IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-1077

Filed June 15, 2022

ELIZABETH ASHLEIGH COZAD-CALHOUN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

RYAN PAUL MAHER,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert A. Hutchison, 

Judge.

Ryan Maher appeals the entry of a final domestic abuse protective order. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Ryan Maher, Johnston, self-represented appellant.

Ande Skinner of Ramsey Law P.L.C., West Des Moines, for appellee.

Heard by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Ahlers, JJ.
2

AHLERS, Judge.

Elizabeth Cozad-Calhoun and Ryan Maher divorced in early 2018. Later 

that year, Elizabeth obtained a final domestic abuse protective order against Ryan 

pursuant to Iowa Code chapter 236 (2018). As the one-year expiration date of the 

protective order neared, Elizabeth requested a one-year extension. The district 

court granted the extension, setting the new expiration date as February 13, 2021. 

On February 16, 2021, Elizabeth’s then-counsel filed a motion to extend the 

protective order for one additional year. Following a hearing on the motion to 

extend, the court denied the motion as untimely.

Immediately following the hearing resulting in denial of her request to extend 

the protective order in the first case, Elizabeth initiated a second action seeking 

relief from domestic abuse under chapter 236 (2021). In the petition she filed to 

start this second action, Elizabeth alleged no new acts of domestic abuse, but she 

did allege “[o]ngoing, threatening to send out harassing information, see prior 

case.” The district court issued a temporary protective order. After the temporary 

protective order was issued, but before Ryan was served with it, Ryan made 

contact with Elizabeth in the early morning hours by “tagging” her in a social media

post. Elizabeth was awakened by a notification that she had been tagged in the 

post. The post was a video of Ryan drinking alcohol, captioned: “Getting faded 

while I celebrate my victory in court. Remember, you are your best advocate. 

#byefelicia #onceacheateralwaysacheater #fuckcancer.” After receiving the 

notification, Elizabeth contacted police, expressing fear of Ryan. 
3

Following a hearing on Elizabeth’s petition in the second proceeding, the 

district court issued a final domestic abuse protective order against Ryan, giving 

the following reasoning: 

Based on the evidence that I have before me, which includes 

the exhibits that were admitted into evidence, [the court file for the 

original protective order], which I took judicial notice of, as well as the 

present case, the [c]ourt finds that the respondent has committed a 

domestic abuse assault against the protected party. I do not believe 

that a new incident has to occur since the last order was entered. I 

think he continues to present a credible threat to the physical safety 

of the protective party, and so I’m entering a final protective order 

here.

Ryan filed a motion to reconsider, enlarge, or amend, which Elizabeth resisted. 

The court denied Ryan’s motion, finding, “[Ryan]’s motion to reconsider is denied. 

The motion to enlarge is granted to the extent that the [c]ourt notes that [Ryan]

was previously adjudicated to have committed a domestic abuse assault against 

[Elizabeth]; that finding constitutes res judicata.” Ryan appeals. 

I. Standard of Review

The parties disagree regarding the standard of review. 

Ordinarily, civil-domestic-abuse proceedings are tried in equity, and 

our appellate review of equitable proceedings is de novo. We 

generally “consider and review a case in the same manner as the 

district court tried the case.” When the “case was tried in the district 

court as a law action” and it “ruled on objections as they were made,”

our appellate review is for correction of errors at law. Though an 

important consideration, the district court’s ruling on evidentiary 

objections alone does not determine whether the case was tried in 

law or equity. Where “the objections were minor and did not have a 

significant effect on the proceedings” and the “district court ultimately 

used its equitable powers to order specific performance and to issue 

an injunction,” it may be concluded the case “was fully tried in 

equity.”

