Selected Annotated 

Bibliography of 

Minor-Element Content of 

Marine Black Shales and 

Related Sedimentary Rocks, 

1930-65 

By ELIZABETH B. TOURTELOT 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1293 

Includes abstracts of about 37 5 

selected articles published during 

1 f) 30-65 pertaining to worldwide 

occurrences of black shale 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WALTER ]. HICKEL, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director 

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 75-604512 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402- Price 60 cents 
Introduction ... 

Analyses included . 

Indexing ..... 

Acknowledgments. 

Abbreviations of serials 

Abstracts . 

Index ........ . 

CONTENTS 

Ill 

Page 

v 

VIII 

IX 

X 

X 

95 

SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR-ELEMENT 

CONTENT OF MARINE BLACK SHALES AND RELATED 

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, 1930-65 

By ELIZABETH B. TOURTELOT 

INTRODUCTION 

This bibliography presents minor-element data from analyses of black 

shales and related organic-rich sedimentary rocks plus selected discussions on the source of the minor elements. Shales generally contain 

greater quantities of minor elements than do sandstones or limestones 

(Turekian and Wedepohl, 1961, table 2). However, many fine-grained 

sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated sediments that are rich in carbonaceous matter, such as black shales and euxinic muds of modern 

seas, contain unusually high concentrations of minor elements 

(Krauskopf, 1955). In the Mansfeld district of Germany, the 

Kupferschiefer, a bed of black shale about 1 meter thick, has been 

mined for copper for centuries. Locally, the same bed or its equivalent 

contains economic concentrations of lead, zinc, silver, and other metals. 

Copper is also produced from a black shale of Precambrian age in northern 

Michigan. Black shales have been studied as possible low-grade resources of other metals, including uranium and vanadium, especially in 

the lower Paleozoic rocks of northern Europe. In some parts of 

the world, black shales are parent materials of soils associated with 

selenium poisoning of livestock. Thus, minor-element concentrations in 

black shales can have many economic implications. 

How common are metal-rich black shales? Are they limited to metallogenic provinces, to certain time periods, or to specific environments 

of deposition? If not otherwise of economic value, do they represent a 

potential source of metals that may be redistributed and enriched by 

granitization, metamorphism, or hydrothermal activity? What is the 

origin of the metals in black shales? Are they concentrated by means of 

biological activity, by sorption from sea water by decaying organisms, 

by sulfide precipitation in a reducing environment, or by epigenetic 

mineralization? Can analogues be identified in modern sediments from 

inland seas, restricted shallow marine basins, or deep-se.a troughs? In 

the search for answers to these and similar questions, perhaps another 

Kupferschiefer or other deposit of economic value may be discovered. 

v 
VI BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

This bibliography is intended as an aid in this search. It may also serve 

as a guide to suggest what quantities of minor elements in black shales 

are anomalous. By indicating the types and amounts of published data 

available, the limits of our knowledge of black shales are roughly outlined and perhaps new directions for investigation are suggested. 

Interest in the geochemistry of rocks rich in organic matter arose with 

the development of the emission spectrographic technique in the 1920's. 

By use of this technique, a large number of minor elements in very small 

amounts can be identified in many different materials. During the 1930's, 

V. M. Goldschmidt and his students in Gottingen reported many examples 

of unusual concentrations of minor elements in organic-rich rocks and 

their ashes, including black shales, coals, bitumen, and kolm (a jet-black 

organic substance that occurs in some lower Paleozoic shales). In an 

effort to determine the distribution and crustal abundance of various 

elements, Goldschmidt and his students made many different analyses 

of a composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic shales. The reported 

results of these analyses are of interest not only because some black shales 

are included in the composite, but also because these analyses provided 

the first indications of the amount of each element that could be reasonably 

expected in a fine-grained sedimentary rock. 

Many later papers, such as that by Vinogradov and Ronov (1956) on 

the abundance of elements in rocks of the Russian platform (summarized 

by Green, 1959), serve also to suggest the normal range in abundance of 

various elements. Many of the articles from the Russian literature compare 

average abundance data for different lithologies and for rocks of different 

ages in an attempt to define possible changes in element content with grain 

size and possible trends through geologic time. 

Goldschmidt and Peters (1932c) suggested that boron content in sedimentary rocks appeared to vary with the salinity of the depositional 

environment. In many subsequent articles, attempts have been made to 

distinguish different environments of deposition by the amounts or ratios 

of minor elements. Special emphasis has been placed on methods of 

distinguishing marine and nonmarine rocks by the use of indicator elements. 

(See, for example, Degens, Williams, and Keith, 1957 .) Many of these 

articles contain data on the abundance of other elements in addition to 

boron in a variety of sedimentary rocks, including black shales and 

related sediments. 

Many geochemists accept the theory that unusually high concentrations 

of minor elements in some black shales are of syngenetic origin-that is, 

the elements were emplaced at the same time that the mud was deposited 

without significant later additions. Mechanisms of emplacement, whether 

by fixation b~ living organisms, adsorption by decaying organic matter 
INTRODUCTION VII 

from sea water, or reduction and precipitation in an environment of 

negative Eh and low pH, are still subject to discussion. In these shales, 

no recognizable evidence exists for appreciable later additions of minor 

elements. The metals are usually found combined with the organic 

materials or clay minerals or are carried in pyrite. Black shales of this type 

include many rich in uranium and vanadium such as the Alum shales of 

Sweden and the Chattanooga Shale of Tennessee. 

In contrast to these, some black shales, such as the Kupferschiefer of 

Germany, the Mount Isa shale of Australia, and the Nonesuch Shale 

of :Michigan, contain identifiable sulfides of copper, lead, zinc, or other 

metals. Whether such deposits are syngenetic or epigenetic is subject 

to controversy. Many references to these shales are included in this 

bibliography (for example, W edepohl, 1964b; Love and Zimmerman, 

1961) because they have direct bearing on the origin and distribution of 

minor elements in black shales. However, this bibliography is not 

intended to be comprehensive on the subject of strata-bound ore deposits. 

Thus, no references are included on the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt, for example, because the ores occur in a variety of rock types in 

addition to black shale. 

The study of minor-element distribution in black shale may provide 

additional evidence on the origin of some of these controversial deposits. 

Perhaps syngenetic deposits are characterized by a suite of elements 

significantly different from that of epigenetic deposits. More needs to 

be known about the effects of diagenesis on element suites also. Metasomatism at the trace-element level has been noted (Shaw, 1954a). 

Metal-rich black shale deposits with possible economic potential, 

equivalent to that of deposits that have been repeatedly described, may 

be readily overlooked. Several stratigraphic units in the western United 

States reported by Davidson and Lakin (1961, 1962b) may be worthy of 

more attention than they have received. More recently, beds of metalrich black shale on the north slope of the Brooks Range in Alaska have 

been reported (H. A. Tourtelot, written commun., 1965). Other metalrich black shale deposits have probably been overlooked because those who 

described the rocks had no reason to suspect they might contain unusual 

amounts of metals. Gold, for example, might be easily overlooked if its 

grain size is too small to be visible, because routine spectrographic 

analyses are not sufficiently sensitive to identify it in small amounts. 

Nevertheless, gold is reported in several black shale units in quantities 

that should encourage more thorough study of its distribution (Crouse, 

1925; DeGrazia and Haskin, 1964; Leutwein, 195la, 195lb, 1952; 

Tischendorf, 1959). 
VIII BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

ANALYSES INCLUDED 

Elementsconsidered "minor elements" include all but silicon, aluminum, 

iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, magnesium, 

sulfur, phosphorus, and the inert gases. Some complete rock analyses 

have been quoted, but generally, for the sake of brevity, only minorelement data are included in the abstracts. 

In general, the limits of the term "black shale" as discussed by Swanson 

(1961) have been followed. Black shale, as the term is used here, is a finegrained sedimentary rock containing sufficient organic matter to color 

the rock dark gray to black; rocks composed largely of carbonate minerals 

are normally excluded, although some black shales are transitional with 

carbonate rocks. Terms such as "alum shale," "gyttja shale," "sapropel," 

"oil shale," "bituminous shale," "carbonaceous shale," and "organic-rich 

shale" are also used to describe particular black shales. 

Although the analyses quoted in this bibliography pertain chiefly to 

marine black shales and black organic-rich muds being deposited at the 

present time in reducing environments such as in the Black Sea, fjords, 

lagoons, and closed ocean deeps, compilations of general abundance data 

for minor elements in fine-grained sedimentary rocks and modern ocean 

sediments are also included. Similarly, abundance data for composite 

samples are quoted, especially where it is believed that the composite 

included some black shale samples. The most often analyzed composite 

samples are: (1) 36 European Paleozoic shales, (2) 14 Japanese Paleozoic 

shales, and (3) 10 Japanese Mesozoic shales. The samples included in the 

composite of 36 European Paleozoic shales are described by Noll ( 1934, 

p. 537-538). Only the localities of the Japanese shale samples which were 

prepared by Minami (1935a, 1935b) have been published. However, 

Wedepohl (1956, p. 121) believed that some bituminous shale samples 

are included in the Japanese composites because of their relatively high 

lead contents. 

Most of the papers included describe unmetamorphosed sedimentary 

rocks, but some describe the minor-element content of black graphitic 

schists. Papers about shales for which a syngenetic origin for the minorelement content is described or inferred are cited, as are those papers 

about shales in which epigenetic enrichment is considered minor in comparison to syngenetic concentrations of elements. Discussions of the 

sources and types of mineralization of black shales are also included. 

Articles and books published from 1930 through 1965 which could be 

obtained by U.S. Geological Survey Library in Denver, Colo., were 

reviewed, and a few classical older papers as well. Literature abstracted 

includes that published in the major European languages and Russian. 

The U.S. Board on Geographic Names style of transliteration has been 

used for Russian titles. Wherever possible, for the purposes of this 

bibliography, the author's abstract has been used. The word "condensed" 
INDEXING IX 

after an abstract means that the author's abstract has been condensed. 

The word "modified" after an abstract means that data or information 

from the rest of the article has been added to the author's abstract. If the 

article is not primarily about black shale, data pertinent to black shale 

have been abstracted from the text, and these abstracts are marked by 

the initials of the abstractor: EBT, Elizabeth B. Tourtelot, JDV, James 

D. Vine. 

The reader interested specifically in the distribution of uranium in 

black shales of the United States is referred, for a thorough coverage 

of this subject, to the annotated bibliography compiled by Fix (1958). 

A few references in Fix ( 1958) that include data on other minor elements in 

addition to uranium have been included here, as well as those papers 

published after the cutoff date for that compilation (June 30, 1956), but 

most of the uranium references have been excluded to avoid duplication. 

Data are presented in percent or in parts per million (ppm) and in some 

cases have been converted to parts per million from percent or from grams 

per ton or from ounces per ton for ease of comparison. Conversion factors 

used are: 

[Grams per ton= micrograms per gram= ppm; I troy ounce per ton Au or Ag= 34 ppm) 

Fractional notation Decimal notation Exponential notation Percent 

1/10 0.1 1x 10- 1 10 

1/100 .01 1 X 10- 2 1 

1/1,000 .001 1 x 10- 3 .1 

1/10,000 .0001 1 x 10- 4 .01 

1/100,000 .00001 1 X 10- 5 .001 

1/1,000,000 .000001 1 X 10- 6 .0001 

Parts per million 

100,000 

10,000 

1,000 

100 

10 

1 

If much detailed data are in the article, these are reduced to ranges, or 

the author's means or averages are quoted. Chemical, quantitative 

spectrographic, and semiquantitative spectrographic analyses are included. Critical evaluation of the data is left to the reader. 

INDEXING 

Articles cited are indexed under a geographic or area name if they are 

concerned with a specific area, and, under element or element group 

(for example, gold, alkali metals, rare-earth elements) if appropriate. If 

10 or more unrelated elements are concerned, as in many of the articles 

reporting spectrographic analyses, the article is indexed under "Minor 

elements." In many cases data on the following elements are included: 

barium, beryllium, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, germanium, 

lanthanum, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, scandium, silver, 

strontium, tin, titanium, vanadium, yttrium, ytterbium, zinc, and zirconium. Articles containing data on elemental abundance in specific 

rock types, or discussion on the distribution of the elements, their source, 
X BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

geochemical relations, geochemical ratios, or their use as geochemical 

indicators of the environment of deposition are also indexed under the 

primary heading "Geochemistry." Specific topics are also indexed, 

such as sulfide ore, Kupferschiefer, alum shale, and ocean sediment. The 

heading "Ocean sediment" is broadly used to include sediments of inland 

seas like the Black Sea as well as deep-sea sediments. The age of the rocks 

discussed is never used as a primary heading in the index, but is commonly used as a secondary heading. Third order headings include most 

of the same categories as first order headings, but the same category is not 

repeated in a single index set. All indexing was designed for existing 

computer programs. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

This compilation was initiated in connection with an investigation of 

the distribution of minor elements in black shale by James D. Vine, who 

provided guidance with respect to the scope of the abstracts included and 

assistance and encouragement throughout its preparation. Many others 

provided generous help and access to their files of references and reprints. 

Among these, I especially thank Harry A. Tourtelot, Vernon E. Swanson, 

and Michael Fleischer. I also thank Irvil P. Shultz, Eunice G. Speiser, 

and other members of the staff of the Denver U.S. Geological Survey 

Library without whose help many publications would have been lost to 

the writer. I deeply appreciate the help given by Ivan J. Mittin with the 

Russian translations and by Theodore G. Botinelly, whose knowledge of 

German, French, and Italian aided in the reading of much of the European 

literature. James W. Clarke provided computer programing for photocomposing of the abstracts and index. 

ABBREVIATIONS OF SERIALS 

Acad. Polonaise Sci. Bull., ser. sci. geol. et geog.-Bulletin de l'Academie Polonaise des 

Sciences, serie des sciences geologiques et geographiques. Warsaw, Poland. 

Acad. Rep. Pop. Romfne, Filiala Ia~i. Studii Cercetari Stiint. Chimie-Academia 

Republicii Populare Romfne, Filiala Ia::~i, Studii ~i Cercetari Stiintifice 

Chimie. Bucharest, Romania. 

Acad. Rep. Pop. Romfne, Sect. Stiinte Geol., Geog., Bioi., Analele-Analele Academiei 

Republicii Populare Romfne, Sectiunea de Stiinte Geologice, Geografice ::~i 

Biologice. Bucharest, Romania. 

A cad. Sci. USSR Doklady-AcademyofSciencesofthe USSR, Doklady (English translation). 

Consultants Bureau, Incorporated. New York, N.Y. 

Acad. Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec.-Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Doklady, 

Earth Sciences Sections (English translation). American Geological Institute. 

Washington, D.C. 

Acta Geol.-Acta Geologica, Magyar Tudom{myos Akademia. Budapest, Hungary. 

Adv. Sci.-Advancement of Science; the report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London, England. 

Akad. Nauk SSSR Comptes rendus (Doklady)-Akademiya Nauk SSSR Comptes 

rendus (Doklady). Moscow, USSR. 
ABBREVIATIONS OF SERIALS XI 

Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady-Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. Moscow, USSR. 

Akad. Nauk SSSR, lost. Geol. Nauk, Trudy, Geol. ser.-Trudy Instituta Geologicheskikh 

Nauk, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Geologicheskiy Serii. Moscow, USSR. 

Akad. Nauk SSSR, lost. Geol. Nauk, Trudy, Mineralog. i Geokhim. ser.-Trudy Instituta 

Geologicheskikh N auk, Akademiya N auk SSSR, Mineralogicheskiy i Geokhimicheskaya 

Seriya. Moscow, USSR. 

Akad. Nauk SSSR, lnst. geologii rudnykh mestorozhckniy, petrografii, mineralogii, i 

geokhimii, Trudy-Trudy Instituta geologii rudnykh mestorozhdeniy, petrografii, 

mineralogii,i geokhimii. Mosow, USSR. 

Akad. Nauk SSSR, lost. Mineralogii, Geokhimii i Kristallokhimii Redkikh Elementov, 

Trudy-lnstitut Mineralogii, Geokhimii i Kristallokhimii Redkikh Elementov, 

Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy. Moscow, USSR. 

Akad. Nauk SSSR, lost. Nefti, Trudy-Trudy lnstituta Nefti, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. 

Moscow, USSR. 

Akad.NaukSSSRlzv.,Ser.Geol.-lzvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya. 

Moscow, USSR. 

Akad. Nauk Uzbek. SSR Doklady-Doklady Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoy SSR. Tashkent. 

Uzbekistan SSR. 

Akad. Nauk Uzbek. SSR, Uzbek. Geol. Zhur.-Uzbekskiy Geologicheskiy Zhurnal, 

Akademiya Nauk Uzbekskoy SSR. Tashkent, Uzbekistan SSR. 

Akad. Nauk Uzbek. SSR, Voprosy geologii Uzbek.-Voprosy geologii Uzbekistana, 

Akademiya Nauk Uzbekskoy SSR. Tashkent, Uzbekistan SSR. 

Akad. Wiss. [Gottingen], math.-phys.-chem. Abt., Nachr.-Nachrichten der Akademie 

der 'Wissenschaften, in Gottingen, mathematisch-physikalische Abteilung. 

Gottingen, Germany. 

Alsace-Lorraine, Service Carte Geol. BulL-Bulletin des Services de Ia Carte Geologigue 

d'Alsace et de Lorraine. Strasbourg University, France. 

Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists BulL-Bulletin of the American Assdciation of Petroleum 

Geologists. Tulsa, Okla. 

Am. Jour. Botany-American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America. 

Baltimore, M d. 

Am. Jour. Sci.-American Journal of Science. New Haven, Conn. 

Am. Mineralogist-American Mineralogist. Mineralogical Society of America. Washington, D.C. 

Angew. Chemie-Angewandte Chemie. Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker. Verlag Chemie. 

W einheim/ Bergatrasse, Germany. 

Arkansas Geology Conserv. Comm. Inf. Circ.-Arkansas Geology and Conservation 

Commission Information Circular. Little Rock, Ark. 

Archiv Lagerstattenf.- Prussia geologische Landesanstalt, Archiv fUr Lagerstattenforschung. Berlin, Germany. 

Arkiv Kemi, Mineralogi, Geologi-Arkiv for Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi. Utgivet 

av Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien. Stockholm, Sweden. 

Australasian lost. Mining and Metallurgy Proc.-Proceedings of the Australasian Institute 

of Mining and Metallurgy. Melbourne, Australia. 

Azerbaidzhan. Gos. Univ., Uchenye Zapiski, Ser. Geol.-Geograf. Nauk-Uchenye 

Zapiski, Azerbaidzhanskii Gosudarstvennyi U niversitet imeni S. M. Kirova, Seriya 

Geologo-Geograficheskikh Nauk. Baku, Azerbaidzhan SSR. 

Azerbaidzhan. Khim. Zhur.-Azerbaidzhanskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal. Akademiya 

Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR. Baku, Azerbaidzhali SSR. 

Bergbauwissenschaften-Bergbauwissenschaften. Organ fiir den Gesamten Bergbau und 

seine Grenzgebiete. Wilhelmshaven, Germany. 

Brigham Young Univ. Geology Studies-Brigham Young University Geology Studies. 

Provo, Utah. 
XII BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Bull. Ver. Schweizer. Petroleum-Geologen u. Ingenieure-Bulletin der Vereinigung der 

Schweizerischen Petroleum-Geologen und Ingenieure. Zurich, Switzerland. 

Canadian Jour. Research-Canadian Journal of Research. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 

Chern. Soc. Japan Bull.-Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. Tokyo, Japan. 

Chemie der Erde-Chemie der Erde. Zeitschrift fiir chemische Mineralogie, Petrographie, 

Bodenkunde, Geochemie und Meteoritenkunde. Jena, Germany. 

Chicago Nat. History Mus., Fieldiana, Geology Mem.-Chicago Natural History Museum, 

Fieldiana, Geology Memoirs. Chicago, Ill. 

Czechoslovakia Statmbo Geol. Ostavu Vestnfk-Vestnfk, Statmbo Geologickeho 

tJ stavu Ceskoslovenske Republiky. N akladatelstvi Ceskoslovenske Akademie 

ved. Prague, Czechoslovakia. 

Dansk Geol. Foren., Medd.-Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening, Dansk 

Geologisk Forening. Copenhagen, Denmark. 

Deutschen Akad. Wiss. Berlin Abh., math.-phys. Kl.-Abhandlungen der Deutschen 

Akademieder Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse fiir Mathematik und Physik. AkademieVerlag. Berlin, Germany. 

Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae-Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. Schweizerische Geologische 

Gesellschaft. Lucerne, Switzerland. 

Econ. Geology-Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 

Urbana, Ill. 

Egyptian Acad. Sci. Proc.-Proceedings of the Egyptian Academy of Sciences. Cairo, 

Egypt. 

Erdol u. Kohle-Erdol und Kahle. Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fiir Mineralolwissenschaft und Kohlechemie. Hamburg, Germany. 

Finlande Comm. Geol. Bull-Bulletin de Ia Commission Geologique de Finlande 

(Geologinen Tutkimuslaitos). Helsinki, Finland. 

Fortschr. Mineralogie, Stuttgart-Fortschritte der Mineralogie. E. Schweizerbart'sche 

Verlagsbuchhandlung. Stuttgart, Germany. 

Fortschr. Geologie Rheinland u. Westfalen-Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland 

und Westfalen. Geologische Landesamt Nordrhein-Westfalen. Krefeld, Germany. 

Freiberger F orsch ungshefte-Freiberger Forsch ungshefte. Akademie-Verlag. Berlin, 

Germany. 

Geochemistry-Geochemistry (English translation). Geochemical Society. Washington, 

D.C. 

Geochemistry InternaL-Geochemistry International (English translation). Geochemical 

Society. Washington, D.C. 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta-Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. Pergamon Press. 

London, England. 

Geokhimiya-Geokhimiya. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Moscow, USSR. 

Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forh-Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar. 

Stockholm, Sweden. 

Geol. Gesell. Berlin-Berichte der Geologischen Gesellschaft in der Deutschen 

Demkratischen Republik fiir das Gesamtgebiet der Geologischen Wissenschaftt<n. 

Berlin, Germany. 

Geologiya i Geokhimiya-Geologiya i Geokhimiya, Veseoyuznyi Neftyanoi NauchnoIssledovatel' skii Geologorazvedochnyi Institut, N auchno-Tekhnicheskoe 

Obshchestvo Neftyanoi i Guzovoi Promyshlennosti, Doklady i Stat'i. Gostoptekhizdat. 

Leningrad, USSR. 

Geol. Jahrb.-Geologisches Jahrbuch. Bundesanstalt und Niedersachsisches, 

Landesamt fiir Bodenforschung. Hannover, Germany. 

Geol. Rundschau-Geologisches Rundschau. Ferdinand Enke Verlag. Stuttgart, Germany. 

Geol. Soc. America Bull.-Geological Society of America Bulletin. New York, N.Y. 
ABBREVIATIONS OF SERIALS XIII 

Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper-Geological Society of America Special Paper. New 

York, N.Y. 

Geologie-Geologie; Zeitschrift flir das Gasamtgebiet der Geologie und Mineralogie 

Sowie der Angewandten Geophysik. Berlin, Germany. 

Gesell. Wiss Gottingen Nachr., math.-phys. Kl.-Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der 

Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, mathematische-physikalische Klasse. Gottingen, 

Germany. 

Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen Nachr., math.-phys. Kl., Geologie u. Mineralogie-Nachrichten 

von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, mathematische-physikalische 

Klasse, Geologie und Mineralogie. Gottingen, Germany. 

Gliickauf-Gliickauf. Bergmannische Zeitschrift. Verlag Gliickauf. Essen, Germany. 

Great Britain Geol. Survey BulL-Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. 

London, England. 

Hallesches Jahrb. Mitteldeutsche Erdgeschichte-Hallesches Jahrbuch flir Mitteldeutsche 

Erdgeschichte. VEB Wilhelm Knapp Verkag. Halle, Germany. 

Helvetica Chim. Acta-Helvetica Chimica Acta. Endenda Curat Societas Chimica 

Helvetica. Basel, Switzerland. 

Illinois Geol.Survey Circ.-lllinois State Geological Survey Circular. Urbana, Ill. 

lngeniors Vetenskaps Akad. Handl.-lngeniors Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar. 

Stockholm, Sweden. 

lost. Marine Sci. Pub.-Publications of the Institute of Marine Science. University of 

Texas. Port Arkansas, Tex. 

Inst. Petroleum Jour. [London]-The Institute of Petroleum Journal. London, England. 

lost. Petroleum, Oil Shale and Cannel Coal-The Institute of Petroleum, Oil Shale and 

Cannel Coal. London, England. 

InternaL Geol. Cong., 18th, London, 1948, Rept.-International Geological Congress, 

Report of the 18th Session, Great Britain. London, England. 

Internat. Geol. Cong., 21st, Copenhagen, 1960, Doklady Sovetskikh Geologov-International Geological Congress, 21st Session, Doklady Sovetskikh Geologov. 

Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Moscow, USSR. 

InternaL Geol. Cong., 21st, Copenhagen, 1960, Rept.-International Geological Congress, 

Report of the 21st Session Norden. Copenhagen, Denmark. 

InternaL Geology Rev.-International Geology Review. American Geological Institute. 

Washington, D.C. 

Internat. Ser. Mon. Earth Sci.-International Series of Monographs on Earth Sciences. 

Pergamon Press. London, England. 

Internat. Soc. Soil Sci., Comm. 2 and 4, Trans.-International Society of Soil Science, 

Transactions of the Il (Soil Chemistry) and IV (Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition) 

Commissions. Hamburg, Germany. 

Israel Research Council Bull.-Bulletin of the Research Council of Isreal. Israel ha-Mo'asah 

ha-le'umit le-mehkar ule-fituah. Jerusalem, Israel. 

Jour. Chern. Eng. Data-Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data. American Chemical 

Society. Washington, D.C. 

Jour. Geophys. Research-Journal of Geophysical Research. American Geophysical 

Union. Washington, D.C. 

Jour. Marine Research-Journal of Marine Research. Sears Foundation for Marine 

Research, Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory, Yale University. New Haven, Conn. 

Jour. Sed. Petrology-Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, a division of The American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists. Tulsa, Okla. 

Kansas Geol. Survey BulL-State Geological Survey of Kansas Bulletin. Lawrence, 

Kans. 
XIV BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6-Kentucky Geological Survey, series 6. Lexington, Ky. 

Koninkl. Nederlandse Akad. Wetensch. Proc.-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van 

Wetenschappen Proceedings. North-Holland Publishing Company. Amsterdam, 

Netherlands. 

Kung!. Lantbrukshogskolans Ann.-Kungliga Lantbrukshogskolans Annaler. Uppsala 

University. Uppsala, Sweden. 

Mikrochemie-Mikrochemie vereingt mit Mikrochimica Acta. Springer-Verlag. Vienna, 

Austria. 

Mining Mag. [London)-The Mining Magazine. London, England. 

Natl. Acad. Sci., Natl. Research Council Pub.-National Academy of Sciences, National 

Research Council Publication. Washington, D.C. 

Nature-Nature. A Weekly Journal of Science. Macmillan (Journals) Limited. London, 

England. 

N aturwissenschaften-Die N aturwissenschaften. Gesellschaft Deutsches N aturforscher 

und Arzte, und die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften. 

Berlin, Germany. 

Neues Jahrb. Geologie u. PaHiontologie Abh.-Neues Jahrbuch flir Geologie und 

PaHiontologie Abhandlungen. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 

Stuttgart, Germany. 

Neues Jahrb. Mineralogie Abh.-Neues Jahrbuch flir Mineralogie Abhandlungen. E. 

Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlungen. Stuttgart, Germany. 

Neues Jahrb. Mineralogie, Geologie u. PaHiontologie, Monatsh., Abh. A-Neues 

Jahrbuch fUr Mineralogie, Geologie und PaHiontologie Monatshefte, Abhandlungen 

A. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Stuttgart, Germany. 

New York Acad. Sci. Trans.-Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. New 

York, N.Y. 

Norges Geol. Undersokelse-Norges Geologiske Undersokelse. Oslo, Norway. 

Okeanologiya--Okeanologiya. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Leningrad, USSR. 

Osterreich. Chemiker-Zeitung-Osterreichische Chemiker-Zeitung. Springer-Verlag. 

Vienna, Austria. 

Petroleum [London)-Petroleum. London, England. 

Philos. Mag.-The Philosophical Magazine. A Journal of Theoretical, Experimental, and 

Applied Physics. London, England. 

Prog. in Oceanography-Progress in Oceanography. Pergamon Press. London, England. 

Referativnyy Zhur.-Referativnyy Zhurnal. Geologiya Institut Nauchnoy Informatzii, 

Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Moscow, USSR. 

Repts. Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition 1947-1948, Spec. lnv.-Reports of the Swedish 

Deep-Sea Expedition 1947-1948, Special Investigations. Goteborgs Kungliga 

Vetenskaps- och V itterhets-Samhalle. Swedish Nat ural Science Research Council. 

Stockholm, Sweden. 

Rocznik Polsk. Towarzystwa Geol.-Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego. 

Annates de Ia Societe Geologique de Pologne. Krakow, Poland. 

Royal Irish Acad. Proc.-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Dublin, Ireland. 

Royal Soc. London Proc.-Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. London, England. 

Sbornik Vysoke Skoly, Chem.-Technol. v Praze, Oddil Fak. Anorg. a Org. Techn.-Sbornik 

Vysoke Skoly Chemicko-Technologicke v Praze, Oddil Fakulty Anorganicke a 

Organicke Technologie. Statni Pedagogicke Nakladatelstvi. Prague, Czechoslovakia. 

Science-Science.'American Association for the Advancement of Science. Washington, D.C. 

Soc. fran~aise mineralogie et crystallographie Buli.-Bulletin de Ia societe fran~aise 

de mineralogie et de crystallographie. Paris, France. 

Soc. geol. France Bull.-Bulletin de Ia Societe geologique de France. Paris, France. 

Soil Science-Soil Science. Williams and Wilkins Company. Baltimore, Md. 
ABBREVIATIONS OF SERIALS XV 

South Dakota Acad. Sci. Proc.-Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science. 

University of South Dakota. Vermillion, S. Oak. 

South Dakota Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. BulL-South Dakota State College of Agriculture 

and Mechanical Arts, Agriculture Experiment Station, Bulletin; Technical Bulletin. 

Brookings, S. Oak. 

Sovrem. Methody Mineralog. Issledov. Gornykh Porod, Rud i Mineralov-Sovremennye 

Methody Mineralogicheskogo Issledovaniya Gornykh Porod, Rud i Mineralov, 

V sesoyuznyi N auchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut M ineral'nogo Syr'ya. Gosgeoltekhizdat. Leningrad, USSR. 

Svensk Kern. Tidskr.-Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift. Svenska Kemistsamfundet. Stockholm, 

Sweden. 

Sveriges GeoL Undersokn., ser. C, Arsb.-Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, series C, 

Arsbok. Stockholm, Sweden. 

Tohoku Univ. Sci. Repts.-Science Reports of the Tohoku University. Faculty of Science. 

Sendai, Japan. 

Tschermaks Mineralog. u. Petrog. Mitt.-Mineralogische und petrographische 

Mitteilungen, Tschermaks. Springer-Verlag. Vienna, Austria. 

United Nations InternaL Conf. Peaceful Uses Atomic Energy, 2d, Geneva, 1958, Proc.-

Proceedings of the United Nations International Conference on Peaceful Uses of 

Atomic Energy, Second, Geneva, 1958. New York, N.Y. 

U.S. Bur. Mines lnf. Circ.-United States Bureau of Mines Information Circular. 

Washington, D.C. 

U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. lnv.-U nited States Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations. 

Washington, D.C. 

U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Agr. Handb.-United States Department of Agriculture, 

Agricultural Handbook. Washington, D.C. 

U.S. Dept. Agriculture Tech. BulL-United States Department of Agriculture Technical 

Bulletin. Washington, D.C. 

U.S. GeoL Survey BulL-United States Geological Survey Bulletin. Washington, D.C. 

U.S. GeoL Survey Circ.-United States Geological Survey Circular. Washington, D.C. 

U.S. GeoL Survey Mineral lnv. Field Studies Map-United States Geological Survey 

Mineral Investigations Field Studies Map. Washington, D.C. 

U.S. GeoL Survey Prof. Paper-United States Geological Survey Professional Paper. 

Washington, D.C. 

Vses. Neft. nauchno-issledov. GeoL-razved. lost., Trudy-Trudy Vsesoyuznogo 

Neftyanogo p.auchno-issledovatel'skogo Geologorazvedochnyigo Instituta Trudy 

(Vnigri) (Geokhimicheskii Sbornik). Leningrad, USSR. 

Warsaw lost. Geologiczny BiuL-Biuletyn, Instytut Geologiczny. Panstowowy 

Instytut. Wydawnictwa Geologiczny. Warsaw, Poland. 

Washington Acad. Sci. Jour.-Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 

Washington, D.C. 

Western Miner-Western Miner [formerly Western Miner and Oil Review]. J. E. Mills. 

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 

Wyoming GeoL Survey BulL-Geological Survey of Wyoming Bulletin. University of 

Wyoming. Laramie, Wyo. 

Yorkshire Geol. Soc. Proc.-Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society. Leeds, 

England. 

Zeitschr. angew. Geologie-Zeitschrift fiir angewandt Geologie. Staatliche Geologische 

Kommission. Berlin, Germany. 

Zeitschr. angew. Mineralogie-Zeitschrift fUr angewandte Mineralogie. Verlag von 

Gebruder Born triiger. Berlin, Germ any. 

ABSTRACTS 

Abe, Masahiro. See Kato, lwao. 00216 

00001 Adams, J. A. S.; Weaver, C. E. Thorium-to-uranium ratios as indicators of 

sedimentary processes-example of concept of geochemical facies: Am. Assoc. 

Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 42, no. 2, p. 387-430, 1958. 

More than 200 Th and U determinations were made by a gamma-ray spectral 

technique and by an alpha activity-fluorometric uranium technique. Together these 

two independent methods can be used as a test of secular radioactive equilibrium. 

Th:U ratios in sedimentary rocks range from <0.02 to >21. Ratios in many oxidized 

continental deposits are above 7; in most marine depoits they are much below 7. 

Th content in shales varies much less than U content. Contents of U and Th found 

in black marine shales are (age, name of unit, and location, respectively; data in 

ppm): Jurassic Fernie, Alberta, U 1.4, Th 12, Th:U 8.5; Cretaceous Dakota, Colo., 

U 3.6, 4.8, Th 19, 21, Th:U 5.2, 4.3; Devonian, west Texas, U 6.9, Th 28, Th:U 

4.1; Cretaceous, Calif., U 4.2, Th 9.5, Th:U 2.2; Cretaceous Cantuar, Alberta, U 

14, Th 28, Th:U 2.0; Mississippian Barnett, Texas, U 9.9, 8.8, Th 13, 5.2, Th:U 

1.3, 0.6; Miocene, Calif., U 22, 14.4, Th 16, 3.6, Th:U 0.75, 0.25; Pennsylvanian 

Heebner, Kans., U 32, Th 9.8, Th:U 0.3; Devonian Antrim, Mich., U 17.5, Th 

2.8, Th:U 0.16; Mississippian Woodford, Texas, U 65, Th 7.4, Th:U 0.11; 

Mississippian Chattanooga, Tenn., U 80, Th 6, Th:U 0.07.-Authors' abs., modified. 

Adams, J. A. S. See Pliler, R. 00266 

00002 Adyshev, M. M.; Shabalin, V. V.; Ka1murzaev, K. E. Rasseyannye elementy v 

kembriyskikh otlozheniyakh khrebta Dzhetym-Too (Tsentral'nyy Tyan'-Shan) 

[Trace elements in Cambrian rocks of the Dzhetym-Too Range (Central Tien 

Shan)]: Akad. N auk SSSR Doklady, v. 151, no. 2, p. 422-425; English translation: 

Acad. Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec: Am. Geol. lost., v. 151, no. 1/6, p. 

170-172, 1963. 

ln Cambrian rocks of the Dzhetym-Too Range 23 elements were detected. These 

rocks are typical transgressive marine sediments. The middle part of the sequence 

is composed of dark- to light-gray siliceous rocks and dark-grey to black 

carbonaceous siliceous rocks which grade upwards into dark-gray calareous siliceous 

shales interbedded with limestone. The black carbonaceous siliceous shales contain 

sulfides, mostly pyrite, formed in a reducing environment, and 5-10 percent organic 

matter. The carbonaceous shales have accumulated Ag, P, V, Mo, Cu, and, to 

a lesser degree, Sr, Zr, Ba, Ga, and Mn; they also contain As, Sb, Bi, So, Zn, 

Hg, and, in some samples, W. Most of the elements came into the Cambrian basin 

as colloids or very fine suspensions. Ti, Zr, and, in part, Cr, Ba, and Ga were 

in coarser clastics; Mn and Sr were in solution. Data are presented in "arbitrary" 

units.-EBT 

00019 A1eksandrov, A. P.; Reznikov, A. P. Malye elementy v osadkakh Azovskogo 

morya [Minor elements in sediments of the Sea of Azov (in Russian)]: 

Okeanologiya, v. 4, no. 4, p. 651-653, 1964. 

Dried samples of surface deposits from the Sea of Azov were spectrographically 

analyzed for 25 elements. Ranges of concentrations in 150 samples are (in ppm): 

Zr 10-1,000; Sr, Ba, Zn 100-3,000; Cr, V 10-300; Pb, Co, Cu, Ga, Y, Yb, Sc, Be, 
2 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Sn 10-30; Ni 10-65; and Mo 10. Cr, V, Ga, and Cu regularly increase with 

decreasing grain size, Zr increases with increasing amounts of heavy minerals, and 

Sr increases with increasing carbonate content. Contents of minor elements and 

their distribution in modern sediments is closely related to the original composition 

of the material brought into the sedimentary basin. Contents in argillaceous mud 

are (in ppm): Cu 20, Cr 62, V 135, Ga 27, Zr 100, Sr 250, Ba 130; in aleuritic 

and slightly shelly mud, Cu 17, Cr 70, V 122, Ga 20, Zr 330, Sr 200, Ba 140; in 

shelly mud, Cu 20, Cr 30, V 20, Ga 20, Zr 30, Sr 650, Ba 100.-EBT 

00020 Allsman, P. T.; Majors, F. H.; Mahoney, S. R.; Young, W. A. Investigation 

of Sublette Ridge vanadium deposit, Lincoln County, Wyoming: U.S. Bur. Mines 

Rept. Inv. 4476, 8 p., 1949a. 

The vanadiferous deposits of Sublette Ridge and Salt River Range are 2 miles east 

of Raymond, Idaho, in western Lincoln County, Wyo. They occur in a black 

carbonaceous shale ranging from 2.5 to 4.3 ft in thickness which is approximately 

50 ft below the base of the Rex Chert Member of the Phosphoria Formation of 

Permian age. Shale beds containing as much as 1.2 percent V205 have been reported. 

An assay of a typical section of the vanadiferous bed shows (in percent): insoluble 

57.8, Si02 43.6, Fe 3.10, CaO 9.30, S 3.85, C02 6.80, Ab03 12.55, C 9.90, P 0.83, 

V205 0.61, S04 0.05, loss on ignition 15.4, Pb 0.05, MgO 1.85, Cu 0.025, Au 0.00, 

Ag 0.00089 [original report shows Ag 0.26, which is assumed to be troy ounces 

per ton. Ed.].-EBT 

00021 Allsman, P. T.; Majors, F. H.; Mahoney, S. R.; Young, W. A. Investigation 

of Salt River Range vanadium deposits, Lincoln County, Wyoming: U.S. Bur. 

Mines Rept. lnv. 4503, 18 p., 1949b. 

The Salt River Range vanadium deposits occur 3-6 miles east and southeast of 

Afton, Wyo. The vanadium occurs in six or more thin beds of carbonaceous black 

shale in the lower part of the Phosphoria Formation of Permian age. Exploration 

work by the U.S. Bureau of Mines consisted of surface trenching and underground 

work over 18 miles of outcrop of vanadiferous shale with an average assay value 

of 0.866 percent V 205 and small quantities of phosphates, fluorides, and Mo. 

Detailed assays and a geologic map of the area are included in the paper.-EBT 

00022 Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh.; Egamberdyev, M. V. Raspredeleniye nekotorykh 

khimicheskikh elementov v melovykh otlozheniyakh yugozapadnykh otrogov 

Gissara i ikh korrelyatsionnye znacheniya [Distribution of some chemical elements 

in Cretaceous deposits of the southwestern spur of Gissar and their correlation 

significance (in Russian, summ. in Uzbekian)]: Akad. Nauk Uzbek., Voprosy 

geologii Uzbek., v. 3, p. 83-96, 1962. 

Amounts of Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, V, Ni, Cr, Cu and Mn were determined in 

sandstones, siltstones, clays, and limestones (650 samples) of Cretaceous age by a 

quantitative spectrographic method. Maximum concentrations of V (100-2,000 

ppm), Ni (30-100 ppm), Cu (20-70 ppm), and Cr (40-80 ppm) occurred in clays. 

Sr content in Albian clays [Lower Cretaceous] was 2,600 ppm. Referativnyy Zhur., 

1963, abs. 7V19, condensed. 

00023 Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh.; Ismatullaev, Kh. K. 0 svyazi vanadiya, nikelya i khroma 

s organicheskim uglerodom v nizhemelovykh otlozheniyakh Zapadnogo Uzbekistana 

[On the relation of vanadium, nickel and chromium with organic carbon in Lower 

Cretaceous sediments of western Uzbekistan (in Russian; Uzbekian abs.)]: Akad. 

Nauk Uzbek. SSR Doklady, v. 19, no. 5, p. 36-38, 1962. 

Contents of V, Ni, and Cr in the oil matrix formations of western Uzbekistan 

increased with increased amounts of organic C. Sandstone, siltstone, and clays of 

Early Cretaceous age were studied from well-core samples from locations on the 

Kagan and Mubareks uplifts. Contents ofV, Ni, and Cr in the studied rocks ranged 

from 0 to 300 ppm and the organic C, from 0.1 to 1.62 percent. In rocks from 

the lower Albian deposits, amounts of organic C ranged from 0.1 to 1.17 percent, 

and the contents of the elements (range in ppm) were: in sandstone, V 30-140, 

Ni 50-110, Cr 40-120; in siltstone, V 90-210, Ni 70-120, Cr 80-110; in clays, V 

60-260, Ni 50-150, Cr 30-170. Referativnyy Zhur., 1963, abs. 3V48, condensed. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 

00003 Ancizar-Sordo, Jorge. Occurrence of selenium in soils and plants of Columbia, 

South America: Soil Sci., v. 63, p. 437-438, 1947. 

Selenium poisoning occured in cattle, poultry, and humans in the Leiva District, 

State of Boyaca, Columbia. Soils sampled contained 3.5-7.0 ppm Se, and exposed 

gray shale, 14 ppm Se.-EBT 

Antal, P. S. See Koczy, F. F. 00211 

Arnold,J. R. See Merrill, J. R. 00148 

00004 Arrhenius, G. 0. S. Sedimentation on the ocean floor, in Abelson, P. H., ed., 

Researches in geochemistry: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 1-24, 1959. 

The source of sedimentary minerals can often be determined from their isotopic 

or elemental composition, crystal structure, or other characteristic properties. Due 

to its peculiar structure, biogenic apatite dissolving on the deep sea floor offers a suitable surface for adsorption and fixation as phosphates of rare-earth elements 

and of Th isotopes. Apatite-bearing skeletal debris also contains an organic 

component consisting mainly of collagen. Heavy-metal ions, mainly Zn, Cu, Pb, 

Sn and Ag, are transferred from sea water to these organic phases. The Zn 

concentration may be 5 percent or more of the organic phase; Zn appears to occur 

as salts of higher fatty acids. Marine hydrogenous barite is not common in most 

parts of the ocean, but below areas of high organic productivity it is present in 

amounts of several percent, more than 20 times the amounts in adjacent areas.- EBT 

Arrhenius, G. 0. S. See Goldberg, E. D. 00114 

00006 Assarsson, G.; Grundulis, V. Chemical investigations of Upper Cambrian shales 

at Hynneberg, Narke [in English]: Foren. Stockholm Forh., v. 83, p. 269-277; 

correction p. 433, 1961. 

A section through the Upper Cambrian alum shales at Hynneberg, Narke, central 

Sweden, has been investigated chemically and mineralogically. X-ray study shows 

that quartz, muscovite, and pyrite are the principal minerals; kaolinite, calcite 

apatite, rutile, and perhaps chlorite are less common. Chemical analyses of 9 shale 

samples show that the untreated shale contains 15.2 to 17.9 percent organic C; the 

shale ash (500°C) contains 0.11 to 0.20 percent V 20s. The composition of the 

organic fraction was almost constant, approximately C,oH,,O, plus a little S and 

N.-EBT 

00005 Assarsson, G. 0. Vanadinhalten i svenska oljeskiffrar och vanadinets 

fOrekomstsatt [Vanadium content of Swedish oil shale and the nature of the 

occurrence of vanadium (in Swedish)]: Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forh., v. 63, no. 

2, p. 182, 1941. 

Alum shale from Narke, Kinnekulle, Ostergotland, of Cambrian and Ordovician 

age, contains 0.02-0.2 percent V, 0.008-0.03 percent Mo, and from a trace to some 

hundredths percent W. V, Mo, and W are combined with sulfides in the shales.-

EBT 

Aswathanarayana, U. See Murty, P. S. N. 00271. 

Baas Decking, L. G. M. See Stanton, R. L. 00296 

Badak,J. See Kita-Badak, M. 00214 

00007 Baedecker, P. A.; Ehmann, W. D. The distribution of some noble metals in 

meteorites and natural materials: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 29, p. 329-

342, 1965. 

Abundances of Au and Ir were determined in a wide range of meteont1c and 

terrestrial materials. Two cores of deep-sea sediments, the Argentine Basin core 

V-18-35 and the Mid-Pacific Ocean core MP-38, contained the following amounts 
4 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

of Au and Ir (in ppm): Argentine Basin core, 100 em depth, Au 0.0026, Ir 140x w- 5

; 

355 em, Au---, Ir l.2x w- 5

; 675 em, Au 0.0021, Ir 3.3x w- 5; 1,045 em, Au 0.0030, 

Ir 14x w- 5

; Mid Pacific Ocean core, 12-16 em, Au ---, Ir 30x w- 5

; 56-60 em, 

Au 0.0090, Ir 73x w- 5

; 214-218,369-373 em, Au---, Ir nd.-EBT 

00008 Bain, G. W. Patterns to ores in layered rocks: Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 4, 

p.695-731, 1960. 

Distribution patterns of syngenetic ore bodies in layered rocks correspond in area, 

symmetry, and metal variation with rock facies structures. Many deposits have 

metallization, initially syngenetic, redistributed slightly by ground water of varied 

origin and thus acquire a tectonic asymmetry while retaining their syngenetic facies 

limitation. Selected examples of intensively studied deposits, such as the alum shales 

of Sweden, the German Kupferschiefer, the Congo-Rhodesian copper belt, the 

Witwatersrand, the Orange Free State gold field, the Blind River uranium area, 

and the Colorado Plateau uranium deposits, are cited and examined critically, and 

criteria are presented to indicate the syngenesis or epigenesis of metallization as 

distinct from mineralization. The metal distribution in the Peltura zone of the 

Scandinavian Cambrian alum shales is (ppm): V 300,---1,500, U 80-250, Mo 120-

250, Ni 50-250, Cu 100, Co 10-40, Cr lO, Zn 20, Pb 40, W tr.-Author's abs., 

modified. 

00024 Balashov, Yu. A.; Ronov, A. B.; Migdisov, A. A.; Turanskaya, N. V. Vliyaniye 

klimaticheskikh i fatsial'nykh usloviy na razdeleniye redkozemel'nykh elementov v 

osadochnom protsesse [Influence of climatic and facies conditions on the separation 

of rare-earth elements in the sedimentation process (in Russian; English abs.)]: 

Geokhimiya, no. lO, p. 995-1014, 1964. 

Middle Paleozoic sediments formed in humid climates have different rare-earth 

element contents in shales, sands, and carbonates; sediments formed in arid climates 

have uniform contents. The continental facies near the source area and the marine 

facies have higher total rare earth contents than the intermediate coal-bearing facies. 

A systematic change in rare-earth composition occurs from the source area to the 

marine facies; a similar tendency is outlined in modern sediments. The rare-earth 

content in Lower Devonian lagoonal clays is (in ppm): La 41, Ce 81, Pr 11, Nd 

38, Sm 8, Gd 6.6, Tb ---, Dy 6.4, Ho ---, Er 4.4, Yb 4.3, Y 45, total R203 300; 

in Lower Carboniferous carbonaceous clay from a humid climate: La 58, Ce 113, 

Pr 14, Nd 50, Sm 10, Gd 7.6, Tb 2, Dy 5.6, Ho 1.5, Er 35, Yb 3.1, Y 40, total 

R203 350; in Lower Carboniferous lagoonal clays: La 58, Ce 118, Pr 15, Nd 60, 

Sm 14, Gd 12, Tb ---, Dy 9, Ho ---, Er 6, Yb 6, Y 65, total R203 420. Samples 

were taken from the Russian platform.-EBT 

Ball, J. S. See Thorne, H. M. 00287 

00009 Baranov,V. 1.; Ronov, A.B.; Kunashova, K. G. K geokhimii rasseyannogo toriya 

i urana v glinakh i karbonatnykh porodakh russkoy platformy [in Russian; English 

abs.]: Geokhimiya, no. 3, p. 3-8, 1956; English translation, Geochemistry of 

dispersed thorium and uranium in clays and carbonate rocks of the Russian 

platform: Geochemistry 1956, no. 3, p. 227-235, 1960. 

Determinations of Th and U were made in the standard representative composite 

samples of carbonate rock and clays ranging in age from late Proterozoic (Sinian) 

to Quaternary, including 178 composites of clay representative of 4, 795 samples. 

The average Th content in clays of the Russian platform is 11 ppm, and the average 

U content is 4.1 ppm. In the earth's crust, Th and U average 8 and 3 ppm 

respectively. Under especially favorable conditions, U is accumulated in marine 

silts rich in organic matter and bitumens. In the course of time these sediments 

are converted into black shale. It appears that U is extracted from the sea water 

and is adsorbed by the organic substance.-EBT 

00025 Baranov, V. 1.; Kuz'mina, L. A. Soderzhaniye radioaktivnykh elementov v 

donnykh otlozheniyakh Tikhogo okena v rayone Yaponskikh ostrovov [Content of 

radioactive elements in bottom sediments of the Pacific Ocean in the area of the 

Japanese Islands]: Geokhimiya, no. 1, p. 23-32, 1957; English translation: 

Geochemistry 1957, no. 1, p. 25-36, 1960. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 

The content of radioactive elements has been determined in 5 cores and 7 samples 

obtained by bottom dredging. In the upper layers of the samples the content of 

Th is 6 ppm, of U 2-3 ppm, and of ionium about 30 ppm (in U units). Ionium 

decreases regularly with depth. The· sedimentation rate as calculated from ionium 

ranges from I em in 350 years to I em in I ,000 years. Comparison of ionium 

content with contents of Si, Fe, and Mn shows that ionium precipitation on the 

sea floor is a more complex process than simple adsorption by iron or manganese 

oxide. Clastic layers contain less ionium, clayey layers more; this indicates 

absorption of ionium by clayey muds. In the core sample taken nearest to shore 

(37°12'N, 146°52'E), contents at the top were Th 2.2 ppm, U 1.2, and ionium, as 

U, 10 ppm; at 260 em, Th 2.4, U 2.0, and ionium, as U, 4.4 ppm. The core taken 

at26°l6'N, 145°47'E is characterized by soft clayey blackish-brown muds. In it, 

Th content was 5.3-5.8 ppm; U, l.0-4.0; and ionium, as U, 4-20 ppm.-Authors' 

abs., modified. 

00010 Barghoorn, E. S.; Meinschein, W. G.; Schopf, J. W. Paleobiology of a 

Precambrian shale: Science, v. 148, no. 3669, p. 461-472, 1965. 

Crude oil, pristane, phytane, sterane-type and optically negative alkanes, porphyrins, 

microfossils, and the stable isotopes of C and S found in the Nonesuch Shale of 

Precambrian age from northern Michigan were investigated. The Nonesuch Shale 

was deposited in a near-shore deltaic environment approximately I billion years 

ago. The thermal stability of the formation supports the concept of low-temperature 

emplacement of the economically important Cu in the lowest member, the parting 

shale, prior to lithification. The direct association of the Cu minerals with finely 

disseminated carbonaceous matter, anthraxolithic organic material and partially or 

wholly devolatized asphaltic organic residues suggests that the presence of organic 

materials facilitated the precipitation of Cu. Vanadyl porphyrins constitute the 

major part of 45 ppm (on original rock) of porphyrin aggregate isolated from the 

benzene-ether extract of the parting shale.-EBT 

00026 Barnes, H. L. The effect of metamorphism on metal distribution near base metal 

deposits: Econ. Geology, v. 54, no. 5, p. 919-943, 1959; abs., Geol. Soc. America 

Bull., v. 68, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1699, 1957. 

Shales near three base metal deposits were analyzed to determine possible changes 

in Zn, Cu, and Fe distribution. About 140 samples were analyzed colorimetrically 

from deposits of a contact metasomatic type (Hanover, N. Mex.), a vein type (San 

Francisco del Oro, Chihuahua, Mexico), and a Mississippi Valley replacement type 

(Shullsburg, Wis.). Lateral secretion from Paleozoic or later sediments is not a 

significant process in the formation of ore deposits. The Percha Shale of Late 

Devonian age, Hanover, contains 70 ppm Zn, 48 ppm Cu, and 4 percent Fe; the 

metal content is the same in the recrystallized and silicified contact zone (excluding 

skarn). The Maquoketa Shale of Late Ordovician age, Shullsburg, contains 35 ppm 

Zn, 65 ppm Cu, and 3 percent Fe; the oil rock of Middle Ordovician age contains 

20 ppm Zn, 60 ppm Cu, and 7 percent Fe. Unaltered calcareous black shale from 

the San Francisco del Oro contains 123 ppm Zn, 75 ppm Cu, and 5 percent Fe.-

EBT 

00011 Barnett, P. R. Spectrographic analysis for selected minor elements in Pierre 

Shale: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 391-B, 10 p., 1961. 

The accuracy and precision of spectrographic determinations for minor elements 

is discussed. Spectrographic determinations for 10 elements were made on 80 

samples of Pierre Shale of Late Cretaceous age. The range of contents found was 

(in ppm): B 20-240, Co 10-34, Cr 3-160, Ga 6-24, Ni 36-170, Sc 5-28, Sr 73-

2,300, Ti 1,200-4,600, and Zr 90-230. The precision of the measurements is 

discussed in terms of coefficient of variation for single determinations, 

determinations from different laboratories, and chemical determinations against 

spectrographic measurements.-EBT 

00012 Bates, T. F.; Strahl, E. 0. Mineralogy, petrography, and radioactivity of 

representative samples of Chattanooga Shale: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 68, no. 

10, p. 1305-1314, 1957. 
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Quantitative studies by a combination of chemical and mineralogical methods have 

shown the composition of a batch sample of the Chattanooga Shale of Devonian 

and Mississippian age to be approximately (in percent): quartz 22, feldspar 9, illite 

and kaolinite 31, organic matter 22, pyrite and marcasite 11, chlorite 2, iron oxides 

2, and tourmaline, zircon, and apatite 1. No U mineral is present. Mean U content 

is 45 ppm. Data indicate that the U was precipitated from sea water under reducing 

conditions and has not been redistributed following compaction of the sediment.-

Authors' abs., condensed. 

00027 Bates, T. F.; Strahl, E. 0. Mineralogy and chemistry of uranium-bearing black 

shales: United Nations InternaL Conf. Peaceful Uses Atomic Energy, 2d Geneva, 

1958, Proc., v. 2, p. 407-411, 1958; also in University Park, Pa., Pennsylvania State 

Univ. Dept. Mineralogy and Petrology, 7 p. (Tech. Rept. NY0-7909, prepared for 

U.S. Atomic Energy Comm.). 

Silicate, normative-mineral, and uranium analyses by mineralogical, chemical, and 

radiometric methods of 1,185 samples from 11 black shales are reported. The 

samples from France contain abundant meta-autunite, but most of the U in these 

samples and all of the U iri the other shales is loosely held in the fine-grained 

organic-inorganic matrix of the rock. The average U contents found are (standard 

deviation in parentheses; in ppm): Cambrian alum shale, Sweden, 168 (254); 

Ordovician Reedsville Shale, Pennsylvania, 4 (2); Devonian Chattanooga Shale, 

Tennessee, 62 (24); Devonian Ohio Shale, Ohio, 10 (8); Devonian Woodford Shale, 

New Mexico, 9 (10); Devonian Hamilton Shale, Pennsylvania, 6 (2); Devonian 

Chemung Shale, Pennsylvania, 3 (2); Carboniferous St. Hippolyte shale, France, 

1,244 ( 6,054 ); Pennsylvanian Allegheny shale, Pennsylvania, 4 (2); Pennsylvanian 

Kansas shale, Kansas, 16 (10); and Permian Kupferschiefer, Germany, 39 (38).-

EBT 

Baturin, G. N. See Kochenov, A. V. 00405 

00013 Beath, 0. A.; Hagner, A. F.; Gilbert, C. S. Some rocks and soils of high selenium 

content: Wyoming Geol. Survey Bull. 36, 23 p., 1946. 

Critical seleniferous areas in the western United States are correlative with watersoluble Se. Selenate Se is the dominant form in the rocks and soils considered 

here. Materials studied include tuffs, sandstone, vanadiferous siltstone, phosphate 

rock, shales, and vanadium-uranium ores. A black, vanadiferous siltstone in the 

phosphatic shale member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation in Wyoming is 

seleniferous. The Se concentration (287-680 ppm) is highest where the V content 

(0.12-2.12 percent) reaches its maximum. A sample of carbonaceous shale [probably 

the Manning Canyon Shale] of Late Mississippian and Early Pennsylvanian age 

from Provo Canyon, Utah, contains 96.3 ppm Se. Some samples of a carbonaceous 

shale in the Upper Cretaceous Medicine Bow Formation in Albany County, Wyo., 

assayed more than 150 ppm Se.-EBT 

00028 Behne, Walter. Untersuchungen zur Geochemie des Chlor und Brom 

[Investigation of the geochemistry of chlorine and bromine (in German; English 

abs.): Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 3, p. 186-214, 1953. 

A method of chemical analysis of Cl and Br in rocks is described. As little as 

20 ppm Cl and 1 ppm Br can be detected. Sedimentary rocks contain about as 

much C 1 and more Br than eruptive rocks. Some Br is probably accumulated and 

fixed by terrestrial organisms as it is by marine organisms. In shales the following 

contents were found (in ppm): Lias shale, Cl 100, 210, Br ~ 1, 5.2; Keuper shale, 

Cl 370, Br ~ l; Septarien shale, Cl 15, 20, 450, Br 14.6, ~ 1, 58; Kupferschiefer, 

Cl 270, nd, Br 7, 8.7; Kulm shale, Cl 60, Br 3; Wissenbacher shale Cl 50, Br 4.2; 

black, coaly shale (bituminous) Upper Daz, Cl nd, Br 29.1; coaly oil shale (contains 

about 8 percent bitumen), Cl nd, Br 9.6; black oil shale (porphyrin shale) Lower 

Triassic, Cl nd, Br 2.6.-EBT 

00029 Bell, C. K. Some aspects of the geochemistry of gallium [abs.]: Geol. Soc. 

America Bull., v. 66, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1529-1530, 1955. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 

Quantitative spectrochemical investigations, involving a grating spectrograph, 

indium as internal standard, and Ga 4172:In 4101 as analyses pair, contribute new 

abundance data and indicate gallium's ubiquity, narrow scatter, and close association 

with AI in silicate minerals and rocks. Analytical detection limit is I ppm. 

Reproducibility expressed as standard deviation is II percent. Ga content in shales 

averages 19 ppm, in the lithosphere, 15 ppm.-EBT 

Berman, H. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00117 

00014 BidzhiyeY, R. A. 0 raspredelenii "malykh" khimicheskikh elementov v yurskikh 

i nizhnemelovykh otlozheniyakh Priverkhoyanskogo progiba [Distribution of 

"minor" chemical elements in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits of the 

Verkhoyansk trough]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 157, no. I, p. 112-115, 1964; 

English translation: Acad. Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec.: Am. Geol. Inst., 

v. 157, no. 1/6, p. 128-131. 

The Jurassic deposits of the Verkhoyansk trough of northern Siberia are mostly 

shallow-water marine, except for the continental carbonaceous Dzhaskoy 

Formation. Thick Lower Cretaceous deposits are continental, alluvial-deltaic. All 

these rocks are saturated with finely dispersed plant detritus. Jurassic argillaceous 

rocks also contain much nodular, dispersed, or pseudomorphic pyrite. 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses were made of 346 samples; average 

magnitudes for each rock type were used to prepare distribution curves of M n, V, 

Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Ti, Ba, Sr, and Ga, elements present in every rock type. The 

distribution curves suggest that most of the elements were carried into the basin 

in suspension, and distribution and mineralogical studies show slight chemical 

weathering of the source rocks, a dry climate, and rugged relief in Jurassic time.-

EBT 

00030 Bitterli, P. Bituminous Posidonienschiefer (Lias Epsilon) of Mont Terri, Jura 

Mountains [in English]: Bull. Ver. Schweizer. Petroleum-Geologen u. lngenieure, 

v.26,no. 71,p.41-48, 1960. 

At Mont Terri, in northwestern Switzerland, the Posidonienschiefer is developed 

as a bituminous shale 17 m thick. The rocks range from almost carbonate free 

to very calcareous shale or marl. The presence of substantial amounts of porphyrins 

with wavelength [ultraviolet absorption peak] ± 570 mJL (V complexes) has been 

observed in all 8 samples, but the 550 mJL maxima (Ni complexes) are less 

pronounced and probably absent in 3 samples. The samples contained organic 

C 2.2-12.2 percent, Si (estimated) 8-10 percent, AI (estimated) 5-10 percent, Fe 

1.2-4.9 percent, Mg 0.4-0.9 percent, Ca 9-29 percent, M n 0.3-0.5 percent, V 85-

230 ppm, Ni 70-290 ppm, Mo <20-100 ppm, and Cu <20-93 ppm.-EBT 

00015 Bloxam, T. W. Uranium, thorium, potassium and carbon in some black shales 

from the South Wales coalfield: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 28, p. 1177-

1185,1964. 

Carboniferous black shales from the Lower and Middle Coal Measures of the South 

Wales coalfield have been analyzed for U, Th, K, and C. In the 32 samples 

investigated, the average values for U and Th are 4.0 and 12.3 ppm, respectively, 

and the Th/U ratio 3.2. K averages 3.2 percent and organic C !.2 percent. The 

amount of U in the samples increases with organic C content, but in general shows 

an inverse relationship toward Th and K.-Author's abs. 

00016 Blumer, Max. Chemische Untersuchungen an bituminosen Gesteinen [Chemical 

studies of bituminous rocks (in German; English abs.)]: Bull. Ver. Schweizer. 

Petroleum-Geologen u. lngenieure, v. 19, no. 56, p. 17-26, 1952. 

Problems of the origin of some trace elements in sediments containing much organic 

material (bituminous shales, asphalt, and oil) and the behavior of organic 

compounds during sedimentation and diagenesis are reviewed and discussed. Coal 

has high concentrations of B, Ge, As, and Bi; bitumen is enriched in V, Ni, Mo, 

Cu, and U. Trace elements can be collected by the living substance or by the organic 

compounds released after death. B, Ge, As, and Bi are taken up from ground 

water by plants and concentrated in the process; during the formation of coal from 
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

the plant remains they are further concentrated. Decay products of organisms react 

with ions in sea water to form almost insoluble compounds with effective 

concentrations of trace elements.-EBT 

00017 Blumer, Max; Erlenmeyer, H. Analyses schweizerischer Sediment-Gesteine. 

Geochemische Untersuchungen 2 [Analyses of Swiss sedimentary rocks. 

Geochemical study 2 (in German)]: Helvetica Chim. Acta. v. 33, Fasciculus I, no. 

II, p. 45-56, 1950. 

Chemical analytical methods for determining amounts of Si, Fe, and Ca, and the 

trace elements Mn, Ni, Mo, P, V, and Ti in sedimentary rocks are described. 

Analyses of some Swiss sedimentary rocks are shown including 18 samples from 

a profile of bituminous strata [of Anisian (Triassic) age] from Mount St. Giorgio. 

The range of values is (in percent): Si02 13.6-41.8; Fe, 1.95-10.4; Ca, 0.1-11.4; 

P, 0.057-0.53; Ti, 0.06-0.44; V, 0.20-0.35; Mn, 0.0065-0.024; Ni, 0.0014-0.035; Mo, 

0.011-0.045; and loss on ignition, 21.6-53.9.-JDV 

00018 B,Ogvad, Richard; Nielsen, A. H. Vanadinindholdet i en Raekke danske Bjergarter 

[The quantitative occurrences of vanadium in rocks of Denmark (in Danish; English 

summ.)]: Dansk Geol. Foren., Medd., v. 10, no. 5, p. 532-540, 1945. 

V content has been quantitatively determined in Danish rocks ranging in age from 

Cambrian to Quaternary. Five groupings occurred: (I) limestone and glauconitic 

rocks nearly free of V; (2) lignites, < 10 ppm V; (3) clays and sands of Quaternary 

and Tertiary age, granite and kaolin, 10-90 ppm V; (4) uppermost and lowermost 

Paleozoic shales, more Tertiary and fewer Quaternary rocks thitn group 3, 100-

900 ppm V; and (5) Dictyonema and most of the Olenidian shales, >I ,000 ppm 

V. Black Paleozoic shales showed the following V contents (in ppm): Cambrian: 

Lower alum shale, Paradoxides, 240; Olenus, Agnostus pisiformis zone, 500; Olenus, 

Orusia zone, I, 100; Olen us, Eurycare Ia tum zone, I ,000, I, 100; Olen us, Peltura zone, 

800; Olen us, A cerocare zone, I ,600; Ordovician: Dictyonema shale I ,000-2, I 00; 

middle Dice/lograptus shale 130; Trinucleus shale 120; Silurian; Rastrites shale 250-

270.-EBT 

00031 Borchert, Herman; Krejci-Graf, Karl. Spurenmetalle in Sedimenten und ihren 

Derivaten [Trace metals in sediments and their derivatives (in German; English 

abs.)]: Bergbauwissenschaften, v. 6, p. 205-215, 1959. 

The contents ofTi, V, Cr, Mo, Mn, Co, Ni, and U in many samples of sedimentary 

rocks, coals, graphites, metamorphic rocks, bituminous rocks, and petroleum were 

determined. Factors controlling the enrichment of trace elements in sedimentary 

rocks and petroleum are discussed. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses show 

(in ppm): Gyttja shales: Ordovician, Ti nd-10,000, V 10-500, Cr .50-500, Mo 

nd-50, Mn tr-500, Co tr-50, Ni 10-100; Silurian, Ti 100-500, V 100-500, Cr tr, 

Mo, nd, Mn 50-500,Co nd, Ni tr-50; middle Zechstein, V 100-500, Cr 100-500, Mo 

tr, Mn 10-50, Co tr, Ni 100-500; Lias ~. Ti 1,000-5,000, V 100-500, Cr 100-

500, Mo tr, Mn 1,000-5,000, Co 50-100, Ni 50-100; Lutetian, Ti 5,000-10,000, V 

500-1,000, Cr 500-1,000, Mo tr, Mn 1,000-5,000, Co 50-100, Ni 500-1,000; Tertiary, 

Ti 1,000-5,000, V 5-10, Cr 50-100, Mo 5-10, Mn 10-50, Co nd, Ni 5-10; in sapropel 

shales: Ordovician Dictvonema shales, Ti 5,000-10,000, V 1,000-5,000, Cr 10-100, 

Mo 10-500, Mn 50-1,000, Co 50-100, Ni 100-500; Silurian graptolitic shales, Ti 

100-10,000, V 500-5,000, Cr tr-500, Mo nd-50, Mn 5-500, Co nd-500, Ni tr-1,000; 

Zechstein, Ti 5,000-10,000, V 100-1,000, Cr 50-500, Mo 10-100, Mn 50-10,000, 

Co 10-500, Ni 50-500; upper Lias, Ti 5,000-10,000, V 100-500, Cr 100-500, Mo 

tr, M n 100-500, Co 100-500, Ni 100-500.-EBT 

00033 Borisenko, L. A.; Saukov, A. A. Geochemical cycle of gallium: Internal. Geol. 

Cong., 21st, Copenhagen, Rept., Pt. I, Geochemical cycles, p. 96-105, 1960. 

