If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

February 6, 2020

v No. 344603

Macomb Circuit Court

ROBERTO MARCELLO DUPREE, LC No. 2015-003884-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BECKERING, P.J., and CAVANAGH and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

A jury convicted defendant, Roberto Marcello Dupree, of armed robbery, MCL 750.529. 

The trial court sentenced him as a fourth-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to 30 to 60 years 

in prison. Defendant appeals as of right his conviction and raises several errors in the calculation 

of his sentence. Finding no error requiring reversal, we affirm.

I. RELEVANT FACTS

Defendant was arrested and charged for his participation in the armed robbery of a

Smoker’s Only store located in Clinton Township. The victim stated that he was working alone 

at a smoker’s store in the morning of December 15, 2012, when a man approached him, drew a 

gun, pointed it at his face, and told him not to move. He said that he raised his hands, and two 

other men approached, bound him with duct tape, and moved him to the back of the store. The 

men unsuccessfully attempted to leave through a back door, and one of the men struck the victim’s 

head with the gun. After the men left through the front door, the victim was able to free himself 

and call the police, and a neighboring store worker told him that she saw men walk behind the end 

store of the strip mall. He said that the men took all the cash from the register and some cigars. 

The incident was recorded on surveillance video. Clinton Township Police Sergeant Deena 

Terzo viewed the surveillance video at the time of the crime and testified that the man with the 

gun was a thin African-American male, who appeared to be in his late 20s, who was not wearing 

a glove or mask. Terzo described the other robbers as a heavyset light-skinned man with a shaved 

head wearing clear or yellow rubber gloves, and a medium-built African-American male wearing 

one white, dark-palmed glove. A tracking dog followed a scent from where the perpetrators were 
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seen leaving the store along the direction they fled, and found rubber gloves on the property of the 

strip mall where the robbery occurred. Evidence technician Officer Paul Collins testified that he 

collected an intact glove and one that was in a few pieces and swabbed the gloves for DNA.

About a week after the robbery, Clinton Township Police Detective Jeffrey Barbera went 

to the scene to help recover the video and still images from the store’s surveillance camera. He 

testified that he was unable to download the surveillance video to a disc or thumb drive, but he 

viewed the evidence and it showed that at least one of the robbers was wearing light-colored 

gloves. Detective Barbera explained that, because he could not download the surveillance video,

he used his department-issued cell phone to record clips from the video in accordance with 

instructions he had received from the detective in charge of the case at the time, Detective Michael 

Friese. None of the recorded images recorded from the robbery video clearly showed defendant 

wearing gloves.

In October 2014, the case was assigned to Detective Bryan Gilbert because Detective 

Friese had retired. Detective Gilbert testified that he developed a lead on a suspect, Roberto 

Dupree. The detective compared a driver’s license photograph from the Secretary of State to the 

images on video and still images of the robbery and concluded that they depicted the same man. 

A search warrant to collect defendant’s DNA with two buccal swabs was obtained in March 2016. 

Detective Gilbert transported the evidence to the Michigan State Police laboratory in Northville.

Michigan State Police forensic science expert Andrea Young determined that the DNA 

sample from defendant matched the DNA that was the major sample found on a rubber glove that 

was found near the smoker’s store. Young calculated that the chances for this match were one in 

one hundred and sixty point eight quadrillion African-Americans (160,800,000,000,000,000), and 

one in eight point six eight one quintillion Caucasians (8,681,000,000,000,000,000). An 

independent laboratory evaluated the State Police’s examination of the DNA evidence, and agreed 

that defendant’s DNA matched the DNA from the glove. Julie Anne Howenstine, a biology and 

DNA specialist at Speckin Forensics, LLC, a private forensic consulting group, was qualified 

without objection as a DNA expert. Howenstine determined that the glove DNA had become too 

diluted to conclusively associate it with the buccal swab DNA. Nevertheless, Howenstine agreed 

that defendant’s DNA was a major donor of the DNA collected from the glove found near the 

scene of the robbery and testified that she found no “technical or interpretational errors” in the 

work of the MSP forensic science technicians.

II. ANALYSIS

A. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

Defendant first contends that, under Michigan law, convictions involving tracking-dog 

evidence must be supported by direct evidence, and because the prosecution did not present any 

direct evidence of his participation in the armed robbery at issue, the evidence is insufficient to 

sustain his conviction. We disagree.

When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “this Court reviews the 

record evidence de novo in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether a 

rational trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond 
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a reasonable doubt.” People v Roper, 286 Mich App 77, 83; 777 NW2d 483 (2009). “The standard 

of review is deferential: a reviewing court is required to draw all reasonable inferences and make 

credibility choices in support of the jury verdict.” People v Oros, 502 Mich 229, 239; 917 NW2d 

559 (2018) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

Defendant relies on People v Perryman, 89 Mich App 516; 280 NW2d 579 (1979), to

support his position that direct evidence is required to sustain his conviction. In Perryman, this 

court held prospectively that “a court has a duty, even absent a request by counsel, to inform the 

jury that tracking dog evidence: must be considered with caution; is of slight probative value; and 

if found reliable, cannot support a conviction in the absence of other direct evidence of guilt.”

