GUINEA-BISSAU

ECONOMY'S ALMOST TOTAL DEPENDENCE ON OUTSIDE HELP NOTED
Frankfurt/Main FRANKFURTER ALLGEMEINE in German 30 Jun 82 p 7

{Article by Guenter Krabbe: "Thirst is the Dominant Sensation in Bissau--The
USSR Delivers Arms and Embezzles Fish Catches--One-Fifth of the Area is
Flooded by the Ocean"

fTex€7 Bissau, 29 June--You can drink either coffee or rum. The choice is
not great, nor is it appropriate for the climate. The oppressive 30-degree
heat, a mugginess which would appear to precede a thunderstorm which never
comes, the humid and sticky air, the burning overhead sun--thirst is the
dominant sensation in Bissau, the little capital of former Portuguese Guinea.
The "Grande Hotei" is still there with its shady front garden, as are the
two "cervejarias" [beer halls] on.the excessively broad Avenida Amilcar Cabral,
which was formerly named after Portuguese President Americo Tomas and even
then was devoid of automobiles. Even the iron chairs and plastic tables are
still standing on the cracked cement of the beer halls; but the foaming malt
drink is no longer available which, as the ads put it, make thirst a beauti-
ful thing; nor is there any soda water, fruit juices, nor of course any Coca
Cola.

For those things, you would have to take a taxi to the "Hotel 24 September,"
formerly the club and temporary quarters of the Portuguese colonial officers.
Cool beer is available there, but first of all, only with the meals, and
secondly it comes out in perspiration just as quickly as it trickles through
your throat; afterwards, in the city, it makes for a doubly troubling memory.
The experienced traveler, warned in advance, has taken precautions: he has
brought with him some tea bags from Dakar, the capital of Senegal--three for
each day. He has them boiled to make three bottles of tea during breakfast,
which consists of two pasty pieces of white bread from yesterday, covered with
a dollop of margarine which he can swallow by adding some Maggi. One bottle
each serves to combat the thirst of the morning, the afternoon and the even-
ing, each taken with aspirin against headaches caused by the heat, the last
also with an anti-malarial.

When the Portuguese were still in power here, things were different. Not too
different, though. The Grande Hotel, the best establishment, was a bit grimy
even then; now, as then, the cockroaches come excitedly out of the drain hole
when you turn on the shower; and an air conditioner was even then a rare

15



NIGER

FAILURE OF SOME STUDENTS TO ASSUME THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES NOTED
Niamey SAHEL HEBDO in French 30 Apr-2 May 82 pp 1, 3
{@ntitled editorial]

[ext] Only a few days after the historic Zinder meeting on the Nigerien
School, a meeting in which the entire Nigerien nation took part--i.e., repre-
sentatives of all social strata of the country--and only two months before
final examinations, some pupils and students are. agitating, and going too far
in their behavior, they are preventing those who want to study from having
access to the classrooms. The reasons for this agitation? Certain elements
are spreading the word in our schools that the Zinder Recommendations--we
indeed said "recommendations"--have the additional objective of placing the
entire burden of educating children on the shoulders of the peasants and
parents of pupils. Now, the Nigerien government which seeks information
every day about the situation of each one of us, is sufficiently aware of the
individual efforts of each son of the country to assure his existence and
thereby that of the state. It is, then, scarecely in its intentions or in its
deeds to increase the burdens of each pupil's parents. To the contuary, ‘the
daily experience proves it, the government is doing its utmost to alleviate
the burdens of each household and of the state as a whole.

What is striking in these pupils' and students' unrest, is that they are
confusing recommendations and decisions. In fact, the Zinder Declaration is
only at the stage of recommendations. The government has, of course, made
the commitment to examine these recommendations at an opportune time in
order to make the necessary decisions. But for the present, it has not met
and thus has made no decision in this direction. The present agitation of
these few pupils is thus regrettable anticipation. Moreover, the Zinder
Declaration does not solely concern the financial aspect of school, but the
heart of the problem which is reform of education from top to bottom. And,
an important fact, this declaration was made with the participation of pupils
and students who subscribe to it completely. |

The Zinder debate recommended the initiation of civic service in school. In
this respect, it is appropriate to point out that this measure is already be-
ing applied in much of the surrounding country. It goes without saying that
this is not a measure that goes against Nigerien pupils and students. To the
contrary, it is to our country's advantage. What can be more natural than a

36



MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

DREDGES FROM NETHERLANDS--This year Mozambique will purchase two dredges from
the Netherlands, within the framework of cooperation between the People's
Republic of Mozambique and the Dutch Government, this newspaper learned from
the director of EMODRAGA (Mozambican Dredging Company). To implement the
project, a contract will be signed within a few days between Mozambican
authorities and Dutch representatives. Mozambique has already selected the
make and model, and construction of the two naval units will begin in July
in the Netherlands. The two dredges will be completed in 6 months and should
be delivered to Mozambique in January or February of 1983. The dredges will
be built by the Dutch company DEMAG. According to the EMODRAGA spokesman,
the two units are being acquired to carry out dredging operations in the ac-
cess channels to the ports where larger units, like the dredge ROVUMA, cannot
operate. The new dredges will be equipped to carry out excavation operations
at the bottom of the access channels. They will later be assigned to the
ports of Maputo and Beira, which does not rule out their use in any other of
the country's ports. Acquisition of the two dredges will strengthen the
operational capacity of EMODRAGA and insure maintenance of our ports. The
country now has only three dredges, two of which are out of service. They
should be rehabilitated within this year, according to the plan for repair
of these naval units. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 15 Jun 82 p 8]
6362

TRANSPORT AGREEMENTS WITH PORTUGAL--Portugal and Mozambique have signed a
number of agreements covering cooperation in public road transport. The
two countries signed a general memorandum on cooperation and a number of
other agreements between Portuguese and Mozambique enterprises. The
Portuguese delegation has been in Mozambique for over a week to work out
details of joint action which will include training Mozambique personnel.
(Machado Rodrigues), planning director of Portugal's Ministry of Public
Works, led the delegation and signed on behalf of his country. (Jose
Gananchio), national director of road transport, signed for Mozambique.
[Text] [MB161450 Maputo in English to Southern Africa 1100 GMT 16 Jul 82]

32



do, is to sack him, because, according to it, that is the only way to restore
some measure of credibility in the presidency. the DAILY STAR also commends
the president for dissociating himself and his high office from the wayward
office of his political adviser. The STAR urges the president to view with
serious concern the conduct’ of his adviser and hopes he would find ways to
protect his image from advisers who lack a sense of direction. But on its
part, the NIGERIAN STANDARD does not see any reason why the president should
issue a query to his political adviser, because it was the president who
mandated Chuba Okadigbo to handle the responsibility in the negotiations
that led to Mr Ojukwu's pardon. The STANDARD is of the opinion that Chuba
Okadigbo is being made the sacrificial lamb and therefore appeals to the
president to give a second thought to the issue. [Excerpt] [AB211146

Lagos International Service in English 0830 GMT 21 Jul 82]

csO: 4700/1588

4l



Improper use of bottles also means keeping them or retaining them at home for
an indefinite length of time delaying the refilling process and subsequent
marketing.

The number of people currently using gas rose considerably recently. First,
because in comparison with coal and petroleum, gas can be a fuel for cooking
and is more economical and much more practical.

To diminish the difficulties, said Valdez Dias, Sonangol will make a great
effort, putting around 100,000 new bottles into circulation; this is already
being done in the provinces. More bottles will be imported soon to try to
satisfy the needs nationwide.

9479
csO: 4742/335



To put it briefly, it is, therefore, not just a problem of too narrow a
financing basis, but also one entailing an extremely limited growth potential.

Distribution of Funds

Generally speaking, 60 percent of the taxation income is derived from resi-
dential areas (living quarters) and the rest from business areas (Browne:
Category 1 - VII, 59.8 percent and 40.2. percent respectively, and category 1--
namely, metropolitan - areas--56.3 percent and 43.7 percent).

As an example of a typical’ local government, Table 1 illustrates the income
from property tax and utility services from white, colored and Indian areas.

TABLE 1: INCOME DISTRIBUTION
EXAMPLE A: (URBAN) PROPERTY TAXES: Total Income

Whites Coloreds Indians Blacks (1)

98.7 percent 0.3 percent 1 percent -
Per capita index:
100 6.2 19.4 -

BUSINESS SERVICES
Total income

93.7 percent 0.9 percent 1.5 percent 3.9 percent
Per capita index:

100 - 19.7 30.2 6

EXAMPLE B (LARGE RURAL AREAS) Property Taxes; Total Income

Whites Coloreds Indians Blacks

69.3 percent 11.7 percent 19 percent -

Per capita index:

100 17 27 -

Utility services: (Complete information not available).

(1) Blacks do not now pay property taxes.

In both instances the fiscal year closed with a comparatively substantial
surplus after provisions were made to compensate for the shortages in the

colored and Indian accounts, (Utility services for the blacks are provided
at actual costs).

51


SOUTH AFRICA

FINANCIAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL ASPECTS OF PROPOSED NEW ORDER
Imbalance: in Local Administrations “Income
Johannesburg DIE TRANSVALER in Afrikaans 1 Jun 82 p 7

(Brticle by Dr J. J. S. Weideman, member of the Presidential Council's
Economic Committeg/

(fext7 The new arrangement for local administration
recommended by the Presidential Council carries along
with it special financial implications. Dr J. J. 8.
Weideman treats this matter in an article which he has
written especially at the request of DIE TRANSVALER.

From his article, it is clear that this is not a new
problem, but that the help of the best experts in the
country will be needed now and in the future in order to
bring about a reasonable and workable system.

During the past decade there have arisen special problems and difficulties
concerning the matter of financing of local authorities. Various committees
and reports have, moreover, focused attention on this problem.

It is only logical that in considering a new order of things this aspect
should also deserve spetial. attention by the Presidential Council's Committee
for Constitutional and Economic Affairs.

Aparti‘from many other reports on the structure, organization, political order
and implications of local administrations for coloreds and Indians, there have
recently appeared a number of reports which have, more or less, concentrated
on the financial problems involved in these matters; for example, the reports
by Erica Theron, Borkenhage, Niemand and then especially the comprehensive
Browne report which appeared at the start of 1980 and carried 133 extremely
important recommendations. These recommendations were aimed exclusively at
alleviating financial difficulties for white municipalities, for colored ad-
ministrative committees, Indian administrative committees and administrative
councils and community councils for blacks outside the national states.

49



Integration Is Out!

Integration is therefore also out. Integration is one of those "ghost"
words in Sottth African politics which easily frighten away voters. Often the
simple fact of meeting or collaborating is made out to be rejectable inte-
gration, whereas it is really only that sort of grouping together which is
intended to pave the way to a watering down of delineations between communi-
ties with a view to final assimilation, which can be branded as integration.
If assimilation is impossible then integration is unsuitable.

Collaboration within a consociative arrangement has exactly’the- opposite
objective from integration and assimilation: It expressly recognizes group
differences and wants to protect. each group's right to existence.

Partition Has Its Problems

Partition has already been adapted on a number of occasions as’an alternative
where integration and assimilation.was not possible. This brings to mind
Ireland and Ulster, Pakistan and'India and South Africa's own homelands
policy. Continuation of ‘the policy of homelands development is also being
recommended with respect to the republic's black people.

The division of a state between its population groups presupposes a high
degree of concentration of population groups in certain areas. This is
applicable to theblack people of southern Africa, but not to the coloreds
and Indians. .

Well-argued testimony in favor of the principle of partition between whites
and coloreds was heard by the Constitutional Committee, but ‘the spokesmen
involved chose nét to express an opinion about. the wheres and hows:of such
a partition. However, as a reply to the question of a committee member, it
was admitted thatiin-wiew of the large concentration of coloreds and the
preponderance of their numbers, there could be a colored controlled region
in the Western Cape...!

Of course our Western Province people suspect the two Northern Transvaal —
spokesmen of carrying on a secret Currie-cup operation.

The Characteristics of Consociation

So, what is left is consociation--What is meant by the term? What are its
most important characteristics?

In the first place, this: goes hand in hand with the devolution of power to
local governments--this being a principle strongly recommended in the Presi-
dential Council's report on local: administration.

Secondly, a voice in decisionmaking is assured where this affects the inter-
ests of a population group or cultural community.. Usually this takes place
at a government level through a government coalition ofthe leaders of the
various groups.

55



SOUTH AFRICA

PC MEMBER ADVOCATES GRADUAL CHANGES
Johannesburg THE STAR in English 4 Jun 82 p14
[Article by Japie Basson]

[Text] In Mr P W Botha a leader has emerged as Prime Minister who is casting
aside timidity and choosing courage, to initiate reform and redress injustices
of the past. Already he has risked a break in his party.

In my view he is bringing much of the spirit and ideals of General Hertzog-—-the
originator of the National Party, and the greatest Afrikaner leader since
Union--back into our land.

Constitutional correction by means of politics of negotiation, which has now
become the rule, is a vast and complicated task in a plural society such

as ours. An instant blueprint is out of the question. The process requires
piecemeal political engineering, and changes will have to come step by step
if progress is to be secure.

That is why the President's Council and its five standing committees were
appointed for five years, and why their first few reports at the end of their
first year--fundamentally important as they are—are first forward steps,

not final ones covering the whole field of reform. Much remains to be done
and is, in fact, in the process of being done.

Reasonable South Africans will appreciate this and measures the President's
Council's recommendations in the light of the real degree of progress
achieved.

Two opposition groups are willfully negative about it all and fighting the
council's proposals as hard as they can, sowing suspicion against even the
best of them and virtually spitting in the face of the reformer, They are
the Afrikaans extreme of so-called conservatives and NHPs, and the English
extreme in and behind the PFP. Both are acting in the name of their assumed
"credibility" among Afrikaners and among blacks respectively.

‘I am confident that the Afrikaner people will put this new Afrikaans extreme
in their place. But the old English extreme has such a protracted and chronic
record of confrontation with Afrikaner-oriented government over constutitional
matters that I sometimes seriously wonder whether they are not still motivated
by the same deeper sentiments as those which sparked off the Anglo-Boer War.

59


-more a literature-sociologist than anything else.

What I can say, however, is that the younger generation is an interesting one
because it /tried/ to break with the past.

