- 114 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
AKSAMIT RESOURCE MGMT. v . NEBRASKA PUB. POWER DIST.
Cite as 299 Neb. 114



### A ksamit 

### R esour c e 

### M a n ageme n t 

### LLC et a l 

### ., appe ll a n ts 

### , v 

### . N ebraska 

### P ub l i c 

### P ower 

### D istri c t 

### , appe ll ee



### . ___ N.W.2d ___

Filed February 23, 2018. No. S-17-333.

1. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation is a question of law that an appellate court resolves independently of the trial court. 2. Mandamus: Words and Phrases. Mandamus is a law action, and it is an extraordinary remedy, not a writ of right. 3. Judgments: Appeal and Error. In a bench trial of a law action, the trial court’s factual findings have the effect of a jury verdict, and an appellate court will not disturb those findings unless they are clearly erroneous. 4. Mandamus. Whether to grant a writ of mandamus is within the trial court’s discretion. 5. Legislature: Statutes: Intent: Records. In enacting the public records statutes, the Legislature has determined that the welfare of the people is best served through liberal public disclosure of the records of the three branches of government. 6. Legislature: Statutes: Intent: Records: Public Policy. Because the Legislature has expressed a strong public policy for disclosure, an appel

late court must narrowly construe statutory exemptions shielding public records from disclosure. 7. Mandamus: Proof. A party seeking a writ of mandamus under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-712.03 (Reissue 2014) has the burden to satisfy three elements: (1) The requesting party is a citizen of the state or other person interested in the examination of the public records, (2) the document sought is a public record as defined by Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-712.01 (Reissue 2014), and (3) the requesting party has been denied access to the public record as guaranteed by Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-712 (Reissue 2014). 8. ____: ____. If the public body holding the record wishes to oppose the issuance of a writ of mandamus under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-712.03 (Reissue 2014), the public body must show, by clear and conclu

sive evidence, that the public record at issue is exempt from the Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/ 05/04/2018 08:10 AM CDT- 115 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
AKSAMIT RESOURCE MGMT. v . NEBRASKA PUB. POWER DIST.
Cite as 299 Neb. 114

disclosure requirement under one of the exceptions provided by Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-712.05 (Cum. Supp. 2016) or Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-712.08 (Reissue 2014). 9. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory language is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not resort to inter

pretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous. 10. Statutes: Legislature: Intent. In construing a statute, a court must determine and give effect to the purpose and intent of the Legislature as ascertained from the entire language of the statute considered in its plain, ordinary, and popular sense. 11. Statutes. It is not within the province of the courts to read a meaning into a statute that is not there or to read anything direct and plain out of
a statute. 12. Statutes: Words and Phrases. Generally, if an exception is expressed in the conjunctive, both requirements must be met for the exception to become operative. 13. Public Purpose: Intent. A public purpose has for its objective the pro

motion of the public health, safety, morals, security, prosperity, content

ment, and the general welfare of all the inhabitants.


### Appeal from the District Court for Platte County: R obert 

### R

. S tei n ke 

### , Judge. Reversed and remanded with direction.
Roger P. Cox, P.C., L.L.O., and Peter S. Ratner, of Kellogg, Hansen, Todd, Figel & Frederick, P.L.L.C., for appellants.
Shawn D. Renner, of Cline, Williams, Wright, Johnson & Oldfather, L.L.P., and John C. McClure, of Nebraska Public Power District, for appellee.

H eavi c a n 

### , C.J., M i ll er 

### -L erma n 

### , C asse l 

### , S ta c y 

### , K e lc h 

### , and F u n ke 

### , JJ.

C asse l 

### , J. INTRODUCTION Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD) refused a pub

lic records request 1 

### from potential competitors for documents

1 See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 84-712, 84-712.01, and 84-712.03 to 84-712.09

(Reissue 2014 & Cum. Supp. 2016).- 116 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
AKSAMIT RESOURCE MGMT. v . NEBRASKA PUB. POWER DIST.
Cite as 299 Neb. 114


### showing cost and revenue information for each of its gen

eration units, and the district court declined to issue a writ of mandamus to compel disclosure. The competitors’ appeal turns on the statutory exception for “proprietary or commercial information which if released would give advantage to busi

ness competitors and serve no public purpose .” 2 

### Does the statute require public records useful to an energy policy debate to be released despite an advantage flowing to a competitor? The words chosen by the Legislature dictate that the answer must be “yes.” We cannot say the result is absurd. Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s order and direct issuance of an appropriate writ.