Perryman, 89 Mich App at 523 (emphasis added). The preference for direct evidence expressed

in Perryman arose from this Court’s reliance on a decision out of New York’s Oneida County, 

People v Centolella, 61 Misc2d 723; 305 NYS2d 279 (1969). In Centolella, the Oneida County 

court concluded that, because the jury would likely give undue importance to tracking-dog 

evidence, “in the absence of some other direct evidence of guilt[, tracking-dog evidence] would 

not warrant a conviction.” Centolella, 61 Misc2d at 725. In addition, this Court appeared to be 

responding to similar concerns previously expressed in People v McPhearson, 85 Mich App 341; 

271 NW2d 228 (1978), by more clearly defining the “corroborating evidence” necessary in 

tracking-dog cases. Nevertheless, defendant’s reliance on Perryman is misplaced for two reasons.

First, it was a well-settled principle of Michigan law by the time this Court decided 

Perryman that the elements of a crime may be “proved by circumstantial evidence and reasonable 

inferences therefrom.” See Peterson v Oceana Circuit Judge, 243 Mich 215, 217; 219 NW 934 

(1928) (indicating that the corpus delicti of the crime at issue “may be proved by circumstantial 

evidence.”) To interpret Perryman as specifically requiring direct evidence in tracking dog cases 

would be contrary to this principle. Second, this Court has never interpreted Perryman as requiring 

direct evidence, understood as “evidence based on personal knowledge or observation and that, if 

true, proves a fact without inference or presumption.” Black’s Law Dictionary, (11th ed, 2019). 

Rather, it has interpreted Perryman consistently with McPherson, 85 Mich App at 343-346, and 

its progeny as requiring corroborating evidence in tracking-dog cases, but not necessarily direct 

evidence. See, e.g., People v Laidlaw, 169 Mich App 84, 93; 425 NW2d 738 (1988) (indicating 

that tracking-dog, alone, is insufficient to establish identity; “there must be other corroborating 

evidence presented before identification is sufficient to support a guilty verdict”); People v 

Riemersma, 104 Mich App 773, 781; 306 NW2d 340 (1981) (concluding that “sufficient 

circumstantial evidence was introduced” to corroborate the tracking-dog evidence). Thus, under 

Michigan law, tracking-dog evidence is not sufficient to support identification in a criminal trial

by itself. Such evidence must be accompanied by other evidence, evidence that is not “fragmentary 

or unsubstantial,” but it need not be accompanied by direct evidence. See McPherson, 85 Mich 

App at 344. A conviction may rest on circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences 

therefrom. See People v Hardiman, 466 Mich 417, 422-429; 646 NW2d 158 (2002); see also 

Peterson, 243 Mich at 217.

Our review of the record convinces us that the prosecutor presented evidence sufficient to 

allow a jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed the charged crime. The 

jury convicted defendant of armed robbery under a theory of aiding and abetting. In order to prove 

that defendant aided and abetted the commission of armed robbery, the prosecution had to prove 
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that “ ‘(1) [armed robbery1] was committed by the defendant or some other person; (2) the 

defendant performed acts or gave encouragement that assisted in the commission of [armed 

robbery]; and (3) the defendant intended the commission of [armed robbery] or had knowledge 

that the principal intended its commission at the time that [the defendant] gave aid and 

encouragement.’ ” People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 472; 802 NW2d 627 (2010), quoting 

People v Robinson, 475 Mich 1, 6; 715 NW2d 44 (2006) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

Defendant’s argument centers on whether the evidence was sufficient to allow a jury to 

identify him beyond a reasonable doubt as one of the unarmed perpetrators of the armed robbery.

We conclude that it was.

The victim testified to the details of the armed robbery, although he could not identify 

defendant as one of the robbers. In particular, the victim testified that while one man held a gun 

on him, the two other men took him to the back of the store and bound him with duct tape. Officer 

Terzo and Detective Barbera testified that video surveillance showed that one of the unarmed 

robbers was heavyset, bald, and wearing gloves. DNA was collected from a glove found in the 

vicinity of the robbery by the tracking dog. Following up on a lead, Detective Gilbert compared a 

driver’s license photo of defendant with images from the surveillance camera, found that they 

matched, and obtained a search warrant to collect defendant’s DNA. The forensic technician from 

the Michigan State Police testified that the glove DNA matched the DNA collected from defendant 

pursuant to the warrant, and that the odds of it matching someone else’s DNA were infinitesimally 

small. Defendant’s DNA expert also testified that defendant was the primary donor of the glove 

DNA. In addition to eliciting this testimonial evidence, the prosecution showed the jury the video 

images from the robbery and the photograph of defendant’s driver’s license used by Detective 

Gilbert. Although defendant focuses on the activity of the tracking dog, it was not the tracking 

dog that identified defendant; in fact, the dog’s handler testified that the dog lost the scent it was 

following shortly after finding the glove from which defendant’s DNA was collected. It was 

routine investigative work that linked the glove to defendant by means of DNA testing.

