96 15.69

Newport 156.42 44.21 12.99 3.67 756.74 1.64 148.92 148.92 7.72

Providence 699.64 197.72 59.38 16.78 3,435.15 7.65 679.49 679.49 35.26

Washington 295.60 83.54 27.39 7.74 1,522.55 4.28 297.93 297.93 15.69

Statewide 

Total

1554.99 439.45 134.01 37.87 7695.00 18.00 1518.00 1518.00 79.00

Total All Wood Burning

County VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 130.07 182.60 8.18 3.96 493.41 1.02 95.29 95.29 4.93

Kent 450.40 681.17 28.08 14.23 1,682.54 3.71 323.14 323.14 16.79

Newport 241.06 400.29 13.95 7.71 850.10 1.79 161.71 161.71 8.39

Providence 1,187.62 2,151.36 64.92 38.96 3,973.42 8.50 753.22 753.22 39.10

Washington 430.82 669.02 28.93 14.39 1,671.70 4.52 318.36 318.36 16.75

Statewide total 2,440 4,084 144 79 8,671 20 1,652 1,652 86
44

3.11 Commercial Cooking

Rhode Island accepted the emissions inventory EPA developed for commercial 

cooking. The methodology used is contained in the Documentation.

Commercial cooking emissions were estimated for five source categories; chain 

driven char broilers, under- fired char broilers, flat griddles, clamshell griddles and 

deep fat fryers. Activity data used for all but deep fat frying of French fries was 

obtained from survey data contained in a Public Research Institute report on 

charbroil activity in the State of California. For deep fat frying of French fries the 

activity data, mass of frozen potatoes sold, was obtained from the US Department of 

Agriculture. The emissions factors used were obtained from the EPA report entitled 

“Methods for Developing a National Inventory for Commercial Cooking Processes: 

Technical Memorandum.” Emissions were allocated to the counties using the 

number of restaurants in Dun and Bradstreet industry classifications that use 

commercial cooking equipment.

Emissions estimates for criteria pollutants from commercial cooking operations are 

summarized below.

Emissions from chain-driven char broilers (SCC 2302002100)

County CO(tpy) PM10 (tpy) PM2.5 (tpy) VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 1.27 1.52 1.47 0.38 2.08

Kent 4.66 5.58 5.41 1.40 7.67

Newport 3.17 3.79 3.67 0.95 5.21

Providence 15.18 18.16 17.61 4.54 24.88

Washington 4.07 4.87 4.72 1.22 6.68

Statewide Total 28.34 33.92 32.88 8.49 46.52

Emissions from under- fired char broilers (SCC 2302002200)

County CO(tpy) PM10 (tpy) PM2.5 (tpy) VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 4.06 10.35 10.00 1.24 6.79

Kent 15.37 39.18 37.88 4.70 25.75

Newport 11.03 28.12 27.18 3.37 18.47

Providence 48.74 124.22 120.08 14.90 81.64

Washington 13.17 33.57 32.45 4.03 22.08

Statewide Total 92.38 235.43 227.59 28.24 154.74

Emissions from flat griddles (SCC 2302003000)

County VOC (tpy) VOC (ppsd)

Bristol 0.20 1.10

Kent 0.74 4.05

Newport 0.56 3.07

Providence 2.35 12.88

Washington 0.65 3.56

Statewide Total 4.49 24.60
45

Emissions from clamshell griddles (SCC 2302003100)

County CO(tpy) PM10 (tpy) PM2.5 (tpy) VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 0.34 2.73 2.07 0.16 0.88

Kent 1.28 10.33 7.85 0.62 3.40

Newport 0.87 7.02 5.33 0.42 2.30

Providence 4.06 32.83 24.95 1.97 10.79

Washington 1.09 8.84 6.72 0.53 2.90

Statewide Total 7.64 61.75 46.93 3.70 20.27

Emissions from deep fat fryers (SCC 2302003200)

County PM10 (tpy) PM2.5 (tpy) VOC (tpy) VOC(ppsd)

Bristol 0.18 0.15 0.01 0.05

Kent 0.64 0.55 0.02 0.11

Newport 0.48 0.41 0.02 0.11

Providence 2.13 1.80 0.08 0.44

Washington 0.56 0.47 0.02 0.11

Statewide Total 4..00 3.38 0.14 0.77

Total Emissions from All Commercial Cooking

County

CO

( tpy) PM10 (tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

Bristol 5.67 14.75 13.55 1.99 10.91

Kent 21.31 55.64 51.16 7.48 40.95

Newport 15.07 39.34 36.2 5.32 29.13

Providence 67.98 177.01 162.72 23.84 130.61

Washington 18.33 47.75 43.91 6.45 35.31

Statewide Total 128.36 334.48 307.54 45.06 246.91

3.12 Agricultural Tilling

Rhode Island accepted the inventory that EPA developed for agricultural tilling. The 

methodology used is contained in the Documentation.

2002 PM10 and PM2.5 emissions were grown from 1998 emissions. The 1998 

emissions were calculated using a database purchased by EPA from the 

Conservation Technology Information Center at Purdue University which contained 

county level data on the number of acres planted by type of tilling and crop type. 

Data were grown to 2002 using national level data on the number of acres tilled by 

tilling type. 2002 emissions from agricultural tilling calculated for Rhode Island are 

as follows:
46

Agricultural Tilling SCC 2801000003

County PM10 (tpy) PM2.5 (tpy)

Bristol 3.42 0.68

Kent 4.92 0.98

Newport 29.75 5.95

Providence 10.18 2.04

Washington 45.89 9.18

Statewide Total 94.15 18.83

3.13 Paved and Unpaved Roads

Rhode Island accepted emissions estimates for paved and unpaved roads that were 

prepared by EPA and the MARAMA/MANE-VU contractor EH Pechan.

MARAMA/MANE-VU developed calculation sheets for this category which can be 

found online at: http://www.marama.org/visibility/Calculation_Sheets/index.htm.

Emissions are estimated as a function of vehicle miles traveled by county, type of 

road and precipitation. 2002 emissions calculated for Rhode Island from this 

category are as follows:

Emissions from paved roads (SCC 2294000000)

County PM10 (tpy) PM2.5 (tpy)

Bristol 130.4 18.57

Kent 457.3 65.08

Newport 322.5 48.74

Providence 1687.3 240.51

Washington 546.03 79.62

Statewide Total 3143.53 452.52

Emissions from Unpaved roads (SCC 2296000000)

County PM10 (tpy) PM2.5 (tpy)

Bristol 1.13 0.17

Kent 67.61 10.11

Newport 53.63 8.02

Providence 208.04 31.10

Washington 215.47 32.21

Statewide Total 545.89 81.61

3.14 Construction

3.14.1 Non-residential Construction

Rhode Island accepted the inventory that EPA developed for non-residential 

construction. The methodology used is contained in the Documentation.

Emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 were estimated based on the number of acres 

disturbed for construction. The activity data, the annual value of non-residential 

construction, was obtained from the US Department of Commerce Bureau of 
47

Census. The national value was allocated to the counties using county level nonresidential construction employment data obtained from the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics and Dunn and Bradstreet. To estimate the number of acres disturbed by 

nonresidential construction, a conversion factor of 1.55 acres per million dollars was 

applied to the county level valuation data. Non-residential construction emissions for 

2002 for Rhode Island were calculated as follows:

Non-residential Construction (SCC 2311020000)

County PM10 (tpy) PM2.5 (tpy)

Bristol 107.63 21.53

Kent 317.19 63.44

Newport 247.06 49.41

Providence 815.1 163.02

Washington 588.97 117.79

Statewide Total 2,075.95 415.19

3.14.2 Residential Construction

Rhode Island accepted the inventory that EPA developed for residential 

construction. The methodology used is contained in the Documentation.

Emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 were estimated based on the number of acres 

disturbed and the volume of soil excavated for residential construction. The activity 

data, number and type of housing units built, were obtained from the Bureau of 

Census. National data were allocated to the counties using permits by county data 

that were also obtained from the Bureau of Census.

Residential Construction (SCC 2311010000)

County PM10 (tpy) PM2.5 (tpy)

Bristol 4.22 0.84

Kent 13.36 2.67

Newport 9.87 1.97

Providence 36.09 7.22

Washington 30.20 6.04

Statewide Total 93.75 18.75

3.15 Fires/ Open Burning

3.15.1 Structural Fires

Rhode Island accepted the inventory that EPA developed for structural fires. The 

methodology used is contained in the Documentation. 2002 emissions for this 

category in Rhode Island were:
48

Structural Fires (SCC 2810030000)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO 

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 0.62 2.70 3.38 14.70 0.08 0.58 0.53

Kent 2.05 8.91 11.18 48.61 0.26 1.93 1.75

Newport 1.05 4.57 5.73 24.91 0.13 0.99 0.90

Providence 7.26 31.57 39.61 172.22 0.92 1.17 6.53

Washington 1.55 6.74 8.45 36.74 0.20 1.43 1.30

StatewideTotal 12.53 54.48 68.35 297.17 1.59 6.10 11.01

3.15.2 Residential Open Burning

Rhode Island accepted emissions estimates for this category that were prepared by 

MARARAMA/MANE-VU contractor EH Pechan. EH Pechan conducted a survey to 

obtain activity data on residential solid waste burning, residential leaf burning, 

residential brush burning and municipal yard waste burning for urban, suburban and

rural areas. These activity data were applied to Rhode Island. Emissions are as 

follows:

Residential Solid Waste Burning (SCC 2610030000)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx 

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO 

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01

Kent 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.19 0.00 0.04 0.04

Newport 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.11 0.25 0.00 0.06 0.05

Providence 0.03 0.16 0.05 0.27 0.68 0.01 0.15 0.14

Washington 0.40 2.17 0.57 3.10 8.07 0.10 1.77 1.62

Statewide Total 0.46 2.50 0.65 3.53 9.25 0.11 2.03 1.86

Residential leaf burning (SCC 2610000100)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx 

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO 

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 0.06 0 0.01 0 0.22 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00

Kent 4.93 0 1.09 0 19.71 0.13 3.87 3.87 0.22

Newport 12.50 0 2.77 0 49.99 0.34 9.82 9.82 0.56

Providence 10.29 0 2.28 0 41.18 0.28 8.09 8.09 0.46

Washington 28.64 0 6.34 0 114.57 0.78 22.51 22.51 1.29

Statewide Total 56.42 0 12.49 0 225.68 1.53 44.33 44.33 2.54

Residential brush burning (SCC 2610000400)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx 

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO 

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.28 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.00

Kent 2.27 2.96 0.60 0.78 16.70 0.20 2.35 1.81 0.15

Newport 4.64 6.05 1.22 1.59 34.20 0.41 4.82 3.72 0.31

Providence 5.11 6.67 1.35 1.76 37.67 0.45 5.31 4.09 0.34

Washington 16.79 21.90 4.42 5.77 123.69 1.47 17.43 13.44 1.11

Statewide Total 28.85 37.63 7.59 9.90 212.55 2.52 29.95 23.09 1.91
49

Municipal yard waste burning (SCC 2610040400)

County 

VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx 

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO 

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Kent 1.96 2.56 0.51 0.67 14.41 0.17 2.03 1.57 0.13

Newport 1.32 1.72 0.35 0.46 9.73 0.12 1.37 1.06 0.09

Providence 6.72 8.77 1.77 2.31 49.53 0.59 6.98 5.38 0.45

Washington 6.94 9.05 1.83 2.39 51.12 0.61 7.20 5.55 0.46

Statewide Total 16.93 22.08 4.46 5.82 124.78 1.48 17.59 13.56 1.12

Total Residential Open Burning

County VOC 

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx 

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO 

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.55 0 0.09 0.08 0

Kent 9.17 5.57 2.21 1.50 51.01 0.5 8.29 7.29 0.5

Newport 18.47 7.83 4.36 2.16 94.17 0.87 16.07 14.65 0.96

Providence 22.15 15.59 5.45 4.34 129.06 1.33 20.53 17.7 1.25

Washington 52.77 33.13 13.16 11.25 297.45 2.96 48.91 43.12 2.86

Statewide Total 102.66 62.21 25.19 19.25 572.26 5.64 93.9 82.84 5.57

3.16 Nonpoint Ammonia Sources

3.16.1 Agricultural Production

Rhode Island accepted the inventory that EPA developed for agricultural production.

The methodology used is contained in the EPA draft report entitled, “Ammonia 

Emissions from Animal Agricultural Operations,” April 2005. Ammonia emissions 

from this category are produced as a by product from the decomposition of manure. 

Emissions from this category include total emissions from beef, poultry, dairy cattle, 

swine, goats, horses and sheep. Emissions are as follows:

Agricultural Production (SCC’s 2805002000, 2805030000, 2805018000, 

2805025000, 2805045000, 2805035000, 2805040000)

County NH3 (tons/year)

Bristol 7.1

Kent 8.1

Newport 12.3

Providence 25.8

Washington 39.9

Statewide Total 93.2
50

3.16.2 Agricultural Fertilizer Application

Rhode Island accepted the inventory that EPA developed for agricultural fertilizer 

application. EPA calculated emissions using version 3.6 of the Carnegie Mellon 

University ammonia model. 