Study of Ga distribution in shales has shown that Ga is more concentrated in freshwater shales (20-35 ppm) than in marine shales (7-10 ppm). This is explained by 

the higher AI, Si, and Ga contents in fresh water than in sea water. The very 

low contents of AI, Si, and Ga in sea waters must mean that these elements are 

precipitated when fresh waters enter the sea. Consequently, low Ga concentrations 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 

in shales may serve as a geochemical indicator of marine facies.-Authors' abs. 

condensed. 

00032 Borisenko, L. F. Skandiy. Osnovye cherty geokhimii, mineralogii, i 

geneticheskiye tipy mestorozhdeniy [Scandium. Main features of the geochemistry, 

mineralogy and genetic types of deposits]: Akad. Nauk SSSR, Inst. Mineralogii, 

Geokhimii i Kristallokhimii Redkikh Elementov, Trudy, 1961; English translation: 

Scandium, its geochemistry and mineralogy: New York, Consultants Bur. 

Enterprises, Inc., 78 p., 1963. 

Sc is present in appreciable amounts in some pelagic clays and bauxites, but has 

not been detected in limestones, dolomites and manganese oxides. Clays, black 

coaly shales, coal ashes, petroleum ashes and bitumens are enriched in Sc as much 

as 10 or more times the crustal abundance (5 to 6 ppm). Sc is evidently almost 

completely removed from sea water in benthic sediments. During sedimentation, 

organic material is not only important as a reducing agent, but also in the sorption 

of rare elements such as Sc and the rare earths.-EBT 

00034 Borneman-Starynkevich, I. D.; Borovik, S. A.; Borovskiy, I. B. Redkiye zemliv 

rasteniyakh i pochvakh [Rare earths in plants and soils (in Russian)]: Akad. Nauk 

SSSR Doklady, v. 30, no. 3, p. 227-231, 1941. 

Analyses of plants and soils for rare earth elements are presented. Sequanian clays 

[of Late Jurassic age] were also analyzed and were found to contain I 10 ppm rare 

earths (La 19.7 percent, Ce 42.7, Pr 8.3. Nd 20.7, Sm 1.7, Gd 2.2, Dy 1.1, Er 0.2, 

and Y 3.4 percent of the total rare earths).- EBT 

Borovik, S. A. See Borneman-Starynkevich, I. D. 00034 

Borovskiy, I. B. See Borneman-Starynkevich, I. D. 00034 

Botez-Postelnicu, Cornelia. See Savul, Mircea. 00232 

Botez-Postelnicu, Cornelia. See Savul, M ircea. 00233 

00038 Brandenstein, M.; Janda, I.; Schroll, E. Seltene Elemente in osterreichischen 

Kohlen- und Bitumengesteinen [Rare elements in Austrian coals and bituminous 

rocks (in German)]: Tschermaks Mineralog. u. Petrog. Mitt., v. 7, no. 3, p. 260-

285, 1960. 

A double-arc emission spectrograph was used to analyze 119 samples of 

carbonaceous rocks, peat, oil shale, and other organic sediments from Austria for 

the following elements (ranges of element contents found in carbonaceous shales, 

carbonaceous marls, combustible shales, an underclay, Triassic Card ita Shale, and 

black oil shale are given in ppm): Ge nd-13, Be nd-11, Cr 6-224, As nd-345, 

Sb nd-6, Bi nd-4.1, Ag nd-0.5, Cu 0.5-50, Pb nd- 100, Zn nd-11 0, Hg nd-tr, Co 

nd-43, N i nd-220, M o nd-85, V nd-1, 100, Ga nd-50, Tl nd-4, Sn nd-22, Ti nd8,000, M n 21-700 and ash 10.3-82.3 percent (no ash content given for Cardita 

Shale).-EBT 

00035 Breger, I. A. Radioactive equilibrium in ancient marine sediments: Geochim. 

et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 8, p. 63-73, 1955. 

Radioactive equilibrium in 8 marine sedimentary formations was studied by direct 

determinations of U, Ra, and Th. Alpha-particle counting was also done to crosscalibrate thick-source counting techniques. Maximum deviation from radioactive 

equilibrium noted is II percent-indicating probable equilibrium in all formations 

analyzed. Th contents correspond well to the average values reported in the 

literature, but U content of marine sediments may be higher than previously 

reported. As much as 14 times more U than Th occurs in the formations studied, 

but the Th content never exceeds the U content. Proximity of depositional 

environment to landmass may influence the concentration of U in a marine sediment, 

but it does not affect Th. Contents in the Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa Formation 

are (standard deviation in parentheses), organic matter 1.25 percent, U 2.81 (0.16) 

ppm, Th0.2ppm, Ra 0.83xl0- 6 (O.OOxi0- 6

) ppm; in the Upper Cretaceous Eagle 
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Ford Shale, organic matter 1.25 percent, U 2.25 (0.01) ppm, Th --, Ra 0.65x 10- 6 

(0.01 x 10- 6 ) ppm; in the Upper Cretaceous Eutaw Formation, lower part, organic 

matter 1.25 percent, U 2.53 (0.05) ppm, Th --, Ra 0.77 x 10- 6 (0.04x 10- 6 ) ppm; 

in Miocene nodular shale from California, organic matter 7.25 percent, U 14.4 (0.30) 

ppm, Th 3.6 ppm, Ra 3.96x 10- 6 (0. lOx 10- 6 ) ppm; in Upper Devonian Antrim 

Shale, organic matter 7.25 percent, U 17.5 (0.40) ppm, Th 2.8 ppm, Ra 5.15xl0- 6 

(0.27x 10- 6

) ppm.-Author's abs., modified. 

00036 Breger, I. A.; Brown, Andrew. Kerogen in the Chattanooga Shale: Science, 

v. 137,nQ 3525,p.221-224, 1962. 

The Chattanooga Shale [of Devonian and Mississippian age] contains insoluble 

organic matter (kerogen) derived from terrestrial (humic) and from marine 

(sapropelic) sources. Kerogen from sapropelic sources contains more hydrogen than 

kerogen from humic sources. Thus the H content of the sapropelic contribution, 

and of the kerogen, increases toward that part of a shale most likely to be a source 

bed for petroleum. U content in the shale is derived from the adjoining landmass. 

U Content ranges from 9 to 92 ppm in samples from Tennessee and adjoining States. 

Most of the organic matter in the Chattanooga Shale is of terrestrial origin. 

Authors' abs., modified. 

00037 Breger, I. A.; Schopf, J. M. Germanium and uranium in coalified wood from 

upper Devonian black shale: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 7, p. 287-293, 1955. 

Microscopic study of black, vitreous, carbonaceous material from the Chattanooga 

Shale in Tennessee and the Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale in Ohio has 

revealed coalified woody plant tissue, some of which has been identified with the 

genus Callixylon. Similar material has been reported as "bituminous" or "asphaltic" 

stringers. Spectrographic analysis of ash of the wood has shown unusually high 

contents of Ge, U, V, and Ni. The inverse relationship between U and Ge in the 

ash and ash contents of various samples shows an association of these elements 

with organic constituents of coal. From geochemical evidence it seems most 

probable that the wood was Ge-bearing at the time it was floated into the basins 

of deposition. Once within the marine environment, the material probably absorbed 

U with the formation of organo-uranium compounds such as exist in coals. 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses showed (range in ppm): ash (77.32 

percent) of Chattanooga Shale, 1-5, Yb, Be, Ag; 10-50, Y, Pb, Sc, Ge; 50-100, 

V, Ga, La, Zr; 100-500, Co, B, Cu, Sr. Cr, Mo; 1,000-5,000, Ca, Na, Ti, Ba. 

Ash (1.27 percent) of coal from Chattanooga Shale, 10-50, Ga, Sc, Be; 50-100, 

Yb; 100-500, Co, Sn, Zr, Mn, Zn; 500-1000, Y, Pb, Ba; 1,000-5,000, Na, B, Cu, 

Ti, Cr, Mo, Sr; 5,000-10,000, Ni, U, Mg; 10,000-50,000, Ge, AI, Ca, V. Ash (1.7 

percent) of coal from Cleveland Member, 5-10, Be; 10-50, La, Ga, Sc; 50-100, Yb; 

100-500, Mo, Sn, Pb, Zr; 500-1,000, Ba, B, Na, Mn, Sr, Y; 1,000-5,000, Cu, Cr, 

Ni, Ti, U; 5,000-10,000, Co, Mg, Zn; 10,000-50,000, V, Ge.-Authors' abs., 

modified. 

00039 Breger, I. A.; Brown, Andrew. Distribution and types of organic matter in a 

barred marine basin: New York Acad. Sci. Trans., ser. 2, v. 25, no. 7, p. 741-

755, 1963. 

Samples of the Devonian Chattanooga Shale from Tennessee and adjoining States 

range in U content from 8 to 86 ppm and in organic isolate (moisture and ash 

free) from 5.9 to 29.3 percent. The U and organic matter in the Chattanooga Shale 

is of terrestrial origin.-EBT 

00069 Brimhall, W. H. Progress report on selenium in the Manning Canyon Shale, 

central Utah: Brigham Young Univ. Geology Studies, v. 10, p. 104-120, 1963. 

Se is present in unusual concentrations in shaly strata throughout the I ,600-foot 

thickness of the Manning Canyon Shale of Carboniferous age in the Oquirrh Range, 

Utah. High concentrations of Se are most common in dark-colored, carbonaceous, 

calcareous, soft, usually gypsiferous, and often iron-oxide stained or pyritic shale. 

Such rocks, interbedded with shaly limestone or nearly pure limestone, have a mean 

content of 18 ppm Se with a standard deviation of8 ppm. Possibly theSe is derived 

from organic matter, reconstituted in part as a sulfide, and subsequently oxidized 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 

to selenite or selenate. The concentration of Se is more allied with marine or 

brackish water processes than with terrestrial processes.-Author's abs., condensed. 

Brown, Andrew. See Breger, I. A. 00036 

Brown, Andrew. See Breger, I. A. 00039 

00070 Burton, J.D.; Culkin, F.; Riley, J.P. The abundances of gallium and germanium 

in terrestrial materials: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 16, p. 151-180, 1959. 

Ge was determined by a spectrographic method using phenylfluorone and Ga by 

a specific spectrophotometric method in more than 200 minerals, rocks and 

sediments, and in sea water. The crustal abundance of Ge is about 1.7 ppm; of 

Ga, 16.9 ppm. Average amounts of Ge in metamorphic rocks, shales, and red clays 

are close to the crustal abundance: the Ge in pelagic sediments is contained entirely 

in the clay fraction. Residual sandstones and other silica-rich sedimentary rocks 

are also generally poor in Ga. Pelagic clays from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian 

Oceans contained an average 22.4 ppm Ga. Black shales analyzed include (in ppm): 

Cambrian Tremadoc, Merionethshire~ Ge 3.2, Ga 21.3: Carboniferous Rhydymwyn, 

Flintshire, Ge 0.9, Ga 2.8; and the Rhaetic Jurassic, Gloucestershire, Ge 1.5, Ga 

4.3-Authors' abs., modified. 

Byers, H. G. See Edgington, Glen. 00047 

.00061 Byers, H. G. Selenium occurrence in certain soils in the United States, with 

a discussion of related topics: U.S. Dept. Agriculture Tech. Bull. 482, 47 p., 1935. 

All analyzed samples of the Pierre Shale of Late Cretaceous .age from South Dakota 

contained Se; the amounts ranged from a trace to 100 ppm. Generally Se content 

was less than 10 ppm in the upper part of the Pierre and more than 10 ppm in 

the lower part. Samples of shales, soils, and plants from Nebraska, Wyoming, 

Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah were also analyzed. 

Se contents ranged from a trace to 31 ppm.-EBT 

00062 Byers, H. G.; Lakin, H. W. Selenium in Canada: Canadian Jour. Research, 

v. 17,se~ B,p. 364-369,1939. 

The existence of an enormous area of seleniferous soil is shown by the results of 

a reconnaissance examination of parts of Alherta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba 

Provinces of Canada. Shales exposed include St. Mary River, Fox Hills, Bearpaw, 

Belly River, Pakowki, and Milk River Formations .vhich correspond in a general 

way with the various subdivisions of the Pierre Shale of Late Cretaceous age in 

South Dakota. The Se content of the shales sampled ranged from 0.3 to 3 ppm.-

EBT 

00063 Byers, H. G.; Miller, J. T.; Williams, K. T.; Lakin, H. W. Selenium occurrence 

in certain soils in the United States with a discussion of related topics. Third report: 

U.S. Dept. Agriculture Tech. Bull. 60 I, 74 p., 1938. 

Additional data on Se in water, vegetation, soils, and rocks and on the chemistry 

of Se are presented. Probably the concentration of Se in sedimentary rocks, 

especially shales, is due to absorption of volcanic Se and deposition along with other 

shale materials. Samples from a section of the Greenhorn Formation near Pueblo, 

Colo., contained 0.1-8 ppm; dark-gray to black shales from that section contained 

0.1-2.5 ppm Se. Samples of the Smoky Hill Member of the Niobrara Formation 

from Kansas contained 6-14 ppm Se. In eastern Colorado samples of the Niobrara 

contained 3.5-156 ppm. Samples of the Pierre Shale from New Mexico contained 

0.8-2.5 ppm. A sample of carbonaceous shale from the Mancos Shale in Utah 

contained 12 ppm Se. All of these formations are Late Cretaceous in age.-EBT 

00071 Byers, H. G. Selenium occurrence in certain soils in the United States with 

a discussion of related topics. Second report: U.S. Dept. Agriculture Tech. Bull. 

530, 78 p., 1936. 
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

The existence of large areas of land containing sufficient Se to produce toxic 

vegetation has been demonstrated in the area surrounding the Black Hills, S. Oak., 

in western Colorado in parts of the valleys of the Uncompahgre, Gunnison, and 

Colorado Rivers, in part of western Kansas, and in certain parts of Montana. 

Data are presented that indicate a close relationship between the Se content of soil 

and of the soil parent material. The parent material so far demonstrated as 

producing toxic soils appears to be limited to the lower part of the Pierre Shale 

and the upper part of the Niobrara Formation and other correlative Cretaceous 

formations. Se contents in shale samples range from 0.2 to 22 ppm; the range 

in soil samples and in concretions is much greater.-EBT 

Byers, H. G. See Lakin, H. W. 00179 

Byers, H. G. See Lakin, H. W. 00202 

Byers, H. G. See Williams, K. T. 00315 

00072 Cadman, W. H. The oil shale deposits of the world and recent developments 

in their exploitation and utilization, reviewed to May 1947: Inst. Petroleum Jour. 

[London], v. 34, no. 290, p. 109-132, 1948. 

A brief survey is given of the oil-shale deposits in various countries, including some 

of the wartime and more recent developments in Great Britain, France, Estonia, 

Sweden, Spain and Portugal, Italy, Czechoslovakia, USSR, Turkey, Bulgaria, 

Germany, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, India and Burma, 

Brazil, .and the United States of America. A general description is given of the 

nature and chemical composition of the oil shales and some oil-shale products. 

Traces of As have been found in Scottish oil shale equal to 5.6 ppm by weight 

calculated as As20a. Some of the oil shales of Sweden contain as much as 0.4 percent 

by weight V. The content of U in a Swedish oil-shale deposit (N orrtorp) ranges 

from 30 to 270 ppm.--Author's abs., modified. 

Cameron, E. N. See Warner, L.A. 00339 

00060 Campbell, F. A.; Williams, G. D. Chemical composition of shales of Mannville 

Group (Lower Cretaceous) of Central Alberta, Canada: Am. Assoc. Petroleum 

Geologists Bull., v. 49, no. I, p. 81-87, !965. 

The X-ray fluorescence method was used to analyze 113 shales; 7 from the Upper 

Devonian Calmar Formation, 98 from the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group, and 

8 from the Lower Cretaceous Joli Fou Formation. The average composition of 

the shales studied is 64.83 percent Si02, 2.66 percent MgO, 15.72 percent AbOa, 

2.50 percent K20, 2.42 percent CaO, 5.08 percent Fe20a, 97 ppm Rb, and 210 ppm 

Sr. The Rb/Sr ratio of 0.46 is in good agreement with that suggested for shales 

by other workers. The Rb/K varies from about 0.004 for shales formed in a brackish 

environment, to 0.006 for normal marine shales.-Authors' abstract 

00064 Canney, F. C. Some aspects of the geochemistry of potassium, rubidium, cesium, 

and thallium in sediments [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 63, no. 12, pt. 2, 

p. 1238, 1952. 

Determinations of the Rb, Cs, and Tl contents of 323 samples from 10 sedimentary 

formations were made by spectrochemical methods. The precision of the 

spectrochemical methods employed, expressed as standard deviations, was ±4.5 

percent for Rb, ±8.2 percent for Cs, and ±8.8 percent for Tl. Average abundances 

ofthese elements in argillaceous sediments are (in ppm): Rb20, 310; Cs20, 8.1; 

and ThO, 0.38. Tl is usually enriched in highly organic sediments. The order 

of relative enrichment of these elements in sediments is normally: Cs> Rb> K > Tl. 

The order of relative enrichment found is in excellent agreement with the theory 

that the adsorption affinity of a cation from aqueous solutions is proportional to 

the value of the positive electrostatic potential existing at the surface of the hydrated 

ion. [Note: The Rb values are high (F. C. Canney, 1965, oral commun.].-Author's 

abs., condensed. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 13 

Carlier, A. See Grim bert, Arnold. 00107 

Carlisle, Donald. See Gunning, H. C. 00095 

00065 Carr, M. H.; Turekian, K. K. The geochemistry of cobalt: Geochim. et 

Cosmochim. Acta, v. 23, p. 9-60, 1961. 

Co was determined in many geologically interesting materials using the combined 

techniques of emission spectrography and neutron activation analysis. Neutron 

activation was used to analyze standards for the emission spectrograph and materials 

low in Co. In sediments most of the Co is in the argillaceous fraction and seems 

to follow Fe and Mn. C() accumulations in deep-sea sediments are supplied by 

detritally associated Co and dissolved Co from surface runoff rather than by volcanic 

exhalations. The crustal abundance of Co is calculated as 27 ppm; shales average 

19. Analyses of samples of 70 shales, including black shales, ranging in age from 

Cam brian through Cretaceous, show the range of Co contents to be 4 to 115 ppm.-

Authors' abs., modified. 

Chase, J. W. See Coryell, C. D. 00067 

00073 Chentsov, I. G. Selen v otlozheniyakh paleogena Sredney Azii [Selenium in 

Paleogene sediments of Central Asia (in Russian)]: Akad. Nauk SSSR, Inst. 

Geologii rudnykh mestorozhdeniy, petrografii, mineralogii i geokhimii, Trudy, v. 

28, p. 83-89 [English translation by Michael Fleischer, 1960, written commun.], 

1959. 

Widespread Se content was discovered in sediments of Paleogene age in northeastern 

Fergana in central Asia, especially in rocks enriched in sulfides and organic matter. 

Analyses of soils on outcrops of Paleogene rocks show Se contents ranging from 

I to 10 ppm. Samples from the bituminous limestone horizons contained as much 

as 100 ppm Se. In the bituminous limestone horizon "m" of the Turkestan stage, 

Se is closely associated with organic matter, iron sulfides, various compounds of 

tri-, quadri-, and quinquevalent V, and with other minerals.-EBT 

00059 Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau. Geochemistry of iodine; annotated 

bibliography 1825-1954: London, Stone House, 150 p., 1956. 

This book consists of three principal sections: an annotated bibliography of 400 

scientific papers known to contain quantitative or qualitative facts about the 

presence of I in the inorganic world; a succession of 20 tables in which these data 

have been systematically classified; and a review which attempts to summarize and 

interpret the analytical finds thus assembled. The average of all available data shows 

the I content of shales and argillites to be 2.180 ppm.- EBT 

00066 Chow, T. J.; Patterson, C. C. The occurrence and significance of lead isotopes 

in pelagic sediments: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 26, p. 263-308, 1962. 

About two-thirds of the Pb in all Pleistocene pelagic sediments was chemically 

precipitated from sea water. The remaining one-third was transported as a 

constituent of solid particles. The rate of chemical deposition of Pb tends to be 

uniform everywhere; the rate of mechanical deposition varies considerably. Dark 

clays, deposited at a rate of 0.03 g per em~ per I ,000 years, contain 88 ppm Pb, 

of which 74 ppm is contained in authigenic minerals and is derived from Pb dissolved 

in sea water, 13 ppm is contained in clay minerals and carbonate, and I ppm is 

in igneous minerals and opal. Light-colored sediments contain about 42 ppm Pb 

and oozes, 23 ppm. The Pb concentration in all pelagic sediments is about 24-

40 ppm. Isotopic data are discussed in detaii.-EBT 

00068 Cissarz, Arnold. Quantitativ-specktralanalytische Untersuchung eines 

M ansfelder K upferschieferprofils [Quantitative spectroanalytical investigation of a 

Mansfeld Kupferschiefer profile (in German)]: Chemie der Erde, v. 5, p. 48-75, 

1930. 

A section of the M ansfeld Kupferschiefer was analyzed spectrographically and 42 

different elements were found. The spectrographic method is described in detail. 
14 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

The metals were in two principal groups, one with Cu, the other with Zn. Those 

elements found with Cu were: Co, Ni, V, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, lr, and Mo; those with 

Zn were: Pb, Cd, Mn, Sn, W, Cr, and subordinate As, Sb and Bi. Cu values 

were highest in the Feine Lette, Schwarzen Berge, and Grobe Lette beds, which 

are all rich in bitumens; the Zn values were highest in the Schieferkopf bed, which 

is bitumen poor. The following contents were found by spectrographic analysis 

(ranges in ppm estimated from fig. 2): Cu 100-> 10,000, Ni 5-100, Co l-100, V 

5-200, Mo <l-70, Au <0.1-0.5, Ag 1-15, Zn 30-7,000, Pb 3-700, Cd <1-200.-

EBT 

00058 Clarke, F. W. The data of geochemistry, 5th ed.: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 770, 

841 p., 1924. 

Analyses of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, minerals, ores, volcanic 

gases, waters, and the atmosphere are presented with discussion of geochemistry 

and chemistry of the world. A composite analysis of 51 Paleozoic shales showed 

the following trace elements: Ti02 0.76 percent, MnO tr, BaO 0.04 percent, Li20 

tr. A black Devonian shale from Morenci district, Ariz., contained: Ti02 0.66 

percent, MnO 0.07, ZnO 0.03, BaO tr, Li20 tr. Analyses of 2 black roofing-slate 

samples, one from Benson, Vt., the other from Slatington, Pa., showed these trace 

elements: Ti02 0.79, 0.78 percent, MnO 0.16, 0.09 percent, BaO 0.08, 0.08 percent.-

EBT 

00074 Clarke, F. W.; Washington, H. S. The composition of the earth's crust: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 127,117 p., 1924. 

Included in this calculation of the composition of the earth's crust is an analysis 

of a composite sample of 78 shales. The organic C content was found to be 0.80 

percent and the trace elements found were (in ppm}: Ti02 6,500, BaO 500, MnO 

tr., Li02 tr.-EBT 

00075 Cloud, P. E., Jr.; Gruner, J. W.; Hagen, Hannelore. Carbonaceous rocks of 

the Soudan Iron Formation (Early Precambrian): Science, v. 148, no. 3678, p. 1713-

1716, 1965. 

The Soudan Iron Formation occurs in northeastern Minnesota as large sedimentary 

lenses interstratifed with basalt flows and tuff layers, all more than 2.7 billion years 

old. Some thin layers and lenses of the Soudan rocks are so rich in carbon that 

they resemble impure graphitic coal, including pyrite balls 1 to 3.5 em in diameter 

such as are common in younger coals. The pyrite balls contain microstructures 

of possible biologic origin. The C13 :C12 and S34 :S32 ratios and minor-element 

composition are consistent with this interpretation. Hydrocarbons of presumed vital 

origin are also present, although they may not be endemic to the rock. Minor 

element contents in rocks from the Soudan mine are (in ppm) in carbon-rich rock 

(organic matter 24.2 percent): V20s 73, Pb 150, U 3.2; in pyritic rock (organic 

matter 20.2 percent): V20s 68, Pb 210, U 6.5; and in siliceous rock (organic matter 

2.4 percent): V20s 20, Pb 50, and U 0.87.-EBT 

00054 Cobb, J. C.; Kulp, J. L. Isotopic geochemistry of uranium and lead in the 

Swedish kolm and its associated shale: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 24, p. 

226-249' 1961. 

The U and Pb concentrations and isotopic composition in samples of kolm and 

associated black shale from the Peltura beds (Franconian Stage) of the Upper 

Cambrian of Sweden have been determined by isotope dilution techniques. The 

middle Upper Cambrian Swedish alum shales contain the highest amounts of U 

reported for any black shale. The U concentration is as high as 6,500 ppm in 

small organic-rich pods called "kolm" and is about 200 ppm for the shale itself. 

The kolm contains as much as 80 percent organic matter compared to 30 percent 

for the shale. Pb content in the kolm ranges from 177 to 363 ppm; in the black 

shale, from 27.8 to 44.9 ppm.-EBT 

00055 Conant, L. C.; Swanson, V. E. Chattanooga Shale and related rocks of central 

Tennessee and nearby areas: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 357, 91 p., 1961. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 

The age, stratigraphy, distribution, composition, paleogeography, paleontology, 

sedimentation, environment of deposition, and economic geology of the 

Chattanooga Shale of Late Devonian age are discussed. The average P20s content 

of the Chattanooga Shale is 0.12 percent. The U content averages 60 ppm in the 

Gassaway Member, 10 ppm in the upper unit of the Dowelltown Member, and 

30 ppm in the lower unit of the Dowelltown.-EBT 

00056 Correns, C. W. The geochemistry of the halogens, Chap. 7 in Ahrens, L. H., 

Rankama, Kalervo, and Runkorn, S. K., eds., Physics and chemistry of the earth: 

New York; McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., v. 1, p. 181-233, 1956. 

The geochemistry of F, Cl, Br, and I is discussed and an extensive bibliography 

given. Coarse clastic sediments contain less than average amounts of F and Cl, 

but about the same amounts of Br and I .as in igneous rocks. Because of clay 

mineral content, petites may contain more F and less Cl than the average 

abundances. Br and I contents increase in clay sediments rich in organic matter. 

The following contents are reported in pelites (in ppm): Diluvial clay, Mecklenburg, 

F 630, Cl 220, Br 1.7, P20s 970; Septarian clay, middle Oligocene, Mecklenburg, 

F 990, Cl 450, Br 58, P20s 870; Lias clay, Mecklenburg, F 760, Cl 210, Br 5.2, 

P20s 1,270; laminated marl, Upper Muschelkalk, Gottingen, F 1,780, Cl 210, Br 

5.5, P20s 1,370; clay bed in Middle Bunter sandstone, Lower Saxony, F 1,180, Cl 

170, Br 3, P20s 820; Wissenbach shale, Middle Devonian, Hartz, F 950, Cl 50, 

Br 4.2, P20s 1,230; green Keuper clay, south of Gottingen, F 690, Cl 370, Br 4.4, 

P20s 780.-EBT 

00057 Correns, C. W. Ober die Geochimie des Fluors und Chlors [On the geochemistry 

of fluorine and chlorine (in German)]: Neues Jahrb. Mineralogie Abh., v. 91, p. 

239-256, 1957. 

The Kulmkieselschiefer contained F in amounts ranging from 210 to 830 ppm with 

a mean of 510 ppm; and Cl ranging from 90 to 210 ppm. F contents in Japanese 

clay ranged from 200 to 1,100 ppm and in German clay from 550 to 1,780 ppm. 

The Cl contents in the German clay ranged from 50 to 450 ppm.-EBT 

00067 Coryell, C. D.; Chase, J. W.; Winchester, J. W. A procedure for geochemical 

interpretation of terrestrial rare-earth abundance patterns: Jour. Geophys. 

Research,v.68,no.2,p.559-566, 1963. 

A procedure for geochemical interpretation of rare-earth abundances in rocks and 

minerals is presented. The ratio of each rare-earth abundance in the sample to 

the corresponding value in chondritic meteorites (on logarithmic scale) is plotted 

as a function of atomic number. Normalization to chondrites compensates for 

element-to-element irregularities and reveals small relative abundance variations 

among neighboring rare earths as a result of natural processes. It is shown that 

increased order occurs, permitting interpolations and extrapolations to be made with 

fair confidence, and systematic rare-earth abundance patterns are made apparent. 

The usefulness of the procedure is discussed using several examples from existing 

literature, including Minami's composite (1935b) shale samples.-Authors' abs., 

modified. 

00076 Couderc, J. M. Les schistes bitumineux du Lias en Wurtemberg du Sud [The 

Liassic bituminous shales of south Wurtemberg (in French)]: Inst. Petroleum, Oil 

Shale and Cannel Coal, v. 2, p. 38-75, 1951. 

Included in this discussion of the bituminous shales of Liassic age from Wurtemberg 

is a review of their trace-element contents, taken partly from the literature and 

partly from unpublished analyses. In the residue of shale from Schomberg 0.2-

0.3 percent B203 was found. The shale from Holzmaden contained an average 

500 ppm V. The Posidonienschiefers in the German Lias contained 20 ppm Ni, 

20-50 ppm Mo, and 50-70 ppm V. Other analyses for major elements and of the 

bituminous material are given.-EBT 

00053 Crouse, C. S. The precious metal content of the black Devonian shales of 

Kentucky, in Thiessen, Reinhardt, White, David, and Crouse, C. S., Oil shales of 

Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 21, p. 49-58, 1925. 
16 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Samples of black Devonian oil shale collected in Kentucky were roasted and then 

assayed for Ag and Au. Results, by counties, are (converted to ppm): Bath, Ag 

7.1, Au 0.34; Boyle, Ag 0.51, Au tr; Bullitt, Ag 7.5, Au 0.34; Casey, Ag 2.9, Au 

0.51; Clark, Ag 1, Au 0.34; Cumberland, Ag 1.7, Au 0.68; Elliott, Ag 3.9, Au 0.51; 

Estill, Ag tr, Au tr; Fleming, Ag 1.1, Au tr; Garrard, Ag 14, Au 0.34; Jefferson, 

Ag 0.68, Au 0.34; Lee, Ag 0.34, Au 0.0; Lewis, Ag 0.51, Au 0.51; Lincoln, Ag 

1.4, Au tr; Madison, Ag 2.7, Au 0.34; Marion, Ag 0.85, Au 0.17; Montgomery, 

Ag 0.85, Au 0.51; Nelson, Ag 7.7, Au 0.17; Powell, Ag 1.36, Au 0.34; Rockcastle, 

Ag 0.51, Au tr; Rowan, Ag 1.87, Au 0.51; and Taylor, Ag 5.6, Au 0.51. The precious 

metal content is well disseminated throughout the district.-EBT 

Cucue1, Friedrich. See Stock, Alfred. 00298 

Culkin, F. See Burton, J.D. 00070 

00077 Curtis, C. D. Studies in the use of boron as a paleoenvironment indicator: 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 28, p. 1125-1137, 1964. 

Profiles of B analytical data for the Mansfield and Ryhope marine bands in the 

British Coal Measures of Late Carboniferous age at three localities in Yorkshire 

and Durham show marked similarities. Higher B contents are found in the marine 

band than above or below it. Faunal evidence, however, shows that the 

B/paleosalinity relationship is complex. Differing interpretations based on 

paleontologic evidence and B data are not made more compatible by considering 

B/K ratios. If the salinity relationship is ignored, B content, organic C content, 

and clay mineral content are intimately related. From a survey of published 

analytical data, a new mechanism of B concentration is postulated, which 

rationalizes many conflicts about B and paleosalinity. In the cores B content ranged 

from 23 to 125 ppm; K, from 0.82 to 4.45 percent.-Author's abs., modified. 

Danilchik, Walter. See Hyden, H. J. 00184 

00078 Davidson, C. F. The Kolm deposits of Sweden: Mining Mag. [London], v. 

105,no.4,p.201-207, 1961. 

The nodular, uranium-rich carbonaceous material known as kolm, found in the 

Upper Cam brian alum shales of Sweden, most probably originated as a hydrocarbon 

gel during the diagenesis of the shales, probably in latest Cambrian but possibly 

in Ordovician times. There is a strong presumption that the U in kolm has accreted 

by epigenetic introduction from the shales and that losses of Ra and radiogenic 

Pb have occurred at more than one period. The range of UsOs content in the 

kolm is from 0.14 to 0.64 percent with an average value of 0.45 percent. The average 

recorded value for the mid-Upper Cambrian horizons of the alum shale is 0.02 

percent UsOs with a comparatively high tenor of V, W, Mo, Ni, Zn, Cu, and other 

heavy metals.-EBT 

00052 Davidson, D. F.; Gulbrandsen, R. A. Selenium in the Phosphoria Formation 

in Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Montana [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 68, 

no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1714, 1957. 

The Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation 

in Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Montana contains some of the most seleniferous 

sedimentary rocks known; the most seleniferous of these are in southeastern Idaho 

and western Wyoming. The highest concentrations of Se are in carbonaceous 

mudstone and phosphate rock. Se content in phosphate rock ranges from a few 

to 300 ppm and in mudstone, from a few to more than 1,500 ppm. Se content 

shows a crude positive correlation with the contents of S and carbonaceous materials. 

No consistent correlation was found between Se and P205. The positive correlation 

between Se and V suggested by earlier workers is not consistent, but the highest 

content of Se occurs in the carbonaceous mudstone zone that contains a few tenths 

to more than 1 percent V 205.-Authors' abs., condensed. 

00079 Davidson, D. F.; Lakin, H. W. Metal content of some black shales of the western 

United States, in Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C329-C331, 1961. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of 6 carbonaceous marine shales of 

Paleozoic age from (l) Minnelusa Formation, S. Dak., (2) Phosphoria Formation, 

Wyo., (3) Deseret Limestone, Utah, (4) Chainman Shale, Nev., (5) unnamed, Fish 

Creek Range, Nev., and (6) Comus Formation, Nev., are presented. Contents found are (in ppm) in (1): Pb XO, Mn, XO, Cu 70-1,500, Zn <500, Ni 70-1,500, V 1,500-

3,000, Mo 70-3,000, Ag 0-XOO, Cr 150-300, Se 130-150; in (2): Pb 10-50, Mn 

100-300, Cu 100-300, Zn 700-10,000, Ni 150-1,500, V 500-7,000, Mo 50-500, Ag 

2-30, Cr 500-5,000, Se 100-675; in (3): Pb 0, Mn XO-XOO, Cu XO, Zn XOO-X,OOO, 

Ni XO-XOO, V X,OOO, Mo X-XO, Ag XO, Cr XOO, Se 24-110; in (4): Pb 30, Mn 

300, Cu 200, Zn 2,000, Ni 100, V 1,000, Mo 50, Ag 20, Cr 1,000, Se 20; in (5): 

Pb <10-20, Mn 20-500, Cu 15-100, Zn < 150-5,000, Ni 10-100, V 200-2,000, Mo 

5-50, Ag < 1-2, Cr 50-150, Se 7-290; in (6): Pb 30, Mn 100-150, Cu 200-500, 

Zn 2,000-3,000, Ni 150-700, V 3,000, Mo <2-10, Ag 5-30, Cr 200-300, Se < 1-

1. [X- 1 to 9).-EBT 

00080 Davidson, D. F.; Lakin, H. W. Metalliferous shales in the United States [abs.): 

Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 68, p. 18, 1962a. 

As of December 1960 four shale units are known in the western United States whose 

metal contents are comparable to those of shale units considered ores in other parts 

of the world. These include the so-called "vanadiferous shale" in the Permian 

Phosphoria Formation in western Wyoming and southeastern Idaho, the Ordovician 

Comus Formation near Golconda, Nev., an unnamed lower Paleozoic formation 

in the Fish Creek Range near Eureka, Nev., and shale in the Mississsippian Deseret 

Limestone at Mercur Dome near Tintic, Utah. The shales are black and rich in 

orgaric matter. Samples collected from these rocks contain as much as 1.5 percent 

Zn, 5 percent V, 1-2 percent Ni, 0.7 percent Se, and lesser amounts of other metals.-

Authors' abs., condensed. 

00081 Davidson, D. F.; Lakin, H. W. Metal content of some black shales of the western 

conterminous United States, in Short papers in geology and hydrology: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 450-C, p. C74, 1962b. 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses (Se determined by chemical analysis) of 

samples of carbonaceous marine shale from beds in 9 Paleozoic formations, Milligen 

Formation, Custer County, Idaho; Heath Formation, Fergus County, Mont.; 

Madison Limestone, Gallatin County, Mont.; Three Forks Shale, Gallatin County, 

Mont.; unnamed, Toquima Range, Nye County, Nev.; Chainman Shale, White Pine 

County, Nev.; unnamed, Taylor Canyon, Elko County, Nev.; unnamed, Goose 

Creek Valley, Elko County, Nev.; and Manning Canyon Shale, Utah County, Utah, 

are presented. The range in contents is (in ppm): Pb 10-70, Mn 100-500, Cu 

70-700, Zn <200-3,000, Ni 50-200, V 1,000-3,000, Mo <2-300, Ag <l-15, Cr 70-

500, Fe 5,000-30,000, Se -- 75.-EBT 

00051 Deans, T. The Kupferschiefer and the associated lead-zinc mineralization in 

the Permian of Silesia, Germany, and England: Internat. Geol. Cong., 18th, 

London, 1948, Rept., pt. 7, p. 340-352, 1950. 

Modern literature on the Kupferschiefer is reviewed. This formation contains much more Pb and Zn than Cu; Cu is restricted to small areas. The mineralization is 

zoned; copper sulfides occur at the base, maximum galena next, and sphalerite above. 

In central Germany this sequence is 1 m thick, but in the equivalent Kupfermergel 

and Bleimergel of Lower Silesia Pb and Zn zones persist into Middle Zechstein 

deposits. Galena characterizes the Kupferschiefer in northwest Germany and the 

Marl Slate in northeast England; sphalerite in the Lower Magnesian Limestone of 

Durham, and perhaps that in the Osnabriick Zechstein limestones, may represent 

the end phase of this mineralization. Cu, Pb, and Zn may have entered the Zechstein sea largely in meteoric ground waters; the traces of V, Ni, and Mo may be mainly 

biogenetic concentrations. In general, unmineralized Marl Slate contains (in ppm): 

V 950, Pb 400-700, Cu 90-120, Mo 310, Ni 230, Co 30, Zn <20-20, Cr 13. General 

content of trace elements in the Kupferschiefer, compiled from several sources, are (in ppm): V 400-2,000, Cu 100-30,000, Mo 150-300, Ni 40-400, Co 30-180, Cr 

10-100.-Author's abs., modified. 
18 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

00082 Degenhardt, Heinz. Untersuchungen zur geochemischen Verteilung des 

Zirkoniums in der Lithosphare [Investigation of the geochemical distribution of 

zirconium in the lithosphere (in German; English abs.)]: Geochim. et Cosmochim. 

Acta, v. II, p. 279-309, 1957. 

Minerals and rocks (287 samples) were analyzed for Zr by a colorimetric method. 

Analyses indicate that almost all rock-forming minerals contain small quantities 

of Zr. The average Zr content of the lithosphere, calculated from analyzed igneous 

rocks according to their relative abundances, is !56 ppm. Generally sedimentary 

rocks contain about the same amount of Zr as igneous rocks. The Zr content in 

clays and shales (average, 160 ppm) is fairly constant, but in sandstones, especially 

quartzites, it varies greatly. The Devonian Wissenbacher Schiefer, Hartz, contains 

134 ppm Zr; the Devonian Dachschiefer, Rothaargebirge, 110; the Kulmtonschiefer, 

Silesia, 164; the Permian Kupferschiefer, Mansfeld and Werra, 137 and 170; Lias 

a, Ziegelei Parensen, 110; and the Lias e, Mecklenburg, 120 ppm Zr.-Author's 

abs., modified. 

00048 Degens, E. T.; Williams, E. G.; Keith, M. L. Application of geochemical criteria, 

pt. 2 of Environmental studies of Carboniferous sediments: Am. Assoc. Petroleum 

Geologists Bull., v. 42, no. 5, p. 981-997, 1958. 

Investigation shows that the fresh-water or marine character of sedimentary rocks 

can be determined by geochemical criteria. An environmental diagram with B, Ga, 

and Rb abundances as variables shows some overlap of data from fresh-water and 

marine rocks, but a zone of overlap can be defined by straight lines so that 80 

percent of a group of Pennsylvanian shales and limestones are classified in accord 

with the evidence of diagnostic fossils. In marine shales the averages are (in ppm): 

B 115, Ga 8, and Rb 281; in fresh-water shales they are: B 44, Ga 17, and Rb 

139. It is likely that trace element studies will be generally useful in stratigraphy 

and paleogeography by facilitating environmental determination of nonfossiliferous 

rocks.-Authors' abs., modified. 

00083 Degens, E. T.; Williams, E. G.; Keith, M. L. Geochemical criteria for 

differentiating marine from fresh-water shales, pt. I of Environmental studies of 

Carboniferous sediments: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologist Bull., v. 41, no. 11, 

p. 2427-2455, 1957; abs., Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 68, p. 1715, 1957. 

Trace-element assemblages and clay-mineral ratios are in some respects 

characteristic of the depositional environment of shales. B and Rb are more 

abundant in samples of marine shales than in samples of fresh-water shales (both 

of Pennsylvanian age), whereas Ga is more abundant in the fresh-water group. 

Ag, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, Zn and Mo are selectively enriched in the ash of organic 

matter in shales. Ni and V are concentrated in the organic fraction of marine shales; 

Pb, Zn, Cu and Sn are more highly concentrated in the organic fraction of freshwater shales. In the Appalachian coal basin it appears possible to differentiate 

marine shales from fresh-water shales by quantitative spectrographic determination 

of B, Ga, and Rb. Ranges of trace-element contents in the shales studied are (in 

ppm; range of contents in ash of the organic fraction given in parentheses): marine, 

Ag nd {2-8), B 50-150 (70), Ba 300-600 (250-400), Be 6-15 (10), Co nd-40 (20-

40), Cr 40-100 (60-80), Cu 50-120 (100-800), Ga nd-40, Mn 250-4,000 (200-2,500), 

Mo nd-4 (nd-6), Ni 20-100 (70-150), Pb 15-50 (40-150), Rb 70-500 (100), Sn 2-

5 (5-1 0), Sr 300-600 (200-300), V 20-70 ( 150-200), Zn nd-250 (300-1 ,000); brackishwater, Ag nd (l-4), B 45-130 (60-80), Ba 400-700 (400-600), Be 7-20 (15), Co nd10 {10-30), Cr 40-100 (50-70), Cu 35-100 (200-900), Ga 2-45 (--), Mn 250-2,000 

(200-350), Mo nd-3 (nd-3), Ni 10-40 (30-40), Pb nd-70 (30-50), Rb 60-450 (150-

200), Sn nd-30 (20-80), Sr 300-800 ( 400), V 20-60 ( 60-80), Zn nd (l ,500); freshwater, Ag nd (2-5), B 15-70 (15-30), Ba 250-1,000 (300-400), Be 9-20 (10-20), Co 

nd-10 {10-40), Cr 40-200 (60-100), Cu 40-100 (500-1 ,500), Ga 7-40 (15), Mn 200-

3,000 (200-700), Mo nd-3 {3-4), Ni 15-40 (20-25), Pb 10-80 (100-400), Rb 20-

300 (80-100), Sn 2-10 (20-40), Sr 200-600 (200-300), V 30-80 (80-100), Zn nd (400-

1 ,500).-A uthors' abs., modified. 

Degens, E. T. See Keith, M. L. 00194 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 

00050 Degens, Egon. Geochemische Untersuchungen zur Faziesbestimmung im 

Ruhrkarbon und im Saarkarbon ·[Geochemical investigations toward determining 

facies of the Ruhr- and Saar-Carboniferous (in German)]: Gliickauf, v. 94, no. 

15/16, p. 513-520, 1958. 

Sedimentary rocks of Carboniferous age were analyzed in order to correlate 

composition with marine, brackish, or fresh-water origin as previously determined 

by fossil content. The samples (226) were analyzed for Mn, Fe, C02, and P, and 

24 samples were analyzed for trace elements. The average trace elements contents 

in marine facies are (in ppm): Ba 860, Sr 300, Ni 16, Mo 13, Cu 360, Ga 10, 

Ti 3,800, Cr 85, V 85, B 30; in nonmarine facies: Ba 610, Sr 100, Ni 10, Mo 

10, Cu 120, Ga 20, Ti 7,300, Cr 165, V 165, B 12. The ratio, Mn:Fe, is characteristic 

of a facies and it averages 0.014 for nonmarine and 0.025 for marine facies. Ba, 

Sr. Cu, Ni, Mo, and B follow the Mn trend; Cr, Ga, Ti, and V are distributed 

inversely to Mn. Subsequent coalification processes may cause some redistribution 

of the elements.-EBT 

00049 DeGrazia, A. R.; Haskin, Larry. On the gold contents of rocks: Geochim. 

et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 28, p. 559-564, 1964. 

A neutron activation technique was used to examine 41 materials for their gold 

contents. The spread in gold concentrations was found to be relatively narrow, 

between 0.6 and 44 ppb, for the fairly wide variety of samples. A crustal gold 

abundance of about 2.5 ppb is indicated. The Muncie Creek Shale Member of 

Wyandotte County, Kansas, contains 7.2 ppb gold. [Note: The Muncie Creek 

is a 1- to 3-ft black shale member of the lola Limestone of Missouri (Pennsylvanian) 

age.]-EBT 

00084 Deul, Maurice. Concentration of minor elements in carbonaceous fractions 

mechanically segregated from some sedimentary rocks [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America 

Bull., v. 67, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1686-1687, 1956. 

Certain elements are concentrated in organic fractions in sedimentary rock; their 

enrichment factors in the organic matter are compared with the mineral matter. 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses were made on the ash of organic and 

mineral separates and on original rock; the results were converted from ash basis 

to original basis for comparisons. Except for U, La, and Ce, none of the elements 

concentrated in the organic material is dominantly lithophile. V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, 

Zn, Mo. Ag, Pb, and Sn characteristically form complex compounds which might 

be fixed with organic material. The mineral fractions show the expected 

concentrations of Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr. Elements not 

significantly concentrated in either fraction are Be, Sc, Cr, Ga, M n, Y, and Yb. 

Neither Bi (limit of detection 50 ppm) norGe (limit of detection 10 ppm) was found 

in any fraction.-Author's abs., condensed. 

00040 Dunham, K. C. Syngenetic and diagenetic mineralization in Yorkshire: 

Yorkshire Geol. Soc. Proc., v. 32, pt. 3, p. 229-284, 1960. 

The bedded iron ores, sulfide-bearing black shales and evaporites of Yorkshire are 

described. Abundant decaying vegetable or animal matter was necessary to produce 

the low Eh, low pH, and available C02 to form both the clay-ironstones of the 

Coal Measures and the sideritic chamosite-oolites of the Jurassic. The alum shales 

and the ironstones in the Coal Measures and the Jurassic rocks contain significant 

Zn, Pb, and Cu. The Margaritatus zone of the Lias contains siderite nodules with 

cracks filled with pyrite, sphalerite, and barite, probably concentrated from the 

surrounding shale. The Permian Marl Slate (Kupferschiefer), a thin dolomitic 

carbonaceous siltstone near the base of the Permian, contains from 100 to 1,000 

times the base-metal content of average geochemical background.-EBT 

Dunham, K. C. See Hirst, D. M. 00085 

00041 Dunham, Kingsley .. Black shale, oil and sulfide ore: Adv. Sci., v. 18, no. 73, 

p. 284-299, 1961. 
20 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Black mud presently forms in swamps, estuaries, lagoons, silled marine basins, and 

in hollows where stagnation prevails on the sea floor. Widespread precipitation 

of iron sulfide and some U is occurring, but precipitation of other metal sulfides 

is not known. Evidence front the past suggests that although other metals may 

have been concentrated in ancient black muds, such metals as Cu, Zn and Pb are 

concentrated only under very special local conditions like the introduction of 

hydrothermal fluids into a stagnant environment by submarine springs. New 

analyses of the Jet Rock Shale and the alum shale of Jurassic age from Yorkshire 

show minor-element contents, except Pb, within the average range for ordinary 

shale. Stagnation under euxinic or similar conditions or rapid deposition in 

organically productive waters leads to the preservation of C and other biophile 

elements mostly as stable kerogen in black shale; sapropelic muds will yield kerogen 

that produces hydrocarbons upon distillation. The role of anaerobic bacteria in 

precipitation of sulfides is important. Minor element contents in the alum shale, 

Jet Rock Shale and Marl Slate, as estimated from a logarithmic plot of the data, are (in ppm}: alum shale, Cu 50, Pb 70, Sr 200, Zn 70; Jet Rock Shale, Ba 200, 

Co 20, Cu 40, Ni 100, Pb 80, Sr 230, V 200, Zn 80; Marl Slate, Ba 2,000, Co 

25, Cu 90-200, Ni 200, Pb 400-500, V 300, Zn 120-200.-EBT 

00046 E~kschlagerova, Marcela. Pflspevek k geochemii vanadu v silurskych bfidlichich 

[Vanadium geochemistry in Silurian slates (in Czech; English and Russian summ.)): 

Sbornik Vysoke Skoly, Chern.-Technol. v Praze, Oddil Fak. Anorg. a Org. Techn., 

p. 297-302, 1958. 

The content of V in relation to the content of bitumen in Silurian slates, taken 

from Prague "Vyskocilka" was traced. The slates are enriched in V not only above 

its clarke value, but above the average V content in sedimentary rocks. The greatest 

V content is in the marginal parts of the slate band. V content is directly 

proportional to bitumen content. The amount ofV in Tertiary slates of the Lfteii 

layers is estimated at 765 ppm.-Author's English abs., modified. 

00047 Edgington, Glen; Byers, H. G. Selenium content and chemical analyses, pt. 9 

ofGeology and biology of North Atlantic deep-sea cores between Newfoundland 

and Ireland: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 196-F, p. 151-155, 1942. 

The content of organic matter, determined in 123 samples, ranges from 0.1 to 1.0 

percent of the total weight and averages about 0.5 percent. The organic matter 

content tends to be greater in the warm zones than in the cold zones and generally 

it is slightly greater in sediments deposited where the surface water was relatively 

warm. The organic content is related to texture and increases with increasing 

fineness of the sediments. The core from the continental shelf off Ocean City, Md., 

contained the most Se-at the top 0.6 ppm; at I m, 1 ppm; and at 2 m, 2 ppm. 

In samples from the North Atlantic cores Se content ranged from 0.06 to 0.8 ppm. 

One sample from the Bartlett Deep contained 0.2 ppm Se; all others contained less 

than 0.008 ppm.-EBT 

Egamberdyev, M. V. See Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00022 

Ehmann, W. D. See Baedecker, P. A. 00007 

00042 Eisentraut, Otto. Der niederschlesische Zechstein und seine Kupferlagerstatte 

[The Lower Silesian Zechstein and some copper ore deposits (in German)]: Arkiv 

Lagerstattenf., no. 71, 116 p., 1939. 

The stratigraphy, correlations between depositional basins and between adjoining 

regions, paleontology, paleogeography, structure, and geochemistry of the Zechstein 

rocks in Silesia are discussed with special attention directed toward the 

Kupfermergel. Analyses of the JS.upfermergel are compared with those of the 

Kupferschiefer at Mansfeld. The marly facies of the Kupfermergel in the Haaseler 

Basin showed the following range in composition (in percent): CaO 6-43, MgO 

1.8-3.6, AbOa 8-20, Si02 9-52, Na20 +'K20 2.7-7.4, organic C 0.5-1, C02 from 

carbonate 5-18, Cu 0.6-2.1, Fe 0.9-3.3, S 0.2-2, Ag 21-57 ppm. In the Groditzer 

Basin the mean va-lues in the Kupfermergel were (in percent): CaO 22, MgO 3.8, 

AbOa l I, Si02 29, Na20 + K20 5.3, organic C I, Cu 1.2, Fe 2.4, S I, and Ag 

43 ppm.-EBT 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 21 

00043 Ekiert, Franciszek. Warunki geologiczne i objawy mineralizacji Cechsztynu w 

niecce Manfeldskie (Sprawozdanie z pobytu w NRD) [Geological conditions and 

the mineralogical character of the Zechstein in the Mansfeld basin (report from 

a stay in the German Democratic Republic) (in Polish; English and Russian summ.)]: 

Warsaw Inst. Geologiczny Biul. 126, p. 57-110, 1958. 

The copper-bearing shale deposits contain the following syngenetic minerals: native 

silver, chalcocite, bornite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, argentite, galena, sphalerite, 

stromeyerite, and tetrahedrite. So far, 51 elements have been found in the shale. 

Of these, V, Ni, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd, Se, Re, Pb, and Au are present in commerically 

important amounts. The Mansfeld deposits are related to those in the Harz 

Mountains. During Lower Zechstein sedimentation, hydrothermal solutions 

carrying heavy-metal compounds reached the surface through fissures, both in the 

Harz and on its margin. Part of these solutions was transported directly into the 

Zechstein sea; another part mixed with meteoric water on land and was carried 

to the sea. Sulfides were precipitated from the sea water simultaneously with the 

deposition of the Mansfeld shales in the highly reducing environment caused by 

the lagoonal nature of the Zechstein sea.-EBT 

Emel'yanov, E. M. See Kochenov, A. V. 00405 

00044 Engelhardt, Wolf. Die Geochemie des Barium [The geochemistry of barium (in 

German)]: Chemie der Erde, v. 10, p. 187-246, 1936. 

Two quantitative spectroanalytical methods to determine Ba in rocks are described. 

Using these methods, 225 individual rocks and minerals, composite samples of rocks 

and minerals, meteorites, and samples from the biosphere were analyzed for Ba. 

The average Ba content in shales is 500 ppm; in the composite sample of 36 European 

Paleozoic shales, 550 ppm; in the composite sample of 14 Japanese Paleozoic shales, 

580 ppm; in 10 Japanese Mesozoic shales, 300 ppm; in 9 southern Scandinavian 

Dictyograptus shales, 1,200 ppm; and in the Mansfeld Kupferschiefer, 75 ppm. 

During the formation of sedimentary rocks, Ba, carried by rivers to the sea, is almost 

entirely removed from the water by sorption on clay layers, forming barium-rich 

shales on the shelf areas of the continents.-EBT 

00403 Engels, Bruno. Ober die Fazies des Hunsriickschiefers [Facies of the Hunsruck 

Shale (in German)): Geol. Rundschau, v. 45, no. 1, p. 143-150, 1956. 

A study of the Hunsruck Shales of Early Devonian age shows that they were 

deposited in shallow seas. Spectroscopic-chemical analyses of 7 samples show the 

following possible average contents (in percent): Si 10-100, AI 3-30, Na 3-30, Fe 

l-10, Mg l-10, K 0.3-3, Ca 0.1-l, Ti 0.03-0.3, Mn 0.01-0.1, Pb 0.001-0.01, V 

0.0003-0.003, Ni 0.0003-0.003, and Cu 0.00003-0.0003. One sample deviated from 

these spectrographic ranges, showing Ca 0.3-3, Ti 0.1-1, Pb 0.01-0.1, and Cu 0.0001-

0.001 percent.-EBT 

Erd, R. C. See Murata, K. J. 00153 

00045 Erdman, J. G.; Ramsey, V. G. Rates of oxidation of petroleum asphaltenes and 

other bitumens by alkaline permanganate: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 25, 

p. 175-188, 1961. 

A variety of organic materials including coal, oil shale, bitumens, and organic matter 

separated by HC1 and HF from carbonaceous rocks were subjected to oxidation 

by alkaline permanganate for comparison. Elemental and ash analyses of selected 

samples show the following (in percent): nonmarine organic matter from clay of 

Pennsylvanian age below the Pittsburg coal seam, S 1.18, C 33.4, H 3.1, 0 8.0, 

N 1.00, ash 48.82, Fe 1.35, V --, Ni --; oil shale, Green River Formation of Eocene 

age, S 3.15, C 65.7, H 9.1, 0 8.9, N 2.13, ash 8.63, Fe 1.57, V 0.006, Ni 0.009; 

La Luna Limestone, marine of Early Cretaceous age, Venezuela, S 6.87, C 78.0, 

H 6.1, 0 7 .6, N 1.13, ash 5.34, Fe 0.63, V 0.53, Ni 0.084-Authors' abs., modified. 

Erickson, R. L. See Gott, G. B. 00111 
22 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

00044 Ericson, D. B.; Ewing, Maurice; Wollin, Goesta; Heezen, B. C. Atlantic deepsea sediment cores: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 2, p. 193-286, 1961. 

Lithologic, grain-size distribution, micropaleontologic and chemical analyses of 221 

Atlantic and Caribbean deep-sea cores lead to new conceptions of processes of 

sedimentation, rates of accumulation, Pleistocene chronology, and pre-Pleistocene 

history of the Atlantic basin. Pre-Pleistocene sediments were found in 41 cores; 

the oldest was Late Cretaceous. The fairly common occurrence of plant debris 

in graded layers proves that organic matter can be transported by turbidity currents. 

Hydrotroilite, commonly present in the clayey parts of the graded layers, is indirect 

evidence of finely divided organic matter. Spectrochemical analyses of top samples 

of deep-sea cores have the following range in minor-element composition (in ppm): 

SrO <50-1,800, MnO 160-> 1,800, CuO <30-170, V205 <50-300, BaO <40-560, 

Cr203 <100-1,800, B203 200-1,100, and PbO <50-240.-EBT 

Erlenmeyer, H. See Blumer, Max. 00017 

00128 Ernst, Werner. Diagnose der Salinitatsfazies mit Hilfe des Bors [Diagnosis of 

saline facies with the aid of boron (in German; English abs.)J: Fortschr. Geologie 

Rheinland u. Westfalen, v. 10, p. 239-252, 1963. 

The B contents of the Upper Carboniferous strata depend principally on the original 

salinity of the area of sedimentation. The quartz content of the argillaceous 

sediments and the quantities of micaceous minerals have only a subordinate 

influence. In contrast to this, the climate appears to have an effect that manifests 

itself by increase in the B contents from the Westphalian Carboniferous on. In 

the Upper Carboniferous rocks studied, > 350 ppm B indicated marine facies, 250-

350 ppm B indicated brackish facies, and <250 ppm indicated fresh-water facies.-

Author's abs., modified. 

00129 Ernst, Werner; Krejci-Graf, K.; Werner, H. Parallelisierung von Leithorizonten 

im Ruhrkarbon mit Hilfe des Bor-Gehaltes [Correlation of index horizons in the 

Ruhr Carboniferous by means of the boron content (in German; English abs.)]: 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 14, p. 211-222, 1958. 

Pelitic sediments of Carboniferous age in the Ruhr district have varying amounts 

of B related to the degree of salinity of the water in which the sediments were 

deposited. B203 contents in fresh-water sediments range from 50 to 150 ppm; in 

typical marine sediments they range from 300 to 600 ppm. These contents seem 

to be stable during diagenesis and weathering; with incipient metamorphism they 

seem to decrease.-Authors' abs., modified. 

00131 Ernst, Werner. Bestimmung der Salinitatsfazies tertiarer Tone der 

Niederrheinischen Bucht mit Hilfe des Bor-Gehaltes [Determination of the salinity 

facies of Tertiary clays of the lower Rhine Embayment by means of the boron 

content (in German)], in Ahrens, Wilhelm, ed., Die Niederrheinischen 

Braunkohlenformation: Fortschr. Geologie Rheinland u. Westfalen, v. 1, p. 93-

94, 1958. 

The B content in clays of Tertiary age in the lower Rhine Embayment was studied. 

The average content in 7 marine marly clays of middle Oligocene age was 420 ppm 

B203 and the average content in 9 Miocene terrestrial clays in the Brown Coal 

formation was 240 ppm B203.-EBT 

00130 Evans, W. D. The organic solubilization of minerals in sediments, in Colombo, 

Umberto, and Hobson, G. D., eds., Advances in organic geochemistry: InternaL 

Ser. Mon. Earth Sci., v. 15, p. 263-270, 1964. 

Organic solubilization of minerals bears little relation to their inorganic solubility. 

The relatively insoluble sulfides of Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, and most other metals 

are profoundly influenced by alanine and all a-amino acids tested, as well as 

adenosine triphosphate. Oxides and hydroxides of Fe and AI are practically 

insoluble in organic solubilizers and are formed as precipitates from solutions during 

decomposition of N a-A TP. These reactions suggest an explanation for the origin 

ofseat earths associated with coal seams in England.-JDV 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 23 

Ewing, Maurice. See Ericson, D. B. 00044 

00132 Fahey,J. J. Saline minerals of the Green River Formation: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 405, 50 p., 1962. 

The drill core from the John Hay, Jr., well 1, in Sweetwater County, Wyo., was 

studied by the U.S. Geological Survey. The well penetrated the Wilkins Peak 

Member of the Green River Formation of early and middle Eocene age. Fourteen 

samples of oil shale from the drill core ranging in depth from 1,275 to 1, 700 ft 

that contained a minimum amount of saline minerals were analyzed. Chemical 

analysis showed the following range in composition (in percent): Si02 15.42-35.03, 

Ab03 1.98-8.64, Fe203 0.50-2.48, FeO 0.65-1.25, Ti02 0.10-0.31, P20s 0.00-0.22, 

CaO 9.35-21.37, MgO 4.74-16.69, BaO 0.00-0.02, MnO 0.02-0.11, Na20 1.04-12:15, 

K20 1.94-4.93, Li20 0.02-0.09, S03 0.00, S 0.08-2.17,Cl 0.04-2.38, C02 14.44-

33.10, and organic matter 1.07-21.11. Quantitative spectrographic analysis showed 

the following range in minor element composition (in ppm): Cu 72-2,400, Mo nd220, Pb nd-40, Mn 200-900, Co nd-60; Ni 20-80, Cr 30-50, V 50-100, Sc nd2, Y nd-20, Ti 90-2,000, Zr 10-70, Sr 800-5,000, Ba 60-2,000, Li 100-400, B 20-

200.-EBT 

00126 Falke, Horst. Die bituminosen Schiefer des Beckens von Autun 

(Zentralfrankreich) [The bituminous shales of the Autun basin (central France) (in 

German)]: Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae, v. 51, no. 3, p. 623-634, 1959. 

Chemical analyses of clay rock and bituminous material from the bituminous shales 

of Early Permian age are presented. V 20s contents reported from the bituminous 

shale are 170 and 190 ppm; Cr203 contents reported are 120 and 90 ppm.-EBT 

Feely, H. W. See Turekian, K. K. 00350 

Fesser, Hermann. See Seibold, Eugen. 00304 

00127 Fischer, R. P. Geochemistry and geology, Chap. 3 in Busch, P. M., Vanadium, a materials survey: U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 8060, p. 26-32, 1961. 

Clays and shales contain about 120 ppm V, sandstones about 20, and carbonate 

rocks less than 10. As a rule, V content increases with an increase in argillaceous 

material and especially with an increase in organic matter; V is rather highly 

concentrated in some coal, petroleum, and asphalt. Shale beds about 35 to 50 ft 

below the top of the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian 

Phosphoria Formation in southeastern Idaho and western Wyoming contain as much as 1.5 to 2.5 percent V 20s, and the entire zone averages 0.85 percent. The beds 

also contain 0.02 to 0.1 percent Mo, 0.02 to 0.3 percent Ni, and as much as 0.1 

percent Se. Similar vanadiferous shales are present at the base of the Mississippian 

Deseret Limestone in the southwestern part of the Oquirrh Mountains, U tab.-EBT 

00133 Fix, C. E. Selected annotated bibliography of the geology and occurrence of 

uranium-bearing marine black shales in the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

1059-F,p.263-325, 1958. 

This bibliography consists of 81 annotated references to reports available to the 

public before June 30, 1956, concerned with the geology and occurrence of U in 

marine black shales. The annotations, arranged alphabetically by author, present 

information on geology, geographic distribution, environment of deposition, mode 

of occurrence, and analytical data. A map shows the distribution and U content 

of uraniferous shales in the United States including Alaska. The data in the 

annotations are indexed according to author, geographic area, stratigraphic units, 

and subject.-Author's abs., modified. 

Flegontova, E. I. See Katchenkov, S.M. 00192 

Flegontova, E. I. See Katchenkov, S.M. 00215 

00124 Fleischer, Michael. Some aspects of the geochemistry of yttrium and the 

lanthanides: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 29, no. 7, p. 755-772, 1965. 
24 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

The relative abundances of the lanthanides in limestones and shales are essentially 

identical even though shales contain about 4 times as much in absolute amounts. 

Shales contain 116 ppm lanthanides (La-Lu) and 23 ppm Y; limestones, 28 ppm 

lanthanides and 5.6 ppm Y. Nothing is known of the form in which the lanthanides 

are present in limestones and shales; they might be present as adsorbed material on clays.-EBT 

Fleischer, Michael. See Wright, T. L. 00316 

00122 Flek, Jindrich. Vitriolove bridlice Hromnicke [The vitriol shales of Hromnice 

(in Czech; English summ.)]: Czechoslovakia Statmbo Geol. Ostavu Vestnfk, v. 

25, no. 1,p.49-56, 1950. 

The large deposit of vitriol shales at Hromnice was the supply of raw material for 

manufacture of fuming sulfuric acid through almost all the 19th century. These 

marine shales of Algonkian [Precambrian] age are almost black, laminated, locally 

weakly lustrous, and impregnated with pyrite. Chemical analysis of the shale shows 

about 3 percent C, 1.10 percent SOa, 6.12 percent FeS2, and 17.34 percent AbOa. 

A very pure pyrite concentrate representing 5.4 percent of the original rock was 

obtained by sluicing. Spectrographic analysis of this concentrate shows the following 

trace element content (in ppm): Mo 100, W < 10, Co 1,700, Ni 1,300, Ag 25, Au 

<5, Zn 700, Cd <10, Hg <10, Ga 100, In 50, Tl <50, Ge <50, Sn nd, Pb 3,000, 

As 500, Sb < 100, and Bi nd.-EBT 

00123 Fleming, G. A.; Walsh, T. Selenium occurrence in certain Irish soils and its 

toxic effects on animals: Royal Irish Acad.' Proc., v. 58, sec. B. no. 7, p. 151-

166, 1957. 

Rock samples were collected from outcrops of Upper and Middle Carboniferous 

limestones and associated shale and sandstone beds of the Y oredale and Pendleside 

series. Se contents in shale samples from counties affected by chronic Se poisoning 

of livestock were (in ppm): pyritiferous shale, Limerick County, 8.9, 29.5; shale 

bed, Limerick County, 0.85, 5.8; shale bed in limestone, Limerick County, 2.0; shale 

bed, Tipperary County, 0.1, 0.1, 0.25; weathered shale, Meath County, 13.0. Se 

contents in shale samples from some unaffected counties were (in ppm): Upper 

A von ian shale, Lei trim County, 6.1; shale coal measure, Clare County, 6.1; Upper 

Avonian shale, Dublin County, 1.3; Upper Avonian shale, Mayo County, 1.7.-EBT 

Fleming, G. A. See Walsh, T. 00343 

00134 Frohlich, F. Beitrag zur Geochemie des Chroms [Contribution to the 

geochemistry of chronium (in German; English abs.)]: Geochim. et Cosmochim. 

Acta, v. 20, p. 215-240, 1960. 

