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JPRS-SSA-86^124

29 DECEMBER 1986

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

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JPRS-SSA-86-124

29 DECEMBER 1986

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

CONTENTS

ANGOLA

Briefs

Trade With Canary Islands

Closer Ties With Parliamentarians

1

1

BOTSWANA

Masire Calls on Business To Overcome RSA Sanctions

(GaboroneDomestic Service, 28 Nov 86)

Briefs

Vice President Attacks Apartheid

GHANA

Briefs

Oil Transactions Added to Weekly Auction

Mistreatment of Nationals in Togo

Food Aid Agreement With Canada

IVORY COAST

New Cocoa Production Record Established

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 1-7 Nov 86)

KENYA

ADB, OPEC Fund Cooperate in Rice Ventures

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 8-14 Nov 86) ,

4

4

5

-a -
LIBERIA

New NDPL Chairman Calls for Reconciliation

(ELWA, 8 Dec 86) 8

MOZAMBIQUE

Nation Rethinks Economic Policy

(Gerald L'Ange; THE STAR, 6 Nov 86)..... 9

Rename's Scares Claims Mozambican Forces To Collapse Soon

(DIE BURGER, 15 Oct 86) . 11

Zimbabwean Journalist Gives Views of Renamo's Organization

(BBC, 26 Nov 86) •• 13

Aim: Children Kidnapped by Renamo Reportedly Dying in Camps

(THE CITIZEN, 18 Nov 86) 16

Aim Concerned Over Malan 'Threat' to Journalists

(Maputo to Southern Africa, 28 Nov 86) 17

Briefs

FRG Donates Development Funds 18

Grain Deficit 18

NIGERIA

New Anti-Apartheid Strategy Adopted

(DAILY TIMES, 18'Oct"86)... ,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, 19

Commentary Not Surprised by RSA Bombing Threat

(Emam Ahigbe; Lagos Domestic Service, 5 Dec 86) 20

Babangida on Togo, Ghana Crisis Mediation

(Shehu Dauda; THE TRIUMPH, 9 Oct 86) 22

Abacha on Improving Soldiers' Image

(DAILY TIMES, 16 Oct 86)..,.... 23

Grain Relief for Kano Pest Victims

(Mever Ayillaiozi Usman; NEW NIGERIAN, 14 Oct 86) 24

Board of Customs Inaugurated in Abuja

(Abubakar Umar; NEW NIGERIAN, 18 Oct 86) 26

Industrial Sector Prioritized Under SFEM

(NEW NIGERIAN, 24 Oct 86) 28

Cocoa Inspection Controls To Tighten

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 1-7 Nov 86) 29
Oil Prospects, OPEC Quota Prospects Improve

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 1-7 Nov 86) 30

Criticism Greets New Import Duty System

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 1-7 Nov 86) 31

Debt Rescheduling Talks on Course

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 1-7 Nov 86) .. 33

Interest Rates Increase To Encourage Low Bids

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 8-14 Nov 86)... 34

UK Credit Lines, Possible Project Financing

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 8-14 Nov 86) 35

Citizens Repatriate Hard Currency Holdings •>

(Raheem Mohammed; DAILY TIMES, 24 Oct 86) 36

Briefs

Brazilian Minister Visits 37

Improving Border Surveillance 37

New Air Force Unit 37

SIERRA LEONE

Briefs

High Bids at Diamond Sale 38

ZAMBIA

Official Speaks to NAM Africa Fund Meeting

(PANA, 27 Nov 86) 39

Briefs

Delegation Returns From USSR 40

ZIMBABWE

Aid Pledged to Mozambique During Commission Talks

(PANA, 27 Nov 86)........ 41

Businessman Examines Prospects for Beira Development

(PANA, 28 Nov 86) 43

Briefs

Satellite Data Processing Center 45

Cultural Agreement With PRC 45

Mozambique Relief Fund Launched 45

FRG Development Program Funds 46

- c
SOUTH AFRICA

AFRIKANER/GOVERNMENT

Gelderihuys Minimizes Military Influence

(Jannie Geldenhuys Interview; THE WEEKLY MAIL,

14-20 Nov 86) 47

First Recruits for Special Police Task Force Presented to Public

(DIE BÜRGER, 14 Oct 86) 49

Anglican Synod's Condemnation of Government Policy Criticized

(Editorial; DIE BURGER, 14 Oct 86) 50

Disruption of Lectures Said To Bode 111 for Future of Universities

(Editorial; DIE BURGER, 13 Oct 86). 52

BLACKS

Tutu Makes Strong Appeal for Reconciliation

(SAPA, 27 Nov 86) ...,, .. 54

Profound Changes in Black Popular Culture Noted

(Charlotte Bauer, Ivor Powell* THE WEEKLY MAIL,

21-27 Nov 86) 55

Poll Finds Blacks Believe in Goodwill Toward Whites

(SAPA, 1 Dec 86)....,..... 58

ANC's Nzo Speaks on ANC Anniversary Commemoration

(Alfred Nzo; Maputo to Southern Africa, 26, 27 Nov 86).... 60

Inkatha Official Warns Companies Not Welcome Post-Apartheid

(SAPA, 26 Nov 86)................ 63

AZAPO Official Discusses Relations With UDF

(BBC, 27 Nov 86) 65

Housing Shortage Forces Squatters Into Durban 'Apartheid' Buffer Zone

(Graham Spenee; THE DAILY NEWS, 3 Nov 86) .. 67

Black Homeowners 'Ripped Off* By Builders

(THE ARGUS, 10 Nov 86)... .. 69

Black Absences From Exams To Have Negative Impact

(SAPA, 26 Nov 86) 70

Experiences Recounted of Johannesburg Bus Boycotts

(Sefako Nyaka; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 21-27 Nov 86) 71

d -
Experiences Recounted of Port Elizabeths Consumer Boycott

(Mbulelo Linda; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 21-27 Nov 86).. 74

Briefs

Blacks Want Children in School 77

Transkei Signs Loan Agreements 77

Group Areas Act End Requested 77

SOCIOPOLITICAL/OTHER

Commentary Hails Improved Relations With Lesotho

(Johannesburg International Service, 28 NoV 86) 78

Urban Foundation Chairman on Racial Zoning, Reform

(Jan Steyn; BUSINESS DAY, 21 Nov 86) .. 79

Commentator Decries Lack of Religious Freedom

(Ameen Akhalwaya; POST NATAL, 12-15 Nov 86) 82

Liberals Linked To Covert Security Panel

(Franz Kruger; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 21-27 Nov 86) 84

Cosatu Meeting Commemorates Union Dead

(SAPA, 1 Dec 86) ..... 86

Textile Workers Unions Form National Federation

(SAPA, 28 Nov 86) 88

Language Blamed for Country's Bad Image Abroad

(BUSINESS DAY, 20 Nov 86) 89

Commentary Notes Success in Black Education

(Johannesburg International Service, 27 Nov 86) 90

Committee Formed To Monitor Indian Education

(Khalil Aniff; POST NATAL, 12-15 Nov 86) 91

Problems Threatening Sponsored Education Noted

(Keith Hammonds; BUSINESS DAY, 24 Nov 86) 92

Briefs

Empty White Schools Available 94

Success of State of Emergency 94

Brain Drain Gains Momentum 95

LP on Group Areas Issue 95

Detention of ECC Members Condemned 95

e -
ECONOMIC

Housing Shortfall Exceeds Government Estimates

(Chris Cairncross; BUSINESS DAY, 25 Nov 86) 96

Country Records Surplus Trade Balance

(SAPA, 27 Nov 86) 98

Mines Official Urges End to Racial Job Reservation

(SAPA, 27 Nov 86) 99

Commentary Condemns 'Hypocrisy' Among DisinVesting Firms

(Johannesburg International Service, 1 Dec 86) 100

Company Denies Black Labor Exploitation Charges

(CAPE TIMES, 26 Nov 86) 101

Briefs

White Urbanites Spending Cuts 103

Black/White Consumer Confidence IO3

Coastal Industry Expansion Urged 104

Corn to Lesotha 104

Playtex Sells Durban Plant 104

Farmers Register Mozambican Workers 104

INDUSTRIAL/S&T

Study Reveals Local Industry Could Manufacture 25 Percent of Imports

(Michael Chester; THE STAR, 20 Oct 86).... , 105

Siemens Shows Hi-Tech in Action

(BUSINESS DAY, 24 Oct 86) 106

/12223

f -
ANGOLA

BRIEFS

TRADE WITH CANARY ISLANDS—(Manuel Barreto Acursa), the Canary Islands' economy

and trade adviser, said in Luanda yesterday that the autonomous government of

the Canary Islands would like to extend a credit line to the People's Republic

of Angola. (Manuae Acursa) is currently holding talks with Angolan authorities

in Luanda. During a press conference, he stated that the amount of this loan

has not yet been fixed, but it only depends on his talks with Angolan officials.

According to (Manuel Barreto Acursa), the Canary Islands would like to serve as

a bridge for Angola's foreign trade with a number of countries from Europe and

America, because of its excellent strategic situation and infrastructure. He

said that to this end his talks with Angolan officials from the Ministries of

Planning, Foreign Trade, and Energy and Petroleum, as well as from Capotang

[expansion unknown] and Angonave [expansion unknown] enterprises, have centered

on trade and the use of the Canary Islands' ports and naval docks. During the

press conference, (Manuel Acursa) also stated that the Canary Islands intends

to create joint import and export enterprises with Angola. [Text] [Luanda

Domestic Service in Portuguese 0500 GMT 28 Nov 86 MB] /12232

CLOSER TIES WITH PARLIAMENTARIANS—Luanda, 3 December (ANGOP/PANA)—Angolan

President Jose Eduardo dos Santos said in Luanda on Monday that his country's

admission as a member of the African Parliamentary Union and the IPU gives

Angola the possibility of broadcasting its positions and securing greater international solidarity with its struggle. In the presence of the Angolan

parliamentarians who met in extraordinary session, the Angolan head of state

stressed that the country must strengthen and develop its multilateral relations with other parlaimentarians from all over the world as well as European

Parliament groups. After recalling the warm welcome given by the European

parliamentarians to the traitor Jonas Savimbi, Jose Eduardo dos Santos said that

part of our struggle embodies our defense of justice, freedom and the ideals of

social progress, with the aim of eliminating the humiliating and aggressive

apartheid regime from southern Africa. [Text] [Dakar PANA in French 1039 GMT

3 Dec 86 MB] /12232

CSO: 3400/503
BOTSWANA

MASIRE CALLS ON BUSINESS TO OVERCOME RSA SANCTIONS

MB281152 Gaborone Domestic Service in English lllQ GMT 28 Nov 86

[Text] The president, Dr Quett Masire, today called on the private sector to

think of more ways of taking advantage of government incentive schemes and

credit with commercial banks to embark on industries designed to substitute

imports. In a meeting with members of the business community at the Gaborone

National Statium Conference Center, Dr Masire said local production was essentially the answer to the problem of unreasonable threat to disruption of supplies and employment.

The president said it was time the private sector and the government worked

more closely for the problems they face were likely to escalate as a result of

external factors over which Botswana has very limited control influence. He

called upon the buisness community in Botswana to stand ready to overcome the

effects of economic sanction on South Africa. Dr Maiste said in this respect

Botswana will be more dependent on the resourcefulness of the private sector

to ensure that South African problems are not wholly transferred to Botswana.

He said investigations and trial on sources of supplies and routes should be

explored now so that Botswana would not be caught unprepared later.

The president called for collective responsibility and expressed hope that

both the private sector and the government would work together in harmony

to develop a very good climate for service. Dr Masire said the private sector

has as much responsibility for social and moreal leadership as government.

/12232

CSO: 34Q0/503
BOTSWANA

BRIEFS

VICE PRESIDENT ATTACKS APARTHEID—Debate on the president's opening address to

Parliament ended yesterday with a strong attack on the South African policy of

apartheid and destablilzation. At the end of it, the vice president, Mr Peter

Mmusi, said continuation of apartheid would also bring (?untold) economic and

social harm. He urged the South African Government to listen to the international community and dismantle apartheid instead of (?rushing) its soldiers to

attack neighboring countries. Mr Mmusi said architects of apartheid such as

Magnus Malan and Hilgard Müller had nothing to fear in black majority rule.

The vice president said Botswana and the rest of the world were not interested

in reforms, because apartheid could not be reformed. Mr Mmusi warned that

South Africa could pass the effects of sanctions imposed on it to her neighbors. He appealed to politicians to make people aware of such likely consequences on Botswana as South Africa closing the border. [Text] [Gaborone

domestic Service in English 0510 GMT 3 Dec 86 MB] /12232

CSO: 3400/503
GHANA

BRIEFS

OIL TRANSACTIONS ADDED TO WEEKLY AUCTION—The government is preparing to move

crude oil import transactions to the weekly auctions, Accra sources have

told AED. The move is likely to be accompanied by the introduction of IMF standby funds to the auction to make oil purchases feasible at the floating auction

rate. Without the funds, the shift of oil imports from the first window—where

they trade with essential drugs imports, debt service payments and cocoa exports,

at the prevailing official rate of $1 "= #90—would put a considerable strain on

the auction's resources. Just $1.29 million was available at the most recent

auction on SI October. So far the auction has been funded by foreign exchange

drawn from UK-based Standard Chartered Bank's $80 million bridging loan and

export earnings (AED 25:10:86). Funds from the 17 October SDR 81.8 million

($98.2 million) IMF standby package should considerably swell auction funds, but

the allocations may not satisfy long-term demand. Accra financial analysts

are now speculating as to whether the government will also put cocoa export

earnings through the second window. Meanwhile, the cedi fell slightly at the

31 October auction to $1 - C149 from $1 - (C147 the previous week. There were

32 bids ranging from $1 «= (8143-157, worth a total $2.03 million, auction sources

told AED. Only 22 bidders scooped the available funds. [Text] [London

AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 1-14 Nov 86 .p.7] /8309

MISTREATMENT OF NATIONALS IN TOGO—The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has expressed grave concern about reports of maltreatment of Ghanaians visiting or

resident in Togo. In a statement, the ministry said it is well known that

of late, Ghanaians in Togo have received anything but good treatment from the

Togolese authorities. In contrast to the humane treatment that Ghana has

traditionally extended to Togolese nationals in the country, Ghanaians in

Togo have often been subjected to harassment, arrest, detention without

trial, and deportations in violation of international law. Such actions also

go against the spirit of ECOWAS. For this reason, Ghanaians have been warned

not to go to Togo in their interest. According to the statement, agents of

the Togolese Government have even gone to the extent of violating with impunity the diplomatic immunity of Ghanaian diplomats itt Lome. The statement

cited an instance on 13 October this year when three young Ghanaians were

abducted by the Togolese police and are still being held in detention, despite representations made by Ghana. Again, 33 Ghanaians were arrested and

deported by Togo on 24th of last month, without any valid reason. [Text]

[Accra Domestic Service in English 2000 GMT 5 Dec 86 AB] /6662

4
FOOD AID AGREEMENT WITH CANADA—Ghana and Canada today signed a 6.5 million

Canadian dollar food aid agreement. Under the instruments, Ghana can take

advantage of Canadian grant facility to purchase 10,000 tons of wheat, 2,700

tons of vegetabel oil, and 700 tons of skimmed milk powder from Canada. The

revenue generated by the sale of these food items will be used to support

CIDA's [Canadian International Development Agency] sponsored government development projects in Ghana. [Excerpts] [Accra Domestic Service in English

2100 GMT 26 Nov 86 AB] /12232

CSO: 3400/501
IVORY COAST

NEW COCOA PRODUCTION RECORD ESTABLISHED

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 1-7 Nov 86 p 8

[Text] Cocoaproduction forthe 1985/86 season

—which closedon 30 September—

reached a new record of 580,000tonnes,

Agriculture Minister Denis Bra Kanon told a

28 October meeting oflocal buyers and

officials in Abidjan.

This is 5.1 per cent upon 1984/85's

record 552,000 tonnes and confirms

cocoaanalysts and traders' forecasts of a

higher cropfor this year. Previous official

comments on the 1985/86 crop predicted

a shortfall of between 50,000-75,000

tonnes on 1984/85 (AED 4:10:86; 30:8:86).

However, Bra Kanon reiterated that

becauseof low rainfall, the 1986/87 crop is

likely to total about 500,000tonnes.

The 1985/86 season has also seen record

palm oil output of 190,000tonnes, up32

per cent onthe previous season's 144,000

tonnes, Bra Kanon announced.

During a recenttour ofthe main coffeegrowing regions, Bra Kanon said the

government plans to producean

additional 150,000 tonnes a year ofthe

country's second most valuableexport

commodity by 2000. Trade sources put the

1985/86cropat around 280,000tonnes,

slightly uponthe previous year's 275,000

tonnes but below the 300,000-tonnetarget.

As with cocoa, the present inadequate

rains are likely to result in a smaller crop

next year.

Thegovernment is launching a

CFA 20,000 million ($61.4 million) coffee

expansion scheme for which it hopes to

securefunding from the World Bank and

France's Caisse Centrale de Cooperation

Economique (CCCE), Bra Kanon

disclosed. The government will provide

subsidies to enable some 10,000 hectares

of coffee to be planted each year and will

open nurseries capableof producing 36.5

million coffeecuttings annually, he added.

In addition, the present pruning rate of

11,000 hectares of ageing coffee bushes

will be raised to 15,000 hectares a year.

A crucial element ofthe programme will

be improving coffee quality, according to

Bra Kanon, who revealed that a record

amount of some 50,000 tonnes of

unmarketable black beans were produced

i in 1984/85, resulting in a loss in export

! earnings of around CFA 10,000 million

($30.7 million).

i He attributed the decline in quality largely

to buyer pressure on farmers to deliver

coffee cherries, which encouraged the

harvesting of unripe coffee. He warned that

factories taking delivery of poor quality

beans might be closed. In an initial move to

boost quality, the 1986/87 coffee season

openedon 1 November—one month later

than previously. Cocoa retains the earlier

date.

/8309

CSO: 3400/521
KENYA

ADB, OPEC FUND COOPERATE IN RICE VENTURES

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 8-14 Nov 86 p 4

[Text] TheAfrican Development Bank board is

expectedtoapprovea$17.7 million

African Development Fund(ADF) loan by

theendof Novemberfor afive-year rainfed

ricedevelopment project.

Total costis estimated at about $26.7

million, withthe remainder comingfrom a

$4.6 million OPEC Fund for International

Development (OFID) loan approved atthe

end of October, and thegovernment.

Theproject aims totreblericeoutput—

most ofwhich is grown in Nyanzaand

Western provinces as a minority crop—to

64,800tonnes, from thepresent 21,600

tonnes, improvingKenya's prospects of

food self-sufficiency. Work includes

construction ofone rice mill at Busiain

Western province, twoat Migori in Nyanza

and supply of parboiling equipment

enabling each mill to process about 12,000

tonnes ayear. It also includes construction

of 115 kilometres of rural roads and

rehabilitation of 200kilometres of rural

access roads; setting uptwo 215-hectare

seed multiplication farms; extension

services and training, and provisionof

medium-term loans tofarmers for buying

oxenandox-ploughingequipment, farm

implements, seeds, fertilisers, pesticides

and sacks.

OFID has also approved a$5 million loan

for a$19.3 million animal healthservices

rehabilitation project. The International

DevelopmentAssociation is erpectedto

provideabout $15 million forthe

programme, which includes construction

oflaboratories, offices and staff homes;

rehabilitation or replacement of about 390

four andtwo-wheel-drivevehicles and 68

/8309

CS0: 3400/521

trucks belongingtotheveterinary services

department; provisionof equipmentto

monitor diseaseand mount vaccination

campaigns; purchaseof drugs, seraand

vaccines, and pilottrials tocontrol tse tse

fly andticks.

The UN Development Programme and

Rome-based International Fundfor

Agricultural Development havealso been

askedtocontributetothe project, which

will lastthreeyears.
LIBERIA

NEW NDPL CHAIRMAN CALLS FOR RECONCILIATION

AB091116 Monrovia Radio ELWA in English 2000 GMT 8 Dec 86

[Text] The National Democratic Party of Liberia [NDPL] has called on political parties absenting themselves from the ongoing reconciliation talks to

go back to the negotiating table. The call was made today in a statement read

by the appointed chairlädy of the NDPL, Mrs Liliana E. Sherman, at a press

conference.

[Begin Sherman recording] The fact is that some of us insist on being divided. There is some anxiety even up to the very national level. This

state of affairs in our national life and in our respective homes cannot be

allowed to continue. It is time to break down the psychological barrier

standing between us and the political parties. I repeat: It is time to

break down the psychological barrier standing between us and other political

parties. The NDPL urges political parties absenting themselves from ongoing

reconciliatory talks to go back to the negotiating table, for it is only

(?there) that lies the honor and the path to peace and progress. The challenge of our time is to make party politics meaningful and [word indistinct]

to our people. Speaking from my heart, I want to say to all our opponents

that membership of different political parties should not make us enemies to

each other. We are all one people. Membership of different political parties

only means we hold [word indistinct] various beliefs on how best our country's affairs should be organized in various ways. We are all partners.

We therefore cannot afford to emphasize our differences. Whether our differences [words indistinct], we must seek to understand each other. Let us be

prepared to raise an argument and at the same time to (?lose) them in the

common interest of this nation and our people.

It is true that all around us, there are stiff challenges. It is also true

that some of us are disappointed because they do not get what they expected.

But the fact of this matter is that we are [words indistinct] seeking the

interest of the Liberian people and the nation. The challenge is to build a

safe and happier Liberia we could all be proud of.

/6662

CSO: 3400/530
[Article by Gerald L'Ange]

MOZAMBIQUE

NATION RETHINKS ECONOMIC POLICY

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 6 Nov 86 p 11

[ Text] Mozambique's Frelimo Government

i-has taken another big step away

from its original economic policy in

an effort to get the country out of

its desperate plight.

It is now pinning its hopes on

crop production by peasant farmers

to lead an economic revival.

This will mean a reversal of the

policy adopted by the Marxist-Leninist Government at independence,

when big state-run farms were

created with the intention that they

would largely take over agricultural production.

That move resulted in a sharp

drop in agricultural production. The

state farms were inefficient while

the peasant farmers, deprived of incentives to produce, tended to grow

only enough to feed their families.

When the farmers did sell their

produce there was little they could

do with the money because it had

depreciated steeply in value and in

any case there were few consumer

goods to spend it on.

Finance Minister Abdul Magid

Osman said at the weekend that

priority in Mozambique's economic

rehabilitation was being, given to

the stimulation of agricultural production by peasant families.

He said this would mean making consumer goods available to the

peasantry but did not elaborate on

how this would be arranged.

Mr Osman's announcement at a

news briefing echoes views that

have been gaining strength within

Frelimo for some time. The late

President Samora Machet told the

People's Assembly several months

ago that the Government had been

led astray by an obsession with preventing capital accumulation

among the peasantry.

"We've been afraid of involving

everyone in food production," he

said, "afraid of creating a* class of

rich peasants."

What the policy did create was a

class of rich market stallholders in

the towns. Lacking either their own

or state-owned transport to get

their produce to the markets, the

farmers were at the mercy of private hauliers and market stallholders, who imposed huge price

mark-ups.

These put foodstuffs beyond the

reach of many Mozambicans, and

even resulted in much of it being

thrown away, but still earned big

profits for the stallholders. ,

Lesson

Security Minister Sergio Vieira

said a survey had shown that some

stallholders were earning in a day

what Cabinet Ministers earned in a

month.

It was a situation that had been

seen elsewhere in Africa, but Frelimo was late to learn the lesson.

Mr Osman also said severe austerity measures would be introduced in an effort to reduce the deficits on the state budget and the

losses at which both private and

state companies were running.

The state budget deficit is currently about R107 million.

The austerity measures will entail dismissing some civil servants
and some employees of unproduc-"1

tive companies, Mr Osman said...

They would, however, be "relocat-;

(

ed" in productive work in the countryside. |

It appears, however, that the re- I

location will not involve the forced '

removals that have been imposed in.

the past, when unemployed Mozam- '

bicans were rounded up and moved |

out of the towns. . J

According to the official news

agency AIM, Mr Osman said the

relocation would be handled

"through financial and economic incentives rather than through administrative measures".

He did not say what these incentives will be or what kind of

work the people moved to the country will do there.

Mr Osman said the second priority in the rehabilitation of the

economy would be improvement of

transport and communications. He

pointed to the key role Mozambique's ports and railways play in efforts to reduce the Southern African

countries' dependence on South

Africa.

He referred only indirectly to another key aspect of transportation

in Mozambique — the disruption of

road and rail transport by the MNR

guerillas and the major contribution

.this has made to the economic decline.

Mr Osman blamed the decline essentially on South Africa's support

for the guerillas and what he.said

were economic sanctions imposed

by Pretoria.

"These sanctions are not declared

but they are very real," he said.

For instance, he said, South Africa had deliberately diverted traffic

away from Maputo port, so that last

year it handled only about 900000

tons of South African traffic compared with six million tons in 1974.

Deliberate

(South African officials have previously denied these allegations and

said the traffic declined because

shippers did not like using the inefficient port. The officials pointed

out that South African Transport

Services were helping to improve

the port.)

Mr Osman also saw deliberate

. South African sanctions in the reduction of the number of Mozambicans on the South African mines

from 118 000 at independence in

1975 to about 60 000 now.

