# DELAWARE ECONOMIC ENERGY EFFICIENCY POTENTIAL

May 24 , 201 3

Prepared for :

Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control

by:
Optimal Energy Inc., Bristol, Vermont
Shelter Analytics, Huntington, Vermont
Energy Futures Group, Hinesburg, Vermont

Optimal Energy, Inc

. 14 School Street 802.453.5100 www.optenergy.com Bristol, VT 05443Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 

### Back of Cover PageDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 

# Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 1
Background and Purpose of Study

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 1 Summary Results

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 1 Methodology

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 7



### INTRODUCTION

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 8
Background and Purpose of Study

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 8 Study Overview

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 8



### FINDINGS

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 11

Sector

- Level Results

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 11

Residential Results

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 15

Commercial Results

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 19

Industrial Results

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 22 Efficiency Supply Curves

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 25



### METHODOLOGY

................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 28
Methodology Overview

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 28
Energy Forecasts

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 30

Electric Forecast

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 30

Natural Gas Forecast

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 30

Petroleum Fuels Forecast

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 31

Fore cast Disaggregation by Segment and End Use

................................ ................................ ............... 32

Measure Characterization

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 33

Measure Data

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 33 Economic Potential Analysis

................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 35
Top

- Down Approach

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 35

Cost

- Effec tiveness Analysis

................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 37 Estimating Economic Potential

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 38



### APPENDICES

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 40
Appendix A: Energy Sales Forecast

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 41 Appendix B: Energy Sales Disaggregation

................................ ................................ ................................ 42 Appendix C: Average Retail Rates

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 48 Appendix D: Measure Characterizations

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 49

Abbrev iations:

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 49

Electric Measures

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 49

Gas and Pe troleum Measures

................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 76 Appendix E: Bibliography

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 83 Appendix F: Other Analysis Inputs and Assumptions

................................ ................................ ............... 91Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 

# Tables

Table 1. Summary of Cumulative Efficiency Potential Relative to Forecast (2025)

................................ ....... 4

Table 2. Summary of Cumulative Participant Costs and Benefits by Sector (2025)

................................ ....... 4

Table 3. Summary of Cumulative Efficiency Potential Relative to Forecast (2025)

................................ ..... 14

Table 4. Summary of Cumulative Participant Costs and Benefits by Sector (2025)

................................ ..... 15

Table 5. Summary of Cumulative Net Benefits* by Sector and Fuel (2025)

................................ ................ 15

Table 6. Residential Electric Top

- saving Measures 2025

................................ ................................ .............. 16

Table 7. Residential Natural G as Top

- saving Measures 2025

................................ ................................ ....... 17

Table 8. Residential Petroleum Fuels Top

- saving Measures 2025

................................ ................................ 18

Table 9. Commercial Electric Top

- saving Measures 2025

................................ ................................ ............ 20

Table 10. Commercial Natural Gas Top

- saving Measures 2025

................................ ................................ ... 21

Table 11. Commercial Petroleum Fuels Top

- saving Measures 2025

................................ ............................ 22

Table 12. Electric Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (GWh)

................................ ................................ ....... 30

Table 13. Natural Gas Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)

................................ ................................ . 31

Table 14. Petroleum Fuels Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)

................................ .......................... 31

Table 15. Petroleum Fuels Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)

................................ ................................ ... 41Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 

# Figure s

Figure 1. Electric Total Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

................................ ............. 2

Figure 2. Natural Gas Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

................................ ................ 3

Figure 3. Petroleum Fuels Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

................................ ......... 3

Fi gure 4. Economic Electric Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

................................ .. 5

Figure 5. Economic Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

........................... 6

Figure 6. Economic Petroleum Fuel Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

...................... 6

Figure 7. Electric Total Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

................................ ........... 12

Figure 8. Natural Gas Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

................................ .............. 12

Figure 9. Petroleum Fuels Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

................................ ....... 13

Figure 10. Cumul ative Savings Relative to Forecast (2025)

................................ ................................ ......... 14

Figure 11. Residential Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

................................ ........ 16

Figure 12. Residential Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

................................ .. 17

Figure 13. Residential Petroleum Fuels Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

........................... 18

Figure 14. Commercial Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

................................ ....... 19

Figure 15. Commercial Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

................................ 20

Figure 16. Commercial Petroleum Fuels Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

......................... 22

Figure 17. Industrial Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

................................ ........... 23

Figure 18. Industrial Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

................................ .... 24

Figure 19. Industrial Petroleum Fuels Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

............................. 24

Figure 20. Economic Electric Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

.............................. 26

Figure 21. Economic Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

....................... 26

Figure 22. Economic Petroleum Fuel Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

.................. 27Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 

### Blank pageDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 1 

## EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BACKGROUND AND PURPO SE OF STUDY

The Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) commissioned this study to estimate the economic energy efficiency potential in Delaware for electricity, natural gas and unregulated fossil fuel usage (petroleum fuels ) in the buildings

sector. 1 

### Optimal Energy, Inc. led the study, with assistance from Shelter Analytics and Energy Futures Group. This report covers Phase I of the project focusing on the economic potential, which reflects an upper bound of the amount of efficiency that could be pursued. It is intended to frame the magnitude of the efficiency opportunity in Delaware to support consideration of policy alternatives , and to be a stepping stone for a second p hase

. Phase II is planned to assess the economically achievable potential to better inform future Delaware efficiency program goals and planning.

Economic efficiency potential is defined as the total opportunity for efficiency improvement that pass es a cost

- effectiveness test, assuming all energy efficiency opportuni ties that pass that test are adopted without regard to any market barriers or assumptions about how many people would actually choose to adopt them. For this study, cost

- effectiveness is defined by the Participant Cost Test, which considers measures as cos t

- effective so long as the total lifetime cost savings to the energy consumer (based on retail energy costs) exceed the up

- front initial efficiency measure investment. Measures are considered to pass the test when their benefits exceed or equal their cost, thus when the benefit

- cost ratio is greater than or equal to 1.0.

Economic potential was estimated for a 1 2

- year period, from 2014 to 2025. Due to schedule and budget constraints, this study relies solely on existing available data, and did not include

an y new primary data collection. Whenever possible existing data from Delaware or the Mid

Atlantic region was relied on.



### SUMMARY RESULTS

Key findings include:



###  Total electric economic potential is 4,091 GWh , representing 26.3% of the 2025
base case forecasted load. 2 

### If captured, this would result an average annual
load decrease of 1.6 % per year.

1 Petroleum fuels included oil # 2, # 4 and # 6, propane and kerosene. All petroleum fuel potential was estimated in aggregate and is not provided for each individual fuel.

2 All electric energy (kWh) values sited in this report are at generation or point

- of

- purchase, and do not include line losses. See Appendix F (page 91 ) for the li ne loss factor used to convert from savings at the customer meter.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 2



###  Total natural gas economic potential is 8,234 billion Btu (BBtu), representing
19.6% of the 2025 base case forecasted load. If captured, this would result an

average a nnual load decrease of 1.4 % per year.



###  Total petroleum fuels economic potential is 1,319 BBtu, representing 12.6% of the 2025 base case forecasted load. If captured, this would result an average
annual load decrease of 0.9 % per year.

Total cumulative economic potential by fuel is shown below in Figures 1 to 3 , as well as
Table 1

. 3 

### As can be seen in Figures 1 to 3

, adopting all cost

- effective measures in all Delawar e buildings and factories would more than offset expected load growth through 2025 , resulting in a downward trend in energy usage in the buildings sector in Delaware. How much of that can actually be captured cost

- effectively with efficiency programs, and the costs of capturing it, have not been evaluated in this phase of the project.
The analysis considers efficiency potential by sector, or customer class: residential, commercial (including institutional and government), and industrial. We find the potenti al greatest in the commercial sector, with 39.2%, 33.3% and 34.1% reductions in usage by 2025 for electricity, gas and petroleum fuels respectively. The residential sector is the next highest at respective reductions of 18.0% (electric), 17.4% (gas) and 6. 0% (petroleum). Finally, the industrial sector potential is estimated at 17.9% (electric), 13.4% (gas) and 8.6% (petroleum).

Figure 1

. Electric Total Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

3 The 2025 “cumulative” potential means the total potential efficiency savings due to all efficiency measures installed or adopted during the 12

- year study period, but not including the savings of measures that reached the end of
their effective useful life prior to 2025. - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000

GWh Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EEDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 3



### Figure 2 . Natural Gas Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

Figure 3 . Petroleum Fuels Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector - 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

BBtu Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EE

- 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000

BBtu Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EEDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 4



### Table 1 . Summary of Cumulative Efficiency Potential Relative to Forecast (2025)

Forecast Cum ulative

Savings % of Forecast Electric (GWh)
Residential 5,284 952 18%
Commercial 5,292 2,076 39%
Industrial 2,848 509 18%

Total 13,424 3,537 26%

Natural Gas (BBtu)
Residential 12,266 2,109 17% Commercial 10,873 3,572 33%
Industrial 19,071 2,553 13%

Total 42,210 8,234 20%

Petroleum Fuels (BBtu)
Residential 6,136 368 6% Commercial 2,103 720 34%
Industrial 2,699 231 9%

Total 10,938 1,319 12%



### If the total economic potential were hypothetically captured, it would produce $438 million in net benefits (in real 2013 $) to the Delaware economy, at a benefit

- cost ratio of 4.01. Total investment would be $146 million, with benefits to consumers (mostly energy bill savings) of $584 million

. Table 2 shows the cumulative economic impacts through 2025, broken out by

sector.

Table 2 . Summa ry of Cumulative Participant Costs and Benefits by Sector (2025)

Sector Benefits

(Million $) Costs

(Million $) Net Benefits

(Million $) BCR
Residential $194 $57 $137 3.39 Commercial $322 $75 $247 4.30
Industrial $68 $14 $54 4.95

Total $584 $146 $438 4.01



### Figures 4 to 6 show efficiency supply curves by fuel. These graphically provide a sense of where the savings come from and how much potential is available from what sectors and end
uses at different levels of cost

- effect iveness. The Y

- axis is the participant benefit

- cost ratio, with
the X

- axis representing the total cumulative potential savings in 2025. All of the efficiencyDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 5 

### shown on the supply curves is cost

- effective, with a benefit

- cost ratio of at least 1.0. As can be seen, the efficiency opportunities are widely intermixed across sectors and by BCR. For electric efficiency, the commercial opportunities generally provide larger savings opportunities with higher BCRs than residential, while the industrial potential is l argely concentrated in the process end use. For natural gas and petroleum fuels the potential is distributed mainly across space heating, water heating, and industrial process, with varying cost

- effectiveness.

Figure 4 . Economic Electric Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End UseDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 6



### Figure 5 . Economic Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

Figure 6 . Economic Petroleum Fuel Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End UseDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 7 

### METHODOLOGY

The Methodology s ection of the main report provides a more detailed discussion of the methods and assumptions u sed in the analysis. The steps below summarize the methodological approach for this project

.



###  Assess and adjust the energy forecasts for each fuel type for any known codes
and standards

, and estimate naturally occurring efficiency adoption to ensure

it properly reflects consistent base case assumptions about customers and
end uses.



###  Disaggregate adjusted energy f orecasts by sector (residential, commercial

, industrial), by market segment (e.g., building types), and end uses (e.g., lighting, cooling, etc.).



###  Characterize efficiency measures, including estimating costs, savings, lifetimes, and share of end use level forecasted usage for each market segment.



###  Build up savings by measure/segment based on measure characterizations calibrated to total energy usage.



###  Account for interactions between measures, including savings adjustments based on other measures as well as ranking and allocating measures when more than one measure can apply to a particular situation.



###  Run the stock adjustment model to track existing st ock and new equipment purchases to capture the eligible market for each measure in each year.



###  Run the efficiency potential model to estimate total potential for each measure/segment/market combination to produce potential results.



###  Screen each measure/segme nt/market combination for cost

- effectiveness , for each install year of the 12

- year study period

. Remove fail ing measures from the analysis and rerun the model to re

- adjust for measure interactions

.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 8 

## INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND AND PURPO SE OF STUDY

The Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) commissioned this study to estimate the economic efficiency potential in Delaware for electricity, natural gas and unregulated fossil fuel usage (petroleum) in the buildings sector. 4 

### Optima l Energy, Inc. led the study, with assistance from Shelter Analytics and Energy Futures Group. This report covers Phase I of the project focusing on the economic potential, which reflects an upper bound of the amount of efficiency that could be pursued. It is intended to frame the magnitude of the efficiency opportunity in Delaware to support consideration of policy alternatives , and to be a stepping stone for a second phase. Phase II is planned to assess the economically achievable potential to better info rm future Delaware efficiency program goals and planning.
Economic potential is defined as the total opportunity for efficiency improvement that passes a cost

- effectiveness test, assuming all efficiency opportunities that pass that test are adopted withou t regard to any market barriers or assumptions about how many people would actually choose to adopt them. For this study, cost

- effectiveness is defined by the Participant
Cost Test, which considers measures as cost

- effective so long as the total lifetime c ost savings to the energy consumer (based on retail energy costs) exceed the up

- front initial efficiency measure investment. Measures are considered to pass the test whenever the benefit

- cost ratio is greater than or equal to 1.0.

Economic potential was es timated for a 1 2

- year period, from 2014 to 2025. Due to schedule and budget constraints, this study relies solely on existing available data, and did not include any new primary data collection. Whenever possible existing data from Delaware or the Mid

Atla ntic region was relied on.



### STUDY OVERVIEW

T his section provide s a brief overview of the study scope and approaches, with more detail provided in the sections below

. The Phase I economic potential study included the following key components:



###  A 12

- year economic efficiency potential study for the period 201 4

- 20 25

.



###  An e stimat e of the economic efficiency potential for electricity, natural gas, and petroleum fuels.

4 Petroleum fuels included oil # 2, #4 and #6, propane and kerosene. All petroleum fuel potential was estimated in aggregate and is not provided for each individual fuel.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 9



### - Petroleum fuels included distillate (#2 and #4 ) and residual (#6) fuel oil, propane, and kero sene, and these were analyzed in aggregate rather than separately.



###  An e stimat e of t he economic potential for the residential, commercial (including institutional and government ), and industrial sectors. The study was restricted to the buildings sector and d oes not include transportation efficiency.

T he focus of Phase I was to estimate the economic efficiency potential . The economic efficiency potential includes all efficiency that is considered to be cost

- effective from a

P articipant Cost T est perspective

. It quantifies an upper

- bound of efficiency savings if all cost

effective efficiency opportunities were captured when available. As such, it is a hypothetical

upper limit of what could actually be captured with efficiency programs, ignor ing the real
world market barriers that often prevent people from adopting all cost

- effective efficiency. T he economic potential assum es 100% of all efficiency opportunities are captured . F or measures that are not time discretionary, such as adding insulation to a building that is not undergoing any other renovations (hereinafter referred to as “retrofit” or “early retirement” opportunities), we assume these opportunities are captured evenly over the 12

- year period. While in theory all these opportunities exist in 2014, constraints such as work force availability would limit the amount of these measures that could actually be captured in any given year. This results in the same cumulative pot ential savings by 2025, but evens out the annual results. This is more useful in that it reflects annual opportunities more in line with what could be considered during Phase
II from actual efficiency programs. For time

- dependent opportunities such as new construction or replacement on failure of equipment (hereinafter referred to as “market

- driven” or “lost” opportunities) , all measures are assumed installed at the time the opportunity is created

.
The Phase I scope was limited in several important respect s:



###  Only considers economic potential, based on a P articipant C ost T est



###  Relies solely on existing available data, in some cases from outside Delaware



###  Does not include fuel switching measures



###  Does not include c ombined heat and power (CHP) measures



###  Does not include d emand response measures

The Methodology se ction below provides a detailed discussion of the methods and assumptions used in the analysis. The steps below lay out the basic methodological approach
for assessing the economic efficiency potential

.



###  Identify the baseline energy sales forecasts for each fuel type, and disaggregate the forecasts by building type/segment and end

- use



###  Characterize the efficiency measures for their costs and savingsDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 10



###  Apply the measures to the potential study model and appropriate shares of disaggregated energy forecasts to analyze annual impacts



###  Screen measures for cost

- effectiveness in each install year of the 12

- year study period, using the Participant Cost Test (a measure “passes” if its benefits exceed its costs)



###  Re move any non

- cost

- effective measures in the years for which they are not

cost

- effective



###  Adjust all interaction factors between measures to avoid double counting and rerun the subset of measures that pass the PCT

.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 11 

## FINDINGS

SECTOR

- LEVEL RESULTS

This secti on provides sector

- level and total results for each fuel type . The following sections provide more detailed results within each sector , at the end use and measure level.
Key findings include:



###  Total electric economic potential is 4,091 GWh, representing 26. 3% of the 2025
base case forecasted load. 5 

### If captured, this would result an average annual
load decrease of 1.6 % per year.



###  Total natural gas economic potential is 8,234 billion Btu (BBtu), representing
19.6% of the 2025 base case forecasted load. If captured, this would result an average annual load decrease of 1.4 % per year.



###  Total petroleum fuels economic potential is 1,319 BBtu, representing 12.6% of the 2025 base case forecasted load. If captured, this would result an average
annual load decreas e of 0.9 % per year.

Total economic potential by f uel is shown below in Figures 7 to 9 . As shown in those figures, adopting all cost

- effective measures in all Delaware buildings and factories would more than offset expected load growth through 2025, resulti ng in a downward trend in energy usage in the buildings sector in Delaware. How much of that can actually be captured cost

- effectively with efficiency programs, and the costs of capturing it, have not been evaluated in this phase of the project.

5 All electric energy (kWh) values sited in this report are at generat ion or point

- of

- purchase, and do not include line losses. See Appendix F (page 91 ) for the line loss factor used to convert from savings at the customer meter.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 12



### Figure 7

. Electric Total Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

Figure 8 . Natural Gas Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000

GWh Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EE

- 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

BBtu Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EEDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 13



### Figure 9 . Petroleum Fuels Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

The analysis considers efficiency potential by sector, or customer class: residential, commercial (including institutional and government), and industrial. As shown in Figure 10
and Table 3

, we find the 2025 cumulative potential greatest in the commercial sector, with 39.2%, 3 3.3% and 34.1% reductions in usage by 2025 for electricity, gas and petroleum fuels respectively. 6 

### The residential sector is the next highest at respective reductions of 18.0% (electric), 17.4% (gas) and 6.0% (petroleum). Finally, the industrial sector pot ential is estimated at 17.9% (electric), 13.4% (gas) and 8.6% (petroleum). The following sections provide a more detailed breakdown of each sector by end use and at the measure level.