BACKGROUND

P

arties 

### Aksamit Resource Management LLC and First Security Power, LLC, are limited liability companies that were formed under the laws of Nebraska and have headquarters in Nebraska. Gary Aksamit is the chief executive officer of both companies (collectively Aksamit). Aksamit intends to produce and sell electricity in Nebraska in the near future. NPPD is a public corporation and a political subdivision of Nebraska. It has facilities for generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power and energy for sale at retail and wholesale. NPPD has several different types of generation sources: conventional steam electric generation, which gener

ates heat from fossil fuel; steam nuclear generation, which generates heat from nuclear fission; combined cycle and com

bustion turbine generation, which generates heat from the com

bustion of natural gas; hydro facilities, which generate power from water; diesel facilities, which use diesel engines to pro

duce electricity; and wind facilities, where the mode of force for the generator is wind.

2 § 84-712.05(3) (emphasis supplied).- 117 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
AKSAMIT RESOURCE MGMT. v . NEBRASKA PUB. POWER DIST.
Cite as 299 Neb. 114



### R equests f or 

### P ub l i c 

### R e c ords

a n d 

### R espo n se 

### In March 2016, Aksamit sent to NPPD 22 requests for public records. NPPD provided documents to satisfy the vast majority of the requests. This appeal concerns only three requests:

• “documents sufficient to show actual expenditures and rev

enues by cost and profit centers for each year from 2008 through 2015”;

• “each and any document dated January 1, 2013[,] or later that

contains, reflects, or constitutes a six-year rate outlook by cost and profit centers”; and

• “documents sufficient to show the annual generation output

and revenue for each [NPPD] generation resource, owned or cont[r]acted from 2008 through 2015.” NPPD refused to provide records responsive to those requests and asserted that the requested information was exempt from public disclosure under § 84-712.05(3).

P etitio n f or 

### W rit

o f 

### M a n damus 

### Aksamit filed a petition for writ of mandamus. It alleged that disclosure of the requested information would serve a public purpose, because the citizens of Nebraska “have an indisputable interest in knowing the operational and financial details associated with state-owned electrical utilities so that they may evaluate, among other things, the continued viability of public power in Nebraska.” The district court ordered NPPD to either promptly provide access to the records or, alternatively, to file an answer show

ing cause why it declined to provide access to the records. In an answer, NPPD maintained that the requested documents fell within the exemption in § 84-712.05(3).

T

ria l 

### At trial, Aksamit focused on public purposes that would be served by disclosure of the requested information. Aksamit’s- 118 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
AKSAMIT RESOURCE MGMT. v . NEBRASKA PUB. POWER DIST.
Cite as 299 Neb. 114


### vice president of marketing testified that Aksamit had an interest in examining the documents as part of its market

ing program to educate Nebraska’s ratepayers and elected rate officials. Dr. Ernest Goss testified about his research on public power in Nebraska. The research involved “[e]xamining the com

petitiveness of public power in Nebraska and how it stacks up against its counterparts in the contiguous states such as MidAmerican Energy in Iowa and . . . examining potential problems for the taxpayer, the ratepayer in the years ahead.” Based on his research, Goss concluded that “there were clear and present dangers” for Nebraska’s taxpayers and electricity ratepayers. Goss explained that the trajectory of electricity prices was larger than the national average and that the trajec

tory of rate changes “was and is unsustainable.” A difficulty that Goss encountered while conducting research was a lack of access to information about the costs and rev