He cited also South Africa's unilateral scrapping of the arrangement under which 60 percent of the

miners' wages were paid initially to

the Mozambique Government in

gold at the official price. The Government then sold the gold at the

much higher market price.

The foreign exchange thus earned

was one of the main pillars of the

Mozambican economy before independence and for the first few years

of independence.

Its loss has, according to Mr

Osman, pushed Mozambique's foreign debt up to about Rl 300 million

dollars.

To back up Frelimo's claim that

Mozambique's economic woes are

due to South African destabilisation

rather than to Frelimo policy, Mr

Osman said the country's gross national product grew at about 2,6 percent a year from 1975 to 1981, but

from 1981 to 1985 it fell by six percent.

Whatever caused Mozambique's

slide into poverty, Frelimo appears

now to be tackling the problem in a

realistic way — literally at

grassroots level.

/13046

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10
MOZAMBIQUE

RENAMO'S SOARES CLAIMS MOZAMBICAN FORCES TO COLLAPSE SOON

Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 15 Oct 86 p 2

[Unattributed article: "Machel Will Soon Fall Says Renamo"]

[Text] Durban—The government of President Samora Machel of Mozambique will

be brought to a fall within 6 months says Mr Alvaro Soares, who is generally

regarded as the second in command of the resistance movement Renamo.

In an interview this week from Oporto in Portugal he told DIE BURGER that

hundreds of Frelimo soldiers were deserting to Renamo, for which they were

subsequently fighting. The desertion is of such an extent that within 6

months the Mozambican armed forces will be overrun.

Renamo has already taken control of four villages in the north of Mozambique.

The villages are Zumbo and Mutarare in Tete Province, Caia in Northern Sofala,

and Milange in Zambezia Province. Yesterday it was reported that a fifth

village, Ulongue in Tete Province, was not controlled by Renamo.

According to Mr Soares, Frelimo suffered heavy losses in fighting for the

villages, while Renamo had few casualties. Renamo is now making preparations

for a direct attack upon Beira and later Maputo, Mr Soares said.

Mr Soares denied that Renamo was using Malawi as a jumping-off point for

attacks on the Mozambican government. Renamo forces were not entering

Mozambique from Malawi either, he said.

ANC Bases

"We have no negotiations with President Hastings Banda. Everyone who known

President Banda knows that he does not permit foreign soldiers on his

territory."

Renamo is definitely not receiving help from the South African government, Mr

Soares said. Renamo is being financed by "influential people," but he would

not expand upon who these people are.

11
Mr Soares also maintained that there are several open ANC bases near Maputo.

He is not surprised at the South African government's decision to expel

Mozambican workers in retaliation for ANC attacks, he said. He has intelligence information that ANC terrorists who carried out various terror-attacks

in Natal came from two ANC camps near Maputo.

He said that it is a known fact that Mr Joe Slovo, one of the leaders of the

ANC, is openly conducting his activities from Mozambique.

13238/12851

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12
MOZAMBIQUE

ZIMBABWEAN JOURNALIST GIVES VIEWS OF RENAMO'S ORGANIZATION

MB261900 London BBC World Service in English 1515 GMT 26 Nov 86

{From the "Focus on Africa" program]

[Text] If the Mozambique Government is to be believed—and journalists who

go into Mozambique on the government's side—rebels of the MNR, or Renamo

are raggle-taggle group of bandits with no real policies, terrorizing civilians

and destroying towns and settlements. It is also claimed that the guerrillas

are still getting substantial help from South Africa and now from Malawi.

Well, Zimbabwean freelance journalist Tim Lambon has just been into Mozambique on the rebel's side. Robin White asked him what his impression was of

the rebels:

[Begin recording] [Lambon] My impression that, in fact, they are a very

well-organized guerrilla organization. They have a certain amount of barbarism involved in their operations. I don't think that is terribly humanitarian at the best of times, but certainly they have got a very definite idea

of what they are fighting for, which is for free enterprise, basically, and

freedom of religion and freedom to go back to their tribal system. They are

organized. They do have an administration that is set up. They have schools

that are in operating. They have clinics are are operating. Their local

courts are being operated along traditional lines in each of the provinces.

[White] How far did you travel with them?

[Lambon] We must have traveled in the region between 800 and 1,200 km by dugout canoe, inflatable rubber boat across the Zambezi, walking and also on ^

captured motorcycles.

[White] You were with a party of Renamo soldiers, weren't you?

[Lambon] Yes, we were with a party of Renamo soldiers.

[White] Do you have any idea how many men Renamo how have under arms permanently?

13
[Lambon] President Dhlakama reckons they have in the region of 22,000 regular

soldiers, permanently; and they were now building up their irregular force.

[White] Now, you saw Dhlakama. What kind of a man is he?.'

[Lambon] Dhlakama is a very quiet man, very intelligent, sophisticated;

thinking man who doesn't have a lot of ideas about PR work and projecting the

image of his organization, which is probably why it has such a poor world

image. Everybody has only heard about it from Frelimo, who are obviously not

friendly; and they come over as a disparate group of bandits. They are in

fact not like this at all. He is a very intelligent man, who speaks impec-1-

cable Portuguese and understands English very well, but he is a bit shy to use

English.

[White] Where did you see him?

[Lambon] We saw him at his Gorongosa headquarters, which is in the Sofala

Province in the district of Gorongosa.

[White] It appears that recently the MNR have slightly changed policy and

that they are now trying to hold on to towns rather than just hitting and

destroying them and going back into the bush. Is that right? Did you see

evidence of that?

[Lambon] Yes, we saw evidence of that in several of the towns. We went into

places like Morrumbala, several other towns, Milange. They have in fact

gone into these places. They have taken them over from Frelimo. They have

captured Frelimo stocks of clothing, food, medicines and weapons; and they

are now holding on to the towns although they have destroyed the infrastructure of the town, so to speak. Because they could not hold those towns

in the face of a concerted attack--they would rathfer melt back into the

bush—they have done through and they have basically employed a scorched

earth policy, although their military forces remain in that town, holding on

to it as long as they possibly can.

[White] Now, there have been claims of continued South African support for

Renamo and also of Malawian support how for Renamo. What evidence did you

see of that?

[Lambon] We specifically went into Mozambique. Because we were- a news team,

we went in specifically to look for any evidence that will support those

claims. We did not find a button, a boot, a round, a single thing.

[White] What about the Malawian connection?

[Lambon] We traveled rather extensively along the Malawi border, and we

talked to a lot of people who are involved with them; not only the Renamo

guerrillas themselves, but also to local peasants and people on the roads in

situation where there weren't any Renamo people present, so that we could

14
actually speak very freely with these people. Nobody could tell us of any

involvement from the Malawian side at all. The only thing that Renamo seems

to get from Malawi is J&Bwhiskey and Cokes and Fahtäs.

[White] Now, I understand that you are a white Zimbabwean and you used to be

in Ian Smith's army. Could you in any way be said to be looking at the MNR

through rather rosetinted spectacles in that you might have political sympathy

for them?

[Lambon] I don't think I have political sympathy for them. I have operated

with a number of guerrilla organizations as a.cameraman and as a television

producer, and they are not the best that I have ever seen. From the point of

view of politics, well I don't think that they are going to be able to do

anything more for Mozambique than Freiimo has been able to do. In fact, they

are going to have a darn sight more difficult job, because they have destroyed

everything, [end recording]

/6662

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15
MOZAMBIQUE

AIM: CHILDREN KIDNAPPED BY RENAMO REPORTEDLY DYING IN CAMPS

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 18 Nov 86 p 8

[Text]

MAPUTO. — Children kidnapped by

Mozambican rebels are

dying daily of hunger

and disease at rebel

bases, it was reported

yesterday.

A dispatch from the

Mozambican national

hews agency, Aim, gave

accounts of 'villagers in

Central Zambezia Province, focal point of the war

by anti-mandst rebels

against the government.

Aim cited government

figures showing that 1,5

million people in Zambezia, half of them under

IS, are at risk of starvation in the province,

largely because of disruptions from the decadelong war.

The bush war is reported to be intensifying, particularly in Zambezia and

other provinces near the

border with Malawi,

where the rebels are reported to be based.

The government has

said just under four million people now face the

risk of starvation in a

country of 13,4 million,

mainly because of war-related problems in the

countryside.

After falling to below

two million early this

year, the total now at risk

is now nearly as high as in

1983-84, when more than

100 000 people died of

hunger during severe

drought.

So far, there have been

no reports ofmass deaths.

Aim quoted Mrs Arinaquina Muntchari (38), as

saying she was kidnapped

by a rebel gang from her

village of Viriua in Zambezia along with four children. After six months

she escaped, but with

only two children. One

died of disease at the rebel camp, and her 11-

year-old son, the eldest,

was taken away to study.

Aim said it was common for boys from 10 to

12 to be recruited by force

into the rebel ranks.

"Mozambican citizens

returning from Malawi

speak of such 'disappearances' of children from

refugee camps established

in Malawi," said the dispatch from Quelimane,

the coastal capital of the

province.

Mi* Antonio Nimuelane, another peasant

who escaped from a rebel

camp, told Aim he saw

children die of malaria,

measles,!, diarrhoea and

parasite diseases;

'There they don't give

food or medicine. Often

the children just eat plant

roots, and these are poisonous.. They vomit and

they end up dying. Nobody is allowed to leave

the base, hot even to look

for cures," he said.

The Be district in

Northern Zambezia had

105 primary schools atthe

start of the year, with

23 740 students.

"Now, because of the

war, we only have 46

schoolsleft, and the number of pupils has dropped

to 16 470," the district director of education was

quoted as saying.

Schools, clinics and maternity centres are among

the most frequent targets

of rebel attacks in a campaign aimed at destroying

the country's social and

economic infrastructure,

the dispatch said. —SapaAP.

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16
MOZAMBIQUE

AIM CONCERNED OVER MALAN 'THREAT1TO JOURNALISTS

MB281235 Maputo in English to Southern Africa 1100 GMT 28 Nov 86

[Text] There is serious concern in Maputo following threats made against the

MOZAMBIQUE NEWS AGENCY by South Africa's Defense Minister Magnus Malan at the

weekend. General Malan told a meeting in Petersburg in Transvaal Province

last weekend that the MOZAMBIQUE NEWS AGENCY was one of the agencies responsible for what he called a provocative campaign of lies apparently against

the Pretoria regime. Gen.Malan said other agencies involved were ANGOP of

Angola and TASS of the Soviet Union. A report on this matter by the

MOZAMBIQUE NEWS AGENCY yesterday says the idea that Frontline States' news

agencies are tun from Moscow is seen as part of the conspiracy theory of

Pretoria's total onslaught policy. The news agency said the South Africans

have never shown any of its reports to be false. However, on the other hand,

there have been no problems in proving that some reports oh South African

state media, SABC, are untrue.

The MOZAMBIQUE NEWS AGENCY recalls that on 12 November this year, the SABC

television news claimed that air traffic personnel at Maputo Airport had

been arrested for negligence on the night of the crash of President Samora

Machel's plane. This SABC TV news report was proved to be false and fictitious. The MOZAMBIQUE NEWS AGENCY says that the statement by Gen Malan

could be a veiled death threat against journalists who work for the agency.

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17
MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

FRG DONATES DEVELOPMENT FUNDS—The FRG Government has granted an amount

totalling about DM30 million to Mozambique. This money will be used toward

the rehabilitation of the industrial and financial estate [parque], investments in production, and energy distribution for production purposes. This

money will also be used to rehabilitate Maputo's central thermal station. The

FRG will also support our country by supplying 6,000 tons of maize, 500 tons

of maize flour, and more than 1,000 tons of rice as well as other foodstuffs.

The accord providing this grant of CM 30 million was signed in Maputo today

by two delegations headed by Rui Lousa, deputy minister of transport and

communication, and Dr (Lange!), secretary of state in the FRG Ministry of

Economic Cooperation. The FRG delegation left Maputo this morning for

home after placing a.wreath at the monument of the Mozambican heroes. [Text]

[Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 1030 GMT 26 Nov 86 MB] /6662

GRAIN DEFICIT—The Mozambican Trade Ministry says the state grain marketing

board AGRIC0M [Agricultural Products Marketing Company of Mozambique] will

take delivery of only 61,000 tons of grain this year, which is an all-time

low. The report, released in Maputo, said the figure compared with purchases

of 74,000 tons last year and blamed the fall on drought and the country's

civil war. It said Mozambique was facing a grain deficit of 161,000 tons

between now and the.end of April. Hunger^related deaths had already been reported from the provinces of Maputo, Gaza, and Inhambane. The report said

malnutrition was rampant throughout the country. International aid will be

needed to make up the grain deficit. [Text] [Johannesburg International

Service in English 0630 GMT 1 Dec 86 MB] /6662

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18
NIGERIA

NEW ANTI-APARTHEID STRATEGY ADOPTED

Lagos DAILY TIMES in English 18 Oct 86 p 3

[Text] The Federal Government has adopted a new strategy in registering its

protest against the massive support the apartheid regime in South Africa is

giving the rebel Renamo, the Mozambican National Resistance»

This was made known yesterday in a BBC Network Africa by External Affairs

Minister, Professor Bolaji Akinyemi who was interviewed by BBC correspondent

Devina Daughan.

Professor Akinyemi regretted that there has been an upsurge of refugees

fleeing Renamo guerrilla attack in recent times and blamed this on the

massive support the South African Government was giving the rebels.

He said the new flood of emigrants leaving Mozambique was being seen as a proof

that South African assistance to rebels had increased. He added that this

development has caused great concern not only to the Mozambican Government

but also to its close friends and supporters like Nigeria.

And instead of the old method of condemning the rebel attacks and the South

African support, Nigeria has resorted to lobbying the five permanent

members of the United Nations Security Council with a view to getting them

to pressurise South Africa to stop backing the rebels.

/8309

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19
NIGERIA

COMMENTARY NOT SURPRISED BY RSA BOMBING THREAT

AB052023 Lagos Domestic Service in English 1800 GMT 5 Dec 86

[Emam Ahigbe commentary]

[Text] That racist South Africa has planned to bomb strategic locations

in the country should not come as a surprise, rather, it should be regarded

as an acknowledgement by the Pretoria regime of Nigeria's indefatigable efforts at dismantling the obnoxious policy of apartheid. It is also an accepance by the racist government of Nigeria's leadership role in the African

Continent. All along, Nigeria has been an ardent crusader against the continued existence of a white minority regime that thrives on the exploitation

of the majority blacks while denying them their right to participate in the

political activities of their fatherland.

After all, was it not Nigeria's open commitment to the liberation struggle

in South Africa that rightly earned her membership of the Frontline States,

although geographically she is not one of them? And in recent times, Nigeria's

dynamic and purposeful foreign policy has undoubtedly been geared toward the

total elimination of apartheid. For example, she has been in the forefront

in advocating mandatory economic sanctions against the Pretoria regime as the

only way of destroying a system that prevails in debasing humanity.

And indeed, Britain's refusal to think along this line made Nigeria to lead

a 40-nation boycott of the Edinburgh Commonwealth Games. Besides, Nigeria's

moral and material support for the Frontline States that frequently face a

spate of unprovoked attacks from the racist regime make Pieter Botha and his

racist clique uncomfortable. Unfortunately, South Africa, has chosen the

wrong course of action. Her diabolical plans to silence Nigeria through bomb

attacks cannot deter Nigeria from her chosen course of spearheading events

that will finally result in the crushing of apartheid. Pretoria should have

realized that Nigeria, as an independent country, cannot be intimidated,

neither can she be cowed into submission to what she does not believe in.

Nigeria strongly believes in the universal principle of fundamental human

rights. She believes in majority rule which Western democracy so much

cherishes. But what happens in South Africa today is a complete negation of

these principles. Here is a country whose so-called leadership has thrown the

20
basic values of democracy to the dogs. Indeed, it Is a country whose leadership derives satisfaction in killing or maiming innocent lives for daring to

ask for their rights.

South Africa, in the last 6 years or so, has continued to unleash wanton and

unprovoked attacks against its neighbors. In all these attacks, the racists

had left the affected neighboring states with enormous loss of lives and property. Pretoria is often quick to say that the raids are directed at SWAPO

and ANC nationalist fighters. But in fact, the victims are usually harmless

civilians. One may now ask South Africa whether Nigeria has also become a base

for SWAPO and ANC freedom fighters. The truth of the matter is that South

Africa's planned attack is designed to intimidate and coerce Nigeria into

withdrawing her support for the liberation struggle. Botswana has been attached. Zambia has been cut off, Zimbabwe sanctioned, and Lesotho intimidated—

all by racist South Africa. All these apart, South Africa is planning to take

another ridiculous step. The president of the African National Congress, ANC,

Oliver Tambo, disclosed recently in Lagos that there were threats on the lives

of President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia and Prime Minister Robert Mugabe of

Zimbabwe.

But the questions now are: For how long will Pretoria continue to harass

countries that dare oppose the inhuman policy of apartheid? For how long will

South Africa continue to exhibit its wanton show of military jnight- As a

matter of fact, the international community in general, and Africa in particular, have to take urgent steps to check South Africa's continued violation

of the territorial integrity of African states. Unfortunately, South Africa's

Western allies, especially the United States and Britain, have continued to

ignore the obvious dangers inherent in South Africa's belligerency. But, to

the same, there are now visible cracks on thewalls of apartheid. Business

conglomerates In the United States and Britain have begun to show their contempt for apartheid by withdrawing their investments from the racist enclave.

These are ominous signs that South Africa's apartheid policy will sooner than

later be condemned to the scrap heap of history.

As for its proposed attack on Nigeria, it is like going on a suicide mission.

The racist overlords are better advised to stay within South Africa to suffer

the humiliation the inevitable defeat of apartheid will bring about.

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21
NIGERIA

BABANGIDA ON TOGO;GHANA CRISIS MEDIATION

Kano THE TRIUMPH in English 9 Ott 86 p 1

[Article by Shehu Dauda]

[Text] President Ibrahim Babangida has said Nigeria would explore the possibility of solving the disagreement between Togo and Ghana over the recent coup.

President Babangida was speaking to a four-man delegation that brought a special

message from President Gnassingbe Eyadema of Togo at Dodan Barracks yesterday.

He said Nigeria was particularly concerned because of the special relationship

existing between the two countries.

He stated that a Commission of Inquiry will be set up to assess the situation

and advise on what steps to be taken.

President Babangida thanked the delegation for the briefing and gave them an

assurance of Nigeria's continued support.

Earlier, the leader of the delegation, Mr. Lacle Kpotivi had briefed

President Babangida about the recent disturbances in Togo.

He expressed his country's appreciation for Nigeria's show of solidarity and

friendship.

Others on the delegation were Mr. Koffo Amega, Mr. Naughena Barnabo and

Colonel Assih.

/8309

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22
NIGERIA

ABACHA ON IMPROVING SOLDIERS' IMAGE

Lagos DAILY TIMES in English 16 Oct 86 p 12

[Text] THIS year's training

week of the Nigerian

. Army Ordinance

Corps: (NAOG) opened on

Tuesday in Ibadan with

the Chief of Army Staff,.

Maj-Gen. Sanni Abaduv

calUng on the corps to>

improve its poor image.

La an address on the

occasion,' Mej-Genv

Abachav said the; responsibility to improve the

image of the corps should

not be that of its director

alone but: of all officers

and menofthecorps^ _

'He said that raadeqnat»

logistic support, by

virtually all logistic

services; during field

trainings was a matter of

serious concern to< the

army,

. The chief of army staff

««plained that as a result

of the shortcoming. The.

army was according the

speedy completion of the

Army Central:

Ammunition Depot.

Kaduna, highpriority.

He warned that the

Nigerian Army would not

hesitate to flush out all

the bad eggs in the

Ordinance Corps. -

The.address was read

by the adjutant-general of

the Nigerian Army, Brig.

. Rabiu Aliyu.

Earlier, the Director of

Ordinance Services^ CoL

G. 0; Nebo, announced

the intention of the corps

to transfer its' warehouse'

from Lagos to Ibadan in

November»

According to ban, the

Ordinance expended

»600,000 yearly on rent

for the warehouse inLagos, adding that before

the end of next year, the

corps headquarters would

be transferred from Lagos

to Ibadan.

CoL Nebo said training

of officers and men in the

NAOC would be

intensified while their

physical fitness would be

emphasised to make the

men as fit as those they

supported.

/8309

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23
NIGERIA

GRAIN RELIEF FOR KANO PEST VICTIMS

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 14 Oct 86 pp 1, 7

[Article by Mever Ayillaiozi Usman]

[Text] Federal Government has sent relief materials to victims of recent

natural disasters in Niger and Kano states.

In Niger State, the materials would go to victims of a recent flood in Minna,

while about 295,000 tonnes of grains have been sent to farmers in Kano State

who lost their crops to pests.

A NEW NIGERIAN investigation in Minna revealed that a cheque for an undisclosed

sum of money, a large consignment of foodstuffs, blankets and other kinds of

clothing have been delivered to the state government.

In Kano State, the Governor, Wing Commander Mohammed Umaru, visited the

farmlands invaded by pests and directed that the farmers be given 19,500 out

of the 295,000 tonnes of grains donated by the Federal Government.

Secretary to the Niger State Government, Alhaji Abdulrahaman Gara, confirmed

the receipt of the relief materials.

Meanwhile, the state Commissioner for Information, Social Development, Youth,

Sports and Culture, Mr. Solomon Yisa, has said the state relief committee

would be reconstituted.

Mr. Yisa did not give any reason for the decision but said the new committee

would be constituted along the same line with the Federal Relief Agency.

The Kwara State Government has sent in a 20,000 Naira donation for the

rehabilitation of the victims of the flood disaster.

The donation was handed over to the Governor Garba Aliyu Mohammed by the Kwara

State Commissioner for Information, Social Welfare, Youth, Sports, and Culture,

Alhaji Adebayo Ajani. It brings to 170,000 Naira donations received from

state governments and organisations so far.

24
The Sokoto State Government had earlier donated 50,000 Naira, while two

pharmaceutical companies had also donated drugs worth 75,000 Naira and

25,000 Naira respectively about 52,000 families were victims of the pests

invasion in Gumel, Hadejia and Kafina Hausa local government areas of the

state.

Governor Umaru promised that another consignment of grains would arrive the

state capital this weekend.

The Capital Aviation Services Limited which was given about 700,000 Naira

contract to make an aerial spray of the affected areas reported on Sunday

that it had sprayed over 400,000 hectares of farmland and the spray was

expected to have been completed yesterday.

/8309

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25
NIGERIA

BOARD OF CUSTOMS INAUGURATED IN ABUJA

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 18 Oct 86 pp 1, 3

[Article by Abubakar Umar]

[Text] MEMBERS of the newly

reconstituted board of Customs,

Immigration and Prisons Board

Services (CffPB) have been enjoinedby the Minister of Internal

Affairs, Colonel JohnShagaya, to

consider issues brought before

them in the national interest.

The minister also advisedeach

member not Jo be a champion of

individual group or sections of

the country as the entire country

"is our constituency."

Colonel Shagaya saidat the inaugural meeting of the board in

Abuja yesterday that the

Customs and Excise Management Act of 1968 had: now- been

replaced by the enabling decrees

of 1988.

The minister saidthe establishment of the board, became

necessary following the acceptance by government of the

recommendations contained in

the white paper on the report of

Yahaya Gusau study on customs

and smuggling.

Colonel Shagaya said government decided to broaden the

scope of theboardto embrace the

prisonsservices as well because

it would make for better and

more effective control: and' cocr*

cfination. He saiditwouldalso ensure a mmri*1

"

1"» utilization of

. numan and material resources^

- He said the board would

operate along the same way! as

the Federal Civil Service Com»

missionin respect of the Departmentof Customs and Exdsr. Immigration and Prisons Service.

"In other words, the board is

charged with the responsilibUy

foe 'the appointment, promotion'

-and* discipline of all-staffId the?

customs, inanJaratk« and: prison*

deoartment", he added.

The minister saidthe three services over which the board had

responsibilities were considered

very sensitive by the; ministry

since*-' they facilitated« the

discharge of national; security

functions assigned to him.

Colonel Shagaya said the services had of late acquired addi^

tional-responsibilities that would

call Tor dedication and

uprightness on the part of all

He stressed the role of the

Customs and Excise Department

in the. operations of the secondtier foreign exchange market

(SFEM) and the monitoring of

aliens by the Immigration

Department, who would be pouring into the country as a result of

the ratification of the Phase 2 of

ECOWAS protocol.

26
The: Prisons Department was

expected to translate the human

rights policy of the administration into reality by humane handling of inmates of all prisons and

lock-ups-in the country..

Colonel Shagaya . urged the

board to recruit the right type of

people into these services.

He saidefficient officers shouja

be rewarded while indolent, corrupt and inefficient staff, should

be dismissed from the service.

The board, which has the

minister of internal affairs as

chairman, comprised permanent

secretary ofthe ministry anrfoermanent secretaries, i» the

ministries of finance,' Trader

Transport and Aviationaswellas

Industries.

Other members are director of

customs and excise, director of

prisons service, director of immigrationservices, legal adviser

in the Ministry of Internal Affairs

and two other members appointed by the president

The board has a secretary who.

' is a civil servant.