I think that literary renewal, like all great art, always comes from ideological
and political (used in a very broad sense of the word) renewal. Therefore I
don't know if the younger generation of Afrikaans writers are indeed such
/meaningful/ writers, for I don't know whether they have experienced such
meaningful ideologies or philosophical renewal.

There is a lot of nihilistic ideology in the so-called Afrikaans "punk" genera-
tion, without their having a true alternative for the dissatisfaction with the
prevailing ideology of the /establishment/.

I doubt whether this can produce really meaningful art, especially if we relate
your earlier question on "meaningful Afrikaans and politics" to my idea of
"literary renewal and politics."

Influence
GRAFFIER: What is the influence of the "Colored writer" among his"people”?

Gerwel: In the first place: the entire concept of a "Colored people" is nonsense,
The law throws such a diverging group of people together under that term that there
is no question of any homogeneous group or a "collective conscience." It is thus
very difficult to answer that question.

Small, Peterson or Philander do not occupy the sort of status white writers have.
Each white writer -- even Breytenbach in the days of his strongest criticism --
contributed to the "museum" of the Afrikaners' cultural documents. That
phenomenon -- of an “own cultural museum" -- cannot be found among the so-called
"Coloreds," and this again is related to the lack of a collective conscience.

In my lecturing I found that the reactions to, for example, Adam Small are very
different. People react to him in an ideological manner. Some say that he
strengthens the whole idea of "Colored" -- which is of course a very negative
thing to do -- and others say that he makes fun of the rulers.

Afrikaans

GRAFFIER: How do you see your role as a lecturer at an apartheids-institution
such as the University of West Cape Province?

Gerwel: My first task is to teach as well as possible, but of course one finds
himself in the dilemma of practicing his profession according to the line created
by a political ideology to which he is opposed.

One could argue that that institution, although created by a specific ideology,
is not in its service. But this is avoiding the question. A society is kept
intact and served by its institutions, and in this sens [the university of ] West
Cape Province serves the structure of apartheid.

47



MAURITIUS

RAMGOOLAM HOLDS PRESS CONFERENCE ON APRIL ELECTIONS

Scene at Legislative Assembly
Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French 24 Apr 82 pp 1, 7

[Text] It was an SSR [Sir Seewoosagur.Ramgoolam] who was
obviously feeling the effects of the exhausting discus-

sions held these past weeks between his party and various
potential allies (PMSD [Mauritian Social Democratic Party],
Groupe Francois, RPL [Rally for Progress and Liberty], CAM
[Moslem Action Committee]), and of the internal strife in the
Labor Party [PI] due to the competition over tickets, who an-
nounced yesterday to the press and the television cameras a
list of candidates for the PT/RPL/Groupe Francois alliance,
This list is not complete, since the candidates of District 3
have not yet been designated; and in the case of Rodrigues,
the PT--contrary to its policy in 1967 and 1976--will not sub-
mit any candidates, but will support Serge Clair*s OPR [Organ-
ization of the Rodrigues People] against the PMSD.

Most of the candidates took their places beside SSR around a large table in the
Legislative Assembly dining room. On SSR's right were Sir Satcam Boolell and
Sir Harold Walter; on his left were Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo and Sir Kher
Jagatsingh, party secretary general, who played the primary role in preparing
the list of candidates, which, to be precise, may still be modified, according
to SSR.

The absence of the CAM, for the first time since 1959, from a list for the
general elections headed by members of the PT was particularly regretted by
SSR, who appealed to this party's electorate to support him.

SSR has thus lost his two traditional allies, the PMSD and the CAM; the first,
he says, because Mr Duval made excessive demands and the second because there
was disagreement about the number of tickets. He said that the CAM wanted
seven, but "We could only offer them four." SSR considers the RPL and the
PMSD "more reasonable" people to deal with; he could not drop those who, re-
sisting Duval's appeal to PMSD members of parliament. to withdraw their support
from the government, enabled the regime to stay afloat until*the end of its
mandate, preventing the MMM [Mauritian Militant Movement] from coming to power,

19



Nigerien teacher coming before his Nigerien brothers to transmit knowledge
to them, and especially to tell them the why and how, the ins and outs of
every event, the possible and the unrealizable.

It is time for our pupils and students to give up such behavior in order to
assume their responsibilities, all their historic responsibilities to the
nation. Teachers, parents of pupils--everyone has responsibility in this
affair. We must help our young people, that is to say, our country's future,
not to compromise their future. What is particularly deplorable is that a
good number of these pupils are attending examination classes. They thus
have more interest in concentrating further in order to make a good start and
not to play a losing game. Pupils, students, parents of pupils--each must
consider the situation carefully and become aware.

Moreover, the ringleaders are perfectly well known: they are mainly students
who, believing that their future is at least partially assured, want to
compromise that of their young brothers. But these latter must pull them-
selves together, and with the help of their parents' advice, they must trans-
cend the dilatory maneuvers and devote themselves, body and soul, to their
studies. The paradox in all of this is that students who have the historic
mission of carrying on technical assistance and expatriates whom they loudly
denounce are among ‘those who are agitating the most. As examinations
approach, they are making their school a hotbed of agitation and contention.
So, to be or not to be, that is the question, as Shakespeare says.

The recent press release issued by the government calls for good behavior

by our pupils and students. It appeals to their sense of responsibility and
patriotism. It .calls on them to give deep and fruitful thought in order to
grasp what is at stake in the situation. Our country is counting enormously
on its young people; they do not have the right to let it down. History will
judge them.

9380
cso: 4719/918

37



SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

Briefs
Cooperation Agreement With Libya

SOUTH AFRICA

ZAIRE

Survival of Afrikaans Among Non-Whites Discussed
(Jakes Gerwel Interview; RAPPORT, 30 May 82) ......-+e0-

Financial, Social, Political Aspects of Proposed New Order
(DIE TRANSVALER, 28 May, 1 Jun 82) ........ eee

Imbalance in Local Administrations Income, by J. J. S.
Weideman

Consociation--Alternative To Assimilation, Partition
More Light on Local Administrations

PC Member Advocates Gradual Changes
(Japie Basson; THE STAR, 4 Jun 82) ............ eee eeeee

Good Prospects for Cooperation With Zambia Reported
(Editorial; ELIMA, 12 May 82) ....cccccceeecccecceseeeee

Briefs
Mobutu's Mbuji-Mayi Farm
Lubumbashi Airport Closure
USSR-Zaire Joint Commission

42

43

49

59

61

62

62


MOZAMBIQUE

MANUFACTURE OF HEAVY MACHINERY PARTS
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 17 Jun 82 p 12

[Text] "We have capable technicians and the necessary mate-
rial to initiate the center for manufacture and recondition-
ing of parts, to be established in Beira, but we are having
various problems which have brought the project to a stand-
still," Adelino Ribeiro, general director of the state com-
pany STEIA, told our reporter.

Construction work on the center has been delayed because of the lack of a fa-
cility to set up the necessary equipment and get it working. To solve the
problem, the company is negotiating with APIE [Administration of State Lands
and Property] to locate a building suitable for the undertaking.

According to our source, "if APIE finds us a building, we hope to begin opera-
tions within a relatively short time, because we have capable technicians and
the necessary material to get started."

The center is in a position to manufacture spare parts for 44 brands of vari-
ous equipment, which will solve most of the problems confronting STEIA, since
some of the parts now used are imported.

"The equipment to be used both in manufacturing and reconditioning parts will
be selected from the company's branches, the same being true of the person-
nel," director Ribeiro reported. He assured that, despite the transfer of
part of their staff and equipment, the branches would continue to function.

The first phase of the project consisted of a survey of the company's tech-
nical and manpower resources and a study of the location for the installation
of the center. "Based on this study, we decided to set up the center in Beira,
since it is in the middle of the country, which will facilitate transport of
materials to and from the branches," the director added.

To furnish the raw material to begin manufacturing parts, STEIA will use
damaged equipment, some of which has been abandoned. The task of identifying
the probable owners of most of the abandoned machinery is now in progress.

After this step, the owners will be contacted and asked to release this equip-
ment to the company, to be utilized to build the parts.

Parts Manual

Considering the complexity involved in the manufacture of parts, and as this
is the first project of its kind, a parts manual is now being drafted to guide
the technicians, particularly as to the types of parts to be manufactured.

838? 4742/337 30



luxury appliance in two or three of the best rooms. Room 9 is not one of them.
On its ceiling hangs an ancient fan which is powerful enough’to distribute
the smell of the open toilet which hasn't seen a brush and cleansing powder
for a long time, but not powerful enough to drive away the mosquitoes. But
when the Portuguese were here there was always beer, also Coca Cola to go
with the local rum and a gin and tonic, very refreshing in the tropics, of |
which one would gladly drink "mais tres" (another three). At the time the
hotel wasiowned by a fat, always dirty looking Portuguese by the name of
Freitas who in the old days sat at the reception desk wearing a formerly white
undershirt on a small stool which he overflowed in all directions. Today the
hotel belongs to the state. It is touching to watch how the room boys (there
are no maids) and the waiters try, at the wrong place and with insufficient
means, to cover up the shame of poverty and to maintain an appearance of
order and cleanliness. There is evidence of the zeal with which table cloths
are washed yet again and pressed into pleats even though they consist of
nothing more than a few threads between colored patches. Portuguese Guinea
had always been a poor country. The free and independent Republic of Guinea-
Bissau is poorer still.

Orientation Toward Senegal

In the past the country exported peanuts and palm seeds. Now it has added
fish, which find a good market in Europe with rising prices. But they are
being caught by Soviet ships "under license." The license provides an alibi.
Everybody knows, but no one can do anything about the fact that the Russians
report less than one-fourth of their catch and pay for it in Bissau while
embezzling the rest. The peanuts produce less and less for the market because
the state pays too little for their products; thus the export of vegetable
oils is stagnating. In 1961, before the start of the guerilla fight for
independence, there was sufficient export activity to pay for 55 percent of
imports. In 1971 this amounted to 6 percent, in 1976 14.6 percent and in 1981
still only 28.2 percent. In the past, Portugal had taken care of the deficit.
Today the country depends on development aid and foreign grants. In early
June an Italian ship arrived which brought 2,000 tons of rice as a gift of the
European Community. There were great celebrations in Bissau, because that
meant that some food would be available until August or even September. Two
days later a Soviet ship unloaded rice, flour, canned meat, vegetables, soap,
soap powder and vodka. Nobody got excited about that, because the destination
of Russian goods is well known. They are intended only for the morale and the
supply of the 300-500 Soviet military advisers and instructors who are eating
in separate kitchens and are better cared for than are the Guinea-Bissau
soldiers.

One-half of the small country, the size of North Rhine-Westphalia, one-fifth
of which is in addition covered by ocean tides twice a day, is no longer a
part of it economically. Everything lying north of the Rio Mansoa and the Rio
Geba is oriented toward neighboring Senegal: rice, vegetables and peanuts are
smuggled there and that is where textiles, shoes, transistor radios and soap
powder come from, which are otherwise no longer available or else very seldom
and then only for government officials. The latter are given preferential
treatment in this country which is to be frankly developed by Cuban, Soviet and

16



repulsive. Will Dr Ramgoolam tell us what justifies the presence of this
minister's name on the list of candidates?

[Answer] There aré people like that tn every party, The PL ts no exception.

[Question] The prime minister spoke indulgently just now about a former min-
ister who has been found guilty of fraud and corruption by a Supreme Court
judge. Do you think the electorate will be equally indulgent toward this can-
didate of your party?

[Answer] This is a free country, Anyone can be a candidate in elections un-~
less he has commi~ted fraud. You refer to a case in which there was merely an

investigation and no conviction. It was not a conviction; it was an investi-
gation,

[Question] Has the leader of the PT complained to the prime minister about
his party's agents being beaten by members of the riot squad in front of Gov-
ernment Hotel on Tuesday evening?

[Answer] No one has the right to create a disturbance in front of Government
Hotel and use blasphemous language there.

[Question] Is the opinion of the prime minister and leader of the PT shared
by other members of the executive branch of his government?

[Answer] I say what I say....
[Question] Will Dr Ramgoolam tell us if the report of the pay research bureau
will be published verbatim, and applied retroactively back to July 1981 before

the elections?

[Answer] (angrily) It's as though you were doubting my word! You have a lot
of nerve!

[Question] I'm waiting for an answer.
[Answer] I have already committed myself publicly on this matter! Do I have
to repeat the truth to you every day? Are you God and do I have to pray to

you?

[Question] Will Dr Ramgoolam tell us why he chose to form an alliance with the
PMSD rather than the MMM after the 1976 elections?

[Answer] We formed an association with those who wanted to form one with us.

[Question] Will Dr Ramgoolam tell us why his party expelled the three con-
tenders, Boodhoo, Beedassy and Gungoosingh?

[Answer] They left of their own accord.

22



Guinea-Bissau is beginning to loosen its ties to the USSR, which date back to
the latter's support during the fight for independence. True, the country is
so small and so disadvantaged by nature that it: will. probably never be self-
supporting, but will have to lean on one or both of its neighbors. Even then
life in the swamps’ and the rocky savannahs will not be easy. But it is very

likely that a visitor will once again be able to buy a beer to quench his
thirst.

9273
cso: 4720/16

18



MOZAMBIQUE

WOMEN'S GROUP, ARMED FORCES STUDY WAYS TO COMBAT BANDITRY
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 17 Jun 82 p 2

[Text] To find forms of action to guarantee the defense of the nation's
capital against banditry, crime and theft, perpetrated by armed bands or
otherwise, high officials of the National Defense Ministry, accompanied by
Salome Moiane, secretary general of the Organization of Mozambican Women
[OMM], met yesterday with the secretaries of this mass organization for the
neighborhoods and work places in the city of Maputo.

At the meeting, Lt Col Carrilho Focas informed the OMM district and company
secretaries about the actions of armed bands against the civilian population
and economic targets in many regions of the country.

Analyzing the problems in the capital, characterized by constant robberies
and assaults on homes and production sites, banditry and other activities
causing unrest among the citizens, Focas stressed the need for the structures
of the city of Maputo to organize to put an end to these evils.

After noting key points to be considered by the OMM to insure the defense of
the capital, Focas said that many of the incidents that are still widespread
in the nation's capital are the result of poor vigilance by all the citizens,
particularly at the neighborhood level.