enues for NPPD’s individual generation units. Goss preferred to have data relating to individual generation units so that he could “more properly find out what’s the cause and is it something that’s going to be of fundamental issue for the busi

nesses, the citizens, the taxpayers of the State of Nebraska in future years.” According to Goss, such data would have been “very instrumental in coming to conclusions about the eco

nomic viability of public power in Nebraska.” Goss, as an economist and Nebraska taxpayer, expressed an interest in knowing NPPD’s costs and revenue for individual generating units. He explained that NPPD does not pay prop

erty or income taxes and that the payments it makes in lieu of such taxes are much lower than the property tax rate, which meant that “those are taxes that are hoisted off on the Nebraska taxpayer.” As an economist, Goss testified that it was very dif

ficult to judge whether NPPD was being run efficiently with

out looking at the cost and revenue information broken down by generation units.- 119 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
AKSAMIT RESOURCE MGMT. v . NEBRASKA PUB. POWER DIST.
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### A former NPPD employee testified that he observed busi

ness inefficiencies that increased NPPD’s costs and negatively affected ratepayers. As a board member or a ratepayer, he would want access to NPPD’s cost information by genera

tion unit, because it would allow a better understanding of such costs in order to challenge board members on “why there’s a continuation of a high cost generating unit and what could be done to lower those costs.” He did not believe that NPPD’s total cost information was adequate to make assessments as to cost by generating unit, because “[y]ou’re lumping several contributors to a total cost which prevents you from making sound decisions on the individual contribu

tors to that total.” Based on NPPD’s total cost information, an individual would be unable to identify “particular high cost plans.” NPPD focused on the confidentiality of the information in the industry and the competitive harm that it may suffer if it had to disclose records responsive to Aksamit’s requests. There is no real dispute that Aksamit seeks to compete with NPPD. NPPD also competes with participants in the Southwest Power Pool. The power pool is a regional integrated market for the buying and selling of electricity. NPPD both buys and sells electricity in that market. Thomas James Kent, the vice president and chief operating officer of NPPD, testified that the power pool makes bidding offers public 90 days after the operating day, but that it masks the source of the bid and the offer information in order to protect the confidentiality of the specific units. Kent testified that if a participant in the power pool had access to NPPD’s generation unit-specific cost and revenue information, that information could be used to “cre

ate bid and offer strategies that would put NPPD at a disad

vantage and an unequal playing field in terms of being able to compete equally in the commodity market.” He explained that “if someone knew the specific cost information of a given unit, they may use that information to set a bid in pricing- 120 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
AKSAMIT RESOURCE MGMT. v . NEBRASKA PUB. POWER DIST.
Cite as 299 Neb. 114


### strategy that would make their units more competitive.” And if the power pool market is not recovering all of NPPD’s costs of production, NPPD’s only other source to make up that loss is with the rates charged to ratepayers. Kent testified that power purchase agreements are typi

cally not considered public documents, because the pricing information for the cost of the power is generally considered proprietary and confidential by the developer. For example, NPPD currently had a power purchase agreement with a wind facility in Nebraska which contained a confidentiality clause to protect pricing information and other terms. Other of NPPD’s contracts similarly contained confidentiality provisions. Kent explained that “confidentiality is provided to ensure that the pricing arrangements, commercial arrangements, et cetera, are specific to that arrangement and can’t be used competitively with other entities.” NPPD considered the cost and revenue information on a generation unit-specific basis to be propri

etary and confidential.

D istri c t 

### C ourt 

### ’ s 

### D e c isio n 

### The district court dismissed the petition for writ of man

damus. It stated that the evidence showed the generation unit-specific cost and revenue information was proprietary or commercial to NPPD and that if it were released pub

licly, it would give advantage to NPPD’s competitors. The court reasoned: It would be highly unlikely that in enacting §84-712.05(3), the Legislature intended to allow record custodians to withhold proprietary or commercial infor

mation that would give advantage to business competi

tors, only to render the exemption meaningless by also requiring anything that could conceivably be labeled a “public purpose” for release to nullify the exemption.Here, release of NPPD’s proprietary generation unitspecific cost and revenue information would give advan

tage to its competitors, including the relators. There is- 121 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
AKSAMIT RESOURCE MGMT. v . NEBRASKA PUB. POWER DIST.
Cite as 299 Neb. 114