Cr has been determined in 227 rocks and minerals by means of the diphenylcarbazide 

colorimetric method, which was modified for this purpose. The mean error of the 

method, expressed as the difference between duplicate determinations, is ±2 percent, 

and the limit of detection is 1 ppm. Pelitic sediments show a very uniform Cr 

content. Of 40 samples investigated, 24 contained 70-110 ppm Cr; the contents 

of the other samples were near these values. The Cr in sediments is mostly 

concentrated in the micas and clay minerals, particularly in illite. The Cr content 

of the deep-sea clays ranged from 60 to 109 ppm. The composite of 36 European 

Paleozoic shales contained 133 ppm Cr. Cr content in the Keuper Shale [Triassic] was 83 ppm; in the Lias Shale, 126 ppm; and in the Kupferschiefer, 100-353 ppm.-

EBT 

Fuller, G. W. See Tschanz, C. M. 00281 

00125 Gamaleyev, I. E.; Khamrabayev, I. Kh. Vanadiy i molibden v siluriyskikh 

otlozheniyakh gor Mal'guzar, Nuratau, i Tamdy [Vanadium and molybdenum in 

Silurian deposits of the Mal'guzar, Nuratau, and Tamdy Mountains (in Russian, 

Uzbekian abs.)]: Akad. Nauk Uzbek. SSR, Uzbek. Geol. Zhur., no. 2, p. 47-54, 

1958. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 25 

The Venlok-Landoverian deposits of Silurian age are characterized by increased 

contents of Mo, V, and· some other elements. Some of this concentration is due 

to metasomatism, but in unmetamorphosed carbonaceous clayey shale the mean 

contents of V are 800-1,000 ppm and of Mo 20-30 ppm. The primary accumulation 

ofV and Mo is bound with the organic material.-EBT 

Gehl, M.A. See Haskin, Larry. 00102 

Geydarov, A. S. See Zul'fugarly, N.D. 00319 

Ghaly, E. L. See Mustafa, Ahmed. 00272 

00120 Gil-av, E.; Heller, S.; Steckel, F. The Urn Barek oil shale: Israel Research 

Council Bull., v. 4, no. 2, p. 136-143, 1954. 

Widespread Israelian oil shale is Senonian [Late Cretaceous] in age and contains 

10-12 percent organic material and has an oil yield of about 5 percent. It is about 

50-60 percent limestone or dolomite and contains 20-30 ppm U. Spectrographic 

analysis also showed the presence of Cr, Sr., Co, Zr, Cu, V, Mo, Ni, Ti, Ba; Ga, 

Na, Li, and K.-EBT 

Gilbert, C. S. See Beath, 0. A. 00013 

Gill, J. R. See Tourtelot, H. A. 00279 

00121 Glagoleva, M. A. Zakonomernosti raspredeleniya elementov v sovremennykh 

osadkakh Chernogo morya [Regularities in the distribution of chemical elements 

in modern sediments of the Black Sea]: Akad. Nauk SSSR, Doklady, v. 136, no. 

1, p. 195-198, 196la; English translation: New York, Consultants Bur., Inc., 1962. 

Chemical analyses of 180 samples of bottom sediments of the Black Sea show that 

V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cu contents increase from sand to clay and then decrease 

in lime mud. P, organic C, Co, Ca, and Sr increase continuously from sand to 

clay to lime mud. Maximum contents of V, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Mn occur in coastal 

silt and clay. Maximum Cu, Co, organic C, P, Ca, and Sr occur in finer sediment 

farther from shore. The range in composition is (in ppm): Fe 11,800-36,800, Mn 

320-660, P 310-590, Sr 50-650, V 13-99, Cr 25-84, Ni 19-67, Cu 20-80, Co 8-

16, (in percent): organic C 0.24-3.7, and CaC03 12.3-60.-EBT 

00135 Glagoleva, M. A. K voprosii o vliyanii solenosti basseyna na nakopleniye 

elementov v ego osadkakh [The problem of the effect of basin salinity on the 

accumulation of elements in its deposits]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 136, 

no. 2, p. 441-443, 196lb; English translation: New York, Consultants Bur., Inc., 

p. 8-10 [1962]. 

Samples from 3 cores, as much as 10 m long, through Recent, Old Black Sea, and 

N ovoevksin deposits show salinity of depositional environment gradually increased 

from 0.4 percent in water of the Novoevksin (New Euxine) basin to 0.8 in the Old 

Black Sea basin to 1.8 in the Recent Black Sea. Generally, organic C and minor 

element contents vary the most in vertical distribution. No relationship was observed 

between element and C contents or petrography. Appreciable increase in salinity 

did not cause noticeable changes in accumulation of elements studied. Ranges of 

contents in the deposits are (CaC03, organic C and Fe in percent; rest in ppm): 

Recent, CaC03 20.8-26.8, C 1.76-2.23, Fe 1.78-3.91, Mn 300-700, P 400-600, Co 

14-28, V 90-146, Cr 8-365, Cu 13-45, Ni 24-58; Old Black Sea, CaC03 10.5-28.6, 

C 1.45-28.6, Fe 3.40-4.33, Mn 400-600, P 600, Co 3-23, V 123-168, Cr tr-80, Cu 

22-28, Ni 45-60; Novoevksin, CaC03 6.7-31.2, C 0.43-2.01, Fe 3.57-4.98, Mn 800-

1,600, P 600-800, Co 7-30, V 112-157, Cr 49-113, Cu 17-50, Ni 31-68.-EBT 

00136 Gtogoczowski, J. J. W stepna charakterystyka petrograficzna il6w miocenu 

Przedgorza Karpat [Preliminary petrographic characteristic of Miocene clays from 

the Carpathian Foreland (in Polish; English summ.)]: Rocznik Polsk. Towarzystwa 

Geol., v. 33, no. 1/3, p. 111-118, 1963. 
26 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

The clayey marine Miocene deposits in the Carpathian foredeep are as much as 

I ,700 m thick. Data from analyses of samples of numerous drill cores are summarized, including DT A logs, Ca, Mg, Cl, and bitumen content, and some 

spectrochemical data. The principal component of the shales is illite; a variable 

amount of montmorillonite occurs. Accessory minerals are quartz, calcite, gypsum, 

anhydrite, halite, and pyrite. Ca content is generally 2-7 percent, Mg 0.5-2 percent, 

mean Cl 0.1 percent, and the mean bitumen content 0.025 percent; the maximum 

bitumen is 0.24 percent. The assemblage of trace elements is similar throughout 

the Miocene profile. Ba, Sr, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Ti, Co, Mg, Cu were found. V content 

ranged from 30 to 310 ppm; Ni, from 10 to 90 ppm; and Cr, from 40 to 370 ppm.-

Author's summ., condensed. 

00113 Glover, Lynn. Stratigraphy and uranium content of the Chattanooga Shale in 

northeastern Alabama, northwestern Georgia, and eastern Tennessee: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 1087-E, p. 133-168, 1959. 

In northeastern Alabama, northwestern Georgia, and eastern Tennessee, the 

Chattanooga Shale of Late Devonian age ranges in thickness from 0 to more than 

40 ft. Less stable conditions of development and wide distribution of phosphatic 

black shale account for the generally low U content (less than 50 ppm) of the 

Chattanooga Shale in the region studied.-Author's abs., condensed. 

00114 Goldberg, E. D.; Arrhenius, G. 0. S. Chemistry of Pacific pelagic sediments: 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 13, p. 153-212, 1958. 

The chemical and mineralogical composition of pelagic sediments from the eastern 

Pacific Ocean was studied to try to define the ultimate sources and the mechanisms 

of formation of the solid phases. The contribution of elements from the different 

geospheres is considered. Emission spectrographic analyses of a wide variety of. 

pelagic clays allow a reformulation of the geochemical balance. Pelagic clays account 

for approximately 13 percent of the total mass of sediments produced during geologic 

time. The average chemical composition (in weight percent) of pelagic sediments 

is: Si 23.0, AI 9.2, Fe 6.5, Ti 0.73, Mg 2.1, Ca 2.9, Na 4.0, K 2.5, Sr 0.071, Ba 

0.39, 8 0.030, Mn 1.25, Ga 0.0019, Ni 0.032, Cu 0.074, Co 0.016, Cr 0.0093, V 

0.045, Pb 0.015, Mo 0.0045, Zr 0.018, Yb 0.0021, Y 0.015, La 0.014, and Sc 0.0025.-

Authors' abs., modified. 

00086 Goldschmidt, V. M.; Krejci-Graf, K.; Witte, H. Spuren-Metalle in Sedimenten 

[Trace metals in sediments (in German)]: Akad. Wiss. [Gottingen], math.-phys.-

chem. Abt., Nachr., no. 2, p. 35-52, 1948. 

The results of spectrographic analyses for N i, Co, Cr, V, Mo, and Sn in bituminous 

and nonbituminous rocks from the Rumanian oil fields and in bituminous rocks 

from throughout the world are reported and compared. The ranges of element 

contents in organic-rich shale, clay, and mud are (in ppm): marine gyttja-rock 

and mud: NiO 10-500, Co~o4 10-100, Cr20a < 10-500, V20~ 50-500, MoOa --

-,and Sn0:1 ---; in brackish gyttja-clay and mud: NiO 10-100, Coa04 10-100, 

Cr~O:~ 50-500, Yz0:1 100-500, MoO~---, and SnO~ ---;in marine sapropel: NiO 

10-500, Co:104 10-100, CrzOa 10-500, V20a <100-5,000, MoOa <100-500, and 

Sn0:1 < I0-50.-E8T 

00087 Goldschmidt, V. M .; Peters, Cl. Zur Geochemie des 8ors [The geochemistry 

of boron (in German)]: Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen Nachr., math.-phys. Kl., no. 4, 

p. 402-407, 1932b. 

A spectrographic method of analyzing for 8 is described and data on 820~ contents 

in different rocks are presented. The composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic 

shales and 2 samples of Dictyonema shale of Ordovician age from Norway each 

contained 0.1 percent 820:1 [311 ppm 8].-E8T 

00088 Goldschmidt, V. M.; Peters, Cl. Zur Geochemie des Germaniums [The 

geochemistry of germanium (in German)]: Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen Nachr., math.-

phys. Kl., no. 2, p. 141-166, 1933. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 

The spectroanalytical method used to determine Ge is described and data on Ge 

content in different rock types are presented with discussions of the geochemical 

behavior of Ge. The average Ge content in clayey shales is 8 ppm Ge02. The 

average content in the composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic clay shales is 

10 ppm Ge02 and in the Dictyonema shale of Ordovician age from Hardangervidda, 

Norway, 10 ppm Ge02.-EBT 

00110 Goldschmidt, V. M.; Strock, L. W. Zur Geochemie des Selens II [The 

geochemistry of selenium II (in German)]: Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen Nachr., math.-

phys. Kl., Geologie u. Mineralogie, v. 1, no. 11, p. 123-142, 1935. 

Analyses of sedimentary ore deposits showed 10 ppm Se in the Kupferschiefer, 32 

ppm Se in mixed ore (Cu rich) from Rammelsberg near Goslar, 26 ppm Se in gravelly 

ore from an older bed in Rammelsberg, and 5.6 ppm Se in lead-zinc ore concentrate 

from Rammelsberg. According to these analyses, Se becomes more enriched as 

compared to S in sedimentary sulfide beds with copper than in other sedimentary 

sulfides.-E BT 

00112 Goldschmidt, V. M.; Peters, Cl. Zur Geochemie des Bors. II. [The geochemistry 

of boron (in German)]: Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen Nachr., math.-phys. Kl., no. 5, 

p. 528-545, 1932c. 

Determinations of B contents in eruptive rocks and their minerals, in numerous 

sedimentary rocks, in sea water, in weathering products and soil, as well as in 

different kinds of plants and animals are included. B may be an important indicator 

element of marine sediments. In Paleozoic clay shales the average B20a content 

was about 0.1 percent. In Recent marine clays it was 0.03 percent.-EBT 

00115 Goldschmidt, V. M. Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze und kosmische Haufigkeit 

der Elemente [Geochemical laws of distribution and the cosmic abundance of 

elements (in German)]: Naturwissenschaften, v. 18, no. 47-49, p. 999-1013, 1930. 

Geochemical laws and the distribution of elements in the upper lithosphere, 

hydrosphere, and meteorites are discussed. Included are analyses of 10 deep-sea 

sediments for Ag. The Ag content ranged from 0.01 to 0.23 ppm and averaged 

0.11 ppm.-EBT 

00116 Goldschmidt, V. M. Geochemistry: Oxford, Clarendon Press, 730 p., 1954. 

Much information pertinent to black shales, including data from the literature and 

unpublished data on the Kupferschiefer and other European black shales, is 

included. Concentrations of Cu have often been observed in black shales, although 

usually not in as great amounts as in the Kupferschiefer at Mansfeld (2.9 percent). 

In Ordovician black shales in Norway and Sweden, Cu contents of 1,000 ppm are common. The black, sulfide-bearing Dictyograptus shale (Lower Ordovician) 

contains 0.05-0.1 ppm Au, 0.6-1.7 ppm Ag, 22 ppm Ga, and 1,000-3,000 ppm V. 

The Upper Cambrian Alum shale contains 0.6-1 ppm Ag. Au and Ag are found 

to be concentrated in the black mud formed under anaerobic conditions in Walfish 

Bay on the coast of southwest Africa. Investigations show the average Pb content 

in marine shales to be about 20 ppm.-EBT 

00117 Goldschmidt, V. M.; Berman, H.; Haupmann, H.; Peters, Cl. Zur Geochemie 

der Alkalimetalle [The geochemistry of the alkali metals (in German)]: Gesell. Wiss. 

Gottingen Nachr., math.-phys. Kl., no. 2, p. 235-244, 1933. 

Quantitative determinations of the alkali metals in rocks, minerals, and water are 

presented and the spectrographic method of analyzing for Li, Rb, and Cs described. 

The composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic clay shales contained 100 ppm 

Li20, 400 ppm Rb20, and 10 ppm Cs20.-EBT 

00118 Goldschmidt, V. M.; Peters, Cl. Zur Geochemie des Galliums [The geochemistry 

of gallium (in German)]: Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen Nachr., math.-phys. Kl., no. 

2, p. 164-183, 1931. 
28 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

The occurrence of Ga in minerals and rocks and the spectrographic method of 

analysis are described and analyses presented. The average Ga:Al ratio in clayey 

sediments is about 1:30,000. The Ordovician Dictyonema shale from Oslo, Norway, 

contained 10-100 ppm Ga20a; probably the value is closer to 10.-EBT 

00119 Goldschmidt, V. M.; Peters, Cl. Zur Geochemie des Berylliums [The 

geochemistry of beryllium (in German)]: Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen Nachr., math.-

phys. Kl., no. 4, p. 360-376, 1932a. 

A spectrographic method of analyzing for Be is described and data on Be content 

in minerals and rocks are presented. In clay shales, Recent deep-sea clays, and 

bauxite, the average Be content is related to the AI content. BeO content in the 

Ordovician Dictyonema shale from Oslo, Norway, is < 10 ppm. BeO content in 

the composite sample of 36 Paleozoic European shales is 10 ppm.-EBT 

00111 Gott, G. B.; Erickson, R. L. Reconnaissance of uranium and copper deposits 

in parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 219, 16 p., 1952. 

Spectrographic analyses of crude oil, asphalt, and bituminous shales show a 

consistent suite of trace metals including V, U, Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Mo. 

During this reconnaissance 30 deposits of cupriferous sandstone and uraniferous 

asphaltite were examined. Chemical analysis of nonbituminous black shale of 

Pennsylvanian and Permian age from the Sangre de Cristo Formation in Coyote 

Creek district, New Mexico, showed 90 ppm U, 2,000 ppm V20s, and 2.15 percent 

Cu. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of black carbonaceous shales showed 

the following contents (in percent; X= 1-9): Devonian Woodford Shale, Texas, Fe 

X., Ti X., Co O.OOX, Cr O.OOX, Cu O.OX, Mo --, Ni O.OOX, Pb O.OOOX, U --, 

V O.OX; Devonian New Albany Shale, Ind., Fe X., Ti O.X, Co O.OOX, Cr O.OOX, 

Cu O.OX, Mo O.OX, Ni O.OOX, Pb O.OOX, U --, V O.OX; black shale from 

Mississippian Spergen Limestone, Ste. Genevieve County, Mo., Fe O.X, Ti O.X, Co 

O.OOX, Cr O.OX, Cu O.OOX, Mo O.OOX, Ni O.OX, Pb O.OX, U X., V O.X.-Authors' 

abs., modified. 

Grant, C. L. See Ugolini, F. C. 00346 

00089 Grant, G. M. Heavy-metal concentrations of diatomaceous sediments in a 

stagnant fjord [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 76, p. 69, 1964. 

The varved, diatomaceous, clayey silts of Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, a stagnant 

fjord, have been analyzed to study the effect of H2S-bearing marine waters on trace 

element concentrations. Spectrochemical analyses show the following average 

concentrations (in ppm): Sc 14, Y 22,Ti 2,700, Zr 92, V 66, Cr 59, Mn 320, Co 

7, Ni 27, Cu 43, B 61, and (in percent) Fe 2.2. B is most abundant in the sediments 

that have the highest contents of clay and organic matter. Except for B, these 

elements are not noticeably affected by the stagnant conditions of the inlet. Mo 

concentrations in these silts are as high as 70 ppm. In marine sediments from 

adjacent areas, the Mo content is below detection limits (approximately 10 ppm). 

The enrichment of Mo in the fjord sediments may be caused by the precipitation 

of MoS2 in the H2S-bearing waters or as a result of biological activity. Mo is 

known to be a cofactor in various enzymes and to be essential for the growth of 

many marine organisms.-Author's abs., condensed. 

00090 Green, Jack. Geochemical table of the elements for 1953: Geol. Soc. America 

Bull., v. 64, no. 9, p. 1001-1012, 1953. 

See Green, 1959. 

00109 Green, Jack. Geochemical table of the elements for 1959: Geol. Soc. America 

Bull., v. 70, p. 1127-1184, 1959. 

The geochemical table of elements for 1959 (revised from Green, 1953) is cast in 

the framework of a conventional periodic table and contains data for each element on geochemical character, characteristics of the atom and isotopes, mineralogy, value 

and abundance in different rock types (34 possible catagories), sea water, meteorites, 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 29 

and the universe. An extensive bibliography is included. For shales, minor element 

contents compiled are (in ppm): Li 60, Be 7, B 120, C 16,200, N 1,000, F 500, 

P 770, S 1,100, Cl 160, Sc 10, Ti 4,400, V 130, Cr 160, Mn 6,700, Co 12, Ni 21, 

Cu 36, Zn 80, Ga 40, Ge 1.7, As 6.6, Se 0.6, Br 6, Rb 280, Sr 299, Y 33, Zr 200, 

Nb 20?, Mo 0.74, Ag 0.9?, Cd 0.3, In 0.04, Sn 3.5, Sb 0.8, I 1, Cs 7.6, Ba 800, 

La 40, Ce 30, Pr 5, Nd 18, Sm 5, Eu 1?, Gd 5, Tb 0.9, Dy 4, Ho 1?, Er 2.5, Tm 

0.2?, Yb 2.2, Lu 0.2?, Hf 4?, Ta 3.5, W 1.8, Re0.001, Au 0.01-0.1? (black shales), 

Hg 0.4, Tl 0.37, Pb 20, Bi 1?, Po 2.4x 10- 10 , Ra 1.08x to- 6 , Th 11, U 4.1.-EBT 

00091 Greensmith, J. T. Preliminary observations on chemical data from some British 

Upper Carboniferous shales: Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 28, no. 2, p. 209-210, 1958. 

Analyses of shales from paleontologically well defined marine and nonmarine layers 

show that recognition of past depositional environments from chemistry alone is a doubtful process. The marine layer consists of fine-grained dark-gray highly 

carbonaceous shale containing abundant shell fragments preserved in coarse calcite 

and dolomite. High S content (2.44 percent) is from the presence of authigenic 

pyrite. Organic C content is 10.93 percent; CaO, 10.38; MnO, 0.31; and SrO, 

O.n percent.-EBT 

Grimaldi, F. S. See Rader, L. F. 00248 

00092 Grimbert, Arnold. Sur l'origine des impregnations uraniferous des schistes 

houillers de Saint-Hippolyte (Haut-Rhin) [On the origin of the uraniferous 

impregnations of the carbonaceous shales of Saint-Hippolyte (Upper Rhine) (in 

French)]: Soc. Geol. France Bull ..• 6th ser., v. 6, no. 6, p. 707-712, 1956. 

The uraniferous shale of Carboniferous age is generally black or brownish and 

contains about 15 percent organic C, 13 percent carbonate minerals (principally 

siderite), 3 percent pyrite, and other sulfides in very small amounts: galena, 

sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and arsenopyrite. Spectrographic analyses reveal traces of 

Mn, As, Ag, Ni, V, Bi, Ti, and Sn. The hypothesis of a sedimentary origin for 

the U mineralization in the carbonaceous shales should not be eliminated in spite 

of the presence of sulfides which, classically, are considered hydrothermal. The 

U was probably deposited in basins with reducing environments caused by periods 

of intense evaporation and the accumulation of organic matter.-EBT 

00107 Grimbert, Arnold; Cartier, A. Les schistes uraniferes du versant alsacien des 

Vosges Moyennes [The uraniferous shales of the Alsacian side of the Vosges 

Mountains (in French)]: Alsace-Lorraine, Service Carte Geol. Bull., v. 9, no. 2, 

43 p., 1957. 

The shales of Carboniferous age on the Alsacian side of the Vosges Mountains are black to brown, thin bedded, platy weathering. They consist of quartz, a little 

feldspar and mica in a matrix of organic material, and kaolinite and illite cut by 

veinlets of siderite. Pyrite is abundant in the shales; galena and sphalerite occur 

occasionally. Some veins contain 12-15 percent U, but the tenor of most of the 

rock is 1 percent U or less. Spectrographic analyses showed consistent presence 

of strong traces of Ni, Pb, and Zn, and traces of As, Ag, Cu, V, and Bi in the 

radioactive shales. Some of the U has been concentrated along faults either by 

ascending hydrothermal solutions or by leaching of surrounding sediments by 

ground water. Possibly the U was syngenetically deposited in a basin or a series 

of isolated basins with anaerobic environments. The U is probably adsorbed on 

clay minerals and organic material.-EBT 

Grundulis, V. See Assarsson, G. 00006 

Gruner,J.W. See Cloud,P.E.,Jr.00075 

Gulbrandsen, R. A. See Davidson, D. F. 00052 

00108 Gulbrandsen, R. A. Petrology of the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member 

of the Phosphoria Formation at Coal Canyon, Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

1111-C, p. 71-146, 1960. 
30 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

The Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation 

in Coal Canyon, western Wyoming, is 143ft thick and consists of dark, thin-bedded 

phosphorites, carbonates, and quartz-silicate rocks. The average chemical 

composition is (in percent): Si02 26.5, Ti02 0.2, AbOa 4.5, Fe20a 1.8, MgO 4.5, 

CaO 27.0, Na20 0.9, K20 1.6, P205 10.6, C02 13.8, F l.l, SOa 2.0, H20 0.9, and 

carbonaceous material 4.8. The vanadiferous zone, 3.5 ft of carbonate quartz 

silicate rock, averages 0. 7 percent V 205 and 6.1 percent carbonaceous material; Se 

content ranges from 90 to 150 ppm. U content of the member ranges from 5 to 

340 ppm and averages 40 ppm. Phosphorite contains concentrations, relative to 

carbonate and quartz-silicate rocks, of Ag, Sr. Zn, V, and Ni; the quartz-silicate 

rock contains relative concentrations of B, Ti, Zr, V, Mo, Mn, and Ni.-EBT 

00093 Gulyayeva, L. A. Iodine in the sedimentary rocks of the Devonian Period [in 

Russian]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 80, p. 787-789, 1951; abs., Chilean Iodine 

Educ. Bur., 1956. 

Average values for I content of 4 samples of limestone, 22 of clay, and 22 of 

sandstone of all Devonian stages are, respectively, 3.9, 3.9, and 2.5 ppm. Clays 

and sandstones of the Upper and Middle Devonian have usually a slightly higher 

I content than those of the Lower Devonian. A considerable quantity (often more 

than 50 percent) of the I was in the form of water-soluble substances.-Chilean 

Iodine Educational Bureau abs. 

00094 Gulyayeva, L. A.; ltkina, E. S. Galogeny i vanadiy, nikel' i med' y uglyakh 

[Halogens and vanadium, nickel and copper in coals (in Russian; English abs.)]: 

Geokhimiya no. 4, p. 345-355, l962a; English translation: Geochemistry, no. 4, 

p. 395-407, 1962 [1963]. 

Halogens, V, Ni, and Cu contents were studied in continental, littoral, and lacustrinesapropel coals and in marine-plankton bitumen. These contents in ashes of 

coals, bitumens, petroleums, and oil shales can be used to determine genesis and 

environment of deposition. In continental coals Br:l ratio is <I; in marine, >I. 

V, Ni, and Cu contents are 1,000-10,000 times greater in ash of Domanik (Upper 

Devonian) bitumen than in coal ashes. Average halogen contents in nearshore 

marine coal (Carboniferous age) are (in ppm): Clm ineral 94, Clorganic 927, F 170, 

Br 112, I 9.5; in its ash, Clm,nerat 1,403, Clorcanic 13,830, F 2,537, Br 167, I 142; 

in marine bituminous rock (Domanik), F 120, Br 8.6, I 6.7; in its ash, F 10,526, 

Br 754, I 587. Metal contents in ash of the nearshore coal are (in ppm): V nd78, Ni nd-16, Cu 10-27; in ash of Domanik bitumen, V 29,800, Ni 3,950, and Cu 

2,190.-EBT 

00106 Gulyayeva, L. A.; Itkina, E. S. Galogeny v morskikh i presnovodnykh 

otlozheniyakh [Halogens in marine and fresh-water sediments (in Russian)]: 

Geokhimiya, no. 6, p. 524-528, 1962b; English translation: Geochemistry, no. 6, 

p. 610-615, 1962 [1963]. 

Marine rocks rich in organic substances are 2 to 6 times richer in I and 4 to 15 

times richer in Br than fresh-water continental clays equally rich in organic matter. 

Marine shales of Domanican [Upper Devonian] deposits from Bashkiria and 

Kuibyshev areas contained 5.15 percent organic material, 3.4 ppm I, 17.1 ppm Br, 

and 1,100 ppm Cl. Marls from the same deposits contained 6.15 percent organic 

matter, 2.1 ppm I, 13.5 ppm Br, and 600 ppm Cl.-EBT 

00095 Gunning, H. C.; Carlisle, Donald. Vanadium on the west coast of British 

Columbia: Western Miner, v. 17, no. 10, p. 39-43, 1944. 

As much as 3 percent V 205 and 2 percent Cu occur in thin wavy laminated layers 

< 1 ft thick of hard black sediment between flows of basaltic lava in the Valdes 

Group of probable Triassic age on the west coast of British Columbia. The laminae 

consist of alternating black opaque material and tiny spherules of quartz. The black 

sediment is locally replaced by epigenetic chalcocite and cut by tiny quartz veins 

containing specks of chalcocite. The V appears syngenetic, either concentrated by 

organic material or precipitated chemically with the sediment. Some of the basalt 

flows with the sediments contain as much as 0.3 percent V205. Analyses of the 

sediment show (in percent): Si02 75.31, FeO 2.29, AhOa 3.70, Ti02 0.15, MnO 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 31 

0.10, CaO 4.08, MgO 0.53, Cu 2.88, V205 2.16, S 0.72, P205 tr, U and Cr nd, 

H20 2.61, C and C02 present (C about 5 percent by calculation; no hydrocarbons 

detected).-EBT 

Hagen, Hannelore. See Cloud, P. E., Jr. 00075 

Hagner, A. F. See Beath, 0. A. 00013 

00105 Hallam, A.; Payne, K. W. Germanium enrichment in lignites from the Lower 

Lias of Dorset: Nature, v. 181, no. 4614, p. 1008-1009,1958. 

The Lower Lias of Dorset consists of a series of marine shales, marls, and subsidiary 

limestones, about 170 m thick. Lignite fragments, which probably originated as 

coniferous driftwood, are scattered throughout the beds, but are more common in 

the "Grey Ledge" at the top of the Blue Lias and in the "W oodstone" of the Black 

Yen Marls. Lignites can be grouped into 2 main varieties: woodlike and jet. 

Both varieties have similar Ge contents. Maximum Ge concentration in the lignites 

is 0.93 percent, in their ash, 8.4; minimum concentration, lignites 0.024, ash 0.026; 

mean, lignite 0.18, ash 1.48 percent. Mean Ge concentrations in the parent rocks 

are (in ppm): shale 1.7, marl 2.5, limestone 3.9, and pyrite 2.4. No correlation 

was found between Ge contents of lignites and those of parent rocks. Ge was 

probably introduced after burial by circulating solutions.-EBT 

00096 Haranczyk, C. Investigations of copper-bearing Zechstein shales from the 

Wroclaw monocline (Lower Silesia) (in English): Acad. Polonaise Sci. Bull., Ser. 

Sci. Geol. et Geog., Warsaw (Varsovie) Poland, v. 12, no. 1, p. 13-18, 1964a. 

The Permian Zechstein [Kupferschiefer] rocks are transitory between carbonate and 

clayey types. The typical copper-bearing shale is an almost black,- compact rock 

of strong luster, weakly developed fissility, uneven fracture. The shales are 

comprised of clay minerals impregnated with organic substances and accompanied 

by pelitic sulfide minerals, principally t3-chalcocite, bornite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite. 

A sample of shale almost free from carbonates had the following composition (in 

weight percent): Si02 27.61, AbOa 13.19, FeO 0.51, Fe20a 0.41, FeS2 0.43, organic 

C 12.88, S 6.40, S04 3.57, Cu 24.40, CuO 2.60, Ti02 0.66, CaO 0.93, MgO 0.66, 

COz 1.37, H20 0.81, H20+ 0.79, K20 2.94, Na20 0.42, V 0.125, Pz05 0.06, As 

0.09, Ni 0.055, Co 0.055, Cr 0.05, and Mo 0.008. Spectral analysis revealed trace 

amounts of Pb, Zn, Ag, Zr, Ba, Sr, Sn, Sb, Bi, Tl, Re, Be, Sc, and rare earths.-

EBT 

00097 Haranczyk, C. Petrographic classification of the Zechstein copper-bearing rocks 

from Lower Silesia (in English): Acad. Polanaise Sci. Bull., Ser. Sci. Geol. et Geog., 

Warsaw (Varsovie) Poland, v. 12, no. 1, p. 19-25, 1964b. 

Chemical analyses of the Permian Zechstein copper-bearing shales [Kupferschiefer]. 

which grade into carbonate rocks, show these rocks to contain a wide range in 

major constituents. A statistical diagram of 100 chemical analyses of samples 

representing the "shaly" series yields data on occurrence and differentiation of 

various shales. Gradual transitions from shale to dolomite or from shale to 

limestone do not influence the mineralization of the shales. A constant relation 

exists between the organic matter and the Cu contents in the Wroclaw monocline. 

The chemical composition of the copper-bearing shales is plotted in projection using 

a binary system and on the tetrahedron diagram of sedimentary rock classification 

proposed by Pettijohn.-EBT 

00099 Harder, Hermann. Beitrage zur Geochemie des Bors [Contribution to the 

geochemistry of boron (in German)]: Fortsch. Mineralogie, Stuttgart, v. 37, no. 

1, p. 82-87, 1959a. 

Rocks and minerals were analyzed spectrographically with an error of ± 15 percent. 

The Kupferschiefer was found to contain 240 ppm B; a composite sample of 36 

European Paleozoic shales, 95 ppm, and Recent deep-sea sediments, an average 

of 250 ppm. The B content in sediments somewhat increases with higher 
32 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

carbonaceous-material content. Metamorphic processes lower B content in rocks.-

EBT 

00100 Harder, Hermann. Bor in Sedimenten, Teil 2 von Beitrag zur Geochemie des 

Bors [Boron in sediments, pt. 2 of Contribution to the geochemistry of boron (in 

German)]: Akad. Wiss. Gottingen Nachr., Math.-Phys. Kl., no. 6, p. 123-183, 

1959b. 

B content of sedimentary rocks depends on grain size (B content decreases with 

increasing grain size); salinity of depositional environment; amounts of clay minerals, 

such as illite, which contain B in their crystal lattices; source of the illite, whether 

detrital or authigenic (B contents are generally higher in authigenic illite); the 

organic-matter content; and the degree of metamorphism (B decreases with 

increasing metamorphism). Gray clays associated with evaporite deposits contain 

more than 2,000 ppm B; normal marine clays do not contain more than 500 ppm 

B. High B contents in organic-rich rocks such as the Kupferschiefer (185-240 ppm) 

may be due to the association of B with organic matter; some coal ashes have high 

amounts of B. The 1nean B content in ancient clays is about 100 ppm; in sediments, 

excluding deep-sea sediments (130-190), it is about 85 ppm. Illite in sediments 

is a great geochemical reservoir of Bin the rock cycle.-EBT 

00101 Harder, Hermann. Das Bor im Kreislauf der Gesteine [Boron in the rock cycle 

(in German: English abs.)]: InternaL Geol. Cong., 21st, Copenhagen, 1960 Rept., 

sec. I, pt. I, p. 10-13, 1960. 

Recent spectroscopic investigations show that all basic rocks have low B contents 

(5 ppm). Sediments are richer in B (85 ppm), but B is not equally distributed; 

most of it is in fine-grained clays. Illites contain most of the B; contents vary 

depending on origin and conditions of deposition (saliniferous clays contain as much 

as 2,000 ppm B, marine clays some 100 ppm, and terrestrial clays about 50 ppm). 

New analyses of different clays, predominantly from Germany, showed the following 

mean values of B (in ppm): Algonkian [Precambrian] shale 70, Paleozoic shale 

90, Mesozoic shale 150, and Recent deep-sea clays 200. The lower B content in 

the older sediments is mainly due to the increased amount of diagenesis and 

metamorphism with time.-Author's abs., modified. 

Haskin, Larry. See DeGrazia, A. R. 00049 

00102 Haskin, Larry; Gehl, M. A. The rare-earth distribution in sediments: Jour. 

Geophys. Research, v. 67, no. 6, p. 2537-2541, 1962. 

Neutron activation analyses confirm the constancy of the relative abundances of 

rare-earth elements for most sediments, as found by E. Minami (l935b). Possible 

reasons for the difference in the sediment and chondrite rare-earth distributions 

are considered. Table I shows the results of rare-earth analyses (in ppm) of 

sediments and one chondrite. The accuracy and precision of these values are ±5 

to 10 percent. Values found for the Muncie Creek Shale Member of the lola 

Limestone, a black shale of Pennsylvanian age from Kansas, are (in ppm): Y 18, 

La 20, Pr 6, Nd 16, Sm 5.6, Eu l.l, Gd 4.3, Tb 0.58, Ho 0.605, Er 1.9, Tm 0.28, 

Yb 1.8, and Lu 0.33.-EBT 

Haskin, Larry. See Wildeman, T. R. 00314 

Haupmann, H. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00117 

00 I 03 Hecht, Friedrich; Tomic, E. U ranforschung in Osterreich [Uranium research in 

Austria (in German)]: Osterreich. Chemiker-Zeitung, v. 58, no. 19/20, p. 221-227, 

1957. 

U analyses are given for 115 samples of natural waters, oil, river sands, coal, bauxite, 

and oil shales. U content in lower Laussa black shale samples ranges from 5.5 

to 97 ppm. A sample of oil shale from the Seefeld Shale of Norian age [Triassic] 

in Tyrol showed aU content of27.6 ppm.-EBT 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 33 

Heezen, B. C. See Ericson, D. B. 00044 

00404 Heide, F.; Korner, D. Zur Geochemie des Germaniums [The geochemistry of 

germanium (in German)]: Chemie der Erde, v. 23, no. 1, p. 104-115, 1963. 

At the present, probable values for the Ge concentrations in materials associated 

with the secondary cycle of this element are [only material pertinent to black shale 

quoted]: black shale, 1.8 ppm; pelagic clay 2.0 ppm.-Authors' abs., condensed. 

Heller, S. See Gil-av, E. 00120 

Henderson, D. M. See Moore, D. M. 00149 

00104 Higazy, R. A.; Hussein, H. A.-M. Remarks on the uranium contents of some 

black shales and phosphates from Kesseir and Safaga: Egyptian Acad. Sci. Proc., 

v. 11, p. 63-66, 1955 [1956]. 

The phosphatic deposits of Late Cretaceous age of Kosseir and Safaga are associated 

with black shales which range from 40 em to 1 m in thickness. Microscopically, 

these are composed of disseminated organic matter, ferruginous substances, clay, 

and occasional detrital quartz. Microforaminifers are rare and show replacement 

by pyrite. The U content in the studied black shales ranges from l to 32 ppm, 

averaging 16 ppm in the Kosseir samples and 8.6 ppm in the Safaga samples. The 

samples contain little sulfide, but much carbonate, which may explain their low 

U content compared to black shales from the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. The 

phosphates usually contain more U than the black shales. The U in the phosphates 

seems to be adsorbed on collophanite, whereas in black shales it is adsorbed on 

the organic matter.-EBT 

00085 Hirst, D. M.; Dunham, K. C. Chemistry and petrography of the Marl Slate 

ofS.E. Durham, England: Econ. Geology, v. 58, no. 6, p. 912-940, 1963. 

The Marl Slate, the bottom member of the Permian Zechstein in eastern Durham 

is a calcitic- or dolomitic-bituminous siltstone ranging in thickness from 9 in. to 

13ft. It is equivalent to the Kupferschiefer of Germany. The average amounts 

of Mo, Co, and Ni suggest slow sedimentation. The antipathetic variation of these 

elements with rate of deposition suggests incorporation by sorption of dissolved 

ions on organic carbon and clay. Normal weathering of the land surface probably 

accounts for Zr, Sr, Rb, Mo, Co, N i, and M n and some of the Cu. A fluctuating 

source is required for Pb, Zn, Ba, and the remaining Cu, which may be better 

accounted for by the introduction of metals intermittently into the lagoon by 

submarine springs than by truly epigenetic mineralization. The range of the average 

trace-element content in 4 cores is (in ppm): Mo 137-341, Sr 162-360, Zr 70-

112, Rb 75-131, Pb 161-571, Cu 69-310, Ni 146-284, Co 15-141, Zn 19-82. 

Authors' abs., modified. 

00098 Hirst, D. M. The geochemistry of modern sediments from the Gulf of PariaH The location and distribution of trace elements: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 

V. 26, p. 1147-1187, 1962. 

Analyses for minor elements in modern sediments from the Gulf cf Paria, west 

of Trinidad, suggest that Ga, Cr, V, Cu, Ph, Ba, Ti, Li, and, to a lesser extent, 

Co, Ni, and B probably were deposited with degraded clay minerals, structurally 

combined in their lattices. Nondetrital Ga, Cr, V, Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Sn, and possibly 

Be and Mo are concentrated in near-shore areas. This concentration is possibly 

related to adsorption onto clay minerals which are flocculating due to changes in 

salinity and perhaps also to association with organic C and limonitic concretions 

or calcareous detritus on the platforms. Control by organic C may be significant 

for nondetrital Ga, Cr, V, Ni, Cu, or Mo. The range of minor-element contents 

in clays from the Gulf is (in ppm): Ba 255-515, Sr 100-312, V 74-151, Cr 61-

99, Co 9.8-13, Ni 22-34, Zr 115-350, Mo ---, Be 1-8.7, Ag 1, Ga 8.7-24, Ph 13-

32, Cu 15-23, Li 26-94, Rb 93-177, Cs 5.3-13, and B 54-90.-Author's abs., 

modified. 

00183 Holland, H. D.; Kulp, J. L. The transport and deposition of uranium, ionium 

and radium in rivers, oceans, and ocean sediments: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 

V. 5, p. 197-213, 1954. 
34 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Concentration of radioelements in the ocean is controlled by rates of influx, 

radioactive decay, and sedimentation. Oceanic oozes contain the greatest 

concentration of Ra, whereas shelf sediments contain the most U. Shelf sediment 

contains 0.8x 10- 6 ± 0.2x 10- 6 ppm Ra and 3 ± 1 ppm U, whereas radiolarian 

ooze contains 13 xto- 6 ± 2.5 x w- ppm Ra and 1 ± 1 ppm U. This relation reflects 

a greater amount of U added during sedimentation of shelf sediment.-JDV 

Ho1ser, W. T. See Warner, L.A. 00339 

Honda, M. See Merrill, J. R. 00148 

Hopkins, M. E. See Ostrom, M. E. 00267 

Horne, J. W. See Thorne, H. M. 00287 

00224 Horstman, E. L. The distribution of lithium, rubidium and caesium in igneous 

and sedimentary rocks: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 12, p. 1-28, 1957. 

Li, Rb, and Cs have been determined by a flame photometric method in 186 samples, 

and Rb and Cs in an additional 53 samples, representing sedimentary and igneous 

rocks from geographically diverse areas and ranging in age from Precambrian to 

Recent. Marine shales contain an average of 72 ppm Li, 140 ppm Rb, and 5 ppm 

Cs. Li is largely retained in the products of weathering because of its concentration 

in clay minerals. Rb is retained during weathering by those clays having a structural 

position for the ion, although adsorption is important in both clays and shales. 

Cs and Rb behave similarly in the geochemical cycle.-EBT 

Huffman, Claude, Jr. See Tourtelot, H. A. 00282 

Hurley, P.M. See Whitney, P.R. 00313 

Hussein, H. A.-M. See Higazy, R. A. 00104 

00184 Hyden, H. J.; Danilchik, Walter. Uranium in some rocks of Pennsylvanian age 

in Oklahoma, Kansas and Missouri: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1147-B, 82 p., 1962. 

The distribution of U and other trace elements in sedimentary rocks of Middle 

Pennsylvanian (Des Moines) age in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri was studied. 

The average U content of each of 6 carbonaceous shale units ranges from 20 to 

50 ppm. U is concentrated in phosphate nodules found in black shale~ U content 

in these ranges from 20 to 600 ppm. No unusual amounts of other trace elements 

were found in the black shales, but the phosphate nodules contain rare earths, 

including Dy, Er, and N d, in concentrations that directly correlate with P20s 

contents. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of the black shales show the 

following range in minor element content (in ppm): Ti 1,500-3,000, P <700-7,000, 

Mn 15-1,500, Ag 0.7-3, B 150-300, Ba 70-1,500, Be 0.7-1.5, Co 15-30, Cr 70-

300, Cu 70-700, Ga 15-70, La <30-70, Mo <5-30, Ni 150-300, Pb 15-150, Sc 

15, Sn < 10-15, Sr 70-300, V 70-700, Y 15-30, Yb 1.5-3, Zn <80-700, and Zr 15-

70.-Authors' abs., modified. 

Ionesi, L. See Savul, Mircea. 00233 

lsmatullaev, Kh. K. See Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00023 

Itkina, E. S. See Gulyayeva, L.A. 00094 

Itkina, E. S. See Gulyayeva, L.A. 00106 

00220 ltkina, E. S. Distribution of copper in sedimentary rocks of the oil-bearing 

regions of Azerbaijan [in English]: Akad. N auk SSSR Comptes rend us (Doklady), 

v. 51, p. 43-46, 1946. 

A brief description of the results of our study of the Cu content in 70 samples 

of sedimentary rocks taken from wells and outcrops in the oil fields of the 

Apsheronian peninsula is presented. The highest Cu content occurred in samples 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 35 

from the Maikopian Series [Tertiary] (47.3 ppm) and from the Barremian series 

(57.2 ppm) ·and from the Cretaceous (Yunusdag, Albian, Aptian) (16.5 ppm). 

Figures for the Barremian are given apart from those of the other Cretaceous series 

because of their marked difference. No direct relation between Cu and C contents 

is apparent in this region. A dark-gray shale from the Kirmakinsky horizon contains 

38.3 ppm Cu and 0.88 percent C; a dark-gray shale from the Maikop contains 

64 ppm Cu and 3.03 percent C.-EBT 

00221 ltkina, E. S. Med' v osadochnykh porodakh kamennougol'nykh otlozheniy 

neftenosnykh rayonov Uralo-Povolzh'ya [Copper in sedimentary rocks of the 

Carboniferous deposits of the petroleum regioi!s of Ural-Volga (in Russian)]: Akad. 

Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 62, p. 357-360, 1948. 

Cu was found in all horizons of Carboniferous age in sedimentary rocks that 

contained organic matter, but not in bitumen-free limestone. The Cu occurs mainly 

in the argillaceous and arkosic fractions. Increased amounts of Cu in the series 

correspond to an increase in average thickness of the series. Carbonaceous shale 

and coal from the Krasnokamski region contain 34.3 ppm Cu; carbonaceous shale 

from the Tuymazov region, 25.7 ppm.-EBT 

00222 ltkina, E: S. Y od i brom v paleozoyskikh otlozheniyakh nekotorykh 

neftenosnykh rayonov Vtorogo Baku [Iodine and bromine in Paleozoic deposits of 

some petroleum-bearing regions of Second Baku (in Russian)]: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 

lost. Nefti, Trudy, v. 9, p. 206-235, 1958. 

I and Br are unequally distributed through Second Baku. content increases in 

the rocks of Carboniferous age in Saratovsky, but is generally lacking in the same 

horizon throughout Tatar. Coal and carbonaceous shale in Tatar are richest in 

I and Br. Although a general direct relationship between C content and I and 

Br was not observed, a proportionality exists if the C content is less than 5 percent. 

With an increase of organic C content over 40 percent there is no further increase 

in I an'd Br contents. Part of the Br and I in rocks is in salts soluble in HC 1 

and part is bound with organic matter; the binding of Br with organic matter is 

more distinct than that of I. The contents in carbonaceous clays and argillites of 

Carboniferous age in the areas are (in ppm): Saratovsky, I 10.3, Br 16.7; 

Kuybyshevsky, I 2, Br 13; and Tatar, I 0.7, Br 22.9.-EBT 

00223 Itkina, E. S.; Lygalova, V. N. Geokhimiya ioda i broma v otlozheniyakh 

uglenosnogo gorizonta, domanika i bavlinskoi svity nekotorykh neftenosnykh 

ploshchadeyi Bashkiriy, in Gulyayeva, L. A., ed., Geokhimiya nefti i neftyanykh 

mestorozhdeniy: Akad. N auk SSSR, In st. Geol. i Razrabotki Groiuchikh 

Iskraemykh, p. 152-159; English translation by S. Caspari, 1964, Geochemistry of 

iodine and bromine in the Carboniferous horizon and in the Domanik and Bavly 

Formations of some petroliferous areas of Bashkiria: New York, Dania! Davey 

and Co., Israel Program for Sci. Translations, p. 160-169, 1962. 

Carbonaceous shales of Carboniferous age from Bashkiria average 6.8 ppm I, 59.5 

ppm Br, and 38.18 percent organic C. The average contents of the Carboniferous 

horizon, which includes sandstone, clay, argillite, and aleurolite, are 2.2 ppm I, 19.7 

ppm Br, and 6.79 percent organic C. In rocks containing more than 5 percent 

C, I content increases with increasing organic C content. The relationship between 

Br and C is more pronounced; with an increase of organic C from 0 to more than 

20 percent, Br increases from 11.8 to 59.3 ppm. Clays and argillites of the Domanik 

Formation (Upper Devonian] averaged 1.7 ppm I, 25.1 ppm Br, and 3.74 percent 

organic C. The marls from the Domanik average 1.2 ppm I, 16.8 ppm Br, and 

6.59 percent organic C. The Br is somehow linked with the bitumens in the rocks.-

EBT 

00218 Jambor, J. L. Volborthite from British Columbia: Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, 

p. 1307-1309, 1960. 

Volborthite, Cua(V04)2·3H20, is present as a weathering product of a thin, interlava 

sedimentary rock of Late Triassic age which crops out west of Menzies Bay on 

Vancouver Island and north of Gowland Harbor on Quadra Island, British 

Columbia. The vanadium-bearing rock is a black, extremely finely laminated, 
36 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MlNOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

fossiliferous, nonelastic sediment which consists chiefly of carbonaceous matter and 

microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline quartz. Spectrographic analyses indicate that 

the carbonaceous material contains V. Hypogene chalcocite is -generally an 

additional major constituent of the rock. The maximum reported value of V20s 

in the sediment is more than 3 percent, but the deposits are generally classified 

as uneconomic.-EBT 

Janda, I. See Brandenstein, M. 00038 

00219 Janda, I.; Schroll, E. Geochemische Untersuchungen an Graphitgesteinen 

[Geochemical investigation of graphitic rocks (in German)]: InternaL Geol. Cong., 

21st, Copenhagen, 1960, Rept., pt. 1, Geochemical cycles, p. 40-53, 1960. 

An emission spectrographic method was used to determine 26 elements in more 

than 100 samples of graphite and graphitic rocks. The trace-element content 

decreased with increased crystallization and with increased coaly-matter content; 

no trace metals enter the graphite lattice. Probably almost all of the graphite 

originated from concentrations of organic material, as indicated by the contents of 

biophile elements like Mo, V, Ni, and B. Traces of Ge, Be, and Cr indicate origin 

from coaly rock, whereas Mo, Ni, Co, and a high V content indicate origin from 

bituminous rock and sapropelite. Average contents found in graphitic shales are 

(in ppm): As 5, Sb 3, Bi--, Ag 0.05, Cu 192, Zn 80-230 (clays, Pb 20, Hg 

-, Ge 7, Mo not reported, V 120, Ni 24, Co 8, Ga 50, Tl --, Cr 410-680, Ti 4,300, 

Sn 40, Zr 120, Mn 620, Be 3.6, B --, Sr 170, and Ba 460.-Authors' abs., modified. 

Jeanrenaud, P. See Savul, Mircea. 00233 

J oensuu, Oiva. See Landergren, Sture. 00176 

00185 Joensuu, Oiva; Olausson, Eric. 

relationship to organic matter [abs.]: 

87, 1964. 

Barium content in deep-sea cores and its 

Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 76, p. 86-

The dark and light layers of Swedish cores 190 and 194 from the Mediterranean 

were analyzed for trace and major elements. Carbonates were leached out and the 

remaining silicates separated into clay-, silt-, and sand-sized fractions. Waterinsoluble organic matter was included in the clay fraction. Organic matter was 

ashed at 500°C and the residue analyzed. Ba and Mo contents varied the most 

between dark and light layers (light clay and silt: Ba 250 ppm, Mo <5 ppm; dark 

clay and silt: as much as 5,000 ppm Ba and 90 ppm Mo). During sedimentation 

of the light layer enough oxygen was available to decompose the organic matter 

(through biologic activity). During glacial stages the water level of the 

Mediterranean fell so that water exchange with the Atlantic was greatly reduced 

which resulted in a stagnant environment that prevented oxidation of organic 

matter.-Authors' abs., condensed. 

Joensuu, Oiva. See Koczy, F. F. 00211 

00186 Joly, John. The amount of thorium in sedimentary rocks. 2. Arenaceous· and 

argillaceous rocks: Philos. Mag., v. 20, ser. 6, p. 353-357, 1910. 

Sedimentary rocks in general contain 11.6 ppm Th. Mean Th content in argillaceous 

sediments is 11.4 ppm. A black shale of Silurian and Ordovician age contained 

10 ppm Th.-EBT 

00187 Jost, Konrad. Ober den Vanadiumgehalt der Sedimentgesteine und sedimentaren 

Lagerstlitten [On the vanadium content of sedimentary rocks and sedimentary ore 

deposits (in German)]: Chemie der Erde, v. 7, p. 177-290, 1932. 

Literature on V is reviewed, analytical methods are described, analyses of 

sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Silurian to Recent are presented, and the 

geochemistry of V is discussed. Average V content in clays and shales is calculated 

as 121 ppm. V content of bituminous shales from the Lias E profile of Ohmenhausen 

near Reutlingen ranges from 107 to 240 ppm (error ± 5 percent). V contents in some carbonaceous rocks are (ppm): bituminous marl, Permian Kupferschiefer, 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 37 

Mansfeld, 530; bituminous marly shale, Lias, Grenze o/E, Wurttemberg, 166; very 

bituminous marly shale, Lias E, Reutlingen, 440; very bituminous marly shale, Lias 

E, Erzingen, 345; mud with organic residues, Recent, Volga River, 220.-EBT. 

Kalmurzaev, K. E. See Adyshev, M. M. 00002 

00181 Katchenkov, S. M. Raspredeleniye khimicheskikh elementov v glinistykh 

mineralakh [The distribution of chemical elements in clay minerals]: Akad. Nauk 

SSSR, Doklady, v. 134, no. 3, p. 680-683, 1960; English translation: New York 

Consultants Bur., Inc., p. 849-851, 1961. 

Clay samples were taken from both monomineral deposits and from sedimentary 

deposits, including erosion crusts, Paleozoic deposits of the Russian platform, 

Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits of the northeast Caucasus, and mud from Recent 

sediments of the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea, and Indian 

Ocean. The < 1JL fraction was separated and its mineralogy determined by X-ray 

and thermal methods. Minor elements were determined by quantitative spectral 

analysis, common elements and organic C by chemical analysis, and bitumen by 

luminescent analysis. The distribution of many elements in clay minerals depends 

on physicochemical properties of the element, environment of formation of the 

mineral, composition of parent rocks, and intensity of chemical weathering (climate). 

Ratios of element pairs show these differences between minerals of continental and 

of marine deposits. In clay minerals of marine deposits, minor element content 

is (in ppm): Sr 250, Ba 220, Mn 300, V 140, Cr 150, Ni 70, Cu 30, Zr 140, Be 

0.8, organic C 15,000, bitumen 870; in clay minerals of Recent marine sediments: 

Sr 370, Ba 360, Mn 760, V 146, Cr 126, Ni 90, Cu 50, Zr 100, Be 1, organic C 

16,500, bitumen 680; in clay minerals of continental. sediments: Sr 190, Ba 200, 

Mn 500, V 170, Cr 150, Ni 100, Cu 20, Zr 150, Be 1.2, organic C 13,300, bitumen 

300.-EBT 

00182 Katchenkov, S.M. K kharakteristike usloviy osadkonakopleniya po rasseyannym 

khimicheskim elementam [Characteristic conditions of sediment accumulation 

according to dispersed chemical elements (in Russian)]: Vses. Neft. nauchno 

issledov. Geol.-razved. Inst. [Leningrad], Trudy, No. 174 (Geokhim. Sb. 7), p. 109-

154, 1961b. 

Distribution patterns of elements in sedimentary rocks are shown graphically for 

different sediments, environments, fractions, and minerals. During mechanical 

sorting, clay fractions are enriched in V, Cr, Ni, Mg, Be, Cu, and Ti, and are 

combined with Na, Ca, Sr, Mn, and Ba, whereas in sand-aleurite fractions, Na, 

Ca, Sr, and Mn are present as carbonates or partially sorbed. In silt fractions, 

high contents ofTi, Cr, Zr, V, Ni, Cu are due to their presence in magmatic minerals. 

In lakes, reservoirs, northern seas, where chemical weathering is weak, a motley 

distribution of elements results. In closed and semiclosed marine basins the 

distribution of elements is more orderly. Distribution patterns result from many 

factors concerning mechanical and chemical differentiations during sedimentation 

such as climate of the area of deposition, relief and size of drainage basin area, 

and chemical and physical properties.-Referativnyy Zhur., 1962, no. 5A67, 

modified. 

00188 Katchenkov, S. M. Raspredeleniye elementov v glinakh paleozoya VolgoUral'skoy oblasti [Element distribution in Paleozoic clays of the Volga-Ural region]: 

Akad. Nauk SSSR, Doklady, v. 107, p. 115-118, 1956; English translation: New 

York, Consultants Bur., Inc., p. 9-13, 1956. 

Data on the distribution of chemical elements in 279 samples of Paleozoic clays 

from the Volga-Ural region show that concentrations and ratios of pairs of elements 

with similar physicochemical properties do not remain constant. The changes 

depend on tectonic processes which occurred in the Russian platform during 

Paleozoic time and on environment of deposition and organic life. Accumulation 

of Cu, V, and Cr in Lower Carboniferous clays is related to increased organic 

content. Accumulation of Ni depends less on the quantity of organic material, 

therefore its content varies less through the Carboniferous sediments. This can be 

seen with the increase in the V:Ni ratio with increasing organic content. The 

producing (Pashisian) zone of the Devonian, the Tulian and other Lower 
38 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Carboniferous horizons, and Upper Permian deposits are considerably more 

enriched in organic matter (petroleum and plant residues) than other horizons of 

the Paleozoic. Range ()f minor element contents in these horizons is (in ppm): 

Sr 230-440, Ba nd-520, Mn 100-730, Cr 50-210, Ni 50-80, Cu 20-90, V 120-190.-

EBT 

00189 Katchenkov, S.M. Malye khimicheskiye elementy v osadochnykh porodakh i 

neftyakh [Minor chemical elements in sedimentary rocks and oils (in Russian)]: 

Vses. Neft. nauchno-issledov. Geol.-razved. Inst. [Leningrad], Trudy, v. 143, 271 

p., 1959. 

Data on minor element contents in sedimentary rocks and petroleums, ranging in 

age from Cambrian to Recent, in the Volga-Ural, Ural-Emba, and northeast 

Caucasus regions, are presented and discussed. In Devonian rocks, average contents 

of organic C ranged from 0.25 to 1.97 percent and average contents of minor 

elements, (in ppm): Sr 220-1,100, Mn 530-3,600, V nd-120, Ni tr-60, Cu 30-140. 

Ratios of organic C to V, Ni, and Cu suggest that accumulation of these elements 

is primarily dependent on sorption processes on clay minerals; biogenic processes 

did riot have much influence. Sr:Corgan<c ratios show that accumulation of Sr was 

directly related to organic C content. In general, minor element content is related 

to rock type. A large bibliography is included.-EBT 

00190 Katchenkov, S. M. 0 raspredelenii khimicheskikh elementov v glinakh i 

glinistykh mineralakh [On the distribution of chemical elements in clays and clay 

minerals (in Russian)]: Vses. Neft. nauchno-issledov. Geol.-razved. Inst. 

[Leningrad], Trudy, v. 174 (Geokhim. Sb. 7), p. 98-108, 1961a. 

The distribution of elements in clays and clay minerals ( < 1~ fraction) in sedimentary 

rocks of the Russian platform and northeast Caucasus and in Recent sediments was studied. Mean contents in some Recent bottom silts are (in ppm): Sr 810, 

Ba 450, V 136, Cr 84, Mn 820, Ni 85, Cu 35, Zr 100, Be 0.4, organic C 12,500, 

bitumen 400; in the < 1~ fraction of Recent sediments, Sr 370, Ba 360, V 146, Cr 

126, Mn 760, Ni 91, Cu 51, Zr 100, Be l, organic C 16,500, bitumen 680; in Lower 

Carboniferous carbonaceous clays of the Tul'ski horizon from Tatar ASSR, Sr 300, 

Band, V nd, Cr 20, Mn 300, Ni tr, Cu tr, Zr nd, Bend, organic C 16,300, bitumen 

800. Mobile elements (alkalies, alkaline earths, Mn, Cu, Si, Fe, and others) are removed during chemical weathering and formation of clay minerals in continental 

environments. During sedimentation and diagenesis, clays are enriched in N a, Ca, 

Sr, Ba, Mn, and partially Si; clay minerals are enriched in AI, Mg, V, Cr, Be, Ni, 

and sometimes Fe and Ti.-EBT. 

00191 Katchenkov, S. M. 0 raspredelenii malykh khimicheskikh elementov v 

osadochnykh porodakh i neftyakh v svyazi c klimaticheskoy zonal'nost'yu i 

geokhimicheskoy istoriyey Russkoy platformy [On the distribution of minor 

chemical elements in sedimentary rocks and petroleums in relation to climatic zones 

and the geochemical history of the Russian platform (in Russian)]: Vses. Neft. 

nauchno-issledov. Geol.-razved. Inst. [Leningrad], Trudy, v. 227 (Geokhim. Sb. 9), 

p. 191-201, 1964. 

Siltstones deposited in areas with a warm and humid climate have lower minorelement contents than those deposited in areas with arid or cool and humid climates. 

Contents of minor elements in clays are related to tectonic processes, climatic 

environments, and dimensions of basins of sedimentation. Tropical climate in the 

Volga-Ural region during Early Carboniferous time caused intensive chemical 

weathering which resulted in increased V and Cr and decreased Sr, Ba, Mn, and 

Cu contents in clays deposited then. Average minor-element contents (from 

spectrographic analyses) in Devonian clays of the Volga-Ural region are (in ppm): 

Sr 500, Ba 440, V 120, Cr 108, Mn 490, Ni 66, Cu 78; in Carboniferous clays of 

the same region, Sr 370, Ba 420, V 135, Cr 108, Mn 220, Ni 68, and Cu 48.-EBT 

00192 Katchenkov, S. M.; Flegontova, E. I. Malye khimicheskiye elementy v ilakh 

Indiiskogo okeana [Minor chemical elements in muds of the Indian Ocean (in 

Russian)]: Vses. Neft. nauchno-issledov Geol.-razved. Inst. [Leningrad], Trudy, 

v.227, p. 202-211, l964b. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 

The trace elements in 15 samples of bottom muds and 4 samples of the < 1~t fraction 

from the Indian Ocean were determined by spectral methods. Mineralogically the 

bottom muds and the, < 1~t fraction are mostly hydromica. The < 1~t fraction was 

found to contain increased amounts of Cr, Ni, and Be. An increased content of 

V was observed in samples having a large insoluble residue (average 110 ppm V). 

The red mud and mud from Bengal Bay were rich in Mn. The ranges of element 

contents in all samples are, in ppm (average in parentheses): Na 5,000-25,000 

(15,000), Mn 7,000-20,000 (16,000), Ca 5,000-60,000 (33,000), Sr tr.-1,000 (550), 

Ba 300-700 (610}, V tr.-180 (68), Cr 20-160 (84), Ni 20-29, Mn 90-1,300 (680), 

Cu (37), Ti (I ,600).-Referativnyy Zhur., 1964, abs. 9V37, condensed. 

00193 Katchenkov, S.M.; Pesko, Lazer'. Spektral'nyy analiz gornykh porod i bitumov 

Albanii [Spectral analysis of rocks and bitumens of Albania (in Russian)]: 

Geologiya Geokhimiya Sb., v. 2, p. 350-359, 1958. 

The distribution of elements in diabases, serpentine, chromite, sphalerite, 

sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic and Tertiary ages, bitumens, and crude oils was 

investigated. In 2 samples of bituminous shale the following range of contents was 

found (in ppm): Sr tr.-4,000, Ba 1,000-8,400, Ti 2,500-3,000, Mn 38-55, V 400-

1,500, Cr 30-80, Ni 100-500, Cu 30-100, Zr 50, and Mo tr.-500.-Referativnyy 

Zhur., 1959, no. 7, abs. 13932, condensed. 

00215 Katchenkov, S.M.; F1egontova, E. I. Malye elementy v osadochnykh porodakh 

i neftyakh Zapadnoy Sibiri [Minor elements in sedimentary rocks and petroleums 

of western Siberia (in Russian)]: Vses. Neft. nauchno-issledov Geol.-razved. Inst. 

[Leningrad], Trudy, v. 227 (Geokhim. Sb. 9), p. 174-190, 1964a. 

Amounts of minor elements in Paleozoic, Jurassic, and Lower Cretaceous deposits 

were determined by quantitative spectral analysis. Relationships of Mesozoic 

petroleums and sediments in western Siberia to each other, to older source rocks, 

and to petroleums of other regions were considered. The ranges of average minorelement contents in bituminous argillites of Early Cretaceous age in western Siberia 

are (in ppm): Sr 600-3,500, Ba 450-2,100, V 60-700, Cr 80-180, Ni 20-270, Cu 

30-270, Mn 450-1,900, Ti 1,400-3,300, Zr 70-160, and Be 0.75-2.6. The averages 

of 42 samples of argillites and bitumens of Jurassic age from 9 wells are (number 

of wells included in the average is in parentheses) (in ppm): Sr 400, Ba 600, V 

180 (8) 800 (l), Cr 140, Ni 90 (8) 500 (l), Cu 80 (8) 320 (I), Mn 220 (8) 2,300 

( l ), Ti 2,400 (7) 4,000 (2), Zr 150, and Be 1.2. The high contents are in samples 

from the Dem'cansk region.-EBT 

00216 Kato, Iwao; Abe, Masahiro. Minor and trace elements of the core samples from 

the Kayo exploratory well, R 113, Yabase oil field, Akita Prefecture [in English]: 

Tohoku Univ. Sci. Repts., 3d ser., v. 6, no. 2, p. 185-192, 1959. 

The core samples analyzed by a semiquantitative spectrographic method are mostly 

of clastic and pyroclastic sediments taken from the Koya R 113 well in the Yabase 

field ranging in depth from 1,693.5 to 3,112.6 m. These sediments are probably 

mostly from the Onnagawa (Neogene), the source rock of the petroleum in the Akita 

oil fields, which is lithologically composed of hard bituminous siltstone. Ag, Ba, 

Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn were detected. The section 

may be separated into several zones on the basis of concentrations and combinations 

of Ag, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn and, partly, Ni and V, which are related to other 

physical properties of the core samples.-Authors' abs., condensed. 

00217 Kautzsch, Eberhard. U ntersuchungsergebnisse uber die Metallverteilung im 

Kupferschiefer [Results of investigation on the metal distribution in the 

Kupferschiefer (in German)]: Arkiv Lagerstattenf., no. 74, 42 p., 1942. 

The distribution of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the Permian Kupferschiefer of Germany is 

shown on maps compiled from drill hole and mining information. Reserves of more 

than I million tons of economically minable Cu are calculated for the several areas 

considered. Evidence is discussed pertaining to the origin and facies relations of 

the metal-bearing strata. The author believes that Cu was derived from the land 

area adjacent to the Kupferschiefer sea and transported to the sea in dilute 

solutions.-EBT 
40 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Keith, M. L. See Degens, E. T. 00048 

Keith, M. L. See Degens, E. T. 00083 

00194 Keith, M. L.; Degens, E. T. Geochemical indicators of marine and fresh-water 

sediments, in Abelson, P. H., ed., Researches in geochemistry: New York, John 

Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 38-61, 1959. 

Preliminary geochemical studies of unseparated Pennsylvanian shale samples from 

the Appalachian coal basin showed B and Li appreciably higher and F and Sr slightly 

higher in marine shales; Ga and Cr are more abundant in fresh-water shales. The 

most promising indicator elements are from the marine chemofacies such as B, Li, 

S, and F. Generally for environmental studies chemical analyses of total sample 

are much less significant than analyses of separated fractions, because similar 

materials should be compared. Suggested relative concentrations of Cu, Pb, and 

Sn occur in the organic fraction of fresh-water shales and of Ni and possibly V 

in the organic fraction of marine shales. Average minor-element content of 15 

marine shales is (in ppm; standard deviation in parentheses): Ba 115 (34), Ga 8 

(7), Li 159 (26), F 817 (182), Sr 250 (52), Cr 62; of 15 fresh-water shales: Ba 

44 (28), Ga 17 (4), Li 92 (24), F 642 (121), Sr 205 (52), and Cr 110.-EBT 

Keller, W. D. See Muilenburg, G. A. 00151 

00195 Kepferle, R. C. Uranium in Sharon Springs Member of Pierre Shale, South 

Dakota and northeastern Nebraska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1046-R, p. 577-604, 

1959. 

The U content of the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale in South Dakota 

and northeastern Nebraska was studied in 1954. More than 300 samples of this 

black organic marine shale of Late Cretaceous age have an average U content of 

about 15 ppm. The most uraniferous parts are about 3 in. thick and contain as 

much as 250 ppm U. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of 82 samples 

indicate that Mo, Fe, and P contents tend to vary directly with the U content, 

whereas AI, Ga, B, Ti, Mg, and Na contents vary inversely. Elements found in 

a few samples are Be, Nb, and Ag. The concentration of Cu and V in the Sharon 

Springs is notably higher than in other shales. The maximum ranges of minor 

element contents are (in ppm): U 5-200, B 20-500, Ba 200-5,000, Co 1-50, Cr 

5-1,000, Cu 10-500, Ga 1-20, Mg 1,000-10,000, Mn 10-500, Mo 0.5-200, Ni 5-

200, Pb 5-50, Sc 2-50, Sr 20-2,000, V 100-2,000, Y 0.2-500, Yb 0.2-50, Zr 20-

200.-Author's abs., modified. 