[1]

 

 

1 Wasmund v. Wasmund, No. 14-1832, 2015 WL 2089714, *2 (Iowa Ct. App. 

May 6, 2015) (internal citations omitted).
4

The district court ruled on objections but very minimally excluded testimony, so we

have a full record for review. Accordingly, we will review this matter de novo and 

give “[r]espectful consideration . . . to the trial court’s factual findings and credibility 

determinations, but not to the extent where those holdings are binding upon us.”2 

II. Analysis

This appeal presents the question whether a new domestic abuse protective 

order can be based on the same act of domestic abuse assault that formed the 

basis for a prior protective order that has expired. In essence, the question is 

whether a new act of domestic abuse assault must occur to issue a new protective 

order. We determine that it does.

Iowa Code chapter 236, known as the Domestic Abuse Act,3 establishes

the procedure for issuing a protective order to help protect the petitioning party 

from domestic abuse.4 Under chapter 236, “domestic abuse” means committing 

assault as defined in section 708.1 under specified circumstances.5 Those 

circumstances include those in which the assault is between persons divorced 

from each other,6 which is the situation we have here. Upon proof domestic abuse 

occurred, the court is permitted to enter a protective order in favor of the petitioning 

party.

7

 A protective order is limited in duration to one year, but it may be extended 

 

2 Wilker v. Wilker, 630 N.W.2d 590, 594 (Iowa 2001). 

3

Iowa Code § 236.1.

4

Iowa Code §§ 236.1, .2. 

5

Iowa Code § 236.2(2).

6

Iowa Code § 236.2(2)(b).

7

Iowa Code § 236.5(1)(b). 
5

an unlimited number of times upon a showing that the defendant “continues to 

pose a threat to the safety of the victim.”8 

Here, Elizabeth had a protective order against Ryan, but her request to 

extend it was denied because it expired before she requested its extension. No 

appeal was taken from that ruling, and the propriety of the decision to deny the 

extension is not before us on this appeal. Instead, Elizabeth seeks to avoid the 

effect of that ruling by arguing that Ryan “continues to pose a threat,” so she should 

be able to get a new protective order in spite of her inability to prove a new assault. 

The district court seems to have accepted this theory based on its findings that no 

new assault occurred but, as Ryan continues to pose a threat, no new assault is 

required.

We disagree with Elizabeth’s theory—and, by extension, the district court’s 

ruling—for two reasons. First, it ignores the time limitation the statute places on a 

protective order. Iowa Code section 236.5(2) allows a protective order to be in 

effect “for a fixed period of time not to exceed one year.” While the same section 

permits unlimited extensions, it says nothing about renewing an expired protective 

order.9 Keep in mind this appeal does not concern the question whether the

requested extension of the prior order was proper. Instead, this case seeks the 

issuance of a whole new protective order based on the same previous assault, as 

the district court did not find Ryan assaulted Elizabeth any time after the issuance 

of the first order and the record does not support such a finding if it had been made. 

Allowing Elizabeth to use the assault that formed the basis for the prior order as a 

 

8

Iowa Code § 236.5(2). 

9

Iowa Code § 236.5(2).
6

basis for a new order would effectively make section 236.5(2)’s duration and 

extension provisions meaningless, as it would permit unlimited new protective 

orders following one assault. We do not interpret a statute in a way that renders 

any part of it superfluous.10 

Second, our case law supports denying Elizabeth’s requested relief. In 

particular, we find our court’s decision in Owens v. Owens11 to be on point and 

persuasive. In Owens, like here, the following sequence of events occurred:

(1) The petitioning party successfully obtained a protective order under 

chapter 236 because she proved that the opposing party committed an assault;

12

(2) The petitioning party allowed the protective order to expire;

13

(3) The petitioning party sought to obtain a new protective order by filing 

a new petition for relief from domestic abuse under chapter 236;

14

(4) The party against whom the protective order was sought engaged in 

reprehensible behavior, none of which constituted another assault;

15

 

10 Vroegh v. Iowa Dep’t of Corr., 972 N.W.2d 686, 703 (Iowa 2022) (“No word 

should be ignored, and no provision should needlessly be given an interpretation 

that causes it to duplicate another provision or to have no consequence.”).

11 No. 08-1374, 2009 WL 606590 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 11, 2009).

12 See Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *1 (referring to our court’s decision on the 

appeal of the original protective order and noting that our court found substantial 

evidence that the enjoined party had “committed domestic abuse” because he had 

engaged in conduct constituting an assault).