### merit to NPPD’s argument that creating an unlevel field for competition is not a public purpose. The district court concluded that NPPD established the exemption under § 84-712.05(3) by clear and convincing evi

dence. It stated:To require disclosure of NPPD’s generation unitspecific cost and revenue information would give advan

tage to its business competitors, and result in disadvan

tage to its ratepayers by denying them “the benefits of a successful and profitable operation and conduct of the business of the district.” [Neb. Rev. Stat.] §70-655(1) [(Cum. Supp. 2016)]. Such a result would serve no pub

lic purpose. Aksamit filed a timely appeal, and we granted its petition to bypass review by the Nebraska Court of Appeals.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR Aksamit assigns nine errors concerning the dismissal of its petition for a writ of mandamus. Consolidated and restated, the errors present one issue: Whether the district court erred in applying the exemption set forth in § 84-712.05(3).

STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] Statutory interpretation is a question of law that an appellate court resolves independently of the trial court. 3 

### [2-4] Mandamus is a law action, and it is an extraordinary remedy, not a writ of right. 4 

### In a bench trial of a law action, the trial court’s factual findings have the effect of a jury ver

dict, and we will not disturb those findings unless they are clearly erroneous. 5 

### Whether to grant a writ of mandamus is within the trial court’s discretion. 6

3 McCoy v. Albin , 298 Neb. 297, 903 N.W.2d 902 (2017).

4 State ex rel. Veskrna v. Steel , 296 Neb. 581, 894 N.W.2d 788 (2017).

5 Id.

6 Id.- 122 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
AKSAMIT RESOURCE MGMT. v . NEBRASKA PUB. POWER DIST.
Cite as 299 Neb. 114



### ANALYSIS

P ub l i c 

### P o l i c y 

### [5,6] In enacting the public records statutes, the Legislature has determined that the welfare of the people is best served through liberal public disclosure of the records of the three branches of government. 7 

### The Legislature intended that courts liberally construe §§ 84-712 to 84-712.03 for disclosure “when

ever any . . . political subdivision . . . record of receipt . . . or expenditure involving public funds is involved.” 8 

### And it does so “in order that the citizens of this state shall have the full right to know of and have full access to information on the public finances of . . . the public bodies and entities created to serve them.” 9 

### Because the Legislature has expressed a strong public policy for disclosure, an appellate court must nar

rowly construe statutory exemptions shielding public records from disclosure. 10



### B urde n s o f 

### P roo f f or 

### W rit o f 

### M a n damus 

### [7] A person denied access to a public record may file for speedy relief by a writ of mandamus under § 84-712.03. 11 

### A party seeking a writ of mandamus under § 84-712.03 has the burden to satisfy three elements: (1) The requesting party is a citizen of the state or other person interested in the examina

tion of the public records, (2) the document sought is a public record as defined by § 84-712.01, and (3) the requesting party has been denied access to the public record as guaranteed by § 84-712. 12 

### It is uncontested that Aksamit satisfied its prima facie claim for release of public records.

7 Id.

8 § 84-712.01(3).

9 Id.

10 Evertson v. City of Kimball , 278 Neb. 1, 767 N.W.2d 751 (2009).

11 State ex rel. Veskrna v. Steel, supra note 4.

12 Id.- 123 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
AKSAMIT RESOURCE MGMT. v . NEBRASKA PUB. POWER DIST.
Cite as 299 Neb. 114


### [8] Where a suit is filed under § 84-712.03, the Legislature has imposed upon the public body the burden to “sustain its action.” 13 