/8309

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27
NIGERIA

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR PRIORITIZED UNDER SFEM

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 24 Oct 86 pp 1, 3

[Text] FEDERAL Government is giving priority to manufacturing and

industrial sector under the

Second-tier Foreign Exchange

Market (SFEM), the Governor of

Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)

Alhaji Abdulkadir Ahmed, has

said.

Alhaji Abdulkadir who stated

this at the fifth bidding session of

SFEM in Lagos yesterday, said

W< per cent of foreign exchange

sold: by banks, went to manufacturing industries.

The CBN governor said the

government decided to give

priority to manufacturing and industrial sectors to enable the

manufacturers to buy foreign exchange they requiredfor the purchase of spare parts and the

necessary raw materials to keep

their factories in production.

He said the sales of foreign exchange were consistent with

government policy to resuscitate

ailing industries and to put them

backinto operation whichhe said

would in turn bring the rate of inflationunder control.

Alhaji Abdulkadir said other

sectors of the nation's economy

would equally benefit from the

sale of the foreign exchange in

due course.

The governor said some of the

beneficiaries of the foreign ex-/

change included Peugeot

Automobile Nigeria Limited

(PAN), United African Company

(UAC), Strabag, Leventis

Technical, Cadbury,

Volkwswagen of Nigeria (VON),

Associated Electronics Limited,

Afprint Textile Company, Sevenup Bottling Company, PZ, Arewa

Textile, NNPC, Guiness and Ibru.

He said some degree of confidence had been restored in the

economy by our foreign

creditors, following the recent

successful rescheduling of our

debts in London which would further promote appreciable inflow

of autonomous foreign investment capital.

Alhaji Abdulkadir said foreign

exchange sales totalling over 82.3

million U.S. dollars were made

during the third week of bidding

while over 9.8 million dollars

were purchased by the public outside the SFEM bidding floor, a

situation he described as a

welcome development.

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28
NIGERIA

COCOA INSPECTION CONTROLS TO TIGHTEN

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 1-7 Nov 86 p 11

[Text] Inspection controls on the cocoacrop are

to bestepped up, following widespread

reports of poor quality Nigerian beans in

terminal markets, Agriculture, Water

Resources & Rural Development Minister

Major-General Gado Naskotold a Cocoa

Association of London (CAL) delegation

during a late-Octoberfact-finding visit.

The government intends to make export

licences for cocoaconditional on the

exporter producing a federal produce

inspection certificate, the delegation was

told. Government officials advised buyers

notto take Nigerian cocoathat has not

been passed by the inspectorate.

Quality is the buyers' main concern, but

thetrade is alsoexpecting a statistical

shortfall in production in the 1986/87

season, bringing it down to 80,000tonnes

—the lowestfor nearly 40 years. This is

becausefarmers have been harvesting

next season's cocoaearly, becauseofthe

threat of black pod disease, which usually

comes later in the season. This has

brought someof the current season's crop

into 1985/86 statistics. Even so, 1985/86

production—targeted at 175,000tonnes

— has reached only 120,000 tonnes

becauseof extensive losses to black pod.

Cocoa buyers say problems with

Nigerian cocoastarted with the

government's abolition ofthe Nigerian

Cocoa Board on 30June. This effectively

transferred the industry to private hands.

"The privatisation process happened so

quickly that it meant almostthe overnight

loss of centralised facilities like the

provisionof pesticides and fertilisers and,

apparently, a diminution in the power ofthe

federal inspectorate," one European

manufacturer told AED.

During meetings with the CALteam—led

by Hans Fritze, chairman of West

Germany's Sopra, and CAL chief

executive Robin Dauncey—the

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government denied thatthere had been

any relaxation in inspection procedures.

Officials added, however, thatthe influx of

inexperienced cocoadealers had meant

that someoftheformer controls hadbeen

circumvented. The inspectorate would be

strengthened, they said, to incorporate

produceinspectionat villagelevel.

Eagerto recoup their earnings in foreign

exchange, many ofthe new dealers have

speeded upthe buying process, withthe

resultthatthey have beentaking poorly

fermented and dried beans from farmers.

Most ofthese beans arethen rejectedby

Nigeria's traditional customers—

European chocolate manufacturers—and

end upon theterminal market.

Concerns about quality are likely to

damage Nigeria's market prospects in the

shortterm, industry sources say. Tothis is

addedthecontinuedthreat of black pod

disease and the lack of available

pesticides to help farmers deal with it.

The immediate problems have meantthat

Nigerian cocoahas lost its premium inthe

market and is now trading at a small

discounttothetraditionally poorer quality

cocoa from Cote d'lvoire. It is alsotrading

at a £100 ($143.60) atonne discount

against Ghanaian cocoa, which has been

its main rival on the international market.

29
NIGERIA

OIL PROSPECTS, OPEC QUOTA PROSPECTS IMPROVE

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 1-7 Nov 86 p 10

{Text} ThepriceofNigeria's main export crudes

has hovered around $14 a barrel in the

wakeofthe latest OPEC agreement on

production restraint, although oil industry

sources are more bullish aboutthe

country's oil prospects for 1987 (AED

25:10:86, Market Report).

The average spot pricefor Nigeria's

premium Bonny light crude was $14.20in

September, compared with the July

average of $9.55. In October, the spot

pricehas fluctuated from a low of $13.65 to

a high of $14.10.

There remains considerable uncertainty

aboutthe outcome ofthe next OPEC

ministerial meeting, scheduled for 11

December, but analysts predict a "more

sophisticated holding arrangement,"

resulting from the negotiations on quotas,

with Nigeria again taking a conciliatory

line.

"The Nigerians are basically taking the

line of doing everything to maximise

revenue, which means they won't

jeopardisea general agreement by

holding out for a bigger country quota,"

one analyst commented. He added that, as

OPEC president, Petroleum Resources

Minister Rilwanu Lukman had improved

Nigeria's image in the organisation by his

more considered approach to the

negotiations.

Other commentators point outthat, while

Lukman is regarded as "an extremely

good OPEC president," he will also have to

ensure that Nigeriadoes not lose an

opportunity to increase its quotabecause

ofthe apparentimportance ofthe OPEC

president behaving in a more

statesmanlike mannerthan the other

. ministers.

Optimism about Nigeria's position at the

next round of quota negotiations'derives

mainly from the goodwill it has built up in

theorganisation this year. There is more

doubt, however, about how Nigeria will

score on the criteria on which OPEC will

base new quotas.

It can be expected to score well on at

least two criteria:

D high population, although it is notyet

known how much weightthis will be given

as a determinant of quota, and

D productioncapacity—Nigeria is at

present using less than 65 per cent of its 2

million barrel-a-day (b/d) potential

capacity.

It will score less well, however, on other

criteria:

D domestic consumption, which has fallen

from 300,000 b/d to 250,000 b/d since

local petroleum prices were increased,

and

D debt—compared with other OPEC

producers, Nigeria's level of indebtedness

is only middle-ranking.

Nevertheless, even if Nigeria comes out

about even on criteria laid down so far,

observers say Lukman s "assertive

diplomacy" couldtipthe balance in his

country's favour. Even if this strategy fails,

Nigeria is unlikely to be caught unawares.

Nigerian National Petroleum

Corporation officials are understood to

have madecontingency plans to boost

sales by around 500,000 b/d in the event of

a return to the prices and production

free-for-all ofthefirst half ofthis year.

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30
NIGERIA

CRITICISM GREETS NEW IMPORT DUTY SYSTEM

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 1-7 Nov 86 pp 10-11

[Text] The government has cut import duty on a

range of industrial raw materials and some

finished manufactures. The move aims to

stem the inflationary pressures on the

economy which followed the naira's recent

substantial depreciation on the second-tier

foreign exchange market (SFEM). A

preliminary schedule was released on 24

October and a comprehensive one will be

• published in a white paper in November.

" While the new schedule of duties has

somewhat rationalised the tariff system,

there have been mixed reactions from the

Nigerian business community, which had

hoped the new rates would do moreto

encourage production of local goods and

discourage imports offinished goods.

The system remains complex, with more

than 20 basic classes of imports.

Generally, it cuts duty on imported food

and consumer durables by between 10-30

per cent. This will have only a limited effect

when compared to what amounts to a

threefold depreciation ofthe naira since

SFEM started.

Manufacturers have welcomed the

reduction in duty on industrial raw

materials, but say it is less than expected.

One soft drinks manufacturer points out

that, although duties on the plant's main

imported raw materials are down to30 per

cent from 40, this is insignificant when

measured against the naira's depreciation.

Manufacturers are more critical ofthe

reduction of duty on imported finished

manufactures which directly compete with

' locally made ones. Duty on imported

airconditioning units has been reduced to

15 per cent from 30, whilethat on imported

televisions and radios has fallen to 50 per

cent from 150. The aim may have been to

compensate Nigeria's wealthier urban

dwellers for the effects ofthe devaluation,

but the move could further damage

Nigeria's ailing electronics industry.

Although many Nigerian and foreign

industrialists argue that the sector—

which consists mainly of assembly of

imported components with very little

local value-added—'is not significant

enough to warrant substantial protection measures, they say the multimillion-naira vehicle assembly plants

should be treated differently.

Underthe new structure, duty on

imported vehicles is reduced substantially;

instead, that on completely-knocked-down

component kits—•the basis of local

assembly operations—has only dropped

from an average rate of 30 per centto20.

Complete imported cars with engine

capacity of over 1,800 cc have had duty

cutfrom between 200-250 per centto50

per cent. Cars with capacities below 1,600

cc are down to30 per centfrom 70. Duty on

completetrucks, four-wheel-drive

vehicles, and tractors will fall to 30per cent

from 60.

Industrialists in Lagos say they expect

local vehicle assembly plants to protest

againstthe new schedule, which will make

it cheaperfor fleet users to import

commercial vehicles and possibly

passenger cars. Local assembly plants

are still negotiating a new price structure

fortheir made-in-Nigeria vehicles, but

already the country's best selling car—the

Peugeot 504—sells for about N 35,000

($8,951) on the open market in the wake of

the naira's depreciation. The local press

expects the official priceofthe Kadunaassembled 504 to rise to between

N 30,000-33,000 ($7,672-8,440) from its

present level priceof N 11,000 ($2,813).

31
Ina memorandum forwarded tothe

government on 23 October, the

Manufacturers' Association of Nigeria

(MAN) argues thatthe maximum import

duty payable by local manufacturers for

their essential inputs should be 2.5 per

cent, togivethem acompetitive edge

againstforeign manufacturers.

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32
NIGERIA

DEBT RESCHEDULING TALKS ON COURSE

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 1-7 Nov 86 p 10

[ Text] Pressure is increasing on commercial

bank creditors involved in Nigeria's debt

rescheduling negotiations to ensure a final

agreement is in place before 31

December.

The creditor banks' steering committee

met Finance Minister Chu Okongwu and

Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) governor

Abdulkadir Ahmed in London from 27-31

October to agree on the "full term sheet" of

the rescheduling negotiations.

One banking source told AED that the

steering committee hoped to reach final

agreement on details of the maturities of

the various credits, interest margins, and

fees—"what bankers call the boilerplate

of the agreement"—by the end of this

round of talks.

The negotiated terms arethen due to be

sent to the 200-plus banks involved. These

are likely to take afurther four weeks to

communicate their assessment of the

proposals. The bulk ofthe work will then be

in the hands of the lawyers, who will in turn

be under pressure to finalise the

documentation before the end ofthe year.

"We're aiming to have the paperwork

finished and an agreement in place to start

the new year," one creditor bank

representative said. "This will allow a

renewed flow of business with Nigeria and

then another major meeting between the • Nigerian team and the creditor banks in the

last quarter of 1987." He added that, while

the Nigerian agreement is described as a

multi-year rescheduling, continued

uncertainty over the country's payments

and revenue position is likely to mean

"someadjustment to the numbers on an

annual basis."

Other elements in the rescheduling

package are on course, AED understands,

following the 24 October signingofthe

$250 million bridging loan from the Baslebased Bank for International Settlements

(BIS—AED 25:10:86). A spokesman from

the Bank of England (central bank), which

played a major part in raising the loan, said

the banks expected repayments to start

by December, from the firsttrancheof

the World Bank's $450 million trade

policy loan.

The Paris Club of official creditors is

expected to meet in early December,

assuming sufficient progress on

negotiations with the commercial banks.

Banking sources say the club has already

indicated broad acceptanceofthe

principles ofthe rescheduling proposals

and is expected to reach a final agreement

quickly. Individual export credit agencies

will then have to unravel the web oftrade

debt and medium-term commitments.

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33
NIGERIA

INTEREST RATES INCREASE TO ENCOURAGE LOW BIDS

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 8-14 Nov 86 p 8

[Excerpt] Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has raised

maximum interest rate on loans to 15 per

centfrom 13 per cent, whilethe minimum

interest rates payable on time and savings

deposits will range from 8V2-9V2 per cent.

The move—totake effect immediately—

isoneinaseries toamendcredit

guidelines in the banking sector. The

increase aims "to providethe necessary

supporttothe second-tier foreign

exchange market (SFEM) by increasing

the attractiveness of domestic financial

assets," said a CBN circular of 17 October.

CBN has also reduced the permissable

rateof credit expansion to8 per cent from

10 per cent, also with immediate effect.

These new restrictions on credit are being

interpreted as a way of encouraging

importe/s to make lower bids at the SFEM

auctions, as most ofthe bids are financed

by short-term borrowing from the banks.

But several bankers in Lagos have already

said thatthe new changes do not go far

enough. First Bank of Nigeria (FBN)

managingdirector Oladele Olashore has

repeatedly calledon CBN to adopt a

flexible interest rate structure, having

describedthe existing one as "unrealistic"

and a "barrier to competition between

banks."

The banks' previous interest charges of

13 per cent were well below the inflation

rate, Olashore explains, adding that the

situation had been made more serious by

the much higher demand for credit since

the SFEM auctions started.

Interest rates of between 8V2-9V2 per cent

payableon deposits are clearly not

enough totiltthe balance between present

and future consumption in favour of

savings, Olashore says, although the new

provisions leave banks free to negotiate

higher rates with their customers on an

individual basis.

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NIGERIA

UK CREDIT LINES, POSSIBLE PROJECT FINANCING

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 8-14 Nov 86 pp 8-9

tText] The UK is preparing avariety of new credit

lines to supportthe Babangida

government's structural adjustment

programme, on the assumption that a

successful rescheduling agreement will be

reached before the endoftheyear.

Now that UK-Nigerian relations have

been normalised, the UK's Foreign &

Commonwealth Office is keen to

encourage Nigeria's approachto the IMF

and its related economic policies,

diplomats in Lagos say. This is illustrated

by the UK's taking the lead in the $250

million bridgingfinance—arranged under

the auspices of Basle-based Bank for

International Settlements (BIS)—to

support Nigeria's second-tierforeign

exchange market (SFEM).

Oncethe structural adjustment

programme is moving there will be what

UK officials have described as "a

desperateneed for new lines of credit."

The Export Credits Guarantee

Department (ECGD) has already identified

about 12 partially completeddevelopment

projects for which new credits are needed

to getthem under way. Among these is the

$400 million Iwopin paper mill, on which

construction started in 1983, tobe

operated by the Nigerian National Paper

Manufacturing Company(NNPMC—

AED 8:3:86). A £30 million ($42.47 million)

credit will be made available to help UK

associate companies, including Costain

(West Africa), completethe building and

civil works.

The UK is also considering co-financing

several projects being designed by the

World Bank, and other projects which will

come underthe$4,600 million "indicative

programme" to be financed by the bank

between 1987-1989 (AED 25:10:86).

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The ECGD may also support new

agricultural projects in the private sector,

UK officials say. UAC (Nigeria), Täte&

Lyle and John Holt are among companies

operating in Nigeria with UK equity which

have beguntodevelop substantial

plantations for sugar, palm oil and maize

with linked processing facilities. Progress

on these projects has, however, been

delayed duetothe lack of credit lines to

importthe necessary capital equipment.

Negotiations on these projects are still at

the preliminary stage, and UK officials say

that even when the rescheduling is in place

there will not be adramatic increase in

business between the UK and Nigeria.

"Nigeria will becomea steadier market, but

not necessarily an expandingonefor some

time. Hopefully business will beeasierto

dounderthe new economic policies, and

already the abolitionofthe import licensing

system has been a relief," one Lagosbased UK official told AED.

In the meantime, the UK's Department of

Trade and Industry is providing up-to-date

information to UK exporters on the rapidly

changing tradeand economic policies.

35
NIGERIA

CITIZENS REPATRIATE HARD CURRENCY HOLDINGS

Lagos DAILY TIMES in English 24 Oct 86 pp 1, 12

[Article by Raheem Mohammed]

[Text] Nigerians have started to respond to an appeal by President Ibrahim

Babangida that they should help in funding the Second Tier Foreign Exchange

Market (SFEM).

Within two months of the introduction of SFEM» more than $9.8 million

(40.94 million) has been repatriated home by Nigerians Who have accounts

abroad.

This was made known in Lagos yesterday by the Governor of Central Bank,

Alhaji Abdulkadir Ahmed who said, "this is a welcome development which I hope

will continue with greater momentum in future."

Alhaji Ahmed also said that the allocations to the banks through SFEM have

been utilised in accordance with the priority set by the government.

He said that 90 per cent of the fund was sold to manufacturers who are using

the money for raw materials and spare parts.

Some of the names listed by the governor as having patronised the dealers are

Leventis, Lever Brothers, UAC, SCOA, PAN, Volkswagen, Guiness, Nigerian

Breweries, Nigeria Bottling Company, PZ industries, Cadbury and Inlaks.

Others are Pfizer, Pharmadeko, May and Baker, Afprint, Michelih, Bata, Täte

& Lyle, CFAO, Seven Up, John West, Niger Match, Bah Food, Holt Engineering

and Berger paints.

The governor also announced an amendment to the operations of the bidding.

He directed that henceforth, names of the banks should be used instead of

the codes that have prevailed in the past five biddings.

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36
NIGERIA

BRIEFS

BRAZILIAN MINISTER VISITS—The Brazilian foreign minister, Mr Roberto Costa

de Abreu Sodre, arrived in Lagos today to begin a 3-day official visit to

Nigeria. The visit is part of an African tour [words indistinct} him to

Angola and Zimbabwe. Diplomatic correspondent Ogie Oboigbe takes a look at

the minister's intinerary [?in] Nigeria. [Oboigbe] One of the highlights of

the visit of the Brazilian foreign minister comes up tomorrow at the Ministry

of External Affairs conference room at the Marina. The two countries are

expected to hold talks on a wide range of issues, including diplomatic, economic, cultural, and technical matters. The fact that Mr Sodre will also call

on the ministers of petroleum resources, national planning, as well as transport

and aviation are a pointer to the areas where discussions are likely to concentrate on. [Excerpt] [Lagos Domestic Service in English 1800 GMT 25 Nov 86

AB] /12232

IMPROVING BORDERSuRVETLLANCE--The Federal Government is to purchase aircraft,

helicopters, boats, and other communication gadgets to enhance effective surveillance of our borders. At a ministerial briefing in Abuja today, Internal

Affairs Minister Colonel John Shagaya also announced that 100 additional

control posts with adequate office and residential accommodations are being

built at the borders. The minister, however, observed that the implementation

of the ECOWAS protocol on free movements of citizens of member states has

led to an increase in the responsibilities of immigration services and the

establishment of others in the local government areas throughout the country

to enhance the implementatiomof the protocol and ease the monitoring of

(?member states). Col John Shagaya disclosed that between January and October

this year, the Department of Immigration repatriated 2,030 aliens, while over

462,000 people were allowed entry into the country. According to the minister over 49,000 resident permits and extension of visiting papers were

issued within the same period. He stated that nearly 400,000 naira revenue

was realized from the issuance of the permits. Col Shagaya said more than

1 000 officers and men were trained by immigration training schools in Kano,

Lagos, and state command headquarters. [Text] [Kaduna Domestic Service in

English 1700 GMT 5 Dec 86 AB] /6662

NEW AIR FORCE UNIT—A unit of the Nigerian Air Force is to be established in

Calabar, Cross River State. The move is necessitated by Nigeria's role in

African politics and the need to defend the country's airspace. The air

officer commanding the tactical air command, Commodore Nurexli Yusuf, disclosed

this in Calabar during a courtesy call on Governor Edem Princewell. [Text]

[Lagos Domestic Service in English 15Q0 GMT 9 Dec 86 AB] /12232 —

CSO: 3400/501

37
SIERRA LEONE

BRIEFS

HIGH BIDS AT DIAMOND SÄLE--Government Gold and Diamond Office (GGDO) raised

$2,064 million at the second diamond tender held on 15 October with the sale

of 17,409.05 carats, Freetown sources report. The sale—attended by 11

companies—raised $1.3 million more than the first tender held in August and

was hailed as very successful by GGDO officials and bidders alike. GGDO valuer

Christopher John said those attending had remarked that the system was "very

open, clean and extremely efficient." Diamonds were sorted into six categories

for selling. Industrial Diamond Company of the UK successfully bid $178,736

for large stones (10 carats and above), while Diamond Antwerp took those in

the three to 10-carat category and some smaller ones with a total bid of

$913,204, the Freetown daily We Yone reports. Afro Starts and Arslanian Freresboth of Antwerp—bid $871,151 for melee stones and $101,000 for industrial

stones respectively. The local tender, held at the offices of Bank of

Sierra Leone (central bank), covers diamonds produced by National Diamond

Mining Company (NDMC). It was introduced after the recent shake-up in the

diamond marketing sector following the June resignation of former GGDO

managing director Jamil Said Mohammed (AED 6:9:86). Previously NDMC's diamonds

were sold itt Antwerp, with little reporting back on diamond revenues, industry

sources say. [Text] [London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 8-14 Nov 86

p 10] /8309

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38

£A •
ZAMBIA

OFFICIAL SPEAKS TO NAM AFRICA FUND MEETING

MB271814 Dakar PANA in English 1712 GMT 27 Nov 86

[Text] Lusaka, 27 November (ZANA/PANA)—The apartheid, regime of South Africa

has been urged to brace itself for the end of its reign because the momentum

that has gathered against it is unstoppable. Lavu Mulimba, minister of state

for National Commission for Development Planning in Zambia said the end of the

racist regime's reign was near and even Pieter Botha knew this because nothing

would stop opposition against apartheid. He said the international community

was already sensitised to the need for sanctions against the regime so that

the policy of apartheid could be abolished and the oppressed people freed.

Mülimba, who was speaking when he closed the NAM [Nonaligned Movement] Africa

fund meeting for senior officials in Lusaka, criticised Western governments

who think sanctions would only hurt blacks. He dismissed the argument that

blacks would suffer more from sanctions saying this was an insult to the

black man's integrity because he could not suffer more than he has done under

apartheid and colonialism.

He also dismissed the notion that popular southern African nationalist movements ANC and SWAPO were communist since the two organisations were formed before the Russian Revolution. He said some Western governments were only

trying to stop the horizon of freedom from extending into South Africa.

On the NAM fund, Mulimba said its existence and operation was crucial as it

would help the region in cushioning off the effects of sanctions. The success

of the fund will depend largely on the foundation stone laid by this first

meeting and it must be given the priority and publicity it deserves in the

light of the situation in the region, he said.

/12232

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39
ZAMBIA

BRIEFS

DELEGATION RETURNS FROM USSR—A 3~man party delegation led by member of the

Central Committee Mrs Betty Chilunga arrived back home from a 12-day tour

of the Soviet Union. Comrade Chilunga said on arrival that the tour, at the

invitation of the Soviet Communist Party, was very successful and her delegation was very impressed with developments in agriculture and industry. She

said her delegation was also impressed with the role young pioneers and trade

unionists were playing in the development of their country. [Text] [Lusaka

Domestic Service in English 18QQ GMT 1 Dec 86 MB] /12232

CSO: 340Q/503

40
ZIMBABWE

AID PLEDGED TO MOZAMBIQUE DURING COMMISSION TALKS

MB271017 Dakar PANA in English 0921 GMT 27 Nov 86

[Text] Harare, 27 Nov (ZIANA/PANA)--The fourth meeting ofZimbabwe/Mozambique

joint commission began in Harare yesterday with a pledge from the Zimbabwean

Government to extend (?a 50 million dollar) line of credit to facilitate

expanded trade with its war-^beleaguered eastern neighbour.

Under the agreement which was announced.by the commission's co-chairman and

Zimbabwean Minister of Transport Dr Hervert Ushewokunze, operational details

would be finalised by the two countries' central banks.

But according to agreed minutes circulated to delegates soon after the official opening, most of the items to be exported to Mozambique would be of

Zimbabwean origin.

Speaking at the occasion, Ushewokunze said the line of credit and similar

economic cooperation deals since concluded were a show of Zimbabwe (Topposition) to economic strangulation by domineering capitalistic nations.

The minister said given recent machinations by the Pretoria regime which

culminated in the death of Mozambican President Samora Machel, there was

need to uphold more strongly than ever the existing programme of economic,

technical, scientific and cultural cooperation.

He said the least the two countries could do to honour the fallen paii-Africanist was to live up to his ideas and cherish his hopes for closer cooperation

between the two states.

Already, he noted, there was plausible cooperation in industry and energy

and the facilitity study charted under the 1985-6 programme was now ready

for consideration by experts.

Continued cooperation in the energy sector is proceeding smoothly and rapidly

and we are now at a stage whereby we review progress and not just merely

envisage progress, said Ushewokunze adding that he was informed that similar

progress was being registered in the mining sector.