13 See Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *1 (noting that the original protective order 

expired and the protected party did not seek an extension of it). Of course, here, 

Elizabeth sought to extend the protective order, but she was unsuccessful because 

it had already expired, leaving her in the same legal position as the protected party 

in Owens. 

14 See Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *1

15 See Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *1–3.
7

(5) The petitioning party claimed ongoing fear based on the other party’s 

reprehensible behavior;16 and

(6) The district court found no new assault, but determined that because 

domestic abuse had occurred in the past and “the behavior is continuing on the 

part of the [enjoined party],” the district court issued a new protective order.17

Based on this sequence of events, our court reversed the district court and 

vacated the protective order.18 In doing so, our court noted that a claim of fear, 

standing alone without an assault, does not support a claim under chapter 236.19 

Our court also noted that the other party’s behavior may constitute a crime and 

may be a basis for other remedies, but a remedy under chapter 236 was not 

available.20 Our court concluded by noting that it was “unable to find evidence of 

an assault” that supported the district court’s finding and subsequent issuance of 

a protective order.21 Given the fact that, earlier in the opinion, our court had 

detailed the enjoined party’s actions and how they constituted an assault, the only 

way to interpret its later observation that it was “unable to find evidence of an 

assault” is to conclude it was referencing a new assault.

We agree with the reasoning in Owens, and we conclude that Elizabeth 

cannot use the assault that formed the basis for the original protective order as a 

basis for getting a new protective order when no subsequent assault occurred. In 

other words, a protected party that uses “event A” (an assault) as a basis for 

 

16 Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *3.

17 Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *3.

18 Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *3.

19 Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *3.

20 Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *3.

21 Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *3.
8

obtaining a protective order under chapter 236 and allows the protective order to 

expire cannot use “event A” as the sole basis for obtaining a new protective order.

Several clarifying points are worth noting. First, we are not saying that there 

is a time limit for when “event A” can be used as a basis for obtaining a protective 

order under chapter 236. Our case law is clear that there is no such time limit.22 

However, the fact that there is no time limit for when an assault can form the basis 

for original relief under chapter 236 does not mean that the same assault can be 

used in perpetuity to keep obtaining new protective orders. Second, we are not 

saying “event A” could not be considered in determining whether subsequent 

conduct constituted an assault. Our case law recognizes that prior acts of violence 

toward the same person may be relevant as to the accused’s motive and intent.23 

But here, “event A” was not used to shed light on whether Ryan’s subsequent 

actions constituted an assault. Instead, it was used as the sole basis for issuance 

of a new protective order, which we find impermissible. Third, like our court in 

Owens, our ruling does not preclude Elizabeth from seeking other forms of relief 

potentially available through criminal or civil proceedings in an effort to stop Ryan’s 

reprehensible behavior; we simply hold that such relief is not available under 

chapter 236 on these facts.24

 

22 See, e.g., Smith v. Smith, 513 N.W.2d 728, 731 (Iowa 1994) (“Iowa Code chapter 

236 has no provision that requires a petition to be filed within a specific time after 

an alleged assault.”).

23 See, e.g., State v. Taylor, 689 N.W.2d 116, 128 (Iowa 2004) (“The defendant’s 

prior acts of violence toward his wife, while certainly illustrative of a propensity to 

use violence, also reflect his emotional relationship with his wife, which . . . is a 

circumstance relevant to his motive and intent on the day in question.”).

24 See Owens, 2009 WL 606590, at *3 (“[W]e agree with the trial court that [the 

enjoined party]’s behavior . . . is ‘reprehensible.’ Remedies for such conduct may 

be available; however, they do not find their bases in chapter 236.”).
9

As the original protective order expired, no appeal was taken from the denial 

of the request to extend the original protective order, and Elizabeth did not 

establish an independent basis for a new protective order, we reverse the district 

court’s decision, vacate the protective order, and remand for dismissal of 

Elizabeth’s petition.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.