We conclude that, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, Meissner, 294 

Mich App at 452, the evidence presented to the jury was sufficient to allow the jury to conclude 

beyond reasonable doubt that defendant was one of the participants aiding and abetting the gunman 

in the armed robbery of the Smoker’s Only store.

B. INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR

Defendant next contends that the trial court erred by giving the jury a tracking-dog 

instruction that did not state that direct evidence was required to convict him of the charged crime. 

Defendant waived this issue when defense counsel expressly approved of the jury instructions. 

People v Kowalski, 489 Mich 488, 503; 803 NW2d 200 (2011) (“When defense counsel clearly

expresses satisfaction with a trial court’s decision, counsel’s action will be deemed to constitute a 

 

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“The elements of armed robbery are: (1) an assault and (2) a felonious taking of property from 

the victim’s presence or person (3) while the defendant is armed with a weapon.” People v Smith,

478 Mich 292, 319; 733 NW2d 351 (2007).
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waiver.”). Because a waiver extinguishes any error, there is no error for this Court to review. See 

People v Carter, 462 Mich 206, 215-216; 612 NW2d 144 (2000).

Defendant contends in the alternative that his trial counsel rendered constitutionally 

ineffective assistance by failing to object to the allegedly erroneous jury instruction. In order to 

establish that his counsel provided ineffective assistance, defendant must show (1) “that counsel’s 

performance was deficient” and (2) “that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” 

People v Taylor, 275 Mich App 177, 186; 737 NW2d 790 (2007) (quotation marks and citation 

omitted). A counsel’s performance is deficient if “it fell below an objective standard of 

professional reasonableness.” Id. “Failing to advance a meritless argument or raise a futile 

objection does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 

192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010).

With regard to tracking-dog evidence, the court instructed the jury as follows:

You have heard testimony about the use of tracking dog, of a tracking dog. You 

must consider tracking-dog evidence with great care and remember that it has little 

value as proof. Even if you decide that it is reliable, you must not convict the 

defendant based only on tracking-dog evidence. There must be other evidence that 

the defendant is guilty.

As discussed above, this instruction is perfectly consistent with Michigan law. See 

McPherson, 85 Mich App at 343-346. Thus, defendant cannot establish that his trial counsel 

performed deficiently by not objecting to this instruction or by failing to advance the meritless

argument that direct evidence was required to convict defendant of the charged crime. Ericksen, 

288 Mich App at 201. Because he has not established that trial counsel’s performance was 

deficient, Taylor, 275 Mich App at 186, defendant’s ineffective assistance claim must fail.

C. OFFENSE-VARIABLE ASSESSMENT

Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in assessing offense variables (OVs) 1, 

2, and 4. We disagree. This Court reviews the trial court’s factual determinations at sentencing 

for clear error. People v Hardy, 494 Mich 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). “Whether the facts, 

as found, are adequate to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the application 

of the facts to the law, is a question of statutory interpretation, which an appellate court reviews 

de novo.” Id.

“A defendant is entitled to be sentenced by a trial court on the basis of accurate 

information.” People v Francisco, 474 Mich 82, 88; 711 NW2d 44 (2006). The court must consult 

the advisory sentencing guidelines and assess the highest amount of possible points for all offense 

variables. People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392 n 28; 870 NW2d 502 (2015). The trial court’s 

factual determinations regarding offense variables must be supported by a preponderance of the 

evidence. See People v Osantowski, 481 Mich 103, 111; 748 NW2d 799 (2008).

1. OV 1 AND OV 2

Defendant argues that the trial court erred in assessing 15 points for OV 1 because he did 

not have a gun and no one else has been charged or convicted of the armed robbery.
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OV 1 assesses the “aggravated use of a weapon,” MCL 777.31(1). The trial court may 

score 15 points where “[a] firearm was pointed at or toward a victim . . .” MCL 777.31(1)(c). 

Further, “[i]n multiple offender cases, if 1 offender is assessed points for the presence or use of a 

weapon, all offenders shall be assessed the same number of points.” MCL 777.31(2)(b). 