6 T he 2025 “cumulative” potential means the total potential efficiency savings due to all efficiency measures installed or adopted during the 12

- year study period, up to 2025, but not including the savings of measures that reached
the end of their effective u seful life prior to 2025. - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000

BBtu Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EEDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 14 

### Figure 10 . Cumulative Savings Relative to For ecast (2025)

Table 3 . Summary of Cumulative Efficiency Potential Relative to Forecast (2025)

Forecast Cum ulative

Savings % of Forecast Electric (GWh)
Residential 5,284 952 18% Commercial 5,292 2,076 39%
Industrial 2,848 509 18%

Total 13,424 3,537 26%

Natural Gas (BBtu)
Residential 12,266 2,109 17%
Commercial 10,873 3,572 33%
Industrial 19,071 2,553 13%

Total 42,210 8,234 20%

Petroleum Fuels (BBtu)
Residential 6,136 368 6% Commercial 2,103 720 34%
Industrial 2,699 231 9%

Total 10,938 1,319 12%



### If the total economic potential were hypothetically captured, it would produce $438 million in net benefits (in real 2013 $) to the Delaware economy . The benefit

- cost ratio based on the

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Electric Natural Gas Petroleum Fuels Residential

Commercial

IndustrialDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 15 

### Participant Cost Test would be 4.01, implying that for every dollar invested in efficiency the economy would recoup 4.01 dollars in benefits . Total investment would be $146 million, with benefits to consumers (mostly e nergy bill savings) of $584 million

. Table 4 shows the cumulative economic impacts through 2025, broken out by sector. Table 5 shows the net benefits for each fuel type within each sector.

Table 4 . Summary of Cumulative Participant Costs and Benefits by Sector (2025)

Sector Benefits

(Million $) Costs

(Million $) Net Benefits

(Million $) BCR
Residential $194 $57 $137 3.39 Commercial $322 $75 $247 4.30
Industrial $68 $14 $54 4.95

Total $584 $146 $438 4.01



### Table 5 . Summary of Cumulative Net Benefits * by Sector and Fuel (2025)

Sector Net Electric

Benefits (Million $) Net Natural Gas

Benefits (Million $) Net Petroleum

Fuel Benefits (Million $) Total Net

Benefits (Million $)

Residential $114 $18 $6 $137
Commercial $222 $20 $5 $247
Industrial $34 $18 $2 $54

Total $370 $55 $13 $438



### * Net b enefits are calculated as the sum of the present value of avoided retail energy costs and other resource savings, minus the present value of the upfront investment costs of the efficiency measures



### The following sections provide more disaggregated details by sector, in particular showing how each major end use contributes to the sector level potential, and the top measures that offer the greatest opportunities.



### RESIDENTIAL R ESULTS

The residential sector accounts for 27 % of the total electric potential. This reflects 952 GWh,
which is 18 % of the 2025 forecast.

Figure 11 shows how the ele ctric energy (GWh) residential potential breaks out by major end use. As can be seen, water heating accounts for the greatest share of potential at 26 %

, followed by lighting at 20%, and refrigeration and cooling each at 16%

. Table 6 shows the top residential measures and their contribution to the overall residential potential. Heat pump
water heaters (<55 gallons) represent the larg est single measure opportunity with 2 0% of the total residential potential (increased standards for larger heat pump water heaters are expected in 2015).Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 16



### Figure 11 . Residential Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

Table 6

. Residential Electric Top

- saving Measures 2025

Measure Name Cumulative MWh 2025 Percent of

Residential Sector Total Participant

BCR Electric heat pump water heat er <55gal 224,485 20.4% 4.13 Efficient Refrigerator Tier 2 113,381 10.3% 4.32
Duct Sealing, cooling 82,745 7.5% 2.35 Controlled power strip 73,842 6.7% 3.09
LED s crew b ased Lamp <450 L umens 71,967 6.5% 6.26 LED screw based lamp 450

- 1600 L umens 65,590 6.0% 6.26
Enhanced behavior

- based efficiency 48,109 4.4% 7.39
Efficient Central AC, ESTAR 44,387 4.0% 1.58 LED recessed downlight retail 43,324 3.9% 5.44 Pool Pump 40,974 3.7% 7.67
808,804 73.4%



### The residential sector accounts for 26 % of the total gas potential. This reflects 2,109 BBtu,
which is 17 % of the 2025 forecast.

Figure 12 shows how the gas residential potential breaks out by major end use. As is expected, virtually all gas savings potential comes from just two end uses: space and water heating, with being roughly equal at 51 % and 49%, respectively

. Table 7 shows the top
residential measures and their contribution t o the overall residential potential. The ENERGY 4%

26%

8%

20% 16% 16% 4% 6%

Whole Building

Water Heating

Plug Loads

Lighting

Refrigeration

Cooling

Miscellaneous

Space HeatingDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 17 

### STAR furnace and the Condensing gas water heater (<55 gal) represent together account for nearly 60 % of the entire residential gas potential.

Figure 12 . Residential Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

Table 7 . Residential Natural Gas Top

- saving Measures 2025

Measure Name Cumulative BBtu 2025 Percent of

Residential Sector Total * Participant

BCR Gas Furnace, ESTAR 682 30.6% 5.47 Condensing Gas water heater <55gal 637 28.6% 1.20 Duct Sealing, gas 395 17.7% 18.16 Water Heating, petroleum fuels 339 15.2% 1.65 Gas Boiler, ESTAR 96 4.3% 3.67 Air Sealing, heating, gas 14 0.6% 1.93 Clothes Washer

- Retail 10 0.4% 4.02
Clothes Washer

- Early Replacement 4 0.2% 1.67 2,177 97.6%



### * Sector total excluding increased gas usage due to waste heat adjustment for electric equipment.



### The residential sector accounts for 28 % of the total petroleum fuels potential. This reflects

368 BBtu , which is 6 % of the 2025 forecast. Petroleum potential is overall relatively small because of the large availability of natural gas to the Delaware population , which is expected to gradually increase in the coming years

. 51%

49% Space Heating

Water HeatingDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 18



### Figure 13 shows how the petroleum fuels residential potential breaks out by major end use.
As with the gas potential, space and water heating account for virtually all the potential, with

s pace heating representing 84 % of total residential potential

. Table 8 shows the top residential measures and their contribution to the overall residential potential. D uct sealing for heating

account s for fully 61 % of the entire residential electric potential.

Figure 13 . Residential Petroleum Fuel s Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

Table 8 . Residential Petr oleum Fuels Top

- saving Measures 2025

Measure Name Cumulative BBtu 2025 Percent of

Residential Sector Total * Participant

BCR Duct Sealing, Fossil Fuel heat 272 61.5% 18.16 Oil Furnace, ESTAR 102 23.1% 1.54 Water Heating, petroleum fuels 49 11.2% 1.65 Air Sealing, fossil fuels

- Heat 10 2.3% 1.93 Clothes Washer

- Retail 6 1.4% 4.02 Clothes Washer

- Early Replacement 2 0.6% 1.67

441 100.0%



### * Sector total excluding increased fuel usage due to waste heat adjustment for electric equipment. 84% 16%

Space Heating

Water HeatingDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 19 

### COMMERCIAL RESULTS

The commercial sector account s for 59 % of the total electric potential. This reflects 2,076 GWh, which is 39 % of the 2025 forecast.

Figure 14 shows how the electric energy (GWh) commercial potential breaks out by major
end use. I nterior lighting and cooling account for the greatest share s of potential , representing

28 % and 26% respectively

. The whole building end use accounts for 17% of the potential , nearly
half of that from whole

- building deep energy retrofits. Table 9 shows the top commercial
measures and their contribution to the overall residential potential. High

- efficiency lighting fixtures/design Tier III accounts for the largest savings at 14.5% of the entire residential electric potential.

Figure 14 . Commercial Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

26%

28% 4% 17% 11% 6% 4% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% Cooling

Indoor Lighting

Plug Loads

Whole Building

Refrigeration

Ventilation

Outdoor Lighting

Food Service/Prep

Data Center

Space HeatingDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 20 

### Table 9 . Commercial Electric Top

- saving Measures 2025

Measure Name Cumulative MWh 2025 Percent of

Commercial Sector Total Participant

BCR HE lighting fixtures/design Tier III 347,345 14.5% 2.80 Deep Energy Retrofit

- Electric 184,900 7.7% 9.71 High

- efficiency small walk

- in cooler 101,908 4.2% 20.81 Cool roof 97,291 4.1% 5.19
LED Recessed Fixture 93,016 3.9% 2.08 High

- efficiency plug loads 92,368 3.9% 6.36 Retrocommissioning

- Elec 81,840 3.4% 14.35 Integrated bldg design Tier I

- Elec 78,200 3.3% 4.51 Opt unitary HVAC dist/control sys 78,012 3.3% 6.08 High

- efficiency chillers Tier II 70,851 3.0% 2.93 1,225,731 51.0%



### The commercial sector accounts for 43 % of the total gas potential. This reflects 3,572 BBtu,
which is 33 % of the 2025 forecast.

Figure 15 shows how the gas commercial potential breaks out by major end use. S pace heating a ccounts for the largest share at 69 % , with the whole building end use at 21%

. Table 10 shows the top commercial measures and their contribution to the overall commercial potential.
Demand controll ed ventilation provides the largest portion of savings at 26.5 % of the entire commercial gas potential.

Figure 15 . Commercial Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

69% 21% 6% 4%

Space Heating

Whole Building

Water Heating

Food Service/PrepDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 21 

### Table 10 . Commercia l Natural Gas Top

- saving Measures 2025

Measure Name Cumulative BBtu 2025 Percent of

Commercial Sector Total * Participant

BCR
Demand controlled ventilation 1,066 26.5% 16.04 High

- efficiency boiler 427 10.6% 1.41 Duct insulation and sealing, FF heat 393 9.8% 7.10 Deep Energy Retrofit

- Fossil Fuel 308 7.7% 2.71
Demand controlled ventilation

- Vent 259 6.4% 20.42 Retrocommissioning

- Fossil Fuel 219 5.4% 4.57 Opt unitary HVAC dist/control sys 213 5.3% 6.08 High

- eff built

- up refrigeration 135 3.4% 3.24
Gas HE tank

- type water heater 117 2.9% 8.10 Gas kitchen equipment, 3 meal 113 2.8% 12.91 3,250 80.8%



### * Sector total excluding increased fuel usage due to waste heat adjustment for electric equipment.



### The commercial sector accounts for 55 % of the total petroleum fuels potential. This reflects

720 BBtu , which is 34 % of the 2025 forecast. Petroleum potential is overall relatively small because of the large availability of natural gas in Delaware , which is expected to gradually grow
in the co ming years

. Figure 16 shows how the petroleum fuels commercial potential breaks out by major end use. As with the gas potential, space and water heating account for virtually all the potential, at 76 %
and 23% of total residential potential , respectively

. Table 11 shows the top commercial measures and their contribution to the overall commercial potential. Half of the potential is provided by the top three measures: demand controlled ventilation (22%), high

- efficiency boilers (16%), and duct insulation and sealing (14%).Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 22



### Figure 16 . Commercial Petroleum Fuel s Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

Table 11 . Commercial Petroleum Fuels Top

- saving Measures 2025

Measure Name Cumulative BBtu 2025 Percent of

Commercial Sector Total * Participant

BCR
Demand controlled ventilation

- Heat 175 22.1% 16.04 High

- efficiency boiler 129 16.3% 1.41 Duct insulation and sealing

- FF Heat 109 13.8% 7.10 Deep Energy Retrofit

- Fossil Fuel 66 8.3% 2.71 Retrocommissioning

- Fossil Fuel 45 5.7% 4.57
Demand controlled ventilation

- Vent 43 5.4% 20.42 Opt unitary HVAC dist/control sys 35 4.4% 6.08 Integrated bldg design Tier I

- FF 28 3.5% 1.30 High

- eff built

- up refrigeration 22 2.8% 3.24
Blow

- down heat recovery 21 2.7% 5.20

673 85.0%



### * Sector total excluding increased fuel usage due to waste heat adjustment for electric equipment.



### INDUSTRIAL RESULTS

The industrial sector accounts for 14 % of the total electric potential. This reflects 509 GWh,
which is 18 % of the 2025 forecast. The industrial sector was estimated as a whole, and includes all manufacturing and other industrial energy use in Delaware, including both process and facility loads. Results are not available by specific industrial sector. 76% 23% 1%

Space Heating

Whole Building

Water HeatingDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 23



### Figure 17 shows how the electric energy (GWh) industrial potential breaks out by major end

use. P rocess energy represents the greatest opportunity for effici ency, at 87 % of the total industrial potential. Lighting and the whole building end use account for most of the remaining potential . Process end use opportunities were estimated in aggregate, and as such we do not show individual top technologies driving t he potential

.

Figure 17

. Industr ial Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

The industrial sector accounts for 31 % of the total gas potential. This reflects 2,553 BBtu,
which is 13 % of the 2025 forecast.

Figure 18 shows how the gas industrial potential breaks out by major end use. As is expected, most gas savings potential comes from just two end uses: process and non

- process
space heating , with process accounting for the largest share at 66 %. 87% 6% 5% 1% 1%

Industrial Process

Lighting

Whole Building

Space Heating

CoolingDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 24



### Figure 18

. Industr ial Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

The industrial sector accounts for 18 % of the total p etroleum fuels potential. This reflects 231

BBtu , which is 9 % of the 2025 forecast. Petroleum potential is overall relatively small because of
the relatively large availability of natural gas in Delaware.

Figure 19 shows how the petroleum commercial potential breaks out by major end use.
Industrial process account s for 66% of the total petroleum fuels potential

.

Figure 19

. Industr ial Petrole um Fuel s Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025 66% 22% 12%

Industrial Process

Whole Building

Space Heating

66% 22% 12%

Industrial Process

Whole Building

Space HeatingDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 25 

### EFFICIENCY SUPPLY CURVES

Below are efficiency supply curves by fuel type for the total 12

- year economic potential

. Supply curves graph the total amount of savings potential in 2 02 5 (x

- axis) vs. the participant
benefit

- cost ratio (y

- axis)

. The benefit

- cost ratio is based on the P articipant C ost T est (PCT), as
described in greater detail below in the Methodology section

.
This use of the benefit

- cost ratio (BCR) for the y

- axis differs from typical supp ly curves that often graph the potential against a levelized cost of efficiency in terms of $/kWh or $/Btu. T he

P articipant Cost T est BCR more directly indicates the cost

- effectiveness of the measures that would the levelized cost of energy saved, which ig nores other consumer benefits such as operation and maintenance and water savings

. The efficiency supply curves graphically provide a sense of where the savings come from and how much potential is available from what sectors and end uses , and at different levels of

cost

- effectiveness. The Y

- axis is the participant benefit

- cost ratio, with the X

- axis representing the total cumulative potential savings in 2025. All of the efficiency shown on the supply curves

is cost

- effective, with a benefit

- cost ratio of a t least 1.0. As can be seen, the efficiency opportunities are widely intermixed across sectors and by BCR, and the vast majority of efficiency opportunities have BCRs well above 1.0. For electric efficiency, the commercial opportunities generally provide l arger savings opportunities with higher BCRs than residential, while the industrial potential is largely concentrated in the process end use. For natural gas and petroleum fuels the potential is distributed mainly across space heating, water heating, and

i ndustrial process, with varying cost

- effectiveness.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 26



### Figure 20 . Economic Electric Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

Figure 21 . Economic Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End UseDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 27 

### Figure 22 . Economic Petroleum Fuel Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End UseDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 28 

## METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW

This section provides a brief overview of our approach to the analysis. The subsequent sections provide more detailed descriptions of the analysis inputs and the analysis methodology.

The economic energy efficiency potential analysis involves the following steps:



###  Assess and adjust energy forecasts for any known codes and standards and estimate naturally occurring efficiency adoption to ensure it properly reflects consistent base case assumptions about customers and end uses.



###  Disaggregate adjusted energy for ecasts by sector (residential, commercial, industrial), by market segment (e.g., building types), and end uses (e.g., lighting, cooling, etc.).



###  Characterize efficiency measures, including estimating costs, savings, lifetimes, and share of end use level for ecasted usage for each market segment.



###  Build up savings by measure/segment based on measure characterizations calibrated to total energy usage.



###  Account for interactions between measures, including savings adjustments
based on other measures as well as rank ing and allocating measures when more than one measure can apply to a particular situation.



###  Run the stock adjustment model to track existing stock and new equipment purchases to capture the eligible market for each measure in each year.



###  Run the efficiency potential model to estimate total potential for each measure/segment/market combination to produce potential results.



###  Screen each measure/segment/market combination for cost

- effectiveness. Remove failing measures from the analysis and rerun the model to re

- adjust
for measure interactions.

Annual energy sales forecasts were developed for each energy type (electricity, natural gas, and petroleum fuels), and for each sector (residential, commercial, industrial), for the 1 2

- year study period. Electric and nat ural gas f orecasts were provided by Delaware utilities and cooperatives, as further describe below

. The petroleum fuels forecast was based on data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). We then disaggregated the sales forecasts by
end use a nd building type in order to apply each efficiency measure to the appropriate segment of energy use

. This study applied a top

- down analysis of efficiency potential relative to the energy sales disaggregation for each sector , merged with a bottom

- up measure level analysis of costs and savings for each applicable technology

.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 29



### The efficiency economic potential estimated savings from a wide range of efficiency measures (i.e., efficiency technologies and practices ) . The study analyzed both technologies that are commercially available now and emerging technologies considered likely to become commercially available over the study horizon.
The study applied a P articipant C ost T est (PCT) to determine m easure cost

- effec tiveness. Efficiency m easure costs for market

- driven measures represent the incremental cost from a
standard baseline (non

- efficient ) piece of equipment or practice to the high efficiency measure.
For retrofit markets the full cost of equipment and labor w as used because the base case is assumed to be no action on the part of the building owner

. Measure benefits are driven primarily by customer lifetime energy bill savings, but also include other benefits associated with the measures, including water saving s, operation and maintenance savings, and other non

energy benefits where readily identified and quantified. The energy impacts may include multiple fuels and end uses. For example, efficient lighting reduces waste heat, which in turn reduced the cooling l oad, but increases the heating load, all of which are accounted for in the
estimation of the measure’s costs and benefits over its lifetime.