### If the public body holding the record wishes to oppose the issuance of a writ of mandamus, the public body must show, by clear and conclusive evidence, that the public record at issue is exempt from the disclosure require

ment under one of the exceptions provided by § 84-712.05 or § 84-712.08. 14



### S tatutory 

### I n terpretatio n

o f 

### § 84-712.05(3) [9-11] Principles regarding statutory interpretation are well known. Statutory language is to be given its plain and ordi

nary meaning, and an appellate court will not resort to inter

pretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous. 15 

### In construing a statute, a court must determine and give effect to the purpose and intent of the Legislature as ascertained from the entire language of the statute considered in its plain, ordinary, and popular

sense. 16 

### It is not within the province of the courts to read a meaning into a statute that is not there or to read anything direct and plain out of a statute. 17 

### In withholding the requested information, NPPD relies upon § 84-712.05(3). That statute sets forth an exemption for “[t]rade secrets, academic and scientific research work which is in progress and unpublished, and other proprie

tary or commercial information which if released would give

13 See § 84-712.03(2).

14 State ex rel. Neb. Health Care Assn. v. Dept. of Health , 255 Neb. 784, 587

N.W.2d 100 (1998). Cf. Evertson v. City of Kimball, supra note 10 (using clear and convincing burden of proof).

15 Farmers Co-op v. State , 296 Neb. 347, 893 N.W.2d 728 (2017).

16 J.S. v. Grand Island Public Schools , 297 Neb. 347, 899 N.W.2d 893

(2017).

17 In re Guardianship of Kaiser , 295 Neb. 532, 891 N.W.2d 84 (2017).- 124 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
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### advantage to business competitors and serve no public purpose.” 18 

### The meaning of the latter part of the exemption is the crux of this appeal. [12] We must give effect to the statutory language. Grammatically, the key phrase contains two parts, following initial words common to both. The common words are “pro

prietary or commercial information which if released would.” 19 

### The two parts are “give advantage to business competitors” and “serve no public purpose.” 20 

### Thus, the correct grammatical reading of the second part is “proprietary or commercial infor

mation which if released would . . . serve no public purpose.” The two parts are joined by “and.” The word “and” is “[a] conjunction connecting words or phrases expressing the idea that the latter is to be added or taken along with the first.” 21 

### Generally, if an exception is expressed in the conjunctive, both requirements must be met for the exception to become operative. 22 

### Thus, NPPD had the burden to show both that the information would give advantage to competitors and that the information would serve no public purpose. [13] “A public purpose has for its objective the promo

tion of the public health, safety, morals, security, prosperity, contentment, and the general welfare of all the inhabitants.” 23 

### When we consider the meaning of the words “public purpose” in § 84-712.05(3), liberal public disclosure of the records of public entities is an important factor. The testimonies of Goss and the former NPPD employee articulated public

18 § 84-712.05(3).

19 Id.

20 Id.

21 Black’s Law Dictionary 86 (6th ed. 1990). See, also, State v. Melcher , 240

Neb. 592, 483 N.W.2d 540 (1992).

22 See Dutton-Lainson Co. v. Continental Ins. Co. , 271 Neb. 810, 716

N.W.2d 87 (2006).

23 Platte Valley Public Power & Irrigation District v. County of Lincoln , 144

Neb. 584, 589, 14 N.W.2d 202, 205 (1944).- 125 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
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### purposes of the information well within political and eco

nomic realms; indeed, one can scarcely escape the intense public debate regarding the merits of fossil fuels versus renew

able fuels. The Iowa Supreme Court’s interpretation and application of a similar statute illustrates its narrow reach. The Iowa stat

ute provides that “[r]eports to governmental agencies which, if released, would give advantage to competitors and serve no public purpose” shall be kept confidential. 24 

### In constru

ing that statute, the Iowa Supreme Court has stated that the public body must prove both that the documents “would give advantage to . . . competitors and [that] their release would

serve no public purpose.” 25 

### The court recognized the com

peting policy interests—“the public’s right to know versus protecting an entity against a competitor.” 26 

### But the court stated: “[I]t is not our responsibility to balance competing policy interests. This balancing is a legislative function and our role is simply to determine the legislature’s intent about those policy issues.” 27 