41
On transport, the minister said work on the Machipanda line was proceeding

satisfactorily and said Zimbabwe would continue to do its best to increase the

traffic on the Machipanda-Gondola line.

The whole process involved is costly, both in human and material resources

but given our collective effort and determination in this joint commission,

we will succeed.

The Mozambican minister of finance, Magrid Osman, also pledged his country's

commitment to the struggle for racial equality and abolition of apartheid

in the sub-region.

Osman, who is accompanied to the week-long talks by John Kachimila (minister

of mineral resources) Daniel Gabriel (deputy minister of trade) and Isaias

Muhate (deputy minister of transport and communications) declared that there

was no way Pretoria and its fascist allies could stem the tide of revolution.

There is no way that the wheel of change can be stopped, he said, expressing

conviction that the fourth commission would further reinforce the determination of the region's struggling (?man).

He also paid tribute to Zimbabwe for the solidarity they had shown on the

death of the Mozambican leader.

76662

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42
ZIMBABWE

BUSINESSMAN EXAMINES PROSPECTS FOR BEIRA DEVELOPMENT

MB281559 Dakar PANA in English 1500 GMT 28 Nov 86

[Excerpts] Harare, 28 Nov (ZIANA/PANA)--The Beira Corridor Group concluded

joint plans to rebuild Zimbabwe's vital link to the Beira port with its counterpart in Mozambique at a meeting in Maputo this week, the chairman of the

group, Denis Norman, said yesterday in Harare. The Zimbabwe-run private

sector Beira Corridor Group and Austral in Malaoo ironed out trading areas,

hotel needs and increasing production of cotton, coffee and tobacco in both

countries which were vital to develop the links between landlocked Zimbabwe

and the port of Beira. Containers, bulk warehouses and cold storage facilities are needed to be built at Beira over the next three years, he said.

Plans were still afoot for Norman and the minister of transport, Herbert

Ushewokuhze, to travel to Mozambique to discuss with their counterparts there,

the state-to-rstate needs for the development of the Beira corridor, Zimbabwe's

vital link to the sea with impending sanctions against apartheid South Africa.

On the Beira corridor, he said, the railway line was in a poor state of repair and was being lifted for re-ballasting, re-sleeping and re-laying to a

constant weight. Work was progressing at a kilometre a day and should be

completed by the end of March, he said.

Another problem was the depth of water in the channel where dredging was

under way. We should have a seven metre channel by the end of the year when

we have had all the silt removed. Phase one of re-building the railway line

and re-dredging the channel was nearing completion, he said.

The road, which is in a very poor state of repair, was also slowing down

traffic. It has been decided that major repair work on the road would have

to be delayed until after the rains. There will not be an increase in the

volume of traffic until the road is repaired.

There are 12 wharfs in the Bira port working to a limited extent. Some are

not working at all because they are in a sad state of disrepair. Surveys

have been done by the Netherlands Government and early in the new year tenders

would be invited for repair work to begin initially on wharfs two to Five,

which are not working at the moment, that will be a two to three year project.

43
When that is completed we will have increased wharfage. We also need cold,

bulk and container storage facilities, Norman said.

It was expected that within three years quite a bit of the repair work would

be done with all the facilities in place. The temporary container facility

will be transformed into a container park.

There was tremendous amount of international interest in the project. Norman

cautiously quoted a figure of 280 million U.S. dollars to cover the three year

development. Of that about 180 million U.S. dollars to 200 million U.S.

dollars had been pledged.

In the long term, when the corridor.gets under way, structures built and

traffic builds up then all those involved will ensure capital invested in it,

he said. At the moment traffic was not being interfered with and temporary

disruptions caused by sabotage were rapidly dealt with by engineers. On

travelling along.the corridor, he said, there was a lot of road traffic,

including heavy vehicles carrying produce. A number of check points and

road blocks ensure strict security. There is some risk, but less than before,

Norman said.

On the question of Mozambican fears of domination by the more sophisticated

Zimbabwe economic infrastructure, he said it was a question for the Mozambicans to say what they are concerned about. They are not going to allow any

company to have freehold tenure in their country, he said.

Work on the corridor began two and a half years ago. The corridor used to

be the traditional route to the sea but had not been used since 1976, Norman

said. Many Zimbabweans want to get back to Beira for economic reasons because it is much cheaper. The cost of using the ports of South Africa which

is presently the case, is.estimated at 225 million U.S. dollars ä year. If

all traffic were to be diverted through Beira it would save 85 million U.S.

dollars which will accrue to Mozambique. It would also save Zimbabwe a lot

of money in both exports and imports.

In the short term Beira would not be an adequate substitute for trade. But

we will accelerate the pace on Beira next year,. So if we are faced with

sanctions on apartheid and retaliatory measures by South Africa, the first

thing that would have to happen, would be for the government to work out

priority lists of what comes in and goes out and is urgently needed, Norman

said. It would also speed up development work to meet those urgent needs.

Whether there will be sanctions or not against South Africa we will need the

ports of Beira, Maputo and Nacala.

At the moment about 8.5 million tons of traffic was leaving Zimbabwe, Malawi,

Botswana and Zambia. By the end of the century this would be increased by.

up to 12 million tons. We are going to need all the port facilities we have

got76662

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44
ZIMBABWE

BRIEFS

SATELLITE DATA PROCESSING CENTER—The HERALD newspaper reports that the

go AZENT fas received] is to build a national center to process data from

orbiting satellites for speedier development planning. The first phase of

the 6-year project will start early next year in Harare at a cost of about

1.6 million dollars. The national remote sensing facility, which is sponsored

by the West German Government, will process data supplied by French and

American land-observation satellites orbiting the earth. The facility will

supply information on land use, soil properties and their changes, as well

as monitor forests, deforestation, and conduct geological surveys for minerals

and ground water. [Text] [Harare Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT

4 Dec 86 MB] /6662

CULTURAL AGREEMENT WITH PRC--Zimbabwe and China have signed the 1987-88 implementation program of the cultural agreement. The program, part of the cultural agreement signed by the two countries in 1981, allows the exchange of

performing arts groups, dance instructors, and art exhibitors from 1987 to

1988. The agreement covers exchanges in sports including volley ball, tennis,

[word indistinct], soccer, and athletics. The deputy minister of youth,

sports, and culture, Comrade (Ernest Mudi) who signed for Zimbabwe, says

officials from both countries involved in the program should work diligently

and expeditiously. Comrade (Mudi) said Zimbabwe will continue to fight evil

policies such as Zionism and apartheid through cultural exchanges. [Text]

[Harare Domestic Service in English 1115 GMT 28 Nov S6 MB] 76662

MOZAMBIQUE RELIEF FUND LAUNCHED—The deputy prime minister, Comrade Simon

Muzenda, has disclosed that more than 400,000 Mozambicans have died since

1980 as a result of the MNR destabilization activities. He said more than

half of this number were children under the age of 5. Comrade Muzenda made

the disclosure when he officially launched the Mozambique Fund, which will

incorporate a famine relief and a scholarship fund. The deputy prime minister,

who is also patron of the Zimbabwe-Mozambique Friendship Association, said

direct and indirect economic losses to Mozambique amounted to about 6.5 billion dollars since 1980. Comrade Muzenda called on all Zimbabweans in the

rural areas to put aside some of their surplus maize which he said would be

collected in provincial warehouses for the starving Mozambicans. He also

urged every worker and student to set aside a fixed amount of money every

month to pay for the fuel to move the maize to all drought-stricken parts of

Mozambique. Comrade Muzenda said every specialized school will soon be

called upon to reserve a quota of spaces for Mozamblean students. [Text]

[Harare Domestic Service in English 0400 GMT 29 Nov 86 MB] 76662

45
FRG DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FUNDS—The Federal Republic of Germany, FRG, has

agreed to provide Zimbabwe with a loan of more than $38 million to be used in

next year's development projects. The deputy minister of finance, economic

planning, and development, Comrade Moton Malianga, and the secretary of state

in the FRG Ministry of Economic Cooperation, Dr (Siegfried Mengel) signed on

behalf of his country, [as heard] Outlining the (?features) of the agreement, Comrade Malianga said a $16 million of the award is a grant, and the

remainder is a loan payable over 30 years. He said the money will be used in

the construction of roads in the rural areas and be used to start next year's

programs. The deputy minister added that the money will also be used in the

rural-based occupation program, and in technical support of the [word indistinct]

training for the civil aviation department, and the district development program. Comrade Malianga pointed out that part of the funds will also be used

to improve [word indistinct], the locust control program and veterinary training. Dr (Mengel) expressed the hope that more cooperation will be achieved

between the FRG and Zimbabwe. He said Zimbabwe is renowned for its highly

developed self-help stand and.its (?determination) to adopt and apply new measures and technics conducive to the improvement of the standard of living of

Zimbabweans. [Text] [Harare Domestic Service in Englihs 1600 GMT 28 Nov 86 MB]

/6662

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46
SOUTH AFRICA

GELDENHUYS MINIMIZES MILITARY INFLUENCE

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 14-20 Nov 86 pp 10-11

[Interview with Chief of the South African Defense Force General Jannie

Geldenhuys by Phillip van Niekerk between 14-20 November 1986 in Pretoria]

[Text]

THE chief of the South African'

Defence Force, General Jannie

Geldenhuys, says the conflict situation

in the country means the military is

consulted by the. government more

often than it would be in "other

times".

But he denies that the military have

taken over the country or that there is

anything sinister in the Joint

Management Committees, whose

workings have been extensively

reported in the Weekly Mail.

In an interview with the Weekly

Mail this week in Pretoria,

Geldenhuys said: "It would be wrong

to create the perception that there is

anything sinister about these

committees because they have no

more authority and no more pull than

a civil servant has in a particular

position."

The general was interviewed after

giving a talk on "Worker Involvement

in a Changing Society", hosted by the

National Productivity Institute.

This is a full transcript of the

interview:

Last week the WM ran a

column by Peter Gastrow of

the Progressive Federal Party

alleging that through the Joint

Management Committees and

the National Security

Management system, the

military is running the

country. How do you respond

to this allegation?

Well, I would like to make a few

points about this sinister take-over of

the Defence Force. First of all," it is no

secret that South Africa is engaged

and has been engaged in military

operations since as far back as 1973

and 1974. The Angolan war is wellknown, as are the attacks on terrorist

bases in different countries, and it is

an absolutely natural phenomenon that

in such cases the military do get more

consulted than in other times. Like,

for example, during the Second

World War the UK had a war cabinet

But a war cabinet doesn't mean that,

the military rule the country. They

are there for proper consultation'lbd

sometimes I suppose their suggestions

were accepted and one finds this right

throughout history. We are still very

much a Western-style Defence Force

and fitting in very much with the state

set-up in a very normal way. * What of the Joint

Management Committees?

Firstly, they have been operating in

South and South West Africa for

many years. It is only now that it's

come more under the limelight than

before. But it's not something new.

What could be new is that perhaps

you had such committees in certain

areas but not in others, and with the

unrest situation, if unrest starts in a

particular area then you activate a

committee there too. It's just that the

system has been extended to cover

other areas.

Thirdly, the system operates in

basically the same way as the system

operated by the UK, by France, by the

Portuguese, et cetera.

The British in their overseas

possessions had very much the same

system. That system was also adopted

by Rhodesia, and I don't think

Rhodesia was ever anywhere near a

military take-over and they also had

army officers as chairmen of the same

sort ofjoint management committees.

You see, we live in a conflict

situation in many ways and some

people are for, and some people are

against, and anything you can grab at

to get at your opponent you will do.

But I think it would be wrong to

create this perception that there's

something sinister about these

committees because they have no

more authority and no more pull than

a civil servant has in a particular

position.

You started off by referring

to the conflict outside South

Africa's borders. More

recently, the military in

particular have been drawn

into...

No, no, not the military in

particular. No, no, I'm sorry. The

police have been drawn in in

particular and they are still the people

responsible for handling the unrest

areas.

So how long will the military

retain their involvement in the

townships?

47
This depends on a variety of factors.

First of all, if unrest stops, then the

military involvement will stop.

Secondly, I haven't got the detail but

it's been announced publicly that the

police are enlarging their numbers. So

once they have sufficient numbers to

cope with the situation and as they

increase their numbers, the Defence

Force commitment will

correspondingly probably be scaled

down. South Africa has one of the

smallest police forces in the world in

terms of the number per thousand of

the population.

How long do you see the ' unrest continuing?

I think it could be still with us for I

some time, and I'll tell you why. I J

think there are two reasons for the

unrest which are often overlooked.

The one is unemployment and the

second one is meaningful change

which is taking place.

If you study change — and it is

being done in the management

sciences — as soon as you come with

significant change, one of the byproducts is always fear of the

unknown, the resistance to change,

fear of where it is all leading to,

polarisation, uncertainty, friction and

turbulence.

Take the business organisations. A

company has been going for say 200

years and all of a sudden top

management decides women can now

fill managerial posts, they can even '

have a crack at theboard of directors

and you can go to work in safari suits

instead of in bowler hats. Whereas

previously you would have had

harmony at tea time now you would

see the youngsters at one corner

having tea, whispering among

themselves, and you see the older guys

on the other side saying where the

hell's the company going, what's,

going to become of it? The youngsters

will expect more to come and so will

press for more. And so you get

polarisation, friction.

This also is true in the affairs of

state. If you have people who for

generations have seen only white

people going into the houses of

parliament and now all of a sudden

they see members of other population

groups, for the first time in

generations, going in there, the same

/8309

CSO: 3400/514

process is set in motion. Some will try

to resist the change — they will feel

very emotional about it. Others will'

say now you've started, now you must

go on, and that's exactly what's

happening.

In the management sciences they say

the key to this is you must

scientifically manage change and keep

it as stable as possible. You can't RO

too fast, because then you will reach

the limits ofstability. You can't go too

slow because at the other end of the

spectrum things will get out of hand

again.

Are you saying perhaps that

the State of Emergency is the,

other side of the coin to

political and socio-economic:

reform?

No, I would say it's a mechanism to

create that measure of stability which

is required to carry on with the

process and not to get cold feet and say

we've gone too far.

Before you start making changes

you must foresee that turbulence,

unrest, friction will happen and you

must say to yourself "When that

happens, how are we going to manage

it?" You will have to go all-out for

stability. You can only carry on with

change while there is stability, and if it

gets out of hand you make use of

mechanisms to bring it back to a level

of stability and carry on.

Already we know that what people

only saw in Cape Town is going to

happen closer to home with the

Regional Service Councils. For some

people it will be a traumatic

experience because they were used to

the provincial system of old since they

were born. And now they see this

crumble and see people of all

population groups arriving at the

place in limousines and deciding how

they are going to spend the taxpayers'

money. Turbulence could again be an

inevitable by-product. If one wants to

be realistic, one should not be

surprised if the unrest continues or

flares up again.

If the alleged plot between

Mozambique and Zimbabwe

to take action against Malawi

had gone ahead, would the

SA Defence Force have got

involved on Malawi's side?

I cannot answer that question for the

following reasons; First of all, it will

not be the military who will decide —

it will be the government, and I'm not

going to let myself in for politics,

especially at that level. Secondly, it

would be improper of me as a military

man to comment on that matter which

has been dealt with so thoroughly by

Mr Botha.

How does the military view

the situation in the subcontinent?

, You know, I half-and-half get the

impression that some people believe

the military have already taken over.

We have no say in such matters at all.

What the military thinks about that is,

in fact, immaterial. I don't even try to

formulate my own opinions because

who ami going to tell it to and what is

he or she going to do about it? My

opinion of these matters is of no

significance.

48
SOUTH AFRICA

FIRST RECRUITS FOR SPECIAL POLICE TASK FORCE PRESENTED TO PUBLIC

Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 14 Oct 86 p 15

[Unattributed article: "320 Black Constables Complete Training"]

[Text] Altogether some 320 special black constables—the first of a new

police task force—were presented to the public yesterday during an impressive

parade at the Koeberg nuclear power station.

The new recruits underwent 6 weeks of training and were recruited from all

parts of the country. They will soon return to their places of origin to

help the police, as an additional force, with crime prevention.

Maj Gen Bert Wandrag, commander in chief of riot units country-wide, was

the speaker at yesterday's function.

"The task of all the blacks who have now been trained, is limited to the areas

where they live. Following the outbreak of disturbances in September 1984,

leftists and radical groups expanded their activities in South Africa, lawabiding black citizens were killed and maimed, and lawlessness reigned supreme.

These elements have been neutralized, however, by the actions of the security

forces," he said.

He said the special constables would be employed to strengthen the police in

their jobs. He reminded the new recruits that at times they would do their

job of preventing crime under different circumstances.

In the areas where the new recruits will be used, they will always be under

the command of a warrant officer or a sergeant. They will also receive

further on-the-job training.

In an interview with DIE BURGER, Maj Gen Wandrag said that there is nothing to

prevent special constables from being Incorporated into the regular police

force at some later date when their qualifications have improved.

The special constables gave a drill and riot-control demonstration yesterday

Constables R.V. Tyali and Z.J. Nakisi received trophies for, respectively,

best student and squad leader, and best marksman.

13238/12851

CSO: 3401/22

49
SOUTH AFRICA

ANGLICAN SYNOD'S CONDEMNATION OF GOVERNMENT POLICY CRITICIZED

Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 14 Oct 86 p 14

[Editorial: "Strange Church Twists"]

[Text] Church policy can certainly take strange twists, judging from the

declarations of the just-concluded Anglican Church synod.

The Anglican synod blamed the government for many things—among others, for

South Africa's economic problems—the consequence of which is that the

government's policy allegedly belongs to the "Kingdom of Darkness."

How logical the synod participants tried to be, is enigmatic. Indeed some

years ago, before the government had begun with its reforms and had abolished

various aspects of apartheid, there was great economic prosperity. Was, then,

the presumably more sinful dispensation of those days more blessed than the

present one?

The Church's judgment of government policy becomes even stranger when one

looks at the synod's permissive attitude towards the sanctions campaign

against South Africa.

Sanctions are supposed to undermine confidence in the country's economy—and

economists regard precisely such a lack of confidence on the part of

entrepreneurs as the principal reason why not enough jobs are being created.

That is, however, not the only problem where church policymakers get into

trouble when they venture into non-church areas for which they show faulty

understanding.

The same Anglican synod which so sweepingly judged that the government's

policy came from the "Kingdom of Darkness," just as readily demanded that the

very same accused government allocate greater subsidies to keep the price of

bread and busfares low. That is certainly audacious indeed! How does one

comprehend a church which expects help from a government which it soundly

condemns and wishes to cripple with sanctions?

50
In that regard the Anglican Church will also have to be held accountable. If

the sanctions, which they "implicitly support," really begin to hurt, if

many more people become unemployed and go hundry, will the Anglicans' deeds

match their words, and will their church feed the hungry mouths suffering

under sanctions?

13238/12851

CSO: 3401/22

51
SOUTH AFRICA

DISRUPTION OF LECTURES SAID TO BODE ILL FOR FUTURE OF UNIVERSITIES

Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 13 Oct 86 p 6

[Editorial: "UCT in a Dilemma"]

[Text] The University of Cape Town [UCT] is experiencing one of the most

serious crises of its existence following the violent disruption last week of

two lectures by the Irish academic Dr Connor Cruise O'Brien. This is

probably thoroughly understood by the University Council, which today is

holding an extraordinary meeting to consider "all aspects" of the troubles

It is not just a matter of the conduct of a radical minority group of

so-called students who, as they have on previous occasions, are sabotaging

the right of freedom of expression on which the UCT has always prided itself

in the past. It much rather revolves about the issue of who from now on is

really going to be in control of this university.

Let us now be honest: The cancellation last week of further lectures by Dr

O'Brien did not exactly leave a strong impression that university authorities

are capable of maintaining order in the face of serious blackmail. Foget now

the quibbling about who ultimately decided that the lectures must be canceled.

The implication remains that the university conceded—something which can have

far-reaching repercussions in the future. But it must not be forgotten that

radical elements on campus have already threatened a witch-hunt against other

visiting foreign academics.

After the first disruption of an O'Brien lecture the university authorities

promised that matter would be investigated and action taken against the guilty

parties. The radical students, however, had already warned that they would

"mobilize" in the event of action against them.

To what extent would university authorities be able to enforce their authority

in such a potential confrontation? Their own security personnel obviously

could not prevent last week's disruption, and in the past UCT has not shown

itself inclined to call in police help. To complicate matters, several UCT

academics have already publicly declared themselves to be in favor of the

radicals' action.

52
Against this background the frustration evident in the following words of

Prof David Welsh, head of UCT's Department of Policy Studies, can be understood:

"If universities cannot take steps to prevent this kind of conduct by students,

the institutions should either shut their doors or stop calling themselves

universities.

13238/12851

CSO: 3401/22

53
SOUTH AFRICA

TUTU MAKES STRONG APPEAL FOR RECONCILIATION

MB270457 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0219 GMT 27 Nov 86

[Text] East London, Nov 26, SAPA—There would be a bloodless revolution in

South Africa if all its people treated one another as "very special persons,"

the head of the Anglican Church in the country, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, said

in East London tonight.

Delivering the sermon at the annual combined eucharist of the archdeaconries

of East London and Mdantsane at the Orient Theatre, Archbishop Tutu made a

strong plea for reconciliation and acceptance of one another.

"We can only be free together. We can only be human together. We can only

survive together," he told the more than 1,500 celebrants in a 20-minute

sermon spiced with jokes.

"What would happen in this country if everyone of us had to say: I matter.

It does not depend on whether you are beautiful or ugly, fat or a spring

chicken, clever or foolish. It is incredible that your value is intrinsic.

We are all of incredible worth."

There was resounding applause when Archbishop Tutu declared that he would not

stop saying evil was evil and that oppression was not politics.

"I will not stop to say evil is evil. It is based on the Bible. They should

not have brought us the Bible because we are taking it seriously. Would this

country not be incredible if such a sight as you see here tonight is translated into the reality of this land?"

"Would this country not be incredible with such a beautiful sight," he said

as he waved his arms over the multiracial crowd.

The archbishop said underlining his theme of black-white partnership with the

predicament of a black and a white escaped convict manacled together and who

are trying to get out of a slippery pit.

"The one manages to claw his way to the top and is just about to get out

but cannot because he is manacled to the other. The only was we can make it

in this land is together."

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54
SOUTH AFRICA

PROFOUND CHANGES IN BLACK POPULAR CULTURE NOTED

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 21-27 November 86 pp 14-15

[Report by Charlotte Bauer and Ivor Powell]

[Text] THERE is a process of reappropriation going on

in this country. In Alexandra these days you may

find yourself not in Vincent Street anymore but in

AK47 Street. Down the road you'll find the

Mandela High School. What used to be vacant lots

have, with a couple of tins of paint for colour and

a few old tyres for benches, been turned into

Freedom Parks.

The people you pass are less likely to be

whistling Motown tunes than the refrain from a

song improvised by activists in a skirmish with

police the day before.

Fashioning wooden guns; plaiting your hair, not

perming it; dancing the toi-toi; incorporating

African National Congress colours in your

everyday clothing; shedding once and for all the

Western name that made it easier for the master.

Gestures. Mundane enough in themselves, but

taken together, they express the triumphant mood

fuelling black resistance in this country today.

"People's culture" is no longer a myth to be

nurtured in universities nor a diversion to be

conjured at arduous political rallies, but an

emergent future.

"The struggle as a whole," claims poet Mzwakhe

Mbali, "is a cultural struggle." Just as the history

of this country has been owned by the ruling class,

so has its culture. 'The suppression of culture has

gone on for so long, there can be no true liberation

without cultural awakening."

Liberation, thus, is meaningless unless it can

reclaim, from centuries of degradation, the spirit

and identity of the people. It is this spirit and

identity that is meant by culture in the broad and

usually Third World sense; the arts are simply its

most visible and articulate manifestation.

What cultural workers are talking about is a

process of rehabilitation. Under colonialism and,

later, apartheid, indigenous culture had been, as

Mbali says, "shunned, tarnished and not even

recorded. Even to wear the clothing of one's

people was to be an object of ridicule."

To be black was to be officially denied any

identity, save that which the rulers chose to

fabricate —through their writing of history, their

pseudo-academic studies of race and ethnicity —,

or to impose through their legislation.

The practical situation was, of course, somewhat

different. South Africa has produced various

black musical styles that certainly were not part of

the master plan; the prose of Nat Nakasa or Casey

Motsitsi is insistent in its assertion of an urban

culture that denies the best co-optive efforts of the

cultural oppressors. But these represent, in the

broad spectrum of culture, mere margins of

colour. The fact that they exist outside the

discourses ofpower makes all the difference.

As is the case with most aspects ofthe straggle

for freedom, the crunch came in 1976. Afrikaans

— the language and, since the founding of the

Broederbond and related organisations, the prime

cultural tool of the volk — was devastatingly

rejected as a medium of instruction HI black

schools. The philosophy of Black Consciousness,

previously confined to academic and

revolutionary enclaves, came to underwrite the

self-image of the youth, whatever their overt

affiliations. The power and exhilaration of mass

political action was experienced for the first time

in decades.

Nothing would ever be the same again. Sure, the

focus of the struggle has shifted since then.

Strategic workerist politics have come to assume a

position at least as important as that of the

relatively spontaneous and popular insurrection.