There are two aspects to electric efficiency savings: annual energy and coincident peak demand impacts. The former refer s to the reductions in actual energy usage, which typically drive the greatest share of electric economic benefits as well as emissions reductions. However, because it is difficult to store electricity the total reduction in the system peak load is al so an important impact. Power producers need to ensure adequate capacity to meet system peak demand, even if that peak is only reached a few hours each year. As a result, substantial economic benefits can accrue from reducing the system peak demand, even i f little energy and emissions are saved during other hours. For this study, we do not quantify the coincident system peak impacts. This was not included in Phase I because the focus was on participant economics, and it would be difficult to accurately mode l the peak demand contributions for each building and what the economic benefits associated with them might be. 7 

### However, the average retail rates used to assess the benefits of electric energy savings include the costs of both energy (kWh) and peak demand charges (kW

- year).
For the economic potential, we generally assumed that all cost

- effective measures would be immediately installed for market

- driven measures such as for new construction, major renovation, and natural replacement (“replace on burnout”). For retrofit measures we generally assumed that resource constraints (primarily contractor availability) would limit the rate at which retrofit measures could be installed, depending on the measure, but that all or nearly all efficiency retrofit opportunit ies would be realized over the 12

- year period. This results in smoother and lower estimates of retrofit potential in the early years, but provide a more realistic

7 Large commercial and industrial customers typically pay both an energy charge and a billed peak demand charge each month. However, to determine the impact of an efficiency measure in every month on a hypothetical
customers bill requires a complete modeling of each customer’s likely hourly usage and how that coincides with the hourly savings from each measure. This was beyond the Phase I scope of this project. For participant economics we relied on average annual revenue collected per unit of energy sold for each fuel.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 30 

### ramping up over time that would likely be reflected in any actual efficiency plans Delaware

c hooses to adopt.



### ENERGY FORECAST S

Electric Forecast

The electric forecast was developed primarily from the individual utility forecasts provided by Delmarva Power, Delaware Electric Cooperative, and Delaware Municipal Electric Corporation. 8 

### Reported sales categories aligned with traditional utility categories, which closely
mirror the three customer sectors that were analyzed . In some cases, energy loads were aggregated to the sector level using standard conventions (e.g., street lighting en ergy use is included in the commercial sector). The electric base case forecast represents a weather normalized forecast, and reflects an estimated average annual growth rate of 1.01% per year.
Table 12 shows the electric forecast, by sector and year. This reflects electric usage at the meter
level , in other words, not including line losses from the generator to the point of use.

Table 12 . Ele ctric Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (GWh)



### Natural Gas Forecast

The natural gas forecast was developed using both forecasts provided by Chesapeake Utilities 9 

### and from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 10 

### As only Chesapeake Utilities

prov ided a natural gas forecast, the EIA data for Delaware was leveraged to estimate sales for other natural gas providers, i.e., Delmarva and Eastern Shore. Eastern Shore serves primarily as a transmission provider for local distribution companies but does pr ovide direct sales to select industrial customers. While the EIA does report commercial and industrial sales for Eastern Shore, only the industrial sales were explicitly used as the commercial were reportedly already included in the forecast provided direc tly by Chesapeake Utilities. As the Chesapeake Utilities natural gas forecast was only provided through 2017, the 5

- year average forecast growth rate (2013

- 2017) was assumed to project sales for the remainder of the analysis period. Similarly, EIA

8 D. Pirtle, Delmarva Power, personal communication, March 8, 2013; M. Nielson, Delaware Electric Cooperative, personal communication, March 30, 2013; S. Lynch, Delaware Municipal Electric Corporation, personal

commu nication, March 20, 2013.
9 S. Hardy, Chesapeake Utilities, personal communication; February 22, 2013.
10 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Annual Respondent Query System (EIA

- 176 Data Through 2011), November 2012Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 31 

### data was leveraged to project Delmarva natural gas sales by using the 4

- year average growth rate (2008

- 2011) applied to reported 2011 sales. Due to the volatility of historic industrial sector natural gas sales of Eastern Shore, driven primarily by the 2009 closur e and 2011 reopening of the Delaware City Refinery, the sales forecast assumes annual sales consistent with 2011 sales for the analysis period.

The gas base case forecast represents a weather normalized forecast, and reflects an estimated average annual growth rate of 0.49% per year. Table 13 shows the gas forecast, by sector and

year.

Table 13 . Natural Gas Sales Forecast by Sector and Year ( BBtu)



### Petroleum Fuels Forecast

EIA data on current petroleum consumption in Delaware was used with an assumed consumption growth rate to develop the petroleum fuels forecast. 11 

### A 1% annual growth rate has been assumed for years 2014 and 2015. From 2016 forward, the analysis assumes petroleum fuels sales remain static at the projected 2015 levels to reflect the on

- going significant displacement of petroleum fuels by the expansion of natural gas service in the state.

The petroleum fuels base case forecast represents a weather normalized forecast, and reflects an estimated average annual growth rate of 0.09% per year. Table 14 shows the gas forecast, by sector and year.

Table 14 . Petroleum Fuels Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)

11 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Adjus ted Sales of Distillate Fuel Oil by End Use, November 30, 2013; U.S. Energy Information Administr ation, Adjusted Sales of Residual Fuel Oil by End Use, November 30, 2013; U.S. Energy Information Administration, Adjusted Sales of Keros ene by End Use, November 30, 2013; U.S. Energy Information Administration, State Profiles and Energy Estimates, “Table F12: Liquefied Petroleum Gases Consumption Estimates

, ” 2011Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 32 

### For ecast Disaggregation by Segment and End Use

The commercial, industrial, and residential sales disaggregations draw upon many sources, and the discussion that follows is not an exhaustive description of all sources employed or steps in the analysis. The industrial disaggregation is primarily based on the EIA Manufacturing Energy
Co nsumption Survey (MECS) 2010, assuming the “South” census region (MECS data are only available for the four major census regions)

. 12 

### The commercial disaggregation relies on a number of sources. First, total forecasted energy sales are divided across buildin g types using data from Optimal Energy’s recent Energy Efficiency and Renewable Resource Potential in New York State study. Unfortunately, reliable data specific to Delaware was not available, so data for Long Island, NY has been used as a proxy. Next, dat a from the recent Pennsylvania Statewide Commercial & Industrial End Use & Saturation Study was used to develop the electric disaggregation at the end

- use level. 13 

### While a similar study was recently completed for Delaware, that study did not provide estimat es of energy

- use intensities that would support the disaggregation. The commercial natural gas and petroleum fuels end

- use break

- outs were estimated using data from the EIA 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) 14 

### The residential buildi ng type and end

- use disaggregation was developed using data from the EIA 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 15 

### the most recent Annual Community Survey from the US Census Bureau, 16 

### and the EIA 2013 Annual Energy Outlook. 17 

### Finally, relative chan ges in end

- use distribution over the analysis period were adapted from the EIA 2013 Annual Energy Outlook.

Sales were further disaggregated into sales for new construction and renovated spaces and those for existing facilities. New construction activity f or commercial and industrial facilities was estimated using national projections of new additions and surviving square footage from the EIA 2013 Annual Energy Outlook and assuming simple sector

- wide energy use intensities.
Residential new construction was projected assuming the 7

- year average annual growth rate (1995

- 2001) in housing units for Delaware from the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey. 18 

### This period was assumed to reflect stable growth in housing starts before the housing
boom and bust of the mid to late 2000s. Growth in number of housing units was translated to energy sales using average electric/fuel consumption per housing unit estimated from EIA 2009

12 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Su rvey, “Table 5.5 End Uses of Fuel Consumption, 2010,” March 2013
13 Nexant, Pennsylvania Statewide Commercial & Industrial End Use & Saturation Study, April 18, 2012

14 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey, “Table E7A. Natural Gas Consumption (Btu) and Energy Intensities by End Use for All Buildings, 2003,” September 2008

15 U.S. Energy Information Admi nistration, Residential Energy Consumption Survey, “Table CE4.4 Household Site
End

- Use Consumption by Fuel i n the South Region, Totals, 2009 ,” August 2011
16 U.S. Census Bureau, 2007

- 2011 American Community Survey , “DP04 Selected Housing Characteristics”

17 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2013, “Table 4. Residential Sector Key Indicat ors and Consumption ,” April 2013.
18 U.S. Census Bureau Bu ilding Permits Survey, “Table 2au. New Privately Owned Housing Units Authorized Unadjusted Units for Regions, Divisions, and States,” 1995

- 2012Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 33 

### Residential Energy Consumption Survey. Finally, all buildings are assumed to be on a 25

- year renovation cycle. In other words, 4% of total energy sales are assumed to be available for renovation measure opportunities annually.
Appendix B, page 42

, sh ows the disaggregated annual energy forecasts. In all cases, the available forecast data relied upon was either not developed with (or the data was not available to understand) detailed end

- use modeling and explicit assumptions about future codes and
stand ards, changes in baseline practices, major shifts among fuels (e.g., driven by electric vehicles). As a result, we assume the forecasts represent the best estimate of future weather normalized loads and reflect assumptions about future baselines and codes and standards consistent with our analysis at the measure level.



### MEASURE CHARACTERIZA TION

The first process in develop ing measure characterizations is to define an initial list of measures to consider. This list was developed and qualitatively screened for appropriateness in
consultation with DNREC and other Stakeholders. The final list of measures considered in the analysis is shown with their characterizations in Appendix D

, page 49

, which also shows in
which markets each measure was considered.

A total of 188 measures were included and characterized for up to three applicable markets (new construction / renovation, natural replacement, and retrofit). This is important because the costs and savings of a given measure can vary depending on the market it is applied to. For example, a ret rofit or early retirement of operating but inefficient equipment entails covering the costs of entirely new equipment and the labor to install i t and dispose of the old equipment.
For new construction or other market

- driven opportunities, installing new hi gh efficiency equipment may entail only the incremental cost difference between a standard efficiency piece of equipment and the high efficiency one, as other labor and capital costs would be incurred in either case. Similarly, on the savings side, retrofi t measures can initially save more when compared to older existing equipment, while market

- driven measure savings reflect only the incremental savings over current standard efficiency purchases. For retrofit measures, often we model a baseline efficiency s hift at the time when the retrofit measure being replaced is assumed to have needed to be replaced anyway.

For each measure, in addition to separately characterizing them by market, we also separately analyze each measure/market combination for each buildi ng segment (e.g., single vs. multifamily; office vs. retail vs. hospital, etc.). The result is that we modeled 2,374 distinct measure/market/segment permutations for each year of the analysis.



### Measure Data

The overall potential model relies on a top

- down a pproach that begins with the forecast and disaggregates it into loads attributable to each possible measure, as described in the next section. In general, measure characterizations include defining, for each combination of

m easure , market

, and segment
, the following characteristics :Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 34



###  Measure lifetime (both baseline and high efficiency options if different)



###  Measure savings (both baseline and high efficiency options)



###  Measure cost (incremental or full installed depending on market)



###  O&M impacts (both baseline an d high efficiency options if different)



###  Water impacts (both baseline and high efficiency options if different)

Savings

For each technology, we estimate the energy usage of baseline and high efficiency measures based primarily on engineering analysis. We r ely heavily on the Delaware Technical Reference Manual (TRM), as well as the Mid

- Atlantic TRM, for measure savings for those measures covered by these documents. For more complex measures not addressed by the TRMs engineering calculations are used based on the best available data about current baselines in Delaware and the performance of high efficiency equipment or practices. Delaware baseline
studies completed in 2012 for the residential and commercial

- industrial sectors, were drawn on to identify baseline efficiency levels and practices wherever possible. 19 

### Because of budget and time constraints the scope did not include any building simulation modeling or other sophisticated engineering approaches to establishing detailed, weather normalized saving s.

Costs

Measure costs were drawn f rom Optimal Energy ’s measure characterization database when no specific Delaware costs were available . These costs have been developed over time, and are continually updated with the latest information , including a recen t update for an ongoing potential study in New York State . Major sources include the Delaware and Mid

- Atlantic TRMs, baseline studies, incremental cost studies, direct research into incremental costs, and other analyses and databases that are publicly avai lable.

Lifetimes

As with measure costs, lifetimes are drawn from Optimal ’ s measure characterization database. These have been developed over time, and were revised for this study based on the
Delaware and Mid

- Atlantic TRMs.

Operations and Maintenance

O peration and maintenance (O&M) impacts are those other than the energy costs of operations. They represent, for example, things like replacement lamp purchases for new high efficiency fixtures, or changes in labor for servicing high

- efficiency vs. standard

- efficiency

measures. H igh efficiency equipment can often reduce O&M costs because of higher quality components that require less

- frequent servicing. On the other hand, s ome high efficiency

19 See Appendix E for full citations to all referenced documents.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 35 

### technologies require enhanced servicing, or have expensive compone nts that need to be replaced prior to the end of the measure ’ s lifetimes. For most measures, O&M impacts are very
minimal

, as many efficient and baseline technologies have the same O&M costs over time. Where they are significant, we estimate them based on our engineering and cost analyses, the
Delaware and Mid

- Atlantic TRMs, and other available data.

Additional aspects of measure characterization are more fully described below in the potential analysis section, along with other factors that merge the measur e level engineering data with the top

- down forecast of applicable loads to each measure.



### ECONOMIC POTENTIAL A NALYSIS

Top

- Down Approach

The general approach for this study , and for all sectors, is “top

- down” in that the starting point is the actual forecasted loads for each fuel and each sector , which are then broken down into loads attributable to individual building equipment. In general terms, the top

- down approach starts with the energy sales forecast and disaggregation and determines the percent age of the applicable end

- use energy that may be offset by the installation of a given efficiency measure in each year. This contrasts with a “bottom

- up” approach in which a specific
number of measures are assumed installed each year.

V arious measure

- speci fic factors are applied to the forecasted building

- type and end

- use sales by year to derive the potential for each measure for each year in the analysis period. This is shown below in the following central equation:

Measure Savings = Segment/

End

- use /year kWh Sales x Applicability

Factor x Feasibility

Factor x Turnover

Factor (replace

ment only) x Not

Complete Factor (retrofit only) x Savings

Fraction x Net

Penetration Rate



### Where:



###  Applicability is the fraction of the end

- use energy sales (from the sales disaggregation) for each building type and year that is attributable to equipment that could be replaced by the high

- efficiency measure. For example, for replacing office interior linear fluoresc ent lighting with a higher efficiency LED technology, we would use the portion of total office building

interior lighting electrical load consumed by linear fluorescent lighting. The main sources for applicability factors at the Delaware and Pennsylvania
b aseline studies.



###  Feasibility is the fraction of end

- use sales for which it is technically feasible to install the efficiency measure. Numbers less than 100% reflect engineeringDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 36



### or other technical barriers that would preclude adoption of the measure.

Feasi bility is not reduced for economic or behavioral barriers that would reduce penetration estimates. Rather, it reflects technical or physical constraints that would make measure adoption impossible or ill advised. An example might be an efficient lighting t echnology that cannot be used in certain low temperature applications. The main sources for feasibility factors

a re the Delaware baseline studies and engineering judgment.



###  Turnover is the percentage of existing equipment that will be naturally replaced eac h year due to failure, remodeling, or renovation. This applies to
the natural replacement (“replace on burnout”) and renovation markets only

. In general, turnover factors are assumed to be 1 divided by the baseline equipment measure life (e.g., assuming th at 5 % or 1/ 20 th of existing stock of equipment is replaced each year for a measure with a 20

- year estimated li fe )

.



###  Not Complete is the percentage of existing equipment that already represents the high

- efficiency option. This only applies to retrofit markets

. For example, if 30% of current single family home sockets already have compact fluorescent lamps, then the not complete fact or for residential CFLs
would be 70% (1.0

- 0.3), reflecting that only 70% of the total potential from CFLs remains. The main sources for not complete factors are the Delaware
baseline studies , and the findings of other baseline and potential studies.



###  Saving s Fraction represents the percent savings (as compared to either existing stock or new baseline equipment for retrofit and non

- retrofit markets, respectively) of the high efficiency technology. Savings fractions are
calculated based on individual measure d ata and assumptions about existing stock efficiency, standard practice for new purchases, and high efficiency options.

- Baseline Adjustment s adjust the savings fractions downward in future years for early

- retirement retrofit measures to account for the fact that newer, standard equipment efficiencies are higher than older, existing stock efficiencies. We assume average existing equipment being replaced
for retrofit measures is at 6 0 % of its estimated useful life.



###  Annual Net Penetrations are the difference be tween the b ase c ase measure penetration s and the measure penetrations that are assumed for an economic potential. For the economic potential, it is assumed that 100% penetration is captured for all markets , with retirement measures generally being phased i n and spread out over time to reflect resource constraints such as contractor availability

. The product of all these factors results in total potential for each measure permutation. Costs are then developed by using the “cost per energy saved” for each mea sure applied to the total savings produced by the measure. The same approach is used for other measure impacts, e.g., operation and maintenance savings.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 37 

### Cost

- Effectiveness Analysis

This study uses the Participant Cost Test (PCT) as the basis for excluding non

- cost

- effective measures from economic potential. The PCT test includes the following costs and benefits :

Cost s



###  Measure incremental cost (or full cost for early

- retirement retrofit)



###  Increased alternative energy usage (e.g., increased gas usage associated with an electric efficiency measure)



###  Operation & Maintenance costs (e.g., more costly or frequent component replacement or maintenance costs)



###  Early

- retirement retrofit deferred replacement credit (e.g., the reduction in future costs resulting fr om early retiring measures and permanently shifting the capital investment cycle)



###  Any increased water usage

.