It was stressed that defense of the city of Maputo merits the particular
attention of all citizens, and it was recommended that the OMM play a major
role in educating the public.

The meeting should be continued next Monday, Salome Moiane told the partici-

pants, in order to discuss the problems raised in greater detail and to ar-
rive at forms of action to combat these evils.

6362
cso: 4742/337

31



“days. Abdul Magid Osman was received by Comrade Paulo Jorge, our foreign
minister; Lopo do Nascimento, minister of planning and foreign trade; and
Comrade Erminio Escorcio, the director general of Sonangol. During the
meeting with the Sonangol director general, the two sides informally
exchanged views on the possibility of cooperation in training cadres for
the petroleum industry. [Text] [EA110158 Luanda Domestic Service in
Portuguese 0500 GMT 10 Jul 82]

cso: 4742/346

13


More Light on Local Administrations
Johannesburg DIE TRANSVALER in Afrikaans 28 May 82 p 9

(lexE] Pretoria~-The Presidential Council's proposals regarding the sharing
of political rights at a local government level is, in his opinion,
reasonable and feasible--with the possible exception of the’thoughts about
the joint services committees.

This is what Prof J. J. N. Cloete, director of the South African Institute
for Public Administration and a former professor in public ‘administration at
the University of Pretoria, said yesterday.

The executive committee of the Transvaal Municipal Association will soon hold
a special meeting for discussing the Presidential Council's proposals to the
extent that they affect local administrations. The possibility of an extra-
ordinary congress is now being mentioned.

In the course of an interview, Professor Cloete said that: each population
group must have its own local’ government, provided that ‘circimstances and
numbers justify this. It is also clear that this will ‘be in their own
interest.

If it happens to be a colored or Indian population group, it will all depend
on whether they will have income sources for rendering the administration of
their various township areas viable.

In contrast with white local administrations, which have productive tax,
business and industrial regions to their disposal, colored and Indian local
authorities usually have residential regions lacking-in high land values
and consequently these provide only a meager tax income.

Professor Cloete says that a possible solution for this could be for the
government to subsidize such local administrations in one way or another,
because without a sufficient income these councils'would simply be unable
to fend for themselves and the entire thought of having individual local
administrations for all the population groups will end up in failure.

With respect to Indian and colored communities which are too small to justify
separate local administrations, their representatives must be allowed to have
a voice in the white local administrations.

Some white administrations are completely in agreement with the idea, but
others are strongly opposed.

This is true mostly in city councils where the political or other grouping
is of such a nature that even a small minority group would be in a position
to sway the voting in one direction or another and the feeling there is

strongly against the inclusion of representatives’ of nonwhite’ communities.

57



ANGOLA

BOTHA'S CALL FOR PULLOUT OF CUBAN TROOPS CRITICIZED
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 19 Jun 82 pp 1, 11
[Editorial: "“Hypocritical Intention"]

[Text] Mr Roelof W. Botha, head of Pretoria's racist, militaristic govern-
ment [as published], on Thursday made a rare fact-finding tour to northern
Namibia, illegally occupied by racist South Africa.

The South African prime minister was accompanied by his most devoted fellow
believers like Pik Botha, minister of foreign affairs [as published]; Gen
Magnus Malan, minister of defense; Danie Hough, South African general admin-
istrator for occupied Namibia and high South African officials.

The racist retinue, made up of South African authorities responsible for
the deaths of Namibians and Angolans, visited the military base of Oshivello
which serves, like so many others, as a springboard for aggression against
the RPA [People's Republic of Angola] and other neighboring countries.

There, according to Western media, Pretoria's head of government said that
South Africa explicitly made the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola "a
prerequisite for the implementation of the Western plan for the independence
of Namibia" and that "interim elections" would be held if this plan were not
approved by March 1983.

“We are ready to approve phase two of the solution proposed by the five
Western countries and we agree to move to phase three (elections). But at
the same time let us point out very clearly," said Botha, "that we cannot
complete these various phases without the withdrawal of Cuban troops."

In this way, the racist authorities again show a lack of seriousness about
implementing the United Nations resolutions on the territory of Namibia by
trying to link the process of independence with the pullout of the Cuban
internationalist forces from Angola; they remain in the RPA at the request
of the Angolan Government to help defend the territorial integrity and sover-
eignty of the country, threatened and attacked constantly by South African
racists, mercenaries and puppets in their pay.

The Western press which served as a-vehicle for Mr Botha's diatribes had
"forgotten" to make the connection between this "fact-finding tour" and the



MOZAMBIQUE

MILITARY COOPERATION WITH PORTUGAL
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 12 Jun 82 p 10

[Report on EXPRESSO interview with Mozambican Defense Minister Joaquim Alberto
Chipande, date and place not indicated]

[Text] In an interview with the Portuguese news weekly
EXPRESSO, Lt Gen Joaquim Alberto Chipande, our country's de-
fense minister, reported that a Portuguese military delega-
tion could soon come to Mozambique to study the military
infrastructures left in Mozambique at the time of indepen-
dence.

“Portugal is coming to conduct this study, and, if necessary and if possible,
will send technicians to train our cadres," Minister Chipande said. He re-
ferred to the postponement of his official visit to that European country for
discussions with Freitas do Amaral, his Portuguese counterpart.

In April a military working protocol was signed in Maputo between Mozambique
and Portugal. General Chipande denied the reports that were circulated claim-
ing the protocol provides for the training of Mozambican military commanders
and instructors by the Portuguese army.

As he told EXPRESSO, the specific areas of military cooperation between the
two countries will not be defined until his visit to Portugal, which is plan-
ned for the near future.

Chipande said: "We will go to Portugal with specialists and there we will
establish the sectors for cooperation. For now, we are only talking about
technical training in general."

Speaking about the reaction in certain political and diplomatic circles to
the signing of the military cooperation accord with Portugal, Minister
Chipande said the matter was brought up during the visit of Portuguese Presi—
dent Ramalho Eanes to our country.

“We have now received the Portuguese president's response, in the form of a

supply of war materiel and uniforms for our enlisted men," said the Mozam-
bican defense minister. He added:

28



important as management improvements, would however require investments which
could be financed only by international, i.e., Western sources. In the mean-
time efforts are made, with GDR and Portuguese management assistance, to at
least maintain the limited capabilities. However, at the moment a resumption
of copper transport from the Central African copper belt to Beira or Maputo
seems beyond reach, thus necessitating the continuance of routing it via South
Africa.

Military Aid From the USSR

As can be learned in Maputo, experts from the communist German state are in
addition charged with training activities for the Mozambique security services.
This is however an activity about which for understandable reasons details are
not available from the host country nor from the guests. The same applies to
the Cuban military members who are said to be principally in charge of train-
ing noncommissioned officers.

The main activity of assistance personnel from the USSR, whose number is
estimated by diplomats to be 1,000, is said to be the training of officers.
Their quite impressive presence can mainly be observed in hotels and at air-
ports. They are usually in small groups, accompanied by an interpreter who
is completely fluent in Portuguese. Soviet experts can also be seen in the
harbors of Beira and Maputo on fishing vessels and repair ships. However, it
cannot be determined with accuracy whether the emphasis of their activities
lies in exploiting the rich fishing grounds or in training and advisory
functions.

Another East bloc. country with a fairly large contingent of assistance person-
nel is Bulgaria, which has agricultural experts in Mozambique. Agricultural
machinery technicians and agronomists from the Black Sea country are working
in the extensive rice plantations on the Limpopo as well as in the potato,
cattle and-corn regions of Tete province in the northwest of the country.

Due to the lack of sufficient visiting and contact opportunities it is quite
difficult to gain a clear impression of the results of this assistance opera-
tion which is limited to collective agricultural operations. Since the pre-
dominant part of the territory is still being privately farmed, it is present-
ly impossible to draw conclusions as to the efficacy of state and collective
farms with foreign assistance within the presently poor state of food supply.

The Portuguese Enclave Cabora Bassa

During the last years of the Mozambique independence struggle, Cabora Bassa
was characterized by some propaganda centers in the West as an enterprise
designed to bolster the colonial regime. "Anticolonialist-anti-imperialist"
groups believed unanimously that the construction of the large power plant on
the Zambezi should be stopped and.that the firms forming a banking consortium
with participation by theFRG, France and Switzerland should be denounced as
helpmates :ofi:the Portuguese colonialists. Now, 7 years after Mozambique ob-
tained its independence and 7 years also since the power plant started opera-
tions, Third World ideologues have long since been concerning themselves with
other matters. The new state, which has chosen Marxism-Leninism as its pol-
itical religion, would not want to give up its income from Cabora Bassa.

25



camp: will concern itself with the worst cases of malnutrition. This first
phase: construction of emergency shelter, distribution of relief supplies,
and a blood bank already established in the provincial hospital, will cost
nearly 8.5 million kwanzas (or nearly $280,000). A forthcoming meeting of
southern African countries in Botswana will make it possible to issue an ap-
peal to the international community.

5170
csO: 4719/1057



ANGOLA

SITUATION IN SOUTHERN, CENTER AREAS DISCUSSED
Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French No 50, May 82, p 30

[Text] AFP [Agence France Presse] reports: Kuito, capital of the Angolese
province of Bie, an area where UNITA [National Union for the Total Independence
of Angola] guerrillas are active, is a quiet city, but the consequences of the
war which Luanda ts carrying out against this movement are everywhere to be
seen, You see few Cubans in the streets patrolled by military vehicles. They
are to be found at night at the still very noisy "Cuban fiestas" in places
reseryed for them,

Controls on the exits .from the city have been relaxed, and they are not much
felt in a city under stege, although movement over the roads to certain areas
is strongly advised against and is rather limited. The road connecting Bie to
Huambo, 150 km away, another province where the guerrillas operate, is consid-
ered not very safe, It its mostly military vehicles which operate along this
road, The villages, some of them recently built for displaced persons coming
from the forest area and the countryside, are guarded by the Popular Defense
Forces (ODP) and the Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA).

At Kuito the accent is on the resettlement of displaced persons and on their
political mobilization, The DIP (Department of Information and Propaganda)
proadcasts radio programs in Portuguese and in the regional languages, par-
ticularly Ovimbundu, Leaders of the Organization of the Masses visit the
towns by vehicle or by airplane.

Lucio Lara, the second-ranking Angolan leader, has chosen Bie as his forward
command post for the control of the central and southern zone, which is cur-
rently the most insecure, with the South Africans in the South and UNITA in the
center,

Quite near the airport more than 3,000 refugees live in a transit camp estab-
lished by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the Angolan
Red Cross. Nearly 40 people come in every day; camp installations are still
limited and temporary. The influx of displaced people coincides, it is re-
ported, with the counter-offensives of the Angolan army in zones where UNITA
operates. Some 800 persons have already left the transit camp to be resettled
in agricultural areas, A second camp is under construction, which will shelter
about 2,000 persons and whose installations will be improved. One unit of the



CAMEROON

BRIEFS

ALGERIAN AMBASSADOR DEPARTS--The departing Algerian ambassador to Cameroon,
His Excellency Alhaji Abdelkader Azzout, will be guest of honor this
evening at a dinner offered by Prime Minister Paul Biya. Mr Azzout leaves
Yaounde next Sunday after serving in Cameroon for 4 years. [Excerpt]
{AB211804 Yaounde Domestic Service in English 1400 GMT 21 Jul 82]

AHIDJO RECEIVES MESSAGE FROM HABRE--President Ahidjo this afternoon received
a Chadian envoy with a special message from Hissein Habre. Nounou Mahamat,
commissioner of state, declined to reveal the contents of this message but
assured reporters that progress is being made in reconciling the factions

in Chad. Meanwhile, Hissein Habre has confirmed reports that his recent
talk in Libreville with the factional leader of the south, Mr Kamougue,

has paved the way for peace in Chad. In an interview with the Paris news-
paper LE MONDE, Mr Habre, however, alleged that foreign interference was

the main problem which complicated reconciliation efforts in Chad. [Text]
[AB151957 Yaounde Domestic Service in English 1830 GMT 15 Jul 82]

cso: 4700/1590

4



Meanwhile, the Assembly called for the rational use of the existing. manpower,
in particular in the spheres of construction, agriculture and external trade,
and training in these areas will. depend on the means of production and on
the potential output and services rendered to the masses.

The Commission on Labor, Social Security, Child's Conditions and Social
Affairs will have to assess the available unemployed manpower to be trained
and used in various projects to be initiated by the appropriate departments
of the party or by the Council of Ministers.

In the spheres of agriculture and animal husbandry, the Assembly members
decided to streamline the areas of state intervention in order to concentrate
most state enterprises in certain regions. The Assembly also decided to
close some state economic units, which could become cooperative societies

or private enterprises which will pay taxes.

The members of the People's Assembly also decided that all enterprises with
planned losses should submit a report on the total strength of their personnel.

In the spheres of industry and transport, important measures were taken,

in particular an increase in domestic air transport fares and an increase
of the various fees paid at the airport. The Ministry of Transport and
Communications will determine the increases. It was also decided to improve
the supply system of equipment and spare parts needed for technical mainte-
nance and the utilisation of the acquired equipment will be strictly
controlled with a view to increasing production and productivity.

In the spheres of construction and trade, the People's Assembly proposed
the rational use of manpower and the transfer of unemployed workers to
other national activities. In view of the high rate of idle equipment,
the Assembly called on the Ministry of Construction to design a program
aimed at recovering idle equipment for further use.

The People's Assembly decided that the Ministry of Domestic Trade should
reorganize and control the retail system in order to remove the discrepancy
between the uncontrolled trade and centralized control. It also called
for the establishment of communal joint ventures at the local level.

In this regard, Assembly members agreed to set up a commission made up of
officials from the ministries of finance and domestic trade to be charged
with registering all private enterprises operating in the provincial
capitals. After the registration exercise, any unauthorized enterprises
must be penalized or shut down.

The result of that exercise, along with a law to check speculation and

illegal trading, must be submitted to the Council of Ministers in a very
short time.

cso: 4719/1196



In the question and answer period, SSR did not have an easy time with the
journalists, who pointed out many contradictions tn the list of candidates as
well as in the regime's statements and polictes, At issue were ministers who
had had trouble with the Law and are on the list of candidates; regional elec-
tions postponed sine die, contrary to democratic principles; unemployment
benefits decided on just before the elections, although a motion of the MMM
opposition advocating such benefits was adopted in 1977, (Is the present fi-
nancial situation better?...)