But it is June 1976 that we will remember as the

month in which the long process of revolution

really began; in which the black people of South

Africa really started to redeem and convert into

power their own cultural heritage.

All people shall have equal rights to

use their- own language and to develop

their own folk culture and customs. —

Freedom Charter

55
White volk culture has always been readily

available: anyone with access to a radio, television,

newspaper or video can get it, dollops of it*

expensively packaged and marketed for

consumption.

And because white people have always

controlled the media, they have also been able both

to condition and to determine the ways in which

black people have been allowed to express

themselves. Black artists have traditionally and,

almost without exception, been forced to produce

for an essentially white market and to adopt the

values and social position of the artist in Western

society. Alternatively, though not exclusively,

they were forced into ethnic and divisive

groupings.

"Grass roots culture was, in the past, always a

non-starter," says Ari Sitas, academic, veteran of

the Junction Avenue Theatre Company and one of

the prime movers in the Cosatu-affiliated Durban

Workers Cultural Local. "Artists, if they wanted

to work at all, had to move towards the bright

lights. The dilemma of the alienated artist was

imposed by apartheid on the black artist."

Increasing mobilisation at both political and

community levels — as well as those barely

definable factors like plaiting rather than perming

your hair — has changed all this. "Culture," Sitas

sloganises, "has become a terrain ofthe struggle in

itself."

Author and United Democratic Front worker,

Menan du Plessis, agrees: "No longer is it merely

the case that cultural freedom is one of the ends of

the liberation struggle," she says. "Cultural

activity has itself become one of the means to

freedom."

Black artists and other workers in the field of

culture operate increasingly within their own

communities; they address their messages towards

them and (as those musicians who collaborated on

Louis Nel's song may discover) must answer to

them. More often than not, the method of

generating such works is a group process,

bypassing the machinery as much as the modes of

white culture.

Culture must be used as a weapon.

The people have to counter the

government's use of radio, newspapers

and TV. We must use it like they use

technology. — Mzwakhe Mbali

The sports stadium and the cemetery have taken

on some of the character and function of theatres.

Wooden AK47s serve as stage props and praise

poems for dramatic monologues. The musical

concert has its counterpart in the performances of

trade union choirs (the K-Team) and the singing

of freedom songs at political rallies. The poster

and the pamphlet have emerged as significant, if

critically unacknowledged, forms of fine art and

literature respectively. Control of the electronic

media is compensated for by a network of

travelling activists who can get a song composed in

Port Elizabeth in the morning through to Soweto

faster than a cargo carrier can.

"We are working on songs, plays and slogans

that tell about the plight of the working class ...

our immediate heroes are not known in the

townships and other places. Our challenge is to

make our heroes as popular as the other black

leaders of liberation," says poet and Cosatu

cultural organiser, Mi Sidumo Hlatshwayo.

In a sovereign denial of the priorities ofWestern

civilisation, the culture of the people has aligned

itself, both ideologically and practically, with the

political struggle. The two are barely

distinguishable anymore.

Take, in this vein, the case of township graffiti.

Bruce Merry, tireless graffitologist, offers the

following comparative statistic: roughly half of all

graffiti in the townships are political in

inspiration; the corresponding fraction in white ,

areas is somewhere between one-fifth and onetenth. He comments: "In a situation as volatile as

this one, the function of the entire newspaper ,

article is compressed into.its headline. News is

:reduced to slogan and graffiti provide the

! newspaper ofthe people,"

"As artists," says Mbali, who recited his poetry

at the launch of the UDF three years ago, "we

should not be concerning ourselves with the glory

of Africa's great savannah grasslands or love or

daffodils. Not now. There is no time."

Artists increasingly recognise the need to

address the immediate concerns of the people. A

forthcoming festival in Cape Town, spearheaded

by the End Conscription Campaign and the UDF,

takes as its title "Towards a People's Culture"..

Similarly motivated rallies, festivals and events

have proliferated despite, or perhaps because of,

the State of Emergency. Invitations are generally

headed 'Dear Comrade" and signed "Yours in the

struggle".

Cultural groups affiliated to trade unions have

emerged among the most direct and significant

conduits for the dissemination of these ideas.

Typically, the working class repertoire rests

heavily on traditionally African, rather than,

Western forms. The South African Allied

Workers Union, for instance, makes use of an old

Xhosa hunting song originally used in initiation

ceremonies. Oral poetry has recently been given a

new and technological dimension in the recording

by Shifty Studios of the work of Mbali on the

cassette/ChangeisPain.

The forms might be traditional but the context is

not. For the unions, especially in Natal, one of the

most sinister guises ofthe enemy is the ethnic one.

Says Hlatshwayo, "We take traditional sayings and

recitations that people use at their festivals ... that

are dear to them ... and change them to fit the

struggle."

In a more theoretical vein, Sitas describes the

work that he and his colleagues have been doing as

"a process of unhinging a vibrant and rich cultural

56
life from the institutions of ethnicity as defined by

apartheid".

As often as not, the solutions are ad hoc in

character. The play The Long March was

originally workshopped in the vernacular,

largely, says Sitas, because certain members ofthe

cast spoke no English. As the play has travelled,

however, it has proved necessary to adapt it, and

increasingly, to render it in English in order to

make it more accessible.

Sometimes such alterations are unnecessary.

Take the "other" national anthem: Nkosi Sikilel'

iAfrika was adopted by the African National

Congress in preference to the former UmteteliWe

Land Act (the Burden of the Land Act) in the

Twenties. Nkosi, a Xhosa song, has nevertheless

gained almost unanimous acceptance around the

country; only in Buthelezi's Natal is it sometimes

sung in Zulu.

Braaivleis, rugby, sunny skies and

civil war — graffito, Observatory

Station, Cape Town.

'To die without creating something is a sin,"

said the 16-year-old boy actor with assurance. He

had just taken part in a workshopped youth play

presented by the Busang Thakaneng school of

dramatic arts in Sharpeville. The play, Mazimbu

(The New Child) outlined its own "solution to the

black people's struggle" by offering up the hope

that the future could be redeemed by re-learning

the past; a past beyond the reach of school textbooks. The children's go-back-to-the-land-andpick-up-your-roots message was simplistic but

telling: it indicated their tiredness of Western

ways. The rhetoric was telling too: "We spend the

whole day learning about frogs and lizards — how

can that help you when the police are beating you

in the streets?"

The Busang-Thakaneng children have decided to

put their energy into the cultural struggle because

having themselves had to reconstruct their

heritage outside of school, they feel impelled to

pass it on to others. As to the merits of the

dramatic form, someone pointed out, "if you go

from house to house trying to recruit people to a

cause, you are branded an instigator; to put that

cause on a stage is as effective and not so difficult

on the nerves."

Black culture looks to the future. It

has yet to find its decadence — PieterDirk Uys.

The culture of black resistance in South Africa

has entered what might be called its heroic phase.

The compatibility of values in art and in. the life of

the people is as intimate and as extensive as that in

Archaic or Early Classical Greece.

Black culture exists — during this phase at least ' — as an essentially collective culture and not, as is

the case with white culture, to express relations

between the individual and his or her society.

In its need to establish itself as quite distinct

from the culture of whites, it must be essentially

separatist at this point in history. And if any

reconciliation is possible, it can only be in a

relatively distant future. Culture will continue to

be "a terrain of the struggle" for many years to

come.

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SOUTH AFRICA

POLL FINDS BLACKS BELIEVE IN GOODWILL TOWARD WHITES

MB011013 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0950 GMT 1 Dec 86

[Text] Johannesburg, Dec 1, SAPA—A poll has indicated 50 per cent of urban

South African blacks believe there is still a fund of goodwill towards whites.

One in two urban blacks agree with the proposition that in spite of apartheid

there is still much.goodwill by blacks towards white people, according to the

latest research surveys Omnichek poll.

It shows that of urban black men and women willing to answer questions freely,

19 per cent "strongly agree" and 31 per cent "agree" with th- proposition.

In contrast, 15 p«r c*nt "disagree" and nine per cent "strongly disagree."

Twelve per cent neither agreed nor disagreed and 14 per cent said they "didn't

know."

And when asked whether respondents in the last year had personally found that

relations between blacks and whites had improved (that whites were proving

more friendly), 32 per cent of both black urban men and women said this had

been their experience.

On the other hand, 27 per cent said that relations had deteriorated (whites

were more unpleasant) and 41 per cent said they had found no change.

Asked if they thought the events of the last year would damage that goodwill,

48 per cent said it would, compared with 27 per cent who said it wouldn t and

25 per cent who said they didn't know.

On the existing fund of goodwill, even younger men and women (18^24 age

group) who seemed more militant in answering other questions in the poll,

agreed with: the proposition: 19 per cent "strongly agreed" and 32 per cent

"agreed" there still was much goodwill.

However, older black women were much more reserved: Only 16 per cent "strongly

agreed" compared with 39 per cent of the menfolk while 37 per cent were in

agreement (men 25 per cent).

58
When it came to events such as the emergency damaging that goodwill, there

was a much stronger fear of this happening expressed by the women with responses in age, income, and regional categories running in the 50 per cent band

compared with the mid-40 per cent band for the men.

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SOUTH AFRICA

ANC'S NZO SPEAKS ON ANC ANNIVERSARY COMMEMORATION

MB261100 Maputo in English to Southern Africa26, 27 Nov86

[Statement by ANC secretary general Alfred Nzo' on the"history, achievements,

and future" of the ANC; date and place not giVen--recorded]

[1800 GMT 26 Nov 86]

[Text] Well, first and foremost, you see, you must understand the political

background of the ANC's [words indistinct] from which will blow, naturally,

the main parameters of the program that we are planning for the commemoration of the 75th anniversary in 1987. The African National Congress was

founded and has remained an organization dedicated to unify the entire oppressed population to fight for the national and social liberation in our

country, and, in the process, in its long and glorious history, the ANC has

not only united [words indistinct] (?struggle), the oppressed African people,

but has drawn into the [words indistinct] struggle, allies of the oppressed

people, mainly the colored and the Indian/sections of pur population. We

now form a very dynamic, united onslaught against apartheid. And of course

it must be borne in mind that in its long history, the ANC has been able to

convince the white section of pur population that what is at stake in our

country is the elimination of apartheid and therefore it is necessary for

everybody that professes to be against apartheid to join the mainstream struggle for the destruction of the system.

Because of these (?complaints), in 1955 we <?set up) [words indistinct] Freedom.Charter, South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white,

and that no government can take its [words indistinct] unless it is based

on the will of all the people.

Now, having said this, it is absolutely, the essential to look at the background's political and economic situation that South Africa finds itself in

when we commemorate our 75th anniversary. There can be no doubt that the

75th anniversary of pur organization is going to be commemorated (?against)

the background of existing(?politically dependent cultures) that exist in

apartheid South Africa, cultures that, it has been clearly demonstrated, cannot

be resolved by the regime which has shown evidence that, you see, it is completely incapable of formulating any kind of strategy for the solution of

that problem because [words indistinct] including the promulgation of

60
legislation, the (?formation of) separate parliaments for coloreds and

Indians, the bantustan system, and all other [words indistinct].

It has now resorted to extreme brutal measures in the vain hope that it will

intimidate the oppressed people away from their struggle and again this

strategy has obviously failed, as has been demonstrated by the development of

our struggle, particularly in the period that has characterized the emergency

that was declared in June of this year, an emergency which ranks as one of

the blackest periods in the history of our country, as thousands upon thousands of people have been arrested and detained and almost half of (?that)

population that is detained consisting of children who have been herded I into

concentration camps.

People (?are) tortured and [word indistinct] through (?constant) detention.

People have just disappeared without a trace, their relatives and friends,

from their homes, and all manner of restrictions imposed even upon the press

to report to the world about [word indistinct] developments inside our country. But, in spite of all the restrictions, the struggle and (?battles) have

really intensified during this year, both at the [words indistinct] level,

and also at the level of armed confrontation by Umkhonto we Sizwe [Spear of

the Nation, the ANC's armed wing] (?because) even the press and media that are

(?attracted) to the apartheid regime have had to admit that this period has

seen a rapid escalation of the armed struggle spearheaded by Umkhonto we

Sizwe, whose 36th anniversary we shall be commemorating in a few days' time.

[1100 GMT 27 Nov 86]

[Second part of statement by ANC Secretary General Alfred Nzo on the "history,

achievements, and future" of the ANC; on the "Indaba" program introduced by

Simon Skosane.; date and place not given]

[Text] [Skosane] What will be the program of the ANC for its 75th anniversary to be marked next year? Here is the organization's secretary general,

Alfred Nzo:

[Begin recording] [Nzo] And no doubt 1987, the 75th anniversary of our organization, will see further escalation of the confrontation by our people

against the apartheid regime. This is obviously tottering and can only be

propped up, as I said earlier, by these extreme brutal measures that the

enemy has resorted to.

Now, internationally also, the 75th anniversary of our organization is being

commemorated in the background of an escalated international solidarity movement with the struggle of our people, a movement that has been inspired by

the heroic activities of the oppressed masses inside our country which have

put on the agenda that gamut of apartheid and, therefore, has inspired the

phenomenal growth of those forces internationally that are now confronting

their government who...[changes thought] especially those that have been

supporting and are known allies of the apartheid regime. Today—this is the

capital issue internationally—is what strong measures to adopt against the

61
apartheid regime. And the question of the isolation of the apartheid regime

has been raised to very high levels and is a priority question occupying

the minds of the democratic movement internationally. Here again the African

National Congress will aim to raise still higher this movement which must

achieve first, the recognition of the African National Congress as the only

authentic force capable of toppling apartheid in our country and leading

our people to a new, nonracial, unitary, democratic South Africa. At the

same time while the prestige of the ANC must of necessity increase, the foreign

relations of the apartheid system must still suffer setbacks, more setbacks

during the 75th anniversary and, therefore, the isolation of the apartheid

system must be intensified all round. That, then, is, in brief, the scenario

that we are looking forward to during the 75th anniversary of the African

National Congress.

[unidentified reporter] Mr Nzo, in a few days (?we) realized that the French

Government hosted the president of South Africa, P.W. Botha, and you have just

said that the foreign relations of that government should suffer a blow. Do

you have anything to say in connection with that?

[Nzo] Well, of course, you see, I mean, according to the press anyway, the

leading circles in France have themselves been embarrassed by the visit of

P.W. Botha to their country and have been at pains to prove to the outside

word that that visit was purely personal and had nothing to do with the

Government of France. That, of course, is one feature now in the relations

that the regime has with its allies, internationally. They can no longer

afford to hoist the flag of support for the apartheid system. They have got

to do this clandestinely, hiding from their people because they know that the

wrath of their people will increase. In; fact, before P.W.'s visit, the

racist president got to France, thousands of people in France marched, demanding a stoppage of the visit by Botha to (?the people of) France. This to

us is what counts. The activity of the mass of the people is what to us is

important and significant because we know that in the final analysis it is

precisely that pressure of the mass of the people that will bring the ruling

circles in this country to their senses, [end recording]

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SOUTH AFRICA

INKATHA OFFICIAL WARNS COMPANIES NOT WELCOME POST-APARTHEID

MB261143 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1133 GMT 26 Nov 86

[Text] Ulundi Nov 26 SAPA—Apartheid had been the "goose that laid the

golden egg" for the companies who were now pocketing their golden eggs and

pulling out of South Africa," Dr Oscar Dhlomo, secretary-general of Inkatha,

said in an address in Pretoria last night. Dr Dhlomo, KwäZulu's minister of

education and culture, speaking at a dinner held by the city council of

Atteridgeville and attended by black and white businessmen, said he hoped

that companies who were now leaving South Africa would not be welcome back in

the post-apartheid era. "The problems of South Africa shall not be solved

by the faint-hearted or.those who are so eager to cut and run," he said. "To

those companies that have decided to stay on, we extend a hand of friendship.

They are our comrades in the struggle to dismantle apartheid."

Dr Dhlomo commended the "valiant efforts" of foreign corporations and others

who had indicated they were staying in South Africa and who were committed

to the eradication of apartheid. "It is our deeply-held view that it is only

through massive injections of funds in specifically targeted socio-economic

areas that apartheid will be rendered unworkable," he added.

Paying particular tribute to BP [British Petroleum] South Africa, Dr Dhlomo

lais it was companies like BP who were telling blacks: "We will not cut and

run, we are men enough to face the arduous task of dismantling apartheid."

These companies had made themselves welcome during the apartheid era and

they would be welcome during the post-apartheid era. "Those companies who

have made themselves unwelcome in South Africa during the apartheid era will,

we hope, remain unwelcome in the post-apartheid era."

Dr Dhlomo said working class blacks would be the hardest hit by disinvestment.

"In most cases companies that have opted out have decided to hand over to

South African or other business concerns." Some of the new masters have

already warned that they shall not regard themselves as duty bound to honour

the social obligations of their departing predecessors on the factory floor.

"The net result of all this is that black workers—including those whose unions

63
Support disinvestment—have only managed to change masters instead of crippling

the South African economy. "As this whole pathetic drama unfolds to the detriment of our black workers, the silence of erstwhile vociferous advocates of

disinvestment in South Africa is indeed deafening. Inkatha can say with a

clear conscience that we warned at the height of the disinvestment campaign

that no foreign company could afford to uproot itself from South Africa lock,

stock and barrel* We warned that in the event of foreign companies pulling

out, other companies would move in overnight to fill the vacuum—sometimes

to the detriment of black workers. We also warned that in such cases it

would be dangerous and shortsighted to take the social conscience of business

for granted. It is now interesting to witness some of the most vociferous

advocates of disinvestment and sanctions using these very same arguments

that we advanced and that were ignored."

Dr Dhlomo said the "principal actor in this whole theatre of the absurd"

was the South African Government and its policy of apartheid. "If we did

not have apartheid, we would not have sanctions and disinvestment."

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SOUTH AFRICA

AZAPO OFFICIAL DISCUSSES RELATIONS WITH UDF

MB271924 London BBC World Service in English 1515 GMT 27 Nov 86

[From the "Foeus on Africa" program] ^

[Text] Over the past couple of years two major antiapartheid groups in

South Africa have been at each other's throats. They are the Azanian People's

Organization, AZAPO, and the United Democratic Front, UDF. It got as far as

killings and attacks on properties in the black townships. Well, Peter Jones,

one of AZAPO's vice president, is in London. Julian Borja asked him what

relations with UDF Were like now.

[Begin recording] [Jones] At the moment there is no official relationship

between AZAPO as a political organization and the United Democratic Front as

a federated [words indistinct] country. It's been a very long time that we

have been able at the leadership level, been able to speak together.

[Borja] So what's happening on an unofficial level? (?Are there the same)

killings that we saw last year between members of one group and the other?

[Jones] Yes, they exist. It is a simmering level of conflict aound the

country. At the moment in Johannesburg--I was there last week--and it is

very, very vicious there. Last week the house of one of our officials called

George Hocob, his house has been bombarded with petrol bombs and completely

destroyed.

[Borja] And you think that was carried out by supporters of UDF?

[Jones] That is our direct suspicion.

[Borja] Isn't it time that the two organizations started talking to each

other to sort this out. After all you share this common opposition to

apartheid?

[Jones] That makes a lot of sense. There has been on our part a lot of attempts in the past to speak to the leadership directly, but We experienced

the great difference between what leadership elements say and what happens

at the ground.

65
[Borja] So, you are saying you are in control of the supporters?

[Jones] We, we are in control because of the nature of our organization.

It is much more monolithic. But in the case of UDF we have always found that

when we speak to the leadership we get one opinion but something else happens

on the ground.

[Borja] So you are saying that the UDF supporters are running out of control

in the townships?

[Jones] Absolutely.

[Borja] Black consciousness as a whole seems to have been on the wane since

the seventies and the era of Steve Biko. Just how strong is it now?

[Jones] In the country we don't have credibility problems; we understand that

very clearly. Now we always have been very unattractive to the media, because

the media in our country is system related, and they have tended to give the

UDF much more coverage than what we have had.

[Borja] Nevertheless, you are a minority movement when compared to the UDF?

[Jones] We would certainly differ with that because if we take out movement

collectively which is its political structures and its affiliated structures

and you would come out with a different picture altogether.

[Borja] So you saying that AZAPO is stronger on the ground when it comes to

active members than the UDF?

[Jones] The mobilization certainly, yes.

[Borja] How many members do you have?

[Jones] That is a very (?loose) sort of position. If it is between 5 and

6,000 members, we certainly accept that.

[Borja] Doesn't seem to be very much in such a big country as South Africa?

[Jones] Yes. In the nature of what politics is in our country it is an

achievement to get 6,000 people who are willing to be known as affiliated to a

political organization, people Who are known to be card-carrying members who

inite the absolute wrath of police and the state, [end recording]

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SOUTH AFRICA

HOUSING SHORTAGE FORCES SQUATTERS INTO DURBAN 'APARTHEID* BUFFER ZONE

Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 3 Nov 86 p 9

[Article by Graham Spence]

[Text] HOMELESS "bush people" are increasingly encroaching into the "apartheid" buffer zone between white and coloured sections of Durban's i

Wentworth suburb — amid fears that this could ;

result in a shanty town explosion.

Already the 450-metre wide densely bushed

buffer zone is home to a fluctuating population

of between 18 to 40 squatters, and community

leaders say these are just the vanguard of an

increasingly uprooted community who are

being forced into the bush because of the chronic housing shortage in coloured townships.

Most of the squatters have jobs and are able

to afford rent — if housing was available. And

most have one desire — to get out of the bush

as soon as possible.

The Durban Municipality is aware of the

problem, and in tacit recognition that the

squatters have nowhere else to go, health inspectors have visited the bush and asked "residents" to dig toilets to prevent disease epidemics.

It's also openly acknowledged that prosecuting the squatters would merely drive them .

deeper into the bush — perhaps even closer to

"white" Wentworth. Last week a senior police

officer visited the area for an on-site inspection.

Some of the bush people have lived there in

rudimentary shacks for four years waiting for

accomodation in the townships.

The illegality of their presence holds littn»

threat for them as even when living in residen

tial areas, most were doing so illegally. In the

chronically overcrowded townships, a tenant

renting in terms of the National Housing Commission is prohibited from handing over the

lease to anyone else when he leaves. But most

ignore this and illegally hand over their accomodation to homeless friends in order to circumvent the huge waiting list.

It's estimated that some 2000 families are

living in the townships illegally. And the desperate cases take to the bush.

"I have been here for 14 months and this has

been my mother's home for four years," says

Angelina Smith, an 18-year-old unmarried

mother.

"Home" is a shack of corrugated iron strips

covered with sacks and plastic refuse bags.

When it rains, they are flooded out When the

strong south-westerly blows, they have to physically hang onto their cover.

Her mother is employed as a domestic servant, and is the sole supporter of the family. In

particularly lean months, Angelina says she

and her year-old baby survive on bread and i

black tea. ._;_

Gladys Goldstone (45) has given up hope of

. getting a proper home. She has even planted a

bean patch in front of her family's wood and

plastic sheet shack — mute testimony of ownership, no matter how tenuous.

"I used to live with my daughter in Sydenham. But when she left and lost the lease, I was

an illegal and moved out

"No-one can call me a hobo — I have a job

as a domestic and I want a proper home more

than anything else."

The plight of the bush people is being closely

monitored by Wentworth community leader Mr

Morris Fynn and Mr Arthur Poultney, Natal

chairman of the Peoples'Congress Party.

To Mr Fynn, the problem is obvious.

"It all boils down to apartheid. This bush

where these people live — it's prime land in

anyone's language. And if it was developed, it

would solve our housing problem overnight.

. "But of course the authorities won't do it. It's

a buffer zone to keep us apart from the whites

— the grand, futile scheme of apartheid."

t Durban City Councillor in charge of housing

and health, Mrs Margaret Winter, said they

were aware of the situation but were facing

67
immense difficulties in combating the coloured

housing problem. The main problem, she said,

was the chronic shortage of township land

available for housing development

"This, in conjunction with the Group Areas

Act which prevents people from choosing

where to live, is undoubtably the root cause. I

agree with Mr Fynn that the buffer zone where

the bush people are squatting should be developed. Buffer zones are outdated."

However, Mrs Winter said attempts by the

council to alleviate the coloured housing had

met with resistance from coloured community

leaders.

For example, the council had recently sub- :

mitted plans for an large sub-economic housing

$cheme in Newlands East, but this had been

rejected by the coloured Local Affairs Committee as it was "down grading" the area.

But coloured leaders say it is not that simple. They rejected the plan, despite the acute

housing shortage, as there was already enough

, sub-economic accomodation in their townships.

"We're not asking for charity," said Mr Fynn.

"We need proper homes for those who can afford them. Then the lower income groups, people like Angelina Smith and Gladys Goldstone

can move into the sub-economic units that will

come onto the market That is how wwiust

start solving the problem. _. M; i

"We are talking about human beings with

needs and desires — not just robots."

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SOUTH AFRICA

BLACK HOMEOWNERS. 'RIPPED OFF' BY BUILDERS

Cape Town THE ARGUS in English 10 Nov 86 p 7

[Text] JOHANNESBURG. - New black

home-ownership regulations have

opened up a new area in which black

people are being "ripped off", says

Mrs Pauline Lipson, director of the

Legal Aid Bureau here.

Mrs Lipson was speaking at a seminar to mark the Checkers award for

consumer journalism.