Benefits



###  Avoided retail energy costs

, based on average retai l costs per unit for each
fuel



###  Water savings



###  Operation & M aintenance savings



###  Non

- energ y benefits associated with measures

.
Average Retail Rates

Delaware 2011 average retail rates for electricity, natural gas, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and propane were determined by sector from the EIA State Energy Data System (SEDS). 20



### The EIA estimates retail rates by dividing estimated utility revenue by estimated energy sales. Retail rates for each fuel were projected through the analysis period assuming growth rates for the “South Atlantic” region from the EIA’s 2013 Annual Energy Outlook. 21 

### Retail rates for the aggregated petroleum fuels were determined by weighting the individual fuel rates by their relative share of the projected 2013 fuel sales from the sales forecast on a Btu basis. Appendix C

, page 48

, shows the average retail rates, by fuel, sector and year.

20 U.S. Energy Informati on Administration, Electric Power Annual

- Form EIA

- 861 , “Average Price by State by
Provider 1990

- 2011,” October 1, 2012; U.S. Energy I nformation Administration, State P rofile and Energy Estimates, April 18, 2013.

21 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annu al Energy Outlook 2013, “Table 3

. 3 Energy Prices by Sector and

Source

– South Atlantic ,” April 2013.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 38 

### Estimati ng Economic Potential

The above central equation, along with all the data inputs, produces the measure

- level potential , with the economic potential being limited to cost

- effective measure installs. However, the total economic potential is less than the sum of each separate measure potential. This is because of interactions between measures and competition between measures . Interactions result from installation of multiple measures in the same facility. For example, if one insulates a building, the heating load is reduced. As a result, if one then installs a high efficiency furnace, savings from the furnace will be lower be cause the overall heating needs of the building have been lowered. As a result, interactions between measures should be taken into account to avoid

over

- estimating savings potential . Because economic potential assumes all possible measures are adopted, int eractions assume every building does all applicable measures. Interactions are accounted for by ranking each set of interacting measures by total savings, and assuming the greatest savings measure is installed first, and then the next highest savings measu re. This is a conservative approach in that it is more likely that some measures with marginal savings may not pass the cost

- effectiveness test after all interactions are accounted for.
Measures that compete also need to be adjusted for. These are two or m ore efficiency measures that can both be applied to the same application, but only one can be chosen. An example is choosing between replacing an incandescent lamp with either a CFL or an LED, but not both. In this case, the total penetration for all compe ting measures is 100%, with priority given to the measures based on ranking them from highest savings to lowest savings. If the first measure is applicable in all situations, it would have 100% penetration and all other competing measures would show no pot ential. If on the other hand, the first measure could only be installed in 50% of opportunities, then the second measure would capture the remaining opportunities.
To estimate the economic potential we generally assumed 100% installation of market

driven m easures (natural replacement, new construction/renovation) constrained by measure

cost

- effectiveness and other limitations as appropriate , such as to account for mutually
exclusive measures

. Implementation of retrofit measures was considered to be resource

- constrained , i.e., it would not be possible to install all cost

- effective retrofit measures all at once. The retrofit penetrations rates ramped up from 2% to 10% per year over the first 5 years, then continued at
10% per year through year 12 . This effectively represented capturing all retrofit opportunities

over the 1 2

- year s tudy period. With these assumptions the economic potential essentially captures all available cost

- effective efficiency potential for retrofit measures by the end of the study period

.
For measures that are market

- driven only (new construction, renovation, and/or natural replacement) and which have measure lives longer than 12 years, the turnover rate is such that not all of the economic potential will be captured over the 12

- ye ar study period. For example, a high

- efficiency boiler measure with a 20

- year measure life may not be cost

- effective for early

retirement retrofit, but passes for natural replacement. If so, only about 5% (1/20th) of theDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 39 

### market turns over every year, so th e entire market would not be replaced within the 12

- year study period. For this measure the 12

- year economic potential would be less than the 20

- year economic potential.Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 40 

## APPENDICES

Appendix A : Energy Sales Forecast
Appendix B: Energy Sales Disaggregation

Appendix C: Average Retail Rates

Appendix D : Measure Characterizations
Appendix E: Bibliography

Appendix F : Other Analysis Inputs and AssumptionsDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 41 

### APPENDIX A: ENERGY SALES FORECAS T

See the Energy Forecasts section of the report (page 30 ) for a description of the derivations of these energy sales forecasts and the data sources used.

Electric Forecast by Sector and Year (GWh)

Natural Gas Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)

Table 15 . Petroleum Fuels Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 42 

### APPENDIX B: ENERGY SALES DISAGGREGATIONDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 43Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 44Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 45Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 46Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 47Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 48 

### APPENDIX C: AVERAGE RETAIL RATESDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 49 

### A PPENDIX D : MEASURE CHARACTERIZATION S

Abbreviations:

Applicable Markets: Sector: Other:
Ret = Retrofit Com = Commercial NG = Natural Gas
NC = New Construction Res = Residential Petro = Petroleum Fuels

Reno = Renovation Ind = Industrial CEE = Consortium for Energy Efficiency Repl = Natural Replacement IECC = International Energy Conservation Code



### Electric M easures

Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl High

- eff AC CEE

Tier I Packaged or split system unitary air

conditioner meeting CEE Tier I efficiency criteria (CEE Commercial Unitary AC & HP Specs, Jan 2012). High efficiency level reflects weighted average by size and type
of units. New unitary air conditioner

m eeting relevant energy codes
or federal standards. Baseline efficiency reflects weighted average by size and type. 15.0 6% $1.09 90 134,102, 93, 168 135

Com Cooling Ret High

- eff AC CEE

Tier I Packaged or split system unitary air

conditioner meeting CEE Tier I efficiency criteria (CEE Commercial Unitary AC & HP Specs, Jan 2012). High efficiency level reflects weighted average by size and type
of units. Existing stock efficiency unitary air conditioner. Existing stock efficiency reflects weighted average b y size and type. 15.0 19% $2.91 90 134,92,9 3,102,16

8 3, 135Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 50 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl High

- eff AC CEE

Tier II Packaged or split system unitary air

conditioner meeting CEE Tier II efficiency criteria (CEE Commercial Unitary AC & HP Specs, Jan 2012). High efficiency level reflects weighted average by size and type
of units. New unitary air conditioner meeting relevant energy codes
or federal standards. Baseline efficiency reflects weighted average by size and type. 15.0 10% $1.09 90 134,102, 93, 168 135

Com Cooling Ret High

- eff AC CEE

Tier II Packaged or split system unitary air

conditioner meeting CEE Tier II efficiency criteria (CEE Commercial Unitary AC & HP Specs, Jan 2012). High efficiency level reflects weighted average by size and type
of unit s. Existing stock efficiency unitary air conditioner. Existing stock efficiency reflects weighted average by size and type. 15.0 23% $2.55 90 134,92,9 3,168 3135

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl High

- eff HP CEE

Tier I

- Cool Single or polyphase packaged or split

system unitary heat pump meeting CEE Tier I efficiency criteria. High efficiency level will reflect weighted average by size and type of units. New unitary heat pump meeting relevant energy codes
or federal standards. Baseline efficiency reflects wei ghted average by size and type. 15.0 4% $3.00 90 134,102, 93, 168 136, 135

Com Cooling Ret High

- eff HP CEE

Tier I

- Cool Single or polyphase packaged or split

system unitary heat pump meeting CEE Tier I efficiency criteria. High efficiency
level will reflect weighted average by size and type of units. Existing stock efficiency unitary heat pump. Existing stock efficiency will reflect weighted average by size and type. 15.0 14% $5.35 90 134,92,9 3,168 136, 135

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl High

- eff HP CEE

Tier II

- Cool Single or polyphase packaged or split

system unitary heat pump meeting an efficiency criteria substantially above CEE Tier II. High efficiency level will reflect the maximum level available from multiple major manufacturers, weighted by s ize and type of units. Standard efficiency new unitary heat pump. Baseline efficiency will reflect weighted average by size and type. 15.0 11% $0.79 90 134,102, 93,168 136Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 51 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Cooling Ret High

- eff HP CEE

Tier II

- Cool Single or polyphase packaged or split

system unitary heat pump meeting an efficiency criteria substantially above CEE Tier II. High efficiency level will reflect the maximum level available from multiple major manufacturers, weighted by size and type of units. Existing stock efficiency u nitary heat pump. Existing stock efficiency will reflect weighted average by size and type. 15.0 22% $3.37 90 134,92,9 3,168 136

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Water src HP v.

air src

- Cool Water cooled heat pump using a water

loop as a heat sink. Standard efficiency unitary heat

pump. 15.0 29% $0.49 1, 18,

22 93, 102, 103, 168 1, 170

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Ground source

HP

- Cool Heat pump using ground as a heat sink.

Either trench or well type. Standard efficiency unitary heat

pump. 20.0 49% $1.71 1, 18,

22 93, 102, 103, 168 104

Com Cooling Reno, Repl HE Room AC A 'room air conditioner' is defined as a consumer product, other than a ‘packaged terminal air conditioner,’ which is powered by a single phase electric
current and which is an encased assembly designed as a unit for mounting in a window or through the wall for the purpose of providing delivery of conditioned air to an enclosed space. It includes a prime source of refrigeration and may include a means for ventilating and heating. Upgrade to EER 10.8 (consistent with ENERGY STAR criteria for typical unit as of 5/27/09) Standard efficiency Room AC unit meeting federal manufacturing standards. 9.0 9% $0.39 90 15, 16,

93 17Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 52 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Cooling Ret HE Room AC A 'room air conditioner' is defined as a consumer product, other than a ‘packaged terminal air conditioner,’ which is powered by a single phase electric current and which is an encased assembly designed as a unit for mounting in a window or through the wall for the purpose of providi ng delivery of conditioned air to an enclosed space. It includes a prime source of refrigeration and may include a means for ventilating and heating. Upgrade to EER 10.8 (consistent with ENERGY STAR criteria for typical unit as of 5/27/09) Old window AC un it (7.5+ years old) 9.0 9% $1.70 90 15, 16,

93 17

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl High

- efficiency

chillers Tier I High efficiency water cooled chillers

(represents weighted average of different types and sizes)

- Tier I Standard efficiency water
cooled chiller 25.0 20% $1.54 1 102, 105, 93,
168 3, 39

Com Cooling Ret High

- efficiency
chillers Tier I High efficiency water cooled chillers

(represents weighted average of different types and sizes)

- Tier I Standard efficiency water
cooled chiller 25.0 29% $2.62 1 92, 93, 105, 168 3, 39

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl High

- efficiency

chillers Tier II High efficiency water cooled chillers

(represents weighted average of different types and sizes)

- Tier II Standard efficiency water
cooled chiller 25.0 31% $1.22 1 102, 105, 93,

168 3

Com Cooling Ret High

- efficiency
chillers Tier II High efficiency water cooled chillers

(represents weighted average of different types and sizes)

- Tier II Standard efficiency water
cooled chiller 25.0 38% $2.15 1 92, 93, 105, 168 3

Com Cooling NC, Reno Opt unitary

HVAC dist/ctrl

sys High efficiency distribution system for

unitary systems, based on mix of measures to optimize the total system efficiency. Potentially including controls, economizers, VFDs, VAV, better design, etc. This is mainly a design measure, applicable to NC and large renovation. New construction standard efficiency unitary HVAC distribution system 15.0 30% $0.53 40 51,93 3, 74, 39Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 53 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Cooling NC, Reno Opt chiller dist/ctrl sys High efficiency distribution system for

chiller systems, based on mix of measures to optimize the total system efficiency. Potentially including controls, economizers, VFDs, better design, etc. New constructi on standard efficiency unitary HVAC distribution system 10.0 20% $0.53 22 64, 39 3, 74, 39

Com Cooling NC, Reno EMS/Controls

- Cool Energy management system and/or other

controls to optimize control of HVAC system. Could include scheduling, optimal

start

- stop, chiller reset control, dual enthalpy economizers, CO2 sensors, etc. No building automation 15.0 18% $0.70 22 41, 42,114,

150 48, 75,

114

Com Cooling Ret EMS/Controls

- Cool Energy management system and/or other

controls to optimize control of HVAC system. Could include scheduling, optimal

start

- stop, chiller reset control, dual enthalpy economizers, CO2 sensors, etc. No building automation 15.0 18% $1.05 22 41, 42, 114, 150 48, 75,

114

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Dual enthalpy

economizer Dual enthalpy economizers with

electronic controls to optimize use of outside air to reduce cooling loads. Standard efficiency economizers, represents a mix of dry

- bulb and single enthalpy. 9.8 7% $1.37 1 168, 1 3

Com Cooling Ret Dual enthalpy

economizer Dual enthalpy economizers with

electronic controls to optimize use of outside air to reduce cooling loads. Existing stock, represents a mix of dry

- bulb and fixed dampers. 9.8 10% $1.01 1 168, 1 3

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Demand

controlled
ventilation

- Cool Adjust ventilation rates based on indoor

air quality (typically by monitoring CO2 levels with sensors) Ventilation system in which the
outside air ventilation rate is fixed when the building is occupied 10.0 19% $0.26 1 41, 25, 76, 150

, 168 109

Com Cooling Ret Demand
controlled
ventilation

- Cool Adjust ventilation rates based on indoor

air quality (typically by monitoring CO2 levels with sensors) Ventilation system in which the
outside air ventilation rate is fixed when the building is occupied 10.0 19% $0.32 1 41, 25, 76, 150,

168 109

Com Cooling Ret HVAC tune

- up

- Cool Optimize an existing HVAC system by

adjusting refrigerant charge, air flow, and
control set

- points for maximum efficiency. HVAC system with unopto mized
airflow and refrigerant charge 6.0 8% $0.13 39 61, 150 78, 79Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 54 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Cooling NC, Reno Duct sealing

- Cool Seal HVAC ductwork with aerosol

- based

sealant to reduce air leakage outside the conditioned space and the consequent energy loss. Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 12% $0.16 25 93, 150 80, 119

Com Cooling Ret Duct sealing

- Cool Seal HVAC ductwork with aerosol

- based

sealant to reduce air leakage outside the conditioned space and the consequent energy loss. Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 12% $0.16 25 93, 150 80, 119

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Low Flow Fume

Hood High efficiency low

- flow fume hoods,

typically used in laboratories, operate on the principle of an air supply with low turbulence intensity in the face of the hood. This alternative design results in sign ificantly reduced volumes of exhaust air, which means less energy needed to move that air, while still providing
sufficient air flow to dilute contaminants
in the hood. Constant volume (CV) and variable air volume (VAV) fume hoods with an average face
velo city of >= 90 ft/min 25.0 44% $0.38 88 88, 89 88, 89

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl HE stove hood

-

Cool Optimized stove hoods to minimize

conditioned make

- up air requirements. Standard stove hoods 20.0 10% $0.51 27 62, 63,

81 63, 81

Com Cooling Ret HE stove hood

- Cool Optimized stove hoods to minimize

conditioned make

- up air requirements. Standard stove hoods 20.0 10% $0.51 27 62, 63,

81 63, 81

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl HP window

glazing Tier I

- Cool Currently available high efficiency glazing The baseline condition is assumed to be single pane clear glass with a solar heat gain
coefficient of 0.87 20.0 6% $0.08 91 93 39

Com Cooling Ret Window Film Window films reduce solar heat gain in the summer by blocking infrared radiation passing through windows. This reduces the cooling load in the summer single pane clear glass in commercial buildings with a solar heat gain
coefficient of 0.87 10.0 5% $0.68 0 93 91

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl, Ret Hospitality

control

- cooling System controlling HVAC and lighting for

hotels/motels Typical hotel room with no key card control or occupancy

sensor 15.0 20% $0.17 25 25 25Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 55 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Cooling Ret Cool roof White roofing material or coating, to

re flect the sun and reduce air

co nditioning loads Typical black roof 20.0 32% $5.13 90 141 142

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Cool roof White roofing material or coating, to

re flect the sun and reduce air

co nditioning loads Typical black roof with typical reflectance and absorption 20.0 32% $0.46 90 141 142

Com Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Data centers

virtualization

- Cool Data Center reduced cooling loads

associated with electric savings for computer loads. Typical data center without
server virtualization 5.0 48% $0.17 57 57, 62 86, 39

Com Cooling Ret Data centers virtualization

- Cool Data Center reduced cooling loads

associated with electric savings for computer loads. Typical data center without
server virtualization 5.0 48% $0.17 57 57, 62 86, 39

Com Data

Center NC, Reno,

Repl Data centers

virtualization

- IT Data Center energy savings for

information technology (computer loads)
at facilities or rooms used to house computer servers and data systems through the use of server virtualization. Typical data center without
server virtualization 5.0 48% $0.17 57 57, 62 86, 39

Com Data

Center Ret Data centers

virtualization

- IT Data Center energy savings for

information technology (computer loads)
at facilities or rooms used to house computer servers and data systems through the use of server virtualization. Typical data center without
server virtualization 5.0 48% $0.17 57 57, 62 86, 39

Com Whole Building NC, Reno Commissioning

- Elec Whole building commissioning of new

buildings to ensure optimized design, installation and operation of systems. New Construction building with no commissioning performed 7.0 7% $0.55 25, 54, 55, 56 115 115Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 56 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Whole Building NC Integrated bldg

design Tier I

- Elec Reflects comprehensive, optimized design

of new buildings addressing all end

- uses and interactions between them on a systems basis. Measures include, but are not limited to, improved air barrier performance, minimum IAQ performance, lighting controls, impr oved lighting power density, improved mechanical equipment efficiency, and demand controlled
ventilation. New building conforming to

ASHARE 90.1

- 2007 15.3 36% $0.61 58 184 184

Com Whole Building NC Building

operational efficiency (behavioral) Reflects an amalgamation of both post

consumption (indirect) and real

- time (direct) energy usage feedback to building managers and occupants via monthly mailing, on

- site displays, etc., as could be supported by Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

- an e merging technology. New building without planned direct / indirect feedback on electric usage 5.0 3% $0.52 0 0 25, 39