Agricultural Fertilizer Application (SCC’s 2801700001-10)

County NH3 (tons/year)

Bristol 2.04

Kent 3.24

Newport 25.86

Providence 10.44

Washington 50.99

StatewideTotal 92.57

3.16.3 Industrial Refrigeration

Rhode Island accepted emissions estimates for this category that were prepared by

MARAMA/MANE-VU contractor EH Pechan. Emissions are as follows:

Industrial Refrigeration (SCC 23399010000)

County

NH3 (tons/year)

Bristol 3.435

Kent 15.945

Newport 6.075

Providence 59.07

Washington 7.125

Total 91.65
51

Emissions from Nonpoint Sources are summarized in the tables below.

Annual VOC Emissions from Nonpoint Sources (tons)

Bristol Kent Newport Providence Washington State total

Gasoline Distribution 24.45 133.07 52.78 434.51 107.61 752.4

Aviation Fuel 0 34.97 2.09 3.36 7.18 47.6

Portable Fuel Containers 53.34 173.95 87.64 648.72 127.71 1091.4

Architectural and Industrial Maintenance Coatings 69.32 253.85 141.34 794.25 156.14 1414.9

Auto Refinishing 3.26 32.54 7.75 62.68 9.54 115.77

Traffic Markings 0 9.5 4.79 35.37 7.08 59.6

Industrial Adhesives 23.9 58.29 10.64 454.95 75.33 623.11

Nonpoint Source Surface Coating 149.24 91.04 95.54 501.92 68.17 905.94

Surface Cleaning 21.91 102.48 37.06 289.24 50.16 500.84

Graphic Arts 43.83 175.04 93.72 908.55 0.00 1221.13

Process Solvents 28.52 710.62 5.40 1564.59 95.57 2404.69

Commercial Consumer products 184.99 614.98 310.15 2289.79 458.54 3858.5

Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt 31.21 99.89 49.95 368.34 74.92 624.32

Dry cleaning 0 8.1 0 0.08 3.5 11.68

Commercial Cooking 1.99 7.47 5.32 23.84 6.44 45.06

Fires/Open Burning 0.1 9.17 18.47 22.15 52.77 102.66

Structural Fires 0.62 2.05 1.05 7.26 1.55 12.53

POTWs 8.14 16.41 16 187.67 12.53 240.75

Composting 9.9 32.9 16.59 122.5 24.53 206.42

Small Source Combustion 5.93 21.69 10.65 78.03 13.61 129.72

Wood Combustion 130 450 241 1188 431 2440

Total all Area Sources 790.65 3038 1207.9 9985.8 1783.88 16809
52

Daily VOC Emissions from Nonpoint Sources (pounds)

Bristol Kent Newport Providence Washington State total

Gasoline Distribution 143.5 780.94 309.82 2550.39 631.61 4416.3

Aviation Fuel 0 191.6 11.45 18.41 39.34 260.8

Portable Fuel Containers 300 960 480 3560 720 6020

Architectural and Industrial Maintenance Coatings 497.3 1821.1 1014 5697.88 1120.13 10150

Auto Refinishing 25.08 250.31 59.62 482.15 73.38 890.54

Traffic Markings 0 263 8.53 180.77 6.15 458.45

Industrial Adhesives 183.85 448.38 81.85 3499.62 579.46 4793.2

Nonpoint Source Surface Coating 1148 688.35 746.99 3861 524.28 6968.6

Surface Cleaning 168.56 788.275 285.06 2224.91 385.812 3852.6

Graphic Arts 337.13 1346.43 720.89 6988.83 0 9393.3

Process Solvents 219.36 5466.29 41.501 12035.3 735.162 18498

Commercial Consumer products 1013.6 3369.76 1699.4 12546.8 2512.53 21142

Cutback and Emulsified Asphalt 88.31 282.6 141.3 1042.1 211.96 1766.3

Dry cleaning 0 58.9 0 0.55 25.47 84.92

Commercial Cooking 10.91 40.95 29.13 130.61 35.31 246.91

Fires/Open Burning 0.05 5.57 7.83 15.59 33.13 62.17

Structural Fires 2.7 8.91 4.57 31.57 6.74 54.49

POTWs 44.61 89.91 87.68 1028.35 68.67 1319.2

Composting 53.6 178.21 89.88 663.55 132.88 1118.1

Small Source Combustion 12.82 48.05 23.32 173.61 29.72 287.52

Wood Combustion 182.6 681.17 400.29 2151.36 669.02 4084.4

Total all Area Sources 4432 17768.7 6243.1 58883.4 8540.75 95868
53

Statewide Annual Nonpoint Source VOC Emissions

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Gasoline Distribution

Aviation Fuel

Portable Fuel Containers

Architectural and Industrial Maintenace Coatings

Auto Refinishing

Traffic Markings

Industrial Adhesives

Nonpoint source Surface Coating

Surface Cleaning

Graphic Arts

Process Solvents

Commercial Consumer products

Cutback and Emusified Asphalt

Drycleaning

Commercial Cooking

Fires/Open Burning

Structural Fires

POTWs

Composting

Small Source Combustion

Wood Combustion

tons/year
54

Nonpoint Source VOC Emissions

Bristol

5%

Kent

18%

Newport

7%

Providence

59%

Washington

11%
55

3.17 Biogenic Sources

EPA calculated county level biogenic emissions for each entire country using the 

BEIS3.12 model. Rhode Island accepted these emissions, which are as follows:

Biogenic Emissions

County VOC

(tons/year)

NOx

(tons/year)

VOC 

(ppsd)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tons/year)

Bristol 1,852.2 30.97 24,978 269.50 221.25

Kent 3,681.8 30.60 51,050 269.17 391.54

Newport 1,777.6 31.48 23,616 269.00 222.47

Providence 5,170.3 33.62 71,692 298.80 554.32

Washington 5,638.0 31.82 77,247 267.24 535.54

Total 18,120. 158.49 248,582 1373.72 1925.13
63

4.0 Mobile Sources

The Rhode Island 2002 Periodic Emissions Inventory of Mobile Sources is divided into five categories: 

non-road sources, aircraft, commercial marine vessels, locomotives and on-road vehicles. Emissions were 

calculated following the methodologies outlined in the EPA document “Procedures for Emissions Inventory 

Preparation Volume IV, Mobile Sources ” and the “Documentation for Aircraft, Commercial Marine 

Vessels, Locomotives and other Non-road Components of the National Emissions Inventory, Volume 1, 

Methodology,” prepared by EH Pechan and Associates, September 2005. These documents provided 

guidance on how to identify sources, estimate emissions and establish a mobile source emissions 

inventory. 