Her bureau handled many cases of

builders who collected deposits, but

never built.

White building contractors sent an

agent to a black house owner who

wanted to improve his home, she said.

The owner paid a deposit — in one

case, the company took a deposit of

R5 000 — but seldom, if ever, was the

owner told what was required of him.

Shown small print

He was not told that he had to arrange a bond or submit the plans to

the Soweto town council.

Some time later, when the owner

asked why building had not started,

he was told it was because he had not

made financing arrangements or submitted the plans for approval by the

council. He was then shown the small

print on the contract which said that

if he did not do these things he forfeited his deposit, she said.

Many of the people that the Bureau

worked with were poor, semi-educated and semi-literate, but ruthless entrepreneurs adopted the attitude that

if they could not read or understand

the contract it was "tough luck", she

said.

Many people who decided to improve their homes responded to advertisments advertising good terms.

They went to the office, saw the plans,

signed a contract and paid a deposit

of Rl 500. The builder promised to

start within six weeks, but did not do

so.

When they went to the builder's office, there was no sign of the builder

— only a group of disgruntled people

who had also been deceived, said Mrs

Lipson.

The contract often stipulated that

the owner had to supply the building

material himself, so he lost his deposit, had a pile of material rotting in his

backyard, and could not afford to pay

a deposit to another builder, Mrs Lipson said.

Mrs Lipson refrained from naming

any of the "rip-off' builders, because

she said she still had to negotiate with

them, so exposing them would not be'

in her clients' interest.

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SOUTH AFRICA

BLACK ABSENCES FROM EXAMS TO HAVE NEGATIVE IMPACT

MB261643 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1537 GMT 26 Nov 86

[Text] Johannesburg Nov 26 SAPA—The matric exams for candidates of the

Department of Education and Training, the self-governing national states and

the independent states, excluding the Transkei, ended yesterday.

A statement issues by the director-general of education and training today,

Dr Braam Fourie, said attendance was normal in the six self-governing national

states, the three independent states and in the Highveld, Orange Vaal, Natal,

Orange Free State and northern Transvaal regions of the department.

In Johannesburg (Soweto and Alexandra) attendance for the various subjects

ranged between 10 per cent and 23 per cent of the almost 6,000 registered

candidates.

In the eastern Cape attendance ranged between' 24 per cent and 47 per cent of

the almost 2,000 candidates.

"It is obvious that this situation will have far^-reaching negative consequences

for the pupils, their parents and the communities concerned. I would like

to make an earnest appeal to these communities to cooperate so that during

1987 education can take place undisturbed in an atmosphere of orderliness,

peace and discipline," said Dr Fourie.

He added that exam leakages which occurred in one area were being investigated

in cooperation with the department of education involved and in certain

instances prosecutions have already taken place. "The strongest possible

diciplinary measures will be taken against the guilty parties to ensure that

examinations standards are maintained, and to protect the integrity of innocent candidates," said Dr Fourie.

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70
SOUTH AFRICA

EXPERIENCES RECOUNTED OF JOHANNESBURG BUS BOYCOTTS

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 21-27 Nov 86 p 6

[Article by Sefako Nyaka]

[Text] THE BUS DRIVER

When the bus was

stoned I ignored the

pain and drove on until

I lost control...

PUTCO driver Lucas Makhele counts

himself lucky that glass splinters from

the windscreen of a bus he was drivingdidn't cause permanent damage to his

right eye.

He thinks the wire-mesh on the:

windscreen and . side windows |

prevented more glass splinters hitting •

him in the face when the windscreen

was shattered a fortnight ago by a

stone hurled at the bus.

But the wire-mesh no longer

provides adequate protection against

attacks.

"Apart from the fact that stones can

bend the wire, the use of petrol-bombsi,

has added a greater risk to drivers."

he said this week.

"When the windscreen is shattered,.

petrol goes quite easily through the,

mesh, and my fear is that one day a.

driver is going to be turned into a

human torch.

"But I still feel that if the bus had not

been fitted with the wire-mesh I might

have been a dead man today, because

the force of the rock caused the wiremesh to bend and broke the window."

Ever since the Putco bus boycott

started in Soweto three weeks ago,

Makhele, a father of two, has been

worried about his safety.

"When the . bus was stoned in

Rockville I ignored the pain and drove

on for about 200m before losing

control.

"Fortunately the bus had by then

considerably slowed down and just

came to a stop in the middle of the

street. \

"I shudder to think what could have

happened-had I stopped next to where

the bus was stoned. Who knows — i!

might have been killed," he said. i

Makhele's plight is shared by other

Putco drivers in Soweto. j

Since the boycott began he has seen

several of his colleagues return in a

state ofshock to the bus depot outside

Diepkloof.

In most eases the front ancfsTde

windows of the buses had been

smashed in. «,

Makhele has listened to a colleague

describe escaping from a flaming bus

after youths tossed a petrol-bomb

through the window.

What is worse — he has seen one of

his colleagues, Zacharia Mudau,

fighting for his life at the

Baragwanath Hospital Intensive Care

Unit after being hit by a boulder and

flying glass while transporting

commuters in Zola.

"As a driver, I am aware that my

life is in constant danger," he said.

Makhele is worried that Putco's

management "doesn't seem to be

doing anything about the problem.

"They just send us out into the'

township and expect us to work as best

we can."

71
Security Forces only provide

protection at bus depots and termini,

"but on the township roads we are ;

alone".

Not that he would like to see

Security Force members on the buses. .

"They will only worsen the

situation, because when a bus is stoned

they might immediately open fire.

"And if people get killed we will be

accused of being party to setting a

trap."

Asked whether drivers are briefed ,

on how to react in a situation where a

bus is stoned, Putco's public relations

officer, Pat Rogers, said he could not

"think of a specific briefing that one

could give them in that connection.

"But I believe they do know that

they are not expected to risk their1

lives. We do not want them to do

that," he said.

The assessment of whether they are

likely to run the risk of injury in

troubled areas is left to the drivers.

When things become hot in an area,;

Putco would, on a day-to-day basis,:

stop operating in that area, Rogers:

said.

On protection for drivers, he said

that apart from the wire-mesh, some

of the company's buses have been

fitted with a chemical coating which

protects the windscreen against rocks.

In some cases the coating and the

wire-mesh had interfered with the

drivers' visibility.

"We are looking at other coatings

which would provide protection

without decreasing visibility. ,

"Outside of that, we have looked at a

number of possibilities. I suppose we

could ask for and would probably

receive a police guard on a bus. But

we do not like the idea because we

believe that if any incidents did occur

and if the police guard did fire that

would be the type of incident we

'would not like to see.

' "Other than having police patrols,

there are.other options. We could

employ our own security service and

put them on the buses, but again, in the

end it is very difficult to see how they

can provide adequate security without

being armed and without being

prepared to use their arms."

In a statement, the Soweto Putco

Boycott Committee said the "people of

Soweto are not against the workers of

Putco but are against the increases and

[the vigilantes who are forcing the

j community to board buses".

An organiser of the Cosatuaffiliated Transport and General

Workers Union (TGWU) — which

organises in the transport sector —

agreed, saying that at times people

seem to forget that Putco drivers are

workers who have a "common

enemy".

'To solve this problem we have

tried as a union to build much

stronger links with the community

organisations.

"We have explained that we need to

be informed in time of any decision to

boycott buses."

; He said the TGWU has also asked

community organisations to discipline

people who attack drivers.

r

 THE UNIONIST ^

I tried taking a taxi

to work. When the

driver heard the

address, he said no

> s

SUPERMARKET worker Salome

Mdluli admits she is a Putco bus

boycott-buster.

But her actions don't stem from

bravado or a lack of "commitment to

the struggle".

"I work at a supermarket in

Southdale and the main means of

transport to and from work has

always been a bus. When the boycott

was announced a few weeks ago we

virtually found ourselves stranded

because there are no taxis going to

Southdale," she said.

She once tried taking a taxi to work,

but when she told the driver her

destination he refused to take her

' there.

"I had to get off in Booysens and

walk all the way to work." •

Despite appeals from the Soweto

Putco Boycott Committee that taxi

drivers should cater for people

working in outlying areas, most such

workers still find themselves

stranded.

A boycott committee member said

this week several approaches have

been made to the taxi association.

"We have appealed to the taxi

association to cater for people who go

to the suburbs and far-away places.

But we are still saddled with a

problem of catering for these people,"

he said.

72
It is for this reason that Mdluli

braves condemnation and reluctantly

boards a Putco bus.

As a member of the Commercial,

Catering and Allied Workers Union,

she feels she is involved in the

workers' struggle against high fares.

But the boycott organisers should

have made adequate preparation to

ensure that people like her get tq work

on time, she said.

A taxi driver said occasionally taxis

would go to far-flung suburbs, but

would then find only three or four

VviiuiiUlCia.

"One cannot bank on picking up

more passengers along the way to fill

up the taxi," he said.

It is also not practical to travel from

the city with half a load' and hope to

fill up at Southdale, he pointed out.

At the moment, hundreds of

workers feel it is safer to risk

boarding a bus and arriving at work

on time than getting into a taxi that

will only take them a quarter of the

distance they must travel.

/8309

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73
SOUTH AFRICA

EXPERIENCES RECOUNTED OF PORT ELIZABETHS CONSUMER BOYCOTT

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 21-27 Nov 86 p 7

[Article by Mbulelo Linda]

[Text]

THE SHOP-OWNER

There is a big

future, better than

anywhere, if they'd

stop this nonsense

FOR Port Elizabeth fast food monger

William Murran, it was the black bus

stop outside his shop which brought

home the boerewors.

The stop served as a source of rich

black trade for his shop which, 'in

turn, financed the braais typical of

white South African culture.

But now, says Murran, the good

times have turned lean. He says he has

been forced to haul out his cast-iron,

three-legged pot, and make dö with

potjiekos meals on the weekend.

Murran and clan, depend on

Africans for over 80 percent of their

business. He says there are "many

others" in his position, and many who

could face-bankruptcy as a result of

the boycott.

While sitting alone at the deserted

formica tables in front of the shop

which only last week teemed with

black customers, Murran blamed

Nelson Mandela for his plight.

He believed Mandela and detained

local boycott leader Mkhuseli Jack

were orchestrating the boycott from

prison — despite attempts by

government and business to negotiate

a settlement.

"How can they (blacks) expect one

man sitting in jail, or two or three, to '• rule their lives and tell them where to

buy? That's what is happening.

"I think the government has been

very fair when it comes to

negotiations — even with this Mr

Jack. Whoever he wants to negotiate

with, if it's businessmen, they always

negotiate. He's not doing his own

people a favour."

Jack is in detention.

"But that doesn't mean he has

nothing to do with it. Obviously, it is

not him himself — it's the

organisation. He as a person would

never be able to organise that by

himself."

Despite the government's best

efforts to negotiate an end to black

protest, Murran said the Emergency

had caused ill-feeling.

"I don't believe in it (the

Emergency) for two reasons. It

caused a lot of ill feelings between

black and white and this could have

been stopped long ago if they didn't

bring it in. I think the government has

got to sort it out with a good

proposition.

"Secondly, (the government) has got

the army, the police ... I think it (the

Emergency) should be lifted."

He claimed the communist onslaught

consisted of "only a handful" who

were "causing trouble". Most blacks

were not troublemakers, he said.

How had the boycott affected his

family life? He has two young

children.

74
"You can't take so much money out

of your business. You have got to

learn to live on less money.

"We white South Africans have

lived very well in the past."

Now he was cutting back on

"luxuries".

He had also cut down on clothing

expenditure, taken his children out of

a creche and pre-primary school and

retrenched the family domestic

worker.

, "I wish there could be an end to this

business. They are cutting their own

throats.

"What hurts most is that I don't

think there is any shop around here in

Port Elizabeth who has got anything

against the black man. Ifthey come in

here we treat them like we treat

anybody else. And not only^ for

business'sake."

To bust the boycott, Murran, like

"90 percent" of white traders in Port

Elizabeth, had taken to employing

black hawkers to sell his goods to

blacks outside factories and in the

streets.

Would he survive on his 20 percent

white and coloured trade?

"We will survive. But it helps a lot

when blacks buy."

He claimed many black people were

asking the Murrans to wrap goods in

newspaper. "They want to buy

because they are suffering. You have

got to look at their point of view too

— especially at this time of the year,

with things being so expensive.

"Our girl that works here tells me

she pays over a rand a bottle for a

coke in the townships."

The employee said she had paid

R.1,80 for a bottle of coke bought in a

township.

Murran said he believed the boycott

would end soon because the Africans

he spoke to didn't want it to continue.

'There is a big future, better than

anywhere else," he said, "so long as

they can stop all this nonsense of

theirs?' — East Cape News Agency.

THE DRESSMAKER

I support the boycott

because I think it is the

last non-violent

weapon we can use

PORT ELIZABETH'S townships

have become silent, fearful places.

Journalists are met with a terse "No;

comment" or "Don't say my name".

The main fear is of being identified'

in the press by either the Security*

Forces or the militant youth called

Amabutho, and being harrassed.

But Joyce Njokwana, 42, a. selfemployed Kwazakele dressmaker and

mother of five, was prepared to speak.

She said: "I support the boycott

because I think it is the last remaining

non-violent weapon we can use in the

present crisis."

Prices in the township compared

favourably with those in town: "Only

a few items are more expensive than

in town, and they do not include

staples."

She decried the fact that upper class

blacks in KwaMagxaki, housing

government employees, business

people and professionals, were buying

in town.

"If we could have a united action in

this boycott, we could go far. We

could achieve a withdrawal of the

SADF."

Although the government remains

oblivious to black grievances, she still

felt the boycott "caused a pinch" for

white businessmen, forcing them, in

turn, to relay black demands them to

the government.

However, she felt bitter about the

failure of townships nationally to

boycott, as sustained area consumer

boycotts were driving business away

to areas more favourable for trade.

But the boycott was effective for

businessmen wanting to stay in the

eastern Cape: "The more their shops

close down, the more they realise the

need to act."

"We have seen this happening and it

should happen every time. The

businessmen only tend to worry about

our business when a boycott is on.

When the boycott is off, they only

turn to worrying about their profits

and fall silent about the issues.

"For this reason we are not

prepared to stop boycotting until the

government meets our demands." She

listed among them the release of

leaders and other detainees,

withdrawal of Security Forces from

the townships, removal of the barbed

wire fence surrounding New

Brighton, and a full investigation into

the disappearance of missing members

of the PE Civic Organisation.

75
Last week the Port Elizabeth

Chamber of Commerce evaded the

barbed wire fence to hold a

clandestine meeting with the few black

Consumer Boycott Committee leaders

not in detention. But now those

leaders have disappeared; according

to the Black Sash, more than 1 000

Port Elizabeth residents have been

detained under the Emergency.

The boycott has been reimposed

without the traditional mass meeting;

residents say the Amabutho, township

youth militants, are enforcing it. In

the mornings, before work, the youths

are said to be monitoring commuters

at bus stops or stopping cars at

makeshift roadblocks. Commuters

found without lunchboxes are sent

home to fetch them.

In the evenings, residents found

with shopping bags from town

apparently have their goods turfed

into the streets.

An old woman who had been a

domestic "all my life" said "I don't

mind if the boycott stands there for

good. In the first place, most of us are

not employed anyway.

"Let this government release our

leaders from jail first. We are the

victims of this apartheid. We are

being terrorised by the government so

the boycott must be effective."

Others were not in favour of the

boycott: "I have got nothing to say

about the boycott. T lost my job

because of it," came from a bitter

former office worker.

Her friend, a teacher, complained

about the timing of the boycott: "The

problem for us this coming season is

that we still have to renovate and build

our houses. The boycott comes at the

wrong time. It is unreasonable. People

are used to buying at Christmas."

Others said the confusion and lack

of leadership created a potential for

township shopkeepers to push up

prices. "That is a painful thing for us."

— East Cape News Agency

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76
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

BLACKS WANT CHILDREN IN SCHOOL—Johannesburg, Dec 1, SAPA---More than 90 per

cent of all urban blacks believe that their children should be in school.

This was revealed in a recent research survey Omnichek poll put to a sample

of about 600 urban black men and women who agreed to answer socio-political

questions in an :V±ntimidation-free environment. In the 18-24 age group, eight

per cent said "no" when asked whether black children should be in school.

Only 19 per cent of respondents believed it was wrong because it would damage the educational progress of children. The poll revealed that the percentage of women aged 18-24, who agreed that boycotts would harm educational

progress, was much higher compared to men in the same age group. [Text]

[Johannesburg SAPA In English 0916 GMT 1 Dec 86 MB] /6662

TRANSKEI SIGNS LOAN AGREEMENTS—Nine loan agreements totaling almost 80 million rands between the Government of Transkei, development agencies in the independent state, and the Development Bank of Southern Africa were signed! in

Umtata today. The agreements will provide for a variety of development projects in Transkei covering the development of water resources and industrial,

urban, infrastructure, agricultural, and human resource development. [Text]

[Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 1100 GMT 2 Dec 86 MB] /6662

GROUP AREAS ACT END REQUESTED—Johannesburg Nov 27 SAPA—The chief minister of

Lebowa, Dr CN. Phatudi, appealed today to the state president Mr P.W. Botha

to "move on with reforms" and do away with the Group Areas Act. He was

speaking at the official opening of the Lebowa Breweries in Lebowakgomoit.

"The state president must accept a new constitutional dispensation that will

set all into parliament and not just coloured and Asiatics," he said.

Dr Phatudi said Lebowa had abundant minerals and the potential to generate

an industrial revolution. However it needed more outside investment and he

assured investors Lebowa would not nationalise the assets of entrepreneurs.

"If investors create jobs for Lebowa people it would help to alleviate the

acute shortage of jobs," Dr Phatudi said. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in

English 1504 GMT 27 Nov 86 MB] /6662

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77
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY HAILS IMPROVED RELATIONS WITH LESOTHO

MB280955 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 28 Nov 86

[Station commentary: "Cooperation for Regional Stability"]

[Text] The cooperative and relaxed friendly relations between Lesotho and

South Africa since the change of government in Lesotho at the beginning of the

year serves as a shining example for all of southern Africa and its peoples.

Both countries are benefiting greatly by their new constructive and positive

relationship, as opposed to the stagnation in Lesotho that resulted previously from former Premier Leabua Jonathan's unfriendly policies towards South

Africa.

Similar good and beneficial relations exist between South Africa, Swaziland,

and Malawi, and there is even closer cooperation within the recently founded

organization for multinational cooperation between South Africa, Transkei,

Bophuthatswana, Venda, Ciskei, and other independent southern African states

which may wish to join. The friendlier relations between South Africa and

Lesotho have so far resulted in the signing of the agreement for the construction of the (?2) billion rands Lesotho Highlands water project by which

South Africa will buy much needed water from Lesotho while Lesotho will benefit through job creation, tourism, hydro-electric power generation, and a

freshwater fishing enterprise. And on Wednesday it was also announced that

Lesotho would buy 30,000 tons of much needed maize from South Africa during

the next year to keep a new mill going which has just been erected to supply

food to a burgeoning population. The improved relations with Lesotho have

also meant that ÄNC terrorists are no longer able as in the past to use

Lesotho as a springboard for attacks against South Africa.

Lesotho has again pointed the way towards the benefit of constructive cooperation. Common sense and realism is all that is needed for all southern

Africa to enter the open doors to a new era of stability, development, and

growth.

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78
SOUTH AFRICA

URBAN FOUNDATION CHAIRMAN ON RACIAL ZONING, REFORM

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 21 Nov 86 p 9

[Article by Jan Steyn, executive chairman of the Urban Foundations]

[Text] SOUTH AFRICA'S industrial

work-force has been deeply divided by the pervasive structure of

influx control and segregated

}and tenure.

• The erstwhile legal divisions between urban insiders and migrants,

the impediments to the free mobility

of labour and the denial of homeownership to the majority of the

wage-labour force severely increased

problems of industrial relations.

To some extent these problems

have been eased. The elimination of

structures which remain to divide

employer from employee must be at

the top of the responsible businessman's agenda.

One key issue is the restoration of

SA citizenship — and with it rights to

work in our industrial complexes —

to TBVC residents who are an integral part of our economy. Of equally

great significance is the issue of racial zoning and group areas.

The Group Areas Act and racial

zoning generally are more than yet

another set of statutes in the legislative arsenal of apartheid. They have

both a material reality and a symbolic significance which make them the

' fundamental impediments to the

emergence of normal society in SA.

. Together they constitute the fundamental division which pits our society

against itself in the struggle for opportunity and dignity.

Divided system

While our economy — both rural

and urban — is and has been long

accepted by government as an interdependent whole, enforced segregation through racial zoning has maintained an artificially divided social

system with attenuating links between its segments.

The business community, whatever

its manifold faults, has achieved

some semblance of common, interdependent endeavour across the one

major division in our society.

If for no other reason that selfinterest, it has by-and-large accepted

. {he challenge of recognition of and

.negotiation with black or non-racial

labour, of a desegregation of its inter-

; nal facilities, of non-racial management development and of black busi-

' ness development.

While the scope and effectiveness

of its efforts are frequently ques?

tioned, it has — in terms of its own

commitments and stated intentions

— opened many of its books for inspection and criticism by the wider

South African community.

Racial zoning is an absolute contradiction of this emerging ethic of

business. Not only has it traditionally

divided the industrial working class,

but increasingly it divides its clerks,

managers and its consumer markets.

Whatever else may be said of business, its stated commitments and the

Group Areas Act are fundamentally

incompatible. .

This contradiction is one of the reasons why, according to the reports of

colleagues, racial zoning featured

prominently in business viewpoints at

the November 7 conference of the

State President.

There are other major reasons as

well. Group areas andracial zoning in

general introduce very specific impedimentsto the solution of problems

of production in SA:

D Racial zoning has always and will

continue to have the effect of putting

many of the poorest section of SA's

workers at the greatest relative disadvantage in terms of travelling

times and costs of transportation.

79
Since land near the existing black

townships is becoming more and

more limited, the settlement offuture

generations of workers will be at

ever-greater distances from the

work-place The contribution of this

pattern to employee fatigue and dissatisfaction is already serious and

will increase over time. D Urbanisation and a national endeavour to provide housing to millions of

South Africans without adequate

shelter have been correctly identified

by Professor Jan Lombard and other

top government economists asa critical element in our economic recovery.

Government has acknowledged

this with its grant of R400m toa

Erivate sector housing trust, estabshed to promote low-cost housing

development and, in so doing, alleviate unemployment

But racial zoning, through the complex procedures for creating group

areas, as has been acknowledged by

the Venter Commission, will impede

and delay the release of land for this

purpose.

Black shortage

G The government draft Guide Plan

for the Central Witwatersrand has

estimated an emerging over-supply

of residential stands and accommodation units in white areas which will

reach 15% by the year 2000. This

over-supply contrasts witha black

accommodation shortage of 200000

units.

Obviously cost factors make it impossible to equate the two for purposes of solving the problem, but the

severe distortions in the housing market which these patterns produce is

self-evident More importantly, the

sense of legitimate deprivation which

black families experience is extreme. D As inevitable corollary of racial

zoning in the past the constitutional

and fiscal separation of Africantownships from the major cities has created more or less purely dormitory

"ghettoes" witha tax base insufficient to meet the costs of more than

the most rudimentary services and

amenities.

While the Regional Services Councils are an attempted response to the

problem by government the racially

distinct status of black.townships as

components of the Regional Services

Councils has seriously undermined

their credibility andpotentialsupport

from the black communities.

DThe characteristics of the townships as segregated and marginal

areas for blacks has substantially undermined the credibility of local

councils that have attempted to administer these areas. This has been

one important background element in

the slide of some of these areas into

the present disorder. O Notwithstanding all the wellknown inconsistency in the positions

which external actors are taking with

regard to sanctions and disinvestment, a universal rejection of formal,

legalised racial discrimination lies at

the base of the campaign.

The effects ofsanctions on economic confidence in SA, and of disinvestment in particular on our capacity to

grow in order to re-absorb rapidly

mounting unemployment, require

that we must havea credible counter

to world condemnation of apartheid.

While racial zoning exists, no such

counter will be remotely credible.

For these and other reasons, the

private sector must inevitably place

racial zoning at the tope of its agenda

for reform in 1987. The Urban Foundation, as one of the parties in the

Private Sector Council (an alliance of

employer organisations, community

representatives and major industrialists) supports this objective as the

most critical issue facing business tor

day.

80
We therefore call on government to

repeal the Act in the coming Parliamentary session and to do so not because of growing internal and foreign

pressure— real though this is— but

because abolition is now urgently required:

DTo boost business confidence and

stimulatea stagnant economy, thus

promoting the prosperity of all; D To facilitate sound' city management in the face of rapid urbanisation, so enabling the country to experience the positive effects of this

inevitable process; D To defuse growing tension and promote accommodation and mutual understanding-, and D To enable businessmen to develop

policies for their labour force free of

the crippling external impediments

produced by racial zoning.

Temptation

In addressing an issue as significant and deeply-entrenched as that of

racial zoning, the temptation to adopt

cautious, gradualist policies or selective modifications of its provisions is

very great.

This would bea crucial mistake.

Our current situation is such that expectations have been raised and the

most minute critical inspection is

brought to bear on each and every

reform or change in our society.

Whatever remains of racial zoning

after partial reform will generate

heightened controversy and discontent.