Com Whole Building Ret Building

operational efficiency (behavioral) Reflects an amalgamation of both post

consumption (indirect) and real

- time (direct) energy usage feedback to building managers and occupants via monthly mailing, on

- site displays, etc., as could be supported by Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

- an emerging technology. Building without direct /
indirect feedback o n electric

usage 5.0 3% $0.52 0 0 25, 39

Com Whole Building Ret Behavioral

Measures

- Elec Includes occupant training, interactive

meters w/ real

- time pricing capability. No Behavioral Modification Program 1.0 3% $0.09 185 185 39

Com Food Preparat
ion Ret HE kitchen

equipment

- elec, 2 meal High

- efficiency commercial electric

kitchen cooking/warming equipment (holding cabinet, steamer, combination oven, deep fryer, griddle) for a restaurant that serves 2 meals or less per day Standard Food P reparation Equipment 11.8 27% $1.35 91, 97 97 97Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 57 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Food Preparat
ion NC, Reno,

Repl HE kitchen

equipment

- elec, 2 meal High

- efficiency commercial electric

kitchen cooking/warming equipment (holding cabinet, steamer, combination oven, deep fryer, griddle) for a restaurant that serves 2 meals or less per day Standard Food Preparation Equipment 11.8 27% $0.12 91, 97 97 97

Com Food Preparat
ion Ret HE kitchen

equipment

- elec, 3 meal High

- efficiency commercial electric

kitchen cooking/warming equipment (holding cabinet, steamer, combination oven, deep fryer, griddle) for a restaurant that serves 3 meals per day Standard Food Preparation Equipment 11.9 26% $1.41 91, 97 97 97

Com Food Preparat
ion NC, Reno,

Repl HE kitchen

equipment

- elec, 3 meal High

- efficiency commercial electric

kitchen cooking/warming equipment (holding cabinet, steamer, combination oven, deep fryer, griddle) for a restaurant that serves 3 meals per day Standard Food Preparation Equipment 11.9 26% $0.11 91, 97 97 97

Com Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl, Ret Hospitality

control

- heating System control l ing HVAC and lighting for

hotels/motels Typical hotel room with no key card control or occupancy

sensor 15.0 20% $0.17 25 25 25

Com Indoor Lighting Ret HPT8

lamp/ballast (T12 baseline) Install High Performance T8 lamps and

low

- ballast factor electronic ballast in existing fixtures, replacing T12 lighting EE T12 with EEMAG ballast 15.0 32% $0.67 1 168, 168 1

Com Indoor Lighting Ret HPT8

lamp/ballast (T8 baseline) Install High Performance T8 lamps and

low

- ballast factor electronic ballast in existing fixtures, replacing standard T8 lighting Standard T8s 15.0 16% $1.67 1 168, 168 1

Com Indoor Lighting Repl Reduce W T8

lamp/ballast (for HPT8) When replacing a High Performance T8

and ballast, replace with a 25 or 28 Watt lamp and high performance ballast as opposed to a HP 32 watt lamp. 32 Watt High Performance T8s 15.0 13%

- 1 168, 87 68

Com Indoor Lighting Ret Reduce W T8

lamp/ballast (for HPT8) When replacing a High Performance T8

and ballast, replace with a 25 or 28 Watt lamp and high performance ballast as opposed to a HP 32 watt lamp. 32 Watt High Performance T8s 15.0 13% $2.71 1 168, 87 68Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 58 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Indoor Lighting Repl Reduce W T8

lamp/ballast (for stnd T8) When replacing a Standard T8, replace

with a 25 or 28 watt T8 and CEE certified ballast as opposed to a standard lamp and
ballast 32 Watt Standard T8 lamp and
ballast 15.0 16% $0.71 1 168, 168 68

Com Indoor Lighting Ret Reduce W T8

lamp/ballast (for stnd T8) When replacing a Standard T8, replace

with a 25 or 28 watt T8 and CEE certified ballast as opposed to a standard lamp and
ballast 32 Watt Standard T8 lamp and
ballast 15.0 16% $1.62 1 168, 168 68

Com Indoor Lighting Repl Reduce W T8

relamp (for HPT8) When replacing a High Performance T8,

replace with a 25 or 28 Watt lamp as opposed to a HP 32 watt lamp. 32 Watt High Performance T8 lamp and ballast 5.1 11%

- 1 168, 87 68

Com Indoor Lighting Ret Reduce W T8

relamp (for HPT8) When replacing a High Performance T8,

replace with a 25 or 28 Watt lamp as opposed to a HP 32 watt lamp. 32 Watt High Performance T8 lamp and ballast 5.1 11% $2.42 1 168, 87 68

Com Indoor Lighting Repl Reduce W T8

relamp (for stnd T8) When replacing a Standard T8, replace

with a 25 or 28 Watt lamp as opposed to a HP 32 watt lamp. 32 Watt High Performance T8 lamp 5.1 22% $0.14 1 168, 168 68

Com Indoor Lighting Ret Reduce W T8

relamp (for stnd T8) When replacing a Standard T8, replace

with a 25 or 28 Watt lamp as opposed to a HP 32 watt lamp. 32 Watt Standard T8 5.1 22% $0.43 1 168, 168 68

Com Indoor Lighting Ret HPT8 fixture

(T12 baseline) High Performance T8 fixture w/ Electronic

Ballast and tandem wiring where appropriate, replacing T12 EE T12 with EE Mag ballast 15.0 32% $1.07 1 168, 168 68

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl HPT8 fixture

(T8 baseline) High Performance T8 fixture w/ Electronic

Ballast and tandem wiring where appropriate, replacing standard T8 Standard T8s 15.0 16% $0.76 1 168, 168 1

Com Indoor Lighting Ret HPT8 fixture

(T8 baseline) High Performance T8 fixture w/ Electronic

Ballast and tandem wiring where appropriate, replacing standard T8 Standard T8s 15.0 16% $2.67 1 168, 168 68Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 59 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl HE

fixtures/design Tier I (2009 baseline) High efficiency fixtures and design to

reduce lighting power density. Generally
reflects mid

- level efficiency, typically including high efficiency fixtures and improved fixture layout, including use of indirect lighti ng. Does not include controls, which are covered elsewhere.
Baseline of IECC 2009. IECC 2009 15.0 21% $0.37 168 168, 50 69

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl HE

fixtures/design

Tier II High efficiency fixtures and design to

reduce lighting power density. Generally
reflects state

- of

- the

- art systems to achieve maximum reductions. This can include numerous things, potentially including direct/indirect, auto dimming, low glare, T5s, specular reflectors, task lighting, distribution technologies (eg,
li ght pipes, fiber optics), etc. Does not include controls, which are covered
elsewhere. HE fixtures/design Tier I 15.0 33% $0.75 168 168, 52 69

Com Indoor Lighting Ret HE

fixtures/design

Tier II High efficiency fixtures and design to

reduce lighting power density. Generally
reflects state

- of

- the

- art systems to achieve maximum reductions. This can include numerous things, potentially including direct/indirect, auto dimming, low glare, T5s, specular reflectors, task lighting, distribution technologies ( eg, light pipes, fiber optics), etc. Does not include controls, which are covered
elsewhere. HE fixtures/design Tier I 15.0 45% $1.59 168 0 69Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 60 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl HE

fixtures/design

Tier III Emerging technologies (e.g., LEDs, Organic

LEDs, daylighting) combined with emphasis on increased overall system efficiency. HE fixtures/design Tier II 15.0 41% $0.75 168 168, 39 69

Com Indoor Lighting Ret HE

fixtures/design

Tier III Emerging technologies (e.g., LEDs, Organic

LEDs, daylighting) combined with emphasis on increased overall system efficiency. HE fixtures/design Tier II 15.0 53% $1.59 168 0 69

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl CFL fixture

-

interior 2012

- 14 Permanently installed Compact

Fluorescent Lamp fixture Incandescent fixture meeting EISA 2007 lighting performance standards (e.g., efficient halogen lamp) 12.0 59% $0.42 168 168, 1 168

Com Indoor Lighting Ret CFL fixture

-

interior 2012

- 14 Permanently installed Compact

Fluorescent Lamp fixture Incandescent fixture meeting EISA 2007 lighting performance standards (e.g., efficient halogen lamp) 12.0 59% $1.34 168 168, 1 70

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl CFL spiral 2012

-

14 Compact Fluorescent Lamp spiral, for

interior High

- efficiency halogen lamp 4.8 62% $0.03 168 168, 53 71, 168

Com Indoor Lighting Ret CFL spiral 2012

-

14 Compact Fluorescent Lamp spiral, for

interior High

- efficiency halogen lamp 4.8 62% $0.04 168 168, 53 71, 168

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED track

lighting LED replacements for track lighting Halogen Par 38 15.0 80% $0.73 1, 157,
162 1, 156 1, 157

Com Indoor Lighting Ret LED track

lighting LED replacements for track lighting Halogen Par 38 15.0 80% $1.04 1, 157,
162 1, 156 1, 157

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED

downlighting LED replacements for recessed

downlights. Recessed lights are used to concentrate light in a downward
direction. Weighted average of 65W BR30 & 50W PAR30 downlight lamps 15.0 68% $0.48 1, 157,

162 1, 157 46, 157

Com Indoor Lighting Ret LED

downlighting LED replacements for recessed

downlights. Recessed lights are used to concentrate light in a downward
direction. Weighted average of 65W BR30 & 50W PAR30 downlight lamps 15.0 68% $0.98 1, 157,

162 1, 157 46, 157Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 61 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED Lamp,

directional LED screw and pin

- based lamps that

replace PAR bulbs in non

- dedicated
fixtures. These are common in retail and museum applications where directional highlighting is common weighted average of CFL and Halogen PAR bulb 13.6 79% $0.31 1, 62 1, 156 1, 157

Com Indoor Lighting Ret LED Lamp,

directional LED screw and pin

- based lamps that

replace PAR bulbs in non

- dedicated
fixtures. These are common in retail and museum applications where directional highlighting is common weighted average of CFL and Halogen PAR bulb 13.6 79% $0.47 1, 62 1, 156 1, 157

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED Lamp,

standard and
decorative LED screw and pin

- based lamps that fit

into traditional incandescent and CFL
sockets. Varieties include PAR, MR, decorative candelabra, and standard A

style lamps. Weighted average of EC Halogens, and incandescents 8.5 67% $0.48 1, 62 1, 157 46, 168

Com Indoor Lighting Ret LED Lamp,

standard and
decorative LED screw and pin

- based lamps that fit

into traditional incandescent and CFL sockets. Varieties include PAR, MR, decorative candelabra, and standard A

style lamps. Weighted average of EC Halogens, and incandescents 8.5 67% $0.65 1, 62 1, 157 46, 1,

168

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED refrig case

light fixtures LED refrigerated case light fixtures are

installed in walk

- in refr i gerated coolers and freezers where they excel due to the cold temperature. They replace linear fluorescent fixtures that perform poorly in cold temperatures. T8 l inear fluorescent 8.1 55% $0.46 168 168 168

Com Indoor Lighting Ret LED refrig case

light fixtures LED refrigerated case light fixtures are

installed in walk

- in refr i gerated coolers and freezers where they excel due to the cold temperature. They replace linear fluorescent fixtures that perform poorly in cold temperatures. T8 linear fluorescent 8.1 55% $0.90 168 168 168Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 62 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED Recessed

Fixture LED Recessed Fixtures replace linear

fluorescent fixtures average of T8 and HPT8 4'
fixtures 19.5 37% $1.70 1, 62,

158 1, 158 46, 1,

168

Com Indoor Lighting Ret LED Recessed

Fixture LED Recessed Fixtures replace linear

fluorescent fixtures average of T8 and HPT8 4'
fixtures 19.5 37% $3.03 1, 62,
158 1, 158 46, 1,

168

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED task

lighting LED task lighting is used to increase light

levels in work spaces above ambient levels. Replaces Halogen and Fluorescent technology Average of 50W Hal, 13W CFL
and Linear T5 19.5 80% $0.40 126,

162 124, 155 1, 124,

155

Com Indoor Lighting Ret LED task

lighting LED task lighting is used to increase light

levels in work spaces above ambient levels. Replaces Halogen and Fluorescent technology Average of 50W Hal, 13W CFL
and Linear T5 19.5 80% $0.61 126,

162 124, 155 1, 124,

155

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl Fluor high

- low

bay fixture

- interior Fluorescent fixture for high and low bay

applications (assumes 4

- lamp fixture). Generally for industrial warehouse and similar applications. Low bay is 10

- 15 ft. average of 200W and 320W

PSMH 15.0 47% $0.15 168 1, 168 1, 60

Com Indoor Lighting Ret Fluor high

- low

bay fixture

- interior Fluorescent fixture for high and low bay

applications (assumes 4

- lamp fixture). Generally for industrial warehouse and similar applications. Low bay is 10

- 15 ft. average of 200W and 320W

PSMH 15.0 47% $0.49 168 1, 168 1, 60, 68

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED High

- Low

Bay LED fixture for high and low bay

applications. Generally for industrial
warehouse applications. Low bay is 10

- 15
ft. MH 250 W CWA Pulse Start 15.0 55% $0.58 1, 158,

168 1, 158,

168 1

Com Indoor Lighting Ret LED High

- Low

Bay LED fixture for high and low bay

applications. Generally for industrial warehouse applications. Low bay is 10

- 15
ft. MH 250 W CWA Pulse Start 15.0 55% $1.20 1, 158,
168 1, 158,
168 1

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl Occupancy

on/off lighting
control On/off lighting control based on space

occupancy Manual control 10.0 30% $0.21 168 168 48, 60,

168Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 63 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Indoor Lighting Ret Occupancy

on/off lighting
control On/off lighting control based on space

occupancy Manual control 10.0 30% $0.43 168 168 48, 60,

168

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl Occupancy

hi/low lighting
control Multilevel lighting control based on space

occupancy. For example, to reduce lighting in the aisles of a warehouse. Manual control 10.0 30% $0.59 168 168, 1 72

Com Indoor Lighting Ret Occupancy

hi/low lighting
control Multilevel lighting control based on space

occupancy. For example, to reduce lighting in the aisles of a warehouse. Manual control 10.0 30% $1.00 168 168, 1 72

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl Daylight

dimming Automatic dimming in response to

daylight, lumen depreciation and task needs to maintain light levels. For NC, optimization of natural light through shell measures is included under integrated building design. Manual control 8.0 30% $0.27 168 168 1, 168

Com Indoor Lighting Ret Daylight

dimming Automatic dimming in response to

daylight, lumen depreciation and task needs to maintain light levels. For NC, optimization of natural light through shell measures is included under integrated building design. Manual control 8.0 30% $0.38 168 168 1, 168

Com Indoor Lighting Ret Wireless on

- off

lighting
controls On/off lighting controls attached to

occupancy sensors. Eliminates the need for expensive cabling attached to each controlled light. Manual control 10.0 30% $0.47 0 0 183

Com Indoor Lighting Ret LED exit sign Light emitting diode exit sign Fluorescent exit sign 7.0 94% $0.26 1, 20 168 168

Com Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl, Ret Hospitality

control

- lighting System contro l ling HVAC and lighting for

hotels/motels Typical hotel room with no key card control or occupancy

sensor 15.0 33% $0.17 25 25 25Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 64 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Miscella

neous Ret ECM Circulator

Pump Install a variable speed circulation pump

instead of a constant speed pump Circulator pump using a low efficiency shaded pole motor installed on the primary loop of a multiloop system, which runs constantly during the cooling

season 20.0 65% $0.65 1 1 1

Com Office Equipme

nt MD HE plug loads Plug Load equipment, including computers, display, copier, fax, printer, power supply, TVs, and set top boxes Standard Office equipment 4.0 66% $0.07 168 131 131133

Com Office Equipme

nt Ret Office

equipment
control Low cost measures that can be done as a

retrofit to an office building. Includes Power Management, advanced plug strips/timers, monitor brightness settings, and occupant behavior. Standard Office equipment control and standard power strips 3.2 29% $0.11 131,

132 131 131

Com Office Equipme

nt Ret Hotel

guestroom plug
load reduction efficient TVs and refrigerators in hotel

guest rooms Standard efficiency TVs and refrigerators 12.0 12% $0.53 146 147 147

Com Office Equipme

nt Ret, Repl Smart strip

plug outlets A multi

- plug power strip with the ability

to automatically disconnect specific loads that are plugged into it depending on the power draw of a control load, also plugged into the strip. Conventional power strip with
no mechanism for disconnecting loads 8.0 3% $0.66 0 118 118

Com Outdoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED minor

exterior area lighting LED general area lighting on the outside of

commercial buildings. This includes walkway, security, signage, and façade lighting 175W MH 13.7 72% $0.71 162 127 127

Com Outdoor Lighting Ret LED minor

exterior area lighting LED general area lighting on the outside of

commercial buildings. This includes walkway, security, signage, and façade lighting CFLs, Halogen, and linear t5 13.7 72% $1.03 162 127 127

Com Outdoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl CFL

- exterior

2012

- 2014 Spiral CFL for exterior applications to

replace incandescent, 2012

- 14 Halogen PAR38 spot lamp 3.5 62% $0.04 1 1, 59 59Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 65 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Outdoor Lighting Ret CFL

- exterior

2012

- 2014 Spiral CFL for exterior applications to

replace incandescent, 2012

- 14 Halogen PAR38 spot lamp 3.5 62% $0.08 1 1, 59 59

Com Outdoor Lighting NC, Reno LED

Parking/Roadw ay Fixtures LED outdoor lighting for parking areas and

general area lighting (not utility

- owned). This includes cobra heads, other more decorative street lights and canopy lig h ting. Weighted average of 400W MH, 250W MH and 250W HPS, lamps and housing/fixtures 11.4 72% $0.49 162 46, 162 1

Com Outdoor Lighting Ret LED

Parking/Roadw ay Fixtures LED outdoor lighting for parking areas and

general area lighting (not utility

- owned). This includes cobra heads, other more decorative street lights and canopy lig h ting. Weighted average of 400W MH, 250W MH and 250W HPS lamps 11.4 72% $0.60 162 46, 162 1