SSR did not answer several questions, trying to get around some of them at
times. He even lost his temper once and accused a member of the independent .
press of being pro-MMM: "What nerve"! he shouted in answer to one journalist's

~question, adding: "Are you God and must I pray to you"?

In the end, SSR found his smile again and asked the journalists: . "Why don't
you wish me good luck? You should wish us good luck," said Sir Seewoosagur,
who had previously rejected the label, Alliance of the Right, stating that the
PT/Groupe Francois/RPL alliance is a front of the liberal left.

Press Conference Questions and Answers
Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French 24 Apr 82 p 7
[Report: . "A Shower of Questions at SSR's Press Conference"']

[Excerpts] Many questions were. put to SSR yesterday at his
press conference. This is how the exchange of remarks went.

[Question] Mr Prime Minister, for several weeks the PT sought an alliance with
Gaetan Duval's PMSD, but now we are headed for a three-way battle. What is your
present position with respect to the PMSD, and do you think the PT's chances
are diminished by a three-way electoral battle?

[Answer] Well, I wanted a slightly broader alliance, but you know there are
personal ambitions in this country. Some people have them. They may also be
on-a different wave length from me, so we didn't come to an arrangement, Mr
Duval's demands have been more excessive than ever. We finally made an alli-
ance with more reasonable people, Francois and the RPL.

[Question] Mr Prime Minister, the MMM and the PSM [Malagasy Socialist Party]
have repeatedly asked the PT to commit itself publicly--as they have--to col-
laborating loyally, in case of defeat, to insure the transition from one gov-
ernment to the next. Can you commit yourself to this publicly today?

[Answer] We are a party that has always cooperated and respected democracy,
To what should we commit ourselves?

[Question] The possibility of the government underwriting a loan of 2 billion
rupees has come up recently, Just what is the status of this matter?

20



265307

JPRS 81389

29 July. 1982

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

No. 2666

FBIS| FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

["reproouceo ay

| NATIONAL TECHNICAL ;

| INFORMATION SERVICE
US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE |

_ ‘SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161



SOUTH AFRICA

_ SURVIVAL OF AFRIKAANS AMONG NON-WHITES DISCUSSED
Johannesburg RAPPORT in Afrikaans 30 May 82 p 20

[interview with Professor Jakes Gerwel, professor of Afrikaans-Dutch at the
University of West Cape Province in the literary magazine GRAFFIER: "Do 'Coloreds'
Reject Afrikaans -- Or is it the Speaker's Attitude which Offends?"; date and
place of interview not given; items in slantlines published in italics. ]

[text] Most white Afrikaners generally accept "coloreds"

as Afrikaans-speaking -- if not as "Afrikaners." Especially
since the 1976 rebellion against mandatory Afrikaans in
colored education, however, considerable opposition has been
voiced by colored and black ranks against even the use of
Afrikaans as the common language.

How fierce is this resistance in reality? Is the Afrikaans-
speaking colored person indeed prepared, due to political
prejudices, to abandon the language he was brought up with
and to change over to English exclusively?

On that question Professor Jakes Gerwel, professor of
Afrikaans-Dutch at the University of West Cape Province,
expressed the view of the "coloreds" (a name he rejects) in
a candid interview with the litarary magazine GRAFFIER.

"An interesting aspect of the 1976 revolts," says Professor
Gerwel in the interview, which is published in full here,
"Was that the political language at [the university of ] West
Cape, which had always been English, was Afrikaans that year,
although Afrikaans was at the center of the entire Soweto
revolt. Thus the problem was not Afrikaans /per se/, but
rather the type of /attitude/ the language represents."

Professor Gerwel says that he does, not see himself primarily
as professor of Afrikaans, but rather as a sociologist who
tries to understand his society through the study of Afrikaans.

GRAFFIER: Professor, if we want to discuss Afrikaans and "the Colored Person,"
we must first define the meaning of the latter term.

43



ANGOLA

"ANGOP' REPORTS WALTERS' ARRIVAL, COMMENTS
AB201853 Luanda ANGOP in French 1650 GMT 20 Jul 82

[Text] Luanda, 20 Jul (ANGOP)--U.S. roving Ambassador Vernon Walters
arrived in Luanda this morning (Tuesday) for talks with Angolan authorities.

Addressing Angolan newsmen, Vernon Walters, who is on his second visit to
Angola and who is accompanied by Frank Wisner, deputy assistant secretary
for African affairs, said that the purpose of their visit is to continue
with their conversations with the Angolan Government in order ‘to put an end
to violence and to restore peace and respect for Angola's national integrity
and sovereignty.

On the political and military situation prevailing in southern Africa, the
U.S. diplomat stated that his government's position is that the violence

in this region must end and hastily added that we are making every effort

to put an end to it for peace and justice to prevail for all parties involved.

It will be recalled that Gen Vernon Walters paid a 2-day visit to Angola
on 6 and 7 June 1982 and was received on this occasion by MPLA-Labor Party
President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos.

Besides. Frank Wisner, his delegation on that first visit included Michael
Ranneberger, charged with Angolan affairs in the State Department, and
Alan L. Keyes, member of the Office of Political Planning for the African
region.

cso: 4700/1591



latest news about greater resistance by the Namibian patriotic forces within
the country which obliges Pretoria's army to make special efforts in places
where it still can remain and forces colonists to move to the towns which
offer greater security.

The presence of Cuban forces in Angola, required by the external aggression
perpetrated by the racist, fascist South African troops and currently a
cause of fear for the South African Government, has no connection with the
Namibian problem. The withdrawal of Cuban forces is a bilateral matter be-
tween the sovereign states of the People's Republic of Angola and the Repub-
lic of Cuba.

The accusations about the "Cuban troops" and the "impartiality" of the United
Nations Organization, made by Pretoria which is always trying to delay the
process of liberation of the territory, represents here a way to impede the
implementation of the international community's decisions.

As stated in the joint declaration signed 4 February 1982, by the ministers
of foreign affairs of Angola and Cuba, "the withdrawal of the Cuban forces
stationed in Angolan territory will be carried out by the soyereign decision
of the Government of the People's Republic of Angola, once all and any pos-
sibility of aggression or armed invasion have ceased."

Neither Pretoria's regime nor its allies will receive our people's mandate
to modify this sovereign decision of the Angolan state.

The South African racists are in Namibia against the wishes of the Namibian
people, their presence is imposed by force of arms; they occupy Namibia, a
situation which is condemned by international public opinion. No one accepts
their presence there. They are the remnant. They will have to leave.
Namibia must be handed over to its people. It must be its people, free of
all pressures foreign to Namibia who decide its destiny. In agreement with
the international community, the Namibian people are represented by SWAPO,
the South Africans are the colonists, the oppressors. It was not the
Namibians, its people, who requested the presence of South Africans in their
territory. On the contrary, they are fighting to get them to leave.

The problem of the presence of Cuban internationalists in Angola has nothing
to do with the Namibian problem.

In Namibia, the South Africans will have to allow that people to be free and
will have to grant independence to the Namibians. In Angola, the interna-
tionalists are here by the decision of a sovereign people.

Namibia is one matter. Angola is another. An attempt to confound the two
situations, as Pretoria is now trying to do, is only a timely maneuver to try,
through childish arguments, to delay again the independence of Namibia because
once again the legitimate representative of the Namibian people and the Front
Line countries in Dar es Salaam gave incontestable proof of goodwill, overcom-
ing the obstacles the South Africans erect to thwart the efforts to free
Namibia. _
9479

CSO: 4742/335



various groups. In practice, in the republic this would mean that all three
groups: whites, coloreds and Indians, would be taken up in the cabinet or
appointed as deputy ministers.

Thirdly, each group would be represented in parliament on the basis of a
separate voters list or electorate. (It must bé noted thatthe Presidential
Council still has to make recommendations on the exact composition of the
Parliament and its various or separate structures. Each group will then
usually“have a reciprocal veto so that decisions and laws can be carried
through with the consent of a’majority of each group. Thus, for example,

the Group Areas Act, on which the whites attach a great deal of value, can
be amended only withthe consent of a majority of the white members of parlia-
ment.

Fourthly, each group will be given the highest possible measure of autonomy
for looking after their own interests, such as education—-to give an
example. As for everything which ought to be treated as being of communal
interest, there will be a further report in the making.

Lastly, there is the characteristic of proportional representation at all
levels where government functions are shared. However, the Presidential
Council recommends that this principle shall not apply with respect to the
composition of the cabinet. Cabinet members must be selected on merit.

As examples of constitutions where this proportionality principle is
applicable in the formation of government, one could look to Lebanon and to
Belgium.

Conflict Management

What now, if there should be a case of a parliamentary checkmate? Even a
layman cannot help but take note that the veto right of groups must lead to a
clash or to a situation where the working of the legislative authority is
impaired; more so if the observation is made against the present background
of the "boycott policy" practiced in all three population groups.

Conflict management will, therefore, be an essential element of ‘the consocia-.«.
tion parliament. The procedure of a joint meeting for the settlement of
disputes between parliament and the former senate was inscribed in the consti-
tution.

But there are other ways. In the case of France the wish of the Chamber of
Deputies, is made known a third time despite the Senate's opposition on two
occasions. There is also the:procedure of joint meetings in a committee of
representatives from the clashing groups, as in the case of the United States,
for the purpose of working out acceptable measures--nearly the sort of exer-
cise which has taken place in the Presidential Council for the past 17 months!

This is also done with an eye of recommending an extra-parliamentary execu-

tive authority whose official term of duration is not tied to the life of
parliament. Thus, a crisis in parliament would not cripple the government.

56



In conclusion, Clausen announced that. an important technical assistance
dossier is presently being studied; its objective is to enable Niger to
improve its management for better control of its development projects.

In Maradi the president of the World Bank visited the rural development
project (financed jointly by the World Bank and our country). On their
return, Clausen and our plan minister then signed two credit agreements
.granted by the International Development. Association (IDA), an institution
of the World Bank group. Before his departure, the president of the World
Bank was received by the head of state, Colonel Seyni Kountche.

9380
cso: 4719/918

39



and Netherlanders are probably the most numerous among them. The main items
of Swiss assistance are in the areas of agriculture, forestry and municipal
development. Among the key items are reforestation, farm production improve-
ment and water supply. In addition, Swiss development aid has paid for
equipping the health ministry's laboratory for hygiene, water and food inspec-
tion. A special group of Swiss aid personnel consists of some 20 young people
who under a direct contractual arrangement with the Maputo government are
working in Mozambique, mainly in the areas of education and health services.
These people, who are probably’ mainly politically motivated, are partly work-
ing under extremely difficult circumstances, which are not only caused by
their modest salaries but primarily by the ineptness and unreliability of the
responsible agencies. Nevertheless, informed sources state that most of them
endure this until the end of their contract periods.

There:.is also a Swiss IKRK team which operates an orthopedic clinic and work-
shop in Maputo. Its main product are prostheses for people wounded in the
war of independence and in the recently numerous clashes between government
troops and guerillas. Another important task for the IKRK team consists of
training African personnel and to prepare them for independently operating the
orthopedic clinic and workshop.

In summary, foreign aid to Mozambique can be divided into three categories.
First: aid with a purely political background is provided primarily by
representatives of the communist world. Insofar as it does not restrict
itself to the military and state security areas, it has a good development
potential, but no reliable data are available on this from official sources.

Second: aid from the former mother country, which consists primarily of co-
operation on a predominantly commercial basis, which must not obscure the fact
that it represents the most important contribution to the country's economic
development--assuming that the Portuguese presence will be maintained at
least at its present level. Third: aid based on agreements with Western
countries or international organizations. Some skepticism is indicated here
as to its long-term efficacy inasmuch as upon the experts’ departure the

work which they have started is frequently not continued with the requisite
persistence and thoroughness.

9273
cso: 4720/15

27



Gerwel: Yes, that term is unacceptable. Among many people who are by law desig-
nated by it, there is a long-standing antagonism and rejection of it. In the

first place, the word "colored" is simply an ugly word. I believe Van Wijk Louw
is the one who said that it is an un-Afrikaans word with plantation connotations.

In contrast to other terms, such as Xhosa for example, the word "Colored" does
not have a cultural context. It really refers to the breeding history of people:
a member. of such and such a sub-species mated, and in that manner a "colored"
person resulted. It is a crude manner to make the point, but "Colored" is a
crude term.

The basis of the rejection, however, is the whole idea of categorization. There-
fore the word "brown person" is not a solution either. It is a different word

to indicate the same category.

In the Afrikaans political discussion the word "brown person" has a more liberal
connotation. Van Wijk Louw also suggested that. But it is a very Afrikaans con-
cept with a regional, neo-feudal, paternalistic background and thus not a pure
concept.

Categorization
GRAFFIER: What is the alternative?

Gerwel: One ought to be as frugal as possible with making false statutory
categorizations. Do it only where it is absolutely necessary, but be sure that
it is the /law/ which forces you to do it, and put the blame there.

GRAFFIER: Seen in the light of the fact that we are dealing with categories in
South Africa, where would the so-called "brown person" feel at home, with blacks
or whites?

Gerwel: We should distinguish two aspects here: the cultural and the political.

Speaking culturally, there is indeed a group which feels at home in the white
community. Speaking politically, there is a choice between 1) the type of
South Africa which is kept going by white policy, in other words the /basic/
preservation of the /status quo/, and 2) the type of South Africa sought by
black people. :

If I may judge by the students at West Cape, my impression is that the political
inclination of most leans toward a drastically changed South Africa, in other
words toward the black person -- if we have to use these unjust terms of color
for a moment in order to indicate a political view.

Language Struggle
GRAFFIER: Against this political background, how does the so-called "Colored

person” see Afrikaans as a language, keeping in mind that it is the language of
the ruler; the language of those who are primarily hostile to drastic

_ political change?