00196 Ketner, K. B.; Smith, J. F., Jr. Composition and origin of siliceous mudstones 

of the Carlin and Pine Valley quadrangles, Nevada, in Short papers in geology and 

hydrology: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 475-B, p. B45-:-B47, 1963. 

Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian rocks in the upper plate of the Roberts 

Mountains thrust fault and the post-thrust Lower Mississippian rocks are generally 

dark-brown or dark-gray to black siliceous mudstones which have common features 

regardless of age. They contain from 0.15 to 5.12 percent C and from 63 to 94 

percent Si02, probably as a chemical precipitate. Semiquantitative spectrographic 

analyses show the following minor element contents in the mudstones (ranges in 

ppm): 6 Ordovician samples, B 20-70, Ba 70-10,000, Cr 15-100, Cu 50-150, Ga 

0-15, La 0, Mo 0-7, Ni 7-50, Pb 0-15, Sc 0-10, Sr 20-500, V 100-200, Y 10-

30, Yb 1.5-3, Zr I 0-150; I Silurian sample, B 50, Ba 700, Cr 30, Cu 10, Ga I 0, 

La 0, Mo 0, Ni 5, Pb 15, Sc 0, Sr 30, V 150, Y 15, Yb 2, Zr 200; 4 Devonian 

samples, B 30-150, Ba 1,500-3,000, Cr 15-70, Cu 50-100, Ga 0-15, La 0-50, Mo 

0-150, Ni 15-70, Pb 0-15, Sc 0-10, Sr 30-200, V 50-700, Y 0-20, Yb 0-3, Zr 0-

70; 5 Mississippian samples, unit A, B 50-150, Ba 2,000-15,000, Cr 50, Cu 30-

100, Ga 0-15, La 0, Mo 0-15, Ni 10-70, Pb 0-15, Sc 0-15, Sr 50-150, V 150-

700, Y 0-15, Yb 0-2, Zr 20-100; 2 Mississippian samples, unit B, B 50-70, Ba 1,500-

2,000, Cr 100, Cu 70, Ga 20-30, La 0-50, Mo 10, Ni 70, Pb 15-20, Sc 15-20, Sr 

150, V 200, Y 30, Yb 3, Zr 150-200.-EBT 

Khamrabayev, I. Kh. See Gamaleyev, I. E. 00125 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 41 

00213 King, W. H.; Wilson, S. R. Diamond drill and auger sampling of vanadiferous 

shale, Mercur Dome mine, Tooele County, Utah: U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 4572, 

8 p., 1949. 

Results of a U.S. Bureau of Mines development program for vanadiferous 

carbonaceous shale in the Madison Limestone [Deseret Limestone] of Mississippian 

age near Mercur, Utah, are outlined. Assay determinations of channel samples 

from this shale show that V 205 content ranges from 0.06 to 0.82 percent. Samples 

from drill cores showed 0.07 to 0.39 percent V 205. The V is present in the shale 

in an unidentified form.-EBT 

00214 Kita-Badak, M.; Badak, J.; Satdan, M. Remarks on the occurrence and origin 

of the uranium-bearing shales of the Menilite Series in the Middle Carpathians [in 

English]: Acad. Polonaise Sci. Bull., ser. sci.· geol. et geog., v. 12, no. 2, p. 71-

77, 1964. 

The uranium-bearing shales usually occur in the lower part of the Menilite Series 

of Eocene age in the Carpathian Flysch. These black oil shales have slaty or leaflike 

cleavage, range in thickness from 0.5 to 5.0 m, and probably form lenses several 

kilometers long. U content is as much as 620 ppm and bitumen content ·usually 

exceeds 4 percent. In these shales, the U is finely dispersed and related to the 

existing bituminous material. The concentrations of U are probably of syngenetic 

origin and due to adsorption by plankton and other organic substances. In the 

surrounding rocks U content is much lower and is about 12 ppm in most of the 

shales of the series.-EBT 

00205 Klemic, Harry. Uranium occurrences in sedimentary rocks of Pennsylvania: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1107-D, p. 243-288, 1962. 

In Pennsylvania, U deposits occur in sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Late 

Devonian to Late Triassic in the Appalachian Plateaus, Ridge and Valley, and 

Piedmont provinces. Results of semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of 2 

samples of uraniferous black argillite of the Triassic Lockatong Formation compared 

with analyses of Devonian black shale samples from West Virginia and Tennessee 

are, in percent (X = 1-9): Lockatong Formation, Ti, O.X; Ba, Mn, Sr, B, Cr, 

Co, Ni, Cu, O.OX; Cu, Ga, La, Y, Zn, Zr, Pb, V, Sc, O.OOX; Yb, Be, Ag, O.OOOX; 

U 0.030, 0.001: I sample black shale from West Virginia, K, Mg, Ca, Na, O.X; 

Ti, Ba, Zn, V, Ni, Mn, B, Mo, Co, Cu, O.OX; Sr, Cr, Y, Pb, Ga, Zr, Sc, O.OOX; 

Yb, O.OOOX; Be O.OOOOX; U 0.004: 3 samples black shale from Tennessee, Ca, Na, 

Mg, Ti, O.X; Ba, Ni, Co, B, Mo, V, Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn, Sr, O.OX; Sr, Zr, Y, Ga, 

Sn, Pb, Sc, O.OOX; Yb, Be, O.OOOX.-EBT 

00197 Knight, C. L. Ore genesis-the source bed concept: Econ. Geology, v. 52, no. 

7, p. 808-817, 1957. 

The source bed concept, as proposed, is that sulfide orebodies in the majority of 

mining fields are, or were derived from, sulfide accumulations deposited 

contemporaneously with the other sedimentary components at one particular 

horizon in the sedimentary basin constituting the field, and that the sulfides 

subsequently migrated in varying degree under the influence of rise in temperature 

of the rock environment from deep burial or granite intrusion. Bedded deposits 

are discussed, including the Northern Rhodesia Copper Belt; Belgian Congo; 

Kupferschiefer; Upper Silesia Lead-Zinc Field, Poland; Maubach-Mechernich 

Lead-Zinc Field, Germany; Northern Morocco Lead-Zinc Field; Mount Isa and 

Broken Hill, Australia; Tri-State Zinc-Lead Field; Witwatersrand Gold Field; and 

others.-Author's abs., modified. 

00212 Knitzschke, Gerhard. Vererzung, H auptmetalle und Spurenelemente des 

Kupferschiefers in der Sangerhauser und Mansfelder Mulde [Mineralization, major 

metals and trace elements of the Kupferschiefer in the Sangerhausen and M ansfeld 

basins (in German: English summ.)]: Zeitschr. angew. Geologie, v. 7, no. 7, p. 

349-356, 1961. 

Characteristic differences exist between mineralization of the Sangerhausen trough 

and the Mansfeld trough. In the ores from Niederroblingen, Sangerhausen, the 
42 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

ratio of chalcocite to variegated copper pyrites increases and the contents of pyrites, 

galena, and zinc blende decrease. Kupferschiefer samples from the Sangerhausen 

region showed the following range in composition (in percent): SiOz 29.92-50.0 I, 

Fe 1.87-3.94, Al20a 12.24-20.92, CaO 3.09-16.31, MgO 1.74-7.48, C02 1.25-16.82, 

C 1.25-14. 78; (in ppm): Cu 300-94,800, Pb 100-9,200, Zn 100-13,600, Ag 10-1,220, 

Co 20-410, Ni 13-230, Ge 5.3-15.8, Se 10-200, Re 23-1,500, V 50-2,250, Mo 60-

735; from the Mansfeld region (in percent): SiOz 26.43-40.62, Fe 1.73-3.49, AhOa 

11.25-16.82, CaO 5.71-19.12, MgO 2.50-8.99, COz 5.04-20.50, C 1.54-12.91, (in 

ppm): Cu 300-52,800, Pb 500-20,400, Zn 200-48,700, Ag 10-340, Co 20-290, Ni 

13-270, Ge 6.4-16.2, Se 10-400, Re 23-235, V 50-1,700, and Mo 65-915.-Author's 

abs., modified. 

00198 Koblic, Josef. Bridlice osecko-kvaiiske, jejich slozenf a upotrebenf jakoz 

skodlive ucinky vod z nich vyverajfcfch [Osek-kvan shales, their composition and 

utilization, together with the noxious effects of waters rising from them (in Czech; 

English summ.)]: Czechoslovakia Statnfho Geol. Ostavu Vestnfk, v. 24, no. 4, p. 

206-218, 1949. 

Analyses of the Osek-K van Shales (Dobrotiva Division, Ordovician age) in the roof 

of the diabase tuffs in the Sarka show 12.589 percent Fe, 0.303 percent P205, 0.001 

percent Ti02, 0.008 percent Vz05, and 0.003 percent NiO. C (0.948 percent) gives 

the shales their dark color.-EBT 

00405 Kochenov, A. V.; Baturin, G. N.; Kovaleva, S. A.; Emel'yanov, E. M.; Shimkus, 

K. M. U ran i organicheskoye veshchestva v osadkakh Chernogo i Sredizemnogo 

morey [Uranium and organic matter in sediments of the Black and Mediterranean 

Seas (in Russian; English abs.)]: Geokhimiya, no. 3, p. 302-313, 1965; English 

abs., Geochemistry InternaL, v. 2, no. 2, p. 212, 1966. 

In Black Sea sediments U content ranges from I to 15 ppm and organic C from 

less than I to about 4.5 percent. In Mediterranean sediments U content ranges 

from 0.2 to 10 ppm and organic C content is generally less than I percent. 

Correlation between U and organic C is generally stronger in samples from the 

Black Sea than in samples from the Mediterranean. U is absorbed by organic C 

in the reducing environment of the Black Sea. In 3 samples selected for detailed 

study, organic C content of the initial samples ranged from 2.3 to 4.0 percent. and 

U from 12 to 15 ppm.-EBT 

00182 Koczy, F. F. Thorium in sea water and marine sediments (in English): Geol. 

Foren. Stockholm Forh .• v. 71, no. 2. p. 238-242, 1949a. 

The Th content of a few samples of marine sediments have been measured. They 

contain about 0.1 ppm Th. The geochemistry of Th and U in sea water is briefly 

discussed.-Author's summ., condensed. 

00211 Koczy, F. F.; Antal, P. S.; Joensuu, Oiva. Die naturlichen radioaktiven Elemente 

in Sedimenten [The natural radioactive elements in sediments (in German; English 

abs.)]: Fortschr. Geologie Rheinland u. Westfalen, v. 10, p. 201-214, 1963. 

Distribution of natural radionuclides in the hydrosphere and in sediments is 

discussed and a summary of analyses presented. By a method of specific chemical 

fractionation it was shown that U is contained equally in all fractions except in 

stable clays and resistates. Th shows a contrary chemical behavior. The chemistry 

of the transporting water markedly affects the distribution of U; that is, in an 

oxidizing environment U is dissolved, but in a reducing environment it becomes 

insoluble. U moves with the ground water level and is affected by organic content, 

whereas Th is enriched by weathering processes. Th:U ratios cannot be used as 

indicators for marine or nonmarine origin of sediments, but mineralogical analyses 

of U minerals may indicate origin. U content in shelf sediments ranges from 3 

to 60 ppm. In deep sea clays Th content ranges from 4 to 150 ppm and U content 

from 0.5 to 30 ppm. Authors' abs., condensed. 

00406 Koczy, F. F. The thorium content of the Cambri'!n alum shales of Sweden (in 

English): Sveriges Geol. Undersokn., Ser. C. n:o 509, Arsb. 43, no. 7, 12 p., 1949b. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 

The Th content of the Swedish alum shales was determined and found to range 

from 0.6 to 2 ppm. U content ranges from lO to 200 ppm. The Dictyonema shales 

contain the highest amount of U, but the lowest amount of Th. Th seems to have 

a direct relationship with the clay contents and an indirect relationship with the 

kerogen contents. U is more directly related to the kerogen contents. Th in solution 

seems to be precipitated by sea water very quickly, or if it is transported as a 

compound by heavy minerals, it settles near river mouths. The alum shales were 

probably deposited very slowly in a closed marine basin; therefore, Th is likely to 

be found in small amounts only.-EBT 

00198 Konstantynowicz, E. Zechstein mineralization in the outer Sudetic syncline 

(Lower Silesia) (in English): Acad. Polonaise Sci., ser. sci. geol. et geog., v. 12, 

no. I, p. 63-66, 1964. 

In I to 3 m of bituminous marly and marly-calcareous sediments of the Lower 

Zechstein [Upper Permian Kupferschiefer] chalcocite content decreases with depth 

of burial, whereas bornite, chalcopyrite and pyrite contents increase. Minor 

quantities of As, Co, N i, Mo, V, Ga, Sn, and Cr occur. Zn content ranges from 

0.2 to 0.28 percent; Ph content, from an average of 0.03 percent in the copperbearing marl to I percent in the lead-bearing marl. In more calcareous strata Pb 

content decreases, especially in the bottom and middle sections. The near-shore 

sediments are less rich in Cu due to the oxidizing depositional environment. Zones 

farther from shore have the highest ore accumulation as a result of intensive 

precipitation of sulfides in a reducing environment; at greater distances from shore 

the metal content decreases again. A distinct correlation between Cu and organic 

C exists.-EBT 

00203 KontoroYich, A. E. Khimicheskiy sostav osadochnykh Zapadno-Sibirskoy plity 

[Chemical composition of sedimentary rocks of the West Siberian block]: Akad. 

Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 163, no. 4, p. 984-987, 1965; English translation: Acad. 

Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec., Am. Geol. Inst., v. 163, no. 1/6, p. 194-196. 

Average concentration of individual elements in Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary 

rocks of the West Siberian plain was calculated from more than 8,000 analyses. 

Normal distribution in sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone was applicable to Si, AI, 

Fe, and Mg: log-normal distribution was applicable to V, Cr. Ni, Ti, Co, Mn, Li, 

S, and organic C. Average composition of clay and mudstone of the West Siberian 

Plain is (in percent; number of analyses in parentheses): Li 0.005 (123), organic 

C 1.71 (4,904), Na 1.56 (256), Mg 1.10 (835), AI 8.37 (443), Si 28.63 (945), S 0.51 

( 1,286), K 1.82 (257), Ca 0.72 (975), Ti 0.46 (I ,222), V 0.0092 (881 ), Cr 0.0083 (894), 

Mn 0.049 (808). Fe 4.80 (1,272), Co 0.0017 (920), and Ni 0.006 (836). Marine 

sediments of Late Jurassic age contained maximum amounts of organic C (4.79 

percent). Contents of Jurassic clay and mudstone are (weighted mean in percent): 

Si 27.4, AI 8.8, Fe 4.2, Ti 0.41, Ca 1.0, K 1.7, Na 1.35, Co 0.0019, Ni 0.0076.-

EBT 

00199 Koritnig, Sigmund. Zur Geochemie des Fluors in den Sedimenten [The 

geochemistry of fluorine in sediments (in German; English abs.)]: Fortschr. 

Geologie Rheinland u. Westfalen, v. 10, p. 231-238, 1963. 

F is the most abundant halogen in sedimentary rocks. Due to its ionic radius it 

is especially liable to be camouflaged in OH-bearing minerals. In clays 

approximately 80 to 90 percent of the F is contained in muscovite, illite, and related 

minerals of the mica group; the rest is in montmorillonite, kaolinite, and apatite. 

The average F content of sedimentary micas and illites is about half as large as 

that of igneous rocks, while montmorillonite and kaolinite contain only the tenth 

part ofF occurring in sedimentary micas. The average F content of deposits of 

marine origin should be higher than that in deposits of other origins, but other 

factors mask this so that F content gives no indication of marine or nonmarine 

origin. In Lias clay, Dobbertin, the total F content is 760 ppm.-Author's abs., 

condensed. 

00204 Koritnig, Sigmund. Ein Beitrage zur G~ochemie des Fluor [A contribution to 

the geochemistry of fluorine (in German; English abs.)]: Geochim. et Cosmochim. 

Acta, v. I, p. 89-116, 1951. 
44 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

The F and P20s contents were determined in more than 100 samples of magmatic 

and sedimentary rocks (single and composite samples). In numerous computations 

the F was allotted to the minerals in the rocks in order to recognize patterns of 

distribution and migration. The average F contents of eruptive (700 ppm) and 

sedimentary (650 ppm) rocks and the upper lithosphere are calculated and an attempt 

is made to draft the F metabolism and circulation in the earth. Contents of F 

and P20s in shales and clays (selected from table 3) are (in ppm): Kulmtonschiefer, 

Silesia, 500 F. 1,400 P20s; Wissenbacher shale, Hartz, 960 F. 1,230 P205 ; 

Dachschiefer, Rothaargebirge, 310 F, 380 P20s; Kupferschiefer, very bituminous, 

Albungen, 650 F, 1,450 P20s; clay, Lias «:, Mecklenburg, 760 F, 1,270 P20s; 

Posidonenschiefer, Reutlingen, 210 F, 370 P20s.-Author's abs., modified. 

Korner, D. See Heide, F. 00404 

00209 Korolev, D. F. Nekotorye osobennosti raspredeleniya molibdena v porodakh 

Bylymskogo ugol'nogo mestorozhdeniya (severnyy Kavkaz) [Some peculiarities of 

molybdenum distribution in rocks of the Bylymsk coal deposits (northern 

Caucasus)]: Geokhimiya, no. 5, p. 420-424, 1957; English translation: 

Geochemistry, no. 5, p. 493-499, 1957 [1960]. 

The Bylymsk coal deposit is within the boundaries of Kabardin ASSR, 12 km north 

of the town of Tyrny-Auz. The coal-bearing series, ranging in thickness from 30 

to 40 m, is composed of interbedded coal and clayey shales containing siderite 

concretions. The series transgressively overlies Precambrian crystalline schists and 

in age is related to the Toar stage of the late Liassic. Mo content of the rocks 

ranges from 0 to 3 ppm; it averages 0.8 ppm in the siderites and 0.6 ppm in the 

carbonaceous shales. Unaltered carbonaceous shale from mine workings averages 

1.3 ppm Mo; the range of Mo content of both the unaltered and of the weathered 

shale samples is 0 to 2 ppm. Mo accumulation is related to the intensity of reduction 

processes.-EBT 

Kovaleva, S. A. See Kochenov, A. V. 00405 

00206 Krauskopf, K. B. Factors controlling the concentrations of thirteen rare metals 

in sea-water: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 9, p. 1-32b, 1956. 

Rare metals are notably concentrated in certain marine sedimentary rocks, especially 

black shales and phosphorites. The source of the metals is commonly thought to 

be sea-water; factors controlling the concentration of 13 metals (Zn, Cu. Pb, Bi, 

Cd, Ni, Co, Hg, Ag, Cr, Mo, W, and V) were studied. Sea-water is greatly 

undersaturated in all l3 metals. Local precipitation of sulfides is possible for Cu, 

Zn, Hg, Ag, Cd, Bi, and Pb, but is probably not their chief control. Adsorption 

is a possible mechanism for all elements except V, W, Ni, Co, and Cr: adsorption 

processes supplemented by organic reaction qualitatively explain the distribution of 

rare metals. V, Ni, Co, and Mo, four metals most characteristic of black shales 

and asphalts, belong to a group which, according to experiments, cannot be 

controlled by precipitation of sulfides; biologic processes must be important in the 

enrichment of them in sedimentary rocks.- EBT 

00210 Krauskopf, K. B. Sedimentary deposits of rare metals, in pt. 1 of Bateman, A. 

M., ed., Economic geology, 50th anniversary volume, 1905-1955: Urbana, Ill., 

Econ. Geology Pub. Co., p. 411-463, 1955. 

Detailed comparison of published analyses of sedimentary rocks for rare metals 

(excluding radioactive metals) suggests that nearly all minor metals are more 

concentrated in shales, although seldom more than twice the crustal abundances 

in ordinary shales. Rare metals are most enriched in organic sediments: enrichments 

of more than 1,000 times the crustal abundances are reported for several elements. 

Coal is characterized by enrichment in Ge, black shales and petroleum by V. 

Processes of enrichment are mechanical concentration, chemical precipitation, 

adsorption, and organic processes; adsorption and organic processes are more 

important. Widespread enrichment occurs in coal swamps, shallow marine 

sediments, stagnant bottoms and open shelves in areas of upwelling water, and semiarid slopes and basins where red sandstones and conglomerates are deposited. Local 

conditions may cause concentrations in other environments. Concentrations of 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 45 

minor elements in black shales are (averages; maximums in parentheses; in ppm): 

Ag 5-50 (800), As 75-225 (825?), Au 0.01-1? (7), Ba 450-700? (2,400?), Be 1? (4?), 

Bi (100?), Cd (300?), Co 5-50 (180), Cr 10-500 (5,000), Cu 20-300 0000), Ga 70? 

(170?), Ge 7?, In (0.2?), Li 17? (660?), Mo 10-300 (l ,000), Nb 0.6?, Ni 20-300 (2,400), 

Pb 20-400? (700), Pt metals (6?), Rb 450?, rare earth metals 25-100?, Sb (300?), 

Sc 16?, Sn (260?), Sr 25-400? (2,000?), Tl 1? (3?), V 50-2,000 (14,000), Zn 100-

1000 ( 10,000), and Zr 10-20. Enrichment factors are (averages; maximums in 

parentheses): Ag 50-500 (8,000), As 15-45? (165?), Au 2-200? (l ,400), Ba 2-5? (I 0?), 

Be <0.5? (2?), Bi (500?), Cd (2,000?), Co 0.2-2 (8), Cr 0.05-2.5 (25), Cu 0.3-4 (14), 

Ga 5? (12?), Ge 1?, In (2?), Li 0.3? (10?), Mo 10-300 (1,000), Nb 0.03?, Ni 0.2-

4 (30), Pb 1.2-25? (44), Pt metals (300?), Rb 1.5?, rare earth metals 0.2-0.7?, Sb 

(300?), Sc 3?, Sn (7?), Sr 0.1-1.3? (7?), T1 2? (5?), V 0.3-13 (93), Zn 0.8-8 (77), 

and Zr 0.05-0.09?.-Author's abs., modified. 

Krejci-Graf, K. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 

Krejci-Graf, K. See Ernst, Werner. 00129 

Krejci-Graf, Karl. See Borchert, Herman. 00031 

00207 Krejci-Graf, Karl; Wickman, F. E. Ein geochemisches Profil durch den Lias 

alpha [A geochemical profile through the Lias Alpha (in German; English abs.)]: 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 18, p. 259-272, 1960. 

A systematic study of trace elements and isotopes in lithological profiles and 

connected oils might lead to the determination of source rocks; results will be 

conclusive only after study of the whole stratigraphic sequence has been completed. 

Oils contain notably less Cr than the shales nearby; the same relationship is seen 

between tars ("oils") and their parent oil shales. Drill-wre samples of Lias Alpha 

clay shale from Lower Saxony show the following ranges of Cr, Mo, and V contents 

(in ppm): Cr2 Oa <2-550, Mo03 2-28, and V 20~ 70-225. In the Messel oil shale 

are the following ranges (in ppm): nodular shale: V 20~ 100-500, Cr10:1 500-1,000, 

Coa04 50-100, N iO 500, bitumen 6 percent; foliated shale: V 20:1 I 00-500, Cr10:1 

500-1,000,Coa04100, NiO 500-800; bitumen 7 percent; foliated shale: V20a 100-

500, Cr203 100-500, Coa04 50-100, NiO 100-500, bitumen 8 percent; and oil shale: 

V20a 450, Cr203 600, Coa04 --, NiO 650.-Authors' abs., modified. 

00208 Krumbein, W. C.; Slack, H. A. Statistical analysis of low-level radioactivity 

of Pennsylvanian black fissile shale in Illinois: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 67, no. 6, p. 739-762, 1956. 

Black fissile shale in Pennsylvanian cyclothems in the western part of the Illinois 

basin shows low-level radioactivity as measured by alpha-particle emission. 

Preliminary analysis showed tenfold variability in radioactivity among closely spaced 

samples, with no apparent concentration in particular zones of the thin shale units. 

Interlocked regional and local sampling designs of shale in the Brereton Formation 

furnished data for estimating stratigraphic variability of samples. Neither geological 

evidence nor statistical analysis suggested any strong regional gradient in 

radioactivity and both suggest that the radioactive material was associated with 

depositional environment, rather than diagenetic. A detailed description of statistical 

methods used is included.-Authors' abs., modified. 

Kulp, J. L. See Cobb, J. C. 00054 

Kulp, J. L. See Holland, H. D. 00183 

Kulp, J. L. See Turekian, K. K. 00351 

Kunashova, K. G. See Baranov, V.I. 00009 

Kurbanova, N. Z. See Sindeeva, N.D. 00302 

00200 Kuroda, P. K.; Sandell, E. B. Geochemistry of molybdenum: Geochim. et 

Cosmochim. Acta, v. 6, p. 35-63, 1954. 
46 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Shales poor in organic matter contain about as much Mo as igneous rocks (average 

about I ppm). Carbonaceous and pyritic shales are usually much richer in Mo, 

often containing 100 ppm or more. Carbonate rocks usually contain less than 0.5 

ppm except when organic matter is present. Because of the variable amounts of 

Mo in shales, an average value for sedimentary rocks is difficult to calculate, but 

may be much higher than for igneous rocks because of Mo in hydrothermal solutions 

and volcanic emanations. Deep-sea sediments contain little Mo and the few 

metamorphic rocks studied averaged 0.5 ppm Mo, with no correlation between Mo 

content and metamorphic grade. In the composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic 

shales Mo content was 4.5 ppm, in the Cason Shale (Ordovician), Arkansas, 2.8: 

in Tasmanite, Latrobe, Tasmania, 4.6: in organic shale, Katella, Alaska, 9.3: and 

in vanadiferous shale (Permian), Idaho, 65, 87 ppm. -Authors' abs., modified. 

Kuz'mina, L.A. See Baranov, V.l.00025 

Lakin, H. W. See Byers, H. G. 00062 

Lakin, H. W. See Byers, H. G. 00063 

Lakin, H. W. See Davidson, D. F. 00079 

Lakin, H. W. See Davidson, D. F. 00080 

Lakin, H. W. See Davidson, D. F. 00081 

00179 Lakin, H. W.; Byers, H. G. Selenium occurrence in certain soils in the United 

States, with a discussion of related topics. Sixth report: U.S. Dept. Agriculture 

Tech. Bull. 783, 26 p., 1941. 

TheSe content of most of the samples of Upper Cretaceous shales from California 

is less than I ppm. Of 63 shale samples, only 13 contained I ppm or more of 

Se: only 4 contained more than 15 ppm with the maximum Se content 28 ppm. 

The Moreno Shale of Late Cretaceous age, similar in gross physical appearance 

to the Pierre Shale of South Dakota, contained 2, 8, and 28 ppm Se in 3 samples. 

Probably the primary source of Se concentration in Upper Cretaceous formations 

is in contemporaneous volcanic activity. The Eagle Ford Shale of Cretaceous age 

from Oklahoma shows no marked concentration of Se. A general discussion of 

the modes of accumulation ofSe is presented.-EBT 

0020 I Lakin, H. W. Geochemistry of selenium in relation to agriculture, in Anderson, 

M.S., Lakin, H. W., Beeson, K. C., Smith, F. F., and Thacker, Edward, Selenium 

in agriculture: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Agr. Han db. 200, p. 3-24, 1961. 

Se content in sedimentary rock samples in western United States ranges from less 

than 0.02 ppm to more than 1,500 ppm. Se content varies both vertically and areally. 

Certain formations, however, contain abnormal amounts of Se ( >2 ppm) 

throughout, and over large areas. Some zones in the Mississippian Manning Canyon 

Shale and the Permian Phosphoria Formation contain 100 to 600 times as much 

. Seas the composite of 36 European Paleozoic shales (Minami, 1935a). High Se 

content is characteristic of the upper part of the Niobrara Formation and the lower 

part of the Pierre Shale: an average content of 20 ppm Se occurs above and below 

the contact of these two Cretaceous formations in North Dakota, Nebraska, and 

Kansas. Data on Se from the literature are reviewed.-Author's discussion, 

modified. 

00202 Lakin, H. W .; Byers, H. G. Selenium occurrence in certain soils in the United 

States, with a discussion of related topics. Seventh report: U.S. Dept. Agriculture 

Tech. Bull. 950, 36 p., 1948. 

Results of a survey of Se occurrence in North Dakota and of reconnaissance 

examination of parts of Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, and Utah where Se poisoning of 

livestock was reported are presented. Analyses of black shales showed: A sample 

of dark-grey thin-bedded shale (Benton?) of Late Cretaceous age from North 

Dakota contained 16 ppm Se. Samples from the upper part of the N iobarra 

Formation and the lower part of the Pierre Shale of Late Cretaceous age from North 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 47 

Dakota contained from 1.4 to 36 ppm Se. In Utah, Se content of samples of the 

Manning Canyon Shale of Carboniferous [Mississippian] age ranged from 0.4 to 

54 ppm. EBT 

Lakin, H. W. See Williams, K. T. 00315 

00175 Landergren, Sture; Manheim, F. T. Ober die Abhangigkeit der Verteilung von 

Schwermetal\en von der Fazies [On the relationship ol' the distribution ol' trace 

metals in facies (in German: English abs.)]: Fortschr. Geologie Rheinland u 

Westfa\en,v.IO,p.\73 192,1963. 

The analyses, which were mostly done in the geochemical laboratory of the 

Geological Survey of Sweden, were for major constituents, ferrides (Ti, V, Cr, M n, 

Fe, Co, and Ni), and other minor elements such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Mo, Ga, Sr, and 

Ba, and in some cases Th and U. Sn and Zr were noted but not estimated 

quantitatively. Knowledge of the major composition of sediments is essential for 

proper interpretation of minor and trace element relationships. Distribution patterns 

of most of the metals included here are affected by factors other than salinity of 

depositional environment: therefore they are unsuitable for salinity indicators. Ba 

and Sr are possible salinity indicators under certain conditions, particularly in 

carbonate depositional environments, but insufficient data are available to evaluate 

their potential. To date B is the only geochemical indicator consistently sensitive 

to variations in salinity. Min or element contents in some clay sediments are (average 

in ppm): Deep sea clay, 450 samples, V 110, Cr 60, Co 150, Ni 210, B 135, Ga 

20, Cu 560, Zn g5, Pb 63, Mo 27, U 2.6, Sr 130, Ba 1,200, TiO~ 7,goo. MnO~ 

4,goo 31,400: Atlantic Ocean deep sea clay, 100 samples, V 120, Cr 50, Co 30, Ni 

60, B 130, Ga 24, Cu 9g, Zn 130, Pb 35, M o 4, U 2.6, Sr II 0, Ba 3g0, TiO~ g,600, 

M nO; 4,goo: near shore bottom sediment, Skagerrak Kattegatt, 4 samples, V 110, 

Cr 90, Co 7, Ni 3g, B 115, Ga Jg, Cu 20, Zn 59, Pb 33, Mo <3, Th 10, U 6, 

Sr 240, Ba 3go, TiO~ 7 ,400, M no~ 700: Baltic Sea bottom sediment, g 25 samples, 

V 140, Cr 100, Co 15, Ni 50, B 105, Ga 33, Cu sg, Zn 110, Pb 50, Mo 14, Th 

9, U g_ Sr 170, Ba 620, TiO~ 7,900, MnO~ 7,400: Kyrkfarden bottom sediment (fjord 

in Baltic Sea), 26 samples, V 60, Cr go, Co 12. Ni 36, B 62, Ga 24, Cu 54, Zn 

130, Pb 31, Mo 7, Th 12, U II, Sr Jgo, Ba 550, TiO~ 7,200, MnO~ 900: Cambrian 

and Ordovician alum shale, Sweden, 15 450 samples (Assarsson and Grundulis, 

1961: Manheim, unpublished: Dahlman, 1962, personal commun.), V 1,500, 

(irregularly distributed, 100 3,600 ppm), Cr 70, Co 35, Ni 200 (irregularly 

distributed, <30 500), B 145 (southern Sweden). B 106 (central Sweden), Ga 35, 

Cu 170, Zn go (occasional higher contents, 1,700), Pb 3g, Mo 89, Th 7, U 160 

(average of 250 analyses, range 50-500), Sr 91, Ba 500, TiO~ 7,100, MnO~ 200.-

Authors' abs., modified. 

00176 Landergren, Sture; Joensuu, Oiva. 

sediment core from the Pacific Ocean: 

1965. 

Studies on trace element distribution in a 

Prog. in Oceanography, v. 3, p. 179-189, 

Main sources of trace elements in the sediment of core no. 69, sta. 102 of the Swedish 

Deep-Sea Expedition 1947-48, were: Materia\ weathered from basaltic to andesitic 

rocks-Li, Rb, Sc: Authigenic mineral-forming processes-K, Y. La: Precipitation 

of colloids due to adsorption of +ions in the sea-the pair of Mn02 colloids and 

Nin ions: and Precipitation due to biological processes-Ba, Cu. V, and Mo. Sr 

content is directly proportional to CaCO:l: Ba is completely independent of CaCO~. 

The upper core is manganiferous-ferruginous clay (red clay 6-322 em deep); the 

lower (340-566 em deep) is manganiferous-marl ooze. The average contents are 

(in ppm; upper core first): Li 28, 23: K 32,000, 29,000: Rb 74, 67; Be 1.5. 1.3: 

Sr 288, 559: Ba 495, 325: Sc 22, 14: Y 597. 189: La 283, 100: V 132, 88; Cr 42, 

59: Co 217, 86: Ni 405, 200: Ga 8.8. 8.1; Cu 510: 211: Pb 37. 24: Mo 70, 26: Zr 

135, 109.-EBT 

00177 Landergren, Sture. On the geochemistry of deep-sea sediments: Repts. Swedish 

Deep-Sea Expedition, 1947-1948, v. 10, Spec. lnv. no. 5, p. 61-154, \964. 

Samples of sediment cores collected from the Pacific Ocean during the Swedish 

Deep-Sea Expedition 1947-48 and samples from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans 

and Tyrrhenian Sea have been spectrochemically analyzed for major constituents, 
48 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

B, and the ferrides. Average contents in 450 samples of pelagic clays are (in ppm): 

Ti 4,200, V II 0, Cr 62, M n ( 12,900), Fe 5 I ,000, Co I SO, Ni 210, and B20:1 460. 

Mean content and distribution of major constituents is near that of "average shale." 

B content is related to salinity and grain-size and gives an indication of the balance 

of volatile elements in the sea. Principal source of Mn, Co, and Ni is sea water; 

M n is precipitated on the sea noor: then Co and N i are adsorbed on fine-grained 

manganese oxide (or hydroxide) particles. Variations in amount of Mn and Ni 

may be related to glacial periods: bottom currents also affect their distribution. 

The geochemistry of Band clay sediments is discussed in detaii.~EBT 

00178 Landergren, Sture. Contribution to the geochemistry of boron. II. The 

distribution of boron in some Swedish sediments, rocks, and iron ores. The boron 

cycle in the upper lithosphere (in English): Arkiv Kemi, Mineralogi, Geologi, v. 

19, A, no. 26, 31 p., 1945. 

Comparison between B contents of Cambrian alum shales and of clayslates which 

contain less organic C suggests that very little of the B content of alum shales is 

in their organic substances. B"O" content in Cambrian rocks ranges from 220 to 

450 ppm: the mean of 359 analyses is 320 ppm. B20:1 content in Ordovician rocks 

ranges from 60 to 580 ppm: the mean of 18 analyses is 240 ppm. In Silurian rocks 

B201 content ranges from 130 to 290 ppm: the mean of 4 analyses is 180 ppm. 

A black marine shale (Boserup) in the Lias Stage from northwest Scandia contains 

190 260 ppm B" O:t. Samples from 3 boreholes were analyzed by a spectrographic 

method, accurate within ±I 0 percent: those from the deep channel of Koster 

averaged 450 ppm B20:1: from Alsback, Gullmarsfjord, 320 ppm: and from the Gulf 

of Bothnia off Sundsvall, 100 ppm.~EBT 

00171 Landin, John. Radium i Sverige [Radium in Sweden (in Swedish)]: Arkiv Kemi, 

M ineralogi, Geologi, v. 2, no. I. n:o 2, 7 p., 1905. 

Two samples of kolm from the Swedish Alum Shale of Cambrian age were analyzed. 

Ash content of sample A was 22.28 percent: U:tOR content in the ash, 2.87 percent. 

Ash content of sample B was 45.11 percent: U:tOR content of the ash, 0.92 percent. 

A sample of the Billinge Shale contained 0.01 percent Zn. The Ra content of the 

shales is discussed.~EBT 

00172 Landis, E. R. Radioactivity and uranium content, Sharon Springs Member of 

the Pierre Shale, Kansas and Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1046-L, p. 299-

318, 1959. 

The Sharon Springs Member of the Cretaceous Pierre Shale and its lateral 

equivalents are 155-500 ft thick and generally contain about 10 ppm U. Several 

shale beds or sequences of beds contain 30-60 ppm U. No definite distributional 

pattern of radioactivity and U content is indicated by available data. Element 

content variations between samples may be due to differences in detrital mineral 

content. A sample of the Blue Hill Shale Member of the Carlile Shale is similar 

to the Sharon Springs samples in trace-element composition except that it contains 

100-500 ppm Ce, La, and Nd. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of 12 

Sharon Springs samples show the following maximum ranges (in ppm): Be 1-5, 

B 100-500, Sc 5-50, Ti 1,000-5,000, V 50-500, Cr 10-500, Mn 50-1,000, Co 10-

50, Ni 10-500, Cu 10-500, Ga 10-100, Sr 100-1,000, Y 10-50, Zr 10-500, Mo 10-

500, Ba 100-5,000, Yb 1-5, Pb 10-50, Se 5-50, As 5-100, and U 5-IOO.~EBT 

00173 Landis, E. R. Uranium and other trace elements in Devonian and Mississippian 

black shales in the central midcontinent area: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1107-E, 

p. 289-336, 1962. 

TheW oodford and Chattanooga Shales and Arkansas Novaculite of Late Devonian 

and Early Mississippian age, in Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri, are 

partial or total equivalents of each otht:r. U content of samples of the Woodford 

Shale in Oklahoma ranges from < 10 to 140 ppm, but modal, median, and arithmetic 

mean values are only 10, 20, and 30 ppm, respectively: phosphatic nodules in the 

shale contain an average of 60 ppm U. Modal and median values of the 

Chattannooga Shale are about 20 ppm U: U content ranges from < 10 to 120 ppm. 

U content in Arkansas Novaculite averages 10 ppm and only I sample contained 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 49 

>40 ppm. A positive correlation of organic C content to U content and of U 

content to rare-earth element content is suggested. Semiquantitative spectrographic 

analyses show the following (ranges in ppm): Woodford Shale, Ti 500-10,000, M n 

10-200, Ag 0.5-10, B 100-1,000, Ba 500-5,000, Be 0.5-5, Ce <300-1,000, Co 10-

50, Cr 10-1,000, Cu 100-1,000, Ga 20-100, La 20-50, Mo 5-200, Nd <20-100, 

Ni 50-500, Ph 10-200, Sc 10-20, Sn<I0-20, Sr 50-500, V 100-5,000, Y 20-100, 

Yb 2-10, Zn <70-500, Zr 10-100~ Chattanooga Shale, Ti 2,000-5,000, Mn 20-100, 

Ag <0.5-2, B 200-500, Ba 500-1,000, Be 1-2, Ce --, Co 10-200, Cr 50-100, Cu 

50-200, Ga 50-100, La 20-100, Mo 10-200, Nd --, Ni 100-500, Ph 10-200, Sc 

10-20, Sn --, Sr 100-500, V 100-500, Y 20-50, Yb 2-5, Zn <70-200, Zr 50-100; 

Arkansas Novaculite, Ti 2,000-5,000, M n 20-50, Ag --, B 100-500, Ba 500-5,000, 

Be 0.5-2, Ce --, Co 10-20, Cr 50-200, Cu 50-500, Ga 20-100, La 20-100, Mo 

5-50, Nd --, Ni 100-200, Ph 10-20, Sc 10-20, Sn --, Sr 50-1,000, V 100-500, Y 

20-100, Yb 2-10, Zn --, Zr 50-100.-EBT 

Landis, E. R. See Swanson, V. E. 00277 

00174 Larsson, Alf. [Uranium and radium in kolm (in Swedish)]: Svensk Kern. Tidskr. 

Stockholm, v. 31, p. 63-70, 1919~ English translation through Chern. Club Library. 

The geology of kolm from Cambrian alum shales in Sweden, the composition of 

kolm, and previous analyses are discussed. In kolm 0.47 percent UaOs (1.59 percent 

in ash) is found.-EBT 

Laub, D. C. See Tschanz, C. M. 00281 

00137 Le Riche, H. H. The distribution of certain elements in the Lower Lias of 

southern England: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 16, p. 101-122, 1959. 

Excess Mo. without excess Cu to act as an antidote, in soil derived from Lower 

Lias shales in central Somerset causes teart disease in cattle. Analyses have been 

made of numerous samples of these shales from two boreholes and from outcrops 

on the coasts of Dorset and Glamorgan. Mo, V, Cu, and Ni contents correlate 

with organic C content~ these together are related to CaCOa, reaching a maximum 

with 20-50 percent CaCOa. Detailed study of a shale sample showed that some 

of the Mo is associated with silicates and pyrite while nearly all V is in silicates, 

although organic matter seems directly or indirectly responsible for its accumulation. 

Cu and Ni appear mainly organically bound~ some Ni is in exchangeable form. 

Trace-element contents in Stowell Peak and Lyme Regis samples are (range in ppm 

on noncalcareous basis): Mo 3-320, V 77-460, Cu 7-95, Ni 35-360, Co 12-41, 

and organic C 0.87-10.3 percent.-Author's abs., modified. 

00138 Leutwein, Friedrich. Geochemische Untersuchungen an den Alaun- und Kieselschiefern Thiiringens [Geochemical investigations of the alum and siliceous shales 

of Thuringia (in German~ English summ.)]: Archiv Lagerstattenf., no. 82, 45 p., 

195la. 

The distribution of some rare metals in alum shales and siliceous shales of Late 

Silurian age in Thuringia is examined. Numerous spectroscopically analyzed samples 

show that these rocks generally contain about 250 ppm Mo, 700 ppm V, 30 ppm 

Cr, and 60 ppm Ni. Au content ranges from 0.0 to 0.2 ppm. Cu, Zn, Y, Ph, 

and Ga were also found. V and Mo were precipitated in an anaerobic environment 

(sapropel facies): calculations show that the metal content of modern sea water and 

living organisms is sufficient to produce sediments rich in metals. Individual analyses 

are compared with similar non-Thuringian roch, especially those from Lusatia, 

Czechoslovakia, and Westphalia, and similar facies from the north and east. 

Behavior of trace metals during weathering of rock was studied and the question 

of economical extraction of V and Mo from the shales considered.-EBT 

00139 Leutwein, Friedrich. Ober das Vorkommen von Gold in Thiiringischen Alaunund Kieselschiefern [On the occurrence of gold in Thuringian alum and siliceous 

shales (in German~ as seen in translation by C. L. Sainsbury, 1967, written 

commun.)]: Hallesches Jahrb. filr Mitteldeutsche Erdgeschichte, v. 1, no. 2, p. 82-

85, 195lb. 
50 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Gold is recovered as a minor byproduct in the production of alum from siliceous 

and alum shales of Late Silurian age in Thuringia. The shales are colored dark 

by carbonaceous matter, contain finely dispersed pyrite, and are weakly 

metamorphosed. They were probably deposited in a reducing environment. The 

Au content in 14 samples of alum and siliceous shales ranged from nd to 0.8 ppm 

and Ag content from 1 to 30 ppm. The Au is found not in the pyrite, but in 

the carbonaceous fraction; it is probably bound adsorptively on the C. Samples 

of modern sapropelic materials from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea were also 

found to contain Au. North Sea samples from the Norwegian coast contained from 

0.7 to 2.5 ppm Au; Baltic Sea samples contained 0.5 to 0.7 ppm Au.-EBT 

00169 Leutwein, Friedrich. Das Vorkommen von Spurenmetallen in organogenen 

Sedimenten [The occurrence of trace metals in organic sediments (in German; 

Russian abs.)]: Acta Geol., v. 1, no. 1-4, p. 143-157, 1952. 

Chemical and spectrographic analyses of bituminous and coaly rocks ranging in 

age from Silurian to Tertiary are reported. Zn, Cu, and Ni are bound with the 

iron sulfides. Au is adsorbed on coaly substances; V and Mo are bound with organic 

matter. Samples of sediments from the North and Baltic Seas showed the following 

ranges in organic C content (in percent) and trace elements (in ppm): organic C 

nd-5.9, V 20-100, Mo tr-40, Cu 30-60, Ni 10-100, Au 0.5-2.5 (7 samples). Samples 

of black clay shale from a profile of the Alaunschiefer in Arnsberg, Westfalen, 

showed the following range in trace-metal content (in ppm): Mn 200-> 1,000, Ni 

200-700, Cu 10-50, V 40-150, Mo nd-20, Cr 40-90 (9 samples). The black and 

gray flysch sediments of Gault in Bayern contained on the average 30-50 ppm V, 

50-80 ppm Ni, and about 10 ppm Mo.-EBT 

00170 Leutwein, Friedrich; Starke, Rainer. Ober die Moglichkeit der geochemischen 

Prospektion auf Selen, untersucht am Beispiel des Kupferschiefers und des 

Tilkeroder Erzbezirks [On the possibility of geochemical prospecting for selenium, 

the K upferschiefers and the Tilkeroder ore district as investigated examples (in 

German)]: Geologie, v. 6, no. 4, p. 349-378, 1957. 

The usefulness of geochemical prospecting for Se and Se minerals in the East Harz 

was tested. Se is very mobile in shales. In various samples of the Kupferschiefer 

beds Se content ranged from 0.51 to 15 ppm. In samples of the Haupschiefer from 

Middle Gottland Se content ranged from 1.9 to 7.3, and from vein zones in the 

Haupschiefer, from 0.30 to 4.28 ppm. The relationship between the formation of 

the shales and the Se content could not be fixed.-EBT 

00140 Lindgren, Waldemar. Gold and silver in shales from western Kansas: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 202,21 p., 1902. 

Samples of dark-gray to black shale were collected in Ellis and Rush Counties, 

Kans., from the Benton Group of Cretaceous age. In all, 77 assays were made 

of material taken from 19 samples. In the samples analyzed by Lindgren, the Ag 

content ranged from 0 to 0.095 oz per ton [ ~ 3.2 ppm] and the Au content, from 

0 to 0.005 oz per ton [ ~ 0.17 ppm]. Analyses made by the Mint Bureau show 

the Ag content as ranging from 0 to 0.5 oz per ton ["" 17 ppm] and the Au content, 

from 0 to 0.05 oz per ton [-1.7 ppm]. [Conversion factor used: 1 oz/t;;34 ppm.]-

EBT 

00141 Litvin, S. V. Malye elementy v verkhnekamennoyugol'nykh otlozheniyakh 

Donbassa i severovostochoy chasti Dneprovsko-Donetskoy vpadiny [Trace elements 

in the Upper Carboniferous deposits of the Do nets Basin and the northeastern part 

of the Dnieper-Do'nets basin]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 152, no. 6, p. 1453-

1456, 1963; English translation: Acad. Sci. USSR Doklady, Earth Sci. Sec., Am. 

Geol. Inst., v. 152, p. 202-205. 

Spectrographic analyses of Upper Carboniferous rocks of the Do nets and DnieperDo nets basins show that generally distribution and concentration of trace elements 

depend on their geochemical characteristics and on mode of transport. Only Cu, 

Ba, Sr, and M n were noticeably redistributed during diagenesis and epigenesis. 

Average contents in marine clay and siltstone beds showed the following ranges 

in the Dnieper-Donets basin (in ppm}: Zr 80-210, Be 1.6-3, Ni 20-57, Cr 23-
BIBLIOGRAPHY 51 

130, Ti 1,200-3,000, V 70-190, Cu 7-67, Mn 230-1,100, Ba 130-200, Sr 120-850; 

in the Donets basin, Zr 90-150, Be 1.3-3.1, Ni 40-66, Cr 70-90, Ti 2,500-2,900, 

V 90-150, Cu 28-35, Mn 500-900, Ba 170, and Sr 30?-230. Averages are generally 

higher in the clay formations; no information is given on organic content.-EBT 

00168 Lombard,J.; Moussu, R. Flozartige Kupfervorkommen in der Permo-Trias des 

hohen Atlas (Marokko) [Bedlike copper occurrence in the Permo-Triassic of the 

High Atlas (Morocco) (in German)]: Freiberger Forschungshefte, v. C 44, p. 22-

27, 1958. 

The copper mineralization is in a thick sedimentary sequence in the High Atlas 

about 50 km east-northeast of Agadir. In the Permian and Triassic sequence both 

Red-Bed type and Kupferschiefer type of copper deposits occur. The shale in the 

Permian and Triassic contains an average of 0.7 percent Cu. It is more than 1 

m thick, with a strike length of 2 km, is fine grained, contains organic matter, is 

black or dull gray marly rock, probably deposited in still, reducing water. It is 

underlain by a sandstone that contains 0.11 percent Cu.-EBT 

Loring, D. H. See Nicholls, G. D. 00274 

00142 Lositskaya, I. F. Germaniy v osadochnykh porodakh niznego karbona Tatarii 

i domanika Bashkirii [Germanium in the sedimentary rocks of the Tatar Lower 

Carboniferous and of the Bashkirian Domanik Formations], in Gulyayeva, L. A., 

ed., Geokhimiya nefti i neftyanykh mestorozhdenii: Akad. Nauk SSSR, lost. Geol. 

i Razrabotki Goryuschikh Iskopayemykh, p. 160-167, 1962; English translation by 

S. Caspari, The geochemistry of oil and oil deposits: Israel Program for Scientific 

Translations, p. 170-178, 1964. 

Organic C content in the deposits of Carboniferous age in Tataria ranges from 0.95 

to 61.8 percent, and Ge content from 0.8 to 2.8 ppm (0.83 to 13 ppm in ash). 

In carbonaceous shale from Tataria the average Ge content is 2.3 ppm. In the 

very calcareous Domanik deposits [of Late Devonian age] organic C content ranges 

from 0.09 to 18.51 percent and Ge content from 0.17 to 3 ppm (0.49 to 24 ppm 

in ash). Average Ge content of Carboniferous deposits is 1.7 ppm; of Domanik, 

0.79; of all examined rocks, 1.2. Ge content is influenced by the predominantly 

humic type organic substance in the Carboniferous rocks; Ge content increases with 

increasing organic C content. In Domanik deposits, which are highly bituminous 

and do not contain humic acids, no relation was found between Ge and organic 

C contents. Clayey components influence the accumulation of Ge in the Domanik 

deposits.- EBT 

00143 Lot~peich, F. B.; Markward, E. L. Minor elements in bedrock, soil, and 

vegetatiOn at an outcrop of the Phosphoria Formation on Snowdrift Mountain, 

southeastern Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull 1181-F, p. F1-F45, 1963. 

In southeastern Idaho, the Permian Phosphoria Formation contains minor amounts 

of Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Sr, V, and Zn. In unweathered rock a positive correlation 

of Sr content and a rough positive correlation of V content with P content, 

irrespective of lithology is seen. Zn shows a generally positive correlation with P 

in silty rocks. An inverse correlation appears between Mn and P, and a rough 

inverse correlation between Ba and P. Metal contents of fresh phosphatic shale 

samples compared to those of weathered samples in the 12 lithologic units studied 

shows increase with weathering for Ba, Cr, and V in most units; Zn content decreased 

with weathering. Ranges of contents in unweathered rock are (in ppm; P in 

percent): P 0.1-15, Zn 20-7,000, Cu <1-150, Ni <5-350, Mn 10-500, V 35-5,000, 

Cr 50-2,000, Ba <5-500, Sr 100-3,500; in weathered rock: P 0.1-15, Zn 200-2,500, 

Cu 7-500, Ni <5-750, Mn <10-3,500, V 20-5,000, Cr 150-5,000, Ba <10-750, and 

Sr \00-3,500.-EBT 

00144 Love, J. D. Vanadium and associated elements in the Phosphoria Formation 

in the Afton area, western Wyoming, in Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic 

sciences: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C279-C282, 1961. 

A vanadiferous zone of black shale and dark-gray mudstone near the top of the 

Meade Peak Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation near Afton, Wyo., is 
52 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

described. Reserves within the area studied are estimated at 45 million tons of 

rock with an average grade of 0.9 percent V 20s and an average thickness of 3 ft. 

Small amounts of Se, Mo, Zn, Ni, Co, Ti, Cd, and Cr are present and probably 

were deposited contemporaneously with the rocks of the Meade Peak Member as 

precipitates from solution in a unique marine environment. The largest amount 

of Se found is 0.068 percent; of Mo02, 0.1; of ZnO, 1.3; of NiO, 0.3; of Cr2 03, 

0.5; of Ti02, 1.0; and of Cd, 0.02 percent.-EBT 

00145 LoYe, L. G.; Murry, J. W. Biogeneic pyrite in recent sediments of Christchurch 

Harbour, England: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 261, no. 5, p. 433-448, 1963. 

Sediment from Christchurch Harbour, England, consists of 80 percent fine sand 

and 20 percent pelite and is dark-gray to black below the upper 1/4-inch-thick 

brown oxidized layer. Microscopic pyrite grains similar to those attributed to 

organic structures in older rock were identified in clayey organic-rich layers. The 

exact pyrite-forming organism is unknown but it is probably saprophytic and 

invades the host soon after death, forming sulfide shortly thereafter. Knowledge 

of the environment of formation of pyrite is of value in understanding the early 

formation of pyrite in many dark shale rocks.-Authors' abs., condensed. 

00163 LoYe, L. G. Biogenetic primary sulfide of the Permian Kupferschiefer and Marl 

Slate: Econ. Geology, v. 57, no. 3, p. 350-366, 1962. 

The German Kupferschiefer was formed in a foul-bottomed sea, the beginning of 

the Permian Zechstein sea, whose upper oxygenated waters abounded in plankton 

and drifting plant material which was the source of the high organic content (6 

to 20 percent) in the fine-grained dark mud. Sulfide of the Kupferschiefer includes 

myriads of small spheres as much as 20 J.l. in diameter, shown to contain and enclose 

delicate microfossils associated with Pyritosphaera barbaria Love, also recognized 

in pyrite microspheres of other dark shales and some Recent sediments. These are 

regarded as the remains of microorganisms that caused authigenic precipitation of 

primary pyrite in early Zechstein sediments of Europe, including the Marl Slate 

of northeast England. Demonstration here of the early formation of pyrite allows 

consideration of early diagenetic replacement by other sulfides. Current theories 

of the origin of this secondary mineralization are discussed.-Author's abs., 

modified. 

00164 LoYe, L. G.; Zimmerman, D. 0. Bedded pyrite and micro-organisms from the 

Mount lsa Shale: Econ. Geology, v. 56, no. 5, p. 873-896, 1961. 

The origin of the first generation pyrite of the lower Proterozoic Mount I sa Shale 

of Australia is considered to be syngenetic rather than epigenetic. The pyrite grains 

occur as infillings of a hitherto unknown type of fossil microorganism. The zonal 

structure found in the grains is thought to be inherited from the fossils. The 

microorganisms are analogous to forms of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age that are 

characteristic of sapropelic black shales. To the microorganisms is attributed the 

formation of iron sulfide syngenetically with the deposition of the enclosing sediment 

or during the earliest period of diagenesis. Spheres of sphalerite and galena have 

been observed in some of the bedded pyrite layers.-Authors' abs., modified. 

00165 LoYering, J. F.; Morgan, J. W. Rhenium and osmium abundances in tektites: 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 28, p. 761-768, 1964. 

Re and Os abundances have been determined in 10 tektites. Measurements of Re 

and Os abundances in terrestrial acid igneous and sedimentary rocks suggest that 

either could be suitable parent materials for tektites. Of the three sedimentary rocks 

examined in the present study, both the clay shale and the dark shale contained 

about 4x 10 4 ppm Os and the quartz-rich sandstone, around 0.55x w- 4 ppm Os. 

The clay shale contains 0.51 x w- 4 ppm Re; the dark shale (Captain's Flat Railroad 

Station, New South Wales, Australia) contains 825x 10- 4 ppm Re.-Authors' abs., 

modified. 

LoYering, T. S. See Morris, H. T. 00150 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 53 

00166 Lovering, T. S. Epigenetic, diplogenetic, syngenetic, and lithogene deposits: 

Econ. Geology, v. 58, no. 3, p. 315-331, 1963. 

The term "diplogenetic" is proposed for mineralization that is partly syngenetic, 

partly epigenetic. Guides for distinguishing various types of deposits are discussed. 

Examples include syngenetic cations united with epigenetic anions, as in fluorite 

replacements in limestones, and epigenetic cations united with syngenetic S or other 

anions, as may be true in certain black copper shales of the Mansfeld type. Criteria 

developed are used to review critically several controversial deposits such as the 

African copper belt and the graphitic schists of Fenno-Scandia.-Author's abs., 

condensed. 

00160 Lundegardh, P. H. Aspects to the geochemistry of chromium, cobalt, nickel, 

and zinc (in English): Sveriges Geol. Undersokning, Ser. C, n:o 513, Arsb. 43, 

n:o 11,56 p., 1949. 

Principal minor element determinations-especially those that may elucidate the 

geochemistry of Cr, Co, Ni, and Zn-on Swedish minerals, rocks, and soils are 

summarized. Some of these data are new and some are from earlier papers. High 

values in clay sediments containing significant amounts of organic material are 

probably due to enrichment by adsorption on the organic material. In Swedish 

clay sediments, the order of distribution is generally as follows: Cr <Co <Ni<Zn. 

Impure clay sediments containing significant organic matter show the following 

amounts (in ppm): early Svionian (early Archaean) black slate, graphite-bearing, 

Orebro !an, Cr 6, Co <2, Ni 10, Zn 400; Gotho-Karelian (late Archaean) black 

slate, graphitic and pyritic, Sodermanlands Ian, Cr 10, Co 50, Ni 180, Zn 300; 

Cambrian black alum shale (Paradoxides Tessini), Alvsborgs Ian, Cr 15, Co 30, Ni 

70, Zn 200; Ordovician black alum shale (Dictyonema), Cr 30, Co <2, Ni 25, Zn 

400.-EBT 

00162 Lundegardh, P. H. Some aspects to the determination and distribution of zinc 

(in English): Kungl. Lantbrukshogskolans Ann., v. 15, p. 1-36, 1948. 

In central and southern Sweden, average Zn content in clay slates is 100 ppm; in 

Precambrian and Paleozoic clay slates it is 200-250 ppm and varies little with 

different ages and origins. Clay slates containing organic matter, such as alum shales 

and similar rocks, should show enrichments of Zn, but Zn contained in organic 

or inorganic sediments is seldom uniformly distributed owing to variable Zn contents 

in the deposited material and in secondary circulating solutions. Zn contents 

reported in some gray to black shales are (in ppm): Archean of Vastmanland, black 

graphite-bearing shale 400, dark-gray clay slate 200; in Vastergotland, Cambrian 

black alum shale (Paradoxides Tessini) 200; Ordovician gray clay slate (Tretaspis 

slate) 200; in Oland, Cambrian clay slate (Olandicus slate) 200; Ordovician black 

alum shale (Dictyonema shale) 400. Contents in other rocks and analytical methods 

are also discussed.-EBT 

00167 Lundegardh, P. H. Rock composition and development in Central Roslagen, 

Sweden (in English): Arkiv Kemi, Mineralogi, Geologi, v. 23A, no. 4-5, N:o 9, 

160 p., 1947. 

Analyses of Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian sedimentary rocks from 

Vastergotland, central Sweden, are included for comparison to the analyses of the 

igneous and metamorphic rocks of Central Roslagen, Sweden. Bituminous schist 

from Byklev, Hunneberg, contains (in ppm): V 1,000, Cr 15, Co 30, and Ni 70.-

EBT 

Lyden, E. F. X. See Merrill, J. R. 00148 

Lygalma, V. N. See Itkina, E. S. 00223 

Mahadevan, C. See Murty, P. S. N. 00271 

Mahoney, S. R. See Allsman, P. T. 00020 
54 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Mahoney, S. R. See Allsman, P. T. 00021 

Majors, F. H. See Allsman, P. T. 00020 

Majors, F. H. See Allsman, P. T. 00021 

Makarova, A. I. See Ronov, A. B. 00252 

Malyuga, D.P. See Ronov, A. B. 00252 

00159 Manheim, F. T. A geochemical profile in the Baltic Sea: Geochim. et 

Cosmochim. Acta, v. 25, p. 52-70, l96Ib. 

An investigation of the relationship between depositional environment and element 

distribution in sediments from the Baltic Sea showed maximum heavy-metal 

contents not in the central, most stagnant and organic-rich parts, but in the 

peripheral transition zone characterized by aerated bottom water but moderately 

reducing sediment environment. Element contents as high as (in pprn) 250 Cu, 

250 Zn, 32 U, 80 Mo, and I.6 Ag were found in the peripheral areas; incomplete 

data for Sn and Pb indicate the same pattern. Mo is a possible exception; it probably 

coprecipitates with iron sulfides. Mn is enriched in 2 of the Baltic deeps, in one 

case reaching 5.2 percent MnO. Trace-element contents in a sample of Mn-rich 

deep bottom mud were (in ppm): F 530, B II5, Sr 130, Ba 750, Li 38, Rb I50, 

Ni 43, Co 22, Cr 90, V I30, Mo 35, Cu 78, Zn IIO, Pb 25, Sn 8, Ag <1, Ga 

30, U 7, Th II, and organic C 4.6 percent.-EBT 

OOI6l Manheim, F. T. Chemical investigations in the Baltic Sea (in English) [abs.]: 

Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forh., v. 83, p. 314-3I5, 196la. 

The relationship between depositional environment and element distribution in 

sediments from the Baltic Sea has been investigated. A prominent feature of the 

central Baltic is its salinity stratification, which gives rise to changes in bottom 

sediment character from oxidation to stagnation as greater depths are approached. 

Maximum heavy metal concentrations were not found in the central, most stagnant 

and organic-rich parts of the basins, but in the transition zone to stagnant 

conditions. In such areas Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ag appeared to be enriched in the 

sediments by precipitation from the water as sulfides. U was also enriched and 

concentrations as much as 32 ppm were found in surficial postglacial sediments.-

Author's abs., modified. 

Manheim, F. T. See Landergren, Sture. 00175 

00407 Mapel, W. J. Uranium in black shale deposits, northern Rocky Mountains and 

Great Plains: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1030-H, p. 21I-235, 1956. 

Reconnaissance examinations for U in 22 formations containing black shale were 

made in parts of Montana, North Dakota, Utah, Idaho, and Oregon. About 150 

samples from 80 outcrop localities and 5 oil and gas wells were submitted for U 

determinations; most contained less than 30 ppm U. However, samples from thin 

beds of black shale at the base of the Mississippian System from 2 outcrops in 

southwestern Montana contain 50 ppm U; samples from a well in northeastern 

Montana, as much as 70 ppm. Samples of phosphatic black shale at the base of 

the Mississippian Brazer Limestone in Rich County, Utah, contain as much as 90 

ppm U. Commercial gamma-ray logs from wells in Montana and the Dakotas 

indicate that locally the Heath Shale of Late Mississippian age contains 100 ppm 

equivalent U and black shales of Late Cretaceous age, 80 ppm equivalent U. 

Author's abs., condensed. 

Markward, E. L. See Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

00146 Marmo, Vladi. On the sulphide and sulphide-graphite schists of Finland (in 

English): Finlande Comm. Geol. Bull. I90, 80 p., 1960. 

The Precambrian sulfide and sulfide-graphite schists of Finland occur along belts 

and zones that tend to surround the central mountain igneous cores. The sulfide 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 55 

and sulfide-graphite schists have derived from sapropelitic and "gyttja" sediments 

whose composition ranged from carbonaceous and sulfide-bearing pelites to marls 

and calcareous muds, subjected to regional metamorphism. These schists generally 

contain appreciable amounts of minor elements typical of sapropels. Average heavymetal contents of sulfide schists of the Nokia region are (in ppm; maximum in 

parentheses): Cu 120 (450), Ni 250 (I ,500), Zn 1,470 (2,700), V ,_, 100 (300), Mo 

30 (100), and Cr <100 ( <100); of sulfide-graphite schists of Pohjanmaa: Cu 1,100 

(>5,000), Ni 560 (1,700), Co 70 (700), Zn 930 (6,500), V 160 (1,400), Mo 20 (230), 

and Cr 120 (600). The average of all schists is: Cu 650, Ni 510, Co 70, Zn 1,040, 

V 150, Mo 25, and Cr-100.-EBT 

00408 Marmo, Vladi. Schungite-a pre-Cambrian carbon (in English): Geol. Foren. 

Stockholm Forh., v. 75, no. l, p. 89-96, 1953. 

Schungite consists of black amorphous relatively pure carbon resembling anthracite 

in its luster and hardness, but having a much higher point of inflammability and 

a higher content of silicate impurities. It occurs in Russian Karelia as thick layers 

and as finely disseminated material in dolomite and pelite beds of Jatulian 

[Precambrian] age. Relatively high amounts of V, Ti, Mo, W, Zr, Cu, Ni, and 

Ba are found in the ash. However the ash from shungite burned after having 

impurities mechanically separated from it showed only 10 ppm V, less than 1,000 

ppm Zn and Cu, 100-1,000 ppm Mn, about 100 ppm Cr, B, Sr, Pb, Sn, Ga, Mo, 

Ni, and As, and about 10 ppm Be as determined spectrographically.-EBT 

00147 Maurel, P. Etude mineralogique et geochemique des formations argileuses des 

environs de Saint-Affrique (Aveyron) [Mineralogical and geochemical study of 

argillaceous formations in the Saint Affrique area, Aveyron (in French)]: Soc. 

fran~aise mineralogie et crystallographie Bull., v. 85, no. 4, p. 329-374, 1962. 

An argillaceous sedimentary series of Late Permian to Liassic age was studied. 

The black marine marls of the Lias consist of a mixture of illite, kaolininte, 

vermiculite (chlorite replaces vermiculite in the upper levels), sulfides, and 

organic matter. The argillaceous Liassic rocks had the following mean trace-element 

content (in ppm): Li 141, B 152, P 663, Cl 84, Ti 4,440, V 148, Cr 148, Mn 666, 

Co 14, Ni 62, Cu 37, Rb 70, Sr 413, and Ba 287.-EBT 

00157 Mayzko, J. J. Phosphate rock from the Brooks Range, northern Alaska: A 

preliminary mineralogic report [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 66, no. 12, pt. 

2, p. 1705, 1955. 

Phosphorite occurs in the Mississippian Lisburne Group in northern Alaska on the 

north flank of the Brooks Range. Preliminary studies on about 100 samples 

collected, by U.S. Geological Survey geologists, from the phosphatic zone of the 

Lisburne indicate that it is very similar in lithology and P, U, and V content to 

the Phosphoria Formation of Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Montana. The 

phosphatic zone is composed of phosphorite, phosphatic limestone, and phosphatic 

mudstone. The phosphorite generally contains from 20 to 30 percent P~Oo, but 

an analysis of two selected beds shows as much as 34.0 percent P20o, 0.49 percent 

V205, and 0.024 percent U. The phosphorites are generally highly stained by 

carbonaceous matter to a dark brown or black.-Author's abs., condensed. 

00158 McKelvey, V. E.; Strobell, J. D., Jr. Preliminary geologic maps of the ParisBloomington vanadium area, Bear Lake County, Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral 

lnv. Field Studies Map MF-41, 1955. 

Vanadiferous mudstone and phosphorite occur about 35 feet below the top of the 

Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation near 

Paris and Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho. V data and preliminary geologic 

maps are presented. Samples from the Bloomington Canyon area contained 0.08-

1.51 percent V 2 Oo in shale and 0.07-1.03 percent (weighted averages) in siltstone, 

phosphorite, and shale. Samples from the Paris Canyon area contained 1.13-1.85 

percent V zOo in shale and 0.68-1.40 percent (weighted averages) in siltstone, 

phosphorite, and shale.- EBT 
56 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

McViker, L. D. See Ostrom, M. E. 00267 

Meinschein, W. G. See Barghoorn, E. S. 00010 

00148 Merrill, J. R.; Lyden, E. F. X.; Honda, M.; Arnold, J. R. The sedimentary 

geochemistry of the beryllium isotopes: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 18, p. 