Com Outdoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl Exterior

Occupancy

Sensors Occupancy sensors controlling outdoor

lighting no occ sensor 10.0 41% $0.74 1 1 1

Com Outdoor Lighting Ret Exterior

Occupancy
Sensors Occupancy sensors controlling outdoor

lighting no occ sensor 10.0 41% $1.22 1 1 1

Com Outdoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED Municipal

Streetlighting LED street lighting owned by utilities Combination of 250W MH and
250W HPS cobra heads 11.4 41% $0.76 19 169 169

Com Outdoor Lighting Ret LED Municipal

Streetlighting LED street lighting owned by utilities Combination of 250W MH and
250W HPS cobra heads 11.4 41% $1.15 19 169 169

Com Outdoor Lighting NC, Reno Improved ext

lighting design Reduced light levels and better outdoor

lighting design. Includes reduced wattage lamps, better spacing, and use of cut

- offs and reflectors to better control light and minimize glare Standard exterior lighting practice 15.0 42% $1.59 1 1, 30 30Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 66 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Outdoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl Outdoor

Lighting
Timeclocks Time controls save energy by reducing

lighting time of use through preprogrammed scheduling. Generally they dim the fixture during periods of low activity, such as 12am

- 5am. Time controls

are applicable to utility owned street lights as well as non

- utility owned outdoor light fixtures such as those in parking garages and security lighting Standard efficiency exterior area lighting using metal halide and high

- pressure sodium technologies 15.0 5 0% $0.36 1 0 154

Com Outdoor Lighting Ret Outdoor

Lighting
Timeclocks Time controls save energy by reducing

lighting time of use through preprogrammed scheduling. Generally they dim the fixture during periods of low activity, such as 12am

- 5am. Time controls are applicable to utility owned street lights as well as non

- utility owned outdoor light fixtures such as those in parking garages and security lighting Standard efficiency exterior area lighting using metal halide and high

- pressure sodium
technol ogies 15.0 50% $0.72 1 0 154

Com Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl Energy Star

vending
machine High

- efficiency refrigerated vending

machines. Includes better lighting, controls and refrigeration. Standard efficiency new vending machine purchases. 14.0 42%

- 34, 35, 26, 94 94 47

Com Refrigera

tion Ret Vending miser Vending miser or equivalent control to reduce lighting and refrigeration energy during low use periods No control 10.0 38% $0.28 1 93 85

Com Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl High

- eff built

up refrigeration High

- efficiency built

- up refrigeration

systems for grocery and refrigerated warehouses. This potentially includes HE compressors, better design and controls,
HE motors and VFDs. Standard efficiency built

- up refrigeration systems 10.0 25% $0.48 18, 34 34, 62 34Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 67 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Refrigera

tion Ret High

- eff built

up refrigeration High

- efficiency built

- up refrigeration

systems for grocery and refrigerated warehouses. This potentially includes HE compressors, better design and controls,
HE motors and VFDs. Existing stock efficiency built

- up refrigeration systems 10.0 31% $2.59 18, 34 34, 62 34

Com Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl High

- eff reach

in refrig,
freezers High

- efficiency stand

- alone reach

- in

refrigeration & freezer units for grocery, convenience stores, restaurants and cafeterias. Efficiency improvements include better door heater control, better lighting, HE compressors, greater
insulation. Standard efficiency new reach

in refrigeration units. 9.0 26% $0.39 20, 34,

35 93 97

Com Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl HE Ice Makers High efficiency new ice machines Standard efficiency new ice
machines 8.0 9% $0.09 98, 97 97 97

Com Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl High

- efficiency

small walk

- in High

- efficiency small walk

- in cooler with

self

- contained refrigeration system Standard efficiency walk

- in refrigeration system 13.0 54% $0.10 1 34, 62 34

Com Refrigera

tion Ret Walk

- in refrig

retrofit package High efficiency walk

- in refrigerat i on

system retrofit improvements (includes economizer, humidistat, evaporator fan control, etc.) Standard efficiency existing
stock walk

- in refrigeration
systems 16.0 17% $0.23 34, 38 49 49

Com Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl High

- efficiency

display coolers High

- efficiency refrigerated display

coolers Standard efficiency one door beverage merchandiser 8.5 35% $0.26 34 62 34

Com Refrigera

tion Ret High

- efficiency

display coolers High

- efficiency refrigerated display

coolers Standard efficiency existing stock display cooler 8.5 35% $4.01 34 62 34

Com Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl Heat pump

H2O heat from refrig

- Refrig Heat pump water heating using waste

heat recovery from refrigeration systems (refrigeration component) Air cooled refrigeration, traditional gas or electric water heating (note some electric water heating savings result as well) 14.0 5%

- 20 62 20Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 68 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Refrigera

tion Ret Heat pump

H2O heat from refrig

- Refrig Heat pump water heating using waste

heat recovery from refrigeration systems (refrigeration component) Air cooled refrigeration, traditional gas or electric water heating (note some electric water heating savings result as well) 14.0 5%

- 20 62 20

Com Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl High

- eff HP CEE

Tier I

- Heat See corresponding "Cool" measure. New unitary heat pump meeting relevant energy codes
or federal standards. Baseline efficiency reflects weighted average by size and type. 15.0 2% $3.00 90 134,102, 93,168 136, 135

Com Space Heating Ret High

- eff HP CEE

Tier I

- Heat See corresponding "Cool" measure. Existing stock efficiency unitary heat pump. Existing stock efficiency will reflect weighted average by size and type. 15.0 7% $5.35 90 134,92,9 3,168 136, 135

Com Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl High

- eff HP CEE

Tier II

- Heat See corresponding "Cool" measure. Standard efficiency new unitary heat pump. Baseline efficiency will reflect weighted average by size and type. 15.0 11% $0.79 90 134,102, 93,168 136

Com Space Heating Ret High

- eff HP CEE

Tier II

- Heat See corresponding "Cool" measure. Existing stock efficiency unitary heat pump. Existing stock efficiency will reflect weighted average by size and type. 15.0 14% $3.37 90 134,92,9 3,168 136

Com Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Water src HP v.

air src

- Heat Water cooled heat pump using a water

loop as a heat sink. Standard efficiency unitary heat

pump. 15.0 40% $0.49 1, 18,

22 93, 102, 103, 168 104

Com Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Ground source

HP

- Heat Heat pump using ground as a heat sink.

Either trench or well type. Standard efficiency unitary heat

pump. 20.0 33% $1.71 1, 18,

22 93, 102, 103, 168 104

Com Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl HP window

glazing Tier I

- Elec Heat Currently available high efficiency glazing The baseline condition is assumed to be single pane clear glass with a solar heat gain
coefficient of 0.87 20.0 24% $0.08 91 93 39

Com Ventilati

on NC, Reno EMS/Controls

-

Vent See corresponding "Cool" measure. No building automation 15.0 18% $0.70 22 41, 42, 114, 150 48, 75,

114Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 69 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Ventilati

on Ret EMS/Controls

-

Vent See corresponding "Cool" measure. No building automation 15.0 18% $1.05 22 41, 42, 114, 150 48, 75,

114

Com Ventilati

on NC, Reno,

Repl Demand

controlled
ventilation

- Vent See corresponding "Cool" measure. Ventilation system in which the
outside air ventilation rate is fixed when the building is occupied 10.0 10% $0.26 1 25, 150 76

Com Ventilati

on Ret Demand

controlled
ventilation

- Vent See corresponding "Cool" measure. Ventilation system in which the
outside air ventilation rate is
fixed when the building is occupied 10.0 10% $0.32 1 25, 150 77

Com Ventilati

on NC, Reno Duct sealing

-

Vent See corresponding "Cool" measure. Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 9% $0.16 25 93, 80,

150 80, 119

Com Ventilati

on Ret Duct sealing

-

Vent See corresponding "Cool" measure. Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 9% $0.16 25 93, 80,

150 80, 119

Com Ventilati

on NC, Reno,

Repl Variable

Frequency Drive (VFD) Variable frequency drive on applicable

fans and pumps No control or manual control with Inlet/outlet dampers or
throttle valves 15.0 40% $0.14 1, 18 1, 65 1, 48, 82

Com Ventilati

on Ret Variable

Frequency Drive (VFD) Variable frequency drive on applicable

fans and pumps No control or manual control with Inlet/outlet dampers or
throttle valves 15.0 40% $0.13 1, 18 65, 93 1, 48, 82

Com Ventilati

on NC, Reno,

Repl HE stove hood

-

Vent See corresponding "Cool" measure. Standard stove hoods 20.0 68% $0.51 27 62, 63,

81 63, 81

Com Ventilati

on Ret HE stove hood

-

Vent See corresponding "Cool" measure. Standard stove hoods 20.0 68% $0.51 27 62, 63,
81 63, 81

Com Water Heating Ret Electric DHW

pipe insulation Electric Domestic Hot Water pipe

insulation Uninsulated hot water pipe 15.0 0% $0.01 31, 32 93 127

Com Water Heating Ret Electric water

heater tank
insulation Electric water heater tank wrap insulation Hot water tank without a tank

wrap 10.0 1% $0.09 91 93 127

Com Water Heating NC, Reno,

Ret Elec instant

water heat vs.
elec DHW Electric point

- of

- use water heating with

no storage capacity, as compared to electric DHW storage. Standard centrally located electric storage water heater 10.0 34% $0.01 30 45, 62 172Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 70 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Water Heating Ret Elec instant

water heat vs.
elec DHW Electric point

- of

- use water heating with

no storage capacity, as compared to electric DHW storage. Standard centrally located electric storage water heater 10.0 34% $0.13 30 45 172

Com Water Heating Ret Low

- flow pre

rinse spray valve, elec

DHW Low

- flow pre

- rinse spray valve for food

service applications Pre

- rinse spray valve greater than 1.6gpm 5.0 47% $0.03 168 168 39

Com Water Heating NC, Reno,

Repl HE clothes

washer, elec

DHW High

- efficiency commercial coin

- op

washers Standard efficiency washer, elec DHW, electric dryer 11.0 28% $0.47 33 168, 33, 62, 94 168, 33

Com Water Heating Ret HE clothes

washer, elec

DHW High

- efficiency commercial coin

- op

washers Standard efficiency washer, elec DHW, electric dryer 11.0 20% $3.18 33 168, 33, 62, 94 33

Com Water Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Heat pump

H2O heat from refrig

- WH Heat pump water heating using waste

heat recovery from refrigeration systems (water heating component) Air cooled refrigeration, traditional gas or electric water heating (note some electric water heating savings result as well) 14.0 43% $0.35 20 64, 2 0 20

Com Water Heating Ret Heat pump

H2O heat from refrig

- WH Heat pump water heating using waste

heat recovery from refrigeration systems (water heating component) Air cooled refrigeration, traditional gas or electric water heating (note some electric water heating savings result as well) 14.0 50% $0.38 20 64, 20 20

Com Water Heating Ret Low

- flow

showerhead,
elec DHW 0 0 10.0 0% $0.01 91 91, 1,
116 91, 116

Com/
Ind Elec
Total Reno Deep Energy

Retrofit

- Electric Deep energy retrofit going after deep

savings in every building systems, mostly
for the renovation market Energy use of the existing building, before the deep energy retrofit occurs. Assumes energy use of typical existing building. 20.0 43% $0.37 143 137 137Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 71 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com/
Ind Elec
Total Ret Retrocommissi

oning

- Elec Optimizing energy usage of existing

buildings and systems using O&M, control calibration, etc. A typical existing building that
hasn't been commissioned 7.0 9% $0.09 25, 54, 55, 56 115, 25 115

Ind Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Industrial space

cooling Represents a comprehensive suite of

industrial energy efficiency measures addressing space cooling Standard efficiency for aggregated measures 10.0 6% $0.75 181,

182 181, 182, 39 181,

182, 39

Ind Cooling Ret Industrial space cooling Represents a comprehensive suite of

industrial energy efficiency measures addressing space cooling Standard efficiency for aggregated measures 10.0 6% $0.75 181,

182 181, 182, 39 181,

182, 39

Ind Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl Industrial

lighting Represents a comprehensive suite of

industrial energy efficiency measures addressing indoor lighting. Standard efficiency for aggregated measures 11.5 25% $0.15 181,

182 181, 182, 39 181,

182, 39

Ind Indoor Lighting Ret Industrial

lighting Represents a comprehensive suite of

industrial energy efficiency measures addressing indoor lighting. Standard efficiency for aggregated measures 11.5 34% $0.15 181,

182 181, 182, 39 181,

182, 39

Ind Industria
l Process NC, Repl Industrial

process Represents a comprehensive suite of

industrial energy efficiency measures addressing electric process energy. Standard efficiency for aggregated measures 13.9 21% $0.09 181,

182 181, 182, 39 181,

182, 39

Ind Industria
l Process Ret Industrial

process Represents a comprehensive suite of

industrial energy efficiency measures addressing electric process energy. Standard efficiency for aggregated measures 13.9 21% $0.09 181,
182 181, 182, 39 181,

182, 39

Ind Miscella

neous NC, Reno,

Repl Water & sewer

process Municipal water and wastewater

treatment system optimization, including replacing coarse

- bubble aeration with
fine

- pore aeration, right

- sizing pump, impeller trimming, addition of pony pump for smaller loads or VFD, leak reduction, better O&M pract ices. Existing practices including

coarse

- bubble aeration, oversized pumps with no VFD. 10.0 15% $0.49 0 39 39Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 72 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Ind Miscella

neous Ret Water & sewer

process Municipal water and wastewater

treatment system optimization, including replacing coarse

- bubble aeration with
fine

- pore aeration, right

- sizing pump, impeller trimming, addition of pony pump for smaller loads or VFD, leak reduction, better O&M practices. Existing practices including

coarse

- bubble aeration, oversized pumps with no VFD. 10.0 10% $0.14 0 39 39

Res Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Efficient

Window AC

ESTAR Replace room AC with energy star lab e led

unit; 8

- 13kbtu, >10.8 EER Federal standard efficiency window air conditioner, EER 9.8 12.0 9% $1.53 168 168 168

Res Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Efficient

Window AC

Tier I Replace room AC with CEE tier 1 unit; 8

-

13kbtu, >11.3 EER Federal standard efficiency window air conditioner, EER 9.8 12.0 13% $2.14 168 168 168

Res Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Efficient

Central AC Tier

II Replace or upgrade standard efficiency

central AC with CEE Tier 2 model (SEER 15, EER 12.5) Federal standard efficiency central air conditioning system, SEER 13, EER 11 18.0 13% $3.82 168 168 168

Res Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Air Source Heat

Pump Tier 2

- Cool Replace existing electric ASHP cooling

system with CEE Tier 2 unit 15SEER,

12.5EER Standard efficiency, ducted, ASHP, 13 SEER, 11 EER 18.0 13% $4.40 176 176 176

Res Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Efficient fan

motor

- Cool Efficient furnace fan motor (ECM or BPM)

to replace standard efficiency (PSC)

motors standard efficiency permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor for
central AC 18.0 50% $1.12 176 168 176

Res Cooling Ret Duct Sealing

- Cool Air

- seal duct work to reduce loss of

conditioned air into unconditioned space, cooling only Leaky ductwork within unconditioned space 20.0 33% $1.83 176 176 127

Res Cooling Ret Air Sealing

- Cool Reduce air leakage in building shell using

blower door guidance and durable
materials The building's air leakage before
reduction 15.0 5% $8.29 176 176 1005

Res Cooling Ret Insulation

- Cool Add R

- 19 insulation to attic modestly insulated attic (R

- 25) 25.0 43% $254.93 176 176 1005

Res Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Efficient

Central AC

ESTAR Replace standard efficiency central AC

with Energy Star qualified model (SEER 14.5, EER 12) Federal standard efficiency central air conditioning system, SEER 13, EER 11 18.0 10% $2.46 176 176 176Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 73 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Res Cooling NC, Reno,

Repl Air Source Heat

Pump ESTAR

- Cool Replace existing electric ASHP cooling

system with Energy Star qualified model (SEER 14.5, EER 12) Standard efficiency, ducted, ASHP, 13 SEER, 11 EER 18.0 10% $2.84 176 176 176

Res Whole Building Ret Enhanced

Behavior based Efficiency

initiative Customer is provided with feedback and

guidance to save energy at home. No Initiative 1.0 2% $0.03 175 175 175

Res Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl CFL

- spiral

retail A CFL replaces an incandescent or

halogen general service lamp A blended average of
incandescent and halogen general service lamp 5.5 64% $0.03 176 176 176

Res Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl CFL

- specialty

retail A specialty CFL replaces a specialty

incandescent or halogen general service lamp A blended average of incandescent and halogen specialty lamp 6.8 75% $0.10 176 176 176

Res Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl CFL fixture,

hardwired,
interior retail A CFL fixture replaces an incandescent or

halogen general service fixture A blended average of incandescent and halogen general service lamp 2.8 64% $0.82 176 176 176

Res Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED Recessed

Downlight
retail A recessed SSL downlight replaces an

incandescent or halogen general service lamp A blended average of incandescent and halogen general service lamp 20.0 82% $0.51 176 176 176

Res Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl CFL fixture,

hardwired,

exterior A CFL fixture replaces an incandescent or

halogen general service fixture A blended average of incandescent and halogen general service lamp 7.0 64% $0.30 176 176 176

Res Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl Exterior Motion

Sensor A motion sensor controlled exterior

fixtu re replaces and uncontrolled fix ture an exterior fixture without motion sensor or any other
controls 15.0 60% $0.18 127 127 127

Res Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED Screw

Based Lamp
retail <450

Lumens A SSL replaces an incandescent or halogen

general service lamp A blended average of incandescent and halogen general service lamp 20.0 79% $0.24 176 176 176

Res Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED Screw

Based Lamp
retail 450 to

1600 Lumens A SSL replaces an incandescent or halogen

general service lamp A blended average of incandescent and halogen general service lamp 20.0 32% $0.24 176 176 176Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 74 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Res Indoor Lighting NC, Reno,

Repl LED Screw

Based Lamp
retail >1600

Lumens A SSL replaces an incandescent or halogen

general service lamp A blended average of incandescent and halogen general service lamp 20.0 56% $0.29 176 176 176