44



The dam which closes off the narrow gorge of the Zambezi and*behind which a
250-km-long lake extending to the Zambian border has thus been created, is
only the externally visible part of the project (at the time of construction,
Zambia would not permit, for anticolonialist reasons, a flooding of its terri-
tory, with the result that the dam could not be built to its originally
intended height). Impressive also are the caverns, hacked out of the gneiss
rock and up to 30 meters high and 200 meters long, which house the generator
and turbine facilities. This fully computerized miracle of modern technology
requires technical specialist personnel for its maintenance and operation. To
provide an undisturbed production flow from'the very beginning, the new
rulers of Mozambique perinitted the existence of an island with colonial over-—
tones. The operation of Cabora Bassa, which remains under Portuguese owner-
ship, is being directed and operated by experts of the former colonial power.
Twenty percent of the 1,500 employees of the power plant company have their
roots in the former mother country. Their salaries are paid in hard currency,
and within the borders of their small reservation they have separate shops
and services which are of a fairly satisfactory Western-type standard.
Nevertheless, the existence of this island of Western technology and Western
life style in the mountainous savannah on the central Zambezi is presently
endangered. Guerilla fighters of the RNM (Resistencia National Mocambicana)
rebel organization have cut the power plant off from its most important
electricity customer, South Africa, by blowing up some pylons. If the damage
cannot be repaired within the foreseeable future, the company may have to
withdraw its experts because of the severe drop in income.

Portuguese experts occupy an important position in other parts of the Mozam-
bican economy also. Portuguese can be found at middle or upper management
levels in many industrial enterprises which have survived the pangs of de-
colonization more or less intact; in large traffic operations; even at state
secretary level in one of the ministries. It is quite evident that the
Portuguese presence makes a decisive contribution to braking the decline

of the Mozambican economy. Their knowledge of the country and the language
makes it easier for them, whose ancestors landed in Mozambique some 500 years
ago, to operate within the. Portuguese-African atmosphere than it is for
representatives of other nations.

Transport Experts From the Apartheid State

South African experts take care of shipping activities in the harbor of
Maputo and the maintenance of the Johannesburg-Maputo rail line. For the
Cape republic the functioning of these traffic enterprises is of vital impor-
tance, which in turn results in considerable hard currency income for
Mozambique. South Africa also participates in the export of citrus fruit to
Western countries. Fruit harvested in the province of Natal, which borders
on South Africa, are marketed with the Outspan label and are subject to
appropriate quality control.

Main Swiss Assistance Items

Apart from the East bloc and Portugal a number of UN special organizations and
European nations have sent assistance personnel to Mozambique; Scandinavians

26



ANGOLA

PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY MAKES DECISIONS ON ECONOMY
AB170600 Luanda ANGOP in French 1705 GMT 16 Jul 82

[Text] Luanda, 16 Jul (ANGOP)--The deliberations of the fifth ordinary
session of the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Angola, which
entered their third day yesterday, Thursday, were devoted to the discussion
and adoption of measures aimed at reviving the national economy. The measures
were presented yesterday by the Commission for Planning, Finance, External
Trade and International Cooperation.

In this connection, the Assembly members took the opportunity to review
similar measures taken in the past but which were not implemented. In this
regard, the Assembly came to the conclusion that this state of affairs is
due to a lack of dynamism.

The Assembly also noted the continued disorganization and indiscipline in
various sectors and in the implementation of the prevailing laws. The
Assembly has demanded the implementation of the general labor legislation
and other provisions on labor discipline.

With regard to the proposals aimed at reducing the budget deficit and
increasing the country's revenues, the Assembly approved important measures
on the state's administrative machinery, on the productive sector and on
various other sectors.

It was also decided that the payment of expenditure from previous fiscal
years should be taken off the state's general budget. The measure is aimed
at avoiding expenses outside the budget. Also, the Assembly's permanent
commission has been asked to submit within 90 days to the Commission on
Restructuring the State Machinery a report on the creation of a supervisory
body designed to control the activities of the state administrative insti-
tutions.

With regard to the productive sector, the Assembly demanded among other
things that the state's general budget no longer cover the losses of
priority or nonpriority enterprises unless these enterprises can generate
enough funds to defray the costs.



GDR experts according to communist guidelines. How easily this can lead to
a change of conscience can be seen in the example of German development
official Sch., who works in the "overseas service" of the Ministry for Plan-
ning: "Well you know, things aren't all that bad with the food supply. We
can always get more ricefrom the ministry,!!.he says. Another aid official
tells of his efforts to reestablish rice production on the island of Cassaca.
In the past, he says, a Portuguese had planted rice there; but since then,
“during a fierce battle" with guerilla fighters, "Portuguese bombers had des-
troyed the dikes" with the result that ocean water flooded the fields and
made them salty. In fact, there were probably no battles in that swamp area,
secondly it is certain that there was no battle there and certainly not a
"fierce" one; and thirdly, it is impossible to aim bombs for hitting or even
destroying a dike. The wall simply disintegrated because after the departure
of the Portuguese nobody bothered with it or even repaired it. Like

Cassaca, one-fourth of the country lies no more than 1 meter above the high-
tide mark of the ocean. It is impossible to protect any large section of the
country from flooding by constructing dikes for the purpose of desalinating
the soil gradually by rainfall and reclaiming it for agriculture. The Rio
Cacheu in the north could only be dammed beyond Farim, more than 120 km
upstream, in the center of the country. But the accumulation of flood waters
would ruin more land area below the dam than could be reclaimed above it.

Dependent on Western Aid

The entire extraordinary budget, i.e., all development projects, and one-half
of the ordinary budget are financed by foreign development aid. Very few
African countries, including the poorest, are as dependent upon foreign aid as
is Guinea-Bissau. From its very beginning, the state had oriented itself
toward cooperation with the"USSR and its satellites. In the early days, this
brought a great deal of assistance to the country; according to official
figures, 29.2 percent of development aid came from the CEMA countries between
1976 and 1978. But two facts became obvious from closer scrutiny: first of
all, this aid consisted mainly of arms and other war materiel, and secondly,
it must be repaid. Thirdly, East bloc aid kept shrinking. In 1979 it only
amounted to 5.8 percent and in 1980, 7.8 percent. It was the opposite with
help from Western countries. In 1976, 8.7 percent came from the United States,
28 percent from the European Community in the form of multilateral and bilat-
eral aid. In 1981 more than one-half of all foreign aid came from those
Western countries, not counting that from Switzerland and Sweden, which
latter prefers to be counted among the "progressive" rather than the Western
countries. In addition, about one-half of Western aid is an outright gift.

These figures are of course well known to the government in Bissau--if for

no other reason than that it publishes them itself. They provide food for
thought and indicate that a state, no matter how progressive it aims to be and
how much it wants to build an entirely new society, can live neither on arms
nor on good socialist professions of friendship, nor on both, but that it
requires aid from the West. From the West comes not only direct development
aid; all international aid funds are provided by Western sources, ranging from
the UN's special organizations such as the World Bank and its subsidiaries all
the way to the churches. It is beginning to look as though the government

has not only gained this insight, but that it has begun to act upon it.

17


Actually the concept is not so strange to constitutional developments in
southern Africa. When the draft constitution for South-West Africa/Namibia
was written by the Turnhalle Convention during 1976/1977 there was general
mention of "government by consensus" instead of the well-known concept of
government by the majority party or group. Consociation’ can thus be popular-
ly identified with the concept of consensus or assent by, or collaboration
with, political minorities in decisionmaking processes.

Consociation as a Theory

In political science, consociation is'a realtively new idea. It began to
develop among circles of experts during the late 1950's and early 1960's as
a reaction to the lack of reality in disregarding ethnic and cultural dif-
ferences in political systems. The word itself appears to have’ been used
for the first time in 1961.

Up to about 1960, the general line of thought was the centralization of govern-
ment authority in a "melting pot" policy which was dominant mostly in the
United States since the end of the previous century.

However, it was impossible to ignore the problems entailing the application of
the integration policy in developed countries as well as in-the newly inde-
pendent Third World countries. There were the "hot summers" of the U.S.
blacks, the struggle between the Flemish and the Wallachians in Belgium, in
Cyprus, between Pakistan and India, between Nigeria and Biafra, not to men-
tion the Spaniards, Basques and northern Ireland.

Another approach had to be made other than the well-known one-man, one-vote,
majority-dominated democracy of the 19th century.

It was felt that it was reasonable and liberal for the ethnic and cultural
minorities to maintain and protect their identities. Consociation was born
from this thinking process. It was an alternative for assimilation, on the
one hand, and partition or geographic division (creating homelands) on the
other. :

Assimilation Is Out!

Assimilation is impossible in South Africa and, may I say, unacceptable.
Assimilation cannot take place where a comparatively small and scattered cul-
tural group would be absorbed by a predominant culture. . Think of the French
Huguenots in South Africa, or the great numbers of continental Europeans who
have for years established themselves in the United States.or Australia and
in a generation or 'two were absorbed in the Anglo-Saxon culture of those coun-
tries.

In South Africa, with its numerically strong cultural communities (5 million
Zulus, 4.5 million whites, 2.5. million coloreds) assimilation is physically
simply impossible, not to mention the opposition and conflict which would be
unchained by such a policy. One could even ask the ridiculous question:
Who is going to assimilate whom?

54



ZATRE

GOOD PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION WITH ZAMBIA REPORTED
Kinshasa ELIMA in French 12 May 82 pp 1, 8
[Editorial: "Zatre-Zambia: Glimmers of Hope"]

[Text] What can be expected from the joint Zairian-Zambian permanent regional
commission? This is the questien that comes to mind. after the third round of
discussions which recently took place in. Lubumbashi, For this precious tool
for the solidarity and intensification of cooperation between Zambia and

Zaire must play tts role perfectly, It must tmplement the desires of their
creators, Presidents Kaunda and Mobutu, to resolve local problems which might
arise among the border regtons and provinces of two countries, Additionally,
from the same point of view, the Zambian and Zairian heads of state have given
this commisston the legal power to make decisions which are binding upon the
two sister republics, From the preceding, the concern appears clearly on the
part of the two presidents to see cooperation between their respective states
be pragmatic, functional and fruitful. Fortunately, the members of this com-
missten, particularly the Zambtan authorities of the Copperbelt province

and their Zairtan counterparts from the Shaba region, have also adopted this
language of pragmatism, Indeed, during this last Lubumbashi meetings, they
reviewed the concrete results obtained from the application of prior resolu-
tions, and promised to redouble their.efforts with the intent of making their
business more effictent, At their next meeting, the two parties will have the
opportunity to once again assess the efforts expended by the two parties in
applying the dectstons made tn common. Proofs of the sincere determination to
join word to action are no longer lacking, The first one was without doubt

the recent organizing in Lubumbashi of the first Zairian-Zambian trade fair.
The second proof is the transfer into the hands of Zambian authorities of 25
Zambian cttizens taken prisoner in Zaire. The ceremony marking this transfer
took place, let us recall, at the termination of the recent works in Lubumbashi.
These acts show that the members of the joint Zairian-Zambian permanent regional
commission have decided to raise once and for all the relations between our two
countries to the exemplary level in order to benefit our respective peoples.

9927
cso: 4719/1019

61



NIGER

LARGE FUNDING FOR KANDADJI DAM HAILED
Niamey SAHEL HEBDO in French 29 Apr 82 pp 1, 3

[Editorial7

fExcerpt] If there is a major point among the priorities of our existence,
for which first Colonel Seyni Kountche, and then the Supreme Military Council
Lous], the government and the Nigerien people are constantly on guard, it is
self-sufficiency in food. For today's Niger it is a question of erasing
forever the specter of any famine, scarcity or even a momentary shortage, and
to turn resolutely to a-path which, without being abundance or Eldorado, will
ensure its working people their daily needs with respect to food. It is on
behalf of this option, which is ambitious at first sight, but realistic and
realizable, that President Seni Kountche is personally undertaking all
possible action, committing the members of the CMS and the government to do
the same and urging our young people to win the exciting battle for food
self-sufficiency. |

The Kandadji Dam is at the forefront of this fight, and rightly so. When one
considers the large budget which will have to be devoted to this gigantic
work and the amount of patience, know-how and dexterity used in the negotia-
tions conducted with our partners by the high commissioner and his colleagues,
when the socioeconomic repercussions that this dam will produce in national
development are evaluated, all the seriousness, all the conviction that Niger
is investing in the future of such work are clearly understood.

It is a truism to say that the great drought which has scoffed at our economy
by wrecking its foundation (agriculture and stock rearing) has struck a

hard blow at our country's progress toward its future. It is also a truism
to say that this drought, of a rare intensity, has traumatized the Nigerien
people and the entire subregion to the point that the people of the Sahel,
who are so brave, so hard-working and so attached to the land, began to lose
confidence in nature. In view of all that, should we continue to wait for
everything to drop into our laps? No! And that is why the members of the
Supreme Military Council and the government are combing the country to record
all bodies of water capable of accepting a hydroagricultural installation, in
order to rescue us from the hazards of a capricious climate. Saga, Libore,
Firgoun, Namarigoungou, Konni, Ibohamane, to mention only a few, share our
determination to produce cereals every day with a view to our food self-
sufficiency.

34



With the important Kandadji Dam, an area of 140,000 hectares will be trans-
formed into cropland; this is a concrete language that the people understand
better than any talk.

To this we add that Kandadji is the open door to river na¥igability, to the
provision of hydroelectric energy, the development of fishing resources and
the guarantee of having a permanent water supply. For a country of the

Sahel, enclosed like ours, which is paying a hefty bill for its energy
supply, it must be acknowledged that the dam in question will be a regular
lifesaver. Hence the interest which the authorities are taking to bring this
project, which will also be an act of national sovereignty, to a successful
conclusion, under the best conditions.

The third meeting of the financial backers has come to an end, and for us

Nigeriens, it is a one more point in our approach to the subject. Thanks to
all these partners who understand us and help us to help ourselves.

9380
cso: 4719/918

35



A work group of experts (the Croezer Committee) was appointed by the govern-
ment during 1980 for the purpose of analyzing these 133:recommendations and/
or implementing them and/or presenting further recommendations to the minister
of finances. Among other things, this was because the general impression was
created that financial difficulties could not yet be swept away by the Browne
Report's recommendations, but mostly because it’ actually failed to provide
any solution for the increasing dissatisfaction among colored and Indian
communities regarding the management. of their interests at ‘the level of local
administrations.

It was against this background.that the Presidential Council's Committee for
Economic Affairs began to work on its task in 1981 in the attempt to find a
new and better arrangement, by way of consensus, for the coloreds and Indians
as well as financial rectification for white mmicipalities in general wher-.
ever applicable. Needed also was mutual inputs and coordination between the
Committee for Economic Affairs and the Croezer Committee.