4.1 Non-Road Sources

Emissions from non-road engines were calculated using the EPA Nonroad Emission model, core model 

version 2005a, February 2006 The recently revised non-road model predicts emissions generated from 

more than 80 basic and 260 specific types of equipment. Typically equipment in this category includes 

recreational vehicles, logging equipment, tractors, construction equipment, residential/commercial lawn 

garden and water pleasure craft. The model does not predict emissions from commercial marine vessels, 

locomotives or aircraft. Emissions from airport ground service equipment are included in the aircraft 

section of this report. 

Default values for year 2002 used in the model include RFG –Phase 2; RVP –6.8; oxygen 2.0%; gasoline 

sulfur 0.030%; diesel sulfur 0.33%; stage two control 85%; min temp 60 F; max temp 88 F; avg temp 75F.2

The ammonia emissions (NH3) were calculated by obtaining the diesel fuel and gasoline consumption 

quantity generated from the non-road model for year 2002. Using an emission factor of 83.3 mg/gal for 

diesel fuel and 116 mg/gal for gasoline fuel then adding together results yields the ton/year emission. An 

example calculation as follows:

Statewide: gasoline fuel use 17,535,720 gallons/year x 116 mg/gal- NH3 /1000 mg/gm / 454 gm/lb / 2000 

lb/ton = 2.2 ton/yr 

diesel fuel use 19,610,415 gallons/year x 83.3 mg/gal- NH3 /1000 mg/gm / 454 gm/lb / 2000 lb/ton 

= 1.8 ton/yr 

Total NH3 Emissions 2.2 gasoline + 1.8 diesel = 4.0 tpy
63

Emissions from the Nonroad model are summarized in the table below.

Non-road Emissions Summary Table

VOC VOC NOx NOx SO2 CO PM2.5 PRI

Bristol County (tpy) (ppsd) (tpy) (ppsd) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy)

AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT 0.21 2.00 1.45 14.60 0.21 1.51 0.18

COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT 26.98 167.20 17.14 108.60 1.78 547.71 1.46

CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT 20.53 151.80 111.84 832.40 18.40 158.55 11.04

INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 17.69 111.00 72.89 455.40 4.29 274.83 2.55

LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT (COM) 77.91 615.40 12.51 117.60 1.00 970.21 2.66

LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT (RES) 68.66 397.40 4.96 32.80 0.25 645.19 0.83

LOGGING EQUIPMENT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

PLEASURE CRAFT 388.13 2043.00 24.79 129.20 1.95 748.75 5.89

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT 20.46 139.40 1.73 12.00 0.13 210.97 0.54

Total Bristol County 620.57 3627.20 247.31 1702.60 28.00 3557.70 25.16

Kent County

AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT 0.40 4.00 2.77 28.00 0.41 2.87 0.34

COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT 136.35 844.80 86.61 549.20 8.97 2768.40 7.39

CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT 32.92 243.40 179.29 1334.20 29.50 254.15 17.70

INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 63.53 399.20 260.67 1630.80 15.01 991.21 8.90

LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT (COM) 367.54 2994.60 60.42 573.20 4.82 4650.47 12.64

LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT (RES) 244.69 1416.00 17.68 117.00 0.87 2299.21 2.96

LOGGING EQUIPMENT 1.58 10.00 2.56 16.20 0.47 9.41 0.26

PLEASURE CRAFT 344.80 1814.80 21.25 110.80 1.67 658.73 5.24

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT 62.42 425.40 5.53 38.40 0.39 684.78 1.64

Total Kent County 1254.22 8152.20 636.79 4397.80 62.10 12319.24 57.06

Newport County

AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT 1.22 12.20 8.50 86.00 1.25 8.82 1.03

COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT 48.55 300.80 30.84 195.60 3.19 985.87 2.63

CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT 34.98 258.60 190.54 1418.00 31.35 270.10 18.82

INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 22.54 141.20 94.14 585.80 5.95 348.63 3.53

LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT (COM) 215.57 1775.80 35.74 340.00 2.85 2743.23 7.43

LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT (RES) 137.56 796.00 9.94 65.80 0.49 1292.58 1.66
64

Newport County(cont.) VOC VOC NOx NOx SO2 CO PM2.5 PRI

(tpy) (ppsd) (tpy) (ppsd) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy)

LOGGING EQUIPMENT 0.03 0.20 0.04 0.20 0.01 0.16 0.00

PLEASURE CRAFT 1580.29 8323.00 128.07 667.20 10.04 3274.19 24.00

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT 10.41 71.40 3.22 22.40 0.15 518.86 0.10

Total Newport County 2051.16 11679.20 501.02 3381.00 55.29 9442.44 59.21

Providence County

AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT 0.98 9.80 6.84 69.40 1.01 7.10 0.83

COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT 449.25 2783.40 285.38 1809.40 29.56 9121.79 24.35

CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT 160.42 1186.00 873.76 6502.20 143.75 1238.60 86.28

INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 258.38 1624.80 1056.36 6616.00 59.65 4048.58 35.37

LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT (COM) 410.06 3340.80 67.41 639.60 5.38 5188.40 14.10

LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT (RES) 873.07 5052.20 63.09 417.20 3.11 8203.70 10.56

LOGGING EQUIPMENT 2.39 15.00 3.88 24.60 0.71 14.25 0.39

PLEASURE CRAFT 411.79 2167.00 22.74 118.40 1.79 764.75 6.25

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT 121.72 829.20 10.08 70.20 0.73 1213.91 3.25

Total Providence County 2688.06 17008.20 2389.55 16267.00 245.69 29801.07 181.37

Washington County

AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT 1.63 16.20 11.35 115.00 1.67 11.78 1.38

COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT 65.23 404.20 41.44 262.80 4.29 1324.45 3.54

CONSTRUCTION AND MINING EQUIPMENT 47.53 351.40 258.85 1926.20 42.59 366.94 25.56

INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 47.17 296.40 193.59 1211.00 11.15 735.88 6.62

LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT (COM) 264.69 2156.40 43.51 412.80 3.47 3349.04 9.10

LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT (RES) 199.92 1156.80 14.45 95.60 0.71 1878.50 2.42

LOGGING EQUIPMENT 2.51 15.80 4.07 25.80 0.74 14.95 0.41

PLEASURE CRAFT 988.27 5210.40 112.83 587.80 8.82 2319.88 15.02

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT 229.91 1565.40 15.99 111.20 1.27 1753.29 6.37

Total Washington County 1846.84 11173.00 696.08 4748.20 74.72 11754.70 70.40

Statewide Total 8460.85 51639.80 4470.75 30496.60 465.80 66875.15 393.21
65

4.2 Aircraft

Aircraft emissions were obtained from a report prepared for the Rhode Island Airport 

Corporation (RIAC) entitled “Air Pollutant Emissions Inventories for Block Island 

State Airport, Newport State Airport, North Central State Airport, Quonset State 

Airport, TF Green State Airport, and Westerly State Airport” prepared by KB 

Environmental Services and Vanasse Hangen Bruslin Inc. The purpose of the report 

was to document the emissions associated with the six airports and provide accurate 

data to RI DEM for incorporation into the SIP. The report included the emissions 

expected from the aircraft as well as the ground support equipment for each of the 6 

airports. The report is attached in Attachment A.