We agree that defendant did not possess a weapon during the armed robbery of the 

smoker’s store, but we reject his argument that the trial court erred in scoring 15 points for OV 1 

because no other offender has been identified, charged, or convicted of the armed robbery. The 

sentencing guidelines do not require that the other offenders be identified, charged, and convicted 

before any of the offenders may be assessed points under OV. That defendant was the first, and 

might be the only, offender identified, charged, and convicted of the armed robbery is irrelevant 

for purposes of scoring OV 1. Further, a person convicted of committing a crime under an aidingand-abetting theory “shall be punished as if he had directly committed such offense.” MCL 

767.39. Scoring the sentencing guidelines is an integral part of determining the punishment for 

one convicted of a crime.

In the present case, the evidence established that the principal pointed a gun at the victim 

during the robbery, the jury convicted defendant of armed robbery as an aider and abettor, MCL 

767.39 requires defendant to receive the same “punish[ment] as if he had directly committed 

[armed robbery,]” and OV 1 requires all offenders to receive the same score, without regard to 

whether the other offenders were prosecuted and convicted. In light of the facts of this case and

the governing law, we find no error in the trial court’s scoring of OV 1.

Defendant raises a similar argument with regard to the trial court’s assessment of five 

points for OV 2. Five points is scored for OV 2 when “[t]he offender possessed or used a pistol, 

rifle, shotgun, or knife or other cutting or stabbing weapon.” MCL 777.32(1)(d). As in OV 1, OV 

2 also states that “[i]n multiple offender cases, if 1 offender is assessed points for possessing a 

weapon, all offenders shall be assessed the same number of points.” MCL 777.32(2). For the 

reasons discussed with respect to OV 1, the trial court did not err in scoring five points for OV 2 

on the basis of the unidentified principal’s use of a pistol.

2. OV 4

Defendant next contends that the trial court erred by scoring 10 points for OV 4, which

considers the psychological injury to a victim. A trial court must assess 10 points “if serious 

psychological injury requiring professional treatment occurred to a victim.” MCL 777.34(1)(a). 

That treatment has not been sought is not conclusive. MCL 777.34(2). A score of zero is proper 

where “[n]o serious psychological injury requiring professional treatment occurred to a victim.” 

MCL 777.34(1)(a). “A sentencing court may consider all record evidence before it when 

calculating the guidelines, including, but not limited to, the contents of a presentence investigation 

report, admissions made by a defendant during a plea proceeding, or testimony taken at a 

preliminary examination or trial.” People v Johnson, 298 Mich App 128, 131; 826 NW2d 170, 

172 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

This Court has found adequate evidence to support a trial court’s assessment of 10 points 

for OV 4 where the victim of a bank robbery indicated in her victim impact statement that she 

suffered from sleeplessness for weeks after the robbery and was constantly afraid of being robbed 
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by her customers. People v Earl, 297 Mich App 104, 110; 822 NW2d 271 (2012). The victim in 

the present case told the presentence investigator that the robbery “shook him up and made him 

nervous and scared for at least six months after the instant offense occurred.” The victim also told 

the investigator that he became nervous whenever someone walked into his store, and he was afraid 

he would be robbed again. This evidence is sufficient to support the trial court’s assessment of 10 

points for OV 4 in this case. See id.

D. STANDARD 4 ISSUES

In addition to the issues raised by appellant counsel in defendant’s main brief to this Court, 

defendant raises a number of issues in a Standard 4 brief.2 

1. FAILURE TO PRESERVE EVIDENCE

Defendant first alleges that the failure of police to a preserve and disclose all of the 

surveillance video from the day of the robbery violated his right to due process by denying him a 

fair trial. This Court reviews constitutional claims de novo. People v Bosca, 310 Mich App 1, 26-

27; 871 NW2d 307 (2015).

“To warrant reversal on a claimed due-process violation involving the failure to preserve 

evidence, a defendant must prove that the missing evidence was exculpatory or that law 

enforcement personnel acted in bad faith.” People v Dickinson, 321 Mich App 1, 16; 909 NW2d 

24 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Exculpatory evidence is evidence that would 

raise a reasonable doubt about defendant’s guilt. People v Stanaway, 446 Mich 643, 666; 521 

NW2d 557 (1994). Generally, bad faith requires a showing of malicious or intentionally wrongful 

conduct. See Flones v Dalman, 199 Mich App 396, 401; 502 NW2d 725 (1993).

Defendant has not met his burden to prove that the missing video was exculpatory. 

Defendant argues that the video of the robbery was exculpatory because he could have used it to 

impeach Sergeant Terzo’s statement that the heavyset man in the video was wearing clear or 

yellow rubber gloves. Defendant implies that the video would have shown that the heavyset, bald, 

light-skinned robber was not wearing gloves. However, defendant has given this Court no reason 

to view his implication as anything more than mere speculation. At best, defendant has shown no 

more than that the complete video might have been “potentially useful.” The failure to preserve 

evidence that is merely “potentially useful” is not a due-process violation unless a defendant 

establishes bad faith. People v Huttenga, 196 Mich App 633, 642; 493 NW2d 486 (1992), citing 

Arizona v Youngblood, 488 US 51, 58; 109 S Ct 333; 102 L Ed 2d 281 (1988).