Furthermore, as with the repeal of

other statues, the effects will be hardly felt or noticed by whites in most

areas. No particular controversy,

froma cross-section of whites has

accompanied the effective integration of areas like Hillbrow, Berea,

Mayfair, Woodstock and others.A

complete reform is both vitally necessary and possible.

The reality is thatthe Act, amongst

its other negative effects, has created a chasm in intergroup relations. And,

as Dr Anton Rupert has recently said:

"If you aim to crossa chasm, you

must do so, not in small steps but in

one great leap."

That leap requires confidence and

courage. But it can and should be

made. And the Urban Foundation—

with the private sector— stands

ready to assist in whatever way it can

with its resources, research and expertise.

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81
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTATOR DECRIES LACK OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

Durban POST NATAL in English 12-15 Nov 86 p 10

[Commentary by Ameen Akhalwaya in "My View" column]

[Text]

M

IY grandfather was a pious man, a devoted,;

practising Muslim.

His friends were Muslims, Jews, Hindus,

I Christians.' He regarded Gandhi as his political leader, and would speak in awe of the Mahatma's

shrewdness and compassion.

He did not know much about other religions, but he

knew Islam. He did not take kindly to anyone attack

tag his religion.

When I was a little'boy, I was with a group of

'friends who, as groups of kids are wont to do, started

poking fun at the Hindu religion. My grandfather

stopped us short

"What," he asked, "do you know about the Hindu

religion?"

We admitted we didn't know much.

"So if someone makes fun of Islam, how would you'

feel?" -

We said we would get very angry.

"Next time, before you make fun of someone else's

beliefs, make sure you know what you're talking

about," he advised. "Remember, speak well of the religion and practise, rather than speak evil about one

you know little about

"Judge a person by bis practices, whatever his beliefs. Islam is our religion, and we have to be prepared

to defend it to our death. We must have faith in God.

"Gandhi was a Hindu, but he was our political leader because he was a pious man who wanted to do his

best for all people, whatever their religion. H you

needed his help, he wouldn't ask you.what your

religion was. ^ -

"That is why it did not matter to us what his religion was. He respected our religion, we respected

his." :.

Those were words of wisdom we didn't forget.

It's a pity such wisdom hasn't penetrated to the

ranks of the NGK. Its pompous declaration that Islam

is a false religion is bad enough coming from a church

'ihat has fully backed and participated in the evil that

k apartheid.

i Coming as it did from the chaplain-general to the

SA Police is even worse. If that is what is taught to

the police, upholders of law and order and preservers

Qf peace, what are we to make of it?

' The kindest thing that can be said about the chaplain and his church is that they are grossly ignorant

" about Islam.

j Their contempt for the passionately-held religious

beliefs of hundreds of millions of people is a disgrace,

coming as it does from the "National Party at

' prayer".

They have clearly not learned the lessons of Protestant-Catholic Europe, of Ireland, of the Middle East

of the.Indian sub-continent.

In the emotional climate of the

NGK's gratuitous outburst, there would

be a strong temptation for Muslims to

attack Christianity. But that would

be wrong, as the Call of Islam's

Maulana Faried Esack told a protest

rally in Lenasia last week.

The NGK is not representative of

Christianity. It is a group that

follows its version of Christianity.

Recently, when Mr Ahmed Deedat's

video view of Hinduism angered Hindu

people, there were some Hindus who attacked Islam in turn. Thankfully, Hindu

82
leaders refrained from doing so, but pointed out how

wrong he was.

When the Call of Islam criticised Mr Deedat, my

newspaper received two or three letters attacking 

Maulana Faried, not on the basis of his criticism of Mr

Deedat's approach, but rather on the grounds that

there are non-Muslims who regularly distort and attack Islam.

Thus, one's criticism should be levelled at the NGK,

not Christianity. For the NGK deserves censure.

It has openly practised apartheid which has landed

this country in such a mess. The State President's

explanation that the constitution provides for religious

freedom does little to obviate the NGK's insult to

Muslims.

What religious freedom is there in this country? The

late Imam Abdullah Haroon wasn't allowed religious

freedom. Dr CF Beyers Naude was banned for sticking to his religous beliefs, despite the fact — or was it

because of the fact? — that he was once a member of

the NGK.

Archibishop Desmond Tutu had his passport withdrawn; so did Dr Allan Boesak; the secretary-general

of the SA Catholic Bishop's Conference, Father Smangaliso Mkhwatshwa, is in detention.

Many other religious people — Muslims, Christians,

Jews, and Hindus — have paid the price in this country for practising their religion the way they interpret

it.

Supporters of the NGK ban memorial services; they

prescribe what can and what cannot be done at funeral services.

The NGK has now opened its doors to all races — in

theory. It has admitted it was at fault in supporting

racism. But how do its adherents reconcile the fact

that a fellow-Christian cannot become their leader?

Neither the NGK nor the National Party and its

apologists has explained to us why a black person

cannot become State President of this country. What

religious basis does their

stand have?

None. That's becaue

the NGK is steeped in hypocrisy and racism. It is

the church that came up

with the idea of racially

separate "daughter"

churches for each of the

black groups.

It was this separateness that has been translated into the tricameral

parliamentary system; a

separate "daughter"

church for each race

group, separate "daughter" political institution

for each race group.

That is also the basis

for "daughter" educational institutions, health institutions, and many

other institutions.

If the NGK is now open

to all races, how come its

adherents — who include

powerful Cabinet Ministers — cannot translate

this into all aspects of

our lives?

If we can now all pray

together, why can't we

study together, treat illnesses together?

Islam has never

preached nor tolerated

racism. Yet is is labelled

a false religion.

The NGK — by its own

admission — has stuck to

a false doctrine for many

years, and its adherents

nave pushed that doctrine down our throats.

Maulana Faried made

two valid points at the

Lenasia meeting:

If the NGK regards

Islam as a threat to

South Africa, where ailing, 77-year-old Mr Oscar

Mpetha, the jailed UDF

leader, cannot attend his

wife's Christian funeral,

'then we are proud to be

of threat to them".

The NGK says it wants

to live in a spirit of good

neighbourliness with

Muslims. "They threw us

out far away from them,

out of town — now they

want to be good neighbours when we aren't

there — and they still

don't want us to be their

neighbours."

The NGK should ask itself: whose false doctrine

has been the real threat

to peace and good neighbourliness in this country?

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SOUTH AFRICA

LIBERALS LINKED TO COVERT SECURITY PANEL

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 21-27 Nov 86 p 3

[Article by Franz Kruger, East London]

[Text] EAST LONDON'S liberal businessmen — including prominent

Progressive Federal Party officebearers— have been involved in a

covert political committee linked in

with the highly controversial Joint

Security Management System.

The "Greater East London Coordination Committee" (GELCC) was

set up by a local military commander

in October last year, but its existence

remained unknown until its chairman,

Errc4 Spring, a prominent local PFP

supporter, confirmed its existence to

me this week. .

The committee brings together

businessmen, town council officials,

parliamentarians, government

Officials and military and police

personnel to deal with matters ranging

from consumer boycotts to the.

development of a master plan for

developing the area.

Observers believe the GELCC

represents a remarkable alliance

between the government and liberal

business to manage the political crisis

at a local level.

According to its chairman, the

committee has no administrative

power; its function is simply "to

identify problem areas hampering

development, to contact whoever is

supposed to be dealing with it and find

out what they are doing and whether

they need any help". It was intended to

be "fully representative" of all sectors

of the community.

For businessmen, the committee

represents a way to get problems

addressed quickly and efficiently. The

government, on the other hand, is able

to draw on their expertise, and has

effectively cemented an alliance with

them.

But the GELCC has not met with

unanimous support from the liberal

establishment. City Councillor Donald

Card was invited to the first meeting,

but said he left when it became clear

what it was about.

"My first impression was that it was

a structure for martial law, and I was

not prepared to serve on anything like

it," he said.

The GELCC was active in local

affairs, but was not accountable to

local residents, reporting instead to

the State President, he charged.

Another businessman who has.

resigned from the body said he felt

businessmen had been "sucked into a

government structure" set up "in case

of the collapse of the civil

authorities", and worked as "a channel

for information to be fed to central

government".

Although apparently not in the full

sense a Joint Management Committee

(JMC) — hundreds of which span the

84
country as part of the National

Security Management System (NSMS)

— it is firmly linked with the NSMS

and acts in similar ways, making use

of direct access to the highest levels of

government.

Its minutes, for example, are fed

through the NSMS "right to the very

top". It has made use of NSMS

channels to get problems solved when

local officials had not been helpful.

The NSMS, exposed recently by the

Weekly Mail, is a network of Security

Force-dominated committees operating parallel to the established state

structures at all levels.

Not many details have been

disclosed about the system, but fears

' have been expressed that it has become

the true powerhouse of government in

South Africa, allowing Security

Forces major influence on all levels, of

executive decision-making.

The GELCC differs from the JMCs

and other bodies of the NSMS in that it

includes people other than

government officials, and seems to

have more flexibility of operation.

The chairman, Spring, is a city

| councillor and former mayor, and is

[ the PFP vice-chairman for the coastal

region.

Head of its subcommittees include

the chairman of the East London

Chamber of Commerce, Nico Cloete,

and another prominent businessman

and PFP supporter, Wayne Munro.

Invitations to set up the GELCC

were sent by Colonel Reg Deyzel, the

local military commanding officer, to

representatives of the East London

City Council, neighbouring town

councils, the chambers of industry and

commerce, MPs and MPCs as well as

the heads of most government

departments in the city.

The purpose of the meeting on

October 4 last year was "the

inauguration of a committee being

established to co-ordinate constitutional, economic and social planning

and development in East London,"

according to the confidential

invitation signed by Deyzel.

The invitation, headed "Joint

Management Committee: East

London", referred specifically to "the

present unrest situation". At the

meeting, Deyzel gave a briefing on the

JMCs, and outlined the purpose and

functions oflocal committees.

Spring told me the NSMS had

merely been presented as a possible

home for the new committee.

"Without relinquishing those ties

completely, we felt we should go

another way." Spring said discussions

had been held about turning the

GELCC into a part of the regional

development committee structure.

"The NSMS structure is there. If we

can use it as a channel of communication, we must use it. We see

ourselves as using the structure, but

not as a part ofit," he said..

Asked to comment on the presence

of PFP members on the GELCC, the

party's secretary general, Robin

Carlisle, said the PFP was

fundamentally opposed to the NSMS,

as it was "more likely to be part of the

problem than part ofthe solution" and

was "anti-democratic".

He was satisfied, however, that the

GELCC was not part of the NSMS

structure, although it might have

made use of NSMS channels on

occasion. He felt there were better

conduits to use, and one had to be

: "careful not to give credibility to these

structures". — EL News

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85
SOUTH AFRICA

COSATÜ MEETING COMMEMORATES UNION DEAD

MB011452 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1450 GMT 1 Dec 86

[Text] Johannesburg Dec 1 SAPA—It is too late to offer workers in South

Africa half-a-loaf, or a whole loaf—they want the bakery that bakes the

bread, the publicity secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers, Mr Marcel

Golding, said at a meeting in Johannesburg today. He was speaking at a

service for trade unionists who died during the year and to celebrate the

first anniversary of the founding of the Council of South African Trade

Unions (COSATU).

Mr Golding told the crowd of about 400, many of whom were seconded from a

Commercial Catering and Allied Workers Union meeting held in an adjacent

hall, that the government was trying to sow confusion and disunity among the

workers. "As long as there is disunity there can be no forward movement

towards peace and prosperity for all," he said.

The truth was so precious it was often protected by a "bodyguard of lies

and illusion." It was the ruling class that was trying to disinform the

people and lie about what is happening in South Africa. By declaring the

state of emergency the government was trying to "crush democratic organizations and regulate information going to the outside world." He added that by

practicing "self-censorship," newspapers were adding to this.

Mr Golding said the blood of those who had died in the workplace or as a

result of violence aimed against unionists would nourish those struggling

for their freedom. "The 13 miners killed in a clash at Vaal Reefs (gold

mines) demonstrates the brutality of the times in which we live." he said.

"Gone are the days when we are prepared to accept half-a-loaf. Gone are the

days when we are prepared to accept a whole loaf," Mr Golding said. "We

want the bakery that bakes the lot."

COSATU called for a nationwide two-hour work stoppage to commemorate the dead.

COSATU's Witwatersrand regional secretary, Mr Paul Mokoena, said today's

stoppage was called not to mourn the dead but to salute them. "What happened

to them is not anything uncommon in our struggle." He said it was time to

86
show the state that people had already accepted the violence perpetrated

against the working class. "We know that we will meet death on the factory

floor and in detention." Mr Mokoena said the government "will deceive the

simple-minded voter with talk of reform but we will not be deceived. We

know it means nothing to blacks but fresh hardship and suffering."

Another speaker, Mr Bernie Fanaroff of the Metal and Allied Workers Union

[MAWU] said the state of emergency attack on the working class would not stop

workers fighting for a livine wage. He said some people had been in detention

for four or five months because they were not prepared to produce for their

bosses and see nothing in return but to live in slums. "There is Moses

Mayekiso (a MAWU organizer and member of the Alexandra Action Committee)

in John Vorster Square with lights on 24 hours a day and a television camera

on him for what?" Mr Fanaroff asked. "Because he as a trade unionist does

not feel that conditions in Alexandra must stay as they are forever"—with

12 families in the Johannesburg township sharing two bucket toilets. He

said that 1987 would see the "greatest campaign for a living wage ever launched

in South Africa." "It will express the truth that the working class has

built the health of this country but benefit nothing from it. Here there is

luxury for the few and starvation and hardship for the many," he said, adding

that violence was being unleased against workers not only in South Africa

but in the homelands as well.

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87
SOUTH AFRICA

TEXTILE WORKERS UNIONS FORM NATIONAL FEDERATION

MB290428 Johannesburg SAPA in English 2108 GMT 28 Nov 86

[Text] Johannesburg, Nov 28, SAPA—Unions representing 165,000 textile, garment, and leather workers have formed a national federation.

Six unions representing 165,000 workers in the textile, garment and leather

industries met in Cape Town yesterday and today to form a national federation

of their unions, a press release from the South African Federation of Textile,

Garment and Leather Workers Union said.

"The idea behind the establishment of the federation is not to be seen as

being in conflict or opposition to any of the existing union-federations in

the country, but is rather a broadly-based federation of industrial unions

In the textile, garment and leather industries," the press release said.

The unions involved were: the Garment Workers Industrial Union (Natal),

the National Union of Clothing Workers,.Garment Workers Union of Western

Province, Textile Workers [NUTW], Transvaal [TVL] Leather and Allied Workers

Industrial Union.

Talks on the formation of the federation began in September.

All the unions in the new federation are affiliated independently to the

International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers Federation.

The Textile Workers Union (TVL)—a CUSA [Council of Unions of South Africa]

AZACTU [Azanian Confederation of Trade Unions] affiliater-and the National

Union of Leather Workers were not represented at the meeting but were expected to join the federation next year.

The NUTW would retain its affiliation to COSATU.

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88
SOUTH AFRICA

LANGUAGE BLAMED FOR COUNTRY'S BAD IMAGE ABROAD

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 20 Nov 86 p 4

[Text] THE inability «f

the foreign Press

to understand Afrikaans was largely

responsible for

SA's poor image

abroad, incoming

Deputy Minister of

Information DrCJ

Stoffel) van der

erwe said in Johannesburg yesterday.

Local newspapers, like Government, were divided

along language lines but most foreign

correspondents, were only able to

read the critical English media.

Speaking at an Institute of International Affairs forum on SA's image

abroad, he blamed the opposition for

exploiting the situation by slightly

misrepresenting Government motives to the Press.

He declined to comment on the

flow of information from Government until he has assumed his new

post on December 1.

SA's "greatly unfair" image overseas had become so bad that reform

must come for reform's sake and not

to sway world opinion, he said.

If we handed Nelson Mandela the

keys to the Union Building on a silver

cushion, the world wouldnot accept it

because we did if

Unfortunately, the outside world

acted on its perceived image of SA

and not on the true situation.

SA's politics had been internalised

overseas. In the US and Europe, decisions on SA were being taken mainly

for domestic political reasons.

Leading PFP member Dave Dalling said that if Government wished

SA to be regarded by the West as just

another African dictatorship, afl it

had to do was maintain its domestic

and foreign policies.

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89
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY NOTES SUCCESS IN BLACK EDUCATION

MB270740 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 27 Nov 86

[Station commentary: "Black Education in South Africa"]

[Text] In the media around the world, black education in South Africa is

mostly represented as being of inferior quality and unwanted by the majority of

black South Africans. The latest figures just released prove the exact opposite. They show again how the South African education authorities, black

parents, and pupils have united to make 1986 one of the biggest success

stories in the history of education in South Africa. It is small wonder that

South African blacks are Africa's most educated and literate black people.

This year's matrlc or final school examinations ended on Tuesday for the

largest number of black candidates in the country's history. No less than

238,000 of the 250,000 matriculants were able to write the examinations.

This is a great achievement, expecially for pupils and parents who overcame

the most concerted and violent effort ever by militant intimidators to stop

black education in South Africa. Only 12,000 of South Africa's black matriculants in a handful of the country's 7,000 schools were unable to write as

a result of violent intimidation and threats of necklacing.

Even in the few troubled regions, a large number of pupils wrote their examinations under the protection of the security forces, whose presence was requested by the majority of black parents and their children. This, of course,

also disproves the radical propaganda that security force protection is unwelcome in black cities and towns. This new moderate alliance between the

education authorities, black parents, and their children augurs well for the

future, and for the success of the 10-year plan—which is well under way—

to upgrade black education in South Africa to the same level as that enjoyed

by other population groups.

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90
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMITTEE FORMED TO MONITOR INDIAN EDUCATION

Durban POST NATAL in English 12-15 Nov 86 p 3

[Article by Khalil Aniff]

[Text]

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INDIAN education is to be monitored by a special committee consisting of parents and community leaders.

The formation of the 10-member steering committee to create a

National Council for Education, which would determine education policy for Indians, was decided at a meeting hosted by the Teachers'

Association of South Africa at Vedic Hall on Sunday.

Committee members are Ismail Meer, Mewa Ramgobin, Brij Maharaj, Ismail Mohammed, Ishwar Maharaj, Dr Korshad Ginwala, Pat

Samuels, Poobie Naicker, M V Rajah and Satish Juggernath.

Since the House of Delegates' announcement that next year's education budget was to be slashed by 20 percent, much concern has been

expresed and a series of protest meetings have been held.

Sunday's meeting was aimed at bringing together community organisations to discuss the problem.

Parents highlighted the shortcomings in Indian education and urged

the authorities to upgrade the backlog.

Many said the Indian community bad made great sacrifices over

the years — since the early 1930s — and paid for their education by

building State-aided schools.

Indians, they said, set a particularly high standard in education and

the Government should

maintain that standard.

Mr Pat Samuels, president of Tasa, said: "They

are increasing the teaching hours and planning

cutback in the teaching

staff complement. This

will place unnecessary

burden on the remaining

teachers."

He said schools were

already understaffed and

teachers had to teach

higher grade, standard

grade and lower grade in

the same class and at the

same time,

Mr Samuels said the

steering committee

would keep a careful eye

on the state of education.

The parents also called

on the executive director

of education, Mr Arjun

Singh, to ensure that the

800 newly-qualified

teachers were given jobs

next year.

91
SOUTH AFRICA

PROBLEMS THREATENING SPONSORED EDUCATION NOTED

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 24 Nov 86 p 4

[Article by Keith Hammonds]

[Text] A

MERICAN Icorporations

here still are trying to

figure out what happened

j at Pace College, the USrnsored Soweto school that

t its doors last month. The

answers, if found, could well signal a need for very basic changes

in the way companies approach

the problem ofsocial responsibility-Pace's closure — providing

some breathing time to "formulate

a new direction," according to a

spokesman — capped three

months of controversy sparked,

among other things, by the resignation of Pace's black headmaster,

Oswald Mtshali, following a confrontation between students and

security forces on the school's

premises.

Mtshali later asked to be rein-

. stated, but the American Chamber

I of Commerce (Amcham) — which

established Pace four years ago —

refused, even though it had not yet

found a replacement

0. _Fn September 10, a group of students protesting the Amcham's action burned a US flag at a school

meeting and drove Amcham director Kenneth Mason from the campus. Mason claims the confrontation was simply "one that has

happened in all schools".

And, indeed, many Soweto

schools have been characterised

more by political tension than by

classroom education in recent

months. Pace itself was dogged by

continuing student violence, poor

attendance, erratic tuition payments from parents and a drop-off

in corporate sponsorship.

But the problem at Pace appears to run deeper than Mtshali's

resignation and even the general

turmoil in township education.

Observers say the incident reflected some classic errors in implementation of an essentually

well-intentioned social responsibility programme.

I_ hese executives say Amcham

erred by establishing the $4,5m

school in an area of Soweto controlled by more militant black

youths, then failed to negotiate

with those youths before initiating

the programme.

As a result, Pace soon became

viewed as an elitist institution tied

too closely to establishment bodies, and students were pressured

not to attend classes.

Of the 131 final-year students

last year, only 10 achieved test

grades high enough to qualify for

university education. Support for

American corporate sponsors began to erode as the school's troubles deepened.

Social responsibility spending is

a delicate subject, and many

American executives in SA refuse

to discuss the issue for the record,

because they fear their beneficiaries will perceive public statements as granastauding.

"Our community has accepted

our bona fides because we don't

seek publicity," said one corporate

92
officer.

But those who will talk say that

"top-down" spending, initiated by

management decree, has more often then not characterised failures

like Pace.

Too many American organisa-.

tions, they say, have tossed money

away by creating a programme

based on its own perceptions of a

community's needs, rather than on

what the community itself said its

needs were.

"The fundamental essential is

gaining community legitimacy,"

said Patrick O'Malley of Mobil. "In

today's environment, if you're talking education, then your legitimacy has to be with teachers, with

parents and, these days, with the

pupils. It's no good getting Archbishop Tutu to sign a piece of paper

saying this is great."

Indeed, one company here spent

seven months negotiating with a

township's more militant students

before going ahead with plans for

an education project there.

In the course of discussions, the

company overcame student

charges that the programme was

elitist because it catered to gifted

students and was funded by capitalist sources.

Because the youths now understandand sympathise with the programme, organisers say, they allow other students to attend

classes. "We both agreed to the

future," said an executive involved

in the talks.

This tvne of communication and

mutual understanding, experts

say, has been absent from social

responsibility efforts for too long.

What may be needed, some argue,

is a fundamental restructuring in

the way corporations go about

thinking about and addressing such

programmes.

S,'peaking earlier this month on

"Business and its place in society,"

General Motors MD Robert White

urged business to "do a better job

in getting its act together, to define

its broader mission, perhaps initially on a regional basis, and then

nationally, and to eliminate the

counter-productive infighting for

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'turf in economic and social matters that presently exists among

industry groups and associations".

Brother Neil McGurk, principal

of the multi-racial Observatory

College in Johannesburg, takes the

argument a step further. The problems at Pace, he believes, signify

the failure of most US corporations

to build a "clear understanding of

the present social dynamics of our

society".

"What is needed," McGurk observes, "is a clearer co-ordinated

vision on the part of the Sullivan

signatories in terms of the options

open to SA society and their role in

creating them.

"Without such a vision, the signatories might find themselves unwittingly caught up in the dialectics of power that characterises

our present crisis and, in a way,

working towards their own demise."

McGurk talks of a "moral option" business must accept, in the

form of a more radical and enlightened approach to social responsibility.

"Business is going to have to

reconstitute itself into an effective

equal opportunity environment in

a way that companies operating in

the US, or elsewhere, have never

had to face," he says.

Most companies, he says, have

developed their own social psychologies and symbolic universes that

remain resistant to change.

"Recruitment and selection, its

unconscious expectations and normative criteria for advancement

all work toward homeostasis and

the reinforcement of cultural and

personality types."

WsIs long as an organisation remains committed to this old order,

McGurk believes, it cannot effectively address the needs of the

dynamic SA society.

Certainly, the question is relevant in considering the failure at

Pace and the many more successful programmes that corporations

— local and foreign — have created in SA.

But the implications of the development by business of a

broader social vision and the acceptance in that vision of radical

change are far broader than that.

For McGurk, "business needs to

face this crisis in our society and

address the problem as a matter of

its own survival".