The emissions inventory was developed using the Federal Aviation Administration 

(FAA) Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (version 4.5) (EDMS) as 

recommended by EPA guidelines. The FAA model contains a database of aircraft 

specific emission factors based on engine manufacturer, model and operational 

mode. Landing and Take Off (LTO) data was obtained from RIAC.

The model allows the user to specify annual temperature, mixing height and aircraft 

operational mode times. The ambient temperature used in the model was based on 

the 30-year annual mean temperature in Providence Rhode Island of 50.4 degrees

Fahrenheit. A mixing height of 2,226 feet was used, which is consistent with 

average afternoon conditions and is based on the most recent five years of 

meteorological data from Providence, Rhode Island and Chatham, Massachusetts. 

Aircraft operational times for takeoff, climbout and approach were based on EDMS 

default operating times. For Block Island, Newport, North Central, Quonset and 

Westerly state airport, the EDMS default taxi/idle and ground delay times were used. 

For TF Green Airport, operational data developed for the draft Environmental Impact 

Statement air quality assessment for the proposed runway extension was used. 

To estimate pounds emitted per summer day, the model was run using actual LTO 

data. 
66

Emissions from the 6 airports are summarized below.

County

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Block Island 2 20 1 20 96 1 1 1

Newport 2 20 1 20 84 1 1 1

North Central 19 160 17 140 246 2 7 7

Quonset 20 160 32 260 71 3 5 5

TF Green 52 320 237 1500 411 23 6 6

Westerly 3 20 2 20 79 1 1 1

Total 98 700 290 1960 987 31 21 21

Total emissions from all aircraft by county are as follows:

County

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kent 52 320 237 1500 411 23 6 6

Newport 2 20 1 20 84 1 1 1

Providence 19 160 17 140 246 2 7 7

Washington 25 200 35 300 246 5 7 7

Total 98 700 290 1960 987 31 21 21

Emissions from ground service equipment at the 6 airports are summarized below.

County

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Block Island 1 20 1 20 1 1 1 1

Newport 1 20 1 20 2 1 1 1

North Central 3 20 6 40 75 1 1 1

Quonset 4 40 10 80 95 1 1 1

TF Green 18 120 31 200 470 3 1 1

Westerly 1 20 1 20 6 1 1 1

Total 28 240 50 380 649 8 6 6
67

Total emissions from ground service equipment by county are as follows:

County

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kent 18 120 31 200 470 3 1 1

Newport 1 20 1 20 2 1 1 1

Providence 3 20 6 40 75 1 1 1

Washington 6 80 12 120 102 3 3 3

Total 28 240 50 380 649 8 6 6

Total emissions by county from all airport operations are as follows.

County

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kent 70 440 268 1700 881 26 7 7

Newport 3 40 2 40 87 2 2 2

Providence 22 180 23 180 321 3 7 7

Washington 30 280 47 440 348 6 8 8

Total 125 940 340 2360 1537 37 24 24
68

4.3 Commercial Vessels

Emissions for commercial vessels were calculated using the fuel sales methodology 

described in EPA’s “Procedures for Emissions Inventory Preparation Volume IV, 

Mobile Sources (July, 1989).” The amount of residual and distillate fuel used for 

vessel bunkering in 2002 was obtained from the Department of Energy’s “Energy 

Information Administration Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report, 2002”. In 2002,

only distillate fuel was used. 9,002,000 gallons were reported for vessel bunkering.

It was assumed, consistent with the mobile source guidance, that 75% of the

distillate fuel was used in port. The Port of Providence, located in Providence 

County, is the only major port in Rhode Island where vessel bunkering occurs.

The following emission factors were used:

lb/103gal

VOC 50

NOx 270

PM10 40.66

PM2.5 37.4

CO 110

SO2 27

Emissions from distillate fuel used in port were calculated as follows:

9002 * 103gallons x 0.75 x 50 lbs VOC /103gallons/ 2000 lbs/ton = 

169 tons VOC /yr

The number of commercial vessels using Rhode Island ports is considered to be 

consistent throughout the year. Emissions for a typical summer day were calculated 

by dividing the total emissions for 2002 by 365 days.

Commercial vessel distillate fuel (SCC 2280002000)

Pollutant Emissions (tpy) Emissions (ppsd)

CO 371 2,035

VOC 169 924

NOx 911 4,994

SO2 91.14 499

PM10 137 752

PM2.5 126 692
69

4.4 Locomotives

Emissions for locomotives were calculated following the methodology contained in 

the MARAMA/MANE-VU “Locomotive Mobile Source Category Calculation 

Methodology Sheet.” The methodology requires the amount of fuel used by 

locomotives in Rhode Island. Fuel use data were obtained by contacting the four rail 

lines that operate in Rhode Island, Providence & Worcester (P&W), Amtrak, MBTA

and Seaview Transportation.

Amtrak operates the commuter rail and Metroliner in Rhode Island with diesel line 

haul locomotive engines. Amtrak/MBTA provided information that approximately 

600,000 gallons of diesel fuel were used in the year 2002. Emissions were 

apportioned to the counties based on the track miles in each county. From Amtrak 

maps it was determined that there are 52 miles of track used by Amtrak in Rhode 

Island. Of the 52 miles, 10 miles (19.2%) are in Kent County, 18 miles (34.6%) are 

in Providence County and 24 miles (46.2%) are in Washington County. No Amtrak 

lines operate in Bristol and Newport Counties.

P&W Railroad, an interstate freight carrier, also operates diesel line haul 

locomotives. P&W estimated that 100,000 gallons of fuel were consumed during 

2002 by locomotives which operated in Rhode Island. The emissions from P&W 

were apportioned to the counties based on the track miles P&W utilizes in each 

county. Based on the information provided by P&W, P&W uses 83.04 total miles of 

track in Rhode Island; 12 (14.5%) are in Kent County, 41.24 (49.7%) are in 

Providence County and 29.8 (35.9%) are in Washington County. The P&W lines in 

Bristol and Newport Counties did not operate in 2002.