Likewise, defendant has not demonstrated that the police acted in bad faith by not 

preserving the entire video of the robbery. The victim explained that he did not know how to 

transfer the video to the police, Sergeant Terzo stated that she could not download the video

because neither she nor the evidence technician had the USB memory card that the victim said was 

needed. Moreover, Detective Barbera, who had some familiarity with technology, was unable to 

 

2 A “Standard 4” brief refers to a brief filed on behalf of an indigent criminal defendant pursuant 

to Michigan Supreme Court Administrative Order 2004-6, Standard 4.
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transfer the video to a disc or thumb drive. Even if we assume for the sake of argument that police 

should have found someone or some way to preserve the entire portion of the video recording the 

robbery, we find no evidence that the inability of the police to download the video was feigned or 

that the decision to record the portions of the video potentially helpful in solving the crime 

constituted malicious or intentionally wrongful conduct. See Flones, 199 Mich App at 401. 

Defendant having failed to demonstrate that the complete video was exculpatory or that the police 

acted in bad faith, his due-process claim must fail. See Dickinson, 321 Mich App at 16.

2. EXPERT DETERMINATION

Defendant next argues that the trial court violated his right to due process by denying him 

a fair trial when the court declined to qualify Macomb County Sheriff Deputy Dave Quartuccio, 

the tracking dog’s handler, as an expert witness. Again, we find no error.

The qualification of a witness as an expert and the admissibility of his testimony are in the 

trial court’s discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion. People 

v Steele, 283 Mich App 472, 480; 769 NW2d 256 (2009). An abuse of discretion occurs if the trial 

court’s decision results in an outcome outside the range of principled outcomes. See People v 

Babcock, 469 Mich 247, 269; 666 NW2d 231 (2003).

If the trial court determines that recognized scientific, technical, or other specialized 

knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a 

witness qualified as an expert may testify to the knowledge by opinion or otherwise, if the 

testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, is the product of reliable principles and methods, and 

the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case. People v Dobek, 

274 Mich App 58, 93-94; 732 NW2d 546 (2007), citing MRE 702. Canine officers can be qualified 

as experts under MRE 702 by satisfying the test for reliability of tracking-dog evidence. See 

People v Lane, 308 Mich App 38, 52-53, 54-55; 862 NW2d 446 (2014); Laidlaw, 169 Mich App 

at 93. In order to establish that tracking-dog evidence is sufficiently reliable, it must be 

demonstrated that:

(1) the handler was qualified to use the dog; (2) the dog was trained and accurate 

in tracking humans; (3) the dog was placed on the trail where circumstances 

indicate the alleged guilty party to have been; and, (4) the trail had not become so 

stale or contaminated as to be beyond the dog’s competency to follow it. [Lane, 308 

Mich App at 53, citing People v Harper, 43 Mich App 500, 508; 204 NW2d 263 

(1972).]

In the present case, the trial court found that the tracking-dog evidence met the four-part 

standard for reliability, but declined to qualify Deputy Quartuccio as an expert for purposes of the 

trial. The court expressed its concern that, if it qualified the deputy as an expert, the jury could

give extra weight to the tracking-dog evidence and not view the evidence with the appropriate 

level of caution. In the trial court’s view, admitting the deputy as an expert would run contrary to 

the instruction the court planned to give the jury to view the tracking-dog evidence with caution.

This Court has observed that there is a “danger that a jury may place undue importance on 

evidence of this type,” and that tracking-dog evidence “is to be treated with caution.” Perryman, 
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89 Mich App at 523-524. The trial court’s decision to admit the tracking-dog evidence based on 

its reliability, but to decline to declare Deputy Quartuccio an expert witness, accords with this 

concern. Defendant argues that the trial court’s decision to not qualify Deputy Quartuccio as an 

expert witness prejudiced him by denying him the opportunity to receive, and challenge, the 

foundational data underlying the canine team’s qualifications. Specifically, defendant sought more 

detailed information about the tracking dog’s success rate. However, Deputy Quartuccio testified 

that he was not required to document the dog’s success rate. Thus, the detailed performance 

records that defendant assumes existed may not, in fact, have existed. Further, the record shows 

that defendant was able to voir dire the qualifications of Deputy Quartuccio and the tracking dog

and to cross-examine Quartuccio regarding the dog’s reliability and performance. On this record, 

we cannot say that the trial court’s decision not to qualify Deputy Quartuccio as an expert witness 

resulted in an outcome outside the range of principled outcomes. See Babcock, 469 Mich at 269. 

Accordingly, we find no due-process violation.