Thus, gradually, many other proposals. by experts became increasingly important,
also in light of ‘the joint task for the former and for the Constitutional
Committee of the Presidential Council.

The crux of the question (or the remaining parts of it) could therefore be
identified as follows by the Committee for Economic Affairs:

Insufficient Funds

The most important single source of income for local administration (or third-
levél government) has been traditionally income from taxation on real estate:
either tax on land or on land and improvements upon it. According to the Theron
report, a sampling taken in 1976 showed that approximately 19.5 percent came
from this source, while:3: years later the Browne committee put this at
approximately 50 percent. Therefore, the remaining financing must come from
other sources. Of these sources the "utility services,"”'such as the supply of
water, electricity and sewerage disposal, and the financing of loans, are the
most important. The drop in the purchasing power of the rand, from 100 to

36 over the 1970-1980 decade, of necessity placed an increasing pressure on
the utility services as a supplemental source, if taxes had to be kept in
check. Both the burden of taxation and inflation as well as the increase in
rates therefore:contributed in further stimulating situations of instability
between white, colored and Indian communities. The more difficult it became
for the city treasurer to balance his finances, the more difficult it became
for his council to accept priorities in favor of the other communities. It
was already difficult enough to justify the phasing out, or self-cancellation,
of necessary projects to their own electors.

Since the taxation power of the provincial councils had already been drasti-
cally reduced in the early 1970's and they became even more dependent on the
central treasury, it could have been understandable (even in the light of
increasing shortages in personnel) that the attractiveness and even the
interest by the provinces in the problems of local administration began to
wane.

50



[Question] In 1977 parliament adopted a motion advocating unemployment bene-
fits. You have just said that these benefits will soon be granted. Does that
mean that the country's financial position is better now than in 1977?
[Answer] We just did something to help the country's unfortunates....

[Question] Will the prime minister tell us what justifies the sine die post-
ponement of municipal and village elections?

[Answer] But all that.... Everything is all right....

[Question] Don't you think this postponement is contrary to democracy?
[Answer] No, but the councils are working....

[Question] But they are not elected by the people!

[Answer] They are elected by the people.

[Question] They were appointed by the government!

[Answer] But they represent the people.

[Question] So you see nothing wrong with the postponement of municipal and

- village elections.

(SSR doesn't answer immediately. Sir Sitcam Boolell, on his right, murmurs:
"There are circumstances which force....")

[Answer] The MMM created so, much trouble in the municipalities we had to stop
them.

(Editor's note: We should remember that the MMM. councilors resigned from the
municipalities because they hdd come to the end of their mandate, and new
municipal elections were to be held, according to the law. The government
simply postponed them indefinitely, thereby preventing the electorate from ex-
pressing itself about the administration of the councilors elected in 1977.)

[Question] Mr Prime Minister, you were speaking just now about an anticor=
ruption committee, For the past 5 years the opposition in parliament has been
asking for an anticorruption tribunal, asking questions and submitting motions.
Why did you wait until the eve of the elections to mention this committee?

[Answer] Well, the committee will make its recommendations.

9855
cso: 4719/915

23


Insufficient Information

Routine relevant information continuously made available to -the public, but
especially to experts and other researchers, comes mainly from the following
sources:

(1) Auditor-General reports
(2) Official Municipal Yearbook
(3) Publications of the Department of Statistics

Otherwise information can be obtained only from the departments of the pro-
vinces involved or directly from the local authorities.

In all these instances, the information is not very complete and the task of
financial-economic planning is seriously obstructed.

However, it is expected that if the proposals of the Presidential Council
are accepted, the permanent liaison committee (Croezer Committee), which is
made up of the best experts in South Africa, will also proceed with this part
of the comprehensive task. .

Decisions which have already been taken by the central government can valready
bring about a saving in the present fiscal year amounting to approximately

92 million rand as announced by His Excellency the minister of finance. In
itself the reallocation of profits and responsibilities between the various
groups could already be leading to a more acceptable course of affairs, pro-
vided the new organizational management as recommended for the local adminis-
trations is also accepted. But this is a subjectiwhich must be treated in its
own right.

Consociation-~Alternative to Assimilation, Partition
Johannesburg DIE TRANSVALER in Afrikaans 28 May 82 p 9

Gfext] The political concept of consociation is being
treated today by Attorney Louis Pienaar, member of the
Presidential Council, a former MP and former ambassador

to France, in the third part of the series of his articles.
These articles have been written especially for DIE
TRANSVALER.

Attorney Pienaar weighs this principle against other
political and constitutional concepts such as assimilation,
integration and partition. He also comes to the conclusion
that opposition government will be an essential element of
a consociation parliament.

"Consociation is a brand new word in our political vocabulary. As the debate
about the Presidential Council's proposals unfolds there will be an increasing
occurrence of words like "consociation," a "consociation democracy," a
“consociative model," or "consocialism." A well-meaning friénd has already
said that he has difficulty in expressing the word which still has to say what
it entails...

53



ZATRE

BRIEFS

MOBUTU'S MBUJI-MAYI FARM--Nearly 9 mtllion zaires will be needed to build the
presidential farm at Mbuji-Mayi, tn Kasai Oriental, we have learned from the
management of the presidential agro~industrial estate of N*Sele (DIAPN) in
Kinshasa, In this regard we recall that a DAIPN) delegation went last week
to Mbuji-Mayt where talks were held with regional authorities regarding the
implementation of this project, The first production of eating chickens from
this farm will come about tn 10 months, the same source indicates. According
to its forecasts, the DAIPN intends to provide all regtons of the country with
presidential farms which will fleod the markets with eating chickens, eggs,
meat, atc, This tn accordance with the wishes of the President-Founder,
[Text] [Kinshasa ELIMA tn French 7 Apr 82 p 3] 9927

LUBUMBASHT ATRPORT CLOSURE--The Luano to Lubumbashi international airport
will probably be closed to DC-10 type airplanes beginning next 15 April, This
information was revealed Tuesday afternoon during the discussion held by citi-
zen Salumu Amist, vice-governor of Shaba, with a delegation from the Depart-
ment of Transportation and Communications led by citizen Makoso Kiphioka, an
advisor for this department who was visiting the cooper capital. During this
discussion, itn which Mr Forrest, administrator-director of the company bearing
the same name, also participated, the faulty condition of the runway was ex-
amined, as well as the urgent need for tts rehabilitation, Mr Forrest, whose
company is responsible for-repairing the airport, took advantage of the oppor-
tunity to present to the regfonal authority the difficulties the company is
coming up against in the completion of these works. -[Text] [Kinshasa ELIMA
in French 8 Apr 82 p 1] 9927

USSR-ZAIRE JOINT COMMISSION--A Zairian delegation led by citizen Abote Odoko
Dumbe, president delegate general of the Zairian Maritime Company, left
Kinshasa Monday for Moscow to take part in the works of the fourth meeting of
the joint Zairian-Soviet commission on maritime transport planned for 12-20 May
1982 in the Soviet capital. . Included were delegates from the departments of
foreign affairs and international cooperation, and transportation and communi-
cations, as well as representatives of the Zairian Maritime Company. Estab-
lished through the executive council and the Soviet government's political de-
sire to give some dynamism to relations of cooperation between the two ~<
countries, the joint Zairian-Soviet commission will concentrate on practical
methods for applying the decisions arrived at during the third meeting held in
Kinshasa in September 1981. During that meeting, the Soviet government had
offered facilities fer the training of Zairian interns in the fields of mari-
time navigation and radiecommunications, and had promised to put "all the ex-
perience of national Soviet ship outfitting to the beneficial use of the Zairian
Maritime Company," [Text] [Kinshasa ELIMA in French May 82 pp 1, 7] 9927

END
Cso: 4719/1019 62



GUINEA-BISSAU

Economy's Almost Total Dependence on Outside Help Noted
(Guenter Krabbe; FRANKFURTER ALLGEMEINE, 30 Jun 82) ......

MAURITIUS

Ramgoolam Holds Press Conference on April Elections
(LE MAURICIEN, 24 Apr 82) .....+...-e

Scene at Legislative Assembly
Press Conference Questions and Answers

MOZAMBIQUE

GDR Has Large Presence in Country
(NEUE ZUERCHER ZEITUNG, 1 Jul 82) ........... sete eee ee eee

Military Cooperation With Portugal
(Joaquim Alberto Interview; NOTICIAS, 12 Jun 82) ........-

Manufacture of Heavy Machinery Parts
(NOTICIAS, 17 Jun 82) ..cceecccec cece eee ee cece ee eeeeeeees

Women's Group, Armed Forces Study Ways to Combat Banditry
(NOTICIAS, 17 Jun 82) ......0e0- bee een cece eee ee een eee

Briefs
Dredges From Netherlands
Transport Agreements With Portugal
Malawi Envoy Arrives

NIGER

Large Funding For Kandadji Dam Hailed
(Editorial; SAHEL HEBDO, 29 Apr 82) ........ see eee eens

Failure of Some Students To Assume Their Responsibilities Noted
(Editorial; SAHEL HEBDO, 30 Apr-2 May 82) .....sseeeeeeeee

Two IDA Credits Agreements Signed by Minister, Clausen
(SAHEL HEBDO, 26 Apr 82) ...cseceeeccecceeee see eeeveeerees

NIGERIA

Briefs
Papers Opposed to Boycott
Quorum Sought At Summit
Presidential Adviser Issue Viewed

15

19

24

28

-30

31

32

33

34

36

38

40

40
40



SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

BRIEFS

COOPERATION AGREEMENT WITH LIBYA--Mme Maria de Amorim, minister of foreign af-
fairs, has made a visit to Libya and signed an agreement on economic, social,
technical, and cultural cooperation, [Text] [Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French
No 50, May 82 p 22] 5170

5170
cso: 4719/1057

42



NIGERIA

BRIEFS

PAPERS OPPOSED TO BOYCOTT--The NATIONAL CONCORD and THE SATELLITE focus

on the next OAU summit in Tripoli, Libya. The CONCORD sees no reason why
some African leaders are still bent on boycotting the meeting simply because
they dislike Colonel al-Qadhdhafi, the next chairman. After all, says

the paper, al-Qadhdhafi has cleared himself of any responsibility of any
flop by pulling out of Chad on OAU's bidding and for mending fences with
Egypt, Somalia and Sudan. The CONCORD appeals to those leaders to forget
any personal grudge against al-Qadhdhafi and put heads together to solve
many pressing problems staring Africa in the face. THE SATELLITE, on its
part, says the reasons offered by some countries not to attend the meeting
are not satisfactory enough. Therefore, the paper considers it irrational
for any member nation not to attend the leaders’ summit on the excuse that
the SDAR was recognized. THH SATELLITE entreats all African leaders to
tread warily and ensure the continued existence of the OAU, which is the
only organization upon which the unity, progress and freedom of Africa

can be ensured. [Excerpt] [AB221005 Lagos International Service in English
0830 GMT 22 Jul 82]

QUORUM SOUGHT AT SUMMIT--Lagos, 22 Jul (AFP)--Nigeria has been working to
ensure a quorum at this year's Organization of African Unity (OAU) summit
due to open in Tripoli, Libya, in 2 weeks, External Affairs Minister

Ishaya Audu said here. The annual conference has been threatened by the
controversial admission, during an OAU ministerial meeting in Addis Ababa
in February, of the Saharan Democratic Arab Republic (SDAR), proclaimed by
the Polisario Front which is fighting Morocco for control of the former
Spanish Sahara. (?According to) Mr Audu, in a television interview here
last night, [words indistinct]. Nigeria believes in self-determination for
the Saharan people. The Lagos government has recognized the Polsiario Front
aS a movement, but does not accept the admission of the SDAR to the OAU.

The preparatory meeting for the OAU summit is due to open on Monday. [Text]
[AB221050 Paris AFP in English 0813 GMT 22 Jul 82]

PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER ISSUE VIEWED--The query [as heard] supposedly issued
to the presidential adviser on political affairs is discussed by three
papers: The NIGERIAN TRIBUNE, the DAILY STAR and the NIGERIAN STANDARD.
The TRIBUNE commends the president for reprimanding his adviser but does
not endorse the idea of a query. What the TRIBUNE wants the president to

40



ANGOLA

BRIEFS

PROTEST OF UK SOCCER PLAYERS--Luanda, 20 Jul (ANGOP)--In a statement to
the press, the secretary general of the Zone Four of the Supreme Council
for Sports in Africa (CSSA) has just protested to the British Embassy in
Luanda over the presence in South Africa of soccer players from some British
teams which are members of the Federation of International Football Asso~-
ciations (FIFA). These protests are within the framework of the resolution
adopted on 13 March 1979 by the conference of European sports ministers.
The resolution calls for the suspension of sports links with South Africa.
This presence, the statement added, is a violation of FIFA decisions and
those of the International Olympic Committee in view of the policy of South
Africa's apartheid in sports activities. It also contradicts the official
stand of supporting Africa and international opinion in their struggle
against apartheid in sports activities. The statement concluded that the
General Secretariat of the Zone Four of CSSA also draws the attention of
the British Supreme Council to this situation and strongly protests this
presence and the participation of British players in sports activities in
South Africa. [Text] [AB202022 Luanda ANGOP in French 1700 GMT 20 Jul 82]

ITALIAN EMERGENCY AID RECEIVED--Luanda, 16 Jul (ANGOP)--A gift of 14 tons
of foodstuffs offered by the Italian Government to the People's Republic
of Angola as emergency aid, was yesterday handed over to the Angolan
deputy minister of health, Flavio Fernandes, by the Italian ambassador to
Angola, Francesco Corrias. The gift, which was handed over at a ceremony
which took place at the Luanda International Airport, is made up of fruit-
based products, ground meat and powdered soup. These 14 tons of products
form part of a donation of 24 tons offered by the Italian Government during
the recent visit to Luanda by Emilio Colombo, Italian minister of foreign
affairs. [Text] [AB171152 Luanda ANGOP in French 1110 GMT 17 Jul 82]

MESSAGE FROM ALGERIAN ENVOY--Luanda, 16 Jul (ANGOP)--Jose Eduardo Dos Santos,
the chairman of the MPLA-Labor Party and the president of the People's
Republic of Angola, yesterday at the Congress Hall in Luanda received in
audience Messaoudi Zitowni, a member of the FLN Central Committee, who
brought him a message from Algerian President Chedli Bendjedid. Central
Committee Secretary for Foreign Affairs Afonso Van Dunem Mbinda and Angolan
Foreign Affairs Minister Paulo Teixeira Jorge were present at the audience.
It is worth recalling that Messaoudi Zitovni has been in Luanda since
Wednesday within the framework of a tour of several African countries. He
has already visited Mozambique and Zambia. At the end of his Angolan visit,
he will go to Sao Tome and Principe. [Text] [AB161716 Luanda ANGOP in
French 1635 GMT 16 Jul 82]

10



Granted that the utility services for the coloreds and Indians are being pro-
vided at least at actual costs (which is not always the case), this means that
the shortages from taxation and profits or utility services are being covered
in white areas. This is saying that the white areas are continuously "sub-
sidizing" the other areas; this in accordance with the goodwill of the former
if no use is made of prescribed criteria or fixed norms of quid pro quo. (In
many instances fixed norms or. quid. pro quo arrangements are indeed employed.)