Seaview Transportation is a small switching operation located in Quonset 

Point/Davisville Industrial Park, Washington County. They provide goods to the park 

tenants using a 23-mile internal rail system owned by the Rhode Island Economic 

Development Corporation. All locomotives at this facility are considered yard 

locomotives. During 2002, Seaview used 8,975 gallons of diesel fuel oil. 

For Amtrak, MBTA and P&W, emissions were calculated by multiplying the amount 

of fuel consumed by the trains in the State by the appropriate line haul emission 

factor. No seasonal adjustment was used and the activity was determined to be 260 

days/year.

For Seaview Transportation, emissions were calculated by multiplying the amount of 

fuel consumed by Seaview by the appropriate yard emission factor. No seasonal 

adjustment was used and the activity was determined to be 260 days/year.

The following emission factors use in MARAMA’s calculation methodology sheets 

were obtained from EPA’s “Emission Factors for Locomotives, Technical Highlights 

(December 1997).”
70

Pollutant

Line Haul

(lb/gal)

Yard

(lb/gal)

VOC 0.022 0.047

NOx 0.595 0.798

CO 0.059 0.084

SO2 0.028 0.028

PM10 0.015 0.020

PM2.5 0.014 0.018

Emissions from locomotives are summarized in the following tables.

Total emissions line haul (SCC2285002005)

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Kent 1.43 11.00 38.59 296.85 3.83 1.82 0.97 0.91

Newport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Providence 2.83 21.77 76.55 588.85 7.59 3.60 1.93 1.80

Washington 3.44 26.46 93.15 716.54 9.24 4.38 2.35 2.19

Statewide total 7.70 59.23 208.28 1,602.24 20.65 9.80 5.25 4.90

Total emissions yard engines (SCC2285002010)

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Kent 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Newport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Providence 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Washington 0.21 1.62 3.58 27.54 0.38 0.13 0.09 0.08

Statewide total 0.21 1.62 3.58 27.54 0.38 0.13 0.09 0.08

Total emission all rail lines

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

Bristol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Kent 1.43 11.00 38.59 296.85 3.83 1.82 0.97 0.91

Newport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Providence 2.83 21.77 76.55 588.85 7.59 3.60 1.93 1.80

Washington 3.66 28.08 96.73 744.08 9.61 4.51 2.44 2.27

Statewide total 7.91 60.85 211.86 1629.78 21.03 9.93 5.34 4.98
71

4.5 On-road Mobile Sources

On-road mobile source emission factors were generated from EPA’s MOBILE6.2 

model. The model estimates emission factors in grams per vehicle mile by vehicle 

class and vehicle speed. Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RI DOT) 

supplied RI DEM with 2002 seasonally adjusted (July) average daily vehicle miles 

traveled (DVMT) data for 8 FHWA roadway classifications. Those data are derived 

from the State’s Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) network. 

The DVMT was apportioned to each roadway classification based on the number of 

vehicles in each of the classes. The Rhode Island Division of Motor Vehicles

(RIDMV) provided RI DEM with a registration distribution. EPA reviewed the data 

provided by RIDMV comparing it to the default MOBILE6.2 vehicle mix and found 

that it is appropriate to use Rhode Island data for heavy-duty gas vehicles and 

heavy-duty diesel vehicles, but not for light duty gasoline trucks and light duty 

gasoline vehicles. The EPA analysis provided an adjusted DVMT mix for 2002 that 

was used in the model. These eight adjusted DVMT fractions were then entered into 

the MOBILE6.2 utility program which generated the 16 vehicle classifications 

needed for the input file

The following inputs were included in the Rhode Island model run for typical summer 

day emissions: Rhode Island I/M program, Stage II refueling controls, national LEV 

credits starting in 1999, adjusted registration distribution file, reformulated fuel 

program, fuel RVP 6.8, min/max temp 67 & 88 and NLEV program. 

Average vehicle speeds by roadway classification were obtained from the Rhode 

Island Statewide Planning Program model. The reported speeds adjusted to account 

for the limitations of the MOBILE6.2 model are as follows: 

Roadway Functional 

System

Weighted 

Average Speed

Weighted Average 

Speed Rounded

Rural

Interstate 60.7 61

Other principal arterials 59.6 60

Minor arterial 48.7 49

Major collectors 44.1 44

Minor collectors 39.5 39

Local 20.0 20

Urban

Interstates 47.3 47

Other freeways/expressways 43.9 44

Other principal arterials 29.6 30

Minor arterial 27.3 27

Collectors 23.1 23

Local 20.0 20

MOBILE6.2 input and output files are attached as Attachment B. Emission factors 

generated from MOBILE6.2 were multiplied by the DVMT for that roadway 

classification and vehicle class to determine emissions in grams per day. The gram 

per day emissions for the 12 roadway classifications were then summed and 
72

converted to units of pounds per day emissions for each pollutant. Emissions for 

Stage II refueling were zeroed out as those emissions are accounted for in the non 

point stationary source portion of this inventory. The following is a summary of 

statewide on-road emissions:

Pollutant Emissions (ppsd)

CO 770,280

VOC 64,678

NOx 84,800

PM 2.5 1,480

PM10 2,425

SO2 3,081

NH3 5,642

Annual emissions estimates were calculated by the EPA and obtained from the 

National Emissions Inventory. Annual emission estimation methodologies are 

contained in “Documentation for the Final 2002 Mobile National Emissions 

Inventory,” September 2005, prepared by EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air 

Quality and EH Pechan and Associates. Input files for DVMT, registration 

distribution, average speeds, I/M program and Stage 2 refueling program were 

provided to EPA for input to the model. Gasoline properties entered into the model 

were determined by the Eastern Research Group (ERG), under contract with EPA. 

Temperatures used in the model were obtained from the National Climatic Data 

Center for each county.

DVMT data provided by the RIDOT are statewide. Emissions were apportioned to 

the counties based on population distribution.