93
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

EMPTY WHITE SCHOOLS AVAILABLE-^Cape Town Nov 26 SAPA—White schools being

closed because of the fall-off of pupils could, in some cases, become multiracial private schools or be transferred to other race groups, Mr Piet Clase,

minister of white education, announced today. Mr Clase's statement follows

a report of the South African Teacher's Association (SATA) that showed there

were 205,000 vacancies in white schools. SATA demanded that schools should

be opened to all groups to help make up for the shortage of classroom space

for blacks. Mr Clase has, however, closed the door on opening government

schools to all groups. But he has left the way open for the vacant schools

to be purchased in certain instances for multiracial private schools or to be

transferred to one of the other education departments. However, this would

only happen if the white education department, the other administrations ot

the House of Assembly or the provinces could not use the buildings. Each

case will be considered on its own merits," Mr Clase said. Rationalisation

was receiving constant attention to ensure that there was cost-effectiye education without lowering standards. In some cases schools were being^closed

while others were being amalgamated. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English

1509 GMT 26 Nov 86 MB] 76662

SUCCESS OF STATE OF EMERGENCY—Gape Town Nov 28 SAPA—The-state of emergency

has succeeded beyond the government's wildest dreams, says Black Sash president Mrs Mary Burton. At the End Conscription Campaign's [ECC] annual

meeting in Cape Town last night, she said the emergency hadjiven the government time to recover from the mess it was in a year ago. The government

has had time to paper over all the cracks in the system," she said. Mrs Burton

paid tribute to the ECC for its ingenuity and creativity:in responding to^the

state of emergency. Outgoing chairman Mr Nie Borain criticised attempts by

the government and other organisations to discredit the ECC. . He said he was

referring in particular to Aidä Parker's newsletter which referred: to the ECC

as an organisation which forged links with communist ones. Although the

ECC won a media council hearing against Ms Parker, the damage was already

done." Mr Borain said the ECC had opened a crack in an exceptionally militarised country. Miss Paula Hawthorn was elected president of ECC. ITextJ

[Johannesburg SAPA in English 1604 GMT 28 Nov 86 MB] /6662

94
BRAIN DRAIN GAINS MOMENTUM—South Africa's brain drain is gaining momentum.

According to economists, the latest migration figures from Pretoria make

it clear that the talent loss is speeding up. They cite as reasons the tightening sanctions net and the lack of political action in resolving South

Africa's internal problems. The figures, from the Central Statistical Services, show a migration loss of more than 11,000 people for the first 9 months

of this year, compared with the same period last year. A large number of

accountants are leaving, as well as people classified as educationists. The

third largest group choosing to emigrate is made up of engineers. Emigrants

continue to favor the united Kingdom and Australia. [Text] [Umtata Capital

Radio in English 0700 GMT 28 Nov 86 MB] /6662

LP ON GROUP AREAS ISSUE—The chairman of the Minister's Council in the House

of Representatives, and leader of the Labor Party [LP].Rev Allan Hendrickse,

says his party's members in the President's Council have not rejected the

council's committee for constitutional affairs report on the Group Areas Act,

but regard it as inadequate. Mr Hendrickse was reacting to a President's

Council statement that the LP was one of the majority parties in the three

houses, together with the official opposition in the House of Representatives,

whose members had supported the proposal that the report on the Group Areas

and related acts be referred back to the constitutional affairs committee for

further consideration. In a statement, Mr Hendrickse said the LP regretted

what he called the misinterpretation of the actions of his party's members

of the President's Council. The party felt that the consequences of the repeal of the act should be dealt with in the report. The party considered that

the report also had to deal with voting rights on local government bodies,

and with the infrastructure relating to educational facilities. [Text]

[Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 1600 GMT 26 Nov 86 MB] /6662

DETENTION OF ECC MEMBERS CONDEMNED—The End Conscription Campaign [ECC] has

strongly condemned government action against its members. At least 13 ECC

members are reported to have been picked up in swoops in Cape Town and in

Johannesburg. Among them are leading members of the organization, such as

President Clair Verbeeek. They are being held under emergency regulations.

One of those who has escaped the police swoop is the national secretary,

David Shandler. [Begin Shandler recording! We believe that this action of

the authorities is grossly counterproductive to finding solutions to the

problems in our country. The ECC members detained and restricted are South

Africans of the highest caliber. They are committed to the cause of justice

and peace in South Africa, and have done much work for this end. The state

action against them seriously violates the positive role they are playing in

lawfully trying to end the conflict in South Africa and work for solutions.

More than 60 ECC members have been detained in terms of the emergency; yet

not one has been charged with any offense. Why then do .the authorities still

harass and detain ECC members? [end recording] [Text] [Umtata Capital

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95
SOUTH AFRICA

HOUSING SHORTFALL EXCEEDS GOVERNMENT ESTIMATES

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 25 Nov 86 p 9

[Article by Chris Cairncross]

[Text] £A's housing shortfall is even

more gigantic than most official

estimates and destined to deteriorate even further, as government

rapidly abrogates all responsibility for dealing with the problem

and attempts to shift the task on

to the shoulders of the private

sector.

That is one of the more disturbing

conclusions to emerge from follow-up

studies of the findings of the Carnegie

Inquiry into poverty and development in Southern Africa — initiated

about two years ago — which highlighted as never before the enormous

extent of poverty inthe region.

In a report just published by UCT

researcher Matthew Kentridge, SA's

projected housing backlog to the year

2000 is put at four-million units. This

means about 600 units will have to be

built each working day for the next 14

years to make up shortfalls of this

magnitude.

But even with government's recently-announced capital expenditure programme — and growing private-sector involvement — the

current building rate remains at well

below 20 units a day.

Aside from this quantitative problem, the Carnegie researchers note

that scant attention is being paid to

the serious qualitative state of black

townships in SA. Many urban black

houses are in a serious state of disrepair, and a gigantic programme of

renovation is needed to make these

houses decent habitations.

In addition, the belief that urban

blacks were temporary sojourners in

the white areas of SA has meant that

black townships are designed as dormitory suburbs. Consequently there

is a lack of facilities and infrastructure, making these environments

sterile, over-crowded and socially

stunting.

It is concluded that any well-founded national housing policy must seek

to address both the quantitative and

qualitative aspects of the problem —

a factor which is in no way being addressedat present

But what is even more striking

about government policy, the report

states, is — given the size of the problem — the extent to which the State is

disengaging itself.

In the past, government assumed

responsibility for providing low income housing. This policy has now

been reversed, and is increasingly focused on privatisation via three pillars — formal self-help schemes, private-sector housing development and

the sale ofState-ownedrentalstock.

All three are patently failing to resolve the housing crisis, the report

says. The response to government's

great house sale has so far been poor,

with less than 10% of the 1500 000

saleable stock taken up. New rental

policy, which aims at applying market-related rates, places most dwelling units beyond the reach of the population group that most needs

assistance.

96
The entire process of private housing development has proved to be

complicatedand expensive. The number of houses built by the private sector in black areas, although vastly

greater than in the past, is limited by

the extremely small market for hous* :

ing in these areas at the prices de^ ' manded.

The range of housing might be

greater than in the past, but the num- '

ber of units provided is actually less.

Self-help schemes promoted so far by

government are also heavily criticised as failed solutions in the way

they have beenapplied.

The researchers note that many

self-help schemes have their roots in

forced removals, a process whereby

people are relocated in sterile, undeveloped environments and simply

forcedto survive.

They say: "Moreover, self-help in

SA is under strict government control, eliminating many of the positive

features of spontaneity and innovation which should characterise most

self-helpschemes."

It was suggested that government's

schemes merely represented a shift

in the coercion, in which black urban

residents had no choice but to rent

government housing stock, to that in

which they have no choice but to participate inself-helpschemes.

The new policy penalises the poor-.

eststrata ofsociety as the quantity of

/8309

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sub-economic housing falls relative

to population growth. It is concluded

that a completely new approach will

have to be adoptedasthe existing system is totally unworkable. Policy

does not cater for the very poor, the

group most in need of immediate

housing relief.

The report declares that

housing ideology cannot succeed for

the following reasons:

O The continued existence of apartheid, despite protestations to the contrary, forms the basis of escalating

urban struggles, which the new ideology is designed to contain. The report says: "As long as removals continue, the bantustan system« is

maintained and the Group Areas Act

remains on the statute books, resistance willincrease.".

DThe conscious, non-provision of

housing by government, coupled to

the inadequate self-help and private

sector schemes, ensures that the

housing shortage will grow. .

97
SOUTH AFRICA

COUNTRY RECORDS SURPLUS TRADE BALANCE

MB271827 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1748 GMT 27 Nov 86

[Text] Pretoria, Nov 27, SAPA—South Africa recorded a favourable trade

balance of Rl2,077.8 million for the first 10 months of this year, according to preliminary figures released in Pretoria today by the Department of

Customs and Excise. Statistics show exports for the period totalled

R35,117.2 million compared with R29,597.1 million for the same period last

year, while the total for imports was $23,039.4 million (R19,149.2 million).

The import and export figures have been adjusted to bring them into line with

the requirements for the compilation of the balance of payments.

A breakdown of the world's trading zones shows that Europe remained South

Africa's largest trading partner. Exports totalled R8,717.7 million

(R,514.3 million) and imports stood at RIO,206.8 million (R9,035.6 million).

Asia remained South Africa's second largest export trading partner with the

figure standing at R5,339.5 million (R4.219.3 million). These were followed

by America, a total of R3,722.8 million (R2,802.7 million), Africa, with

Rl,508.3 million (Rl,309.3 million), and Oceania, with a total of R276.7 million (R219.9 million). After Europe, Asian imports rated second with a total

of R4,129.8 million (R2,839.2 million), followed by America, with a total of

R3,176.8 million (R3,052.9 million), Africa, with R480.7 million (R374.3

million), and Oceania, with R240.1 million (R243.2 million).

Other unclassified goods and balance of payments adjustments totalled

R15,496.8 million for exports (R13,486 million) and R4,799.2 million (R3,604

million) for Imports. Ships and aircraft stores exported amounted to R55.4

million (R45.6 million).

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98
SOUTH AFRICA

MINES OFFICIAL URGES END TO RACIAL JOB RESERVATION

MB271341 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1217 GMT 27 Nov 86

[Text] Johannesburg Nov 27 SAPA—The head of one of South Africa's largest

mining groups has called for the urgent scrapping of the "scheduled person"

definition—the last remaining statutory job reservation in the mining industry based on racial classification. "It is imperative that this racially

discriminatory legislation be removed from the statute books as soon as possible, without substituting it with some other restrictions which are not

acceptable to the black trade unions," Mr D.T. Watt, chairman of Rand Mines,

says in his latest annual statement to shareholders. "The mining industry

is prepared to accept.an industrial council and give safeguards to white

employees who have given dedicated service and made valuable contributions

to the industry over many years. The mining industry is dedicated to the

principle of appointing persons on merit and ability rather than racial

classification," says Mr Watt.

Turning to union activity in the industry, he says: "I believe that relations

between employers and the black trade unions will improve as the unions mature and achieve centralised leadership and as the political reform process

gathers momentum." He says the Rand Mines group welcomes the interest being

taken by the trade union movement in safety matters. "As long as this interest is responsible and dedicated to the well-being of employees, and not

motivated by extraneous posturing and particularly political ambitions, it

can only be of benefit to all in the mining industry."

Underlining the increased incidence of wildcat and unco-ordinates strikes

in the industry, Mr Watt notes that in.some cases the officials of the

National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) have distanced themselves from these

illegal activities. "The is evidence to show that the union cannot always

control the activities of belligerent shop stewards in remote areas," Mr Watt

says.

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99
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY CONDEMNS 'HYPOCRISY' AMONG DISINVESTING FIRMS

MB011128 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 1 Dec 86

[Station commentary: "The Hypocrisy of Sanctions"]

[Text] As the disinvestment bandwagon rolls on, two aspects of the whole

issue are coming into sharper focus: sheet hypocrisy and the fact that

sanctions are hurting those they are meant to help, while hardly touching

those they are meant to hurt. The fact that free enterprise American is

actively working towards breaking down efforts to extend the benefits of private enterprise and ownership would be grimly amusing if they were not so

tragic and shortsighted. There is monumental hypocrisy to be seen in the

American companies trading profitably in South Africa in the days when

apartheid was firmly in place and pulling out now that apartheid is being

abolished. It is matched by the hypocrisy of those making a moral issue of

conditions in South Africa while ignoring the social and political conditions

in other countries with which they trade. Possibly the worst of all are those

companies ascribing their withdrawal to abhorance of apartheid, while the

truth is that they are losing business to competitors, mainly the Japanese.

Kodak is a prime example. It is in trouble worldwide; its outdated technology is simply no match for that of the Japanese. General Motors is virtually in the same position. Its products in South Africa have been pushed

from a number one spot almost into obscurity by those of Japanese companies.

The real tragedy of all this hypocrisy is that the main victims are black

South Africans. The majority of jobs falling by the wayside as American companies withdraw are those of blacks. They are the last ones to understand the

sort of morality that has taken their jobs away from them. It is against this

development, which he and other responsible South Africans predicted that

Chief Buthelezi appeal to Americans to reexamine the nature of the South

African conflict and decide whether the analysis which led to the imposition

of sanctions could stand close scrutiny.

76662

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100
SOUTH AFRICA

COMPANY DENIES BLACK LABOR EXPLOITATION CHARGES

MB271606 Cape Town CAPE TIMES in English 26 Nov 86 pi

[Text] London—In a tough television documentary here, the London Consolidated Goldfields group (Consgold) have been accused of perpetuating apartheid

and ruthlessly exploiting cheap black labour in South Africa.

The programme alleged that confidential documents obtained showed that the

Consgold "private army" liaised with regular police, spied on workers and

unions and reported back to the government's industrial defence authority,

the National Key Points committee.

The film, by Independent Television's (ITV) current-affairs programme "This

Week," laid responsibility at the door of the London company, but spokesmen

maintain that the management of their South African interests is the

responsibility of Goldfields of South Africa (GFSA), in which Consgold has a

48 percent holding. .

While Consgold London declined to comment on the programme, a spokesman

for Goldfields SA, Mr Attie Roets, said from Johannesburg last night that "we

have asked for a copy which will be with us tomorrow."

"We will view it in the morning and because of the fact that at this point we

do not know what was said or what was shown, we would like to view it ourselves and then possibly comment."

But another senior Goldfields source, who asked not to be named, said, "From

what we have heard, this film is a lot of nonsense, it is a smear campaign."

Consgold, which has frequently been attacked for the reportedly harsh employment policies of Goldfields SA, rejected invitations to take part in the "This

Week" report.

It is understood that directors felt the programme would be biased against

them and their participation would have given the report the appearance of

balance.

101
One Consgold source said: "It is a sort of no-win situation. But now some

of us have seen the film we feel our decision was correct."

The sources indicated that if the specific charges made in the film required

answers, this was the duty of Goldfields SA which was responsible for the

management of the mines in South Africa.

There was no response at the London headquarters to the key criticism in the

film, that in the past ten years Consgold had taken massive profits of

$l,840-million out of South Africa but continued to exploit black migrant

labour and had put nothing back into the country.

The film argued that Consgold should take responsibility for the alleged abuse

of cheap black labour and the activities of its "private army" of security

police.

/6662

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102
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

WHITE URBANITES SPENDING CUTS—White urban South Africans are feeling the

effects of a more frugal life-style that is forcing them to cut back on everything from entertainment to ice-cream. In their bid to beat the rising cost

of living, they are being forced to do without holidays, restaurants, cinemagoing, clothes and liquor and to trim back spending On sweets. The findings

of a poll conducted by Omnichek Research Surveys, from a sample of 800 women

and 500 men, shows "a level of deprivation and considerable lowering of the SA

quality of life among whites" to a standard of living almost, but not quite,

comparable to that of the black majority. MD 'Butch' Rice says: "If the

whites are hard-hit, the penalties endured by the black communities must be

surpassingly bad." Responses show that 57 percent of urban whites say they

have slashed spending on holidays and cut back on eating out. About 56 percent

have reduced spending on clothes, 46 percent don't frequent the cinema as

often as they used to and 44 percent say they have cut back on sweets and

ice-cream. A quarter of those interviewed have curtailed purchases of liquor,

30 percent have reducing hiring of videos, 32 percent have reined in on hire

purchase commitments, and 18 percent have lowered their accommodation standards.

The survey finds that five in every hundred to not spend as much on education

as they used to and six in every hundred have reduced bond repayments. [By

Dominique Gilbert] [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 25 Nov 86 p 1]

/8309

BLACK/WHITE CONSUMER CONFIDENCE—An expected improvement in economic conditions

has raised confidence levels among white SA consumers, but blacks remain

pessimistic and expect further erosion of their buying power. This is the

finding of Stellenbosch's Bureau of Economic Research (BER) when it surveyed

business and consumer sentiment during September/October. It found that whites

believe conditions are encouraging enough to buy durable goods—thus far a

sluggish component of total private spending. Black consumers views are influenced by the dark cloud of high unemployment and mostly expect "dramatic

price increases." BER says the traders are possibly witnessing better figures

because of improved sales and inventory levels resulting from "a slow upturn

off very low levels." However, tentative conditions might appear, the

wholesale, retail and motor trade is looking better. But BER cautions that a

sure sign of recovery being under way is: continued drawing down of inventory

levels; a sharp increase in orders placed and, an increase in employment

opportunities. Thus far none of the above have strongly manifested themselves. [By Alan Senzdul] [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English

19 Nov 86 p 3] /8309

103
COASTAL INDUSTRY EXPANSION URGED—Development of export industries in coastal

metropolitan centres can lead to long-term economic expansion for SA, says

H.P. Langenhoven, economic planner for the Central Economic Advice Bureau.

Speaking yesterday at the Economy, Trade and Manpower Research Conference, he

said an important question was whether economic development in SA should be

export-orientated or import-replacing. He favoured the development of the

export industries. "It is possible for SA to escape from the problems that

hinder the export sector and general development processes," he said. Coastal

metropolises were "excellent" for export development, but only if certain

conditions—relating to labour, availability of raw material and transport

costs—could be fulfilled. Professor Lou van Wyk of Potchefstroom University

speaking on the contribution of privatisation and deregulation to economic

development, said there was a potential for better economic development if

privatisation was undertaken as a policy choice. The authorities should make

it easier for individuals to exercise their own initiative, thereby creating

a positive climate in the private sector. "Another requirement is the

elimination of discrimination and the right of ownership for every individual,"

said Van Wyk. [By Richard Bartlett] [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY

in English 25 Nov 86 p 6] /8309

CORN TO LESOTHA—Pretoria Nov 26 SAPA—Final arrangements for the supply of

30,000 tons of maize from South Africa to Lesotho were discussed in Pretoria

today when the minister of foreign affairs, Mr Pik Botha, met Lesotho's minister responsible for finance and agricultural affairs, Mr Retselisitsoe

Sekhonyana. Mr Botha announced the South African loan project to Lesotho on

October 24 in Maseru when he signed the Highlands Water Project agreement

between the two countries. Speaking to newsmen after their lunchtime meeting

at the Union Buildings, Mr Botha said they had "discussed and finalised"

the agreement on the supply of the maize to Lesotho. Mr Sekhonyana said the

maize, worth about R10.3 million, would be milled in a new facility in Lesotho.

Mr Botha said other matters of mutual interest between the'. two countries,

including the Highlands Water Project, were also dealt with today. [Text]

[Johannesburg SAPA in English 1619 GMT 26 Nov 86 MB] /6662

PLAYTEX SELLS DURBAN PLANT—Yet another American company has packed its bags

and left South Africa. This time is is underwear giant Playtex. The South

African operations of Playtex are based in Durban, and it is reported the

local management has bought out the American interest.and will apparently

continue manufacturing undergarments, and it is believed the future of

Playtex's 400 local employees is not in danger. The Playtex withdrawal

follows similar pull-out moves by General Motors and IBM where local management has agreed to purchase the South African operation and continue supplying the product. [Text] [Umtata Capital Radio in English 1000 GMT 26 Nov

86 MB] 76662

FARMERS REGISTER MOZAMBICAN WORKERS—Today is the last day for farmers to

register workers from Mozambique. A spokesman for the Department of Home

Affairs at the Nelspruit regional office, Mr Chris van Rooyen, said that by

yesterday afternoon 470 farmers had registered 10,456 Mozambican workers..

He sounded a warning that by law action would be taken against both the farmer

and the worker, should an unregistered Mozambican worker be found after today.

[Text] [Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 28 Nov 86 MB] /6662

CSO: 3400/513 104
SOUTH AFRICA

STUDY REVEALS LOCAL INDUSTRY COULD MANUFACTURE 25. PERCENT OF IMPORTS

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 20 Oct 86 p 11

[Article by Michael Chester]

[Text] Studies by the Industrial Development Corporation

have revealed that at least

R4 000 million-worth of all

products imported every

year from overseas could be

made by local producers. .';

Initial results indicate:

that local industries should

be able to manufacture almost 25 percent of all present imports by better use of

their production and labour

resources.

Normal IDC studies into

longer-term investment patterns have been accelerated

by growing international

threats of sanctions and increasing needs to defend the

balance of payments from

the repercussions of the

weakened rand.

The State-run IDC plans

to seek the co-operation of

the private sector and the

Board of Trade in working

out the details of a bold new

import substitution programme with economic via-

/12828

CSO: 3400/505

bility and with no excessive

demands on government

protection.

SECTORS IDENTIFIED

Among the industrial sectors

that have so have been identified as having the potential to

reduce dependence on imports

and save millions of rands in

foreign exchange are:

•Machinery and equipment

..R800m

•Electrical.. R570m

•Chemicals...................... R450m

•Office equipment R450m

•Radio and TV R370m

• Paper products . R290m

•Textiles and clothing. R250m

•Automotive vehicles..: R175m

•Basic iron and steel.... Rl70ni

• Mining products........... R155m

•Metal products............. R140m

• Rubber products............R90m

The IDC regards the provisional list as a guideline to

South Africa's own capabilities.

While the precise totals may

be amended as practicalities

are examined in closer detail,

more products may be added

as the study progresses.

"Finance for industrial expansion should be no problem,"

said the managing director of

IDC. Mr Koos van Rooy.

"First, the recession has

created lots of surplus in existing production capacity and we

can take up the slack at very

little cost. ;; '•■■,,^'.*/', .',

"Next, we have adequate

cash resources t& meet new investment needs, for actual .industrial expansion": /'£-; ,.-

v

~

:

.

105
SIEMENS SHOWS HI-TECH IN ACTION

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 24 Oct 86 p 11

[Text]

THOUGH manufacturing systems

come to the market as new products, many of them have been

proved in the organisations which

developedthem.

Siemens is a prime example of

this. The multinational electrical

and electronics giant's own factories are examples of hi-tech in action, andnot just overseas.

"Our factory in Pretoria is truly

a First World manufacturing

facility," says joint MD Dr Die- ;

trich Botsch.

"We are using leading-edge

technology to produce all of our

communications equipment —

public exchanges, PABXs, data

terminals, Telex and Teletex."

Full range

Siemens believes that because

of the diversity of its product offerings — from computerised

office and communications equipment to numerical control systems and industrial robots — it is

virtually alone in being able to

provide the full range of hardware

and software needed for a fullblown computer-integrated manufacturing system. -—-.,

The company launched SICIM

(for Siemens computer-integrated

manufacturing) in SA earlier this

year and, according to GM data

processing Dr Klaus Mertens, is

expected to make its first sale in

the next two months.

SICIM. allows an organisation to

share a common engineering and

manufacturing database with upto-date information, to respond

more quickly and to communicate

faster in all sectors of the company.

At present, automation of production mainly involves controlling machinery with process computers teamed with automation

systems of matching technology.

Planning functions are usually

performed separately by a mainframe which receives the necessary feedback information from

the shopfloor via factory data collectionsystem.

The factory of the future, says

Siemens, whatever form it takes,.

. should not be based on organisational structures where people are

mere cogs in the machine.

It will not be devoid of humans,

but a place where Taylorism —

the breakdown of the manufacturing process into many simple,

specialised steps with a rigid division of labour — gives way to

autonomous teams of experts doing creative work, exercising

judgment and responsibility and

who are backed by extensive technical resources.

An industrial process can be divided into processing chains:

D Production planning and control

(PPS); . JJ . . D Computer-aided engineering

(CAE);and

D Computer-aided manufacturing

(CAM).

In stages

CIM thus incorporates the main

product-related tasks of an industrial enterprise — design and development, production planning

andcontrol and manufacturing.

To these are added the commercial sectors, such as sales, purchasing, finance, accounting and

personnel.

Although SICIM is a complete

package, Mertens says Siemens

sees CIM as a goal to work towards.

"We recommend that users im- :

plement the system in stages,

tackling the most urgent priority

— which may be inventory control

or computer-aided design — and

working towards full computer-integrated manufacturing.

"SICIM consists of different

modules and the user can start

with, for example, general ledger

or production control or computer-aided design (CAD). The secret

is to start where there is the biggest need, where the company can

save money.

"In the SA environment I believe everything that has to do

with stock control and production

control has priority over CAD at

the moment, because if you con- !

trol your stock and production

properly youcan save money." i

Both Mertens and Botsch are

adamant that SA manufacturers

have to adopt more sophisticated

production methods, in order to

produce economically for domestic consumption and compete effectively in world markets.

"To produce a terminal which

will be maintenance-free for two

or three years — that is a mean

time between failures (MTBF) of

15 000 to 20 000 hours — requires a

high level of automation," says

Mertens.

"It is simply not possible to

achieve the quality required with

labour-intensive methods."

Botsch sees opportunities for increased automation in many

106
areas, but says that everything to

do with electronics manufacturing

is a prime candidate.

He warns, however, that at present it is simply not feasible to

manufacture a wide range of hitech products in SA. This is not for

lack of knowledge or expertise to

do it, but because production runs

are too short to make it economically viable.

The ability

"However, restrictions could

change this. At our Pretoria factory, we already manufacture

computers for our digital exchanges.

"We have the ability to manufacture general-purpose computers, but prefer not do so because it is not viable to compete

withoverseas deliveries.

"But if there were to be sanctions on the supply of computer

technology we could very quickly be in a position to manufacture general-purpose computers.

"The technology is no problem; we have the people and the

know-how."

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107