108-129, 1960. 

The sedimentary geochemistry of Be has been investigated with a view toward the 

use of cosmic-ray produced Be10 for geochronology. Analysis of some Pacific Ocean 

water samples gives an average total Be content of 6x 10- 7 ppm, less than half 

of which is retained by a M illipore filter. The concentration of Be9 in 5 deep ocean 

sediment cores ranges from 2 to 3 ppm. These data indicate an ocean residence 

time for Be of the order of a few hundred years. An abrupt change in Be10 content 

with depth in a Pacific sediment core correlates with a change in the ionium-thorium 

ratio reported by Holdberg and Koide for the same core.-Authors' abs., condensed. 

Migdisov, A. A. See Balashov, Yu. A. 00024 

Miller, J. T. See Byers, H. G. 00063 

00155 Minami, E. Selen-Gehalte von europaischen und japanischen Tonschiefern 

[Selenium contents of European and Japanese clay shales (in German)]: Gesell. 

Wiss. Gottingen Nachr., math.-phys. Kl., v. I, p. 143-145, 1935a. 

Analysis of a composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic shales (C content 1.91 

percent) showed 1.2 ppm Se. Analysis of 14 Japanese Paleozoic shales showed 0.24 

ppm Se, and of 10 Mesozoic Japanese shales, 0.38 ppm Se.-EBT 

00180 Minami, E. Gehalte an seltenen Erden in europaischen und japanischen 

Tonschiefern [Content of rare earths in European and Japanese shales]: Gesell. 

Wiss. Gottingen Nachr. math.-phys. Kl., Geologie u. Mineralogie, v. I, no. 14, 

p. 155-170, 1935b. 

A method of X-ray spectrographic analysis of chemically enriched samples of shale 

for rare earth elements is described. In composite samples of shale the following 

amounts of rare earths were found (in ppm): 36 European shales of Paleozoic age: 

Cp20a [Lu20a] 1.3, Yb20a 4.4, Tu20a [Tm20a] 0.3, Er20a 3.8, Ho20a 2.2, Dy20a 

7.1, Tb20a 1.2, Gd20a 9.8, Eu20a 1.4, Sm20a 8.8, 61 [Pm] --, Nd20a 32.2, Pr20a 

5.7, Ce02 40.1; La20a 19.1, Y20a 37.8, Th02 10.5; 14 Japanese shales of Paleozoic 

age: Lu20a 0.41, Yb20a 3.2, Tm20a 0.23, Er20a 2.5, Ho20a 0.96, Dy20a 3.9, Tb20a 

0.64, Gd20a 6.6, Eu20a 1.2, Sm20a 7.7, Pm --, Nd20a 24.4, Pr20a 6.9, Ce02 59.8, 

La20a 26.2, Y20a 35.7, Th02 11.2; 10 Japanese shales of Mesozoic age: Lu20a 

0.54, Yb20a 1.5, Tm20a 0.15, Er20a 2.2, Ho20a I, Dy20a 4.4, Tb20a 1.3, Gd20a 

5.6, Eu20a 1.1, Sm20a 6, Pm --. Nd20a 26.7, Pr20a 7.1, Ce02 69.9, La20a 19.4, 

Y20a 33.6, Th02 14.3.-EBT 

00156 Mohr, P. A. A geochemical study of the shales, of the Lower Cambrian 

Manganese Shale Group of the Harlech Dome, North Wales: Geochim. et 

Cosmochim. Acta, v. 17, p. 186-200, 1959. 

The shales of the Manganese Shale Group are characterized geochemically by their 

relatively high Mn content, the predominance of ferrous iron over ferric iron, the 

sympathetic behavior of Co, Ni, Cr, and V with total Fe, and inverse relationship 

of Sr and Ba, and a direct relationship. of B and Ba. Evidence indicates that the 

sources rocks of the Manganese Shales were acid gneisses. Average minor-element 

contents are (in ppm): B 105, Be I, Cr 76, V 165, Li 2-120, Ni 68, Co 27, Zr 

230, Cu 70, Sr 85, Ba 750.-EBT 

00149 Moore, D. M.; Henderson, D. M. Selected trace elements of the White Pine 

Group, eastern Nevada [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 76, p. 117, 1964. 

Vertical and horizontal distributions of 7 trace elements were determined by 

quantitative emission spectrography for the thick, argillaceous, Mississippian White 

Pine Group in eastern Nevada. Distributions were described, with the aid of 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 57 

standard computer routines, in terms of correlation and multiple-regression 

coefficients for 12 groupings of 106 samples. Average abundances (in ppm) were: 

B 187, V 140, Cu 85, Ni 72, Ga 29, Sc 25, and Co 11. Standard deviations for 

all except V are less than 80 percent. Distinctive element-to-element relationships 

can be recognized with respect to lithology, mineralogy, stratigraphic position, and 

geographic location. The pair Ni:Cu shows the strongest covariance; V:Cu:Ni, B:Ni, 

V:Ga, V:Cu, Cu:Ga, and Co:Ga also show strong covariance. The observed 

abundances and relationships probably reflect those of the parental Ordovician black 

shales and the influence of the biology of the depositional basin.-Authors' abs., 

condensed. 

Morgan,J. W. See Lovering, J. F. 00165 

Morita, Yoshimi. See Sugawara, Ken. 00276 

00150 Morris, H. T.; Lovering, T. S. Stratigraphy of the East Tintic Mountains, Utah: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 361, 145 p., 1961 [1962]. 

Consolidated sedimentary rocks exposed in the East Tintic Mountains in central 

Utah are of late Precambrian to Permian ages and exceed 30,000 feet in total 

thickness. They are marine sediments deposited on the eastern shelf areas of the 

great Paleozoic geosyncline of the Great Basin area. Mean element content of 35 

drill-core samples of the phosphatic shale member of the Upper Mississippian 

Deseret Limestone from semiquantitative spectrographic analyses is (concentrations 

bracketed into groups each of about 1/3 order of magnitude; X+ l0-5, X 5-2, 

and X- 2-1; in percent): Na O.OX+, Be tr, Mg O.X, Ca O.X+, Sr O.OX-, Ba O.OOX+, 

Sc O.OOOX, Y O.OX-, La O.OOX, Ti O.OX, Zr O.OOX+, V O.OX+, Cr O.OX-,Mo O.OOX-, 

Mn O.OX-, Fe O.X, Co O.OOOX-, Ni O.OOX+, Cu O.OOX, Ag O.OOX-, Zn O.OX+, 

Cd O.OOX-, B O.OOX-, AI X.-, Ga O.OOOX-, Si XX., Pb O.OOOX-, and P X.-EBT 

Moussu, R. See Lombard, J. 00168 

Movileanu, Aurelia. See Savul, Mircea. 00234 

00154 Moxon, A. L.; Olson, 0. E.; Searight, W. V.; Sandals, K. M. The stratigraphic 

distribution of selenium in the Cretaceous formations of South Dakota and the 

selenium content of some associated vegetation: Am. Jour. Botany, v. 25, no. 10, 

p. 794-809, 1938. 

Se occurs in all Cretaceous formations in South Dakota from the Dakota Sandstone 

up through the Pierre Shale, but content in the Dakota, Graneros, Greenhorn, and 

Carlile Formations is generally low. Se content is high in the Smoky Hill Member 

of the Niobrara Formation and in the Sharon Springs and Mobridge Members of 

the Pierre Shale. In core from Irish Creek well, Ziebach County, Se content ranged 

from 12 to 22 ppm in the Smoky Hill Member, 4.5 to 18 ppm in the Sharon Springs 

Member, and 0.0 to 5 ppm in the Mobridge. Samples of the Smoky Hill from 

Yankton showed 2-16 ppm Se, samples from Lyman County (2 composites), 24, 

28 ppm, and samples from eastern South Dakota, 3.5, 6.5 ppm. Samples of the 

Sharon Springs from Yankton showed 45 ppm Se. Se content in the Mobridge 

Member is known to range from 0.0 to 103 ppm; an inverse correlation between 

the thickness of the formation and Se content is suggested.-Authors' summ., 

modified. 

00238 Moxon, A. L.; Olson, 0. E.; Searight, W. V. Selenium in rocks, soils and plants: 

South Dakota Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 2, 94 p., 1939. 

Seleniferous areas in South Dakota have been studied in detail. Se is concentrated 

in Upper Cretaceous sediments and is associated with carbonate, pyrite, and organic 

matter in fine-grained sediments. It is probably concentrated in reducing 

environments. Se contents (in ppm) in gray to black marine shales are: Greenhorn 

Formation, range 0.0-6.0; Niobrara Formation, Smoky Hill Member, range 2-45, 

average in Lyman County 32.9; Pierre Shale, Sharon Springs Member, range 0-

45. average in Lyman County 24; Pierre Shale, Virgin Creek Member, range 0.0-

2.5, average l, range in Gregory County 6-52, average 26.-EBT 
58 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

00239 Moxon, A. L.; Searight, W. V.; Olson, 0. E.; Sisson, L. L. Arsenic content 

of South Dakota Cretaceous formations: South Dakota Acad. Sci. Proc., v. 24, 

p. 68-81, 1944. 

Samples of Upper Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks were analyzed for As in 

connection with the Se problem because it has been found that As counteracts the 

toxic effects of Se. Upper Cretaceous gray to black marine shales contained the 

following amounts of As and Se (range in ppm): Greenhorn Formation, As 4.2-

22, Se 0.0-3.2; Niobrara Formation, Smoky Hill Member, As 0.2-59, Se 0.5-45; 

Pierre Shale, Sharon Springs Member, As 4.7-43, Se 3-24; Pierre Shale, Virgin Creek 

Member, As 3-16, Se 0.0-6.-EBT 

00151 Muilenburg, G. A.; Keller, W. D. Carnotite and radioactive shale in Missouri: 

Am. Mineralogist, v. 35, nos. 3-4, p. 323-324, 1950. 

Carnotite and possibly other radioactive minerals have been found in the 

Mississippian Spergen Limestone in a quarry abount 5-l/2 miles north of Ste. 

Genevieve, Mo. The carnotite was first noticed as a thin film of yellow substance 

along a joint in a block of limestone. A highly radioactive thin bed of black shale 

was found separating two limestone beds. This shale parting is thought to be the 

source of the carnotite in the limestone below. The carnotite is visible only a few 

places in the shale. An X-ray diffraction pattern of the black shale where no 

carnotite was visible indicates that the clay mineral is illite and the spectrographic 

analysis shows that the shale contains U and V. A tentative hypothesis is that 

the illite contains these elements.-EBT 

Miiller, German. See Seibold, Eugen. 00304 

00152 Mullin, J. B.; Riley,J. P. The occurrence of cadmium in seawater and in marine 

organisms and sediments: Jour. Marine Research, v. 15, no. 2, p. 103-122, 1956. 

A method has been developed, based on the dithizone extraction method of 

Saltzman, capable of detecting less than 10 millimicrograms of Cd in sea water, 

marine organisms, and marine sediments. It can be used for determining Cd in 

silicate rocks; only Tl interferes. Mean values of Cd in diatomaceous oozes (0.39 

ppm), globigerina oozes (0.42), and radiolarian oozes (0.45) are close to the mean 

reported by Goldschmidt for the crustal abundance of Cd. Two organic mud 

samples ( 1.2, 1.3 percent organic C) from the Irish Sea contain 0.417 and 0.363 

ppm Cd which indicates that part of their Cd is associated with organic detritus. 

Assuming the concentration of undecayed organisms in the mud was about twice 

the organic C content found, then the concentration of Cd in the original organisms 

was about 4 ppm, which is of the same order as that actually found in marine 

organisms.-EBT 

00153 Murata, K. J .; Erd, R. C. Composition of sediments from the experimental 

Mohole project (Guadalupe site): Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 34, no. 3, p. 633-655, 

1964. 

Mineralogic and chemical analyses were made on 34 sediment samples from the 

Guadalupe site. They consist chiefly of calcite, opal, and normal lithogenic matter 

probably deposited intermediate between nearshore and pelagic environment. 

Covariance of MgO, MnO, and P20" suggests derivation from basalt. 

Concentrations of Ba may be inversely related to rate of deposition. Spectrographic 

analyses show the following range in trace-element content (in ppm): Cr 20-100, 

Ni 23-230, Co nd-15, V 7-160, Cu 51-340, Pb nd-70, Mo nd-15, Sr 270-3,000, 

Ba 300-7,600, La nd-300, Y 30-100, Zr 30-1,000, Be nd-5, and Ga nd-30. Maxima 

for Mo. La, Y, Zr, and Be occurred in pyroclastic sand and for Ni, Cu, and Pb, 

in clayey siliceous ooze. Lithogenic matter contained (in ppm): Cr 76, Ni 150, 

Co 16, Cu 180, V 120, Mn 1,500, and Ti 4,600.-EBT and JOY 

Murphy, W. I. R. See Thorne, H. M. 00287 

00402 Murray, H. H. Genesis of clay minerals in some Pennsylvanian shales of Indiana 

and Illinois, in Swineford, Ada, and Plummer, Norman, eds., Clays and clay 

minerals, 1953: Natl. Acad. Sci., Nat!. Research Council Pub. 327, p. 47-67, 1954. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 59 

Shales of marine, brackish-water and nonmarine origin, collected from cyclothems 

of Pennsylvanian age, were analyzed chemically and mineralogically. In raw shales, 

only V, Sr, and Ba, of the elements looked for, showed significant variation in 

average values between the 3 origins; V is highest in brackish-water shales which 

are usually dark-colored and contain more organic matter. Nonmarine shales have 

the highest average contents of Ba and Sr, and brackish-water shales the lowest. 

Average contents of marine shales are (in ppm): V 126, Cr 99, Mn 341, Sr 166, 

and Ba 366; of brackish-water shales: V 142, Cr 113, M n 465, Sr 86, and Ba 

284. The range of contents in dark-gray to black marine shales is V < 100-190, 

Cr 95-160, Mn 180-520, Sr 110-330, Ba 200-350, and Ni nd-<50; in dark brackishwater shales: V 110-200, Cr 110-190, Mn 170-400, Sr 47-140, Ba 190-410, and 

Ni nd-160.-EBT 

Murray, J. W. See Love, L. G. 00145 

00271 Murty, P. S. N.; Aswathanarayana, U.; Mahadevan, C. Geochemistry of the 

siliceous black shales at Nagarjunasagar damsite, India: Econ. Geology, v. 57, no. 

4, p. 614-616, 1962. 

Black shales occur in lenses in a sedimentary sequence of Precambrian age believed 

to correspond to the Srisailam Stage of the Cuddapah System. Pyrite occurs in 

these shales as minute crystals and lenses. The U content ranges from 0.06 to 0.52 

ppm, the organic C content from 0.07 to 0.70 percent; and the S content from 0.14 

to 1.30. The organic C content bears a fairly direct relationship to the contents 

of S and iron in the sulfide. S and U contents are directly related. The 

N agarjunasagar dam is between Madras and Hyderabad.- EBT 

00272 Mustafa, Ahmed; Ghaly, E. L. Survey of Qusseir shales and other carbonaceous 

shales in Egypt: Jour. Chern. Eng. Data, v. 9, no. 4, p. 557-567, 1964. 

Samples of carbonaceous shales were collected from different localities in Egypt 

and subjected to general analysis. Of these, 3 samples from the area between Gebel 

Hamadat and Gebel Dawi (Qusseir) were chosen for detailed analysis. The Qusseir 

oil shale of Late Cretaceous age is a hard rock, ranging in color from gray to black, 

and consisting of banded clay and disseminated carbonaceous matter and iron 

oxides: shells of foraminifera occur in notable amounts. Organic content ranges 

from 21.08 to 22.21 percent in the 3 samples: P~O,, from 3.5 to 4.8 percent; and 

ash, from 62.7 to 63.5 percent. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of the 

ash of the 3 samples showed the following amounts: Sample Q 15, Zn, Ti, M n 

from 1 to 0.1 percent; Cr, Cu. Ag, Mo. Cd, V, Ni from 0.1 to 0.01 percent; B, 

Ga, Pb, Ba, Sn, Yb less than 0.01 percent. Sample Q\6, Zn, Ti, Mn from I to 

0.1 percent; Cr. Cu, Mo, V from 0.1 to 0.01 percent; Ag, B, Ga, Pb, Ba, Sn, Yb, 

Ni, Cd less than 0.01 percent. Sample Q\7, Zn, Ti, Mn from I to 0.1 percent: 

Cr,Cu, Mo, V, Cd, Ni from 0.1 to 0.01 percent; Ag, B, Ga, Ba, Pb, Sn, Yb less 

than 0.01 percent.-EBT 

00273 Nicholls, G. D. Sedimentary geochemistry. A possible future method for 

correlation of strata: Petroleum [London], v. 21, p. 316-320, 324, 1958. 

Trace-element distribution across a basin of deposition in Wales and the Lake 

District in England was studied. The "green streak," a band l/4 to I in. thick 

which occurs in the Monograptus leptothea zone of the Silurian black shales, provides 

excellent fixed stratigraphic control. The Rb/Cs ratio was remarkably constant in 

the streak but higher in the shales above than in those below. The Zr/Rb ratio 

was lower in the center of the basin and the Co/N i ratio also appears to decrease 

toward the center of the basin of deposition. Rb/Cs ratios in the black shales 

below the green streak in sequence from west to east across the geosyncline are: 

21.2, 24.5, 22.5, 21.4, 23.3, 23.2, 25.6, 22.7, 19.2; in the black shales above the streak: 

24.6, 24.9, 25.4, 26.9, 26.7, 28.2, 19.3, 22.5, 22.8.-EBT 

00274 Nicholls, G. D.; Loring, D. H. The geochemistry of some British Carboniferous 

sediments: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 26, p. 181-223, 1962. 

Rocks from a drill core through the Coal Measures at Bersham, North Wales, consist 

chiefly of quartz, illite, and kaolinite, and less amounts of chlorite, organic matter, 
60 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

sulfide, and siderite. Trace-element content of detrital minerals was probably 

augmented by sorption from solution. The chief sorbents are illite, organic matter, 

and to a lesser extent FeS. The range in element content in the shales is (in ppm): 

17-86, Cr 100-190, Cu 18-45, Ga 10-30, Ni 33-138, Pb 3-10, V 90-260, B 

50-75, Ba 300-400, Li 50-270, Rb 120-170, Sr 35-120, Zr 160-390.-JDV 

Nielsen,A.H. See Bj;1gvad,Richard.OOOI8 

00239 Noddack, Ida. Uber die Allgegenwart der chemischen Elemente [On the 

omnipresence of the chemical elements (in German)]: Angew. Chemie, v. 49, no. 

47,p. 835-841,1936. 

It is suggested that all chemical elements occur in all minerals. A chemical and 

optical spectrographic analysis of the Kupferschiefer from M ansfeld shows the 

following element contents (in percent): 0 42, Si 26, AI 9, Ca 6, Mg 4, Fe 4, 

Cu 3, S 6, Na 1.8, K 0.4, C 0.9, Sr 0.2, Cl 0.6, Ni 0.3, Zn 0.5, Mn 0.2, Ti 0.3, 

N 0.2, V 0.1; (in ppm): M o 800, Cr 400, F 200, Sr 400, Ba 200, Zr 200, Co 500, 

As 900, Pb 400, Se 300, Sn 200, H f 20, Br 40, Li 20, B 30, Li 8, W 2, Ag 3, Ga 

9, Cd 8, Th 8, Ge 8, Bi 5, Pd 2, Te 2, Sb 5, Pt 5, Y 3, La 2, Sc 4, Ru 0.3. Au 

0.3, U 0.2. Be 0.5, In 0.3, Tl 0.2, Nb 0.8, Ta 0.6. Re 0.4, lr 0.04, I 0.04, Os 0.03, 

Rh 0.02, and Hg 0.02 [Note: Sr and Li are listed twice with different values].-

EBT 

00270 Noll, W. Geochemie des Strontiums (in German): Chemie der Erde, v. 8, no. 

4,p. 501 600,1934. 

Sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks and minerals were analyzed 

spectrographically for Sr. Sr was found to be associated with Ca in magmatic as 

well as sedimentary rocks and to be generally associated with Ba, Pb, and K. The 

average content of Sr in shales was found to be 200 ppm, probably as a result 

of colloid chemistry sorption phenomena by clays. Contains an extensive 

bibliography and a list of age and location data for samples used to make the 

composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic shales.-EBT 

Northcote, K. E. See White, W. H. 00331 

Nuriyef, A. N. See Zul'fugarly, N.D. 00319 

00240 Odum, H. T. Biogeochemical deposition of strontium: In st. Marine Sci. Pub., 

v. 4, no. 2, p. 38-114, 1957. 

Sr:Ca ratios of minerals, tissues, skeletons, soils, modern and ancient sediments and 

sedimentary rocks, and igneous rocks were determined from 900 flame 

spectrophotometric analyses and compared with data from the literature. Sr:Ca 

ratios of the resistant and acid insoluble fraction of soils and sediments are higher 

than the ratios in the calcareous, acid soluble fraction. Replacement in and 

recrystallization of older materials causes a lower Sr:Ca ratio, but this ratio increases 

with decreasing carbonate content. Under specified conditions and in combination 

with other information, Sr:Ca ratios may indicate replacement, environment of 

deposition, and food sources in the environment. Sr contents found in shales are 

(in ppm): Lower Carboniferous, Nova Scotia, 720; Cambrian Burgess Shale, British 

Columbia, 100, Ordovician Athens Shale, Tenn., 260; Ordovician Utica Shale, N. 

Y ., 120, Devonian Marcellus Shale, Pa., 190, Pennsylvanian Conemaugh Formation, 

Pa., 660; Recent mud, Buzzards Bay and Hadley Harbor, Mass., 60, 120.-EBT 

Olausson, Eric. See Joensuu, Oiva. 00185 

00267 Olson, J. C.; 0t"erstreet, W. C. Geologic distribution and resources of thorium: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1204,61 p., 1964. 

Th content of 46 samples of the Chattanooga Shale [of Devonian and Mississippian 

age], which is abnormally rich in U, ranges from 8.1 to 15 ppm. U reserves in 

the Gassaway Member of the Chattanooga Shale have been estimated for an area 

of about 5,000 square miles; this member contains 7 to 9 ppm Thor about 1,100,000 

tons for the area in which U reserves were estimated.-EBT 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 

61 

Olson, 0. E. See Moxon, A. L. 00154 

Olson, 0. E. See Moxon, A. L. 00238 

Olson, 0. E. See Moxon, A. L. 00239 

00241 Onishi, Hiroshi. Notes on the geochemistry of germanium (in English): Chern. 

Soc. Japan Bull., v. 29, no. 6, p. 686-694, 1956. 

Average Ge content in the lithosphere (crustal rocks) is 1.5 -0.5 ppm. Shales and 

red oceanic clays contain 2 ppm Ge. Ge content of sediments seems to be higher 

than that of igneous rocks because of possible escape of Ge in hydrothermal and 

volcanic emanations. Ge content in 4 Japanese shales ranged from 1.4 to 1.6 ppm. 

In the composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic shales, Ge content is 2.2 ppm; 

in 14 Japanese Paleozoic shales, 1.6 ppm; and in 10 Mesozoic J?panese shales, 1.8 

ppm.-Author's summ., modified. 

00242 Onishi, Hiroshi; Sandell, E. B. Meteoric and terrestrial abundance of tin: 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 12, p. 262-270, 1957. 

Ultramafic rocks average approximately 0.5 ppm Sn; mafic rocks, 1.5 ppm; and 

granitic rocks, 3 ppm. Sn content of the upper lithosphere is 2 ±I ppm, granitic 

and mafic rocks being weighted equally. In sedimentary rocks, Sn chiefly is found 

in shales. Too few shales were analyzed in the prese'nt- work to furnish a reliable 

average. The average of 36 European Paleozoic shales and 24 Japanese Paleozoic 

and Mesozoic shales is 4 ppm Sn. A composite of 7 North American shales 

contained II ppm Sn.-EBT 

00268 Onishi, Hiroshi; Sandell, E. B. Geochemistry of arsenic: Geochim. et 

Cosmochim. Acta, v. 7, p. 1-33, 1955a. 

The average value for As in shales probably lies in the range 5-15 ppm. Shales 

containing much carbonaceous matter or sulfide tend to have more As. Sandstones 

and limestones normally contain less As than shales; their average is similar to that 

of igneous rocks, about 2 ppm As. Deep-sea sediments average about 10 ppm 

As. A reducing environment is favorable for accumulation of As, but, possibly, 

at very low oxidation potentials AsHa can form and escape, and micro-organisms 

can produce volatile organo-arsenic compounds. As content in shales ranges from 

0.3 ppm in a vanadiferous shale from the Permian Phosphoria Formation in Idaho 

to 59 ppm in a Devonian bituminous shale from New York; tasmanite oil shale 

from Tasmania contains 6.5 ppm. The composite of 36 European Paleozoic shales 

contained 17.7 ppm As and 4.5 ppm Mo; the 14 Japanese Paleozoic shales, 6.7 

ppm As and 2.9 ppm Mo, and the 10 Mesozoic Japanese shales, 5.8 ppm As and 

0.5 ppm Mo.-EBT 

00269 Onishi, Hiroshi; Sandell, E. B. Notes on the geochemistry of antimony: 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 8, p. 213-221, 1955b. 

Sb content in igneous rocks (and in the upper lithosphere) is estimated to be 0.1-

0.2 ppm. In shales, Sb ranges from about 0.1 to several ppm and averages 1-

2 ppm. Limestone and sandstone normally contain less Sb than shales. Oceanic 

red clay (Pacific Ocean) contains about I ppm Sb; globigerina ooze, a few tenths 

ppm. In shales the following contents of Sb and As were found (in ppm): Composite 

of 3, Wisconsin, 0.1 Sb, 6 As; pyritic shale, Wisconsin, 0.3 Sb, 16.2 As, Decorah 

Shale (Ordovician), Minnesota, 0.1, 0.3 Sb, 6.9 As; carbonaceous shale, 

Pennsylvania, 0.3, 0.2 Sb, 6 As; bituminous shale, New York, 2.2, 2.5 Sb, 59 As: 

oil shale (tasmanite), Tasmania, 0.2 Sb, 6.5 As; composite (3 calcareous, l organic) 

2.5, 2.6 Sb, 12.3 As; composite of 3, Japan, 0.4 Sb, 30.5 As; and non-weighted 

composite of 36 European Paleozoic shales, 14 Japanese Paleozoic shales and 10 

Japanese Mesozoic shales, 2.3 Sb, 10.2 As.-EBT 

00243 Ostrom, M. E. Trace elements in Illinois Pennsylvanian limestones: Illinois 

Geol. Survey Circ. 243, 34 p., 1957. 
62 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

To study the possibility that agricultural limestone might contain sufficient amounts 

of trace elements to benefit plants growing in soil to which it has been applied, 

92 limestone samples were taken from rock exposed in 35 quarries. Samples of 

17 shales associated with the limestones were also taken. Spectrochemical analyses 

showed that the shales contain more of most trace elements than do the limestones. 

In the shales the following range of element contents (averages in parentheses) was 

noted (in ppm): B 40-300 (130), Ba 100-400 (200), Cr 46-180 (I 10), Cu 60-200 

(90), Fe 13,000-60,000 (31,000), K 10,000-22,000 (16,900), Mn tr-600 (300), Mo 

nd-60 (8), N a I ,800-7,700 ( 4,300), N i 20-300 (110), Pb I 0-400 (I 40), Sr 120-1,400 

(390), Ti 2,100-7,500 (4,600), V 40-150 (90), and Zn nd-400 (160).-Author's abs., 

modified. 

00267 Ostrom, M. E.; Hopkins, M. E.; White, W. A.; McViker, L. D. Uranium in 

Illinois black shales: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 203, 15 p., 1955. 

From outcrops in 44 Illinois counties, 175 samples of dark-gray to black shale 

ranging in age from Devonian to Pennsylvanian were collected. The highest 

equivalent U content determined by radiometric assay was 170 ppm. U30s content 

of the 15 samples having the highest equivalent U content ranged from 10 to 140 

ppm and averaged 20 ppm lower than the equivalent U content. Phosphatic nodules 

and bands found in relatively small quantities in some black shales showed more 

equivalent U than the enclosing shales. Maximum U30s content of the phosphatic 

material was 750 ppm.-Authors' abs., modified. 

00244 Ostroyumov, E. A. Redkiye zemli v glubokovodnykh otlozheniyakh Chernogo 

morya [Rare earths in deep-water deposits of the Black Sea (in Russian)]: Akad. 

Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 91, no. 5, p. 1175-1178, 1953. 

Sediments from deep-water regions of the eastern part of the Black Sea and the 

heavy mineral fraction from the sand on the Caucasian coast at Gagra were analyzed 

for Laz01, CeOz, Prz03, Ndz03, Gdz03, and Dyz03. The total rare-earth element 

contents in the deep-water sediments are as follows (ranges are given in ppm): 

calcareous mud 130-150, argillaceous-calcareous mud 200, argillaceous-arenaceous 

mud 340-400, and argillaceous-aleurolitic mud 200-250. The rare earths in the 

muds consist mainly of Ce (39.0-47.4 percent CeOz), La (21.8-25.2 percent Laz03) 

and Nd (16.7-24.6 percent Ndz03); in six samples Ce > La > Nd and only in 

one Ce > Nd > La.-EBT 

00245 Ostroyumov, E. A.; Silina, 0. M. 0 nekotorykh zakonomernostyakh 

raspredeleniya vanadiya v sovremennykh morskikh otlozheniyakh [On some 

regularities of the distribution of vanadium in modern marine sediments (in 

Russian)]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 86, no. 2, p. 365-367, 1952. 

V was determined colorimetrically in 129 samples of bottom sediments of the 

Okhotsk Sea. The highest concentrations of V 2 0s ( > 300 ppm) were associated with 

sediments formed from products of volcanic activity. The lowest concentrations 

of VzOo ( < 100 ppm) were found in nearshore sandy sediments. Higher contents 

of V zOs (I 50-300 ppm) were related to very fine argillaceous sediments. V content 

is not directly related to organic matter content but the distribution of V and org~nic 

C coincides due to the deposition of organic material with clay· minerals. It is 

suggested that V is sorbed by clay minerals; no influence of marine animals on 

the accumulations of V could be confirmed.-EBT 

00246 Ostroyumov, E. A.; Volkov, I. I. K voprosi o vzaimosvyazi fosfora, vanadiya 

i organicheskogo veshchestva v otlozheniyakh Chernogo Morya [The relationship 

between phosphorus, vanadium and organic matter in the Black Sea deposits]: 

Geokhimiya, no. 6, p. 518-528, 1957; English translation: Geochemistry, no. 6, p. 

609-619, 1957 [1960]; also Associated Tech. Services, Inc., Translation RJ-1360 

[1958]. 

P and V are concentrated primarily with the mineral fraction of sediments of the 

Black Sea, but in many cases a relation between P, V, and organic matter has been 

observed. In shallow-water sediments and in upper horizons of deep-sea sediments 

Pis related to organic matter, but during decay of organic matter, P transfers to 

the mineral fraction of the sediment. In deep-sea sediments V accumulation related 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 63 

to increased organic content may be explained by the fact that in bituminization 

processes V moves from the mineral matter of the sediment to organic derivitives 

and in redistribution processes is concentrated in layers enriched in organic material. 

In 68 samples of various sediment types from 12 stations ranging in depth from 

46 to 2,135 m values range as follows (in percent): CaCO~ 0-70.57, P20" 0.07-

0.33, V 20s 0.00-0.045, organic C 0.23-17.36, mineral residue 22.61-99.15.-Authors' 

abs., modified. 

Overstreet, W. C. See Olson, J. C. 00267 

00262 Pachadzhanov, D. N. K geokhimii niobiya i tantala v glinakh [Geochemistry 

of niobium and tantalum in clays (in Russian; English abs.)]: Geokhimiya no. 10, 

p. 930-942; English translation: Geochemistry, no. 10, p. 963-976, 1963. 

Contents of Nb average 20.1 ppm in clays formed in humid environments, 13.3 

in clays formed under arid conditions, and 18.3 in all clays. Ta averages 2.4 ppm 

in humid clays, 0.9 in arid clays, and 2 in all clays. Ta and Nb substitute for 

Ti and AI in clay minerals. The normal Ti:Nb ratio in clays is disturbed by 

increases in organic C content, partly because organic matter reduces Ti and not 

N b. This ratio may also be changed by differential adsorption and complexing 

by organic matter. In Devonian and Carboniferous marine clays from the Russian 

platform containing > 1 percent organic C the following range in contents is 

observed: Nb 13.1-25.9 ppm, Ta 0.3-2.4 ppm, organic C 1.00-6.05 percent, Nb:Ta 

ratio 5.7-43.6, and Ti:Nb ratio 160-479.-EBT 

00263 Pallister, H. D.; Thoenen, J. R. Flake-graphite and vanadium investigation in 

Clay, Coosa, and Chilton Counties, Alabama: U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 4366, 

84 p., 1948. 

The flake-graphite deposits of Alabama are confined to a narrow belt extending 

southwestward from northeast Clay County to the edge of the coastal plain, and 

are near the outcrop of metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian Ashland Series. 

Flake graphite in commercial quantities occurs only in quartz-mica schist; the best 

is in schist cut by small pegmatite dikes along planes of schistosity. Heat and 

pressure from the intrusions may have recrystallized organic C in the schists to form 

the graphite and green mica. Green mica comprises 2.2 to 35.5 percent of the rock; 

by froth flotation methods it is concentrated. This concentrate contains 0.02 to 

0.99 percent V2 Os. A typical sample of the concentrate has the following 

composition (in percent): Ab03 32.6, K20 5.6, Fe203 3.91, Ti02 0.52, V20s 0.95, 

Si02 45.8, insoluble 0.99, loss on ignition 9.63.-EBT 

Patterson, C. C. See Chow, T. J. 00066 

Payne, K. W. See Hallam, A. 00105 

00264 Peltola, Esko. On the black schists in the Outokumpu region in eastern Finland 

(in English): Finlande Comm. Geol. Bull. 192, 107 p., 1960. 

Among the black fine-grained phyllitic to gneissoid schists with sedimentary 

structure and corresponding most nearly to sapropelic sediments in chemical 

composition-particularly in trace element composition-argillaceous, calcareous 

and arenaceous varieties can be distinguished. C content of more than I percent 

and iron sulfides cause the black color. The composition of different varieties 

depends on factors connected with original sedimentation. Thinness of the layers 

reflects slow sedimentation. The argillaceous black schists have the following 

average minor-element contents (in ppm): Ti02 8,300, MnO 400, Cr2 03 800, V 2 Os 

1,100, U~Oa 50, Cu 500, Ni 400, Zn 300, Co 200, Pb 50, Mo 140, C 50,000, S 

51,600, Se 13, and Ag 2; in the calcareous black schists: Ti02 5,900, MnO 500, 

Cr20~ 700, V20s 1,100, U30s 70, Cu 600, Ni 500, Zn 400, Co 100, Pb 50, Mo 

180, C 46,500, S 56,100, Se 25, and Ag 2.-Author's abs., modified. 

Perezhogin, G. A. See Shcherbakov, YU. G. 00312 

Pesko, Lazer'. See Katchenkov, S.M. 00193 
64 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Peters, Cl. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00087 

Peters, Cl. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00088 

Peters, Cl. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00112 

Peters, Cl. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00117 

Peters, Cl. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00118 

Peters, Cl. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00119 

00265 Pettersson, Hans; Rotschi, Henri. The nickel content of deep-sea deposits: 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 2, p. 81-90, 1952. 

Ni, Mn, and Fe present in sediment cores from the central Pacific Ocean have been 

determined by microchemical methods. Ni content is high relative to that of 

continental rocks and sediments. Considerable variations occur in Ni content with 

depth below the sediment surface. No correlation with Fe and Mn contents is 

evident except in cases where a change in the rate of sedimentation appears to have 

affected all three elements in the same way. The abundance of abyssal Ni may 

be partly derived from cosmic dust; arguments for and against this thesis are 

presented. NiO content in the cores ranged from 40 to 560 ppm; Fe203, from 

0.46 to 9.38 percent; and Mn02, from 0.1 to 3.24 percent.-Authors' abs., modified. 

00266 Pliler, R.; Adams, J. A. S. The distribution of thorium, uranium, and potassium 

in the Mancos Shale: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 26, p. 1115-1135, 1962. 

More than 135 samples from Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico of the 

Man cos Shale of Late Cretaceous age were analyzed for U, Th, and K by chemical 

and radiometric means. The Mancos is a soft, dark-gray or nearly black marine 

carbonaceous shale. Average concentrations found in the samples were 10.2 ppm 

Th, 3.7 ppm U, and 1.9 percent K as metal. Average Th:U ratio is 3.1. Variations 

in Th, U. and K contents are gradual and take place over large distances. Th, 

Th:U ratio and K tend to decrease and U tends to increase with distance from 

the Upper Cretaceous shoreline. K:Th ratio in the shale, including many sandy 

intertongues, shows remarkably little variation regionally. The U in the Mancos 

Shale is present largely in the fine-grained primary resistate minerals; the Th occurs 

in the fine-grained secondary resistates or fixed in or on clays.-Authors' abs., 

modified. 

00247 Ponsford, D. R. A. Radioactivity studies of some British sedimentary rocks: 

Great Britain Geol. Survey Bull. 10, p. 24-44, 1955. 

U30s was determined chemically and eUaOs radiometrically in the British 

sedimentary sequence. The ·highest U contents are found in certain black shales 

in the Upper Cambrian (14-46 ppm UaOs, 12 -15 ppm Th), Upper Ordovician (26-

47 ppm U30a). Lower Carboniferous (30-90 ppm eU30a), and Upper Carboniferous 

(50-420 ppm eU30a, Phosphatic black shale, 0.1 percent U30a, 23.9 percent P04): 

in black nodules present in New Red Sandtone strata; and in phosphatic beds of 

various ages. One specimen of hard black bituminous and slightly phosphatic shaly 

rock in limestone beds of Early Carboniferous age contained 200 ppm eU30a, 86 

percent ash, and 300 ppm V in ash.-EBT 

00260 Porrenga, D. H. Bor in Sedimenten als Indiz fUr den Salinitatsgrad [Boron in 

sediments as an index of salinity (in German; English abs.)]: Fortschr. Geologie 

Rheinland u. Westfalen, v. 10, p. 267-270, 1963. 

The amount of B in the clay fraction of 70 reference samples has been determined. 

The results permit the conclusion that B in sediments can be used as a discriminator 

between marine and nonmarine sediments, at least on a local scale. B content in 

the clay fraction of marine sediments of Carboniferous age was 135 ppm; in fresh 

water sediments of Carboniferous age the B content was 80 ppm.-Author's abs., 

modified. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 65 

00261 Potter, P. E.; Shimp, N. E.; Witters, J. Trace elements in marine and freshwater argillaceous sediments: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 27, p. 669-694, 

1963. 

Trace elements were studied in 66 samples of modern and ancient marine and freshwater argillaceous sediments to test for environmental indicators. Samples were 

widely scattered geographically and represent varying source areas, climates, tectonic 

conditions, and rates of sedimentation. B, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ni, and V are significantly 

more abundant in marine than in fresh-water sediments. Samples were analyzed 

by 2 quantitative spectrographic methods; coefficients of variation ranged from ±5 

percent for V and Ga to ±30 percent for Cu. Average trace-element content in 

modern marine sediments was (in ppm): B 89.6, Cr 66, Cu 37.3, Ga 20, Ni 40.7, 

Pb 20.8, V 125.5, Co nd-14, Zn nd-4,500; in ancient (Ordovician to Cretaceous) 

marine sediments: B 123.6, Cr 91.9, Cu 28.2, Ga 25.3, Ni 41.8, Pb 13.3, V 118.2, 

Co nd-43, Zn nd [range quoted for Co and Zn].-Author's abs., modified. 

00256 Prashnowsky, :\· A. Sedimentpetrographische und geochemische 

Untersuchungen 1m sudlichen Rheinischen Schiefergebirge [Sedimentary 

petrographic and geochemical study in the southern Rhine shale area (in German)]: 

Neues Jahrb. Geologie u. PaUiontologie Abh., v. 105, no. 1, p. 47-70, 1957. 

Geochemical and heavy-mineral analyses were conducted on sediments of preDevon ian age in the southern Rhine shale area near Ems. The heavy mineral 

analyses were of a pre-Devonian quartzite. In addition to the quartzite, shale, 

limestone, diabase, keratophyre, and metamorphic rocks were analyzed 

spectrographically. Qualitative and, in part, semiquantitative analyses for 26 

elements are presented in tables. Table 5 shows the average contents of trace 

elements in different rocks. Four samples of black shale of Devonian age from 

Kaup contained (in ppm) these averages: Ba 900, Sr 290, Cu 50, Ni 40, Co 60, 

Cr 700, V 200, Mn 2,500, Ti 5,300, Mo tr, and Pb tr.-EBT 

00257 Preuss, E. Beitrage zur spektralanalytischen Methodik. II. Bestimmung von 

Zn, Cd, Hg, In, Tl, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, and Bi durch fraktionierte Distillation 

[Contribution to the spectroanalytical method. II. Determination of Zn, Cd, Hg, 

In, Tl, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, and Bi through fractional distillation (in German)]: Zeitschr. 

angew. M ineralogie, v. 3, p. 8-20, 1941. 

A method of spectral analysis is described and discussed. The mean of analyses 

of the composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic shales is (in ppm): Cd 0.3, 

Hg 0.3, In 0.5, Tl 2, Ge 7, Sb 3, and Bi 1.-EBT 

00257 Pryakhina, YU. A. Karbonatnye konkretsii v maykopskikh otlozheniyakh 

tsentral'nogo Predkavkaz'ya [Carbonate concretions in the Maikopian deposits of 

the central Fore-Caucasus]: Akad. Nauk SSSR, lzv. Ser. Geol., no. I, p. 26-42, 

1958a; English translation: Am. Geol.lnst., p. 18-31, 1959. 

Carbonate concretions, particularly sideritic concretions, are distributed throughout 

Carboniferous to Recent formations. Siderites and other carbonate concretions from 

the Maikop Series [of Eocene and Oligocene age] in central Fore-Caucasus are 

diagenetic, gray, dark gray, greenish gray, and black like the enclosing argillaceous 

rocks. The presence of organic matter (bitumens, carbonace0u~ fragments), pyrite, 

and siderite indicates a reducing environment. Contents of trace elements in 

Maikopian clays showed the following ranges (in ppm): Cu 50-60, Cr 100, Ni 

66~80, Co 10-20, V 140-200, Sr 100-300, Be 2-7, Mo I-lOCI [This same table is 

in Pryakhina (1958b, p. 133) and shows Mo maximum content 10 ppm.], Ga 2-

100.-EBT 

00258 Pryakhina, YU. A. K geokhimii maykopskikh otlozheniy Tsentral'nogo 

Predkavkaz'ya [On the geochemistry of the Maikopian deposits of the central ForeCaucasus]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 118, p. 132-134, 1958b; English 

translation: New York, Consultants Bur., Inc., p. 1-3. 

The M aikopian rocks [of Eocene and Oligocene age] in the central Fore-Caucasian 

area consist of a uniform thick sequence of dark marine clays with seams and layers 

of sand and sandstone. In clays the element contents are (in ppm): Fe 55,000, 
66 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Mn 400, P 300, Cu 60, Cr 100, Ni 80, Co 10, V 200, Ba 700, Sr 300, Ga 100

Be 7, and Mo 4. Organic C content ranges from 0.2 to 4 percent. Several horizons

of black "sooty" clays are found. In these the element contents are (in ppm)

Ni 462, Co 44, Zn 820, Pb 450, Mo 200, Cu 46, V 106, Cr ?, organic C 0.95(

percent, and pyrite 13 percent; element contents in clays enclosing the sooty horizon_ 

are: Ni 52, Co 14, Zn I, Pb I, Mo I, Cu 51, V 162, Cr Ill, organic C 1.450 

percent, and pyrite 1.31 percent.~ EBT 

00259 Push kina, Z. V. K geokhimii U sinskogo margantsovogo mestorozheniya [The 

geochemistry of the Usinsk manganese deposit]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v_ 

135, no. 1, p. 176-178, 1960; English translation: New York, Consultants Bur.

Inc., p. 1071-1073, 1961. 

The distribution of Cu, N i, Co, V, and Cr in various types of manganese ores and 

adjoining rocks of the U sinsk manganese deposit on the western flank of Kuznetsk 

Ala-Tua in Kemerovo Oblast was studied. The manganese ore deposit is of Early 

Cambrian age and of sedimentary origin. Lime-rhodochrosite and manganese 

limestones are interbedded with light metamorphosed and dark pelitomorphic 

limestones and clay slates of varying degrees of metamorphism. Analyses show 

increased V and Cr contents in the slates and slightly increased Cu and Ni. In 

calcareous and carbonaceous slates the following contents were found (ranges in 

percent): Mn 0.05-0.68, C02 0.03-21.48, organic C 0.58-3.21, (in ppm): Cu 13

91, Ni l4-l23,Co 12-70, V ll0-253,andCr31-69.~EBT 

00248 Rader, L. F.; Grimaldi, F. S. Chemical analyses for selected minor element~ 

in Pierre Shale: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 391-A, 45 p., 1961. 

The analytical precision of chemical methods for determination of selected mino1 

elements in the Cretaceous Pierre Shale is reported. Detailed procedures fo1 

determination ofTi, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Se, Mo, W, U, carbonate 

C, total C, and organic matter are described and some alternative methods are given 

Precision of analytical methods is established from replicate determinations by om 

chemist on paired hidden splits, replicate determinations on different days by om 

chemist, and cross-check determinations on 10 selected samples by differenchemists, laboratories, and methods. Graphic comparisons are made ol 

determinations by different chemists, and the mean element content and standarc 

deviations, calculated from data reported by all analysts and laboratories, of the 1( 

check samples are reported. In the 10 samples, the mean determinations of organi• 

C ranged from <0.2 to 8.4 percent, of minor elements (in ppm), Ti 1,400-4,40() 

Mn 80-35,000, V 20-800, Cr <4-150, Co 4-21, Ni 14-140, Cu 5-71, Zn 45-300 

Pb 15-36, As 2-48, Se < l-110, Mo < l-340, U l.3-25.~Authors' abs., modified. 

Rader, L. F. See Tourtelot, H. A. 00282 

Ramsey, V. G. See Erdman, J. G. 00045 

00253 Rankama, Kalervo. On the geochemistry of tantalum: Finlande Comm. Geol 

Bull. 133, 78 p., 1944. 

Ta is a quite mobile element, largely participating in pneumatolytic processes. Tis strongly lithophile and has no siderophile or chalcophile features in it 

geochemistry. Average Ta content in igneous rocks is 2.1 ppm and the Nb:Ta rati• 

is 9.5. The maximum possible average content of Ta205 in investigated sediment 

is 1.7 ppm; in deep-sea sediments it is 1.2 ppm. In some black shales the TazO 

contents are (in ppm): Dictyonema shale, Estonia, 2; Liassic paper shale, Bavaria 

<0.6; Kupferschiefer, Thuringia, <I; Upper Cambrian Alum shale, Norway, 4 

Liassic calcareous Posidonia shale, Germany, <0.7.~EBT 

00254 Rankama, Kalervo. The geochemistry of columbium: Science, v. 106, p. 13 

15, 1947. 

Cb [now called niobium] contents were determined by spectrochemical analysis i 

the Geochemical Laboratory, Institute of Geology, University of Helsinki, Finlanc 

Cb is more common in sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks than is Ta. Th 

following contents of Cbz05 were found in sediments (in ppm): minerogeni. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 67 

sediments, 18; chemical sediments, 0.6; organogenic sediments, 0.9; deep-sea 

sediments, 59.~EBT 

00255 Rankama, Kalervo; Sahama, Th. G. Geochemistry: Chicago, University of 

Chicago Press, 912 p., 1950. 

An extensive bibliography is contained and many data pertinent to black shales 

are quoted. The average composition of shale as compiled by the authors is (in 

ppm): Li 46, Be <3.6, B 310, C 15,300, F 510, Na 9,700, Mg 14,800, Al 81,900, 

Si 272,000, P 740, S 2,600, Cl --, K 27,000, Ca 22,300, Sc 6.5, Ti 4,300, V 120, 

Cr 410-680, Mn 620, Fe 47,300, Co 8, Ni 24, Cu 192, Zn 200-1,000, Ga 50, Ge 

7, As"'5, Se 0.6, Br >0.2, Rb 300, Sr 170, Y 28.1, Zr 120, Ag 0.05, Cd 0.3, In 

0.5, Sn 40, Sb 3, I --, Cs 12, Ba 460, W l-2, Re <0.001, Au --, Hg 0.3, Tl 2, 

Pb 20, Bi 1, Ra l.08x 10- 6 , Th 10.1, U l.2.~EBT 

00249 Razumnaya, E. G. Izucheniye raspredeleniya molibdena i vanadiya v 

uglistokremnistykh slantsakh metodom tsentrifugirovaniya [Study of the distribution 

of molybdenum and vanadium in carbonaceous siliceous shales by centrifuge 

methods (in Russian)]: Sovrem. Metody Mineralog. Issledov. Gornykh Porod Rud 

i Mineralov, p. 49-54, 1957. 

A carbonaceous siliceous (radiolarian) shale containing humic organic matter (about 

lO percent organic C), 0.2 percent V, 0.1 Cr and Ba, 0.03 Mo, and about 0.01 Ni, 

Zn, Cu, and Pb was centrifuged in heavy liquids into 7 fractions whose specific 

gravity ranged from 2.1 to 2.8. Mo and V are concentrated in the heaviest fraction 

which contains red and yellow oxides and hydroxides of Fe, and may be sorbed 

on these oxides. Lesser concentrations of Mo and V occur in the lightest fractions 

which are predominantly organic matter; probably 60 percent of the Mo and 30 

percent of the V is bound with the organic matter. In the specific gravity fractions 

(listed first) the following percentages of Mo and V were found: <2.1, 0.094 Mo, 

0.34 V; 2.1-2.4, 0.68 Mo, 0.23 V; 2.4-2.5, 0.29 Mo, 0.186 V; 2.5-2.6, 0.035 Mo, 

0.44 V; 2.6-2.7, 0.43 Mo, 0.41 V; 2.7-2.8, 0.19 Mo, 1.14 V; >2.8, spectrographic 

analysis shows near IV, near 0.1 Mo.~EBT 

Reznikov, A. P. See Aleksandrov, A. P. 00019 

Richardson, E. S., Jr. See Zanger!, Rainer. 00318 

00250 Richter, Gerhard. Geologische Gesetzmassigkeiten in der Metallifiihrung des 

Kupferschiefers [Geological laws in the mineralization of the Kupferschiefer (in 

German)]: Arkiv Lagerstattenf., no. 73, 61 p., 1941. 

Differences in mineralization in the Permian Kupferschiefer (including the Zechstein 

conglomerate) are facies phenomena and as such are subject to geological laws. 

Copper ores are found predominantly in narrow sinuous marginal minor trough 

deposits whereas sediments deposited in the main basin deeps show only minor metal 

contents. High copper contents outline the paleogeographic trough; in the flatter 

part of the trough the zinc facies has prevailed since the beginning of Zechstein 

time. In the Kupferschiefer sea, rock facies was largely independent of depth of 

the area of deposition, whereas the metal facies has to be considered as a function 

of basin depth. The origin of the metals was in metal-rich ground waters that 

mixed with the basin water.~EBT 

00251 Richter-Bernburg, Gerhard. Zwei Beitrage zu Fazies, Tektonik und 

K upferfi.ihrung des Zechsteins. I. Waldeck, I I. N ordsudeten [Two studies of the 

facies, tectonics, and copper content of the Zechstein~ 1. Waldeck, 2. northern 

Sudeten (in German)]: Geol. Jahrb. 1949, v. 65, p. 145-212, 1951. 

The stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Zechstein sea are discussed. The 

contents of Cu, Pb, and Zn in many samples taken from the lower Zechstein, 

including the Kupferschiefer, the underlying basal conglomerate, and the overlying 

bituminous limestone, are given. The highest Cu contents (as much as 60 kg per 

sq m) occur in rocks deposited in nearshore embayments.~JDV 
68 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Riley,J. P. See Burton, J.D. 00070 

Riley, J.P. See Mullin, J. B. 00152 

Riley,J. P. See Wakeel, S. K. El. 00342 

Rodionova, K. F. See Strakhov, H. M. 00291 

Ronov, A. B. See Baranov, V. I. 00009 

Ronov, A. B. See Balashov, Yu. A. 00024 

00252 Ronov, A. B.; Malyuga, D.P.; Makarova, A. I. Raspredeleniye malykh kolichestv 

nikelya, kobalita i medi v glinakh russkoy platformy [Distribution of small amounts 

of nickel, cobalt, and copper in clays of the Russian platform (in Russian)]: Akad. 

Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 105, no. l, p. 129-132, 1955. 

Composite samples (117) of clays from the Russian platform ranging in age from 

Precambrian to Quaternary were analyzed for Ni, Co, and Cu, Probably the Ni, 

Co, and a considerable part of the Cu is carried to the pelagic part of the depositional 

basin sorbed on the argillaceous fraction. However, a part of the Cu is carried 

in solution and precipitates )n the zone of mixing of acid continental water with 

weakly alkaline water in the nearshore deltaic area of the marine basin. The Cu 

then is adsorbed by organic matter and deposited in the nearshore sediments. The 

ratios of N i, Co, and Cu in the sediments suggests information about source areas. 

In the clays from the Russian platform the Ni:Co ratio fluctuated from 0.7 to 3.8 

and the average was 2.0. The average Ni content in the clays was 22 ppm; Co, 

11 ppm; and Cu, 35 ppm.-EBT 

Ronov, A. B. See Vinogradov, A. P. 00327 

00225 Rosier, H. J. Eine Vererzung vom Kupferschiefertyp im Rotliegenden 

Thuringens [A mineralization of the copper shale type in the Thuringian Rotliegende 

(in German)): Geol. Gesell Berlin, v. 9, no. 2, p. 217-226, 1964. 

The mineralization occurs in black, thinly foliated shale and shale striated with fine 

sand, mostly in the form of flattened concretions. The principal minerals, which 

are tennantite, arsenopyrite, and pyrite, seem to be associated with coprolites. 

The kidney-shaped ore contains Fe~, Ca, Mg, S, As, Cu, P04, Si02, and C02. 

The As content is as much as 2 to 3 percent. The ore kidney shales are a good 

example of the importance of biogenetic products of geochemical concentration 

processes. The Rotliegende is Early Permian in age.-EBT 

Rotschi, Henri. See Pettersson, Hans. 00265 

00226 Rubey, W. W. Vanadiferous shale in the Phosphoria Formation, Wyoming and 

Idaho [abs.]: Econ. Geology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 87, 1943. 

The presence of small amounts of V in western phosphate rock has been known 

since 1911. The region is mountainous and the sedimentary rocks have been 

intensely deformed and broken by thrust and normal faults. The highest 

concentrations of V (0.5 to 2.0 percent V20s) are found in carbonaceous and 

graphitic (?) mudstone. Throughout most of the region V occurs principally in 

a single bed about 3 feet thick. Estimates indicate the presence of many million 

tons of rock that contain 0.75 percent or more V20s.-Author's abs., condensed. 

00227 Runnels, R. T. Preliminary report on phosphate-bearing shales in eastern 

Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 82, pt. 2, p. 37-48, 1949. 

Phosphate-bearing bituminous shales of Pennsylvanian age from Crawford, 

Bourbon, Franklin, Labette, and Wyandotte Counties, Kans., were sampled and 

analyzed chemically. Special analyses included percent P20s soluble in citric acid, 

spectrographic analyses for trace elements, and tests for the solubility in water of 

the trace elements present. These analyses suggest sufficient phosphate and traceelement content to merit evaluation as a source of agricultural fertilizer. Total P20s 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 69 

content ranges from 0.81 to 3.76 percent. Qualitative spectrographic analyses 

showed the following range of trace-element content (ns, not seen; 10, strongest; 

5, trace; l, very weak; numbers refer to spectral line intensity; they cannot be 

compared between elements): P ns-9, B ns-6, Si 8-9, Mn 4-10, Cr 3-9, Mo ns7, Fe 7-9, AI 6-10, Zr ns-8, Ti 7-10, V 6-10, Cu 6-9, Ag ns-6, Zn ns-6, Pb ns7, K 5-8, Na 6-7, Ca 5-9, Mg 7-9, Sr ns.-Author's abs., modified. 

00228 Rynninger, Roland. Mode of occurrence of uranium in Swedish black shales. 

Preliminary investigations (in English): Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forh., v. 79, p. 

88-90, 1957. 

Primary experiments on the black (alum) shales of Sweden indicate that 70-80 

percent of the U in black shales is soluble in acids and is present along with several 

other micro elements, Fe, and AI as a separate fine-grained phase, possibly 

amorphous, and without structural relation to the major part of the organic 

constituents as well as the major minerals of the shale. The remaining 20-30 percent 

of the U content is possibly contained in some micaceous minerals and is therefore 

slightly attacked by acids.-EBT 

00229 Sahama, Th. G. Spurenelemente der Festeine im Siidlichen Finnisch-Lappland 

[Trace elements in rocks from southern Finnish Lapland (in German)]: Finlande 

Comm. Geol. Bull. 135, 86 p., 1945. 

Rocks from southern Finnish Lapland were analyzed to explore geochemical 

behavior of trace elements, especially with increasing metamorphism. Processes 

deduced from existing [pre-1945] data for single trace elements are almost 

completely valid for the different series studied in Finland. Analyses of Lapponium 

black schists of Precambrian age showed the following averages (in ppm): 80 

samples of ilmenite and carbonate containing schist, Sodanky!a, Zr02 0, M nO l ,500, 

BaO 300, SrO 0, La203 10, Ce02 40, Nd203 30, Y 203 0, Sc203 10, B203 60, Rb 203 

500, Li203 50, Cr20 1,000, V20s 100, NiO 10, CoO 10; 68 samples of schist between 

pyrite-bearing layers, SodankyHi, Zr02 0, MnO 200, BaO 700, SrO 30, La203 10, 

Ce02 0, Nd203 0, Y203 0, Sc203 I, B20a 1,000, Rb203 300, Li20 30, Cr20 1,000 

V20s 100, NiO 100, CoO 30; 532 samples of black phyllite, KittiHi, Zr02 100, MnO 

1,800, BaO 500, SrO 60, La203 60, Ce02 60, N d203 30, Y 203 30, Sc20a 60, B20a 

100, Rb203 800, Li20 30, Cr20 300, V20s 60, NiO 30, CoO 30.-EBT 

Sahama, Th. G. See Rankama, Kalervo. 00255 

Safdan, M. See Kita-Badak, M. 00214 

Sandals, K. M. See Moxon, A. L. 00154 

Sandell, E. B. See Kuroda, P. K. 00200 

Sandell, E. B. See Onishi, Hiroshi. 00242 

Sandell, E. B. See Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 

Sandell, E. B. See Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

00230 Sargent,J. D. Selenium data: U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 7715,29 p., 1955. 

Physical and chemical properties, geographical distribution, production, 

consumption, metallurgy, and usage of Se are described. Se content of igneous 

rocks is about 0.09 ppm. Cores of marine sediments from the continental shelf 

average I to 2 ppm Se; deep-sea cores average much less. Contents of the 

continental shelf deposits correspond closely with those of sedimentary rock strata 

of the western United States and of the soils derived from them. Limonitic 

concretions from the Cretaceous Niobrara Formation contain from 20 to more than 

500 ppm Se, whereas the surrounding shales contain only 2 ppm. Phosphate rock 

from the Permian Phosphoria Formation of western Wyoming contains from 1 to 

600 ppm. Other seleniferous formations are listed.-EBT 
70 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Saukov, A. A. See Borisenko, L.A. 00033 

00231 Saukov, A. A. Geokhimiya rtuti [Geochemistry of mercury]: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 

Inst. Geol. Nauk, Trudy, v. 78, Mineralog. i Geokhim. ser. 17, 129 p., 1946; English 

translation: I. J. Mitten, written commun., 1965. 

The geochemistry of Hg is discussed. Data on Hg in shales were available from 

Germany, Sweden, the Caucasus, Tadzhikistan, and the Altai Mountains. 

Enrichment of Hg in shales was observed, though the data available were not 

sufficient to calculate the clarke of Hg for shales. Theoretically, Hg content in 

shales should be about 0.16 ppm, or about 2 times the average for effusive rocks; 

average content in shales was actually found to be 0.153 ppm. Data for calculating 

the average in shales were from Stock and Cucuel (1934) and the following: II 

samples of Lias shales, Caucasus, 0.116; 12 samples of phyllitic shales, Caucasus, 

0.108; carbonaceous shales from Tadzhikistan, 0.17; Permian and Carboniferous 

carbonaceous shales, Altai Mountains, 0.148, Lower Devonian clay shales, Altai 

Mountains, 0.14; and Cambrian shales, Altai Mountains, 0.076 ppm.-EBT 

00232 Savul, Mircea; Botez-Postelnicu, Cornelia. Geochimia vanadiului in Republica 

Populara Romana. II. Seria sisturilor negre bituminoase, roce mume de petrol, 

din Carpatii Orientali [Geochemistry of vanadium in the Rumanian Peoples 

Republic. 2. The series of black bituminous shales, the mother-rock of petroleum, 

in the eastern Carpathiana (in Rumanian; French summ.)]: Acad. Rep. Pop. 

Romine, Sec1. §tiinte Geol., Geog., Bioi., Analele, ser. A, v. 2, mem. 30, 23 p., 

1949. 

The principal mother rocks of petroleum in Sipote, Rumania, are black shales of 

Cretaceous age and grit and red shales. The black shales range from argillaceous 

siliceous to marly siliceous; part of the silica is of biogenic origin. These sediments 

were deposited in a reducing medium and contain much sapropelic substance. The 

concentration of V was favored by the presence of Fe+ 3 ions and also perhaps by 

the presence of AI+ 3 ions. Clays adsorbed the V during the elimination of free 

bituminous substances and the retention of nonfree parts. V contents ranged from 

412 to 442 ppm in the finely laminated shales.-EBT 

00233 Savul, Mircea; Botez-Postelnicu, Cornelia; Jeanrenaud, P.; Ionesi, L. Geochimia 

elementelor minore Cu, Pb, Zn, din fli~ul paleogen in facies de Tarcau §i FusaruValea Tarcaului (Carpatii Orientali) [Geochemistry of the minor elements, Cu, Pb, 

Zn, in the Paleogene flysch in the facies of Tarcau and Fusaru-Valea Tarcaului 

(the Oriental Carpathians) (in Rumanian; Russian and French summ.)]: Acad. Rep. 

Pop. Romine, Filiala Ia§i, Studii Cercatari ~tiint. Chimie, v. 9, no. 1, p. 57-81, 

1959. 

Analyses were made of 40 samples from 8 horizons of the Paleogene flysch series, 

and geochemical sections of Cu, Pb, and Zn were developed. Average contents 

of minor elements in different rocks exceeded clarke contents for these rocks. In 

clayey rocks the average contents were (in ppm): Cu 67, Zn 52, Pb 24; in bituminous 

marl, Cu 119. The average content of these minor elements increases through the 

series psephite, arenite, pelite; this reflects the effect of adsorption. Histograms 

for ea.ch rock type show, in most cases, log normal distribution; the limits of 

variation of contents distinguish each rock type. Variations in the ratio Cu: Pb:Zn 

reflect the mobility of Cu in comparison with Zn and Pb.-Referativnyy Zhur., 

1959, no. 11, abs. 23091, modified. 

00234 Savul, Mircea; Moviieanu, Aurelia. Cobaltul §i nichelul ca elemente-urma in 

rocile carbonatate triasice din Dobrogea de nord [Cobalt and nickel as trace elements 

in Triassic carbonaceous rocks in northern Dobrudja (in Rumanian; summ. in 

Russian and French)]: Acad. Rep. Pop. Romine, Filiala Ia§i, Studii Cercatari ~tiint 

Chimie, v. 12, no. 1, p. 45-68, 1961. 

The content of Co (0.3-12.2 ppm) in the studied rocks increases with an increase 

of clay and Fe2 03. The role of live plants and animals in the concentration of 

Co is minimal. Ni content ranges from 0.6 to 31.4 ppm. The average Ni:Co ratio 

is 4.42.-Referativnyy Zhur., 1962, abs. 12V34. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 71 

00235 Schneiderhohn, H. Das Vorkommen von Titan, Vanadium, Chrom, Molybdan, 

Nickel und einigen anderen Spurenmetallen in deutschen Sedimentgesteinen [The 

occurrence of titanium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, and some other 

trace metals in German sedimentary rocks (in German)]: Neues Jahrb. Mineralogie, 

Geologie u. Paliiontologie, Monatsh., Abt. A., no. 1~3, p. 50~72, 1949. 

From 1936 to 1944 the Mineralogic Institute of the University of Freiburg made 

almost 10,000 spectrographic analyses (to within ± 10~20 percent of the value stated) 

of almost I ,000 samples of German sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Silurian 

to Miocene. Ti, V, Cr. Mo, Mn, and Ni contents were studied in most detail, 

but crystal chemistry, lithogenesis, facies, and paleogeography were also examined. 

Mean values for these trace elements in rock groups which contain black shale are 

(in ppm): Silurian alum and siliceous shale, Thuringia~Vogtland, Ti 860, V 900, 

Cr 50, Mo 150, Mn 70, Ni 60; Lower Carboniferous alum and siliceous shale, 

Westfallen, Ti 1,300, V 60, Cr 50, Mo 40, Mn 400, Ni 220; Permian Kupfer marl 

in lower Zechstein, Ti 1,100, V 110, Cr 80, Mo 110, Mn 850, Ni 70; asphalt shale 

in Triassic Haupt Dolomite, Ti 3,900, V 180, Cr 30, Mo 110, Mn 5,000, Ni 50; 

alum shale, lower Keuper (Late Triassic), Ti 1,300, V 20, Cr 40, Mo 20, Mn 800, 

N i 100: Liassic oil shale and bituminous rock, ranges, Ti ~~ to 900, V 40 to 270, 

Cr ~~ to 30, M o I 0 to 130, M n ~~ to 900, N i 25 to 160; Lower Cretaceous bituminous 

rock, Ti 3,400, V 40, Cr 10, Mo 20, Mn 450, Ni 50: north alpine flysch shale, 

Ti 1,500, V 30, Cr 75, Mo 20, Mn 500, Ni 40; Eocene north alpine bituminous 

marl, Ti 400, V 20, Cr ~~, Mo ~~, Mn 200, Ni 10.-EBT 

Schopf, J. M. See Breger, I. A. 00037 

Schopf,J. W. See Barghoorn, E. S. 00010 

00236 Schroder, A. Die Metallgehalte des Posidonienschiefers [The metal contents of 

the Posidonian shales (in German)]. in Brockamp, Bernhard, Ziir Palaogeographic 

und Bitumenfi.ihrung des Posidonienschiefers im deutschen Lias: Archiv 

Lagerstattenf., no. 77, 59 p., 1944. 

Spectral analysis and chemical study of the bituminous rocks of the 

Posidonienschiefer of Lias and near Schneflingen [northern Germany] showed that 

they are enriched in Cu, V, Cr, Mo, Ni, and Co. Other metals such as Pb and 

Sn are in amounts less than 10 ppm. The mean values were (in ppm): V 430, 

Cu 230, Cr 120, Mo 80, Ni 30, Co 10, and organic substance 13 percent. The 

range in mean values for the Posidonienschiefer calculated from the author's data 

and from the literature are (in ppm): V 50~500, Cr 20~100, Mo 10~70, Ni 20~ 

90, and Co 10~30. V, Cu, Mo, and Ni contents seen in the Posidonienschiefer 

are typical of sapropelite.-EBT 

Schroll, E. See Brandenstein, M. 00038 

Schroll, E. See Janda, I. 00219 

00237 Schuller, Arno. Die Metallisation im Kupferschiefer und Dolomit des Unteren 

Zechsteins in den Bohrungen Spremberg 13E/57 and 3/54 [The metallization in the 

Kupferschiefer and dolomite of the lower Zechstein in the bore holes Spremberg 

13E/57 and 3/54 (in German)]: Geologie, v. 7, p. 651~675, 1958. 