In general, the colored and” Indian communities can make no claims of financial
viability or independence. This is a situation which has lasted for the past
16 years, into 1982, since the establishment of the self-administration or
advisory committees for coloreds and Indians and is still continuing--in many
instances without the prospect. of having their oww independent municipalities
or direct voice as part of the total complex, with the consequential increase
in insecurity, "dependency," and little prospect of self-sufficiency and
community motivation.

Although the business areas (main business centers, industrial, mining and
agricultural areas andinow also the properties of the central government) pro-
vide a considerable contribution to the tax and other incomes of local govern-
ments, and in some instances entail large-scale capital and current costs,
they nevertheless represent the extent of economic dynamics in‘the jurisdic-
tion of local government. It is also in this area where consumer spending by
whites, coloreds andi Indians and black inhabitants mainly takes place. Al-
though detailed information is not completely available, typical examples
show that the income derived from these areas is split up as ‘follows per
1,000 inhabitants: Whites 90 percent, coloreds 3.7 percent, Indians 6.4 per-
cent.

Taken together, this means: that. the total income potential from taxation
(residential and business areas), utility services, loan financing and other
sources from colored and Indian areas, is extremely limited and represents

a considerable "dependency burden" on white municipalities. This is creating
unnecessary tension and misunderstanding over such things as standards of
infrastructure and priorities in the various regions.

The following example serves as an illustration of a’typical urban region.

TABLE 2: CURRENT BUDGET PER CAPITA

Spending Income
White 293 rand 281 rand
Colored 27 rand 41 rand
Indian 60 rand 40 rand

Evidently in local administrations there is generally a‘lack of clear cri-
teria and regulations wherebyperformance and minimum requirements are being
assigned to'the various population groups. Private consumer spending per
capita or even per. capita consumption of. utility services can be a useful cri-
teria in accordance with which the community income from property taxes and
net income from utility services of the "neutral" area (the business area)
could be allocated.

52



On the other hand, in.some of the larger towns and cities ‘there are nonwhite
communities for whom the establishment of local administrations is fully
justifiable, but the coloreds and Indians refuse to set up their own councils
or to serve in them, and insist on having seats in the white councils where
the decisions are made.

Nevertheless it is possible that these colored and Indian leaders would still
go for separate,municipalities if financial grants are madeto the nonwhite
communities.

In answer to’the question of whether members of the existing administrative
committeesiin colored and Indian areas are being trained in municipal work
and city council procedures by the white local administrations, Professor
Cloete said: "Where white city councils go out of their way to train coloreds
and Indians in conducting administrative functions, there prevail good
dispositions among the population groups."

He added that it is obvious that good dispositions among the population
groups are a basic requirement today in South Africa for the success of any
public structure.

Professor Cloete went on to say: "The actual situation is that our population
groups will have to learn to work together in their various regions. ,If they
refuse to sit in the same councils, they must, in any event,~collaborate in
connection with providing municipal services; however, it is doubtful that
the Presidential Council's proposal for joint’services committees is entirely
the right answer. Much thought remains to be given to this matter."

7964
csO: 4701/102

58



particularly between this region and Cahama, whose ruins have been fortified
against eventual attacks. South African activity 1s much the same, particu-
larly in the eastern part of Hutla province, with a resumption of UNITA oper-
ations tn the provinces of the south central part of the country (Huambo and
Bie), as well as.in the province of Guando Cubango, which borders Cunene and
Namibia. Lubango its the nerve center of this theater of operations, which
covers one of the most fertile provinces in Angola. The city bulges with
Angolan military personnel but also with Cubans, both military and civilian,
and Soviet advisers and technicians, who are concerned with the sophisticated
equipment transferred from Cunene to Huila. The Cubans, in their official
role as support and deterrence forces, are not in direct contact with the
South Africans, Only the Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA)
are in the front lines, we learn from an informed source. Every day ambulances
move through the streets, and military vehicles of all kinds go to and from
the southern front, The notse of MiG aircraft which fly over Lubango en route
south only arouse an instant of concern, a furtive look at the sky, for the
residents of the town recognize them immediately, "The sound of the South
African Mirage atreraft is quite different," they say, [Text] [Paris
AFRIQUE DEFENSE tn French No 50, May 82 p 32] 5170

INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS IN ANGOLA--The ICRC [International Committee of the Red
Cross] has 55 personnel in Angola who operate throughout the country, including
the central and east central region, the sector where the UNITA [National Union
fer the Total Independence of Angola] guerrillas operate, and in the south,
where Cunene province south of the Cunene River is still occupied by the South
Africans, following violent clashes in August and in November-December 1981,
The ICRC goes into southern Angola with the agreement of Angola and also with
that of South Africa, Together with a few personnel of religious orders, it

is the only organization which works with the population in this combat zone,
[Text] [Paris APRIQUE DEFENSE tn Frence No 50, May 82 p 32] 5170

PORTUGUESE-SOVIET DAM CONSTRUCTION--Three Portuguese companies have signed an
agreement with the Soviets for the construction in Angola of a dam at Capanda
(south of Luanda) on the Kuanza River, it has been learned from a reliable
source, [Text] [Parts AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French No 50, May 82 p 32] 5170

PORTUGUESE RESIDENTS OF ANGOLA--There are about 10,000 Portuguese citizens liv-
ing in Angola, Portuguese-Angolan cooperation is concentrated in particular in
the fields of education, culture, and the construction industry, There are sub~
stantial prospects for further cooperation in the fields of fishing, mining,

port equipment, roads, and railroads, [Text] [Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French
No 50, May 82 p 32] 5170

MOZAMBIQUE DELEGATION VISITS--Comrade Jose Eduardo Dos Santos, president

of the MPLA Workers Party and president of the People's Republic of Angola,
received a personal message from Samora Moises Machel, his Mozambique counter-
part, in Luanda yesterday. The message was delivered to him at Futungo de
Belas [presidential palace] by Abdul Magid Osman, Mozambique's secretary

of state for coal and hydrocarbons, who is accompanied by (Muradali Mamdou
Saidi), the personal secretary of the president of Mozambique. They arrived
in our country on Wednesday for a working visit that will last for s veral

12



|
| OPRS 81389
|

29 July 1982

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

No. 2666
CONTENTS
ANGOLA
Situation In. Southern, Center Areas Discussed
(AFRIQUE DEFENSE, May 82).....eeceeeessseeceeeees eee e eee 1
People's Assembly Makes Decisions On Economy
(ANGOP, 16 Jul 82) .......eeeeeee aoe ecencvenneieeeses eee 3
Botha's Call For Pullout of Cuban Troops Criticized
(Editorial; JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 19 Jun 82) ........seeeeee 5
‘ANGOP' Reports Walters’ Arrival, Comments
(ANGOP, 20 Jul 82) ...ceeceeeeeeeeeee beeen cece cree eee eee 7
Gas Plentiful But Hindered By Poor Distribution
(Calu Cuarte; JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 18 Jun 82) ......seeeeee 8
2 Briefs
Protest of UK Soccer Players 10
Italian Emergency Aid Received 10
Message From Algerian Envoy 10
| Gas Tank Explosion iL
Situation In Central Angola 11
| Obsession With South African Bombing 11
| International Red Cross in Angola 12
Portuguese-Soviet Dam Construction 12
Portuguese Residents of Angola 12
Mozambique Delegation Visits 12
CAMEROON
Briefs .
Algerian Ambassador Departs 14
Ahidjo Receives Message From Habre 14

-ae- (III - NE & A - 120]



MALAWI ENVOY ARRIVES--Field Marshal Samora Machel, president of the People's
Republic of Mozambique, received the credentials of George (Ibrazi Itimo),
the Malawi ambassador, in Maputo this morning. The Mozambican head of
state said on the occasion that our country is establishing diplomatic
relations with Malawi with heartfelt satisfaction, because this is the
desire and aspiration of our two fraternal peoples. The ceremony was
attended by Minister of Foreign Affairs Joaquim Chissano and Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs Valeriano Ferrao. [EA110158 Maputo Domestic
Service in Portuguese 1030 GMT 10 Jul 82]

CsO: 4742/346

33



[Answer] I sought money to carry out the North Airport project, but as of

now the money has not been recetyed, Certain people who are in Mauritius now
are trying te see if there is a way to finance this project, But there have
been all sorts of complicattons, As you know, when we had money to build the
airport we didn't have a majority in the Assembly, The opposition was never
willing to give us the green light on that project, Then recently, a year ago,
when we didn't have the money anymore, they agreed to the project. Then we had
to try to find the money. We. need people to invest. They won't invest if Mr
Berenger has any chance of having his team elected, because Mr Berenger~could
win by a fluke,

[Question] You often say at public meetings that the MMM is a "communist"
party. Do you have precise information to support those statements?

[Answer] I'm not afraid of communists! What I am afraid of is unreasonable
people who can engineer strikes, like the one in the port, to the detriment of
the economy, There was a dictatorship then, That is what I am afraid of.

I'm afraid of totalitarian policies. That is what has to be opposed, other-
wise our next election will be our last one. If the supporters of such pol~
icies come to power, they won't hold elections. If the PT comes to power again,
it will hold elections.

[Question] I would like to put this question to the minister of information,
too, but the prime minister can answer it, too. Firstly, we would like to
know if the other patties--like you--will have the right to appear before tele-
vision cameras if they want to present their candidates to the mass media?

[Answer] I will discuss that with the director of the MBC [Mauritian Broadcast-
ing Corporation]. Other parties have rights which will be respected in this
connection.

[Question] Will the leader of the PT confirm whether or not Gaetan Duval is
still considered the representative of the people as stipulated in a letter
written on paper with the PT letterhead, dated 6 April and signed by Secretary
General Sir Kher Jagatsingh?

[Answer] He is considered one of the representatives of the people. The main
representative. But along with the secretary general, Mr Blackburn and Mr
Francois, he personally agreed to be with us, with the PT.

[Question] But in the letter we read that you recognize Mr Duval as "the repre-
sentative of the people...."

[Answer] But Mr Duval accepted the rest of that sentence, which stipulates that
Mr Blackburn and Mr Francois are associated with us.

[Question] On the list of candidates of the PI/RPL/Groupe Francois alliance
there is a minister who has been convicted for urinating in public and insult-
ing a police officer exercising his duty, and who had a civil judgment entered
against him obliging him to pay damages to a police officer's wife because a
qudge of the Supreme Court found that his attitude had been disgusting and

21



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Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
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mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
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Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
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given by source.

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- Gerwel: My first reaction is that the entire question of language struggle and
language feelings is a “white person's" problem.

Actually, a third of the students at West Cape are studying Afrikaans, but I
don't want to deduce from that that they are /for/ or /against/ a language
struggle.

What we are able to say without contradiction, however, is that through the
years a lot of feelings have built up against Afrikaans due to the Afrikaner and
his government which very aggressively made Afrikaans part of its own self-
defense; in order to be among the chosen or to be able to govern you have to

be white and you have to speak Afrikaans.

The elite language among the so-called "Coloreds" -- as well as among some
whites -- always used to be English. It is the language in which meetings and
"highbrow culture" takes place. This dates from before 1948, amongst other
reasons also because the British were the more liberal and gracious component
of the two colonizing powers with which the colored person came into contact.

It is indeed a miracle and a source of great thankfulness that still so many so-
called "Coloreds" speak Afrikaans after what the regime has done to them the

past 30 years.

I believe that too much attention is given to the "decline" of Afrikaans and the
decrease of Afrikaans-speaking among "Colored" ranks. There are many thousands
who are not so unsympathetic toward the language.

Some languages decline and others grow. I don't have very strong feelings about
the possibility of Afrikaans disappearing one day -- it is part of the historical
process and human fate.

Politics

GRAFFIER: Can one remove meaningful Afrikaans -- in the sense that it has value
not only as an esthetic object, but also has meaning for the man in the street --
from the political dimension in South Africa? Is it the duty of a young writer
to write with a political orientation?

Gerwel: It is a matter of the scope and breadth of a language in which and by
which a person lives, and the political dimension is an important part of it.
It also helps the lifespan of the language. The creative writer and the
Afrikaans intellectual can enrich their language that way.

Political treatment unfortunately doesn't just drop from the sky. The writer
doesn't initiate politics, bur reacts to an existing political climate. Brink
is an example. Afrikaans writers -- like all others -- thus cannot be meaning-
ful politically if the appropriate political climate doesn't already exist.

What has to be done in order to create the climate -- or conditions -- for
Afrikaans to be spoken can and must be done by the Afrikaans-speaking themselves,
for they are the ones in power. The Afrikaans-speaking themselves thus can create
the political structure in which the language is meaningful and will survive.

45



"Our people do not reject this donation simply because it came from Portugal.
The weapons will be used to defend Mozambicans and all the cooperants from
socialist and capitalist countries who work in Mozambique.

"We are not betraying any political principle as a sovereign and independent
country, as a nonaligned country," Chipande added, referring to the fact that
"we have made no military pact, and I do not think Marxism prohibits a social-
ist country from having relations with a capitalist country.