Res Miscella

neous NC, Reno,

Repl Pool Pump the purchase of a multi speed swimming pool pump capable of running at 50% speed and being run twice as many hours
to move the same amount of water through the filter. Single speed pool pump 10.0 87% $0.28 176 176 176

Res Plug
Loads NC, Reno,

Repl Controlled

Power Strip Controlled power strips eliminate standby

loads by turning off devices connected to the same power strip as the controlling appliance Power strip with no control 4.0 82% $0.28 176 176 176

Res Plug
Loads NC, Reno,

Repl Desktop

Computer, Energy Star
labeled Advanced new power supply designs offer

more than 80% efficiency across a wide range of load conditions and often need no cooling fan. Standard efficiency power supply 4.0 50% $0.06 127 127 127

Res Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl Efficient

Refrigerator,

ESTAR An Energy Star lab e led refrigerator

replaces a minimum federal standard
effic iency unit Federal standard efficiency refrigerator 17.0 20% $0.81 168 168 168

Res Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl Efficient

Refrigerator

Tier II A high efficiency refrigerator replaces a

minimum federal standard efficiency unit Federal standard efficiency refrigerator 17.0 25% $0.65 168 168 168

Res Refrigera

tion Ret Refrigerator

Retirement An extra refrigerator is taken out of

service A homeowner has an extra refrigerator running (often in basement, garage or porch) 8.0 100% $0.33 176 176 176

Res Refrigera

tion Ret Refrigerator

Early Replacement An aging refrigerator is replaced with a

new, energy star model. An older, inefficient refrigerator
remains in use until it dies. 12.0 17% $1.58 176 176 176

Res Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl Energy Star

Freezer Customer purchases an Energy Star

Freezer instead of baseline Customer purchases a baseline
freezer 12.0 12% $0.59 176 176 176Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 75 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Res Refrigera

tion Ret Freezer early

retirement An extra freezer is taken out of service A homeowner has an extra freezer running (often in basement, garage or porch) 8.0 100% $0.13 127 127 127

Res Refrigera

tion NC, Reno,

Repl Multi Family

refrigerator An CEE tier 2 listed refrigerator is

purchased in place of a minimum federal standard efficiency unit Federal standard efficiency refrigerator 17.0 25% $0.72 127 127 127

Res Refrigera

tion Ret Multi Family

refrigerator, early replace A CEE tier 2 listed refrigerator replaces an

existing, inefficient refrigerator An inefficient refrigerator

remains in use 17.0 35% $2.00 127 127 127

Res Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Air Source Heat

Pump Tier 2

- Heat Replace a standar d efficiency electric

ASHP with a CEE Tier 2 qualified unit Standard efficiency, ducted, ASHP, 7.7 HSPF 18.0 9% $1.71 176 176 176

Res Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Efficient fan

motor

- Heat Efficient furnace fan motor (ECM or BPM)

to replace standard efficiency (PSC)

motors standard efficiency permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor for heating system 18.0 50% $0.83 176 168 176

Res Space Heating Ret Duct Sealing,

Heat Pump

- Heat Air

- seal duct work to reduce loss of

conditioned air into unconditioned space, heat pump Leaky ductwork within unconditioned space 20.0 33% $0.50 168 168 127

Res Space Heating Ret Air Sealing,

Heat Pump

- Heat Reduce air leakage in building shell using

blower door guidance and durable
materials The building's air leakage before
reduction 15.0 5% $1.91 176 176 1005

Res Space Heating Ret Insulation, Heat

Pump

- Heat Add R

- 19 insulation to attic modestly insulated attic (R

- 25) 25.0 43% $8.54 176 176 1005

Res Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Air Source Heat

Pump ESTAR

- Heat Replace a standard efficiency electric

ASHP with Energy Star qualified unit, min

8.2 HSPF Standard efficiency, ducted, ASHP, 7.7 HSPF 18.0 6% $1.32 176 176 176

Res Water Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Clothes Washer

- Retail An efficient clothes washer is purchased

in place of a conventional clothes washer. Includes dryer savings for average dryer energy mix a new conventional clothes
washer 14.0 27% $1.16 176 176 176Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 76 Sector Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Res Water Heating Ret Clothes Washer

- Early Replacement Removal of an existing inefficient clothes

washer prior to its natural end of life and replacement with a new unit exceeding ENERGY STAR standards. Includes dryer savings for average dryer energy mix an existing conventional clothes
washer 14.0 45% $2.51 176 176 176

Res Water Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Electric Heat

Pump Water Heater >55gal High efficiency heat pump water heater

replaces electric resistance water heater,

COP>2.0 Measure null; April 2015 Standard efficiency electric resistance water heater, >55 gallons, .90 EF 10.0 48% $0.53 168 168 168

Res Water Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Electric Heat

Pump Water Heater <55gal High efficiency heat pump water heater

replaces electric resistance water heater,

COP>2.0 Standard efficiency electric resistance water heater, <55 gallons, .90 EF 10.0 48% $0.53 168 168 168

Res Water Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Tank wrap,

electric water
heater Additional R

- 20 insulation blanket, 50 gal

water heater Uninsulated, 50 gal storage
water heater 5.0 5% $0.22 176 176 176

Res Water Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Pipe insulation,

electric water
heater Add R

- 3.5 insulation to uninsulated hot

water pipes Uninsulated hot water pipes 15.0 1% $0.12 176 176 176

Res Water Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Multi Family in

unit clothes
washer An CEE tier 2 listed clothes washer is

purchased in place of a minimum federal standard efficiency clothes washer A baseline clothes washer 14.0 43% $1.23 127 127 127

Res Water Heating Ret Multi Family

clothes washer early replace A CEE tier 2 listed clothes washer replaces

an existing, inefficient clothes washer An inefficient clothes washer

remains in use 14.0 54% $2.53 127 127 127



### Gas and Petroleum MeasuresDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 77 Sector Fuel Type Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Gas Food

Preparat
ion Ret Gas kitchen

equipment, 2
meal High

- efficiency commercial gas

kitchen cooking/warming equipment (holding cabinet, steamer, combination oven, deep fryer, griddle, grill)

- 2 meals per day Non

- Energy Star gas

- fired
commercial kitchen equipment, prototype
setup 11.8 33% $138.7 91, 97 97 97

Com Gas Food

Preparat
ion NC, Reno,

Repl Gas kitchen

equipment, 3
meal High

- efficiency commercial gas

kitchen cooking/warming equipment (holding cabinet, steamer, combination oven, deep fryer, griddle) for a restaurant that serves 3 meals per day Standard Food Preparation Equipment 11.9 29% $15.8 91, 97 97 97

Com Gas Whole

Building NC, Reno Commissioning

-

Fossil Fuel Whole building commissioning of

new buildings to ensure optimized design, installation and operation of
systems. New Construction building with no commissioning performed 7.0 13% $161.6 25, 54, 55, 56 115 115Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 78 Sector Fuel Type Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Gas/

Petro Space Heating NC Integrated bldg

design Tier I

- Fossil Fuel Reflects comprehensive, optimized

design of new buildings addressing all
end

- uses and interactions between them on a systems basis. Measures include, but are not limited to

, improved air barrier performance, minimum IAQ performance, lighting controls, improved lighting power density, improved mechanical equipment efficiency, and demand
controlled ventilation. New building conforming

to ASHARE 90.1

- 2007 15.3 36% $179.6 58 148 184

Com Gas/

Petro Space Heating Ret Programmable

thermostat,
fossil fuel heat Programmable thermostat allows

user to automatically cycle space heating equipment on and off to desired set point throughout the day using pre

- programmed timers, for gas heat Assume space heating equipment size of 1,000 Mbtu/h at 75% AFUE 12.0 5% $11.6 93 116 91

Com Gas/

Petro Space Heating MD Duct insulation

and sealing, FF
heat Seal HVAC ductwork with aerosol

based sealant to reduce air leakage
outside the conditioned space and the consequent energy loss. Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 12% $46.5 119 93 0Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 79 Sector Fuel Type Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Gas/

Petro Space Heating Ret Duct insulation

and sealing, FF
heat Seal HVAC ductwork with aerosol

based sealant to reduce air leakage
outside the conditioned space and the consequent energy loss. Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 12% $46.5 119 93 0

Com Gas/

Petro Space Heating Ret Behavioral

Measures

- Fossil Fuel Heat, DHW Includes occupant training,

interactive meters w/ real

- time pricing capability. No Behavioral Modification Program 1.0 5% $12.0 185 0 0

Com Gas Water

Heating Ret Gas boost H2O

heater on HE
dishwasher Gas fired boost heater for intake hot

water pipe on HE commercial
dishwasher Commercial Dishwasher with a tank temp set to
deliver sanitizing water (180° F) without a boost
heater 20.0 38% $3.5 117 97 97

Com Gas Water

Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Gas HE tank

type water heater Gas fired high efficiency stand

- alone

tank

- type water heater Stand

- alone gas

- fired tank type water heater with a thermal efficiency of .8 13.0 12% $15.0 93 116 91

Com Gas Water

Heating Ret Gas HE tank

type water heater Gas fired high efficiency stand

- alone

tank

- type water heater Stand

- alone gas

- fired tank type water heater with a thermal efficiency of .8 13.0 21% $27.3 93 116 91

Com Gas/

Petro Water Heating Ret Low

- flow

showerhead, FF

DHW reduces flow rate on showers Standard shower head (average rated at 3.25 GPM) 5.0 62% $2.9 116 91, 1,

116 116

Com Gas/

Petro Water Heating Ret Faucet aerator,

FF DHW reduces flow rate on sinks Standard faucet (average rated at 2.2 GPM) 5.0 32% $22.4 93 91, 1,
116 116

Com Gas/

Petro Water Heating Ret Pre

- rinse spray

valves, FF DHW Reduces flow rate for commercial

food service dish pre

- rinse sprayers Pre

- rinse spray valv e at 3.2 gpm (1.5 hours/per day; 360 day/year. Water temperature rise 70F; gas heater thermal efficiency 0.8) 5.0 4% $2.3 91 91 91, 177Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 80 Sector Fuel Type Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com Gas Water

Heating Ret Water heater

tank insulation,

FF DHW Wrapping a stand

- alone water heater

in insulating blanket Stand

- alone gas

- fired water heater (thermal efficiency .8) without tank insulation 10.0 1% $21.0 116 91, 1,

116 116

Com Gas Water

Heating NC, Reno Hot water pipe

insulation, FF

DHW Wrapping hot water send and return

pipes in Insulation Stand

- alone gas

- fired water heater (thermal efficiency .8) without outlet pipe
insulation 10.0 0% $3.4 116 91, 1,
116 116

Com/
Ind Gas/

Petro Whole Building Ret Retrocommissio

ning

- Fossil Fuel Optimizing energy usage of existing

buildings and systems using O&M, control calibration, etc. A typical existing building
that hasn't been
commissioned 7.0 16% $25.9 25, 54, 55, 56 115 115

Com/
Ind Gas/

Petro Space Heating Reno Deep Energy

Retrofit

- Fossil
Fuel Deep energy retrofit going after deep

savings in every building systems, mostly for the renovation market Energy use of the existing building, before the deep energy retrofit occurs. Assumes energy use of typical existing building. 2 0.0 43% $108.0 143 137 137

Com/
Ind Gas/

Petro Space Heating Ret Envelope

Upgrade Add attic insulation, wall insulation,

and air sealing to small commercial building envelopes Typical envelope insulation levels and tightness for existing northeastern small commercial buildings 15.0 15% $86.0 144 149, 152 149

Com/
Ind Gas/

Petro Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl High

- efficiency

fossil fuel
furnace Higher Efficiency (typically

condensing) gas fired Furnace Standard efficiency furnace (non

- condensing for gas) 15.0 15% $101.1 93 0 0

Com/
Ind Gas/

Petro Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl High

- efficiency

boiler Higher Efficiency gas or oil fired

boiler, AFUE 85% or greater Standard efficiency gas fired boiler, AFUE 80% 25.0 11% $236.4 0 116 91

Com/
Ind Gas/

Petro Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl High

- efficiency

boiler Higher Efficiency gas or oil fired

boiler, AFUE 85% or greater Standard efficiency gas fired boiler, AFUE 75% 25.0 17% $253.3 0 91, 116 91Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 81 Sector Fuel Type Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Com/
Ind Gas/

Petro Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl High

- efficiency

gas infrared
heater High efficiency gas

- fired infrared

heating unit Standard efficiency gas unit
heater 17.0 17% $15.2 91 91, 116 91

Ind Gas Industria

l Process NC, Reno,

Repl Industrial

Process

- NG Represents a comprehensive suite of

industrial energy efficiency measures addressing Natural gas process

energy. Standard efficiency for aggregated measures 15.0 15% $45.0 181,
182 181, 182 181, 182

Ind Gas Industria

l Process Ret Industrial

Process

- NG Represents a comprehensive suite of

industrial energy efficiency measures addressing Natural gas process

energy. Standard efficiency for aggregated measures 15.0 15% $45.0 181,

182 181, 182 181, 182

Ind Petro Industria

l Process NC, Reno,

Repl Industrial

Process

- Oil Represents a comprehensive suite of

industrial energy efficiency measures addressing Petroleum Fuels process

energy. Standard efficiency for aggregated measures 15.0 15% $90.0 181,
182 181, 182 181, 182

Ind Petro Industria

l Process Ret Industrial

Process

- Oil Represents a comprehensive suite of

industrial energy efficiency measures addressing Petroleum Fuels process

energy. Standard efficiency for aggregated measures 15.0 15% $90.0 181,

182 181, 182 181, 182

Res Gas/

Petro Space Heating Ret Duct Sealing,

Fossil Fuel

- Heat Air

- seal duct work to reduce loss of

conditioned air into unconditioned

space Leaky ductwork within unconditioned space 20.0 33% $19.7 168 168 127

Res Gas Space

Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Gas Boiler ESTAR High efficiency gas boiler meeting Energy Star criteria (>85 AFUE) Gas boiler meeting
minimum federal standards (82 AFUE) 18.0 9% $78.9 176 168 176Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 82 Sector Fuel Type Primary
Fuel End

Use Applicable

Markets Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life (yr) % Savings Incre

mental Cost/kW
h Saved Meas

ure Life

Source Savings

Data
Sources Costs

Data
Sources

Res Gas Space

Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Gas Furnace

ESTAR High efficiency gas furnace meeting

Energy Star criteria (>90 AFUE) Gas furnace meeting
minimum federal standards (80 AFUE) 18.0 11% $52.9 168 168 168

Res Petro Space

Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Oil Furnace

ESTAR High efficiency oil furnace meeting

Energy Star criteria (>85 AFUE) oil furnace meeting
minimum federal standards (83 AFUE) 18.0 2% $258.7 168 168 168

Res Gas/

Petro Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Air Sealing,

Fossil Fuel

- Heat Reduce air leakage in building shell

using blower door guidance and
durable materials The building's air leakage
before reduction 15.0 5% $147.6 176 176 1005

Res Gas/

Petro Space Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Insulation, Fossil

Fuel

- Heat Add R

- 19 insulation to attic modestly insulated attic (R

25) 25.0 43% $655.1 176 176 1005

Res Gas Water

Heating Ret Condensing Gas

Water Heater >55gal High efficiency gas condensing

storage or on demand water heater Standard efficiency gas water heater, >55 gallons,

.58 EF 13.0 30% $182.4 176 176 176

Res Gas Water

Heating Ret Condensing Gas

Water Heater <55gal High efficiency gas condensing

storage or on demand water heater Standard efficiency gas water heater, <55 gallons,

.58 EF 13.0 30% $182.4 176 176 176

Res Petro Water

Heating NC, Reno,

Repl Water Heating,

petroleum fuels High

- efficiency water heating by

petroleum fuels Standard efficiency petroleum

- fueled water heating 18.0 10% $182.4 176 176 176Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 83 

### APPENDIX E: BIBLIOGR APHY

# Source

1 Efficiency Vermont, 2012, "Technical Reference User Manual (TRM), Measure Savings Algorithms and Cost Assumptions", version

2012

- 77 or later

3 CA Public Utilities Commission, June 2008, "Database of Energy Efficient Resources (DEER): Technology and Measure Cost Data",

http://www.deerresources.com/

15 Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 1997, "Energy Conservation Program for Consumer

Products: Final Rule Regarding Energy Conservation Standards for Room Air Conditioners", Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR

Part 430

16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, 2005, "ENERGY STAR Program Re quirements for Room Air

Conditioners", Accessed 10/29/2009, http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/program_reqs/room_air_conditioners_prog_req.pdf

17 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, 2005, ENERGY STAR Room A ir Conditioners Savings

Calculator, accessed 6/14/2012, http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsavings_calc/CalculatorConsumerRoomAC.xls

18 RLW Analytics, Inc., October 2001, "NSTAR Electric and Gas Corporation, Large C&I Retrofit and C&I New Construction Programs,

Impact Evaluation Report on 1999/2000 Measure Installations"

19 Calculation based on lamp and/or ballast life and annual hours of use

20 American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE), 1998, "Emerging Energy

- Savings Technologies and Practices for the

Buildings Sector"

22 ASHRAE, 1999, "1999 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications"

25 American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE), 2004, "Emerging Energy

- Savings Technologies and Practices for the

Buildings Sector ", http://aceee.org/getfile.cfm?publicationid=53

26 E Source, 1995, "E Source Technology Atlas Series Volume II Commercial Space Cooling and Air Handling"

27 Personal Communication with Tim Hill, CaptiveAire

30 Optimal Energy Inc., August 2003, "Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Resource Development Potential in New York State

Final Report", prepared for NYSERDA, http://www.nyserda.org/sep/EE&ERpotentialVolume1.pdf

31 Energy & Resource Solutions, November 17, 2005, "Measure Life Study prepared for The Massachusetts Joint Utilities",

http://www.mass.gov/Eoeea/docs/dpu/electric/08

- 10/1609nstrspaa.pdfDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 84 

### # Source

32 GDS Associates, January 2007, "Vermont Electric Energy Efficiency Potential Study Final Report", Prepared for the VT Departme nt

of Public Service, http://publicservice.vermont.gov/energy/vteefinalreportjan07v3andappendices.pdf

33 Federal Energy Management Program, "Energy Cost Calculator for Commercial Clothes Washers",

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/

34 Arthur D. Little, June 1996, "Energy Savings Poential for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment, Final Report"

35 American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE), 2001, "Opportunities for New Appliance and Equipment Standards:

Energy and Economics Savings Beyond Current Standards Prog rams", http://www.aceee.org/energy/a016full.pdf

38 Personal communication with WDP Refrigeration Inc. (Alex), April 2002

39 Professional estimate/experience

40 Professional estimate, same as or less than High

- Efficiency Air Conditioning, High

- Efficiency Heat Pump, Ground Source Heat

Pump. Represents mix of relatively permanent ductwork design & shorter

- lived controls.