3. DELAYED DISCOVERY

Somewhat related to the previous issue is defendant’s assertion of a due-process violation 

arising from the prosecution’s alleged late disclosure of evidence about the canine unit’s 

qualifications and its failure to provide information about the unit’s success rate. Contrary to 

defendant’s claim on appeal, the prosecution did not refuse to provide the discovery. Defendant 

requested the records related to the canine unit two weeks before trial. Subsequently, the 

prosecution contacted the Macomb County Sheriff’s Department and obtained and turned over the 

records about the handler’s training and the dog’s qualifications six days before trial. With regard 

to records about the tracking dog’s success rate, defendant’s assumption that such records exist 

was belied by the testimony of the dog’s handler that he was not required to keep such records. 

Even without such records, defense counsel had an extensive opportunity to voir dire the dog’s 

handler about the dog’s reliability and accuracy in tracking situations, and he thoroughly crossexamined the handler. See Florida v Harris, 568 US 237, 247; 133 S Ct 1050, 1057; L Ed 2d 61 

(2013) (stating that a defendant must have an opportunity to challenge evidence of a dog’s 

reliability, “whether by cross-examining the testifying officer or by introducing his own fact or 

expert witness”). On this record, we cannot say that defendant suffered violation of his right to 

due process.

4. PREARREST DELAY 

Defendant next contends that the unreasonable delay prior to his arrest violated his right to 

due process by precluding him from obtaining exculpatory evidence from the unpreserved 

surveillance video and from DNA evidence. For the reasons stated below, we find no error.

Because this issue comes to the Court unpreserved, our review is for plain error affecting 

defendant’s substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). 

Under plain error review, the defendant bears the burden to demonstrate that an error occurred, 

that the error was clear or obvious, and that the error affected his or her substantial rights. Id. In 

order to establish the last element, the defendant must show that the error “affected the outcome 

of the lower court proceedings.” Id. Even if the defendant establishes a plain error that affected 

his or her substantial rights, reversal will be “warranted only when the plain, forfeited error resulted 

in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant” or when the error “seriously affect[ed] the 
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fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings’ independent of the defendant’s 

innocence.” Id. at 763-764 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

A defendant’s right to due process can be violated when a prearrest delay causes 

“substantial prejudice to a defendant’s right to a fair trial and . . .was used to gain tactical 

advantage[.]” People v Woolfolk, 304 Mich App 450, 454; 848 NW2d 169 (2014). To establish a 

due-process violation arising from prearrest delay, a defendant must demonstrate “actual and 

substantial prejudice to his right to a fair trial[.]” People v Musser, 259 Mich App 215, 220; 673 

NW2d 800 (2003). “Substantial prejudice is that which meaningfully impairs the defendant’s 

ability to defend against the charge in such a manner that the outcome of the proceedings was 

likely affected.” People v Patton, 285 Mich App 229, 237; 775 NW2d 610 (2009). “[A] defendant 

cannot merely speculate generally that any delay resulted in lost memories, witnesses, and 

evidence . . .even if the delay was a long one.” Woolfolk, 304 Mich App at 454, citing United 

States v Marion, 404 US 307, 325-326; 92 S Ct 455; 30 L Ed 2d 468 (1971).

Defendant argues that the time lapse between March 2014, when he was identified in the 

CODIS database, and October 2015, when police arrested him, prevented him from obtaining 

exculpatory evidence from the unpreserved surveillance video. As discussed elsewhere in this 

decision, defendant has not established that the unpreserved video contained exculpatory 

information. Moreover, he has not established that the video was even available in March 2014, 

15 months after the armed robbery. Defendant also argues that the delay may have resulted in the 

officers’ lack of recollection regarding how they had attempted to download the video before 

recording it. Not only is defendant’s assertion speculative, but he cannot establish prejudice with

general allegations of lost memories. Woolfolk, 304 Mich App at 454.

Defendant further argues that prearrest delay resulted in less DNA being available for 

testing. The evidence technician testified that he swabbed the gloves found in the vicinity of the 

robbery for DNA after he collected them on the day of the crime. Because the DNA evidence

itself was promptly processed, defendant’s argument that additional DNA would have been 

available for testing had there been less pretrial delay merely speculates about evidence presumed 

to be lost; it does not establish “actual and substantial prejudice to his right to a fair trial.” Musser, 

259 Mich App at 220; see Woolfolk, 304 Mich App at 454.

In order to establish a due-process violation arising from prearrest delay, defendant must 

show both substantial prejudice and that the delay was used to gain a tactical advantage. Woolfolk, 

304 Mich App at 454. Defendant has not met his burden to show that substantial prejudice resulted 

from the delay, but even if he had, his mere speculation about “lost memories, witnesses, and 

evidence,” is insufficient to show that prearrest delay was used to gain a tactical advantage. Id.

Because defendant did not meet his burden to show that substantial prejudice and a tactical 

advantage resulted from the prearrest delay in this case, id., he has not shown plain error affecting 

his substantial rights, and his claim of a due-process violation must fail, Carines, 460 Mich at 763.