### Similarly, we conclude that the language of § 84-712.05(3) does not allow us to balance the competing interests. Information which would give a business competitor an advan

tage may be withheld only if it would “serve no public pur

pose.” There is no requirement that the public purpose to be served outweigh the competitive harm caused. We recognize that NPPD is not a typical governmental body. A public corporation organized for the purpose of gen

erating, transmitting, and distributing electrical energy oper

ates in a proprietary as distinguished from a governmental

24 Iowa Code Ann. § 22.7(6) (West Cum. Supp. 2017).

25 Northeast Council v. Dept. of Public Health , 513 N.W.2d 757, 760 (Iowa 1994) (emphasis in original).

26 Id. at 761.

27 Id.- 126 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
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### capacity. 28 

### The Legislature gave to public power districts the usual powers of corporation organized for public purposes, and statutes located in chapter 70, article 6, of the Nebraska Revised Statutes (concerning public power districts) are intended to permit the business of the district to be operated in a successful and profitable manner. 29 

### From this general premise, the district court inferred legislative intent regarding a public power district’s records. But its inference finds no direct statutory support. The Legislature has not included in the lengthy statutes gov

erning public power districts any provision purporting to deny the public access to its books and records. Indeed, the statutes say otherwise. The board of directors of a public power dis

trict “shall cause to be kept accurate minutes of their meetings and accurate records and books of account,” which books and records shall be open to public inspection. 30 

### Further, if a dis

trict wishes to acquire an existing system for electric light and power, hydrogen, or ethanol, a copy of the proposed contract must be open to public inspection for a period of time before being executed. 31 

### Two other public power district statutes bear upon the issue only tangentially. One requires an annual audit by a certified public accountant of “the books, records, and financial affairs of the district.” 32 

### The other mandates that the accountant have “access to all books, records, vouchers, papers, contracts, or other data.” 33 

### Neither statute limits public access to these

28 Wittler v. Baumgartner , 180 Neb. 446, 144 N.W.2d 62 (1966), overruled in part on other grounds, State ex rel. Douglas v. Nebraska Mortgage Finance Fund , 204 Neb. 445, 283 N.W.2d 12 (1979).

29 See York County Rural Public Power Dist. v. O’Connor , 172 Neb. 602, 111 N.W.2d 376 (1961).

30 Neb. Rev. Stat. § 70-622 (Reissue 2009).

31 See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 70-626 (Reissue 2009).

32 Neb. Rev. Stat. § 70-623 (Cum. Supp. 2016).

33 Neb. Rev. Stat. § 70-623.02 (Reissue 2009).- 127 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S heets 299 N ebraska R eports
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### materials. At most, the second statute effectively prohibits a power district from contractually limiting its accountant’s access to the district’s records. If presented with the opportunity to exclude a public power district’s competitive information from public scrutiny, the Legislature might well do so. But thus far it has not. If the Legislature had done so, we would not hesitate to apply the “other statute” exception 34 

### of the public records law and the general principle favoring a specific over a general statute. 35 

### NPPD failed to show that it was entitled to withhold the requested information. Although it demonstrated that releasing the information requested would give an advantage to its com

petitors, it failed to establish that the information would serve no public purpose. The law as framed required it to prove both elements. It is the role of the Legislature to balance and reconcile the public purposes embodied in the public records statutes and the public power statutes.

CONCLUSION In order for NPPD to withhold its proprietary or commercial information, it had to show that the information “if released would give advantage to business competitors and serve no public purpose.” 36 

### Construing this exemption narrowly, we conclude that NPPD failed to demonstrate by clear and con

clusive evidence that the information would serve no public purpose. We therefore reverse the district court’s order and remand the cause with direction to issue an appropriate writ in conformity with this opinion. R eversed a n d rema n ded with dire c tio n



### . W right 

### , J., not participating.

34 See § 84-712.01(1).

35 See, e.g., State v. Thompson , 294 Neb. 197, 881 N.W.2d 609 (2016).

36 See § 84-712.05(3).