Ore minerals, genesis, and chemistry of newly discovered mineralized Kupferschiefer 

and dolomite in the lower Zechstein on the east edge of the Lusatian Massif are 

described. The mineralization of the K uperfschiefer is syngenetic; the mineralization 

of the dolomite is the result of migration of the ore and impregnations. The ore 

is found in the Mansfeld facies of the Kupferschiefer. Analyses showed the range 

of contents to be (in percent) in the dolomitic marlstone from bore hole 13E/57: 

Cu 0.02~0.03, Pb 1.16~3.78, Zn 0.06~1.01: in dolomitic marly shale, Cu 0.03~1.09, 

Pb 0.14~4.22, Zn 0.10~3.99; in marly shale from bore hole 3/54: Cu 0.02~0.21, Pb 

0.11~0.75, Zn 0.15~4.25.-EBT 

00311 Schuller, Arno. M etallisation und genese des K upferschiefers von M ansfeld 

[Metallization and genesis of the Kupferschiefer of Mansfeld (in German)]: 

Deutsche Akad. Wiss. Berlin Abh., math.~phys. Kl., v. 1958, no. 6, 9 p., 1959. 
72 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

The bitumen in the Kupferschiefer is about I percent easily soluble and as much 

as 14 percent soluble with difficulty. All of the V is fixed on the bitumen, but none 

of the Mo and U is. Fine calcite grains are intimately mixed with the bitumen, 

suggesting that the calcite was precipitated by bacteria; it is well known that sulfur 

bacteria precipitate CaC03 from sea water in this form. Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, 

and galena also seem to be precipitated from microorganisms. A four-step 

mineralization of the Kupferschiefer is theorized.-EBT 

Schultz, L. G. See Tourtelot, H. A. 00279 

Searight, W. V. See Moxon, A. L. 00154 

Searight, W. V. See Moxon, A. L. 00238 

Searight, W. V. See Moxon, A. L. 00239 

00304 Seibold, Eugen; Miiller, German; Fesser, Hermann. Chemische Untersuchungen 

eines Sapropels aus der mittleren Adria [Chemical investigation of some sapropels 

from the Adriatic (in German)]: Erdol u. Kohle, v. II, no. 5, p. 296-300, 1958. 

A sapropelite sediment from middle of the Adriatic Sea shows characteristic fine 

layering (annual layers) and a high content of organic matter. Ratios of V:Mo 

and organic C:N cited in the literature agree with those found in this sediment, 

so that these sediments are a Recent model for true black shales. Quantitative 

spectrochemical analyses showed the following average values (in ppm): light layers: 

Co 4.5, Cr 40, Mo 22, Ni 32, V 149; dark layers: Co 6, Cr 54, Mo 25, Ni 60, 

V 155; fine laminated parts: Co 5, Cr 50, Mo 23, Ni 46, V 152; and in homogeneous 

parts: Co 7.5, Cr 85, Mo 5.5, Ni 52, V 225.-EBT 

00305 Seidov, A. G.; Zul'fugarly, D. I. Petrografo-mineralogicheskaya kharacteristika 

i soderzhaniye mikroelementov v glinakh maykopskoy svity Azerbaydzhana 

[Petrographic and mineralogical characteristics and content of trace elements in clays 

of the Maikop Formation of Azerbaidzhan (in Russian)]: Azerbaidshan. Gos. 

Univ., Uchenye Zapishi, Ser. Geol.-Geograf. Nauk, no. 5, p. 67-72, 1959. 

Chemical and mineralogical analyses indicate that the [Tertiary] Maikop Formation 

was deposited in a marine basin where favorable alkaline and chemical reducing 

conditions existed for bitumen and oil formation. Mn content (8,100 and 558 ppm) 

in clays of the Upper Maikop in the Kobystan and Kirovabad regions is significantly 

higher than that of Lower Maikop clays (4,300 and 320 ppm). V content (220 

ppm) in clays of the Upper Maikop of Kobystan is high in comparison with clay 

of the Lower Maikop (160 ppm). In the Kirovabad region V content was higher 

in the Lower Maikop (210 ppm). Comparison of concentrations of Mn and V 

in deposits of the Maikop Formation with the productive strata of Apsheron shows 

that accumulation of these elements occurred under different conditions, resulting 

in different concentrations.-Referativnyy Zhur., 1961, 7v39, modified. 

00306 Serikov, YU. I. K voprosu o proyiskhozhdenii urana v khadumskikh glinakh 

[The question of the origin of uranium in Khadum shales (in Russian; English abs.)]: 

Geokhimiya, no. 3, p. 253-257, 1964; English translation: Geochemistry InternaL, 

no.2,p. 229-232,1964. 

Anomalous radioactivity of cores from a drill hole in eastern Fore-Caucasus was 

investigated by geophysical, radiometric, chemical, and granulometric analyses. The 

radioactivity occurred in the Khadum shales, of Tertiary age, which are dark-colored 

marine shales underlying the Maikop clays. The U in the Khadum shales is 

syngenetic and is genetically related to the organic matter; a direct relationship exists 

between U and urganic C contents. The organic matter probably derived from 

phytoplakton; U may have been absorbed from the water by these plants. Possibly, 

slow sedimentation accounts for the enrichment of organic matter in these shales.-

EBT 

Shabalin, V. V. See Adyshev, M. M. 00002 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 73 

00307 Shaw, D. M. The geochemistry of thallium: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 

v. 2, p. 118-154, l952a. 

A double-arc spectrographic method, precision ±20 percent, was used to determine 

Tl in silicates. Sensitivity limit is close to 0.05 ppm Tl. Tl closely resembles Rb 

in its geochemical behavior and occurs in igneous minerals and rocks by substitution 

for K. During erosion Tl goes into true solution as the univalent cation but is 

removed from solution by adsorption in clays. Under strong oxidizing conditions 

it accumulates in manganiferous deposits; in a strong reducing environment Tl 

slightly concentrates in carbonaceous shales. The geochemical balance is discussed 

and the crustal abundance is calculated to be 1.3 ppm. Some aspects of Tl 

geochemistry are relevant to fundamental questions of petrogenesis. Carbonaceous 

shales (6 samples) average 1.23 ppm Tl compared to 0.69 ppm in 18 samples of 

clays and shales.-EBT 

00308 Shaw, D. M. The geochemistry of indium: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 

V. 2, p. 185-206, l952b. 

A double-arc spectrographic procedure was used to analyze numerous minerals and 

rocks for In. The method had sensitivity of the order of 0.02 ppm In with precision 

of ±20 percent. Argillaceous sediments contain a little In, deposited by oxidation 

and hydrolysis of eroded material. Strong reducing environments cause the slight 

In-enrichment in carbonaceous rocks. The crustal abundance of In is 0.11 ppm. 

The probable distribution of In throughout the earth is briefly discussed from 

thermochemical data. The average content of In in argillaceous sediments (including 

present-day marine samples) is 0.054 ppm.-Author's abs. condensed. 

00309 Shaw, D. M. Variation during metamorphism, pt. 1 of Trace elements in pelitic 

rocks: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 65, no. 12, pt. 1, p. 1151-1166, 1954a. 

Trace elements were determined spectrographically in 63 rock samples representing 

all grades of metamorphism of the pelitic Devonian Littleton Formation in New 

Hampshire. Mean contents are, in ppm (standard deviations in parentheses): Ga 

19 (6.3), Cr 110 (33), V 120 (39), Li 110 (104), Ni 64 (26), Co 18 (6.6), Cu 18 

(18), Sc 14 (7.4), Zr 200 (73), Y 45 (20), S 710 (310), Pb 24 (12); in low-grade 

pelites: Ga 20.8 (7 .5), Cr 116 (38.7), V 109 (44), Li 54.7 (22), Ni 80.5 (33.4), Co 

16.8 (4), Cu 23.1 (15.5), Sc 11.3 (4.3), Zr 191 (68), Y 38.8 (11.5), Sr 524 (416), 

Pb 16.1 (9.3); Be, Mo, Sn, La, and Ag were usually less than 30, 10, 20, 100, and 

I ppm, respectively; Ba almost always exceeds 1,000 ppm. Statistical tests show 

rather a wide range in original composition. The concentration of most elements 

remained constant during regional metamorphism; Ni and Cu decrease slightly, and 

Li and Pb increase 100 percent due to metasomatism at the trace-element leveLAuthor's abs., modified. 

00310 Shaw, D. M. Geochemical relations, pt. 2 of Trace elements in pelitic rocks: 

Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 65, no. 12, pt. I, p. 1167-1182, l954b. 

The range in trace-element composition of pelitic shales, schists, and gneisses was 

investigated and compared with previous work on similar materials. It appears 

that the range in composition for almost every element extends from 0 to about 

2 times the mean value. Fairly good positive correlation was found between Cr, 

V, and N i and to some extent Co; the most regular correlation is between N i and 

Cr. In general, content of the trace elements studied is what would be expected 

from erosion and transfer from the average igneous rock. Cu is an exception with 

a clear loss; Li and Sr show an increase. Comparison with suites of silicic and 

basic igneous rocks emphasizes some differences between these and pelitic rocks, 

but in many cases the composition fields overlap extensively. Certain revisions in 

crustal abundance (average igneous rock) figures are suggested.-Author's abs., 

condensed. 

00312 Shcherbakov, YU. G.; Perezhogin, G. A. K geokhimii zolota [Gold 

geochemistry]: Geokhimiya, no. 6, p. 518-528, 1964; English translation: 

Geochemistry InternaL, no. 3, p. 489-496, 1964 [1965]. 
74 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Data from 300 analyses by the Hamaguchi radioactivation method on the Au content 

of meteorites, igneous and sedimentary rocks, and some rock-forming minerals are 

presented. Analyses of 39 samples of shales and sandstone collected from carbonate 

and flysch formation of Paleozoic age showed an average Au content of 0.0036 

ppm.-EBT 

00301 Sheldon, R. P. Geochemistry of uranium in phosphorites and black shales of 

the Phosphoria Formation: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-D, p. 84-112, 1959. 

U in the Phosphoria Formation of Permian age in the western phosphate field occurs 

mostly in the phosphorite and partly in black shale. However, some of the 

phosphorites and most of the black shales of the formation are practically 

nonuraniferous. Few data are available on the mode of occurrence of U in black 

shale, but, from chemical and stratigraphic considerations, it seems possible that 

the u is deposited as disseminated uo2 in a reducing acid depositional environment. 

Two zones of black shale a few feet thick in the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale 

Member contain as much as 0.012 percent U .-Author's abs., modified. 

Shimkus, K. M. See Kochenov, A. V. 00405 

Shimp, N. E. See Potter, P. E. 00261 

Silina, 0. M. See Ostroyumov, E. A. 00245 

00302 Sindeeva, N. D.; Kurbanova, N. Z. 0 klarke selena v nekotorykh gornykh 

porodakh SSSR [The clarke of selenium in some rocks of the USSR]: Akad. Nauk 

SSSR Doklady, v. 120, p. 353-355, 1958; English translation: Acad. Sci. USSR 

Doklady, Geochemistry Sec., New York, Consultants Bur., Inc., p. 61-63 [1959]. 

Previous analyses for Se are discussed and new analyses of rocks in the USSR 

presented. From the regions near the Baltic Sea 3 samples of Dictyonema slates 

of Silurian age contained 0.9, 0.7, and 0.3 ppm Se.-EBT 

Sisson, L. L. See Moxon, A. L. 00239 

00303 Skjeseth, Steinar. U ran i kambrisk alunskifer i Oslofeltet og tilgrensende 

omnider [Uranium in Cambrian alum shales of the Oslo region and adjacent districts 

(in Norwegian; English summ.)]: Norges Geol. Undersokelse, no. 203, Arb. 1957, 

p. 100-111, 1958. 

The black alum shales in the Oslo region, Norway, were investigated for their U 

content. These shales comprise a black shale formation in the Cambrian System 

in southern Norway. The uppermost Cambrian zones contain the highest 

radioactivity in the region; U content is from 50 to 100 ppm with a maximum of 

170 ppm in thin layers.- EBT 

Slack, H. A. See Krumbein, W. C. 00208 

Smith, J. F., Jr. See Ketner, K. B. 00196 

00299 Spears, D. A. The radioactivity of the Mansfield Marine Band, Yorkshire: 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 28, p. 673-681, 1964. 

The distribution of radioactivity in the Mansfield Marine Band, a dark-gray shale 

that is darkest where typically marine fauna occur, was studied by chemical and 

radiometric techniques. Organic content ranges from 1.33 to 12.24 percent and 

Th content from 3.7 to 13.5 ppm. Th is probably associated with clay minerals 

and possibly was fixed during weathering of the source rocks. U content ranges 

from 1 to 21 ppm. Some U is concentrated in phosphatic material but most is 

associated with clay minerals, and there is an absence of uranium-rich minerals. 

The presence of reducing conditions, a slow rate of deposition, and salinity were 

factors controlling the sorption of U. K20 content ranges from 2.96 to 4.47 percent; 

P20s content from 0.06 to 1.18 percent, and S content from 0.03 to 7.62 percent.-

EBT 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 75 

00300 Spears, D. A. Boron in some British Carboniferous sedimentary rocks: 

Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 29, p. 315-328, 1965. 

B contents in sedimentary rocks from the British Carboniferous are reviewed and 

additional data presented for the Mansfield Marine Band in the Westphalian Coal 

Measures in Yorkshire and its equivalent horizon in Durham, the Ryhope Marine 

band. Most of the B is contained in illite and was fixed during weathering of source 

rocks. Although the use of B as a paleosalinity indicator is therefore precluded, 

it may reflect conditions of the source area. B contents of Y oredale and Coal 

Measure sediments differ; this possibly reflects a different degree of chemical 

weathering in the source areas. The variation of K, B, B:K ratio, the paleosalinity, 

and eU30s through the Ryhope and Mansfield Marine Bands from 3 different drill 

holes and a plot of K against B for the Coal Measure and Yoredale sediments 

are presented.-Author's abs., modified. 

00275 Stadler, Gerhard. Uran-Anreicherungen im marine Oberoligozan der 

Niederrheinischen Bucht [Uranium enrichment in marine Upper Oligocene of the 

Lower Rhine Embayment (in German)], in Ahrens, Wilheim, ed., Die 

Niedrrheinische Braunkohlenformation: Fortschr. Geologie Rheinland u. 

Westfalen, v. 1, p. 91-92, 1958. 

In the marine rocks of late Oligocene age of the Lower Rhine Embayment, fossil 

bone and driftwood contain from 100 to 200 ppm eU. The U is absorbed by coaly 

matter, and even more strongly by phosphatic substances, from sea water.-Author's 

abs., modified 

Stanfield, K. E. See Thorne, H. M. 00287 

00295 Stanton, R. L. Constitutional features of the Mount Isa sulphide ores and their 

interpretation: Australasian Inst. Mining and Metallurgy Proc. 205, p. 131-153, 

1963. 

Analyses of ores from Mount Isa and the Northern Leases showed that Pb-Zn and 

Cu ores have the same simple trends confirming that the two ore types and their 

host rocks are genetically closely related. A volcanic-sedimentary origin for the 

sulfides appears compatible with the present findings. Vague association of sulfide 

type with carbonate abundance and contrasting close association between ore type 

and carbonate form and origin indicate important biological influence on sulfide 

deposition, probably in a reducing environment. Cu sulfides were probably 

deposited with reef detritus and the Pb and Zn sulfides with off-reef shales. Cu 

ores contain the following ranges of constituents (in percent): Cu 2.5-3.3, Fe 10.1-

10.8, S 6.1-7.7, CaO 13.1-15.6, C02 19.8-24.8; Pb-Zn ores from Mount lsa and 

the Northern Leases contain: Cu 0.04-0.18, Zn 5-7 .8, Pb 3.5-10.1, Ag 0.00017-

0.00074, Fe 11-16.3, S 10.6-17.7, CaO 5-8.6, Coz 8.8-14.3.-EBT 

00296 Stanton, R. L.; Baas Becking, L. G. M. The formation and accumulation of 

sedimentary sulphides in seaboard volcanic environments (in English): Koninkl. 

Nederlandse Akad. Wetensch. Proc., ser. B., v. 65, no. 3, p. 236-243, 1962. 

Present-day shoreline geothermal activity in New Britain and the Solomon Islands 

was investigated as a possible guide to ore-forming processes in the past. Acid 

volcanic waters were found to carry heavy-metal ions such as Fe, Cu, and Zn in 

solution. When these solutions enter sea water the pH rises and the Eh falls, 

causing the precipitation of the metals as oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and basic 

carbonates. If the precipitates sink into muds rich in organic material, sulfatereducing bacteria may reduce these compounds to sulfides. Such deposits of 

sedimentary sulfides may be expected only near the shores of volcanic islands where 

Eh-pH conditions are right. The ·ranges of Eh-pH conditions in natural waters 

and the stability fields are presented.-JDV 

Starke, Rainer. See Leutwein, Friedrich. 00170 

Steckel, F. See Gil-av, E. 00120 
76 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

00297 Steinbrecher, Bodo. Die petro- und erzfazielle Differenzierung der 

K upferschieferzone in der Edderitzer Mulde [Petrographic- and ore facies 

differentiation of the Kupferschiefer zone in the Edderitz Basin (in German)]: 

Zeitschr. angew. Geologie, v. 5, no. 5, p. 201-204, 1959. 

The ore facies and the petrographic facies of the Kupferschiefer and the 

Kupferschiefer zone in the Edderitz Basin change from southeast to northwest: 

(I) zone with Zn content >0.7 percent, (2) zone with Pb content >I percent, (3) 

zone with Cu content >0.3 percent, and (4) zone with Zn content >0.7 percent. 

These zones overlap; correspondingly there is a Pb-Zn enriched zone southeastward 

and a Pb-Cu enriched zone toward the middle of the basin. There is a corresponding 

change from limy to dolomitic from southeast to northwest. Possibly conditions 

for precipitation of Zn were more favorable in the region near the shore.-Author's 

summ., modified. 

Stevens, R. E. See Wells, R. C. 00323 

00298 Stock, Alfred; Cucuel, Friedrich. Die Verbreitung des Quecksilbers [The 

distribution of quicksilver (in German)]: Naturwissenschaftern, v. 22, no. 22/24, 

p. 390-393, 1934. 

Hg content in the composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic shales was found 

to be 0.48-0.53 ppm; in a composite sample of Dictyonema shale from southern 

Sweden, 0.25 ppm; in 3 samples of Mansfeld Kupferschiefer, 0.15, 0.12, 0.12 ppm; 

in marine shale of Carboniferous age (with Anthracoceras), 1.43 ppm. Hg contents 

in waters and other materials and rocks are discussed.-EBT 

Strahl, E. 0. See Bates, T. F. 00012 

Strahl, E. 0. See Bates, T. F. 00027 

00290 Strahl, E. 0. An investigation of the relationships between selected minerals, 

trace elements, and organic constituents of several black shales: University Park, 

Pa., Pennsylvania State Univ. Dept. Mineralogy and Petrology, 155 p. (Tech. Rept. 

NY0-7908, prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy Comm.), 1958; abs., Geol. Soc. 

America Bull. 70, no. 12, p. 1682, 1959. 

Analyses for total C, organic C, alaphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, carbonate, 

total Fe, iron oxide, pyrite, total silicate, quartz, kaolinite, illite, amorphous silicate, 

U, M o, M n, and quartz grain size were made on 280 samples of Chattanooga and 

Ohio Shales from the United States, the St. Hippolyte Shale of France, and the 

alum shale of Sweden. Pyrite, organic C, and U vary together. Mo and Mn 

coprecipitate in the presence of carbonate minerals. Mean trace-element content 

is, in ppm (standard deviation in parentheses): Chattanooga Shale, Mo 240 (250), 

M n 360 (260), U 53 (20); Ohio Shale, Mo 250 (70), Mn 360 (200), U 8 (6); St. 

Hippolyte Shale, Mo 750 (580), Mn 970 (900), U 1,259 (3,170); and alum shale, 

Mo 180 (80), Mn 280 (160), U 188 (93). Whether the organic material is bituminous 

or carbonaceous appears related to type of material available and degree of 

oxidation.-Author's abs., condensed. 

00291 Strakhov, H. M.; Rodionova, K. F.; Zalmanzon, E. S. K geokhimii neftenosnykh 

otlozhenii (nizhnefranskiye porody Vtorogo Baky): Akad. Nauk SSSR, lost. Geol. 

Nauk, Trudy, Geol. Ser., v. 155, no. 66, p. 3-115, 1955; English translation: 

Burgunker, Mark, A contribution to the geochemistry of reservoir formations (the 

Lower Frasnian of the Volga-Urals): InternaL Geology Rev., v. 1, nos. 5-7, p. 

1-23, 11-47,41-61, 1959. 

Maximum concentrations of hydrocarbons and the largest accumulations of ancient 

organic matter on the Russian platform occur in the Domanik Formation of early 

Frasnian age (Late Devonian) in the Volga-Ural region, USSR. Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, 

and V contents consistently increase through the sequence sandstone, siltstone, clay, 

but diverge widely in the sequence clay, marl, limestone. Fe, Mn, P, Cu, and Sr 

contents calculated to percentage of carbonate-free material, increase in the sequence 

clay, marl, limestone, whereas Cr, Ni, and Co contents calculated to the same basis, 

decrease. Mean concentrations in Domanik rocks are (in ppm): in marl; Cu 73, 
BlBLIOGRAPHY 77 

Cr 17, Ni 71, Co none, V 144; in argillaceous limestone: Cu 24, Cr none(?), Ni 

32, Co none, V 79. In Pashysky and sub-Domanik rocks of early Frasnian age 

mean concentrations are (in ppm):siltstone: Cu 10, Cr 10, Ni 12, Co 5, V 33; in clay: 

Cu 44, Cr 34, Ni 42, Co 8, V 104; in marl: Cu 32, Cr 17, Ni 36, Co 4, V 72; 

in argillaceous limestone: Cu 23, Cr 12, Ni 14, Co none, V 23.-EBT 

Strobel!, J.D., Jr. See McKelvey, V. E. 00158 

Strock, L. W. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00110 

00292 Strock, L. W. Zur Geochemie des Lithiums [On the geochemistry of lithium 

(in German)]: Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen Nachr., math.-phys. Kl., v. 1, no. 15, p. 

171-204, 1936. 

A spectrographic method for analyzing rocks and minerals for Li is described. 

The composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic shales showed 135 ppm Li20; 14 

Japanese Paleozoic shales, 92 ppm LizO; 10 Japanese Mesozoic shales, 71 ppm; 

a sample of Kulmschiefer from Lehesten, Thuringen, 300 ppm; and a sample of 

the Mansfeld Kupferschiefer, 660 ppm. The average for all clays, including deepsea clays, is 120 ppm LizO.-EBT 

00293 StrJ~m, K. M. A concentration of uranium in black muds: Nature, V.· 162, 

p. 922, 1948. 

In the Cambrian black shales of the Oslo, Norway, area, there is a considerable 

concentration of U ranging from 28 to 180 ppm. A modern concentration of U 

was studied in black muds forming under anaerobic conditions in Norwegian fjords. 

All analyses were made by the ether-extraction method. U contents ranged from 

13 to 60 ppm. A definite connection between drainage from areas underlain by 

granite and U content in the black muds exists. Two of the three fjords which 

are marked by their low values are, as a rule, very well ventilated, and in the 

Drammensfjord the muds are not very black. Precipitation of U probably starts 

by the formation of sulfide on the interface between the upper ventilated brackish 

waters and the salt waters of the deep, which contain hydrogen sulfide.-EBT 

00294 Strutt, R. J. On the radioactive minerals: Royal Soc. London Proc., v. 76A, 

p. 88-101,312, 1905. 

Included in the analyses of minerals for radioactive materials is an analysis of kolm 

from the alum shale in Sweden. The kolm showed 0.01 ppm RaBr2 and 3,770 ppm 

U30s. Ra and U were determined in ash and afterward referred back to the weight 

of the unburnt material.-EBT 

00276 Sugawara, Ken; Morita, Yoshimi. On the revision of the Clarke numbers of 

copper and zinc (in English): Mikrochemie, v. 36-37, p. 1093-1099, 1951. 

Analyses of various kinds of rocks, especially of Japanese but also of other Asiatic, 

European, and American origins, lead to a revision of the "Clarke number" for 

Cu and Zn (this number represents the percent by weight for an element in the 

outer 16-km layer of the earth's surface). The number for Cu is lowered and that 

for Zn raised. The composite sample of 10 Japanese Mesozoic shales contains 55 

ppm Cu and 100 ppm Zn; the composite of 14 Japanese Paleozoic shales, 40 ppm 

Cu and 100 ppm Zn: and the composite of 36 European Paleozoic shales, 65 ppm 

Cu and 130 ppm Zn.-Authors' abs., modified. 

Swanson, V. E. See Conant, L. C. 00055 

00277 Swanson, V. E.; Landis, E. R. Geology of a uranium-bearing black shale of 

Late Devonian age in north-central Arkansas: Arkansas Geol. Conserv. Comm. 

Inf. Circ. 22, 16 p., 1962. 

Selected samples of black, semilustrous organic material collected from a small lens 

of marine black shale in the basal sandstone of the Boone Formation in northcentral Marion County, Ark., contain as much as 0.71 percent U. This and several 

other lenses of black shale are in a probable northward extension of the Sylamore 
78 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Sandstone Member of the Chattanooga Shale, of either Late Devonian or Early 

Mississippian age, or both. Relatively pure samples of colloidal humic material 

contain the most U and are comparable in general appearance, physical 

characteristics, and range in U content to kolm in shales of Cambrian age of Sweden. 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses for ll other metals show that none are 

abnormally concentrated in samples of organic materials, as compared to bulk 

samples. The other metals have no direct relation to U. Contents in 5 shale samples 

showed the following ranges (in percent): Ti O.X to O.X-, Mn O.OOX- to O.OX-, 

Co O.OOX+ to O.OX-, Cr O.OOX+ to O.OX-, Cu O.OOX+ to O.OX-, Mo O.OOX+ 

to O.OX-, Ni O.OX- to O.OX+. Pb O.OOX+ to O.OX-, V O.OX- to O.OX, Zn O.OXto O.OX+. U (chemical) O.OOX to O.OX-: in the humic matter, Ti .OX to O.X+, 

Mn O.OOX- to O.OOX+, Co O.OOX to O.OX, Cr O.OOOX to O.OOX+, Cu O.OOX to 

O.OX, Mo O.OOX+ to O.OX-, Ni O.OOX to O.OX, Pb O.OOX+ to O.OX-, V O.OOOX 

to O.OX-, Zn O.OX to O.X-, U (chemical) O.OX to O.X+: modal mean of ll samples 

of Chattanooga and 18 of Woodford Shales, Ti O.X, Mn O.OOX-, Co O.OOX-, Cr 

O.OOX+. Cu O.OX-, Mo O.OX-, Ni O.OX-, Pb O.OOX-, V O.OX, Zn O.OX-?, U 

(chemical) O.OOX-.-Authors' abs., modified. 

00289 Swanson, V. E. Geology and geochemistry of uranium in marine black shales, 

a review: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 356-C, p. 67-112, 1961. 

Based on known and theoretical relations of U with other constituents, 9 mechanisms 

of U emplacement and the amounts by each are given for a unit of the Chattanooga 

Shale (79 ppm U), black mud of a Norwegian fjord (60), organic-rich mud from 

the Gotland deep of the Baltic Sea ( 10), and phosphatic black shale of Pennsylvanian 

age (50). Most of the U in the first two sediments probably was directly precipitated 

in the presence of H2S or sorbed onto solid and soluble humic-type organic matter. 

In Baltic Sea mud, about one-half of the U is sorbed by soluble organic matter 

derived from land and by partly decomposed plankton; the other half is distributed 

among clastic and phosphate minerals; only very minor amounts result from HzS 

precipitation. Most of the U in Pennsylvanian phosphatic black shales is in the 

phosphate; solid and soluble humic-type organic matter contain much of the rest.-

Author's abs., condensed. 

Tausch, E. H. See Turekian, K. K. 00352 

Tedrow,J. C. F. See Ugolini, F. C. 00346 

00286 Temple, K. L. Syngenesis of sulfide ores-an evaluation of biochemical aspects: 

Econ. Geology, v. 59, no. 8, p. 1473-1491, 1964. 

Conditions required for large-scale reduction of sulfate, quantitative aspects, the

potential and the limitations of microbial sulfate-reduction, and specifically, the

biochemical factors involved for syngenetic sulfide ore formation are discussed. 

Quantitatively and qualitatively biologic sulfate reduction is a satisfactory element 

in the syngenetic theory of ore formation. Sulfate reduction is not limited to any 

physical type of basin but is determined by a combination of factors that can be 

summed up in terms of 0 supply and 0 consumption. Rate of sulfate-reduction 

is sufficient to explain most massive ore deposits. A water volume of 242 cu ft 

would produce I ton of CuS, if sufficient Cu were available and the H2S could 

be converted to CuS quantitatively. Desulfovibrio or other sulfate reducers could 

have persisted since the earliest time of biologic evolution.-Author's abs. and 

conclusions, condensed. 

Thoenen, J. R. See Pallister, H. D. 00263 

00287 Thorne, H. M.; Murphy, W. I. R.; Stanfield, K. E.; Ball, J. S.; Horne, J. W. 

Green River oil shales and products: lnst. Petroleum, Oil Shale and Cannel Coal. 

v. 2, p. 301-344, 1951. 

Analyses of oil shales in the Green River Formation of middle Eocene age in the 

Rocky Mountain area are presented to show the chemical and physicacharacteristics of the shales. The composition of shale oil produced by differenl 

retorting processes is also discussed. PzOo content of 6 samples from Coloradc 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 

ranged from 1,100 to 5,600 ppm; VzOs, from 30 to 310 ppm, both as determined 

on raw samples.-EBT 

00284 Tikhomirova, E. S. K geokhimii slantsenosnykh otlozheniy Pribaltiyskogo 

basseyna [The geochemistry of the shale-bearing deposits of the Baltic basin]: Aka d. 

Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 136, p. 1209-1212, 1961, English translation: New York, 

Consultants Bur., Inc., v. 136, p. 17-19 [1962]. 

The Kukersite Shales of the Baltic basin of Middle Ordovician age were deposited 

along the southern margin of the Baltic shield in a normal marine basin. They 

contain more carbonates and organic matter and less terrigenous material than the 

genetically similar shales in Lower V olgian rocks of Late Jurassic age in the Volga 

region. Contents of P, V, Ni, and Cu are considerably less than in Volgian rocks. 

All investigated elements in Kukersite Shales show a direct relationship with amount 

of terrigenous material and an inverse relationship with organic C; in Lower Volgian 

shales biogenic factors were important in concentrating P and Cu. In Kukersite 

shales the following average ranges were found (in ppm): Fe 12,000-15,600, Mn 

140-150, P 270-300, V 19-21, Cr 21-27, Ni 8-24, Co 10-13, Cu 0-tr; in Lower 

Volgian, Fe 20,900-27,900, Mn 142-800, P 900-5,140, V 41-109, Cr 56-73, Ni 30-

114, Co 14-18, Cu 9-50. Graphs presented show considerable organic material 

in these rocks.-EBT 

00285 Tikhomirova, E. S. K voprosy o geokhimicheskoy podvizhnosti elementov pri 

obrazovanii sulfidnykh konkretsii v slantsenosnykh otlozheniyakh Volzhskogo i 

Pribaltiyskogo basseynov [The problem of the geochemical mobility of elements 

during the formation of sulfide concretions in shale-bearing deposits of the Volga 

and Baltic basins]: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 135, no. 6, p. 1501-1504, 1960; 

English translation: New York, Consultants Bur., Inc., p. 1098-1100 [1961]. 

Pyrite concretions were investigated during study of the lithology and geochemistry 

of shales in the Volga and Baltic basins. Dictyonema shales in the Baltic basin, 

overlying Obolus sandstones of Late Cambrian age, are characterized by intense 

pyritization. Shale deposits in the Volga basin, included in the Dorsop/anites panderi 

zone (Upper Jurassic), consist of calcareous clays with sapropelic intercalations, 

which are gray or brownish gray, generally unstratified, containing tracks of mudeaters. The nonsapropelic clays are gray to dark gray. Lower Volgian shales showed 

the following minor element contents, in ppm (contents of concretions in 

parentheses): Mn 240 (27), Ni 101 (23), Cu 45 (18), Mo 50 (26), Ti 2,230 (150), 

Pb nd (nd), As nd (nd), Ag 0.7 (1); Dictyonema shales, Mn 160 (30), Ni 41 (134), 

Cu 26 (61), Mo 20 (80), Ti 4,000 (150), Pb 30 (1,160), As nd (1,920), Ag tr (2.7).-

EBT 

00288 Tikhomirova, E. S. K voprosii o raspedelenii rasseyannykh soderzhaniy 

elementov v otlozheniyakh Tul'skogo gorizonta yugo-zapadnoy chasti 

Podmoskovnogo basseyna [Distribution of trace elements in sediments of the Tula 

horizon in the southwestern part of the Moscow Basin]: Akad. Nauk SSSR 

Doklady, v. 117, p. 661-664, 1957; English translation: New York, Consultants 

Bur., Inc., Acad. Sci. USSR Doklady, Geochemistry Sec., v. 115-117, p. 99-102 

[1958]. 

The Tula horizon [of Carboniferous age] contains mostly shallow-water marine 

sandstones and siltstones and some lagoonal and continental deposits. Strong 

enrichment of all trace elements in the pelagic sediments was caused by· intensive 

weathering of parent rocks in the source area in a hot, moist climate on a flat 

low-lying continent; decomposition of silicates and aluminosilicates released 

elements into solutions. Migration of the elements was aided by presence in the 

waters of humic compounds which served as protective colloids. Greater content 

ofCr, Ni, and V in Tula sediments than in lower Frasnian deposits [Late Devonian] 

is probably due to basic rocks in the source area of Tula sediments. Average 

contents in coarse silt, fine silt, silty clays, and pure clays show the following ranges 

(in ppm): Cu 19-25, Cr 37-71, Ni 14-45, Co 7-14, V 50-138, Ti 4,400-10,300, 

Mg 3,900-16,000, Be 3-9, Ga 20-110, and Ba 170-600.-EBT 

00278 Tischendorf, Gerhard. Zur Genesis einiger Selenidvorkommen, insbesondere von 

Tilkerode im Harz [The genesis of some selenide occurrences, particularly of 
80 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Tilkerode in Hartz (in German; English summ.)]: Freiberger Fortschungshefte, C 

69, 128 p., 1959. 

Mineralogy and paragenesis of Tilkerode-Hartz selenide occurrences was studied. 

Original hydrothermal solutions of the area did not contain most of the elements 

necessary for the formation of selenides but leached the elements from graptolite 

shale rich in trace elements. A zone of leaching 1 m thick exists on both sides 

of the vein. Therefore syngenetic concentration of Se in the clayslates is an important 

source for Se. Se content in the unaltered graptolite shale ranges from 2.0 to 3.63 

ppm, precious metals (in ppm): Au 0.3-1.3, Pd <0.5, Pt 0.01-0.05, Rh <0.01-

0.02, and Ru 0.04-0.08, and maximum trace element content [estimated visually 

from a logarithmic graph] is (in ppm): Cu 120, Ag 14, Zn 210, Ni 35, Sn 17, 

Cr 80, Ba 7,000, Mn 550, V 190, Mo 12, and Co 8. Some previously unpublished 

Se analyses include Lower Devonian clayslate 0.32 ppm, Kolm shale east of 

Lerbach/Hartz 0.42, and Kolm shale near Lautental/Hartz 0.73.-EBT 

Tomic, E. See Hecht, Friedrich. 00103 

00415 Tourtelot, H. A. Minor-element composition and the organic carbon content 

of marine and nonmarine shales of Late Cretaceous age in the western interior of 

the United States: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 28, p. 1579-1604, 1964. 

Differences in minor-element content of samples of shales of Late Cretaceous age 

show the effects of clay minerals and organic matter. Nearshore marine shales ( < l 

percent organic C) contain larger amounts of As, B, Cr, V, and Zn than do 

nonmarine carbonaceous shales ( l-17 percent organic C); the offshore shales (as 

much as 8 percent organic C) contain even larger amounts. Co, Mo, Pb, and Zr 

contents show no significant difference. Ga content is lower in marine samples. 

In general, As, Cr, Cu. Mo, Se, V, and Zn are concentrated in those offshore marine 

samples having the most organic C, but samples with an equal amount of V, for 

example, may differ by a factor of 3 in their organic C content. Sorption is an important process affecting the minor-element content of shales, and the chemical 

characteristics of the environment of accumulation and diagenesis of the clay 

minerals and organic matter are the most important factors controlling this process.-

Author's abs., condensed. 

00279 Tourtelot, H. A.; Schultz, L. G.; Gill, J. R. Stratigraphic variations in mineralogy 

and chemical composition of the Pierre Shale in South Dakota and adjacent parts 

of North Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana, in Short papers in the 

geological sciences: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, p. B447-B452, 1960. 

Data on the Cretaceous Pierre Shale, based on about 100 measured sections, 700 

electric and gamma-ray logs, X-ray mineralogic analyses of 500 samples, and 

chemical and spectrographic analyses of 69 samples, apply to about 100,000 sq mi. 

Sharon Springs and Mitten Black Shale Members contain as much as 15 percent 

organic matter. Samples with more than l percent organic C have highest mean 

contents of V, Cu, As, Se, Mo. and U, although some standard deviations overlap 

those of other sample groups. Organic-rich samples tend to have highest contents 

of B, Cr. and Zn. Average minor-element contents in shales, C content >I percent, 

are (arithmetic mean, standard deviation in parentheses, in ppm): B 145 (34), Sc 

21 (5), Ti 3,500 (540}, V 400 (180}, Cr 125 (27), Mn 175 (100), Co 14 (7), Ni 45 

(24), Cu 80 (33), Zn 150 (96), Ga 17 (4), As 31 (15), Se 15 (12), Sr 115 (54), Zr 

210 (62). Mo 20 (20), Ba 630 (210), Pb 19 (7), U 12 (8); isolated high values included: 

Mn 260 (340), Ni 53 (39), As 69 (120), Se 33 (47}, Mo 43 (90).-EBT 

00282 Tourtelot, H. A.; Huffman, Claude, Jr.; Rader, L. F. Cadmium in samples of 

the Pierre Shale and some equivalent stratigraphic units, Great Plains region, in 

Short papers in geology and hydrology: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 475-D, 

p. D73-D78, 1964. 

Cd content of 84 samples (I 0 of bentonite, 66 shale and claystone, and 8 marlstone) 

averages 1.4 ppm and ranges from <0.3 to 11.0 ppm. The median value of 0.8 

ppm probably represents Cd content of the average shale. Some samples with high 

Cd contain relatively large amounts of organic matter which may serve as a collector 

for Cd. Other Cd-high samples, however, contain little organic matter, which 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 81 

suggests possible variation in amount of available Cd in the sea water in which 

deposition occurred. Contents in 21 shale and claystone samples, organic C content 

> 1 percent, are (in ppm, S and C in percent): ranges - Cd 0.5-8.4, Zn 37-380, 

V 130-470, S <0.1-13.5, organic C l.l-10.3; averages- Cd 2.0, Zn 140, V 390, 

S 2.1, organic C 3.5; medians - Cd 1.2, Zn 130, V 390, S 1.2, organic C 3.1.-

Authors' abs., modified. 

00283 Tourtelot, H. A. Radioactivity and uranium content of some Cretaceous shales, 

central Great Plains: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 40, no. 1, p. 62-

83, 1956. 

The Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale of Late Cretaceous age, a hard 

black organic-rich shale, similar in many characteristics to the Chattanooga Shale, 

is radioactive throughout central and western South Dakota, most of Nebraska, 

northern Kansas, and northeastern Colorado. In the Missouri River valley, thin 

beds of the shale contain as much as lOO ppm U. Beds correlated with the Sharon 

Springs are as much as 20 feet thick and have a radioactivity of about 100 ppm 

eU in southwestern Nebraska according to interpretation of gamma-ray well logs. 

The shale also contains interesting amounts of As, B, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Se and V. 

Mo and Sn are less abundant in the Sharon Springs than in similar shales of 

Paleozoic age; Ag and Se are more abundant. Semiquantitative spectrographic 

analyses of 2 samples from the Niobrara Formation and 4 from the Sharon Springs 

show the following maximum ranges (in ppm): Be 1-5, B l00-5,000, Sc 5-50, Ti 

500-10,000, V 100-1,000, Cr 50-500, Mn 50-1,000, Co 5-50, Ni 50-500, Cu 50-

5,000, Zn <5Q.-590, Ga 10-100, Sr 50-500, Y < 10-100, Zr 10-100, Mo l0-500, 

Ag <1-50, Sn < 10-50, Ba 500-5,000, La nd, Yb <1-10, Pb 10-500, U 5-500; of 

1 sample of Big Stone Gap Shale (Mississippian), 1 of a Devonian shale, and 6 

ofthe Chattanooga Shale (Devonian): Be 1-lO, B 100-1,000, Sc l0-50, Ti 1,000-

10,000, V 50-5,000, Cr 50-1,000, Mn 50-500, Co 10-500, Ni 100-5,000, Cu 100-

5,000, Zn <50-500, Ga 10-100, Sr 50-500, Y 50-100, Zr 10-500, Mo l00-5,000, 

Ag <1-5, Sn 10-100, Ba 500-5,000, La <10-500, Yb 5-lO, Pb 10-500, U 10-500.-

Author's abs., modified. 

00410 Tourtelot, H. A. Preliminary investigation of the geological setting and 

chemical composition of the Pierre Shale, Great Plains region: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 390, 74 p., 1962. 

The chemical, mineralogical and some physical properties of the Pierre Shale 

of Late Cretaceous age and equivalent rocks were studied. Samples are from widely 

separated localities in Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota. Minor elements, 

determined by semiquantitative spectrographic analysis, showed narrow ranges of 

concentration (in ppm): Be 1.5-3, B 15-150, Sc 7-30, Ti 1,500-3,000, V 70-300, Cr 

30-150, Mn 30-7,000,Co 3-30, Ni 7-150,Cu 15-70, Ga<1.5-15, Sr 70-700, Y 15-30, 

Zr 70-150, Nb nd-15, Mo nd-70, Ag nd-1.5, Ba 150-1,500, La 30-70, Ce 70-150, 

Nd nd-70, Yb 1.5-7, Pb 7-30. Compared to generally accepted crustal abundance 

values, B, Sc, La, and Ce are enriched and N a, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Sr, Y, and Nb are 

depleted in the samples. Compared to samples from an organic-rich unit at the base 

of the Pierre, the nonorganic-rich samples contain more Mg and Ga, probably more 

Sr and Ba, and less B, V, Ni, Cu, Mo, As, and Se.-EBT 

00280 Trask, P. D. The origin of the ore of the Mansfeld Kupferschiefer, Germany. 

A review of the current literature: Econ. Geology, v. 20, no. 8, p. 746-761, 1925. 

The Kupferschiefer, a black bituminous shale of Late Permian age, averages 3 

percent Cu over wide areas, but throughout most of the formation, Cu is either 

absent or in insignificant amounts. The Kupferschiefer sea covered an area of at 

least 22,500 square miles in Germany, but its deposits rarely exceed I m in thickness. 

Bitumen content ranges from 5 to 20 percent. In the Mansfeld district the 

Kupferschiefer averages 150 ppm Ag; generally Ag:Cu ratio is I :200. The average 

composition of shale mined in the Mansfeld region in 1911 is (in percent): Si02 

32.41, AL01 12.89, CaO 11.03, MgO 3.69, Cu 3.24, Ag 0.018, Pb 0.59, Zn 1.85, 

Fe 2.87, S 2.61, S0:1 0.61, C02 10.49, C in bitumen 8.75, water soluble constituents, 

chieny gypsum, 1.55, water soluble Cl 0.13, and moisture 0.77. Short summaries 

of previously published discussions on the origin of the ore and older analyses are 

included as is a large bibliography.--EBT 

00281 Tschanz, C. M.; Laub, D. C.; Fuller, G. W. Copper and uranium deposits of 

the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1030-

L, p. 343-398, 1958. 
82 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Cu and U-V deposits in Coyote district, New Mexico, are in the lower 2,000 feet 

of the Pennsylvanian and Permian(?) Sangre de Cristo Formation and consist of 

small isolated lenses of Cu-bearing carbonaceous sediments interbedded with mainly 

red rocks at 12 or more stratigraphic levels. The better deposits, in carbonaceous 

shale, average about 2 percent Cu. Chalcocite replaces wood and forms nodules 

that contain small and variable amounts of pyrite, bornite, covellite, and, rarely, 

uraninite. The metals were probably derived from Precambrian granites; the U 

and V from earlier, low-grade, syngenetic deposits. Cu and minor U were deposited 

in local stagnant basins by reaction with HzS and decaying organic material. The 

uraniferous shale and Cu deposits are probably syngenetic, or nearly so, but the 

U deposits in sandstone are epigenetic, probably deposited by ground waters with 

possible hydrothermal admixture. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of 2 

samples of black carbonaceous shale with chalcocite nodules show (in percent, O.X+, 

0.464 to l.O; O.X, 0.215 to 0.464; O.X-, O.lOO to 0.215): V <0.1 to O.OX-, Ph O.OOX, 

Ba O.OX- to O.OX, Ti O.X- to O.X, Mn O.OX-, Cr O.OOX+, Co O.OOOX+, Ni O.OOX, 

Ag O.OOOX, Mo 0, Zn 0, Zr O.OOX+, B O.OOX-, Sr O.OOX, Ga O.OOX- to tr, Sc 

O.OOX-, Ce 0, La 0 to tr, Nd 0, Sm 0, Y O.OOX- to O.OOX, Dy 0, Er 0, Gd 0, 

Yb O.OOX-, Be O.OOOX; chemical analyses showed U 0.005 to 0.004, Cu 2.38 to 

2.63.-Authors' abs., modified. 

00353 Tugarinov, A. 1.; Vaynshteyn, E. E. Redkiye zemli v gornykh porodakh [Rare 

earths in rocks (in Russian; English abs.)]: InternaL Geol. Cong., 21st, Copenhagen, 

1960, Doklady Sovetskikh Geologov, Pt. l, p. 65-77, 1960 [As seen in translation 

by Michael Fleischer, 1962, written commun.]. 

The study of rare earth distribution in sedimentary rocks has shown that clayey 

deposits concentrate both yttrium and cerium earths; yttrium earths predominate 

in phosphates and cerium earths in carbonate sediments. Phosphorites of Paleogene 

age from Kazakhstan showed the following rare earth ratios: La:Nd 1.15, Ce:Nd 

1.5, Pr:Nd 0.23, Sm:Nd 0.24, Gd:Nd 0.23, Tb:Nd 0.06, Dy:Nd 0.3, Er:Nd 0.13, 

Yb:Nd 0.33, and Y:Nd 2.08. Clays of Paleogene age from Kazakhstan showed 

the following ratios (2 analyses given): La:Nd 0.2, l.l; Ce:Nd 0.6, 2.0; Pr:Nd 0.19, 

0.23; Sm:Nd 0.5, 0.23; Gd:Nd 0.35, 0.12; Tb:Nd 0.10, --; Dy:Nd 0.42, 0.15; Er:Nd 

0.12, 0.04; Yb:Nd 0.08, 0.05; and Y:Nd 1.2, 0.55.-EBT 

Turanskaya, N. V. See Balashov, Yu. A. 00024 

Turekian, K. K. See Carr, M. H. 00065 

00350 Turekian, K. K.; Feely, H. W. Variations in the abundance of trace elements 

in a eupelagic Atlantic core [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 67, no. 12, pt. 

2, p. 1739, 1956. 

Chemical and spectrographic analyses of a eupelagic Atlantic core, A 180-76, show 

that generally amounts of Mg, Cu, Ni, and Cr are direct functions of the percent 

lutite fraction: Pb and Sr do not fluctuate with the lutite fraction. The core averages 

78.3 percent CaC0:1; Ph and Sr are probably associated with the carbonate. 

Concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Mg occur where either a greenish hue was seen or 

where diatoms are abundant. These concentrations are perhaps related to their 

presence in porphyrin-type compounds, but the compounds are not a major method 

of removal of trace elements from the sea. Average composition of the core is 

(in ppm): Mg 3,800, Sr 1,600, Cu 18, Ni 15, Cr II, and Pb 4. Though deepsea plankton concentrate minor elements in their tissues, it is evident that in most 

cases they are not incorporated in deep-sea sediments.-Authors' abs., condensed. 

00351 Turekian, K. K.; Kulp, J. L. The geochemistry of strontium: Geochim. et 

Cosmochim. Acta, v. 10, p. 245-296, 1956. 

Approximately 700 analyses have been made of silicate rocks and 300 analyses of 

carbonate materials for Sr. A representative sampling of the earth's crust was 

attempted. "Average" shale (5 percent Ca) averaged about 300 ppm Sr in 69 

samples. Noncalcareous (average 0.4 percent Ca) shales contained an average of 

245 ppm Sr. The Sr/Ca ratio in the sea seems to have been increasing with time, 

in part due to the appearance of CaCO:l depositing organisms, but probably mainly 

due to changes in the kinds or rock exposed to weathering.-EBT 

00352 Turekian, K. K.; Tausch, E. H. Barium in deep-sea sediments of the Atlantic 

Ocean: Nature, v. 201, p. 696-697, 1964. 

Ba concentration in the tops of north and equatorial cores raised by the Lamont 

Geological Observatory ranges from 400 to 3,500 ppm (CaC0:1 free) in sediments 

that have a postglacial clay accumulation rate ranging from 0.15 to 1.08 g per cm2 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 83 

per 1,000 years. The concentrations of Ba in deep-sea sediments correlate with 

surface biological productivity.- EBT 

00354 Turekian, K. K.; Wedepohl, K. H. Distribution of the elements in some major 

units of the earth's crust: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, no. 2, p. 175-191, 1961. 

A table of abundances of elements in various major units of the earth's lithic crust 

is presented with documentation of sources and discussion of the choice of units 

and data. Abundances in shale and deep-sea clay are, respectively, (in ppm): Li 

66, 57; Be 3, 2.6; B 100, 230; F 740, 1,300; P 700, 1,500; S 2,400, 1,300; CJ 180, 

21,000; Sc 13, 19; Ti 4,600, 4,600; V 130, 120; Cr 90, 90; Mn 850, 6,700; Co 19, 

74; Ni 68, 225; Cu 45, 250; Zn 95, 165; Ga 19, 20; Ge 1.6, 2; As 13, 13; Se 0.6, 

0.17; Br4, 70; Rb 140, 110; Sr 300, 180; Y 26, 90; Zr 160, 150; Nb 11, 14; Mo 

2.6, 27; Ag 0.07, 0.11; Cd 0.3, 0.42; In 0.1, 0.08; Sn 6, 1.5; Sb 1.5, 1; I 2.2, 0.05; 

Cs 5, 6; Ba 580, 2,300; La 92, 115; Ce 59, 345; Pr 5.6, 33; Nd 24, 140; Sm 6.4, 

38; Eu 1, 6; Gd 6.4, 38; Tb 1. 6; Dy 4.6, 27; Ho 1.2, 7.5; Er 2.5, 15; Tm 0.2, 

1.2; Yb 2.6, 15; Lu 0.7, 4.5; Hf 2.8, 4.1; Ta 0.8, O.X; W 1.8, X; Au O.OOX, O.OOX; 

Hg 0.4, O.X: TJ 1.4, 0.8; Pb 20, 80; Th 12, 7; U 3.7, 1.3; major elements, rare gases, 

elements for which data are lacking, and non-naturally occurring elements omitted.-

EBT 

00346 Ugolini, F. C.; Tedrow, J. C. F.; Grant, C. L. Soils of the northern Brooks 

Range, Alaska. 2. Soils derived from black shale: Soil Sci., v. 95, no. 2, p. 115-

123, 1963. 

A unique soil developed from black carbonaceous shale in the undifferentiated 

Sadlerochit (Permian) and Shublik (Triassic) Formations in northern Alaska is 

described. Major-element composition of this massive argillaceous shale is similar 

to average shale composition, but the trace-element content differs. Ba, V, Zn, 

and, to a Jesser extent, Cr and Cu contents are higher than those of normal shale. 

Cr, Ga, Mn, V, and Zn are concentrated in carbonaceous samples; Ni, Sn, and 

Sr are in samples rich in carbonates, phosphate, and gypsum. Minor element 

composition of soft black shale is (in ppm): Ba 1,310, Co 6, Cr 408, Cu 134, Ga 

8.2, Mn 142, Mo 5.2, Ni 159, Sn 0.35, Sr 172, V 845, Zn 1,680; in hard black 

shale: Ba 1,120, Co 6.2, Cr 281, Cu 155, Ga 0.85, Mn 75, Mo --, Sn 1.8, Sr 

282, V 160, Zn 665; in 3 random samples from area: Ba 1,540-2,130, Co 14-27, 

Cr 16-91, Cu 34-87, Ga 15-27, Mn 430-1,090, Ni 189-305, Sn 2.5-3.4, Sr 34-49, 

V 111-232, Zn 2,630-2,920, all spectrochemical analyses.-EBT 

00347 Varley, Thomas. Bureau of Mines investigates gold in oil shales and its possible 

recovery: U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 2413, 10 p., 1922. 

It was concluded that Au in oil shales can be determined accurately by the ordinary 

accepted fire assay method. All dangers of loss of precious metals with organic 

matter can be avoided by removing the organic matter with chromic acid. 

Decarbonized oil shale from the Green River oil shale in Wyoming assayed 0.03 

oz per ton or about 1 ppm. Recalculated to raw shale (30 percent shrinkage) this 

is 0.021 oz per ton or about 0.7 ppm. A sample of oil shale from Soldiers Summit, 

Utah, assayed 0.02 oz per ton in decarbonized shale (0.7 ppm) or 0.014 oz per 

ton Au (0.5 ppm) in raw shale.-EBT 

Vaynshteyn, E. E. See Tugarinov, A. I. 00353 

00409 Vesterberg, K. Alb. U ndersokningar over Alunskiffer [Investigation of Alum 

shale (in Swedish; English summ.)]: Ingeniorsvetenskapsakademiens Hand!., v. 62, 

p. 7-47, 1927. 

Silicate analyses of alum shale ash for major-element oxides and determinations 

of loss on heating and Joss on ignition are reported. A sample of alum shale from 

the base of Silurian limestone from Limensgade, Bornholm, showed the following 

contents of minor-element oxides (in ppm): PbO 43.3, CuO 62.9, ZnO --, Co304 

1.4, NiO 56.3, Mn304 3,678, Cr203 --, V20s 577, Ti02 3,280, Zr02 --. In 2 samples 

of graptolite shale, younger than the alum shale, from Vasagaard, Bornholm, the 

following contents were found: PbO 54.7, 34.8; CuO 116.2, 140; ZnO 18.9, 4.8; 

Co304 23.7, 17.8; NiO 85.9, 24.6; Mn~04 152.9, 218.2; Cr203 131.5, 139; VzOs 5.9, 

18.9; Ti02 688.8, 2,980; Zr02 ?, 21.0.-EBT 

00348 Vine, J. D. Metals in Pennsylvanian black shale from Kentucky and Indiana 

[abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 82, p. 212, 1964. 
84 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Black shale beds of Pennsylvanian age in western Kentucky contain the same rare 

metals as black shale of similar age in Indiana described by Zanger! and Richardson 

(1963). They commonly contain more than 1,000 ppm V and Zn, and as much 

as 1,000 ppm Mo and Ni, 500 Cr, 300 Cu, 100 Pb, 70 Y and La, 20 Co, and 10 

Ag. Analyses of individual laminae from a bed in Indiana show maximum metal 

content in black laminae rich in fish remains, but not in equally black laminae that 

contain only marine invertebrates. Exceptions are V and Cr, which are most 

abundant in dark-gray laminae, and Pb, which increases toward the top of the bed. 

A syngenetic origin is indicated by stratigraphic and fossil control and wide 

distribution of deposits. The ultimate source of the metals, whether marine or 

terrestrial, is unknown.-JDV 

00327 Vinogradov, A. P.; Ronov, A. B. Sostav osadochnykh porod russkoy platformy 

v svyazi s istoriyey ee tektonicheskikh dvizheniy [Composition of sedimentary 

rocks in the Russian platform in relation to the history of their tectonic movements]: 

Geokhimiya, no. 6, p. 3-24, 1956; English translation: Geochemistry, no. 6, p. 

533-559, 1956 [1960]. 

Comparisons between rocks of the Russian platform and rocks of other platforms 

show that variations in element contents have had a general trend during geologic 

time; that is, they indicate an evolution of the material of the sedimentary mantle 

and the rocks that compose it. Ni, Co, and Cu become threefold less abundant 

upward in the stratigraphic column. These changes parallel a decrease in amounts 

of Fe and Mg bound in silicates. The average chemical composition of the clays 

of the Russian platform by age is shown. The overall composition is: (in percent) 

SiOz 50.65, Ab03 15.10, Fez03 6.47, TiOz 0.78, CaO 7.19 MgO 3.31, K20 3.49, 

Na20 0.8, C02 6.10, loss on ignition 5.58, (in ppm) Th II, U 4.1, Co II, Ni 

22, and Cu 35.-EBT 

00345 Vinogradov, A. P. Geokhimiya redkikh i rasseyannykh khimicheskikh elementov 

v pochvakh [Geochemistry of rare and dispersed chemical elements in soils]: 

Moscow, Isd-vo, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 237 p., 1957; English translation: New York, 

Consultants Bur., Inc., 209 p. 

Data on minor elements in rocks from which soils are derived are also included. 

Much of the discussion on the geochemical behavior of elements is indirectly 

pertinent to black shales. The table of minor-element contents in different rock 

types (Vinogradov, 1956) is included. New data include rare-earth element contents; 

average contents in shales are (in ppm): La 19, Ce 46, Pr 5.5, Nd 23, Sm 6.5, 

Eu 1, Gd 6.5, Tb 0.9, Dy 4.5, Ho 1, Er 2.5, Tm 0.2, Yb 3, Lu 0.7, and Y 28. 

In marine clays, B content is 500 ppm.-EBT 

00349 Vinogradov, A. P. Zakonomernosti raspredeleniya khimicheskikh elementov 

Zemnoy kore [Regularity of distribution of chemical elements in the Earth's crust 

(in Russian: English summ., p. 1)]: Geokhimiya, no. 1, p. 6-52, 1956: English 

translation: Geochemistry, no. I, p. 1-43, 1956 [1960]. 

The chemical composition of the principal rock types, including ultrabasic to acid 

igneous rocks, clays, and shales, and the silicate phase of chondrites, has been 

critically examined. For the principal constituents (Si, AI, Fe, Ti, Mg, Ca, K, Na, 

P, Mn (and 0)) the weighted mean has been calculated from published data and 

the author's data for the rocks of Russia: for clays and shales, from published data 

and from the author's data for clays of all ages of the Russian platform. For rarer 

and more scattered elements, arithmetic averages have been calculated. A table 

showing the source of all data is given. The average composition of clays and 

shales is (in ppm: no explanation given for the parentheses): Li 60, Be 7, B 12, 

F 500, Cl 160, Sc 10, Ti 4,500, V 130, Cr 160, Mn 670, Co 23, Ni 95, Cu 57, 

Zn 80, Ga 40, As 6.6, Ge 7, Se 0.6, Br 6, Rb 400, Sr 450, Y 33, Zr 200, Nb 20, 

Mo 2, Ru --, Rh --, Pd --, Ag (0.9), Cd 0.3, In --, Sn 30, Sb 30, Te --, I 1, 

Cs 12, Ba 800, La 40, Ce 30, Pr 5, Nd 18, Pm ?, Sm 5, Eu I, Gd 5, Tb 0.9, Dy 

4, H o (I), Er 2.5, Tm (0.2), Yb 2.2, Lu (0.2), Hf (4), Ta 3.5, W --, Re --, Os 

--, lr --, Pt --, Au --, Hg 0.4, Tl (2), Pb 20, Bi (I), Po 2.6x 10 10 , Rn 6.9 x 10 12 

Ra I x 10- 6 , Ac 6.8x 10- 10 , Th 11, Pa 1.1 x 10- 6

, U 3.2.-EBT 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 85 

Volkov, I. I. See Ostroyumov, E. A. 00246 

00341 Vorob'ev, G. G. Galliy v mineralakh i gornykh porodakh Mongolii [Gallium 

in minerals and rocks of Mongolia]: Geokhimiya, no. 8, p. 713-722, 1957; English 

translation: Geochemistry, no. 8, p. 835-846, 1957 [1960]. 

Ga content in minerals and rocks of Mongolia was determined by a spectral method. 

Isomorphous replacement of AI, Fe, and Zr by Ga has been established. In the 

process of replacement, Ga shows antagonism toward V and some parallelism with 

Ge. Mongolian granites are enriched in Ga in comparison with other granites and 

a part of the Ga passes from the contact zones of the granites into the host rocks. 

Ga content in Mongolian sedimentary rocks is normal. Ga content in combustible 

shales averaged 30 ppm with a maximum of 50 ppm for two samples.-Author's 

abs., modified. 

00342 Wakeel, S. K. El; Riley, J. P. Chemical and mineralogical studies of deepsea &ediments: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 25. p. 110-146, 1961. 

Chemical and spectrographic analyses are presented for major and minor elements 

in 10 calcareous, 12 argillaceous, and 3 siliceous deep-sea sediments from the 

Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea; 3 deep sea volcanic 

sediments: an unusual manganiferous ooze: and the <2p. fractions from 2 nearshore 

muds. Average contents in deep-sea sediments are (in ppm): calcareous, Sr 1,110, 

Ba 1,360, Cu 338, Pb 150, Co 91, Ni 232, Ga 12. La 100, Sn 18, Ge 1.2. Zr 140, 

H f 3, V 300, Cr 51, M o 20: argillaceous, Sr 450, Ba 2,000, Cu 400, Pb 175, Co 

100, Ni 300, Ga 20, La 90, Sn 20, Ce 130, Ge 2.5, Zr 126, Hf 6, Th 19, V 390, 

Cr 55, Mo 17: siliceous, Sr 230, Ba 1,050, Cu 370, Pb 180. Co 200. N i 330, Ga 

18, La 80, Sn 12, Zr 170, V 460, Cr 97, Mo 38. Nearshore mud contained (<2p. 

fractions): Sr 550, 920: Ba 960, 1,300: Cu 460, 420: Pb 230: Co 0: Ni 27, 31: Ga 

17. 15: Sn 20, 23: Zr 80, 210: V 480, 680: and Cr 220, 300.-Authors' abs., modified. 

Walsh, T. See Fleming, G. A. 00123 

00343 Walsh, T.; Fleming, G. A. Selenium levels in rocks, soils and herbage from 

a high selenium locality in Ireland: InternaL Soc. Soil Sci., Comm. 2 and 4. Trans .. 

v. 2. p. 178-183, 1952 [1953]; also in Soils and Fertilizers. v. 17, 10 p. [1954]. 

An account of some aspects of Se toxicity which have been identified with an Irish 

soil series is presented. Among local rocks examined, pyritiferous shale showed 

28.2 ppm Se. Data are also given for the Se content of soils and herbage species 

from affected and nearby nonaffected areas.-Authors' summ., condensed. 

00338 Wardani, S. A. El. Marine geochemistry of germanium and the origin of Pacific 

pelagic clay minerals: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. v. 15, p. 237-254, 1958. 

Ge content of sea water is 0.05 ppb. The most abundant organisms in the sea 

do not take up detectable amounts of Ge. Pacific northeast equatorial eupelagic 

clays contain 2 ppm Ge; shelf sediments, standard marine clay minerals, and south 

equatorial eupelagic clays contain I ppm. Aluminosilicates contain most of the 

Ge in clays, and partial removal of Ge from sea water occurs during hydrogenous 

growth of such minerals in sea water. The geochemical fractionation between shelf 

and deep-sea sediments suggests that shelf sediments and Pacific south equatorial 

pelagic clays are primarily lithogenous in origin. In the Pacific northeast equatorial 

eupe\agic clays the coarse fraction is primarily lithogenous in origin but the claymineral size fraction is rich in hydrogenous clay minera\s.-Author's abs., 

condensed. 

00344 Wardani, S. A. El. On the geochemistry of germanium: Geochim. et 

Cosmochim. Acta, v. 13, p. 5-19, 1957. 

Estimates of the abundance of Ge have been lowered to about 10 ppm for the cosmos 

and I ppm for the earth's crust. Concentration in granites, basalts, and gabbros 

is consistently about l ppm. Ge is classified among the less volatile elements. 

Although analyzed shales average 1.1 ppm Ge, it is very difficult to calculate an 

average for all shales due to their strong variation in Ge content depending on 
86 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

type and organic content. A sample of Chattanooga Shale showed 16.6 ppm Ge. 

For the present, average Ge content in shales is estimated as twice that of igneous 

rocks. Some Ge contents in shales are (in ppm): composite sample (3) St. Croix 

Falls, Wis., 0.8; Glenwood Shale, Minn., 1.6, 1.5; Cambrian shale, St. Croix Falls, 

1.5; pyritic shale, St. Croix Falls, 0.8; Cretaceous clay, Minn .. 1.0. 1.1; and residual 

clay, Redwood Falls, Minn., 1.1.-EBT 

00339 Warner, L. A.; Holser, W. T.; Wilmarth, V. R.; Cameron, E. N. Occurrence 

of nonpegmatitic beryllium in the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

318, 198 p., 1959. 

Average BeO content in the lithosphere is about 10 ppm. Be is dissipated during 

weathering and sedimentation, although it can be concentrated in residual deposits. 

Oil shales contain slightly more Be than phosphate rocks. A maximum of 40 ppm 

BeO was found in the Helms Formation of Texas of Devonian age and the 

Chattanooga Shale of Tennessee of Devonian and Mississippian age, and in Eocene 

oil shale from California. Spectrographic analyses showed the following contents 

(in ppm): Eocene lignitic clay, Alabama, BeO 20. CoO 30, NiO 40, v~o,, 2,000; 

Eocene lignitic oil shale, California, BeO 40, Bi~01 20. NiO 10, SnO 20, v~o, 400: 

Devonian and Mississippian shales, Tennessee (5 samples including Chattanooga 

Shale), BeO 20 40. CoO 40-80. Mo01 30-100, NiO 80400. U (I sample) 120, 

eU (4 samples) 30-206, V :!0, 80-400. Other analyses for BeO showed the Devonian 

and Mississippian shales average 10 ppm, the Helms Formation 20. and the Permian 

Phosphoria Formation of Idaho and Montana had a maximum of 10 ppm. -EBT 

Washington, H. S. See Clarke, F. W. 00074 

Weaver, C. E. See Adams, J. A. S. 00001 

00340 Weber, J. N. Geochemistry of graywackes and shales: Science, v. 131. no. 

340 I, p. 664 665. 1960. 

Spectrographic analyses of 69 graywackes and 33 shales for 14 minor elements 

illustrate the variation in composition within a graywacke bed, between beds in one 

section, between sections. and between formations. No striking difference between 

the composition of graywackes and the average crustal rock was evident. Pelagic 

clays greatly differ from shales associated with graywackes in that the pelagic clays 

tend to be richer in B. Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni. and V, elements typical of hydrolyzate 

environments. Shales associated with turbidity currents contain less organic matter 

and more Mg. Mn, and Co. Spectrographic analyses show that the Ordovician 

Normanskill Shale associated with the Normanskill graywacke contained (in ppm): 

B 130. Ba 360, Co 32. Cr 87. Cu 37, Ga 20. Mn 400, Ni 58, Sc 15. Sr 150, Ti 

7,000, V 79, Zr 230; and 33 samples of miscellaneous shales, B 220, Ba 520, Co 

22. Cr 110, Cu 58, Ga 13, Mn 180, Ni 64, Sc 12. Sr 150, Ti 6,000, V 150, Zr 

340.-EBT 

00328 Wedepohl, K. H. Untersuchungen zur Geochemie des Bleis [Investigations of 

the geochemistry of lead (in German; English abs.)]: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 

v. 10, p. 69-148, 1956; abs., Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 67, no. 12. pt. 2, p. 1741, 

1956. 