5. SPEEDY TRIAL VIOLATION

Finally, defendant argues that his right to a speedy trial was violated. “Whether a defendant 

was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial is a mixed question of fact and law.” People v 

Gilmore, 222 Mich App 442, 459; 564 NW2d 158, 167 (1997). We review factual findings for 
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clear error and constitutional questions de novo. Id. Dismissal with prejudice is the only remedy 

for a violation of the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. Barker v Wingo, 407 US 514, 522; 

92 S Ct 2182, 2188; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972).

To determine whether a defendant has been denied the right to a speedy trial, the Court 

balances the following four Barker factors: “(1) the length of delay, (2) the reason for delay, (3) 

the defendant’s assertion of the right, and (4) the prejudice to the defendant.” People v Williams, 

475 Mich 245, 261-262; 716 NW2d 208 (2006). “The “time for judging whether a defendant’s 

right to a speedy trial was violated runs from the date of the defendant’s arrest.” Id. at 261. 

Prejudice is presumed after a delay of 18 months, thus triggering “an inquiry into the other factors 

to be considered in the balancing of the competing interests to determine whether a defendant has 

been deprived of the right to a speedy trial.” Id. at 262 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

The first Barker factor is the length of the delay. This factor favors defendant. The delay 

of two-and-a-half years between defendant’s October 2015 arrest and the May 2018 beginning of 

his trial is presumptively prejudicial. Thus, this Court must consider the other Barker factors to 

determine if defendant was deprived of his right to a speedy trial. See Id. Because he asserted his 

right to a speedy trial, the third Barker factor also favors defendant.

The second Barker factor is the reason for the delay. This factor favors the prosecution, as 

the record shows that most of the pretrial delay was attributable to defendant. Defendant filed 

numerous motions, which required hearings and, in some instances, adjournment to await more 

information. He had four successive court-appointed attorneys, each of which required time to 

become familiar with the case. In February 2016, defendant withdrew a plea that he had entered 

the previous month, which led to a rescheduled trial date and a further adjournment so that 

defendant’ssecond court-appointed attorney could try to negotiate another plea agreement. Delays

accompanied defendant’s two competency evaluations, and a lengthy wait ensued for the DNA 

results defendant requested from an independent laboratory.

The fourth Barker factor concerns prejudice to the defendant and is critical to the analysis 

of whether defendant’s speedy trial rights were abridged. Cain, 238 Mich App at 112. “There are 

two types of prejudice: prejudice to the person and prejudice to the defense.” Gilmore, 222 Mich 

App at 461-462. Regarding prejudice to the person, defendant claims that he suffered anxiety over 

his loss of liberty and whether he would be able to prove his innocence, and that this anxiety 

necessitated two competency evaluations and caused him to breakdown in front of the jury. 

Regarding prejudice to the defense, defendant alleges that the delay resulted in fading memories

of the witnesses and the alleged disappearance of the original DNA swab from the glove found in 

the vicinity of the robbery.

“[A]nxiety, alone, is insufficient to establish a violation of defendant’s right to a speedy 

trial.” Id. at 462. Defendant asserts that his anxiety was such as to result in two competency 

evaluations and a “breakdown” in front of the jury. Review of the record, however, calls into 

question defendant’s assertions that his anxiety was attributable specifically to pretrial delay.

The trial court ordered defendant to undergo a competency evaluation in October 2016, 

less than one year after his arrest, and in November 2017. In both cases, the reason for the order 

was substantially the same: to determine whether defendant was capable of working with his 
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attorney. Defendant alleged that each of his attorneys was working against him by, among other 

things, preventing his motions from being heard. At the October 2016 hearing that resulted in the 

trial court’s first order for a competency evaluation, the court explained to defendant that it had 

granted his motions for an independent DNA expert to analyze the DNA evidence in the case, but

that his additional motions could not be heard until the expert and the laboratory had finished their

work. Nevertheless, defendant continued to insist that he wanted all of his motions heard and 

either granted or denied, and to see the court’s failure to operate in accordance with his 

expectations as evidence of sabotage. The November 2017 order calling for a second competency 

evaluation was issued for similar reasons. Defendant’s latest attorney had alleged that defendant 

“exhibited a lack of understanding and recollection of past proceedings” that made formulating a 

defense strategy “impossible,” that he believed defendant was not competent to make legal 

decisions on his own, and that defendant believed that counsel was working against his best 

interests. In our view, the record suggests that defendant was anxious about the outcome of his 

case, which is to be expected, see Barker, 407 US at 537 (WHITE,J., concurring), and took matters 

into his own hands, filing or causing to be filed numerous motions. Failing to understand or to 

accept explanations of how court proceedings worked, defendant interpreted variations from his 

expectations as evidence of ill intent on the part of his attorneys and the court. This appears to 

have been defendant’s consistent pattern, and nothing in the record suggests that it was caused 

specifically by the delay in bringing him to trial.