Total On-Road Emissions by County

VOC

(tpy)

VOC

(ppsd)_

NOx

(tpy)

NOx

(ppsd)

CO

(tpy)

SO2

(tpy)

PM10

(tpy)

PM2.5

(tpy)

NH3

(tpy)

Bristol 425 3,096 517 4,060 5,714 14 11 7 27

Kent 2,227 10,275 2,952 13,460 33,077 75 60 37 150

Newport 921 5,357 1,138 7,020 12,618 30 24 14 57

Providence 7,516 38,344 9,732 50,280 109,794 248 200 122 498

Washington 1,738 7,606 2,381 9,980 27,109 59 48 29 119

Statewide 

Total

12,827 64,678 16,720 84,800 188,312 426 343 209 851
62

Onroad VOC Emissions

Bristol 

3%

Kent 

17%

Newport 

7%

Providence 

59%

Washington 

14%
63

Non-road Emissions Summary Table

VOC VOC NOx NOx SOx CO PM2.5 PRI PM10 PRI NH3

Bristol County (tpy) (ppsd) (tpy) (ppsd) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy)

Total small engines and recreational marine vessels 620.57 3627.20 247.31 1702.60 28.00 3557.70 25.16 n/a 0.24

Aircraft 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Marine Vessels, Commercial 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Railroad Equipment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total Bristol County 620.57 3627.20 247.31 1702.60 28.00 3557.70 25.16 0.00 0.24

Kent County

Total small engines and recreational marine vessels 1254.22 8152.20 636.79 4397.80 62.10 12319.24 57.06 n/a 0.63

Aircraft 52.00 440.00 237.00 1500.00 23.00 411.00 6.00 6.00 n/a

Marine Vessels, Commercial 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Railroad Equipment 1.43 11.00 38.59 296.85 1.82 3.83 0.91 0.97 0.00

Total Kent County 1325.65 8603.20 943.38 6394.65 89.92 13204.07 64.97 6.97 0.63

Newport County

Total small engines and recreational marine vessels 2051.16 11679.20 501.02 3381.00 55.29 9442.44 59.21 n/a 0.65

Aircraft 2.00 40.00 1.00 40.00 1.00 84.00 1.00 1.00 n/a

Marine Vessels, Commercial 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Railroad Equipment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total Newport County 2054.16 11719.20 503.02 3421.00 57.29 9529.44 61.21 1.00 0.65

Providence County

Total small engines and recreational marine vessels 2688.06 17008.20 2389.55 16267.00 245.69 29801.07 181.37 n/a 1.75

Aircraft 19.00 180.00 17.00 140.00 2.00 246.00 7.00 7.00 n/a

Marine Vessels, Commercial 169.00 924.00 911.00 4994.00 91.14 371.00 126.00 137.00 0.00

Railroad Equipment 2.83 21.77 76.55 588.9 3.6 7.59 1.80 1.93 0.00

Total Providence County 2881.89 18133.97 3400.10 22029.90 343.43 30500.66 316.17 145.93 1.75

Washington County

Total small engines and recreational marine vessels 1846.84 11173.00 696.08 4748.20 74.72 11754.70 70.40 n/a 0.76

Aircraft 25.00 280.00 35.00 420.00 5.00 246.00 7.00 7.00 n/a

Marine Vessels, Commercial 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Railroad Equipment 3.66 28.08 96.73 744.08 4.51 9.61 2.27 2.44 0.00

Total Washington County 1880.50 11481.08 839.81 5912.28 85.23 12112.31 80.68 9.44 0.76

Statewide Total 8762.77 53564.65 5933.62 39460.43 603.86 68904.18 548.20 4.04
64

Statewide Nonroad VOC Emissions

Bristol

7%

Kent

15%

Newport

24%

Providence

32%

Washington

22%
65

5.0 Quality Assurance/Quality Control

Quality control (QC) is a system of routine technical activities implemented by 

inventory development personnel to ensure the quality of the inventory as it is being 

developed. The QC procedures used in the preparation of this inventory included 

the use of EPA approved emission estimation methodologies, technical reviews and 

data validations. These activities were included in inventory development planning, 

data collection and analysis, emission calculations and reporting. 

Quality assurance (QA) is a planned system of review and audit procedures 

conducted by personnel not actively involved in the inventory development process. 

The key concept of this component is independent, objective review by a third party 

to assess the effectiveness of the QC program and the completeness and accuracy 

of the inventory. Due to limited resources and staff within the Department, a QA 

program was not implemented, however QC procedures were followed throughout 

the inventory as detailed in this section of the inventory.

5.1 Purpose and Intention

The purpose of the emissions inventory is to maintain an accurate record of point, 

nonpoint and mobile source air emissions. The emissions inventory plays an 

integral part in the Office’s air quality improvement programs. The emissions 

inventory is used for:

- Enforcing and monitoring compliance with Rhode Island’s air regulations;

- Supporting other air quality programs;

- Evaluating trends in air quality;

- Supporting the development of the State’s regulations;

- Supplying data for use in air quality models;

- Public information requests

- Compliance demonstrations;

- Operating permit fees

5.2 Roles and Responsibilities

Karen Slattery, Principal Air Quality Specialist, coordinated the 2002 Emissions 

Inventory. Karen has been involved in inventory development since 1988. For the 

1990 base year inventory she prepared the nonpoint and mobile source portions of 

the report. For subsequent inventories she has prepared the point source emissions 

and reported those data to EPA for major sources as required by the CERR. For the 

2002 Emissions Inventory she performed all point source calculations and reviewed 

emission estimates supplied by the facilities. For nonpoint sources she reviewed 

emissions estimated prepared by EPA and MARAMA/MANEVU. Detailed emissions 

estimation procedures are contained in the nonpoint source section. Karen also 

reviewed the mobile source section for completeness and consistency with prior 

year’s inventory. She is also responsible for preparation of the NEI files that are 

submitted to EPA via CDX.
66

Ronald Marcaccio, Senior Air Quality Specialist, has been with the Office for 27 

years. He has worked in the mobile source section for 8 years and prior to that 

worked as an air permit engineer and air inspector. He was responsible for the 

preparation of the on-road and non-road mobile source inventory. He works closely 

with the Rhode Island Department of Transportation and the Department of 

Administration’s Division of Motor Vehicles to assure the mobile source data are as 

reasonable and accurate as possible.

Jean Glanville, Environmental Quality Technician has been with the agency for 20 

years. She has worked on the inventory for 8 years. Her primary responsibilities 

include calculation of emissions from small point sources and mailing out of the 

annual emissions inventory. In her review of the small sources she determines if 

any source could potentially be a point source and refers potential point sources to 

Karen Slattery for further review.

Paige Albro, data entry clerk, has been with the agency for 2 years. Her role in the 

inventory includes entry of all calculated emissions data into the state database and 

logging in the forms as they are received from the sources.

Barbara Morin, Supervising Environmental Scientist reviewed the inventory report for 

completeness and consistency.

The enforcement section of the Office of Air Resources routinely inspects Title V

sources for permit compliance. During these inspections, staff engineers check for 

gross errors and omissions in the inventory reported. Any discrepancies they find 

are reported to Karen Slattery for further investigation.