A quantitative spectrographic method (0.01 percent Bi standard) attains a sensitivity 

of I ppm Pb by relative concentration of light volatile elements with a doublearc instrument. More than 500 analyses of Pb in representative samples, including 

more than 250 new ones, are discussed. The behavior of Pb during rock alteration 

(weathering, mobilization. concentration, metamorphism) is examined. Factors for 

concentration are low solubility and action of organisms. Clay minerals contain 

most of the Pb in sediments. Relatively high contents of Pb, Zn, and Cu in pelagic 

sediments cannot have been entirely derived from continental weathering; a part 

is due to volcanic exhalations. Pb content in the bituminous Posidonienschiefer 

of the Lias f ranges from 7 to 33 ppm. Analyses of other sediments show the 

following averages (ppm Pb): composite sample of 36 European Paleozoic shales 

16, composite of 14 Japanese Paleozoic shales 27, composite of 10 Japanese Mesozoic 

shales 28, nonpelagic argillaceous rocks 20, Atlantic deep-sea clays 43, and Pacific 

deep-sea clays 140.-Authors' abs., modified 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 87 

00329 Wedepohl, K. H. Untersuchungen am Kupferschiefer in Nordwestdeutschland; 

Ein Beitrag zur Deutung der Genese bituminoser Sedimente [Investigation of the 

Kupferschiefer in northwest Germany; a contribution to the genesis of bituminous 

sediments (in German; English abs.)]: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 28, p. 

305-364, 1964b. 

About 50 samples of the Kupferschiefer from cores in northwest Germany were 

analyzed and resultant data compared with that of ore-grade deposits near 

M ansfeld. Carbonate content in the brown-black, finely layered marl, 20-50 em 

thick, is about 30 percent. B and Rb content is proportional to illite content; V, 

Cr. Ni, and perhaps Mo and Co contents are related to C content, but no relation 

between sulfide content and C content could be detected. In the marl, Cu and 

Ag, Pb, and Zn occur in that order upward. In the northwest, where marine 

influence was strongest, the Kupferschiefer is comparable to other bituminous 

sediments. Syngenetic origin of the metals is most probable. Analyses of the core 

sample showed (in ppm): B nd-280, C nd-143,000, C02 nd-420,000, S nd-52,000, 

Ti nd 8,600, V nd-5,000, Cr nd-330, Mn 110-6,000, total Fe 11,000--98,000, Ni 

30-1,200, Co nd-360, Zn 10-41,000, As nd-5,000, Rb nd-190, Sr nd-680, Ba nd5,400, Mo nd-1 ,500, Pb 35-22,000.-Author's abs., modified. 

00335 Wedepohl, K. H. "Kupferschiefer" and the problem of syngenetic ore deposition 

[abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 82, p. 219-220, 1964a. 

The Kupferschiefer is a thin-bedded bituminous marine marl or shale, about I foot 

thick, of early Late Permian age, exposed from England through Germany to Poland 

and containing local metal accumulations of economic grade (MansfeldSangerhausen and Silesia) which appear to be controlled by paleogeography. Cu 

+ Ag-, Pb-, and Zn-rich layers occur in this sequence upward over large areas, 

which corresponds with the order of increasing solubility of the sulfides. Zoning 

must be controlled by S availability in time and space from bacterial sulfate 

reduction in stagnant sea water. For the amount of metals present, additions from 

a red bed environment to the composition of the sea are assumed. The metal 

concentrations and relationships between M n and calcite-dolomite and between V, 

Cr, Ni, (Co-, Mo-) and organic C all point to special sea-water composition and 

syngenetic metal precipitation. No relation btween S and C and between ore meals 

and clay minerals could be detected.-Author's abs., condensed. 

00336 Wedepohl, K. H. Spurenanalytische Untersuchungen an Tiefseetonen aus dem 

Atlantik [Trace analysis investigation of deep-sea clays from the Atlantic (in 

German; English abs.)]: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 18, p. 200-231, 1960. 

Elements detected in 20 samples of Atlantic and Pacific deep-sea clays are grouped 

into 3 classes: (A) those having the same average abundances in nearshore and 

pelagic clays: Ti, V, Cr, Ga, Rb, and Zr. (B) those enriched in Pacific clays: 

La, Sc, Y, and Ba. (C) those which increase from nearshore to Atlantic to Pacific 

clays: Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Co, Mn, and Mo. Behavior of group A suggests that 

submarine weathering of volcanics and pyroclastics is not important. Behavior of 

group B may result from organic contributions and diagenesis. Behavior of grou-p 

C may be caused by differential rates of accumulation in the two oceans. As 

computed from the author's previously unpublished data and from the literature, 

average trace-element contents of clays from the Atlantic are (in ppm): Sc 13, 

Ti 5,100, V 140, Cr 86, Mn 4,000, Co 38, Ni 140, Cu 130, Zn 130, Ga 19, Rb 

120, Sr 120 (carbonate free), Y 29, Zr 130, Mo 9, Ba 700, La 98, Pb 45; from 

nearshore, Sc 13, Ti 4,600, V 130, Cr 100, Mn 850, Co 13, Ni 55. Cu 48, Zn 95, 

Ga 19, Rb 130, Sr <250, Y 27, Zr 160, Mo I, Ba 750. La 92, Pb 20; average contents 

of Pacific clays, computed from the literature, Sc 25, Ti 4,600, V 130, Cr 78, Mn 

9,400, Co 110, Ni 300, Cu 400, Zn 200, Ga 19, Rb 110, Sr 200 (carbonate free), 

Y 150, Zr 160, Mo 46, Ba 4,000, La 150, Pb 110.-JDV 

00337 Wedepohl, K. H. Untersuchungen zur Geochemie des Zinks [Investigation of 

the geochemistry of zinc (in German; English abs.)]: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 

v.3,p.93-142, 1953. 

A spectrochemical method for the determination of as little as 1 ppm Zn in rocks 

and minerals has been developed. By means of fractionated distillation, the 
88 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

separation of Zn in silicates and spinels from Zn in ZnS-bearing rocks is possible. 

Results from 130 analyses confirm the figures given by Clarke and Washington 

(1924) (40 ppm Zn) and unpublished results by V. M. Goldschmidt (1938) (40 ppm) 

for the crustal abundance of Zn. Average content of Zn in shales is also 40 ppm 

which includes some of the following analyses (Zn in ppm): composite sample of 

36 European Paleozoic shales 34, composite of 14 Japanese Paleozoic shales 39, 

Composite of 10 Japanese Mesozoic shales 39, Culmtonschiefer 63, Lias a1 shale 

30, Lias E Posidonienschiefer 59, 180, 620.-Author's abs., modified. 

Wedepohl, K. H. See Turekian, K. K. 00354 

00334 Welby, C. W. Occurrence of alkali metals in some Gulf of Mexico sediments: 

Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 431-452, 1958. 

The abundance of alkali metals in 130 samples from the Gulf of Mexico was 

determined spectrographically. Rb is only slightly enriched with respect to K, but 

Cs is significantly enriched with respect to both K and Rb. Li abundance is similar 

to that in igneous rocks. Thermal analyses suggest that Rb is enriched with respect 

to K in illite-rich sediments and that these sediments are relatively low in Cs. 

A relatively high Li content is probably associated with montmorillonite-rich 

sediments. Alkali metal content apparently does not vary systematically with depth 

below the present sedimentary interface or with distance from shore. Much of the 

separation of alkali metals and enrichment of one with respect to another may occur 

during weathering. Hydrated radii and ionic potential based on hydrated radii are 

not the only factors controlling the behavior of alkali metals during weathering and 

sedimentary cycles. Average contents of alkali metals by environment are (in ppm): 

Atchafalaya Bay, 12 samples, RbzO 260, CszO 5.2, LizO 130; San Antonio Bay, 

4 samples, Rb20 250, Cs20 13, Li20 170; Rockport-offshore, 3 samples, Rb20 

260, Cs20 5.4, Li20 89; Mississippi Delta, 14 samples, RbzO 120, Cs20 3, LizO 

81; globigerina oozes, 19 samples, Rb20 260, Cs20 9.3, Li20 130; Gulf of Mexico, 

exclusive of oozes, 78 samples, Rb20 360, Cs20 8.1, Li20 140; composite sample 

of Austin Chalk, Eagle Ford Shale, lower part, Eutaw Formation, Selma Chalk, 

Tuscaloosa Formation (all of Cretaceous age), Cherokee Shale (Pennsylvanian), and 

Miocene nodular chalk, Rb20 170, Cs20 4.3, Li20 91.-Author's abs., modified. 

00322 Wells, R. C. Relative abundance of nickel in the earth's crust: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 205-A, 21 p., 1943. 

More than 150 new determinations of N i were made on samples of rocks previously 

analyzed in the chemical laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey. Ni was 

determined in all common types of rock, including the more silicic as well as the 

highly ferromagnesian, but is decidedly more abundant in ferromagnesian rocks. 

N i is present in most shales and in many silts and clays, including abyssal oceanic 

red clay. An accurate estimate of the crustal abundance of N i under present 

limitations of knowledge is difficult, but 160 ppm is considered a reasonable figure. 

The average of 12 new determinations of NiO in shale and clay is 89 ppm. This 

includes diatomaceous shale, deep-sea red clay, river silt, bentonite, Swedish kolm, 

red glacial till, clay residue from limestone, and siliceous shales; values range from 

II to 280 ppm.-Author's abs., modified. · 

00323 Wells, R. C.; Stevens, R. E. Further studies of kolm: Washington A cad. Sci. 

Jour., v. 21, no. 17, p. 409-414, 1931. 

The principal object of the analytical work was to determine the age of kolm from 

Pb:U ratio. The sample of kolm [composite?] was from the middle and lower parts 

of the Peltura beds of Late Cambrian age from near Skovde, Westergotland, Sweden. 

The material contained about 1.8 percent moisture, 29.5 percent volatile matter, 

43.6 percent fixed C, 35.1 percent ash, 30 ppm V20s, 400 ppm ZnO, 1,300 ppm 

rare-earth elements, 130 ppm Mo, JO ppm MnO, and 40 ppm NiO. Trace element 

contents were calculated back to kolm.-EBT 

00330 Wells, R. C. Analyses of rocks and minerals from the laboratory of the United 

States Geological Survey, 1914-1936: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 878, 134 p., 1937. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 89 

This bulletin supplements U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 591 which contains 

analyses run during 1880-1914. Data on major-element contents in igneous and 

crystalline rocks, sandstones, cherts, sinters, carbonate rocks, slates, shales, ores, 

gangue materials, and minerals are reported. Some minor-element data on the kolm 

of Late Cambrian age in Sweden (see also Wells and Stevens, 1931) are included. 

Electroscopic determination showed 0.28 percent UO:, in the kolm.-EBT 

Werner, H. See Ernst, Werner. 00129 

00324 Westergard, A. H. Borrningar genom Skanes alunskiffer 1941-42 [Borings 

through the alum shales of Scania made in 1941-42 (in Swedish; English summ.)]: 

Sveriges Geol. Undersokning, Ser. C, N:o 459, Arsb. 38, N:o I, 45 p., l944a. 

Besides Fe, only V occurs in significant amounts in the cores of 5 boreholes; average 

V content ranges from 0.20 percent at Andrarum to 0.28 percent at south Sanby 

in Dictyonema Shale, from 0.13 to 0.17 in the top of the Olenid Shale, and from 

0.05 to 0.10 percent in the lower part, Olenid and the Paradoxides Shales. Spectral 

analyses show that V is concentrated in organic matter. In the alum shales, Mo 

content ranges from 100 to 200 ppm, Ni from 100 to 400, and Co is about onetenth of Ni content. U content of the Olenid Shale at Sanby ranges from 100 

to 300 ppm and decreases downward from 50 to 25 ppm in the lowest part of the 

Olenid Shale to 15 ppm in the Paradoxides Shale. Ra content is approximately 

one-third of a millionth of the U content. Stratigrap~y and paleontology of the cores are also discussed in detail.-EBT 

00325 Westergard, A. H. Borrningar genom Alunskifferlagret pa Oland och i 

Ostergotland, 1943 [Borings through the alum shales of Oland and Ostergotland 

made in 194,3 (in Swedish; English summ.)]: Sveriges Geol. Undersokning, Ser. 

C, N:o 463, Arsb. 38, N:o 5, 22 p., 1944b. 

On southern Oland 3 borings were made through the Cambrian alum shales and 

in Ostergotland, 2. The stratigraphy and paleontology are described and results 

of chemical and spectral analyses given. In Ostergotland the range of minor-element 

composition is (in ppm): Dictyonema Shale: Mo 110-160, Ni 100-240, Co 20-

50, Cu 60-200, U 115-190, V 600-2,700; Olenid Shale: Mo 140-160, Ni 70-160, 

Co 20-60, Cu 50-150, U 120-145, V 300-700; and Paradoxides Shale: V 200-600. 

In Oland the average composition is (in ppm): Ceratopyge Shale: Mo 80, Ni 120, 

V 1,200-2,500; Dictyonema Shale: Mo 140, Ni 210, V 1,700-3,100; Olenid Shale: 

Mo 120, Ni 90, V 300-1,300; average for section of alum shales: Co 30, U 45-

90.-EBT 

White, W. A. See Ostrom, M. E. 00267 

00326 White, W. A. Chemical and spectrochemical analyses of Illinois clay material: 

Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 282, 55 p., 1959. 

All published and unpublished chemical and spectrochemical analyses available for 

Illinois clay materials are brought together. Spectrochemical analyses for minor 

elements include the following samples: dark gray shale, Orchard Creek Shale, 

Silurian, B 90, Co 15, Cr 70, Cu 30, Ga 25, Mn 100, Ni 20, Pb 65, V 80, Zr 280; 

organic-rich shale, Walters burg Sandstone, Mississippian, B 120, Co 15, Cr 90, Cu 

60, Ga 30, Mn 160, Ni 50, Pb 65, V 80, Zr 110; dark-gray shale, Purington Shale, 

Pennsylvanian, B 90, Co 20, Cr 85, Cu 80, Ga 30, Mn 640, Ni 40, Pb 60, V 140, 

Zr 180; composite sample, Tradewater Formation, Pennsylvanian, B 100, Co 20, 

Cr 110, Cu 250, Ga 35, Mn 590, Ni 60, Pb 70, V 125, Zr 150; organic-rich shale, 

Brereton Limestone, Pennsylvanian, B 130, Co 20, Cr 155, Cu 270, Ga 100, Mn 

480, N i 90, Pb 55, V 135, Zr 140. Estimated uncertainty is (in percent): B ± 10, 

Co ±20, Cr ±30, Cu X/2 (near detection limit of 100 ppm), Ga ± 10, M n ±30, 

Ni ± 10, Pb ±30, V ± 10, and Zr ±20.-EBT 

00331 White, W. H.; Northcote, K. E. Distribution of metals in a modern marine 

environment: Econ. Geology, v. 57, no. 3, p. 405-409, 1962. 

Distribution of Fe, S, Cu, Pb, and Zn was studied in modern sediments in Mud 

Bay, an area of about 4 sq mi of tidal flats, submerged at medium tide, at the 
90 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

mouths of Serpentine and Nicomekl Rivers, 15 mi south of Vancouver, B. C. S 

content ranges from 0.33 to 2.11 percent; Fe content, from 1.54 to 3.87 percent. 

Cu content ranges from 5 to 122 ppm; amounts more than 20 ppm are considered 

anomalous. The distribution pattern of Cu is marked by a well-defined belt of 

high values fringing the high-water mark; that of Zn is roughly similar. Zn content 

ranges from 18 to 109 ppm; more than 40 ppm is considered anomalous. Pb content 

of all samples is very low, generally 1 or 2 ppm. The metals accumulate preferentially 

in fine-grained sediments. Values for Cu and Zn are higher than the average basemetal content of Fraser Valley subsoil and the Cu:Zn ratio is also higher. Both 

Cu and Zn are trapped in tidal sediment; Cu is more enriched there than Zn.-

EBT 

00320 White, W. S.; Wright, J. C. The White Pine copper deposit, Ontonagon County, 

Michigan: Econ. Geology, v. 49, no. 7, p. 675-716, 1954. 

The Nonesuch Shale of late Keweenawan age is a gray siltstone about 600 feet 

thick. Cu, mostly in chalcocite, is found in the lower 20-25 feet of the Nonesuch 

and in the upper few feet of the underlying Copper Harbor Conglomerate. This 

part of the section is divided into 4 local units-lower sandstone (uppermost bed 

of the Copper Harbor), parting shale, upper sandstone, and upper shale, all probably 

deltaic sediments. Most of the Cu is in the upper and parting shales; Cu content 

is higher where the beds are thicker. Cu decreases in shale with increasing. sand 

content. Distribution of Cu in the shales seems independent of local structure, faults, 

and rock permeability; control is lithologic and stratigraphic. Cu may have been 

precipitated within the original mud, or may have replaced something else so 

deposited. In a massive bed in the middle of the parting shale Cu content ranges 

from 0.27 to 2.28 percent; in the upper shale, from 0.07 to 1.11 percent.-Authors' 

abs., modified. 

00321 White, W. S. The copper shales of Germany and Michigan [abs.]: Econ. 

Geology, v. 48, no. 7, p. 631, 1953. 

The Precambrian Nonesuch Shale of northern Michigan and the Permian 

Kupferschiefer of Mansfeld, Germany, contain Cu sulfides finely dispersed over 

many square miles in black organic shale that overlies thick coarse red continental 

deposits, gray at the top. In a zone I to 2 feet above the sandstone, the shale 

contains about 3 percent Cu, concentrated in shallow depressions in the top of the 

sandstone, probably within a few miles of the ancient shoreline. The Kupferschiefer 

contains bornite and subordinate amounts of chalcocite and chalcopyrite and Pb 

and Zn; the S-poor Nonesuch contains chalcocite, minor native Cu, and traces of 

bornite or chalcopyrite. At White Pine, Mich., the sequence of sandstone and Cu 

shale is repeated cyclically; Cu per unit area is more than 5 times that at Mansfeld. 

Cu in these shales is believed syngenetic; in both formations Cu is closely related 

to sedimentary facies and only locally affected by structural features.-Author's abs., 

condensed. 

00332 White, W. S. The White Pine copper deposit: Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 2, 

p.402-409, 1960. 

Arguments for diagenetic deposition of the Cu deposits in the Nonesuch Shale of 

Precambrian age in northern Michigan are presented. The size of the area (l ,000 

square miles) suggests a widespread rather than a local agent of Cu distribution. 

The kind of regional movements of connate water that must take place when a large sedimentary prism is compacted would satisfy the implications of both the 

widespread distribution of Cu and the evidence that Cu was present before the 

copper-bearing carbonaceous beds were compacted or deformed. Most of the Cu 

probably arrived after the uppermost cupriferous beds were in place and perhaps 

covered by several tens or even hundreds of feet of overlying beds. Because both 

the permeability of the shales and the chemical activity of the organic matter would 

decrease rapidly with time and burial, the earlier the origin, the more readily it 

is explained.- EDT 

00333 White, W. S.; Wright, J. C. Lithofacies of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate, 

northern Michigan, in Short papers in the geological sciences: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 400-B, p. B5-B8, 1960. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 91 

The Copper Harbor Conglomerate, chiefly arkosic conglomerate and sandstone, 

cemented with calcite and laumontite, of late Keweenawan age, crops out along the 

south limb of the Lake Superior syncline in northern Michigan and along its north 

limb on Isle Royale. It is underlain by a thick sequence of flood basalts and overlain 

by the Nonesuch Shale and Freda Sandstone. Cu in the base of the Nonesuch 

may have been deposited from connate water that was sequeezed out of the 

Keeweenawan sediments during compaction and diagenesis. The coarse-grained 

facies of the Copper Harbor may give way to fine-grained sediments in the central 

part of the basin, far downdip from the Cu deposits. The thick mass of rhyolite 

in the Copper Harbor may have acted like a buried hill to intensify the flow of 

water up into the Nonesuch; this mechanism could explain the unusual 

concentrations of Cu close to the rhyolite border.-EBT 

00313 Whitney, P.R.; Hurley, P.M. The problems of inherited radiogenic strontium 

in sedimentary age determinations: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 28, p. 425-

436, 1964. 

Results of analyses for Rb and Sr in samples of the Marcellus Shale of Middle 

Devonian age in New York and Pennsylvania are reported. Rb content in blackshale samples ranges from 152.5 to 213.7 ppm; the Sr content, from 67.9 to 289.5 

ppm.-EBT 

Wickman, F. E. See Krejci-Graf, Karl. 00207 

00314 Wildeman, T. R.; Haskin, Larry. Rare-earth elements in ocean sediments: Jour. 

Geophys. Research, v. 70, no. 12, p. 2905-2910, 1965. 

Rare-earth element abundances, in ppm, for a composite sample of 40 North 

American shales and for 8 samples of ocean sediments from the Pacific and Atlantic 

Oceans are presented. Variation in absolute concentration among the samples did 

not exceed a factor of 3 for any rare earth. Average relative abundances of rare 

earths in ocean sediments was the same as that previously reported for limestones, 

sandstones, and shales. Rare-earth contents in the composite shale sample are (in 

ppm): Y 35.1, La 39.1, Ce 76.4, Pr 10.3, Nd 37.2, Sm 6.99, Eu 1.96, Gd 6.08, 

Tb 1.30, Dy --, Ho 1.40, Er 4.01, Tm 0.58, Yb 3.40, and Lu 0.60; and in the ocean 

sediments (averages; standard deviations in parentheses): Y 26.9 (±2.7), La 26.1 

(±3.2), Ce 55.2 (±4.7),Pr 7.34 (±1.1), Nd 30.0 (±3.9), Sm 5.59 (±0.84), Eu 1.60 

(±0.17), Gd 6.33 (±1.0), Tb 1.04 (±0.14), Ho 1.03 (±0.11), Er 3.08 (±0.34), Tm 

0.47 (±0.05), Yb 3.03 (±0.45).-EBT 

Williams, E. G. See Degens, E. T. 00048 

Williams, E. G. See Degens, E. T. 00083 

Williams, G. D. See Campbell, F. A. 00060 

Williams, K. T. See Byers, H. G. 00063 

00315 Williams, K. T.; Lakin, H. W.; Byers, H. G. Selenium occurrence in certain 

soils in the United States, with a discussion of related topics. Fifth report: U.S. 

Dept. Agriculture Tech. Bull. 758,69 p., 1941. 

Samples of Bearpaw Shale [of Cretaceous age) from the plains in western Canada 

contained less than 10 ppm Se. One sample from Alberta, specifically listed as 

black shale, contained 0.3 ppm Se.-EBT 

Wilmarth, V. R. See Warner, L.A. 00339 

Wilson, S. R. See King, W. H. 00213 

Winchester, J. W. See Coryell, C. D. 00067 

Witte, H. See Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 
92 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Witters, J. See Potter, P. E. 00261 

Wollin, Goesta. See Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Wright, J. C. See White, W. S. 00320 

Wright,J. C. See White, W. S. 00333 

00316 Wright, T. L.; Fleischer, Michael. Geochemistry of the platinum metals: U.S. 

Geoi.-Survey Bull. 1214-A, p. Al-A24, 1965. 

The literature pertaining to the geochemistry of platinum metals is summarized. 

The platinum metals-Pt. Ir, Os, Pd, Rh, and Ru-occur as alloys of metals, as 

intermetallic compounds, as compounds with 0, S, Te, As, Sb, Sn, and Bi, and 

in trace amounts (as much as 10 ppm, although commonly less than I ppm) in 

rock-forming minerals. Abundances in igneous rocks, estimated to within an order 

of magnitude, are (in ppm): ultramafic 0.05, mafic 0.02, and silicic and intermediate 

0.005. Data are insufficient to estimate for metamorphic and common sedimentary 

rocks. Some uncommon sediments-for example, copper-bearing shale, coal ashhave contents as much as I ppm. Recent estimates of crustal abundances are (in 

ppm): Pd 0.01-0.02, Pt 0.005, Ir, Os, Rh, and Ru all <0.001; the relative abundances 

are: Pd>Pt>Ir~Os~Rh~Ru. In black shale the ranges found (in ppm) are: 

Pt 0.01-0.05, Ir --, Os --, Pd 0.05, Rh 0.01-0.02, Ru 0.04-0.08; in the Mansfeld 

Kupferschiefer: Pt 0.05, Ir 0.004, Os 0.003, Pd 0.02, Rh 0.0002, and Ru 0.003.-

Authors' abs., modified. 

00317 Young, E. J. Trace elements in Recent marine sediments [abs.]: Geol. Soc. 

America Bull., v. 65, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1329, 1954. 

Trace-element distribution in 96 samples of Recent marine sediments and some older 

sediments was studied spectrographically using PdCb as an internal standard. Ba 

and Sr were analyzed semiquantitatively, the other elements quantitatively. 

Precision-expressed as standard deviation-ranged from 5 percent for Co203 to 

14 percent for Zr02. Red clay contained the following (average of 20 samples in 

ppm): Zr02 230, Ti02 7,000, V20s 260, Cr203 120, NiO 330, Co203 138, Sc203 

48, La203 260, SrO 700, BaO 9,000; nearshore sediments contained (average of 20 

samples): Zr02 300, Ti02 6,700, V20s 230, Cr203 120, NiO 60, Co203 I6, Sc203 

21, La203 110, SrO 350, BaO 1,700. The similar amounts of Zr, Ti, V, and Cr 

in oceanic clay, nearshore sediments, and the average igneous rock indicate a 

terrigenous origin for red clay.-Author's abs., condensed. 

Young, W. A. See Allsman, P. T. 00020 

Young, W. A. See Allsman, P. T. 00021 

Zalmanzon, E. S. See Strakhov, H. M. 0029I 

00318 Zangerl, Rainer; Richardson, E. S., Jr. The paleoecological history of two 

Pennsylvanian black shales: Chicago Nat. History Mus., Fieldiana, Geology Mem., 

V. 4, 372 p., I963. 

The physical, chemical, and biological forces that formed the deposits of black 

carbonaceous shale containing unusually large concentrations of vertebrate. skeletons 

overlying the Logan Quarry coal and Coal IliA (Indiana nomenclature) of Middle 

Pennsylvanian age are analyzed. Two small quarries were excavated and nearby 

outcrops studied in Parke County, Ind. The Mecca Quarry Shale Member of Linton 

Formation and Logan Quarry Shale Member of Staunton Formation record the 

initial stages of marine transgression over a slightly uneven coastal plain. 

Concentrations of fossils were the result of crowding of animals into residual ponds 

during dry seasons; water near the top remained inhabitable, but the bottoms of 

the ponds were quiet and extremely toxic. Ashes of a suite of samples from the 

Mecca Quarry Shale Member were analyzed spectrographically for minor elements. 

Quantities are expressed as though the elements were present as oxides; Ag, Zn, 

Cd, Sb, and Pb are probably present as sulfides. Ranges of content in ash of 7 

samples of gray to black shale are (in ppm; 100 >X>50, + =~100): MnO 270-

440, Mo03 1,200-7,000, Cr203 1,500-2,400, NiO 800-2,600, CuO 450-1,300, V20s 

6,000-11,000, CoO 20-150, Zr02 200-290, Y 203 10-70, Yb203 6-13, Sc203 30-35, 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 

La20a 50-120, BaO 200-500, SrO 180-300, SnO 3-100, PbO 90-450, Ti02 15-110, 

Sb20a X-220, CdO X-+, Ag20 10-30, ZnO 100-1,000, Ga20a 25-35; 1 sample of 

black marine shale: MnO tr, MoOa 350, Cr20a 450, NiO 450, CuO tr, V205 1,000, 

CoO 10, Zr02 210, Y 20a 50, Yb20a 5, Sc20a 22, La20a 77, BaO 600, SrO 200, 

SnO 10, PbO 50, Ti20 20, Sb20a X, CdO X, Ag20 10, ZnO 300, Ga20a 30.-EBT 

Zimmerman, D. 0. See Love, L. G. 00164 

Zul'fugarly, D. I. See Seidov, A. G. 00305 

00319 Zul'fugarly, N. D.; Geydarov, A. S.; Nuriyev, A. N. Radioelementy v glinistykh 

porodakh sarmatskikh otlozheniy [Radioelements in clayey rocks of Samatian 

deposits]: Azerbaidzhan Khim. Zhur. 1962, no. 2, p. 119-122, 1962 [As seen in 

translation by Michael Fleischer, 1963, written commun.] 

Th was determined colorimetrically, U by luminescence and Ra by radiochemical 

methods, in 12 samples of clayey rocks from Sarmatian deposits of oldest late 

Miocene age in the Nakhichevan Autonomous SSR. U content ranged from 0.7 

to 5.91 ppm, Th from 0.83 to 2.53 ppm, Ra from 0.76x 10- 6 to 2.5x 10- 6 ppm, 

and total organic matter from 1.81 to 3.24 percent.-EBT 

INDEX 

[The numbers refer to entries in the abstracts] 

Adriatic Sea 

Ocean sediment 

Chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, 

vanadium: Seibold, Eugen. 00304 

Africa 

Ocean sediment 

Gold, silver: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Alabama 

Precambrian 

Titanium, vanadium: Pallister, H. D. 00263 

Alaska 

Geochemical abundance 

Molybdenum: Kuroda, P. K. 00200 

Mississippian 

Uranium, vanadium: Mayzko, J. J. 00157 

Permian and Triassic 

Minor elements: Ugolini, F. C. 00346 

Albania 

Mesozoic 

Min or elements: Katchenkov, s. M. 

Tertiary 

Min or elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 

Alberta 

Cretaceous 

00193 

00193 

Rubidium, strontium: Campbell, F. A. 00060 

Devonian 

Rubidium, strontium: Campbell, F. A. 00060 

Alkali metals 

Geochemical abundance 

Gulf of Mexico: Welby, C. W. 00334 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00117 

Alum shale 

Element abundance 

Boron: Landergren, Sture. 00178 

Chromium, cobalt, nickel, zinc: Lundegiudh, 

P. H. 00160 

Cobalt, copper, nickel, molybdenum, 

uranium, vanadium: Westergard, A. H. 

00325 

Cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, uranium, 

vanadium: Westergard, A. H. 00324 

Gold, silver: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00139 

Lead, uranium: Cobb, J. C. 00054 

Manganese, molybdenum, uranium: Strahl, E. 

0. 00290 

Min or elements: Bain, G. W. 00008 

Minor elements: Landergren, Sture. 00175 

Minor elements: Schneiderhohn, H. 00235 

Minor elements: Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium: 

Assarsson, G. 0. 00005 

Radium, uranium: Strutt, R. J. 00294 

Radium, uranium, zinc: Landin, John. 00171 

Tantalum: Rankama, Kalervo. 00253 

Thorium, uranium: Koczy, F. F. 00406 

Uranium: Davidson, C. F. 00078 

Uranium: Larsson, Alf. 00174 

Uranium: Skjeseth, Steinar. 00303 

Uranium: Wells, R. C. 00330 

Vanadium: Assarsson, G. 00006 

Zinc: Lundegiudh, P. H. 00162 

Geochemical distribution 

Uranium: Rynninger, Roland. 00228 

Alum shale 

Source of the elements 

Thuringia: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00138 

Antimony 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

Appalachian coal basin 

Carboniferous 

Minor elements: Degens, E. T. 00083 

Pennsylvanian 

Minor elements: Keith, M. L. 00194 

Arkansas 

Devonian, Mississippian 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses, 

uranium: Landis, E. R. 00173 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses, 

uranium: Swanson, V. E. 00277 

Ordovician 

Molybdenum: Kuroda, P. K. 00200 

Arsenic 

Cretaceous 

South Dakota: Moxon, A. L. 00239 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 

Sedimentary rocks: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

Oil shale 

Scotland: Cadman, W. H. 00072 

Permian 

Silesia: Haraficzyk, C. 00096 

Thuringia: Rosier, H. J. 00225 

Asia, central 

Tertiary 

Selenium: Chentsov, I. G. 00073 

Atlantic Ocean 

Geochemical distribution 

Minor elements: Landergren, Sture. 00175 

Ocean sediment 

Barium: Turekian, K. K. 00352 

Chromium, copper, lead, nickel, strontium: 

Turekian, K. K. 00350 

Gold, iridium: Baedecker, P. A. 00007 

Minor elements: Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Minor elements: Wakeel, S. K. El. 00342 

Minor elements: Wedepohl, K. H. 00336 

Rare-earth elements: Wildeman, T. R. 00314 

Selenium: Edgington, Glen. 00047 

Australia 

Geochemical abundance 

Osmium, rhenium: Lovering, J. F. 00165 

Precambrian 

Copper, lead, silver, zinc: Stanton, R. L. 

00295 

Geochemical origin of sulfides: Love, L. G. 

00164 

Austria 

Geochemical abundance 

Minor elements: Brandenstein, M. 00038 

Triassic 

Uranium: Hecht, Friedrich. 00103 

Azerbaidzhan 

Cretaceous 

Copper: ltkina, E. S. 00220 

Tertiary 

Copper: Itkina, E. S. 00220 

Manganese, vanadium: Seidov, A. G. 00305 

95 
96 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Azerbaidzhan 

Tertiary 

Radium, thorium, uranium: Zul'fugarly, N. D. 

00319 

Baltic Sea 

Geochemical distribution 

Copper, lead, silver, uranium, zinc: Manheim, 

F.T.OOI61 

Minor elements: Manheim, F. T. 00159 

Uranium: Swanson, V. E. 00289 

Ocean sediment 

Gold: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00139 

Minor elements: Landergren, Sture. 00175 

Barium 

Carboniferous 

Russian SFSR: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00288 

Geochemical abundance 

Mediterranean Sea: Joensuu, Oiva. 00185 

Ocean sediment: Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Sedimentary rocks: Clarke, F. W. 00074 

Geochemical distribution 

Atlantic Ocean: Turekian, K. K. 00352 

Mesozoic 

Japan: Engelhardt, Wolf. 00044 

Paleozoic 

Europe, Japan: Engelhardt, Wolf. 00044 

Russian platform: Katchenkov, S. M. 00188 

Pennsylvanian 

Illinois, Indiana: Murray, H. H. 00402 

Permian 

Idaho: Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

Beryllium 

Carboniferous 

Russian SFSR: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00288 

Devonian 

Tennessee, Texas: Warner, L.A. 00339 

Eocene 

United States: Warner, L.A. 00339 

Geochemical abundance 

Pacific Ocean: Merrill, J. R. 00148 

United States: Warner, L.A. 00339 

Ordovician 

Norway: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00119 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00119 

Biogeochemistry 

Organic solubilization 

Minor elements: Evans, W. D. 00130 

Precambrian 

Michigan: Barghoorn, E. S. 00010 

Minnesota: Cloud, P. E., Jr. 00075 

Source of the elements 

Minor elements: Blumer, Max. 00016 

Syngenetic ore: Love, L. G. 00145 

Syngenetic ore: Temple, K. L. 00286 

Bituminous rocks 

Element abundance 

Boron, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium: 

C ouderc, J. M . 0007 6 

Chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, 

nickel, vanadium: Leutwein, Friedrich. 

00169 

Chromium, vanadium: Falke, Horst. 00126 

Cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, tin, 

vanadium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00193 

Min or elements: Schneiderhohn, H. 00235 

Minor elements: Schroder, A. 00236 

Bituminous rocks 

Element abundance 

Vanadium: Jost, Konrad. 00187 

Source of the elements 

Minor elements: Blumer, Max. 00016 

Black Sea 

Geochemical abundance 

Rare-earth elements: Ostroyumov, E. A. 

00244 

Ocean sediment 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, 

vanadium: Glagoleva, M.A. 00135 

Cobalt, copper, chromium, manganese, nickel, 

strontium, vanadium: Glagoleva, M.A. 

00121 

Uranium: Kochenov, A. V. 00405 

Vanadium: Ostroyumov, E. A. 00246 

Boron 

Carboniferous 

England: Curtis, C. D. 00077 

Europe: Porrenga, D. H. 00260 

Europe, western: Ernst, Werner. 00128 

Germany: Ernst, Werner. 00129 

Great Britain: Spears, D. A. 00300 

Geochemical abundance 

Ocean sediment: Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Ocean sediment: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00112 

Ocean sediment: Harder, Hermann. 00099 

Ocean sediment: Vinogradov, A. P. 00345 

Geochemical distribution 

Ocean sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00177 

Sedimentary rocks: Harder, Hermann. 00100 

Sedimentary rocks: Harder, Hermann. 00101 

Sweden: Landergren, Sture. 00178 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Curtis, C. D. 00077 

Sedimentary rocks: Degens, E. T. 00048 

Sedimentary rocks: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00112 

Sedimentary rocks: Landergren, Sture. 00177 

Sedimentary rocks: Potter, P. E. 00261 

Jurassic 

Germany: Couderc, J. M. 00076 

Mississippian 

Nevada: Moore, D. M. 00149 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00087 

Europe: Harder, Hermann. 00099 

Norway: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00087 

Tertiary 

Germany: Ernst, Werner. 00131 

British Columbia 

Fjord sediment 

Min or elements: Grant, G. M. 00089 

Ocean sediment 

Copper, lead, zinc: White, W. H. 00331 

Triassic 

Copper, manganese, titanium, vanadium: 

Gunning, H. C. 00095 

Vanadium: Jambor, J. L. 00218 

Bromine 

Carboniferous 

Russian SFSR, southern: Itkina, E. S. 00222 
INDEX 

Bromine 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Gulyayeva, L. A. 00106 

Mesozoic 

Europe: Behne, Walter. 00028 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Behne, Walter. 00028 

Russian SFSR, southern: Itkina, E. S. 00223 

Cadmium 

Cretaceous 

United States, western: Tourtelot, H. A. 

00282 

Ocean sediment 

Irish Sea: Mullin, J. B. 00152 

Permian 

Wyoming: Love, J.D. 00144 

California 

Cretaceous 

Selenium: Lakin, H. W. 00179 

Tertiary 

Radioactive elements: Breger,l. A. 00035 

Canada, western 

Cretaceous 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00062 

Selenium: Williams, K. T. 00315 

Carpathian Mountains 

Tertiary 

Uranium: Kita-Badal, M.00214 

Cesium 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Canney, F. C. 00064 

Sedimentary rocks: Horstman, E. L. 00224 

Silurian 

Great Britain: Nicholls, G. D. 00273 

Chlorine 

Devonian 

Russian SFSR, southern: Gulyayeva, L. A. 

00106 

Geochemical abundance 

Germany, Japan: Correns, C. W. 00057 

Mesozoic 

Europe: Behne, Walter. 00028 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Behne, Walter. 00028 

Chromium 

Cambrian 

Siberia, southern: Push kina, Z. V. 00259 

Carboniferous 

Russian SFSR: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00288 

Cretaceous 

Uzbekistan: Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00022 

Uzbekistan: Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00023 

Devonian 

Russian platform: Strakhov, H. M. 00291 

Ge~chemical abundance 

Adriatic Sea: Seibold, Eugen. 00304 

Germany: Schneiderhohn, H. 00235 

Ocean sediment: Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Rumania: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 

Sedimentary rocks: Leutwein, Friedrich. 

00169 

Sweden: Lundegardh, P. H. 00160 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Tikhomirova, E. S. 00284 

Chromium 

Geochemical distribution 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00121 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00135 

97 

Ocean sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00177 

Ocean sediment: Turekian, K. K. 00350 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Potter, P. E. 00261 

Jurassic 

Germany: Schroder, A. 00236 

Saxony: Krejci-Graf, Karl. 00207 

Mesozoic 

Europe: Frohlich, F. 00134 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Frohlich, F. 00134 

Russian platform: Katchenkov, S. M. 00188 

Paleozoic, lower 

Sweden: Lundegiudh, P. H. 00167 

Sweden: Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Pennsylvanian 

Illinois, Indiana: Murray, H. H. 00402 

Permian 

Europe: Deans, T. 00051 

France: Falke, Horst. 00126 

Idaho: Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

Silesia: Haranczyk, C. 00096 

Wyoming: Love, J.D. 00144 

Precambrian 

Finland: Marmo, V1adi. 00146 

Silurian 

Thuringia: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00138 

Tertiary 

Poland: Gtogoczowski, J. J. 00136 

Clay 

Element abundance 

Germanium: Wardani, S. A. El. 00338 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00181 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00190 

Cobalt 

Cambrian 

Siberia, southern: Pushkina, Z. V. 00259 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00324 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00325 

Carboniferous 

Russian SFSR: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00238 

Devonian 

Russian platform: Strakhov, H. M. 00291 

Geochemical abundance 

Adriatic Sea: Seibold, Eugen. 00304 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Rumania: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 

Russian platform: Vinogradov, A. P. 00327 

Sedimentary rocks: Carr, M. H. 00065 

Sweden: Lundegiudh, P. H. 00160 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Tikhomirova, E. S. 00284 

Geochemical distribution 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00121 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00135 

Ocean sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00177 

Russian platform: Ronov, A. B. 00252 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Potter, P. E. 00261 

Jurassic 

England: Le Riche, H. H. 00137 
98 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Cobalt Copper 

Jurassic 

Germany: Schroder, A. 00236 

Saxony: Krejci-Graf, Karl. 00207 

Mississippian 

Nevada: Moore, D. M. 00149 

Paleozoic, lower 

Sweden: Lundegardh, P. H. 00167 

Sweden: Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Permian 

Europe: Deans, T. 00051 

Silesia: Haranczy I, C. 00096 

Precambrian 

Finland: Marmo, Vladi. 00146 

Triassic 

Rumania: Savul, Mircea. 00234 

Colorado 

Cretaceous 

Minor elements: Landis, E. R. 00172 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00063 

Uranium: Landis, E. R. 00172 

Tertiary 

Nickel, vanadium: Erdman, J. G. 00045 

Vanadium: Thorne, H. M. 00287 

Columbia 

Geochemical abundance 

Selenium: Ancizar-Sordo, Jorge. 00003 

Composite sample 

Element abundance 

Alkali metals: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00117 

Antimony, arsenic: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

Antimony, bismuth, cadmium, germanium, 

indium, mercury, thallium: Preuss, E. 00257 

Arsenic, molybdenum: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 

Barium: Engelhardt, Wolf. 00044 

Beryllium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00119 

Boron: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00087 

Boron: Harder, Hermann. 00099 

Chromium: Frohlich, F. 00134 

Copper, zinc: Sugawara, Ken. 00276 

Germanium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00088 

Germanium: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00241 

Lead: W edepohl, K. H. 00328 

Lithium: Strock, L. W. 00292 

Mercury: Stock, Alfred. 00298 

Molybdenum: Kuroda, P. K. 00200 

Rare-earth elements: Minami, E. 00180 

Rare-earth elements: Wildeman, T. R. 00314 

Selenium: Minami, E. 00155 

Tin: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00242 

Zinc: Wedepohl, K. H. 00337 

Paleozoic 

Europe: N oil, W. 00270 

Copper 

Cambrian 

Siberia, southern: Push kina, Z. V. 00259 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00325 

Carboniferous 

Russian SFSR: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00288 

Russian SFSR, southern: Itkina, E. S. 00221 

Cretaceous 

Azerbaidzhan: Itkina, E. S. 00220 

Uzbekistan: Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00022 

Devonian 

New Mexico: Barnes, H. L. 00026 

Russian platform: Strakhov, H. M. 00291 

Devonian 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Katchenkov, S.M. 00189 

Geochemical abundance 

Ocean sediment: Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Russian platform: Vinogradov, A. P. 00327 

Sedimentary rocks: Leutwein, Friedrich. 

00169 

Sedimentary rocks: Sugawara, Ken. 00276 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Tikhomirova, E. S. 00284 

Geochemical distribution 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00121 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00135 

Ocean sediment: Turekian, K. K. 00350 

Ocean sediment: White, W. H. 00331 

Russian platform: Ronov, A. B. 00252 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Potter, P. E. 00261 

Jurassic 

England: Le Riche, H. H. 00137 

Germany: Schroder, A. 00236 

Switzerland: Bitterli, P. 00030 

Mesozoic? 

Mexico: Barnes, H. L. 00026 

Mississippian 

Nevada: Moore, D. M. 00149 

Ocean sediment 

British Columbia: White, W. H. 00331 

Ordovician 

Wisconsin: Barnes, H. L. 00026 

Paleogene 

Rumania: Savul, Mircea. 00233 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Russian platform: Katchenkov, S. M. 00188 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Gulyayeva, L.A. 00094 

Paleozoic, lower 

Sweden: Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Permian 

Europe: Deans, T. 00051 

Europe: Richter-Bernburg, Gerhard. 00251 

Germany: Kautzsch, Eberhard. 00217 

Germany: Schuller, Arno. 00237 

Germany: Steinbrecher, Bodo. 00297 

Germany: White, W. S. 00321 

Idaho: Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

New Mexico: Gott, G. B. 00111 

Silesia: Eisentraut, Otto. 00042 

Silesia: Harailczyk, C. 00096 

Silesia: Harailczyk, C. 00097 

Silesia: Konstantynowicz, E. 00198 

Wyoming: AUsman, P. T. 00020 

Permian and Triassic 

Morocco: Lombard, J. 00168 

Precambrian 

Australia: Stanton, R. L. 00295 

Finland: Marmo, Vladi. 00146 

Michigan: Barghoorn, E. S. 00010 

Michigan: White, W. S. 00320 

Michigan: White, W. S. 00321 

Michigan: White, W. S. 00332 

Michigan: White, W. S. 00333 
Copper 

Tertiary 

Azerbaidzhan : Itkina, E. S. 00220 

Triassic 

British Columbia: Gunning, H. C. 00095 

Czechoslovakia 

Ordovician 

INDEX 

Nickel, titanium, vanadium: Koblic, Josef. 

00198 

Precambrian 

Spectrographic analyses: Flek, Jindrich. 00122 

Silurian 

Vanadium: Eckschlagerova, Marcela. 00046 

Tertiary 

Vanadium: Eckschlagerova, Marcela. 00046 

Denmark 

Geochemical distribution 

Vanadium: BJZ~gvad, Richard. 00018 

Earth's crust 

Element abundance 

All elements: Green, Jack. 00090 

All elements: Green, Jack. 00109 

Barium, lithium, manganese, titanium: 

Clarke, F. W. 00058 

Barium, lithium, manganese, titanium: 

Clarke, F. W. 00074 

Copper, zinc: Sugawara, Ken. 00276 

Germanium: Wardani, S. A. El. 00344 

Minor elements: Turekian, K. K. 00354 

Minor elements: Vinogradov, A. P. 00349 

Nickel: Wells, R. C. 00322 

Egypt 

Cretaceous 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Mustafa, Ahmed. 00272 

Uranium: Higazy, R. A. 00104 

England 

Carboniferous 

Boron: Curtis, C. D. 00077 

Boron: Spears, D. A. 00300 

Manganese, strontium: Greensmith, J. T. 

00091 

Thorium, uranium: Spears, D. A. 00299 

Geochemical abundance 

Gallium, germanium: Burton, J. D. 00070 

Geochemical origin 

Syngenetic ore: Love, L. G. 00145 

Jurassic 

Cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, 

vanadium: Le Riche, H. H. 00137 

Germanium: Hallam, A. 00105 

Minor elements: Dunham, Kingsley. 00041 

Syngenetic ore: Dunham, K. C. 00040 

Paleozoic 

Syngenetic ore: Dunham, K. C. 00040 

Permian 

Cobalt, copper, lead, molybdenum, nickel, 

rubidium, strontium, zirconium, zinc: Hirst, 

D. M. 00085 

Enrichment factors 

Minor elements 

Sedimentary rocks: Krauskopf, K. B. 00210 

Europe 

Carboniferous 

Boron: Ernst, Werner. 00128 

Europe 

Carboniferous 

Boron: Porrenga, D. H. 00260 

Geochemical abundance 

99 

Bromine, chlorine: Behne, Walter. 00028 

Geochemical distribution 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Borchert, Herman. 00031 

Holocene 

Vanadium: Jost, Konrad. 00187 

Jurassic 

Lead: Wedepohl, K. H. 00328 

Vanadium: Jost, Konrad. 00187 

Zinc: Wedepohl, K. H. 00337 

Zirconium: Degenhardt, Heinz. 00082 

Paleozoic 

Alkali metals: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00117 

Antimony: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

Arsenic: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 

Barium: Engelhardt, Wolf. 00044 

Beryllium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00119 

Boron: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00087 

Boron: Harder, Hermann. 00099 

Copper: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Copper, zinc: Sugawara, Ken. 00276 

Germanium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00088 

Germanium: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00241 

Lead: Wedepohl, K. H. 00328 

Lithium: Strock, L. W. 00292 

Mercury: Stock, Alfred. 00298 

Minor elements: Preuss, E. 00257 

Molybdenum: Kuroda, P. K. 00200 

Rare-earth elements: Minami, E. 00180 

Selenium: Minami, E. 00155 

Strontium: Noll, W. 00270 

Tantalum: Ran kama, Kalervo. 00253 

Zinc: Wedepohl, K. H. 00337 

Zirconium: Degenhardt, Heinz. 00082 

Paleozoic. Mesozoic 

Chromium: Frohlich, F. 00134 

Permian 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, 

molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc: 

Deans, T. 00051 

Copper, lead, zinc: Richter-Bernburg, 

Gerhard. 00251 

Geochemical origin: Love, L. G. 00163 

Syngenetic ore: Wedepohl, K. H. 00335 

Vanadium: Jost, Konrad. 00187 

Finland 

Precambrian 

Cobalt, copper, chromium, molybdenum, 

nickel, vanadium, zinc: Marmo, Vladi. 

00146 

Minor elements: Peltola, Esko. 00264 

Minor elements: Sahama, Th. G. 00229 

Fjord sediment 

Element abundance 

British Columbia: Grant, G. M. 00089 

Minor elements: Landergren, Sture. 00175 

Uranium: Str¢m, K. M. 00293 

Uranium: Swanson, V. E. 00289 

Fluorine 

Devonian 

Germany: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00204 
100 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Fluorine 

Geochemical abundance 

Germany, Japan: Correns, C. W. 00057 

Jurassic 

Germany: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00199 

Germany: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00204 

Ordovician 

Germany: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00204 

Permian 

Germany: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00204 

Fore-Caucasus 

Tertiary 

Min or elements: Pryakhina, YU. A. 00257 

Minor elements: Pryakhina, YU. A. 00258 

Uranium: Serikov, YU.I.00306 

France 

Carboniferous 

Manganese, molybdenum, uranium: Strahl, E. 

0. 00290 

Uranium: Bates, T. F. 00027 

Uranium, spectrographic analyses: Grimbert, 

Arnold. 00092 

Uranium, spectrographic analyses: Grimbert, 

Arnold. 00107 

Jurassic 

Minor elements: Maurel, P. 00147 

Permian 

Chromium, vanadium: Falke, Horst. 00126 

Gallium 

Carboniferous 

Russian SFSR: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00288 

Geochemical abundance 

England: Burton, J. D. 00070 

Mongolia: Vorob'ev, G. G. 00341 

Shale: Bell, C. K. 00029 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Borisenko, L. A. 00033 

Sedimentary rocks: Degens, E. T. 00048 

Sedimentary rocks: Potter, P. E. 00261 

M issi.uippian 

Nevada: Moore, D. M. 00149 

Ordovician 

Norway: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00118 

Scandinavia: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Geochemistry 

Abundance data 

Alkali metals: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00117 

Alkali metals: Welby, C. W. 00334 

Alum shale: Landergren, Sture. 00175 

Antimony, arsenic: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

Antimony, bismuth, cadmium, germanium, 

indium, mercury, thallium: Preuss, E. 00257 

Arsenic: Cadman, W. H. 00072 

Arsenic, molybdenum: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 

Arsenic, selenium: Moxon, A. L. 00239 

Barium: Engelhardt, Wolf. 00044 

Barium, chromium, copper, manganese, 

nickel, strontium, vanadium: Katchenkov, 

S. M.OOI88 

Barium, lithium, manganese, titanium: 

Clarke, F. W. 00058 

Barium, lithium, manganese, titanium: 

Clarke, F. W. 00074 

Beryllium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00119 

Beryllium isotopes: Merrill, J. R. 00148 

Bituminous rocks: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00169 

Geochemistry 

Abundance data 

Boron: Ernst, Werner. 00131 

Boron: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00087 

Boron: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00112 

Boron: Harder, Hermann. 00099 

Boron: Landergren, Sture. 00178 

Boron: Vinogradov, A. P. 00345 

Boron, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium: 

Couderc, J. M. 00076 

Bromine, chlorine: Behne, Walter. 00028 

Bromine, iodine: ltkina, E. S. 00222 

Bromine, iodine: Itkina, E. S. 00223 

Cadmium: Mullin, J. B. 00152 

Cadmium: Tourtelot, H. A. 00282 

Chlorine, fluorine: Correns, C. W. 00057 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, 

vanadium: Push kina, Z. V. 00259 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, 

nickel, vanadium: Schroder, A. 00236 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, vanadium: 

Strakhov, H. M. 00291 

Chromium, cobalt, nickel, vanadium: 

Lundegiudh, P. H.OOI67 

Chromium, cobalt, nickel, zinc: Lundegiudh, 

P. H. 00160 

Chromium, gold, molybdenum, nickel, 

vanadium: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00138 

Chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, 

titanium, vanadium: Schneiderhohn, H. 

00235 

Chromium, nickel, vanadium: Amirkhanov, 

Sh. Kh. 00023 

Chromium, vanadium: Falke, Horst. 00126 

Cobalt: Carr, M. H. 00065 

Cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, tin, 

vanadium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 

Cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, 

vanadium: Le Riche, H. H. 00137 

Cobalt, copper, nickel, molybdenum, 

uranium, vanadium: Westergard: A. H. 

00325 

Cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, uranium, 

vanadium: Westergard, A. H. 00324 

Cobalt, nickel: Savul, Mircea. 00234 

Copper: Itkina, E. S. 00220 

Copper: Itkina, E. S. 00221 

Copper: Lombard, J. 00168 

Copper, chromium, nickel, strontium, 

vanadium: Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00022 

Copper, gallium; vanadium: Goldschmidt, 

V. M. 00116 

Copper, lead, manganese, nickel, titanium, 

vanadium: Engels, Bruno. 00403 

Copper, lead, silver, vanadium: Allsman, P. 

T.00020 

Copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium: 

Bitterli, P. 00030 

Copper, zinc; Barnes, H. L. 00026 

Copper, zinc: Sugawara, Ken. 00276 

Earth's crust: Clarke, F. W. 00058 

Earth's crust: Green, Jack. 00090 

Earth's crust: Green, Jack. 00109 

Earth's crust: Turekian, K. K. 00354 

Earth's crust: Vinogradov, A. P. 00349 

Fjord sediment: Grant, G. M. 00089 

Fjord sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00175 

Fluorine: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00204 
Geochemistry 

Abundance data 

Gallium: Bell, C. K. 00029 

Gallium: Borisenko, L.A. 00033 

Gallium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00118 

Gallium: Vorob'ev, G. G. 00341 

INDEX 

Gallium, germanium: Burton, J. D. 00070 

Germanium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00088 

Germanium: Heide, F. 00404 

Germanium: Lositskaya, I. F. 00142 

Germanium: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00241 

Germanium: Wardani, S. A. El. 00338 

Germanium, uranium: Breger, I. A. 00037 

Gold: Crouse, C. S. 00053 

Gold: DeGrazia, A. R. 00049 

Gold: Shcherbakov, YU. G. 00312 

Gold: Varley, Thomas. 00347 

Gold, iridium: Baedecker, P. A. 00007 

Gold, silver: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Gold, silver: Lindgren, Waldemar. 00140 

Graphitic shale: Janda, I. 00219 

Graphitic shale: Marmo, Vladi. 00146 

Halogens: Correns, C. W. 00056 

Indium: Shaw, D. M. 00308 

Iodine: Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau. 

00059 

Iodine: Gulyayeva, L.A. 00093 

Lanthanides, yttrium: Fleischer, Michael. 

00124 

Lead: Chow, T. J. 00066 

Lead, uranium: Cobb, J. C. 00054 

Lithium: Strock, L. W. 00292 

Lithium, rubidium, cesium: Horstman, E. L. 

00224 

Manganese, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, 

vanadium: Blumer, Max. 00017 

Manganese, molybdenum, uranium: Strahl, E. 

0. 00290 

Manganese, strontium: Greensmith, J. T. 

00091 

Manganese, vanadium: Seidov, A. G. 00305 

Mercury: Saukov, A. A. 00231 

Mercury: Stock, Alfred. 00298 

Minor elements: Barnett, P.R. 00011 

Min or elements: Borchert, Herman. 00031 

Minor elements: Brandenstein, M. 00038 

Min or elements: Davidson, D. F. 00079 

Minor elements: Davidson, D. F.00081 

Min or elements: Deans, T. 00051 

Minor elements: Gtogoczowski, J. J. 00136 

Minor elements: Gott, G. B. 00111 

Minor elements: Haranczyk, C. 00096 

Min or elements: Hirst, D. M. 00085 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00181 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00190 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00191 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00193 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00215 

Minor elements: Ketner, K. B. 00196 

Minor elements: Konstantynowicz, E. 00198 

Minor elements: Kontorovich, A. E. 00203 

Min or elements: Krauskopf, K. B. 00210 

Minor elements: Krejci-Graf, Karl. 00207 

Min or elements: Landis, E. R. 00172 

Minor elements: Landis, E. R.OOI73 

101 

Geochemistry 

Abundance data 

Minor elements: Litvin, S. V. 00141 

Minor elements: Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

Minor elements: Love, J.D. 00144 

Minor elements: Manheim, F. T. 00159 

Minor elements: Maurel, P. 00147 

Minor elements: Mohr, P. A. 00156 

Minor elements: Morris, H. T.00\50 

Minor elements: Murata, K. J. 00153 

Minor elements: Nicholls, G. D. 00274 

Minor elements: Noddack, Ida. 00239 

Minor elements: Ostrom, M. E. 00243 

Min or elements: Pelto Ia, Esko. 00264 

Minor elements: Prashnowsky, A. A. 00256 

Min or elements: Pryakhina, YU. A. 00257 

Minor elements: Pryakhina, YU. A. 00258 

Minor elements: Rader, L. F. 00248 

Min or elements: Ran kama, Kalervo. 00255 

Min or elements: Sahama, Th. G. 00229 

Minor elements: Shaw, D. M. 00309 

Minor elements: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00284 

Min or elements: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00285 

Minor elements: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00288 

Min or elements: Tourtelot, H. A. 00283 

Minor elements: Tourtelot, H. A. 00410 

Minor elements: Ugolini, F. C. 00346 

Min or elements: Vester berg, K. Alb. 00409 

Minor elements: Vine, J.D. 00348 

Minor elements: Vinogradov, A. P. 00327 

Minor elements: Weber, J. N. 00340 

Minor elements: White, W. A. 00326 

Min or elements: Zanger!, Rainer. 00318 

Minor elements, precious metals, selenium: 

Tischendorf, Gerhard. 00278 

Minor elements, uranium: Hyden, H. J. 00184 

Minor elements, uranium: Klemic, Harry. 

00205 

Minor elements, uranium: Swanson, V. E. 

00277 

Molybdenum: Korolev, D. F. 00209 

Molybdenum: Kuroda, P. K.00200 

Molybdenum, nickel, rare-earth elements, 

vanadium, zinc: Wells, R. C. 00323 

Molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium: 

Fischer, R. P.OOI27 

Molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium: 

Assarsson, G. 0. 00005 

Molybdenum, vanadium: Gamaleyev, I. E. 

00125 

Nickel: Pettersson, Hans. 00265 

Nickel: Wells, R. C. 00322 

Nickel, selenium, vanadium, zinc: Davidson, 

D. F. 00080 

Nickel, titanium, vanadium: Koblic, Josef. 

00198 

Niobium: Ran kama, Kalervo. 00254 

Niobium, tantalum: Pachadzhanov, D. N. 

00262 

Ocean sediment: Glagoleva, M.A. 00135 

Ocean sediment: Goldberg, E. D. 00114 

Ocean sediment: Katchenkov, S. M. 00192 

Ocean sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00175 

Ocean sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00176 

Ocean sediment: Seibold, Eugen. 00304 
102 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Geochemistry 

Abundance data 

Ocean sediment: Wakeel, S. K. El. 00342 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Oil shale: Cadman, W. H. 00072 

Oil shale: Fahey, J. J. 00132 

Oil shale: Gil-av, E. 00120 

Oil shale: Mustafa, Ahmed. 00272 

Osmium, rhenium: Lovering, J. F. 00165 

Platinum metals: Wright, T. L. 00316 

Radioactive elements: Baranov, V. I. 00025 

Radioactive elements: Breger, I. A. 00035 

Radium, thorium, uranium: Zul'fugarly, N.D. 

00319 

Radium, uranium: Holland, H. D. 00183 

Radium, uranium: Strutt, R. J. 00294 

Radium, uranium, zinc: Landin, John. 00171 

Rare-earth elements: 

Borneman-Starynkevich, I. D. 00034 

Rare-earth elements: Haskin, Larry. 00102 

Rare-earth elements: Minami, E. 00180 

Rare-earth elements: Ostroyumov, E. A. 

00244 

Rare-earth elements: Vinogradov, A. P. 00345 

Rare-earth elements: Wildeman, T. R. 00314 

Rubidium, cesium, thallium: Canney, F. C. 

00064 

Rubidium, strontium: Whitney, P. R. 00313 

Scandium: Borisenko, L. F. 00032 

Selenium: Ancizar-Sordo, Jorge. 00003 

Selenium: Brimhall, W. H. 00069 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00061 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00062 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00063 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00071 

Selenium: Chentsov, I. G. 00073 

Selenium: Edgington, Glen. 00047 

Selenium: Fleming, G. A. 00123 

Selenium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00110 

Selenium: Lakin, H. W. 00179 

Selenium: Lakin, H. W. 0020 I 

Selenium: Lakin, H. W. 00202 

Selenium: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00170 

Selenium: Minami, E. 00155 

Selenium: Moxon, A. L. 00154 

Selenium: Moxon, A. L. 00238 

Selenium: Sindeeva, N. D. 00302 

Selenium: Walsh, T.00343 

Selenium: Williams, K. T. 00315 

Selenium, uranium, vanadium: Gulbrandsen, 

R. A. 00108 

Selenium, vanadium: Beath, 0. A. 00013 

Shungite: Marmo, Vladi. 00408 

Silver: Crouse, C. S. 00053 

Silver: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00115 

Strontium: Noll, W. 00270 

Strontium: Odum, H. T. 00240 

Strontium: Turekian, K. K. 00351 

Sulfide ore: Flek, Jindrich. 00122 

Tantalum: Rankama, Kalervo. 00253 

Thallium: Shaw, D. M. 00307 

Thorium: Joly, John. 00186 

Geochemistry 

Abundance data 

Thorium: Koczy, F. F. 00182 

Thorium: Olson, J. C. 00267 

Thorium, uranium: Baranov. V.I. 00009 

Thorium, uranium: Bloxam, T. W. 00015 

Thorium, uranium: Koczy, F. F. 00211 

Thorium, uranium: Pliler, R. 00266 

Thorium, uranium: Spears, D. A. 00299 

Thorium, uranium, vanadium: Ponsford, D. 

R. A. 00247 

Tin: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00242 

Titanium, vanadium: Pallister, H. D. 00263 

Uranium: Breger, I. A. 00039 

Uranium: Conant, L. C. 00055 

Uranium: Glover, Lynn. 00113 

Uranium: Hecht, Friedrich. 00103 

Uranium: Higazy, R. A. 00104 

Uranium: Mapel, W. J. 00407 

Uranium: Murty, P. S. N. 00271 

Uranium: Ostrom, M. E. 00267 

Uranium: Sheldon, R. P. 00301 

Uranium: Skjeseth, Steinar. 00303 

Uranium: Str0m, K. M. 00293 

Uranium: Wells, R. C. 00330 

Uranium, minor elements: Kepferle, R. C. 

00195 

Uranium, vanadium: Mayzko, J. J. 00157 

Vanadium: Allsman, P. T. 00021 

Vanadium: Assarsson, G. 00006 

Vanadium: B,r6gvad, Richard. 00018 

Vanadium: Eckschlagerova, Marcela. 00046 

Vanadium: Jambor, J. L. 00218 

Vanadium: Jost, Konrad. 00187 

Vanadium: King, W. H. 00213 

Vanadium: McKelvey, V. E. 00158 

Vanadium: Ostroyumov, E. A. 00245 

Vanadium: Rubey, W. W. 00226 

Vanadium: Thorne, H. M. 00287 

Zinc: Lundegardh, P. H. 00162 

Zinc: Wedepohl, K. H. 00337 

Zirconium: Degenhardt, Heinz. 00082 

Geochemical distribution 

Arsenic: Rosier, H. J. 00225 

Baltic Sea: Manheim, F. T. 00161 

Barium: Joensuu, Oiva. 00185 

Barium: Turekian, K. K. 00352 

Beryllium: Warner, L.A. 00339 

Boron: Harder, Hermann. 00100 

Boron: Harder, Hermann. 00101 

Boron: Spears, D. A. 00300 

Cadmium, vanadium, zinc: Tourtelot, H. A. 

00282 

Cesium, lithium, rubidium: Horstman, E. L. 

00224 

Chromium: Frohlich, F. 00134 

Cobalt, copper, nickel: Ronov, A. B. 00252 

Copper, halogens, nickel, vanadium: 

Gulyayeva, L.A. 00094 

Copper, lead, zinc: Kautzsch, Eberhard. 

00217 

Copper, lead, zinc: Konstantynowicz, E. 

00198 
INDEX 

Geochemistry 

Geochemical distribution 

Copper, lead, zinc: Richter-Bern burg, 

Gerhard. 00251 

Copper, lead, zinc: Savul, M ircea. 00233 

Copper, lead, zinc: Schuller, Arno. 00237 

Copper, lead, zinc: Steinbrecher, Bodo. 00297 

Copper, lead, zinc: White, W. H. 00331 

Copper, manganese, nickel, strontium, 

vanadium: Katchenkov, S. M. 00189 

Copper, minor elements, uranium, vanadium: 

Tschanz, C. M. 00281 

Copper, silver: Eisentraut, Otto. 00042 

Fluorine: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00199 

Germanium: Hallam, A. 00105 

Germanium: Lositskaya, I. F. 00142 

Germanium: Wardani, S. A. El. 00344 

Gold: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00139 

GulfofParia: Hirst, D. M. 00098 

Heavy metals: Manheim, F. T. 00159 

Indium: Shaw, D. M. 00308 

Lead: Wedepohl, K. H.00328 

Manganese, vanadium: Seidov, A. G. 00305 

Mercury: Saukov, A. A. 00231 

Min or elements: Adyshev, M. M. 00002 

Min or elements: Bidzhiyev, R. A. 00014 

Min or elements: Cissarz, Arnold. 00068 

Minor elements: Deul, Maurice. 00084 

Min or elements: Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Minor elements: Gulbrandsen, R. A. 00108 

Min or elements: Janda, I. 00219 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00182 

Minor elements: Marmo, Vladi. 00408 

Minor elements: Moore, D. M. 00149 

Min or elements: Ran kama, Kalervo. 00255 

Minor elements: Richter, Gerhard. 00250 

Minor elements: Shaw, D. M. 00309 

Minor elements: Shaw, D. M.00310 

Minor elements: Tourtelot, H. A. 00279 

Min or elements: Tourtelot, H. A. 00415 

Min or elements: Trask, P. D. 00280 

Minor elements: Wedepohl, K. H. 00329 

Minor elements: Wedepohl, K. H. 00336 

Molybdenum: Joensuu, Oiva. 00185 

Molybdenum, vanadium: Razumnaya, E. G. 