41 ACEEE , 1996, "An innovative approach to impact evaluation of energy management system incentive programs", ACEEE Summer

Study Proceedings

42 Department of Energy, April 2005, "Advanced Sensors and Controls for Building Applications: Market Assessment and Potential

R&D Pathways"

45 SETS

- Systems, manufacturer of tankless water heating systems, http://www.sets

- systems.com/index.ht m 46 Gabe Arnold, Efficiency Vermont, 5/26/2009, "LED Street Lighting Workshop"

47 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, ENERGY STAR Vending Machine Calculator,

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=vending_machines.pr_vending_machines

48 CA Public Utilities Commission, "Database of Energy Efficient Resources (DEER)", http://www.deerresources.com/

49 Efficiency Vermont, 8/1/2007, EVT Refrigeration Analysis Tool

50 Professional estimate based on best available equipment compared with baseline incremental to Tier I efficient unit

51 Conservative values of 30% for cooling and 15% for heating relative to CEE Guidelines for EE Unitary HVAC 2001, and estimates

from EPA case studies. Annual kWh calculated based on avg space cooling energy intensity (kWh/ft2) for analysis region (CBECS 2003, eShapes 8760 data 2002).

52 Engineering estimate, incremental weighted average kW/sf above Tier 1, based on current experience i n MA programs

53 Engineering calculation per VEIC estimate of CFL and baseline watts for 2013. Assumes adoption of 20% higher efficacy

requirement for CFLs in 2012. Proportion of 60/75/100W

- equivalent bulbs based on 2 years of EVT data. EVT TRM in

- service rate.
54 LBNL, PECI, Texas A&M, December 15, 2004, "The Cost

- Effectiveness of Commercial Buildings Commissioning",

http://eetd.lbl.gov/Emills/PUBS/PDF/Cx

- Costs

- Benefits.pdfDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 85 

### # Source

55 Bourassa et al., May 2004, "Evaluation of Persistence of Savings from SMUD Retrocommissioning Program",

http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2494&context=lbnl

56 Turner et al, May 2001, "Persistence of Savings Obtained from Continuous Commissioning",

http://buildings.lbl.gov/cec/pubs/E5P22T5a2_ncbc2001.pdf

57 Environmental Protection Agency, Aug 2007, "Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency Public Law 109

-

431", http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf

58 VT CORE Perfor mance requirement

59 Available equipment search (bulbs.com)

60 Available equipment search, Grainger Industrial Supplies, http://www.grainger.com/

61 Professional estimate based on average space cooling energy intensity (kWh/ft2) for analysis region (CBECS 2003, eShapes 8760 data

2002).

62 Engineering calculation

63 Food Service Technology Center, September 2006, "Demand Ventilation in Commercial Kitchens

- An Emerging Technology Case

Study, Melink Intelli

- Hood Controls Supermarket Application", FST C Report 5011.06.13, prepared for Pacific Gas & Electric Company, http://www.melinkcorp.com/pdf/Case

- Studies/Case

- Study

- IH

- Supermarket.pdf

64 Personal communication with Harvey Sachs, ACEEE, 2003

65 Engineering calculation, weighted average of % savings for range of motor horsepowers

68 Efficiency Vermont, 2007, "Direct Install Lighting Retrofit Opportunities", Excel workbook

69 Professional estimate based on lighting analysis by Sardo and Benya for NJ collaborative in 2002, and ERS performance lightin g

analysis for MA in 2006.

70 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, 2007, ENERGY STAR Lighting Fixtures Calculator,

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsavings_calc/Consumer_RLF_Sav_Calc.xls

71 Vermont Energy Investment Corp., Professional judgement of CFL cost for 2013, and baseline replacement to meet EISA 2007

lighting performance standards.

72 Available equipment search (wattstopper.com), http://wattstopper.com/

74 National Grid, "Design 2000plus" Program cost data

75 Energy Design Resources, 2003, "How to Save Energy with an EMS", Design Brief on Energy Management Systems,

http://www.energydesignresources.com/resources/publications/design

- briefs/design

- brief

- energy

- management

- systems.aspx
76 ASHRAE, 2003, "Demand Controlled Ventilation", ASHRAE Journal

77 Cost of a motorized damper, average of three sizes, http://www.nextag.com/motorized

- dampers/search

- htmlDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 86 

### # Source

78 Proctor Engineering Group, CheckMe! System

79 Energy Information Agency (EIA), 20 03, "Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey", http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/

80 ASHRAE, May 2003, "Improved Duct Sealing", ASHRAE Journal

81 Food Service Technology Center, November 2004, "Demand Ventilation in Commercial Kitchens

- An Emerging Technology Case

Study, Melink Intelli

- Hood Controls, Commercial Kitchen Ventilation System, Intercontinental Mark Hopkins Hotel", FSTC Report 5011.04.17, prepared for Pacific Gas & Electric Company, http://www.fypower.org/pdf/mark_hopkins_melink_r eport.pdf

82 Available equipment search (web site not recorded)

85 VendingMiserStore.com, accessed Oct 2008

86 Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Program cost/incentive data, as of October 2008

87 KEMA, March 22, 2010, "Business Programs: Deemed Savings Manual V1.0",

http://www.focusonenergy.com/files/Document_Management_System/Evaluation/deemedsavingsparameterdevelopmentfinal_eval uationreport.pdf

88 State of Wisconsin, 2000, "Fume Hood Performance Test and Life Cycle Cost Analysis",

http://www.hbsponline.com/products/UWM

- HBASC5.pdf

89 Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory, 2005, "Laboratory Fume Hood Energy Model",

http://fumehoodcalculator.lbl.gov/disclaimer.php

90 CA Public Utilities Commission, Oct 1, 2008, "DEER Effective Useful Life (EUL) Summary",

http://www.deeresources.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=40&Itemid=55

91 NYSERDA, Multiple revisions available, "NYSERDA Deemed Savings Database Revision <nn>"

92 ASHRAE, 1999, "Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except Low

- Rise Residential Buildings", Standard 90.1

- 1999

93 TecMarket Works et al., 2010, "New York Standard Approach for Estimating Energy Savings from Energy Efficiency Programs:

Residential, Multi

- Family, and Commercial/Industrial Meas ures", http://www3.dps.state.ny.us/W/PSCWeb.nsf/0/06F2FEE55575BD8A852576E4006F9AF7?OpenDocument

94 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, 2009, "Life Cycle Cost Estimate for ENERGY STAR

Qualified Commercial Clothes Washer(s)", http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsavings_calc/CalculatorCommercialClothesWasherBulk.xls

97 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, July 2011, "Savings Calculator for ENERGY STAR Qualified

Commercial Kitc hen Equipment", http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsavings_calc/commercial_kitchen_equipment_calculator.xlsDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 87 

### # Source

98 Navigant Consulting, 2009, "Energy Savings Potential and R&D Opportunities for Commercial Refrigeration",

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/corporate/commercial_refrig_report_10

- 09.pdf

102 International Code Council, 2010, "2010 Energy Conservation Construction Code of New York State", Effective December 28, 2010

,

http://publicecodes.ci tation.com/st/ny/st/b1200v10/index.htm

103 Climate Master, November 2011, "Climate Mastern Heat Pump Tranquility 27 Series",

http://www.climatemaster.com/downloads/LC374.pdf

104 NYSERDA, 2007, "Information for Evaluating Geoexchange Applications",

http:/ /www.nyserda.org/programs/geothermal/geothermal_manual.pdf

109 Federal Energy Management Program, 2004, "Demand Controlled Ventilation Using CO2 Sensors",

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf

113 ACDirect, 2011, "Air Conditioning Sizing Table", http://www.acdirect.com/systemsize.php

114 EMS Analysis, 2011, "Analysis of EMS Measures for 99 Big Lots Retail Stores"

115 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2009, "Building Commissioning: A Golden Opportunity for Reducing Energy Costs and

G reenhouse Gas Emissions", http://cx.lbl.gov/documents/2009

- assessment/LBNL

- Cx

- Cost

- Benefit.pdf

116 Navigant Consulting, Inc., 2009, "Measures and Assumptions for Demand Side Management Planning Appendix C: Substantiation

Sheets"

117 Massachusetts Electri c and Gas Energy Efficiency Program Administrators, 2010, "Massachusetts Technical Reference Manual for

Estimating Savings from Energy Efficiency Measures"

118 Vermont Energy Investment Corporation, 2010, "State of Ohio Energy Efficiency Technical Reference Manual"

119 Architectural Energy Corp, 2008, "Michigan Measures Database"

124 TecMarket Works et al., 2010, "New York Standard Approach for Estimating Energy Savings from Energy Efficiency Programs:

Residential, Multi

- Family, and Commercial/Ind ustrial Measures, Appendix M, Guidelines for Early Replacement Conditions", http://www3.dps.state.ny.us/W/PSCWeb.nsf/0/06F2FEE55575BD8A852576E4006F9AF7?OpenDocument

126 Navigant Consulting, 2012, "2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization"

127 Efficienc y Vermont, 2012, "Technical Reference Manual version 2012

- 74"

131 eCos consulting, December 2011, "Commercial Office Plug Load Savings Assessment",

http://www.efficientproducts.org/reports/plugload/PlugLoadSavingsAssessment.pdf

132 EnergyStar, Accessed May 2012, "Energy Star Commecial Office Plug Load Savings Calculator",

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=power_mgt.pr_power_mgt_low_carbon_joinDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 88 

### # Source

134 Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE), January 2012, "CEE Commercial Unitary AC and HP Specification", Effective January 6,

2012, http://www.cee1.org/files/CEE_CommHVAC_UnitarySpec2012.pdf

135 Navigant, September 2011, "Incremental Cost Study Report", Prepared for the Evaluation, Measurement and Verification Forum,

http://neep.org/uploads/EMV%20Forum/EMV% 20Products/Incremental%20Cost%20%20study%20FINAL%20REPORT%202011Sep 23.pdf

136 CA Public Utilities Commission, October 2005, "Database of Energy Efficient Resources (DEER): Technology and Measure Cost

Data", http://www.deerresources.com/

137 New Buildings Institute, July 2011, "NEEA Study: Examples of Deep Energy Savings in Existing Buildings", Prepared for

BetterBricks, http://www.betterbricks.com/sites/default/files/nbi_neea_deep_savings_search_phase_1_final.pdf

141 DOE/ORNL, June 2012, "DOE Cool Roof C alculator", http://www.ornl.gov/sci/roofs+walls/facts/CoolCalcEnergy.htm

142 EPA, October 2008, "Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies",

http://www.epa.gov/hiri/resources/pdf/CoolRoofsCompendium.pdf

143 EERE, September 2011, "Advanced Energy Retrofig Guides: Office Buildings", http://www.peci.org/sites/default/files/aerg

- office.pdf

144 NY PSC, July 2011, "CASE 07

- M

- 0548

- Proceeding on Motion of the Commission Regarding an Energy Efficiency Portfolio

Standard, Order Approving Modificat ions to the Technical Manual", Issued and Effective July 18, 2011, http://documents.dps.ny.gov/public/Common/ViewDoc.aspx?DocRefId=207D90AD

- 22A3

- 486B

- 861F

- 115DCC235F7B

146 Energy Star, Accessed June 2012, "Energy Star Consumer Residential Refrigerator Savings Calculator",

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=RF

147 PNNL, September 2009, "Technical Support Document: 50% Energy Savings Design Technology Packages for Highway Lodging

Buildings`", http://ww w.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL

- 18773.pdf

148 Greg Kats, 2010, "Greening Our Built World: Costs, Benefits, and Strategies"

149 ORNL, 2002, "Meeting the Challenge: The Prospect of Achieving 30 Percent Energy Savings Through the Weatherization Assistance

Program", http://weatherization.ornl.gov/pdfs/ORNL_CON

- 479.pdf

150 Global Energy Partners, March 2010, "Energy Efficiency Potential Study for Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc.

Volume 2: Electric Potential Report", ht tp://www.coned.com/documents/Volume_2_Executive_Summary.pdf

152 Robert Parkhurst, 2011, "Wisconsin Weatherization Assistance

- Evaluation of Program Savings Fiscal Years 2007

- 2009",

http://homeenergyplus.wi.gov/docview.asp?docid=22310

154 Gabe Arnold, 2012, "Municipal Streetlighting Calculator"Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 89 

### # Source

155 U.S. Department of Energy, EERE, February 2008, "LED Application Series: Portable Desk/Task Lighting",

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/portable_desk_task.pdf

156 U.S. Department of Energy, EERE, 2010, "Demonstration Assessment of Light

- Emitting Diode (LED) Accent Lighting", Final Report

prepared in support of the U.S. DOE Solid

- State Lighting Technology Demonstration GATEWAY Program , http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/public ations/pdfs/ssl/gateway_field

- museum.pdf

157 U.S. Department of Energy, EERE, June 2012, "Demonstration of LED Retrofit Lamps at the Smithsonian American Art Museum,

Washington, DC", http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL

- 21476.pdf

158 U.S. Department of Energy, EERE, October 2011, "CALIPER Summary Report: Round 13 of Product Testing",

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/caliper_ round13_summary.pdf

162 DesignLights Consortium, 2012, "DesignLights Consortium Qualified Products List",

http://www.designlights.org/documents/NEEPDLCQPL.xls

168 Opinion Dynamics, April 30, 2012, "Delaware Technical Resource Manual, An Update to the Mid Atlantic TRM",

http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/energy/information/otherinfo/Documents/EM

- and

- V

- guidance

documents/DELAWARE_TRM_August%202012.pdf

169 CA Public Utilities Commission, 2005, "Database for Energy Efficiency Resources (DEER) Update Study Final R eport"

170 Reed Construction Data, 2010, "RSMeans Mechanical Cost Data 2010"

172 Biulding Energy Resource Center, 2006, "Exterior Lighting Power Requirements in the National Energy Codes",

http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_exter ior_lighting_power_requirements_in_the_national_energy_code s.pdf

175 Bonneville Power Administration, 2011, "Residential Behavior Based Energy Efficiency Program Profiles",

http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/pdf/BBEE_Res_Profiles_Dec_2011.pdf

176 Shelter Analytics, 2013, "Mid

- Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 3.0"

177 "Illinois Energy Efficiency Stakeholder Advisory Group (SAG), Sep 14, 2012, ""State of Illinois Energy Efficiency Technical R eference

Manual

181 ACEEE, 2006, "Ripe for the Picking: Have we Exhausted the Low

- Hanging Fruit in the Industrial Sector", Research Report IE061

182 ACEEE, 2011, "Advancing Energy Efficiency in Arkansas: Opportunities for a Clean Energy Economy", Research Report E104

183 ETAP, 2011, "ETAP: Wireless L ighting Controls", http://energy

- solution.com/etap/wp

- content/uploads/2011/03/ETAP

- Wireless

Lighting

- Controls.pdfDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 90 

### # Source

184 Navigant Consulting, 2011, "NEEP Incremental Cost Study Report", chaired by NEEP

185 Opinion Dynamics, 2011, "Massachusetts Cross

- Cutting Behavioral Program Evaluation", http://www.ma

eeac.org/Docs/8.1_EMV%20Page/2011/2011%20Residential%20Studies/MACC%20Behavioral%20Report%20Volume%201%20Final.p
df

187 Nextant, 2012, "Delaware Statewide Commercial and Industrial End Use and Sat uration Study", Submit te d to the DNREC,

http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/energy/information/otherinfo/Documents/EM

- and

- V

- guidance

documents/Delaware%20Commercial%20Baseline%20Report%20July%202012.pdf

188 Opinion Dynamics, 2012, "Delaware Statewide Residentia l Baseline Study", Prepared for the DNREC,

http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/energy/information/otherinfo/Documents/EM

- and

- V

- guidance

documents/Delaware%20Statewide%20Residential%20Baseline%20Study%20July%202012.pdfDelaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 91 

### APPENDIX F : O THER ANALYSIS INPUTS AND A SSUMPTIONS

The table below provides a summary of analysis inputs and assumptions, most of which are not specifically described in the report.

Screening Input Value Notes
Years of analysis 201 4

- 2025
Real Discount Rate (RDR) 3 % The U.S. Department of Energy recommendation for projects related to energy conservation, renewable energy, and water conservation is a real
discount rate of 3%

, as of 2010 , consistent with the Federal Energy

M anagement Program (FEMP) (s ee p age 1 in http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/ashb10.pdf ).
Accounting of Costs & Benefits The items below can be accounted for as costs or benefits. The choice
does n o t affect net benefits, but does affect the benefit

- cost ratios ( BCRs )

. Fossil Fuel Impacts Costs & Benefits Savings are benefits, increased usage (e.g., the “heating penalty” for lighting measures) is a cost

. O&M Savings Benefit Usually accounted for as a benefit

. Deferred Replacement Credit for Early

- retirement Retrofit Measures Benefit Usually accounted for as a benefit . When working equipment is retired early for the energy savings of new equipment, the equipment replacement cycle is deferred. The benefit is a portion of the cost that
would have been incurred at the end

- of

- life of the existing equipment (levelized over the remaining life of the efficiency equipment).

Electric Line Loss Factors

– Energy 15.7% of meter EIA data: Average statewide lin e loss factors over the period 2001

- 2010 (see http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=105&t=3 )

Electric Line Loss Factors

– Capacity Not applicable to Phase I
Emission Impact Factors (e.g., SOx and NOx) Not applicable to Phase I