5.3 Point Sources: 

Point source data collection activities for the 2002 base year inventory began in 

January 2003. An existing point source emission inventory, compiled for the 1990 

base year and subsequently used to develop 1996 and 1999 projection inventories,

formed the starting point for the point source list. The inventory list is updated 

annually using information obtained from permit files, internet searches and local 

telephone directories. Potential point sources identified by staff engineers during 

inspections were also added. Manufacturing sources known to use criteria or 

hazardous air pollutants and sources known to be major fuel users are included in 

the inventory. In total 600 sources were inventoried for the 2002 base year 

inventory.

Rhode Island’s 2002 Point Source Inventory mailing was initially sent out in February 

2003. Forms were due April 15, 2003, and those sources that had not returned their 

forms by that date were sent a second set of forms with a Letter of Noncompliance. 

All facilities whose forms were returned to the office by the US Postal Service 

marked undeliverable were contacted to verify mailing address. If the telephone 
67

number was no longer valid the source was removed from the inventory and 

assumed to be no longer operating. Approximately 85 facilities did not return the 

inventory survey forms. Based on the type of industry and the number of employees 

at these sources, it was determined that the sources that did not return the forms 

would not have met the thresholds to be considered point sources. Emissions from 

these sources are accounted for in the nonpoint source portion of the inventory.

After the survey forms were received by the Office they were logged into the 

Department database and filed as either a point source or small source. For the 

point sources, emission statements were reviewed to ensure that the correct 

emission factors were used, that correct mass balance calculations were performed 

and that assumptions made based on process knowledge were reasonable. In 

several cases, follow-up telephone calls were made to ensure the accuracy of the 

data. After the emissions estimates were reviewed, they were compared to the

estimates for the previous year for data consistency. If there were any large 

discrepancies, the company was contacted to verify the emissions.

After verifying the data for each facility, the emissions of criteria and toxic air 

pollutants were entered into the Department database by SCC process. The data 

from the State database was then used to develop NEI version 3 input files. These 

files were uploaded into the EPA system using CDX. These data were extracted 

and summarized by the EPA and MARAMA/MANE-VU contractor EH Pechan and 

Associates and sent to the State for review. Any discrepancies were resolved.

5.4 Nonpoint Sources:

Due to staff limitations, the nonpoint inventory was largely developed using emission 

estimates prepared by EPA and MARAMA/MANE-VU. For residential wood 

combustion, residential open burning, industrial refrigeration, POTWs (NH3) and 

composting activities (NH3 and VOC), EH Pechan and Associates, under contract 

with MARAMA/MANE-VU, developed emissions inventory estimates. Rhode Island 

participated in several workgroup conference calls concerning the development of 

those emissions estimates and accepted them for use in the 2002 emissions 

inventory. QA procedures for those emissions estimates are specified in the reports 

prepared by Pechan.

For cutback asphalt and dry cleaning, State inventory data were substituted for EPA 

data as the state had more accurate emissions estimates based on data supplied by 

the facilities. The cutback asphalt data were provided by Hudson Asphalts, the sole 

provider in Rhode Island. After emissions estimates were prepared, that section of 

the report was sent to Hudson for review. Dry cleaning data were compared to the 

previous year’s data for consistency. 

NEI files prepared by EPA were reviewed and edited as necessary to reflect the 

correct data for RI. The files were submitted to EPA via CDX. The EPA contractor 

EH Pechan and Associates reviewed the file and data issues were identified which 

were corrected by the state.
68

5.5 On-Road Mobile Sources

On-road mobile source emission factors were generated from EPA’s MOBILE6.2 

model. Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RI DOT) supplied RI DEM with 

2002 seasonally adjusted (July) average daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) data 

for 8 FHWA roadway classifications. The DVMT was apportioned to each roadway 

classification based on the number of vehicles in each of the classes. The Rhode 

Island Division of Motor Vehicles (RIDMV) provided RI DEM with a registration 

distribution. EPA reviewed the data provided by RIDMV comparing it to the default 

MOBILE6.2 vehicle mix and found that it is appropriate to use Rhode Island data for 

heavy-duty gas vehicles and heavy-duty diesel vehicles, but not for light duty 

gasoline trucks and light duty gasoline vehicles. The EPA analysis provided an 

adjusted DVMT mix for 2002 that was used in the model. These eight adjusted 

DVMT fractions were then entered into the MOBILE6.2 utility program which 

generated the 16 vehicle classifications needed for the input file

Average vehicle speeds by roadway classification were obtained from the Rhode 

Island Statewide Planning Program model and are consistent with previous emission 

inventories.

Annual emissions estimates were calculated by EPA and obtained from the National 

Emissions Inventory. Input files for DVMT, registration distribution, average speeds, 

the I/M program and the Stage II refueling program were provided to EPA for input to 

the model. Gasoline properties entered into the model were determined by the 

Eastern Research Group (ERG), under contract with EPA. Temperatures used in 

the model were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center for each county. 

EPA generated emissions files from that which were uploaded to the NEI.

5.6 Non-Road Mobile Sources:

Non-road emissions are prepared for various categories of small engines and 

aircraft, locomotives, and marine engines. The emissions are prepared for small 

engines by use of EPA’s NONROAD Model. In running the model the user must 

specify a modeling scenario by the inventory year, geographic region (nation, state, 

county), time period (annual, seasonal, monthly, daily) and the equipment 

categories. For all other required variables, the NONROAD model provides default 

input values. In reviewing the defaults it was noted that the default value for 

pleasure craft was lower than the registration data obtained from the RIDEM’s Office 

of Boating and Safety. The number of additional vessels was incorporated into the 

models vessel inventory population file. The NONROAD model was run without 

error and the emissions files generated were uploaded to the NEI using CDX.

Locomotive and marine emissions estimates were prepared in accordance with 

methodology in EPA’s Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: 

Mobile Sources. Draft emissions calculations were reviewed by Karen Slattery and 

changes were made to locomotive emission factors based on newer factors obtained 
69

from EPA’s “Documentation for Aircraft, Commercial Marine Vessel, Locomotive and 

Other Nonroad Components of the National Emissions Inventory,” September 30, 

2005 and the MARAMA/MANE-VU “Locomotive Mobile Source Category Calculation 

Methodology Sheet. ” . 

The draft 2002 inventory submitted earlier to the EPA for review contained 

commercial aircraft emissions calculated using an aircraft emissions model 

developed by for the Northeast Sates for Coordinated Air Use Management 

(NESCAUM) with LTO data obtained from RIAC

After submitting the draft inventory, a detailed report of Rhode Island airport 

emissions was prepared by KB Environmental Services and Vanasse Hangen 

Bruslin Inc for RIAC. The report contained more detailed information on LTO’s by 

aircraft type than submitted in the draft inventory. The final inventory has been 

updated to reflect these data. The FAA database was used to calculate emissions in 

the study consistent with EPA Mobile guidance. 

Non-road data were compiled for EPA in NEI Version 3 format.