00249 

Nickel, vanadium: Erdman, J. G. 00045 

Ocean sediment: Aleksandrov, A. P. 00019 

Ocean sediment: G\agoleva, M.A. 00121 

Ocean sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00177 

Ocean sediment: Seibold, Eugen. 00304 

Ocean sediment: Turekian, K. K. 00350 

Rare-earth elements: Balashov, Yu. A. 00024 

Selenium: Lakin, H. W. 00201 

Selenium: Sargent, J.D. 00230 

Selenium, vanadium: Davidson, D. F. 00052 

Syngenetic ore: Bain, G. W. 00008 

Tantalum: Rankama, Kalervo. 00253 

Thallium: Shaw, D. M. 00307 

Thorium, uranium: Adams, J. A. S. 00001 

Thorium, uranium: Koczy, F. F. 00211 

Thorium, uranium: Koczy, F. F. 00406 

Uranium: Bates, T. F. 00012 

Uranium: Bates, T. F. 00027 

103 

Geochemistry 

Geochemical distribution 

Uranium: Fix, C. E. 00133 

Uranium: Kochenov, A. V. 00405 

Uranium: Larsson, Alf. 00174 

Uranium: Rynninger, Roland. 00228 

Vanadium: Ostroyumov, E. A. 00246 

Vanadium: Savul, Mircea. 00232 

Weathered zone: Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

Geochemical ratios 

Copper:Lead:Zinc: Savul, Mircea. 00233 

Minor elements: Moore, D. M.00149 

Nickel:Cobalt: Savul, Mircea. 00234 

N iobium:titanium, tantalum:niobium: 

Pachadzhanov, D. N. 00262 

Rare-earth elements: Coryell, C. D. 00067 

Rare-earth elements: Tugarinov, A. I. 00353 

Rubidium, strontium: Campbell, F. A. 00060 

Rubidium:cesium, zirconium:rubidium, 

cobalt: nickel: Nicholls, G. D. 00273 

Strontium:calcium: Odum, H. T. 00240 

Strontium calcium: Turekian, K. K. 00351 

Thorium, uranium: Bloxam, T. W. 00015 

Vanadium: Molybdenum: Seibold, Eugen. 

00304 

Vanadium: Nickel: Katchenkov, S.M. 00188 

Geochemical relations 

Carbonaceous rocks: Cloud, P. E., Jr. 00075 

Copper: Haraflczyk, C. 00097 

England: Dunham, Kingsley. 00041 

Japan: Kato, lwao. 00216 

Uranium: Grim bert, Arnold. 00092 

Uranium: Grimbert, Arnold. 00107 

Indicator elements 

Barium, strontium, vanadium: Murray, H. H. 

00402 

Boron: Curtis, C. D. 00077 

Boron: Ernst, Werner. 00128 

Boron: Ernst, Werner. 00129 

Boron: Ernst, Werner. 00131 

Boron: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00112 

Boron: Harder, Hermann. 00101 

Boron: Porrenga, D. H. 00260 

Boron: Spears, D. A. 00300 

Boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, galliun., 

lead, nickel, vanadium, zinc: Potter, P. E. 

00261 

Boron, gallium, rubidium: Degens, E. T. 

00048 

Copper, halogens, nickel, vanadium: 

Gulyayeva, L.A. 00094 

Gallium: Borisenko, L. A. 00033 

Halogens: Gulyayeva, L.A. 00106 

Min or elements: Degens, E. T. 00083 

Minor elements: Degens, Egon. 00050 

Minor elements: Keith, M. L. 00194 

Strontium, calcium: Odum, H. T. 00240 

Thorium, uranium: Adams, J. A. S. 00001 

Source of the elements 

Arsenic, copper: Rosier, H. J. 00225 

Bituminous rocks: Blumer, Max. 00016 

Boron: Harder, Hermann. 00100 

Cadmium: Mullin, J. B. 00152 

Chromium, cobalt, nickel, zinc: Lundegardh, 

P. H. 00160 
104 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Geochemistry 

Source of the elements 

Cobalt, copper, nickel: Ronov, A. B. 00252 

Copper: Kautzsch, Eberhard. 00217 

Copper: White, W. S. 00320 

Copper: White, W. S. 00321 

Copper: White, W. S. 00332 

Copper: White, W. S. 00333 

Copper,lead, silver, zinc: Stanton, R. L. 

00295 

Copper, lead, zinc: White, W. H. 00331 

Copper, uranium: Tschanz, C. M. 00281 

Copper, vanadium: Gunning, H. C. 00095 

Germanium: Wardani, S. A. El. 00338 

Heavy metals: Stanton, R. L. 00296 

Lead: Chow, T. J. 00066 

Lead: Wedepohl, K. H. 00328 

Minor elements: Degens, Egon. 00050 

Minor elements: Evans, W. 0.00130 

Minor elements: Hirst, D. M. 00085 

Minor elements: Keith, M. L. 00194 

Minor elements: Krauskopf, K. B. 00210 

Minor elements: Landergren, Sture. 00176 

Minor elements: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00138 

Molybde:num: Grant, G. M. 00089 

Molybdenum. uranium, vanadium: Schuller, 

Arno. 00311 

Nickel: Pettersson, Hans. 00265 

Ocean sediment: Arrhenius, G. 0. S. 00004 

Ocean sediment: Krauskopf. K. B. 00206 

Selenium: Lakin, H. W. 00179 

Selenium: Tischendorf, Gerhard. 00278 

Strontium, calcium: Odum, H. T. 00240 

Sulfide ore: Dunham, Kingsley. 00041 

Sulfide ore: Wedepohl, K. H. 00335 

Syngenetic ore: Dunham, K. C. 00040 

Syngenetic ore: Ekiert, Franciszek. 00043 

Syngenetic ore: Love, L. G. 00145 

Syngenetic ore: Love, L. G. 00163 

Syngenetic ore: Love, L G. 00164 

Syngenetic ore: Lovering, T. S. 00166 

Thorium uranium: Adams, J. A. S. 00001 

Thorium, uranium: Spears, D. A. 00299 

Uranium: Breger, I. A. 00036 

Uranium: Breger,l. A. 00039 

Uranium: Davidson, C. F. 00078 

Uranium: Grim bert, Arnold. 00092 

Uranium: Grim bert, Arnold. 00107 

Uranium: Kita-Badak, M. 00214 

Uranium: Serikov, YU.I. 00306 

Uranium: Sheldon, R. P. 00301 

Uranium: Stadler, Gerhard. 00275 

Uranium: Swanson, V. E. 00289 

Uranium, vanadium: Muilenburg, G. A. 

00151 

Vanadium: Ostroyumov, E. A. 00245 

Germanium 

Devonian 

Ohio, Tennessee: Breger,!. A. 00037 

Geochemical abundance 

England: Burton, J. D. 00070 

Minnesota, Tennessee, Wisconsin: Wardani, 

S. A. El. 00344 

Pacific Ocean: Wardani, S. A. El. 00338 

Sedimentary rocks: Heide, F. 00404 

Sedimentary rocks: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00241 

Germanium 

Jurassic 

England: Hallam, A. 00105 

Ordovician 

Norway: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00088 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00088 

Russian SFSR, western: Lositskaya, I. F. 

00142 

Germany 

Carboniferous 

Barium, boron, chromium, copper, gallium, 

molybdenum, nickel, strontium, titanium, 

vanadium: Degens, Egon. 00050 

Boron: Ernst, Werner. 00129 

Devonian 

Fluorine: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00204 

Minor elements: Prashnowsky, A. A. 00256 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Engels, Bruno. 00403 

Geochemical abundances 

Chlorine, fluorine: Correns, C. W. 00057 

Chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, 

titanium, vanadium: Schneiderht>hn, H. 

00235 

Halogens: Correns, C. W. 00056 

Geochemical distribution 

Selenium: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00170 

Jurassic 

Boron, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium: 

Couderc, J. M. 00076 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, 

nickel, vanadium: Schrl:ider, A. 00236 

Fluorine: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00199 

Fluorine: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00204 

Liassic 

Tantalum: Rankama, Kalervo. 00253 

Ordovician 

Fluorine: Koritnig, Sigmund. 00204 

Paleozoic 

Precious metals, selenium, spectrographic 

analyses: Tischendorf, Gerhard. 00278 

Permian 

Copper: White, W. S. 00321 

Copper. lead. zinc: Kautzsch, Eberhard. 

00217 

Copper, lead, zinc: SchUller, Arno. 00237 

Copper, lead, zinc: Steinbrecher, Bodo. 00297 

Fluorine: Koritnig. Sigmund. 00204 

Heavy metals: Ekiert, Franciszek. 00043 

Minor elements: Cissarz, Arnold. 00068 

Minor elements: Knitzschke, Gerhard. 00212 

Minor elements: Noddack, Ida. 00239 

Minor elements: Richter, Gerhard. 00250 

Min or elements: Wedepohl, K. H. 00329 

Platinum metals: Wright, T. L. 00316 

Selenium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00110 

Source of the elements: SchUller. Arno. 00311 

Source of the elements: Trask, P. D. 00280 

Spectrographic analyses: Noddack, Ida. 00239 

Uranium: Bates, T. F. 00027 

Tertiary 

Boron: Ernst. Werner. 00131 

Uranium: Stadler. Gerhard. 00275 

Gold 

Cretaceous 

Kansas: Lindgren. Waldemar. 00140 
Gold 

Devonian 

Kentucky: Crouse, C. S. 00053 

Geochemical abundance 

INDEX 

Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean: Baedecker, P. 

A. 00007 

Ocean sediment: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00169 

Sedimentary rock: DeGrazia, A. R. 00049 

Ocean sediment 

Africa: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Baltic Sea, North Sea: Leutwein, Friedrich. 

00139 

Ordovician 

Scandinavia: Goldschmidt, V. M.OOI16 

Paleozoic 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Shcherbakov, Y U. G. 00312 

Pennsylvanian 

Kansas: DeGrazia, A. R. 00049 

Silurian 

Thuringia: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00138 

Thuringia: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00139 

Tertiary 

Utah, Wyoming: Varley, Thomas. 00347 

Graphitic shale 

Element abundance 

Finland: Marmo, Vladi. 00146 

Min or elements: Janda, I. 00219 

Titanium, vanadium: Pallister, H. D. 00263 

Great Britain 

Carboniferous 

Boron, uranium: Spears, D. A. 00300 

Paleozoic 

Thorium, uranium, vanadium: Ponsford, D. 

R. A. 00247 

Silurian 

Cesium, cobalt, nickel, rubidium, zirconium, 

ratios: Nicholls, G. D. 00273 

Gulf of Mexico 

Ocean sediment 

Alkali metals: Welby, C. W. 00334 

Gulf of Paria 

Ocean sediment 

Minor elements: Hirst, D. M. 00098 

Halogens 

Devonian 

Russian SFSR, southern: Gulyayeva, L. A. 

00106 

Geochemical abundances 

Sedimentary rock: Correns, C. W. 00056 

Paleozoic 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Gulyayeva, L.A. 00094 

Heavy metals 

Geochemical origin 

New Britain: Stanton, R. L. 00296 

Ocean sediment: Arrhenius, G. 0. S. 00004 

Solomon Islands: Stanton, R. L. 00296 

Permian 

Germany: Ekiert, Franciszek. 00043 

Idaho 

Devonian(?) and Mississippian 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Davidson, D. F. 00081 

Permian 

Arsenic: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 

Idaho 

Permian 

105 

Barium, chromium, copper, manganese, 

nickel, strontium. vanadium, zinc: 

Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

Molybdenum: Kuroda, P. K. 00200 

Molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium: 

Fischer, R. P. 00127 

Nickel, selenium, vanadium, zinc: Davidson, 

D. F. 00080 

Selenium, vanadium: Davidson, D. F. 00052 

Uranium: Sheldon, R. P. 00301 

Vanadium: McKelvey, V. E. 00158 

Vanadium: Rubey, W. W. 00226 

Illinois 

Paleozoic 

Min or elements: White, W. A. 00326 

Uranium: Ostrom, M. E. 00267 

Pennsylvanian 

Barium, chromium, manganese, nickel, 

strontium, vanadium: Murray, H. H. 00402 

Minor elements: Ostrom, M. E. 00243 

Radioactive elements: Krum be in, W. C. 00208 

India 

Precambrian 

Uranium: Murty, P. S. N. 00271 

Indian Ocean 

Geochemical abundance 

Minor elements: Wakeel, S. K. El. 00342 

Ocean sediment 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00192 

Indiana 

Devonian 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Gott, G. B. 00111 

Pennsylvanian 

Barium, chromium, manganese, nickel, 

strontium, vanadium: Murray, H. H. 00402 

Min or elements: Zanger!, Rainer. 00318 

Rare metals: Vine, J.D. 00348 

Indium 

Geochemical distribution 

Sedimentary rocks: Shaw, D. M. 00308 

Iodine 

Carboniferous 

Russian SFSR, southern: Itkina, E. S. 00222 

Devonian 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Gulyayeva, L.A. 00093 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Chilean Iodine 

Educational Bureau. 00059 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Gulyayeva, L.A. 00106 

Paleozoic 

Russian SFSR, southern: Itkina, E. S. 00223 

Ireland 

Carboniferous 

Selenium: Fleming, G. A. 00123 

Geochemical abundance 

Selenium: Walsh, T. 00343 

Iridium 

Geochemical abundance 

Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean: Baedecker, P. 

A. 00007 
106 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Irish Sea 

Geochemical distribution 

Cadmium: Mullin, J. B. 00152 

Israel 

Cretaceous 

Uranium, semiquantitative spectrographic 

analyses: Gil-av, E., Heller, S. 00120 

Japan 

Geochemical abundances 

Chlorine, fluorine: Correns, C. W. 00057 

Mesozoic 

Antimony: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

Arsenic: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 

Barium: Engelhardt, Wolf. 00044 

Copper, zinc: Sugawara, Ken. 00276 

Germanium: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00241 

Lead: W edepohl, K. H. 00328 

Lithium: Strock, L. W. 00292 

Rare-earth elements: Minami, E. 00180 

Selenium: Minami, E. 00155 

Zinc: Wedepohl, K. H. 00337 

Paleozoic 

Antimony: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

Arsenic: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 

Barium: Englehardt, Wolf. 00044 

Copper, zinc: Sugawara, Ken. 00276 

Germanium: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00241 

Lead: Wedepohl, K. H. 00328 

Lithium: Strock, L. W. 00292 

Rare-earth elements: Minami, E. 00180 

Selenium: Minami, E. 00155 

Zinc: Wedepohl, K. H. 00337 

Tertiary 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Kato, lwao. 00216 

Kabardin ASSR 

Jurassic 

Molybdenum: Korolev, D. F. 00209 

Kansas 

Cretaceous 

Gold, silver: Lindgren, Waldemar. 00140 

Minor elements: Landis, E. R. 00172 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00063 

Uranium: Landis, E. R. 00172 

Devonian, Mississippian 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses, 

uranium: Landis, E. R. 00173 

Pennsylvanian 

Gold: DeGrazia, A. R. 00049 

Qualitative spectrographic analyses: Runnels, 

R. T. 00227 

Rare-earth elements: Haskin, Larry. 00102 

Uranium: Bates, T. F. 00027 

Uranium, semiquantitative spectrographic 

analyses: Hyden, H. J. 00184 

Kazakhstan 

Tertiary 

Rare-earth elements: Tugarinov, A. I. 00353 

Kentucky 

Devonian 

Gold, silver: Crouse, C. S. 00053 

Pennsylvanian 

Rare metals: Vine, J.D. 00348 

Kupferschiefer 

Element abundance 

Boron: Harder, Hermann. 00099 

Kupferschiefer 

Element abundance 

Chromium: Frohlich, F. 00134 

Lithium: Strock, L. W. 00292 

Mercury: Stock, Alfred. 00298 

Min or elements: Deans, T. 00051 

Minor elements: Konstantynowicz, E. 00198 

Minor elements: N oddack, Ida. 00239 

Platinum metals: Wright, T. L. 00316 

Selenium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00110 

Selenium: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00170 

Silesia: Eisentraut, Otto. 00042 

Silesia: Haranczyk, C. 00096 

Tantalum: Rankama, Kalervo. 00253 

Vanadium: Jost, Konrad. 00187 

Geochemical distribution 

Copper, lead, zinc: Richter-Bernburg, 

Gerhard. 00251 

Copper, lead, zinc: SchUller, Arno. 00237 

Copper, lead, zinc: Steinbrecher, Bodo. 00297 

England: Dunham, K. C. 00040 

Minor elements: Cissarz, Arnold. 00068 

Minor elements: Knitzschke, Gerbard. 00212 

Minor elements: Richter, Gerhard. 00250 

Minor elements: Trask, P. D. 00280 

Minor elements: Wedepohl, K. H. 00329 

Silesia: Haranczyk, C. 00097 

Source of the elements 

Copper: White, W. S. 0032 I 

England: Hirst, D. M. 00085 

Europe: Wedepohl, K. H. 00335 

Germany: Ekiert, Franciszek. 00043 

Minor elements: Richter, Gerhard. 00250 

Minor elements: SchUller, Arno. 00311 

Sulfide ore: Kautzsch, Eberhard. 00217 

Sulfide ore: Knight, C. L. 00197 

Sulfide ore: Love, L. G. 00163 

Lanthanides 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Fleischer, Michael. 00124 

Lanthanum 

Geochemical abundance 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Lead 

Cambrian 

Sweden: Cobb, J. C. 00054 

Geochemical abundance 

Ocean sediment: Chow, T. J. 00066 

Ocean sediment: Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Ocean sediment: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Geochemical distribution 

Ocean sediment: Turekian, K. K. 00350 

Ocean sediment: White, W. H. 00331 

Sedimentary rocks: Wedepohl, K. H. 00328 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Potter, P. E. 00261 

Jurassic 

Europe: Wedepohl, K. H. 00328 

Ocean sediment 

British Columbia: White, W. H. 00331 

Paleogene 

Rumania: Savul, Mircea. 00233 

Paleozoic,lower 

Sweden: Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Permian 

Europe: Deans, T. 00051 
INDEX 

Lead 

Permian 

Europe: Richter-Bernburg, Gerhard. 00251 

Germany: Kautzsch, Eberhard. 00217 

Germany: Schuller, Arno. 00237 

Germany: Steinbrecher, Bodo. 00297 

Silesia: Konstantynowicz, E. 00198 

Wyoming: Allsman, P. T. 00020 

Precambrian 

Australia: Stanton, R. L. 00295 

Minnesota: Cloud, P. E., Jr. 00075 

Lithium 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Clarke, F. W. 00074 

Sedimentary rocks: Horstman, E. L. 00224 

Mesozoic 

Japan: Strock, L. W. 00292 

Paleozoic 

Europe, Japan: Strock, L. W. 00292 

Manganese 

Cambrian 

Siberia, southern: Push kina, Z. V. 00259 

Carboniferous 

England: Greensmith, J. T. 00091 

Devonian 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Katchenkov, S.M. 00189 

Geo~hemical abundance 

Germany: Schneiderhohn, H. 00235 

Ocean sediment: Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Sedimentary rocks: Clarke, F. W. 00074 

Sedimentary rocks: Leutwein, Friedrich. 

00169 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Tikhomirova, E. S. 00284 

Geochemical distribution 

Black Sea: G lagoleva, M. A. 00121 

Black Sea: G lagoleva. M. A. 00135 

Ocean sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00177 

Ocean sediment 

Pacific Ocean: Pettersson, Hans. 00265 

Paleozoic 

France, Sweden, United States: Strahl, E. 0. 

00290 

Russian platform: Katchenkov, S. M. 00188 

Paleozoic. lower 

Sweden: Yesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Pennsylvanian 

Illinois, Indiana: Murray, H. H. 00402 

Permian 

Idaho: Lotspeich, F. B.OOI43 

Tertiary 

Azerbaidzhan: Seidov, A. G. 00305 

Triassic 

British Columbia: Gunning, H. C. 00095 

Switzerland: Blumer, Max. 00017 

Mediterranean Sea 

Geochemical abundance 

Min or elements: Wakeel, S. K. El. 00342 

Ocean sediment 

Barium, molybdenum: Joensuu, Oiva. 00185 

Uranium: Kochenov, A. V. 00405 

Mercury 

Geochemical distribution 

Sedimentary rocks: Saukov, A. A. 00231 

Mercury 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Stock, Alfred. 00298 

Mexico 

Mesozoic? 

Copper, zinc: Barnes, H. L. 00026 

Michigan 

Precambrian 

Copper: Barghoorn, E. S. 00010 

Copper: White, W. S. 00320 

Copper: White, W. S. 00321 

Copper: White, W. S. 00332 

Copper: White, W. S. 00333 

Minnesota 

Geochemical abundance 

107 

Germanium: Wardani, S. A. El. 00344 

Ordovician 

Antimony: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

Precambrian 

Lead, uranium, vanadium: Cloud, P. E., Jr. 

00075 

Minor elements 

Cambrian 

Scandinavia: Bain, G. W. 00008 

Tien-Shan: Adyshev, M. M. 00002 

Wales: Mohr, P. A. 00156 

C arbon(ferous 

Appalachian coal basin: Degens, E. T. 00083 

Germany: Degens, Egon. 00050 

Ukrainian SSR: Litvin, S. V. 00141 

Wales: Nicholls, G. D. 00274 

Cenozoic 

Siberia, western: Kontorovich, A. E. 00203 

Clay 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Katchenkov, S.M. 00181 

Cretaceous 

Colorado, Kansas: Landis, E. R. 00172 

Egypt: Mustafa, Ahmed. 00272 

Israel: Gil-av. E., Heller, S. 00120 

Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming: 

Tourtelot, H. A. 00410 

Nebraska, South Dakota: Kepferle, R. C. 

00195 

United States, western: Barnett, P. R. 00011 

United States, western: Rader, L. F. 00248 

United States, western: Tourtelot, H. A. 

00279 

United States, western: Tourtelot, H. A. 

00283 

United States. western: Tourtelot, H. A. 

00415 

Devonian 

Germany: Engels. Bruno. 00403 

Germany: Prashnowsky, A. A. 00256 

Indiana, Texas: Gott, G. B. 00111 

New Hampshire: Shaw, D. M. 00309 

Ohio, Tennessee: Breger, I. A. 00037 

Tennessee, West Virginia: Klemic. Harry. 

00205 

Devonian. Mississippian 

Arkansas: Swanson, V. E. 00277 
108 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Min or elements 

Devonian, Mississippian 

Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma: 

Landis, E. R. 00173 

Fjord sediment 

British Columbia: Grant, G. M. 00089 

Geochemical abundance 

Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean 

Sea, Pacific Ocean: W a keel, S. K. EI. 00342 

Austria: Brandenstein, M. 00038 

Earth's crust: Turekian, K. K. 00354 

Graphitic shale: Janda, I. 00219 

Indian Ocean: Katchenkov, S.M. 00192 

Pacific Ocean: Goldberg, E. D. 00114 

Sea of Azov: Aleksandrov, A. P. 00019 

Sedimentary rocks: Rankama, Kalervo. 00255 

Sedimentary rocks: Vinogradov, A. P. 00349 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Katchenkov, S.M. 00191 

United States: Warner, L.A. 00339 

Geochemical distribution 

Clay, ocean sediment: Katchenkov, S.M. 

00190 

Europe: Borchert, Herman. 00031 

Ocean sediment: Krauskopf, K. B. 00206 

Sedimentary rocks: Deul, Maurice. 00084 

Sedimentary rocks: Krauskopf, K. B. 00210 

Sedimentary rocks: Rankama, Kalervo. 00255 

Sedimentary rocks: Shaw, D. M. 00310 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Katchenkov, S.M. 00182 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Katchenkov, S.M. 00189 

Geochemical indicators 

Appalachian coal basin: Degens, E. T. 00083 

Appalachian coal basin: Keith, M. L. 00194 

Jurassic 

France: Maurel, P. 00147 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, west: 

Tikhomirova, E. S. 00285 

Mesozoic 

Albania: Katchenkov, S.M. 00193 

Siberia, northern: Bidzhiyev, R. A. 00014 

Siberia, western: Katchenkov, S. M. 00215 

Siberia, western: Kontorovich, A. E. 00203 

Mississippian 

Missouri: Gott, G. B. 00111 

Utah: Morris, H. T. 00150 

Ocean sediment 

Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean: Wedepohl, K. 

H.00336 

GulfofParia: Hirst, D. M. 00098 

Pacific Ocean: Murata, K. J. 00153 

Ordovician 

New York: Weber, J. N. 00340 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 

northwest: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00285 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Preuss, E. 00257 

Germany: Tischendorf, Gerhard. 00278 

Illinois: White, W. A. 00326 

Nevada: Ketner, K. B. 00196 

United States: Tourtelot, H. A. 00283 

United States, western: Davidson, D. F. 00079 

United States, western: Davidson, D. F. 00081 

Minor elements 

Pennsylvanian 

Appalachian coal basin: Keith, M. L. 00194 

Illinois: Ostrom, M. E. 00243 

Indiana: Zangerl, Rainer. 00318 

Indiana, Kentucky: Vine, J.D. 00348 

Kansas: Runnels, R. T. 00227 

Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma: Hyden, H. J. 

00184 

Pennsylvanian and Permian 

New Mexico: Tschanz, C. M. 00281 

Permian 

Germany: Cissarz, Arnold. 00068 

Germany: Knitzschke, Gerhard. 00212 

Germany: Noddack, Ida. 00239 

Germany: Richter, Gerhard. 00250 

Germany: Trask, P. D. 00280 

Germany: Wedepohl, K. H. 00329 

Silesia: Haranczyk, C. 00096 

Wyoming: Gulbrandsen, R. A. 00108 

Permian and Triassic 

Alaska: Ugolini, F. C. 00346 

Precambrian 

Czechoslovakia: Flek, Jindrich. 00122 

Finland: Pelto Ia, Esko. 00264 

Finland: Sa ham a, Th. G. 00229 

Shungite: Marmo, Vladi. 00408 

Tertiary 

Albania: Katchenkov, S.M. 00193 

Fore-Caucasus: Pryakhina, YU. A. 00257 

Fore-Caucasus: Pryakhina, YU. A. 00258 

Japan: Kato, Iwao. 00216 

Poland: Gl'ogoczowski, J. J. 00136 

Wyoming: Fahey, J. J. 00132 

Triassic 

Pennsylvania: Klemic, Harry. 00205 

Missouri 

Devonian, Mississippian 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses, 

uranium: Landis, E. R. 00173 

Mississippian 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Gott, G. B. 00111 

Uranium, vanadium: Muilenburg, G. A. 

00151 

Pennsylvanian 

Uranium, semiquantitative spectrographic 

analyses: Hyden, H. J. 00184 

Molybdenum 

Cambrian 

Sweden: Wells, R. C. 00323 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00324 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00325 

Cambrian and Ordovician 

Sweden: Assarsson, G. 0. 00005 

Geochemical abundance 

Adriatic Sea: Seibold, Eugen. 00304 

Alaska, Arkansas, Idaho, Europe, Tasmania: 

Kuroda, P. K. 00200 

Germany: Schneiderhohn, H. 00235 

Mediterranean Sea: Joensuu, Oiva. 00185 

Rumania: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 

Sedimentary rocks: Leutwein, Friedrich. 

00169 

Sedimentary rocks: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 
Molybdenum 

Geochemical distribution 

Sedimentary rocks: Kuroda, P. K. 00200 

Union Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Razumnaya, E. G. 00249 

Jurassic 

England: Le Riche, H. H. 00137 

Germany: Couderc, J. M. 00076 

Germany: Schroder, A. 00236 

Kabardin ASSR: Korolev, D. F. 00209 

Saxony: Krejci-Graf, Karl. 00207 

Switzerland: Bitterli, P. 00030 

Paleozoic 

INDEX 

France, Sweden, United States: Strahl, E. 0. 

00290 

Permian 

Europe: Deans, T. 00051 

Idaho, Wyoming: Fischer, R. P. 00127 

Silesia: Haranczyk, C. 00096 

Wyoming: Love, J.D. 00144 

Precambrian 

Finland: Marmo, Vladi. 00146 

Silurian 

Thuringia: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00138 

Uzbekistan: Gamaleyev, I. E. 00125 

Triassic 

Switzerland: Blumer, Max. 00017 

Mongolia 

Geochemical abundance 

Gallium: Vorob'ev, G. G. 00341 

Montana 

Geochemical abundance 

Uranium: Mapel, W. J. 00407 

Paleozoic 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Davidson, D. F. 00081 

Morocco 

Permian and Triassic 

Copper: Lombard, J. 00168 

Nebraska 

Cretaceous 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses, 

uranium: Kepferle, R. C. 00195 

Nevada 

Mississippian 

Boron, cobalt, copper, gallium, nickel, 

scandium, vanadium: Moore, D. M. 00149 

Paleozoic 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Davidson, D. F. 00079 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Davidson, D. F. 00081 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Ketner, K. B. 00196 

Paleozoic, lower 

Nickel, selenium, vanadium, zinc: Davidson, 

D. F. 00080 

New Britain 

Ocean sediment 

Heavy metals: Stanton, R. L. 00296 

New Hampshire 

Devonian 

Spectrographic analyses: Shaw, D. M. 00309 

New Mexico 

Cretaceous 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00063 

Devonian 

109 

Copper, zinc: Barnes, H. L. 00026 

Uranium: Bates, T. F. 00027 

Pennsylvanian and Permian 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Tschanz, C. M. 00281 

Permian 

Copper, uranium, vanadium: Gott, G. B. 

oopt 

New York 

Devonian 

Arsenic: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 

Rubidium, strontium: Whitney, P. R. 00313 

Ordovici~n 

Minor elements: Weber, J. N. 00340 

Nickel 

Cambrian 

Siberia, southern: Pushkina, Z. V. 00259 

Sweden: Wells, R. C. 00323 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00324 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00325 

Carbomferous 

Russian SFSR: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00288 

Cretaceous 

Uzbekistan: Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00022 

Uzbekistan: Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00023 

Devonian 

Ohio, Tennessee: Breger, I. A. 00037 

Russian platform: Strakhov, H. M. 00291 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Katchenkov, S.M. 00189 

Geochemical abundance 

Adriatic Sea: Seibold, Eugen. 00304 

Germany: Schneiderhohn, H. 00235 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Rumania: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 

Russian platform: Vinogradov, A. P. 00327 

Sedimentary rocks: Leutwein, Friedrich. 

00169 

Sedimentary rocks: Wells, R. C. 00322 

Sweden: Lundegiudh, P. H . .00160 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Tikhomirova, E. S. 00284 

Geochemical distribution 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00121 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00135 

Ocean sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00177 

Ocean sediment: Turekian, K. K. 00350 

Russian platform: Ronov, A. B. 00252 

United States, Venezuela: Erdman, J. G. 

00045 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Potter, P. E. 00261 

Jurassic 

England: Le Riche, H. H. 00137 

Germany: Couderc, J. M. 00076 

Germany: Schroder, A. 00236 

Saxony: Krejci-Graf, Karl. 00207 

Switzerland: Bitterli, P. 00030 

Mississippian 

Nevada: Moore, D. M. 00149 

Ocean sediment 

Pacific Ocean: Pettersson, Hans. 00265 
11 Q BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Nickel 

Ordovician 

Czechoslovakia: Koblic, Josef. 00198 

Paleozoic 

Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming: Davidson, 

D. F.00080 

Russian platform: Katchenkov, S. M. 00188 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Gulyayeva, L.A. 00094 

Paleozoic, lower 

Sweden: Lundegardh, P. H. 00167 

Sweden: Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Pennsylvanian 

Illinois, Indiana: Murray, H. H. 00402 

Permian 

Europe: Deans, T. 00051 

Idaho: Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

Idaho, Wyoming: Fischer, R. P. 00127 

Silesia: Haranczyk, C. 00096 

Wyoming: Love, J.D. 00144 

Precambrian 

Finland: Marmo, Vladi. 00146 

Silurian 

Thuringia: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00138 

Tertiary 

Poland: Gl'ogoczowski, J. J. 00136 

Triassic 

Rumania: Savul, Mircea. 00234 

Switzerland: Blumer, Max. 00017 

Niobium 

Carboniferous 

Russian platform: Pachadzhanov, D. N. 

00262 

Devonian 

Russian platform: Pachadzhanov, D. N. 

00262 

Geochemical distribution 

Sedimentary rocks: Rankama, Kalervo. 00254 

North America 

Geochemical abundance 

Rare-earth elements: Wildeman, T. R. 00314 

North Dakota 

Cretaceous 

Selenium: Lakin, H. W. 00202 

North Sea 

Ocean sediment 

Gold: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00139 

Norway 

Cambrian 

Uranium: Skjeseth, Steinar. 00303 

Uranium: Str0m, K. M. 00293 

Fjord sediment 

Uranium: Strl'!m, K. M. 00293 

Ordovician 

Beryllium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00119 

Gallium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00118 

Germanium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00088 

Paleozoic 

Boron: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00087 

Ocean sediment 

Element abundance 

Adriatic Sea: Seibold, Eugen. 00304 

Alkali metals: Welby, C. W. 00334 

Barium: Turekian, K. K. 00352 

Ocean sediment 

Element abundance 

Barium, boron, chromium, copper, lead, 

manganese, strontium, vanadium: Ericson, 

D. B. 00044 

Berylli4m: Merrill, J. R. 00148 

Boron: Harder, Hermann. 00099 

Boron, chromium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, 

titanium, vanadium: Landergren, Sture. 

00177 

Chromium: Frohlich, F. 00134 

Gallium, germanium: Burton, J. D. 00070 

Gold: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00139 

Gold: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00169 

Gold, iridium: Baedecker, P. A. 00007 

Gulf of Paria: Hirst, D. M. 00098 

Indian Ocean: Katchenkov, S. M. 00192 

Lead: Chow, T. J. 00066 

Lead: Wedepohl, K. H.00328 

Minor elements: Goldberg, E. D. 00114 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00181 

Minor elements: Krauskopf, K. B. 00206 

Minor elements: Landergren, Sture. 00175 

Minor elements: Landergren, Sture. 00176 

Minor elements: Murata, K. J. 00153 

Nickel: Pettersson, Hans. 00265 

Radioactive elements: Baranov, V. I. 00025 

Rare-earth elements: Ostroyumov, E. A. 

00244 

Rare-earth elements: Wildeman, T. R. 00314 

Sea of Azov: Aleksandrov, A. P. 00019 

Selenium: Edgington, Glen. 00047 

Silver: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00115 

Thorium: Koczy, F. F. 00182 

Uranium: Kochenov, A. V. 00405 

Vanadium: Ostroyumov, E. A. 00245 

Vanadium: Ostroyumov, E. A. 00246 

Geochemical distribution 

Barium, beryllium, chromium, copper, 

manganese, nickel, strontium, vanadium, 

zirconium: Katchenkov, S.M. 00190 

Barium, chromium, cobalt, lanthanum, nickel, 

scandium, strontium, titanium, vanadium, 

zirconium: Young, E. J. 00317 

Barium, molybdenum: Joensuu, Oiva. 00185 

Cadmium: Mullin, J. B. 00152 

Copper, lead, silver, uranium, zinc: Manheim, 

F. T. 00161 

Copper, lead, zinc: White, W. H. 00331 

Germanium: Wardani, S. A. El. 00338 

Minor elements: Manheim, F. T. 00159 

Minor elements: Turekian, K. K. 00350 

Minor elements: Wakeel, S. K. El. 00342 

Minor elements: Wedepohl, K. H. 00336 

Source of the elements 

Heavy metals: Stanton, R. L. 00296 

Heavy metals, rare-earth elements: Arrhenius, 

G. 0. S. 00004 

Ohio 

Devonian 

Radioactive elements: Breger, I. A. 00035 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Breger, I. A. 00037 

Uranium: Bates, T. F. 00027 
Oil shale 

Cretaceous 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Mustafa, Ahmed. 00272 

Devonian 

Gold, silver: Crouse, C. S. 00053 

Element abundance 

INDEX 

Antimony, arsenic: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

Arsenic, uranium, vanadium: Cadman, W. H. 

00072 

Beryllium: Warner, L.A. 00339 

Egypt: Mustafa, Ahmed. 00272 

Gold: Varley, Thomas. 00347 

Israel: Gil-av, E.; Heller, S. 00120 

Minor elements: Fahey, J. J. 00132 

Minor elements: Krejci-Graf, Karl. 00207 

Minor elements: Warner, L.A. 00339 

Nickel, vanadium: Erdman, J. G. 00045 

Uranium: Hecht, Friedrich. 00103 

Uranium: Kita-Badak, M. 00214 

Vanadium: Thorne, H. M. 00287 

Tertiary 

Gold: Varley, Thomas. 00347 

Okhotsk Sea 

Geochemical abundance 

Vanadium: Ostroyum:ov, E. A. 00245 

Oklahoma 

Devonian, Mississippian 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses, 

uranium: Landis, E. R. 00173 

Pennsylvanian 

Uranium, semiquantitative spectrographic 

analyses: Hyden, H. J. 00184 

Organic and mineral fractions 

Element abundance 

Molybdenum, vanadium: Razumnaya, E. G. 

00249 

Element distribution 

Minor elements: Deul, Maurice. 00084 

Uranium: Rynninger, Roland. 00228 

Osmium 

Geochemical abundance 

Australia: Lovering, J. F. 00165 

Pacific Ocean 

Geochemical abundance 

Minor elements: Wakeel, S. K. El. 00342 

Geochemical distribution 

Minor elements: Landergren, Sture. 00176 

Ocean sediment 

Beryllium: Merrill, J. R. 00148 

Germanium: Wardani, S. A. El. 00338 

Gold, iridium: Baedecker, P. A. 00007 

Manganese, nickel: Pettersson, Hans. 00265 

Minor elements: Goldberg, E. D. 00114 

Minor elements: Murata, K. J. 00153 

Minor elements: Wedepoh1, K. H. 00336 

Radioactive elements: Baranov, V. I. 00025 

Rare-earth elements: Wildeman, T. R. 00314 

Pennsylvania 

Devonian 

Rubidium, strontium: Whitney, P. R. 00313 

Paleozoic 

Uranium: Bates, T. F. 00027 

Pennsylvanifi 

Triassic 

111 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses, 

uranium: Klemic, Harry. 00205 

Platinum metals 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Wright, T. L. 00316 

Permian 

Germany: Wright, T. L. 00316 

Poland 

Tertiary 

Chromium, nickel, vanadium: Glogoczowski, 

J. J. 00136 

Minor elements: Gfogoczowski, J. J. 00136 

Precious metals 

Paleozoic 

Germany: Tischendorf, Gerhard. 00278 

Radioactive elements 

Cretaceous 

United States: Breger, I. A. 00035 

Devonian 

Ohio: Breger, I. A. 00035 

Geochemical abundance 

Pacific Ocean: Baranov, V. I. 00025 

United States: Breger, I. A. 00035 

Pennsylvanian 

Illinois: Krumbein, W. C. 00208 

Tertiary 

California: Breger, I. A. 00035 

Radium 

Cambrian 

Sweden: Landin, John. 00171 

Sweden: Strutt, R. J. 00294 

Geochemical abundance 

Ocean sediment: Holland, H. D. 00183 

Tertiary 

Azerbaidzhan: Zul'fugarly, N.D. 00319 

Rare-earth elements 

Cambrian 

Sweden: Wells, R. C. 00323 

Geochemical abundance 

Black Sea: Ostroyumov, E. A. 00244 

North America: Wildeman, T. R. 00314 

Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean: Wildeman, T. 

R. 00314 

Sedimentary rocks: Coryell, C. D. 00067 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Vinogradov, A. P. 00345 

Geochemical distribution 

Ocean sediment: Arrhenius, G. 0. S. 00004 

Jurassic 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Borneman-Starynkevich. I. D. 00034 

Mesozoic 

Japan: Minami, E. 00180 

Paleozoic 

Europe, Japan: Minami, E. 00180 

Russian platform: Balashov, Yu. A. 00024 

Pennsylvanian 

Kansas: Haskin, Larry. 00102 

Tertiary 

Kazakhstan: Tugarinov, A. I. 00353 
112 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Rhenium 

Geochemical abundance 

Australia: Lovering, J. F. 00165 

Rubidium 

Cretaceous 

Alberta: Campbell, F. A. 00060 

Devonian 

Alberta: Campbell, F. A. 00060 

Pennsylvania, New York: Whitney, P.R. 

00313 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Canney, F. C. 00064 

Sedimentary rocks: Horstman, E. L. 00224 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Degens, E. T. 00048 

Silurian 

Great Britain: Nicholls, G. D. 00273 

Rumania 

Cretaceous 

Vanadium: Savul, Mircea. 00232 

Geochemical distribution 

Cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, tin, 

vanadium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 

Paleogene 

Copper, lead, zinc: Savul, Mircea. 00233 

Triassic 

Cobalt, nickel: Savul, Mircea. 00234 

Russian platform 

Carboniferous 

Barium, chromium, copper, manganese, 

nickel, strontium, vanadium: Katchenkov, 

S.M. 00191 

Niobium, tantalum: Pachadzhanov, D. N. 

00262 

Devonian 

Barium, chromium, copper, manganese, 

nickel, strontium, vanadium: Katchenkov, 

S.M. 00191 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, vanadium: 

Strakhov, H. M. 00291 

Niobium, tantalum: Pachadzhanov, D. N. 

00262 

Geochemical abundance 

Cobalt, copper, nickel, thorium, uranium: 

V inogradov, A. P. 00327 

Thorium, uranium: Baranov, V.I. 00009 

Geochemical distribution 

Cobalt, copper, nickel: Ronov, A. B. 00252 

Paleozoic 

Barium, chromium, copper, manganese, 

nickel, strontium, vanadium: Katchenkov, 

S.M. 00188 

Rare-earth elements: Balashov, Yu. A. 00024 

Russian SFSR 

Carboniferous 

Barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, 

gallium, nickel, titanium, vanadium: 

Tikhomirova, E. S. 00288 

Russian SFSR, southern 

Carboniferous 

Bromine, iodine: ltkina, E. S. 00222 

Copper: ltkina, E. S. 00221 

Devonian 

Halogens: Gulyayeva, L.A. 00106 

Russian SFSR, southern 

Paleozoic 

Bromine, iodine: Itkina, E. S. 00223 

Russian SFSR, western 

Paleozoic 

Germanium: Lositskaya, I. F. 00142 

Saxony 

Jurassic 

Chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, 

vanadium: Krejci-Graf, Karl. 00207 

Scandinavia 

Cambrian 

Minor elements: Bain, G. W. 00008 

Silver: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Ordovician 

Gold, silver, gallium, vanadium: 

Goldschmidt, V. M.OOII6 

Silurian and Ordovician 

Thorium: Joly, John. 00186 

Scandium 

Geochemical abundance 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Sedimentary rocks: Borisenko, L. F. 00032 

Mississippian 

Nevada: Moore, D. M. 00149 

Scotland 

Oil shale 

Arsenic: Cadman, W. H. 00072 

Sea of Azov 

Ocean sediment 

Spectrographic analyses: Aleksandrov, A. P. 

00019 

Selenium 

Abundance data 

Sulfide ore: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00110 

Carboniferous 

Ireland: Fleming, G. A. 00123 

Utah: Beath, 0. A. 00013 

Utah: Brimhall, W. H.00069 

Utah: Lakin, H. W. 00202 

Cretaceous 

California: Lakin, H. W. 00179 

Canada: Williams, K. T. 00315 

Canada, western: Byers, H. G. 00062 

Colorado, Kansas, Montana, South Dakota: 

Byers, H. G. 00071 

North Dakota: Lakin, H. W. 00202 

South Dakota: Byers, H. G. 00061 

South Dakota: Moxon, A. L. 00154 

South Dakota: Moxon, A. L. 00238 

United States, western: Byers, H. G. 00063 

Wyoming: Beath, 0. A. 00013 

Geochemical abundance 

Atlantic Ocean: Edgington, Glen. 00047 

Columbia: Ancizar-Sordo, Jorge. 00003 

Ireland: Walsh, T. 00343 

United States, western: Byers, H. G. 00061 

United States, western: Lakin, H. W. 00201 

Geochemical distribution 

Germany: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00170 

United States: Sargent, J. D. 00230 

Mesozoic 

Japan: Minami, E. 00155 

Paleozoic 

Europe, Japan: Minami, E. 00155 
Selenium 

Paleozoic 

Germany: Tischendorf, Gerhard. 00278 

INDEX 

Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming: Davidson, 

D. F. 00080 

Permian 

Germany: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00110 

Idaho, Wyoming: Davidson, D. F. 00052 

Idaho, Wyoming: Fischer, R. P. 00127 

Wyoming: Beath, 0. A. 00013 

Wyoming: Gulbrandsen, R. A. 00108 

Wyoming: Love, J.D. 00144 

Silurian 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 

northwest: Sindeeva, N. D. 00302 

Tertiary 

Asia, central: Chentsov, I. G. 00073 

Shungite 

Element abundance 

Minor elements: Marmo, Vladi. 00408 

Siberia, northern 

Mesozoic 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Bidzhiyev, R. A. 00014 

Siberia, southern 

Cambrian 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, 

vanadium: Pushkina, Z. V. 00259 

Siberia, western 

Cenozoic 

Minor elements: Kontorovich, A. E. 00203 

Mesozoic 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00215 

Minor elements: Kontorovich, A. E. 00203 

Silesia 

Permian 

Copper: Haranczyk, C. 00097 

Copper, lead, zinc: Konstantynowicz, E. 

00198 

Copper, silver: Eisentraut, Otto. 00042 

Minor elements: Haranczyk, C. 00096 

Silver 

Cretaceous 

Kansas: Lindgren, Waldemar. 00140 

Devonian 

Kentucky: Crouse, C. S. 00053 

Geochemical abundance 

Ocean sediment: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00115 

Ocean sediment 

Africa: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Paleozoic, lower 

Scandinavia: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Permian 

Silesia: Eisentraut, Otto. 00042 

Wyoming: Allsman, P. T. 00020 

Precambrian 

Australia: Stanton, R. L. 00295 

Silurian 

Thuringia: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00139 

Solomon Islands 

Ocean sediment 

Heavy metals: Stanton, R. L. 00296 

South Dakota 

Cretaceous 

Arsenic, selenium: Moxon, A. L. 00239 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00061 

113 

South Dakota 

Cretaceous 

Selenium: Moxon, A. L. 00154 

Selenium: Moxon, A. L. 00238 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses, 

uranium: Kepferle, R. C. 00195 

Pennsylvanian and Permian 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Davidson, D. F. 00079 

Statistical sampling 

Geochemical distribution 

Radioactive elements: Krumbein, W. C. 00208 

Strontium 

Carboniferous 

England: Greensmith, 1. T. 00091 

Cretaceous 

Alberta: Campbell, F. A. 00060 

Uzbekistan: Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00022 

Devonian 

Alberta: Campbell, F. A. 00060 

Pennsylvania, New York: Whitney, P.R. 

00313 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Katchenkov, S.M. 00189 

Geochemical abundance 

Europe: Noll, W. 00270 

Ocean sediment: Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Sedimentary rocks: Odum, H. T. 00240 

Sedimentary rocks: Turekian, K. K. 00351 

Geochemical distribution 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00121 

Ocean sediment: Turekian, K. K. 00350 

Paleozoic 

Russian platform: Katchenkov, S. M. 00188 

Pennsylvanian 

Illinois, Indiana: Murray, H. H. 00402 

Permian 

Idaho: Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

Sulfide ore 

Element abundance 

Arsenic: Rosier, H. J. 00225 

Geochemical distribution 

Copper, uranium, vanadium: Tschanz, C. M. 

00281 

Copper, vanadium: Barghoorn, E. S. 00010 

Germany: Knitzschke, Gerhard. 00212 

Selenium: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00110 

Jurassic 

England: Dunham, Kingsley. 00041 

Source of the elements 

Arsenic, copper: Rosier, H. J. 00225 

Australia: Stanton, R. L. 00295 

Copper: Kautzsch, Eberhard. 00217 

Copper: Temple, K. L. 00286 

Copper: White, W. S. 00320 

Copper: White, W. S. 00321 

Copper: White, W. S. 00332 

Copper: White, W. S. 00333 

Copper, zinc: Barnes, H. L. 00026 

England: Dunham, Kingsley. 00041 

Morocco: Lombard, J. 00168 
114 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

Sweden 

Cambrian 

Cobalt, copper, nickel, molybdenum, 

uranium, vanadium: Westergard, A. H. 

00325 

Cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, uranium, 

vanadium: Westergard, A. H. 00324 

Lead, uranium: Cobb, J. C. 00054 

Manganese, molybdenum, uranium: Strahl, E. 

0. 00290 

Molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, rare-earth 

elements, zinc: Wells, R. C. 00323 

Radium, uranium: Strutt, R. J. 00294 

Radium, uranium, zinc: Landin, John. 00171 

Uranium: Bates, T. F. 00027 

Uranium: Davidson, C. F. 00078 

Uranium: Larsson, Alf. 00174 

Uranium: Rynninger, Roland. 00228 

Uranium: Wells, R. C. 00330 

Vanadium: Assarsson, G. 00006 

Zinc: Lundegardh, P. H. 00162 

Cambrian and Ordovician 

Molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium: 

Assarsson, G. 0. 00005 

Geochemical distribution 

Boron: Landergren, Sture. 00178 

Oil shale 

Uranium, vanadium: Cadman, W. H. 00072 

Ordovician 

Zinc: Lundegardh, P. H. 00162 

Paleozoic 

Chromium, cobalt, nickel, zinc: Lundegardh, 

P. H. 00160 

Paleozoic, lower 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, 

nickel, titanium, vanadium, zinc, zirconium: 

Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Chromium, cobalt, nickel, vanadium: 

Lundegardh, P. H. 00167 

Thorium, uranium: Koczy, F. F. 00406 

Precambrian 

Chromium, cobalt, nickel, zinc: Lundegardh, 

P. H. 00160 

Zinc: Lundegardh, P. H. 00162 

Switzerland 

Jurassic 

Copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium: 

Bitterli, P. 00030 

Triassic 

Manganese, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, 

vanadium: Blumer, Max. 00017 

Syngenetic ore 

Permian 

Europe: Wedepohl, K. H. 00335 

Germany: Wedepohl, K. H. 00329 

Precambrian 

Australia: Love, L. G. 00164 

Source of the elements 

England: Dunham, K. C. 00040 

England: Love, L. G. 00145 

Heavy metals: Ekiert, Franciszek. 00043 

Minor elements: Bain, G. W. 00008 

Ocean sediment: Stanton, R. L. 00296 

Sedimentary rocks: Knight, C. L. 00197 

Sulfide ore: Lovering, T. S. 00166 

Syngenetic ore 

Source of the elements 

Sulfide ore: Temple, :K. L.,00286 

Tantalum 

Carboniferous 

Russian platform: Pachadzhanov, D. N. 

00262 

Devonian 

Russian platform: Pachadzhanov, D. N. 

00262 

Jurassic 

Germany: Rankama, Kalervo. 00253 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Rankama, Kalervo. 00253 

Tasmania 

Permian 

Antimony: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00269 

Arsenic: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00268 

Molybdenum: Kuroda, P. K. 00200 

Tatar ASSR 

Carboniferous 

Barium, beryllium, chromium, copper, 

manganese, nickel, strontium, vanadium, 

zirconium: Katchenkov, S.M. 00190 

Tennessee 

Devonian 

Beryllium, minor elements: Warner, L. A. 

00339 

Germanium: Wardani, S. A. El. 00344 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Breger, I. A. 00037 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Klemic, Harry. 00205 

Uranium: Bates, T. F. 00027 

Uranium: Breger, I. A. 00036 

Uranium: Breger, I. A. 00039 

Uranium: Conant, L. C. 00055 

Texas 

Devonian 

Beryllium: Warner, L.A. 00339 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Gott, G. B. 00111 

Thallium 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Canney, F. C. 00064 

Geochemical distribution 

Sedimentary rocks: Shaw, D. M. 00307 

Thorium 

Cambrian 

Great Britain: Ponsford, D. R. A. 00247 

Carbomferous 

England: Spears, D. A. 00299 

Wales: Bloxam, T. W. 00015 

Cretaceous 

United States, southwestern: Pliler, R. 00266 

Devonian 

United States, southeastern: Olson, J. C. 

00267 

Geochemical abundance 

Ocean sediment: Koczy, F. F. 00182 

Russian platform: Baranov, V.I. 00009 

Russian platform: Vinogradov, A. P. 00327 

Sedimentary rocks: Joly, John. 00186 

United States: Adams, J. A. S. 00001 
Thorium 

Geochemical distribution 

Ocean sediment: Koczy, F. F. 00211 

Paleozoic, lower 

Sweden: Koczy, F. F.00406 

Silurian and Ordovician 

Scandinavia: Joly, John. 00186 

Tertiary 

Azerbaidzhan: Zul'fugarly, N. D.00319 

Thuringia 

Permian 

Arsenic: Rosier, H. J. 00225 

Silurian 

Chromium, gold, molybdenum, nickel, 

vanadium: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00138 

Gold, silver: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00139 

Tien-Shan 

Cambrian 

INDEX 

Qualitative spectrographic analyses: Adyshev, 

M. M.00002 

Tin 

Geochemical abundance 

Rumania: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 

Sedimentary rocks: Onishi, Hiroshi. 00242 

Titanium 

Carboniferous 

Russian SFSR: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00288 

Geochemical abundance 

Germany: Schneiderhohn, H. 00235 

Ocean sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00177 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Sedimentary rocks: Clarke, F. W. 00074 

Ordovician 

Czechoslovakia: Koblic, Josef. 00198 

Paleozoic, lower 

Sweden: Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Permian 

Wyoming: Love, J.D. 00144 

Precambrian 

Alabama: Pallister, H. D. 00263 

Triassic 

British Columbia: Gunning, H. C. 00095 

Switzerland: Blumer, Max. 00017 

Tungsten 

Cambrian and Ordovician 

Sweden: Assarsson, G. 0. 00005 

Ukrainian SSR 

Carboniferous 

Minor elements: Litvin, S. V. 00141 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 

Clay 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00181 

Devonian 

Copper, manganese, nickel, strontium, 

vanadium: Katchenkov, S.M. 00189 

Iodine: Gulyayeva, L.A. 00093 

Geochemical abundance 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00191 

Rare-earth elements: Vinogradov, A. P. 00345 

Geochemical distribution 

Distribution patterns: Katchenkov, S.M. 

00182 

Minor elements: Katchenkov, S. M. 00189 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 

Geochemical distribution 

115 

Molybdenum, vanadium: Razumnaya, E. G. 

00249 

Jurassic 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, 

vanadium: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00284 

Copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, 

silver, titanium: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00285 

Rare-earth elements: 

Borneman-Starynkevich, I. D. 00034 

Ordovician 

Arsenic, copper, lead, manganese, 

molybdenum, nickel, silver, titanium: 

Tikhomirova, E. S. 00285 

Chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, 

vanadium: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00284 

Paleozoic 

Gold: Shcherbakov, YU. G. 00312 

Halogens, copper, nickel, vandium: 

Gulyayeva, L.A. 00094 

Silurian 

Selenium: Sindeeva, N. D. 00302 

United States 

Cretaceous 

Radioactive elements: Breger, I. A. 00035 

Devonian 

Manganese, molybdenum, uranium: Strahl, E. 

0. 00290 

Eocene 

Beryllium, minor elements: Warner, L. A. 

00339 

Geochemical distribution 

Selenium: Sargent, J.D. 00230 

Thorium, uranium: Adams, J. A. S. 00001 

Uranium: Fix, C. E. 00133 

Paleozoic 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Tourtelot, H. A. 00283 

United States, eastern 

Devonian 

Uranium: Bates, T. F.00012 

United States, southeastern 

Devonian 

Thorium: Olson, J. C. 00267 

Uranium: Glover, Lynn. 00113 

United States, southwestern 

Cretaceous 

Thorium, uranium: Pliler, R. 00266 

United States, western 

Cretaceous 

Cadmium, vanadium, zinc: Tourtelot, H. A. 

00282 

Minor elements: Rader, L. F. 00248 

Minor elements: Tourtelot, H. A. 00279 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00063 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00071 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Tourtelot, H. A. 00283 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Tourtelot, H. A. 00410 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Tourtelot, H. A. 00415 
116 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

United States, western 

Cretaceous 

Spectrographic analyses: Barnett, P. R. 00011 

Geochemical abundance 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00061 

Selenium: Lakin, H. W. 0020 I 

Paleozoic 

Selenium, vanadium: Beath, 0. A. 00013 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Davidson, D. F. 00079 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Davidson, D. F. 00081 

Uranium 

Cambrian 

Norway: Skjeseth, Steinar. 00303 

Norway: Strfl$m, K. M. 00293 

Sweden: Cobb, J. C. 00054 

Sweden: Davidson, C. F. 00078 

Sweden: Landin,John.00171 

Sweden: Larsson, Alf. 00174 

Sweden: Rynninger, Roland. 00228 

Sweden: Strutt, R. J. 00294 

Sweden: Wells, R. C. 00330 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00324 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00325 

Carboniferous 

England: Spears, D. A. 00299 

France: Grim bert, Arnold. 00092 

France: Grimbert, Arnold. 00107 

Wales: Bloxam, T. W. 00015 

Cretaceous 

Colorado, Kansas: Landis, E. R. 00172 

Egypt: Higazy, R. A. 00104 

Israel: Gil-av, E.; Heller, S. 00120 

Nebraska, South Dakota: Kepferle, R. C. 

00195 

United States, southwestern: Pliler, R. 00266 

Devonian 

Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee: Glover, Lynn. 

00113 

Ohio, Tennessee: Breger, I. A. 00037 

Tennessee: Breger, I. A. 00036 

Tennessee: Breger, I. A. 00039 

Tennessee: Conant, L. C. 00055 

United States, eastern: Bates, T. F. 00012 

West Virginia: Klemic, Harry. 00205 

Devonian, Mississippian 

Arkansas: Swanson, V. E. 00277 

Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma: 

Landis, E. R. 00173 

Fjord sediment 

Norway: Str!llm, K. M. 00293 

Geochemical abundance 

Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea: Kochenov, A. 

V.00405 

Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, 

Utah: Mapel, W. J. 00407 

Ocean sediment: Holland, H. D. 00183 

Russian platform: Baranov, V.I. 00009 

Russian platform: Vinogradov, A. P. 00327 

United States: Adams, J. A. S. 00001 

Geochemical distribution 

Ocean sediment: Koczy, F. F. 00211 

Uranium 

Geochemical distribution 

Sedimentary rocks: Swanson, V. E. 00289 

United States: Fix, C. E. 00133 

Mississippian 

Alaska: Mayzko, J. J. 00157 

Missouri: Muilenburg, G. A. 00151 

Oil shale 

Sweden: Cadman, W. H. 00072 

Paleozoic 

France, Germany, Sweden, Kansas, New 

Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee: 

Bates, T. F. 00027 

France, Sweden, United States: Strahl, E. 0. 

00290 

Great Britain: Ponsford, D. R. A. 00247 

Illinois: Ostrom, M. E. 00267 

Paleozoic, lower 

Sweden: Koczy, F. F. 00406 

Pennsylvanian 

Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma: Hyden, H. J. 

00184 

Permian 

Idaho, Wyoming: Sheldon, R. P. 00301 

New Mexico: Gott, G. B. 00111 

Wyoming: Gulbrandsen, R. A. 00108 

Precambrian 

India: Murty, P. S. N. 00271 

Minnesota: Cloud, P. E., Jr. 00075 

Tertiary 

Azerbaidzhan: Zul'fugarly, N.D. 00319 

Carpathian Mountains: Kita-Badak, M. 

00214 

Fore-Caucasus: Serikov, YU. I. 00306 

Germany: Stadler, Gerhard. 00275 

Triassic 

Austria: Hecht, Friedrich. 00103 

Pennsylvania: Klemic, Harry. 00205 

Utah 

Carboniferous 

Selenium: Beath, 0. A. 00013 

Selenium: Brimhall, W. H. 00069 

Selenium: Lakin, H. W. 00202 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Davidson, D. F. 00081 

Vanadium: King, W. H. 00213 

Cretaceous 

Selenium: Byers, H. G. 00063 

Geochemical abundance 

Uranium: Mapel, W. J. 00407 

Mississippian 

Molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium: 

Fischer, R. P. 00127 

Nickel, selenium, vanadium, zinc: Davidson, 

D. F. 00080 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Davidson, D. F. 00079 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Morris, H. T. 00150 

Tertiary 

Gold: Varley, Thomas. 00347 

Uzbekistan 

Cretaceous 

Chromium, nickel, vanadium: Amirkhanov, 

Sh. Kh. 00023 
Uzbekistan 

Cretaceous 

Copper, chromium, nickel, strontium, 

vanadium: Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00022 

Silurian 

INDEX 

Molybdenum, vanadium: Gamaleyev, I. E. 

00125 

Vanadium 

Cambrian 

Siberia, southern: Pushkina, Z. V. 00259 

Sweden: Assarsson, G. 00006 

Sweden: Wells, R. C. 00323 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00324 

Sweden: Westergard, A. H. 00325 

Cambrian and Ordovician 

Sweden: Assarsson, G. 0. 00005 

Carboniferous 

Russian SFSR: Tikhomirova, E. S. 00288 

Utah: King, W. H. 00213 

Cretaceous 

Rumania: Savul, Mircea. 00232 

United States, western: Tourtelot, H. A. 

00282 

Uzbekistan: Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00022 

Uzbekistan: Amirkhanov, Sh. Kh. 00023 

Devonian 

Ohio, Tennessee: Breger, I. A. 00037 

Russian platform: Strakhov, H. M. 00291 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Katchenkov, S.M. 00189 

Geochemical abundance 

Adriatic Sea: Seibold, Eugen. 00304 

Black Sea: Ostroyumov, E. A. 00246 

Europe: Jost, Konrad. 00187 

Germany: Schneiderhohn, H. 00235 

Ocean sediment: Ericson, D. B. 00044 

Ocean sediment: Landergren, Sture. 00177 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Okhotsk Sea: Ostroyumov, E. A. 00245 

Rumania,: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00086 

Sedimentary rocks: Jost, Konrad. 00187 

Sedimentary rocks: Leutwein, Friedrich. 

00169 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Tikhomirova, E. S. 00284 

Geochemical distribution 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00121 

Black Sea: Glagoleva, M.A. 00135 

Denmark: B!l)gvad, Richard. 00018 

Union Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Razumnaya, E. G. 00249 

United States, Venezuela: Erdman, J. G. 

00045 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Potter, P. E. 00261 

Jurassic 

England: Le Riche, H. H. 00137 

Germany: Couderc, J. M. 00076 

Germany: Schroder, A. 00236 

Saxony: Krejci-Graf, Karl. 00207 

Switzerland: Bitterli, P. 00030 

Mississippian 

Alaska: Mayzko, J. J. 00157 

Missouri: Muilenburg, G. A. 00151 

Nevada: Moore, D. M. 00149 

117 

Vanadium 

Mississippian. Permian 

Idaho, Wyoming, Utah: Fischer, R. P. 00127 

Oil shale 

Sweden: Cadman, W. H. 00072 

Ordovician 

Czechoslovakia: Koblic, Josef. 00198 

Scandinavia: Goldschmidt, V. M. 00116 

Paleozoic 

Great Britain: Ponsford, D. R. A. 00247 

Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming: Davidson, 

D. F. 00080 

Russian platform: Katchenkov, S. M. 00188 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 

Gulyayeva, L.A. 00094 

Paleozoic, lower 

Sweden: Lundegardh, P. H. 00167 

Sweden: Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Pennsylvanian 

Illinois, Indiana: Murray, H. H. 00402 

Permian 

Europe: Deans, T. 00051 

France: Falke, Horst. 00126 

Idaho: Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

Idaho: McKelvey, V. E. 00158 

Idaho, Wyoming: Davidson, D. F. 00052 

Idaho, Wyoming: Rubey, W. W. 00226 

New Mexico: Gott, G. B. 00111 

Silesia: Haranczyk, C. 00096 

Wyoming: Allsman, P. T. 00020 

Wyoming: Allsman, P. T. 00021 

Wyoming: Death, 0. A. 00013 

Wyoming: Gulbrandsen, R. A. 00108 

Wyoming: Love, J.D. 00144 

Precambrian 

Alabama: Pallister, H. D. 00263 

Finland: Marmo, Vladi. 00146 

Minnesota: Cloud, P. E., Jr. 00075 

Silurian 

Czechoslovakia: Eckschlagerova, Marcela. 

00046 

Thuringia: Leutwein, Friedrich. 00138 

Uzbekistan: Gamaleyev, I. E. 00125 

Tertiary 

Azerbaidzhan: Seidov, A. G. 00305 

Colorado: Thorne, H. M. 00287 

Czechoslovakia: Eckschlagerova, Marcela. 

00046 

Poland: Gl'ogoczowski, J. J. 00136 

Triassic 

British Columbia: Gunning, H. C. 00095 

British Columbia: Jambor, J. L. 00218 

Switzerland: Blumer, Max. 00017 

Venezuela 

Cretaceous 

Nickel, vanadium: Erdman, J. G. 00045 

Wales 

Cambrian 

Minor elements: Mohr, P. A. 00156 

Carboniferous 

Minor elements: Nicholls, G. D. 00274 

Thorium, uranium: Bloxam, T. W. 00015 
118 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN BLACK SHALES 

West Virginia 

Devonian 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses, 

uranium: Klemic, Harry. 00205 

Wisconsin 

Geochemical abundance 

Germanium: Wardani, S. A. EI. 00344 

Ordovician 

Copper, zinc: Barnes, H. L. 00026 

Wyoming 

Cretaceous 

Selenium: Beath, 0. A. 00013 

Permian 

Cadmium, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, 

selenium, titanium, vanadium, zinc: Love, 

J.D. 00144 

Copper, lead, silver, vanadium: Allsman, P. 

T.00020 

Molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium: 

Fischer, R. P. 00127 

Nickel, selenium, vanadium, zinc: Davidson, 

D. F. 00080 

Selenium, vanadium: Beath. 0. A. 00013 

Selenium, vanadium: Davidson, D. F 00052 

Selenium, vanadium, uranium: Gulbrandsen, 

R. A. 00108 

Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses: 

Davidson. D. F. 00079 

Uranium: Sheldon, R. P. 00301 

Vanadium: Allsman, P. T. 00021 

Vanadium: Rubey, W. W. 00226 

Tertiary 

Gold: Varley, Thomas. 00347 

Minor elements: Fahey, J. J. 00132 

Yttrium 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Fleischer, Michael. 00124 

Zinc 

Cambrian 

Sweden: Landin, John. 00171 

Sweden: Lundegardh, P. H. 00162 

Sweden: Wells, R. C. 00323 

Cretaceous 

United States, western: Tourtelot, H. A. 

00282 

Devonian 

New Mexico: Barnes. H. L. 00026 

Geochemical abundance 

Sedimentary rocks: Sugawara, Ken. 00276 

Sweden: Lundegfudh. P. H. 00160 

Geochemical indicator 

Sedimentary rocks: Potter, P. E. 00261 

Mesozoic 

Europe, Japan: Wedepohl, K. H. 00337 

Mexico: Barnes,"H. L. 00026 

Ocean sediment 

British Columbia: White, W. H. 00331 

Ordovician 

Sweden: Lundegardh, P. H. 00162 

Wisconsin: Barnes, H. L. 00026 

Paleogene 

Rumania: Savul, Mircea. 00233 

Paleozoic 

Europe, Japan: Wedepohl, K. H. 00337 

Zinc 

Paleozoic 

Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming: Davidson, 

D. F. 00080 

Paleozoic, lower 

Sweden: Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409 

Permian 

Europe: Deans, T. 00051 

Europe: Richter-Bernburg, Gerhard. 00251 

Germany: Kautzsch, Eberhard. 00217 

Germany: SchUller, Arno. 00237 

Germany: Steinbrecher, Bodo. 00297 

Idaho: Lotspeich, F. B. 00143 

Silesia: Konstantynowicz, E. 00198 

Wyoming: Love, J.D. 00144 

Precambrian 

Australia: Stanton, R. L. 00295 

Finland: Marmo, Vladi. 00146 

Sweden: Lundegardh, P. H. 00162 

Zirconium 

Geochemical abundance 

Ocean sediment: Young, E. J. 00317 

Sedimentary rocks: Degenhardt, Heinz. 00082 

Jurassic 

Europe: Degenhardt, Heinz. 00082 

Paleozoic 

Europe: Degenhardt, Heinz. 00082 

Pale9zoic, lower 

Sweden: Vesterberg, K. Alb. 00409