"We are not going to stop cooperating with Portugal just because we are a so-
cialist country. They left infrastructures here in Mozambique that served
military ends; they left hospitals with Western equipment, kitchens, small
machine shops, carpenter shops and tailoring shops that served military ends.
They left war materiel, several ships (about 20) in Lake Niassa and communica-
tions equipment. This material is deteriorating and is sometimes destroyed
simply because some small part is missing, which Portugal could provide
through military channels. We cannot turn this down simply because we are a
socialist country. We cannot spend millions and millions of dollars just be—
cause we do not wish to purchase a part from a NATO member country," said
Minister Chipande.

"To many people,. military cooperation means receiving training in military
tactics, but they don't think about the problems of training logistical
cadres for the rear echelons. No one is going to come here and repair things
for nothing. No matter who they are, they will not come here just to give,
but the fact is that we have deteriorating equipment that could be lost."

6362
cSO: 4742/337

29



NIGER

TWO IDA CREDITS AGREEMENTS SIGNED BY MINISTER, CLAUSEN
Niamey SAHEL HEBDO in French No 313, 26 Apr 82 p 5
Grticle: "Signing of Two Credit Agreements'/

fExcerpts] The president of the World Bank group, A. W. Clausen, visited to
our country from Sunday 18 April to Tuesday 20 April 1982.

During his stay, Clausen flew over the river valley up to the site of the
Kandadji Dam, passing by the Namarigoungou hydroagricultural installation.
The Kandadji Dam project would make it possible simultaneously to irrigate
140,000 hectares, supply cattle and industries with water and food, and to
provide the western region an important part of its energy consumption.

During a reception given in his honor by the government, Brah Mahamane,
minister of the plan, emphasized the evolution of cooperation between Niger
and the World Bank, an evolution which underwent two cycles differing both

in terms of the quantity and quality of aid. From 1964 to 1975, the minister
said, the World Bank granted Niger credits with a total value of CFA 7 billion,
or an annual average of CFA 600 billion.

From 1976 to 1982, the World Bank granted a total sum of CFA 38.7 billion in
favor of Nigerien projects or an annual average of 5.2 billion.

After having revealed that during the first cycle, 1964-1975, more than 90
percent of credits were concentrated in the infrastructure sector, the
minister of the plan indicated that since 1976 financing has respected our
national priorities and has concentrated on other priority sectors without,
for all that, neglecting infrastructures. Brah Mahamane then gave the sec-—
toral distribution of the credits (1976-1982): rural development headed the
list with 49.7 percent, the infrastructure 24.3 percent, industry 13.1 per-
cent and education, 12.9 percent.

Relying to Brah Mahamane, the president of the World Bank said that Niger has
registered encouraging results during recent years, especially in the mining
and agriculture sectors. Clausen continued his speech by confirming the
Bank's support for Niger not only in financial terms but also at the level of
economic dialogue.

38



MOZAMBIQUE

GDR HAS LARGE PRESENCE IN COUNTRY
Zurich NEUE ZUERCHER ZEITUNG in German 1 Jul 82 p 5
(Article: "Mozambique's Helpers From East and West--Large GDR Presence'/

ffext7 Maputo, June--The technicians' quarter of the Moatize coal mines in the
northwest corner of Mozambique distantly resembles a German suburban community
with lower-cost single family houses. Specialists from the GDR, about 100 of
them, have here created for themselves a small enclave, complete with a school,
kindergarten and modest shops. A company-owned farm produces the needed food
items. In the management of the Carbomoc mining company,:which works the
Moatize deposits, the "cooperantes" from the communist German state are the
undisputed dominant element. Some 20 other white specialists complete the
cadre of the enterprise which employs 2,600 people. Foreign visitors are
briefed about production and sales by a management member from the GDR.
According to him, the enterprise has largely recovered from the post-

colonial productivity=cdllapse and from two catastrophic events in 1976 and
1977 which caused more than 100 deaths.

The Battle Against Lack of Transport

According to management: plans, this year's production is for the first time
to exceed, with 650,000:tons, the productivity of the decolonization year's
575,000 tons. The main concern of the enterprise, according to the East Ger-
man company spokesman, is not so much the production as the deficient trans-
port capacity of the railroad which takes the black gold to the harbor of
Beira. Towering hills of small-grained coal, distributed around the rolling
bush country, testifytto the "surplus," estimated at 250,000 tons, which is
caused by the*tnansport shortage.

In a hotel in Beira, a former luxury establishment on the ocean, where formerly
mostly white Rhodesians spent their vacations, the GDR citizens, partly
accompanied by their families, constitute by far the greatest number of

guests. Some of them are railroad experts. Their task is to provide manage-
ment consultation to the Beira railroad management which is in charge of the
rail lines to Zimbabwe and Malawi, with a spur to Moatize-Tete. The main

issue here is a speedup of transporting the coal from Moatize, some of which,
according to unofficial information, is exported to the GDR. The modernization
of rail facilities which, according to East German experts, is just as

24



ANGOLA

GAS PLENTIFUL BUT HINDERED BY POOR DISTRIBUTION
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 18 Jun 82 p 2
[Article by Calu Duarte]

[Text] There is no gas shortage, just a shortage of vehicles to deliver this
product to the consumer's residence, said Valdez Dias in response to our ques-
tion about the current distribution situation of this household fuel.

According to Valdez Dias, head of the National Gas Division, the Petrangol
{Angola Petroleum Company] refinery currently produces 60 percent of the gas
used domestically and imports the remaining 40 percent.

The refinery has a 1,000-ton capacity. For this purpose, it had two bottle
filling plants; one at its own refinery and the other in Boavista which does
not operate to capacity because it is 20 years old and also has obsolete,
outdated equipment.

However, the average 5,000 bottles needed to meet consumer requirements in
Luanda are filled. Problems at other points could paralyze the bottling
plants for a half day, for example, which means that at least fewer 1,000
bottles are filled a day.

Transportation Shortage Hinders Effective Work

The 5,000 bottles of gas usually exist but the lack of transportation greatly
hinders effective distribution. Sonangol usually uses 14 trucks for distribu-
tion to try to cope with certain existing difficulties. The lack of parts,
nevertheless, means that Sonangol only uses eight. This number of vehicles
is inadequate for the quantity of existing bottles.

Improper Use of Bottles

Improper use of bottles by the consumer appears, however, to be the source
of the shortage which unfortunately affects the consumer himself.

Approximately 25,000 bottles become unusable every year in Angola because of
improper use. This more likely than not contributes significantly to the de-
crease in bottles. Gas is not sold loose!



One must ask; When will more English-speaking South Africans of leadership
calibre put the destructive English extreme in their place with the same
courage and determination as that with which Mr Botha and his leader support
are fighting the reactionary Afrikaans extreme? The time for it is now.

If the proposals of the President's Council are accepted and implemented by
the Government, South Africa will be well on its way towards a new system of
cooperative government, for the first time in our history.

There will be new rules of political conduct. For instance, there will be a
presidential executive inthe form of a best-man government, more representa—
tive than the present system and more capable of promoting further reform. The
cabinet will no longer have white faces only. The legislative function,
however structured, will not be exclusive to one section. The "colour curtain"
will also be removed from regional and local government.

The allegation that the blacks have been "excluded," is a gross distortion of
fact.

The President's Council was assigned by the State President the specific task
of considering the long neglected political positionof the coloured, Indian and
Chinese communities. It did that, but closed no doors to further developments.
Nowhere in its reports were blacks specifically excluded.

In fact the report of the constitutional -committee clearly stresses the fact
that the destinies of black and white in our country "are inextricably linked."
All it explained in this respect was that a variety of constitutional devices
will have to be employed if larger groups are not to dominate smaller groups.

The President's Council is as anxious as anybody to see that further machinery
is created for fuller deliberation affecting the field of black-white relations.

But must all of us be so stupid as to take up the attitude that nobody may
move into a house until everyone else has been similarly accommodated?

cso: 4700/1467

60



- Unfortunately Afrikaans is a restricted language in terms of what it offers
politically. One of the fundamental lines of thought in South Africa today is
Marxism, but I am not aware of any objective Afrikaans documents on the subject.
Those interested thus immediately turn to English.

Thus I would say: yes, it would be good if one could get more dynamic, /truly/
progressive political elements in Afrikaans writing. But this cannot happen in
a vacuum. There will have to be political broadening in the Afrikaner's social
life.

Renewal
GRAFFIER: Can you expand on the role of the writer in this broadening?

Gerwel: Yes, this broadening naturally points toward a reasonably /drastic/

change of climate in South Africa, for basically it is, for me, a matter of apart—
heid with all its structures -- its national states, the hope that there won't be
any blacks in the country -- which is still a rather ingrained political thinking.

The creation of the climate is a dialectical process mainly between the leader and
the people. I don't think that the National Party has the capacity to bring about
the kind of renewal we are discussing. They make adaptations within a framework,
whereas I am speaking of a political way of thinking outside of the current

South African paradigm.

The writer also exists within a dialectical process with his environment. But
of course he is not as ‘influential as the politicians. How many people actually
read his work?

One should not underestimate the role of people who do indeed read literature in
the creation of a climate of ideas. A perceptive study of a writer such as Brink
would certainly be able to prove that he has indeed influenced many people
politically, but how radically, to what extent? A writer who were to propagate
ANnc [African National Congress] principles, for example, would simply be rejected.

We can be very practical about that. In a changed South Africa in which I and you
and others have done our part in and through Afrikaans to reform the country, we
would have a much greater right to demand: Give this language recognition, and
thus an opportunity to survive.

If Afrikaans is not actively heard and seen in the struggle for political change
in our country, its chances to survive in a changed South Africa will decrease.

Young Generation

GRAFFIER: How do you see today's young writer? Are there indications that he
writes meaningfully? Are there any Breytenbachs, Oppermans, Van Wyk Louws?

Gerwel: The type of elitist bickering about literary qualities -- by which I'm

not saying that the latter is unimportant -- I would rather leave to someone else.
My study of literature is primarily aimed at understanding my society. Thus I am

46



I will again give dialectical reasons for my answer. I work with many black
students who are, after all, the material for change of the country. Through my
teaching I thus try to strengthen the potential for change of those students,
and thus to place the structure itself under pressure.

I do /not/ see the study of literature primarily as the pampering of an esthetic
object, but as criticism on ideology and society. I try to help the students,
through the study of Afrikaans, to understand their environment better.

Riots

GRAFFIER: What is the role of the "brown" students and the role of Afrikaans
in riots?

Gerwel: One of the characteristics of the riots which periodically have taken
place on black campuses since 1973 is that the so-called "brown" student
gravitated politically toward the black side -- using black once again as a
metaphor for a tendency toward the side of drastic change.

Speaking normatively, I am happy to see that our students are visibly active in
an attempt to bring about a better South Africa.

An interesting aspect of the '76 riots was that the political language at
[the university of] West Cape, which always used to be English, was Afrikaans
that year, even though Afrikaans was at the center of the entire Soweto riot.
The problem was thus not Afrikaans /per se/ but rather the type of /attitude/
the language represents.

I don't think that any black will hold it against Breytenbach or Beyers Naude
that he speaks Afrikaans. Afrikaans is also used by “brown" students who advo-

cate a changed South Africa.

It is the attitude of the speaker which matters. That will decide the future
of Afrikaans to a great extent.

--GRAFFIER is an independent magazine published by a youthful editorial staff
in Bellville, but it uses contributors nationally.[Ed. ]

8700
cs0: 4701/99

48



GAS TANK EXPLOSION--Cabinda-~A temporary gas tank with a 90,000-liter capac-
ity, located on the complex of the Sonangol reserve in the city of Cabinda
exploded very early last Tuesday morning. Candido Feijo, Ministry of Petro-
leum representative, told ANGOP [ANGOLAN PRESS AGENCY] that this second ex-
plosion in Cabinda Province was caused by weakness of the tank and extremely
high sun temperatures. Candido Feijo stated that the installation of the
permanent tanks, scheduled for the second half of this year according to the
plan, will prevent such incidents. It should be mentioned that in March 1982
3 months before the fire in the same complex, a 45,000-liter gas tank also ,
exploded. [Text] [Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 17 Jun 82 p 3] 9479

SITUATION IN CENTRAL ANGOLA--The: situation remains complicated in the central
part of Angola, due to the guerrilla war carried on by UNITA [National Union
for the Total Independence of Angola]. Although the situation has been
stabilized in the princtpal urban centers, like Kuito, capital of the pro-
vince of Bie, or Huambo, capital of the province of the same name, an ambush
or amine explosion ts still to be feared once you have left the city. Thus,
observers say, more and more civilians are fleeing from the combat areas to
take refuge in the urban centers. However, with the exception of certain

areas where UNITA has tts bases, large-scale clashes are limited. The au-
thorities are trying simultaneously to organize a defense against guerrilla
operations, to anticipate such attacks, to respond to them quickly, and to
mobilize and to increase the awareness of the people, most of them Ovimbundus,
like all the leaders of UNITA. For the Angolan leaders the principal enemy is
South Africa, which arms and supports UNITA and assists the movements of its
troops, particularly through Namibia and the Cunene area, which has been oc-
cupied since last summer by South African forces. The Benguela railroad,
which connects the port of Lobito to Benguela and Huambo, then continues to the
west to the frontier with Zaire, passing through Bie and Moxico, is the particu-
lar target of UNITA. This principal communications and transportation route is
guarded as far as possible. In particular the authorities have established
construction teams ready to move very quickly to repair damage to the railroad
as soon as possible, As soon as you leave the city you find peaceful villages
where the farmers go about their business but under the protection of elements
of the Popular Defense Forces (ODP), Military personnel are to be found also
all along the road. The Cubans are also to be found in the region, as well

as Soviet advisors, although the latter are to be seen more rarely. [Text]
[Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French No 50, May 82 p 31] 5170

OBSESSION WITH SOUTH AFRICAN BOMBING--The entire southern part of Angola lives
in a state of war, the great obsession being the South African Air Force,
which holds air supremacy and has succeeded in bombing several objectives in
this region with impunity. Since the beginning of April the South African Air
Force has increased its reconnaissance flights and has attacked Chibema, about
150 km south of Lubango, where the principal Angolan defense lines are located.
For the first time since last year the South African Air Force has. thus gone
beyond its customary operating areas. It is emphasized that the overflights
are often the prelude to bombing. With the exception of military personnel it
is practically impossible to go beyond Quita, 100 km south of Lubango, and

11