Defendant also attributes his “breakdown” in front of the jury to pretrial delay. The 

“breakdown” occurred when, during defense counsel’s closing argument, defendant said, “Don’t 

railroad me, man. I ain’t had nothing to do with that crime. Nothing man.” The court excused 

the jury and reprimanded defendant for what the court considered a “knowing and purposeful 

attempt at playacting.” The court interpreted defendant’s outburst as an attempt to do what he had 

already “coolly and calmly and rationally” indicated on the record he would not do, namely, testify. 

The trial court stated, “I have watched his demeanor and his skill in trying to set things up in his 

favor over these many months and this is yet another example of his purposeful, malicious, preplanned attempts to foil the system[,]” and concluded by holding defendant in contempt. When 

the court allowed defendant to respond, defendant claimed that his attorney was intentionally 

trying to get the jury to convict him of aiding and abetting so that he could be sentenced to life, 

and had not once told the jury that he was innocent. Defendant’s outburst, like the behavior that 

resulted in the two competency evaluations, appears to have been motivated by anxiety over the 

outcome of the trial and the mandatory minimum sentence of 25-years defendant faced if found 

guilty, given his prior felony convictions. MCL 769.12(1)(a). Anxiety over his potential sentence 

was what caused defendant to withdraw his plea in February 2016, and it appears to have continued 

to inform his decisions throughout the proceeding. Nothing in the record indicates that defendant’s 

“breakdown” was motivated by anxiety brought on or increased by the length of the pretrial delay.

Turning next to the alleged prejudice to the defense, defendant asserts that the delay 

impaired witnesses’ memories of what they “allegedly observed on surveillance video” from the 

night of the robbery. The only two witnesses who testified to viewing the surveillance video of 

the armed robbery were Sergeant Terzo and Detective Barbera, and both testified that the heavyset, 

bald, light-skinned robber wore clear or yellow gloves. Defendant had the opportunity to bring 

any issues with the witnesses’ observations to the jury’s attention through argument and crossexamination. In addition, the testimony of Sergeant Terzo and Detective Barbera did not call into 

question the testimony of Detective Gilbert, who said that the video image of the heavyset robber 
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matched that on defendant’s driver’s license, or the DNA evidence against defendant. In addition, 

the jury was able to view the video images and defendant’s driver’s license photograph and judge 

for itself whether defendant was pictured in the video. In view of this, we cannot say that the delay 

resulted in prejudice to defendant arising from the impaired memories of police witnesses. See 

US v Hagler, 700 F3d 1091 (CA 7, 2012) (finding that a 10-year delay did not prejudice the 

defendant where the witnesses told the same basic story, defendant was able to bring any 

weaknesses in their testimony to the jury’s attention through cross-examination, and the witnesses’ 

recollections did not call into question the physical evidence against the defendant).

Defendant also asserts that pretrial delay resulted in the loss of the original DNA swabs of 

the gloves found near the scene of the record. Defendant observes, however, that these swabs were 

reported missing in September 2016. Given that the swabs were unavailable less than a year after 

defendant’s arrest, he cannot show that their loss was the result of pretrial delay. Nor can he show 

prejudice to the defense. Defendant’s DNA expert testified that she was able to obtain sufficient 

DNA to perform an independent analysis by combining the DNA extracted from the original swabs 

with DNA she extracted from the glove found in the vicinity of the robbery. In light of the 

foregoing, we conclude that defendant has failed to show prejudice to his defense from pretrial 

delay.

In conclusion, although Barker factors one and three favor defendant, factors two and four 

favor the prosecution. The record establishes that the pretrial delays in this case were primarily 

for the purpose of ensuring that defendant was satisfied with counsel and competent to aid in his 

defense and that all of defendant’s motions were heard. Nothing indicates that the delay between 

arrest and trial prejudiced defendant personally or prejudiced his defense. Defendant was anxious 

about the mandatory minimum sentence he faced and frustrated that proceedings did not unfold in 

accordance with his expectations, but nothing in the record suggests that any personal prejudice 

arose from pretrial delay. Finally, defendant’s claims of prejudice to his defense are speculative 

and unsupported by the record. On the record before us, we cannot say that defendant has 

established a speedy trial violation warranting reversal of his conviction.

III. CONCLUSION

We conclude that the prosecution’s evidence was sufficient to allow a jury to find beyond 

a reasonable doubt that defendant committed the charged crime, that the trial court instructed the 

jury in accordance with the law regarding cases involving tracking dog evidence, and that the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in scoring OVs 1, 2, and 4. In addition, we conclude that 

defendant has failed to establish any due-process violations or speedy trial violations requiring 

reversal.

Affirmed.

/s/ Jane M. Beckering

/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh

/s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens