## S1



# Semi-volatile and Volatile Organic Compound Emissio ns from

Outdoor Wood-Fired Hydronic Heaters

Johanna Aurell 1 

## , Brian K. Gullett 2,* 

## , Dennis Tabor 2 

## , Abderrahmane Touati 3 

## , Lukas Oudejans 4

1 

## National Research Council Post Doctoral Fellow to t he U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

2 

## U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Res earch and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle P ark, NC 27711, USA

3 

## ARCADIS G&M, Inc., 4915 Prospectus Drive, Durham, N C 27713, USA

4 

## U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Res earch and Development, National Homeland and Security Research Center, Research Tri angle Park, NC 27711, USA

*Corresponding Author: gullett.brian@epa.gov, 919/ 541-1534

Summary Pages: 7 Figures: 3 Tables: 5

## S2

Figure S1. Illustrations of four different outdoor wood-fired hydronic heater technologies investigated.

Figure S2. Experimental set-up, not to scale. Primary air supply Secondary air supply

Bottom fed pellet burner Post-combustion zone Combustion zone Primary air supply Secondary air supply

Bottom fed pellet burner Post-combustion zone Combustion zone



### Up-draft combustion Down-draft combustion Combustion and gasification Bottom fed pellet burner Primary air supply Secondary air supply Combustion zone

Secondary air supply Primary air supply

Combustion zone Secondary super-heated air supply Primary air supply

Secondary combustion zone

Combustion zone



## PCDD/PCDF CO and CO 2 

## Naphthalene/Benzene REMPI-TOFMS



## VOC Summa Canister 

## CO Indoor

Outdoor

Induction Fan

Heat exchanger Hot water

Cooling water Hot water recirculation loopWall



## Heater PAH Hood cone

Stack

Dilution duct

## S3

Figure S3. Twenty four hour heat load profile for a 232 m 2 

## home in Syracuse, New York, USA.

## S4

Table S1. Fuel properties. Properties Fuel Red oak White pine White ash Hardwood pellets Ash (%) 1.5 0.44 0.75 0.52 Moisture (%) 22 9.6 9.0 7.2 Volatile Matter (%) 84 88 NA 84 Fixed Carbon (%) 14 11 NA 14 Carbon (%) 49 52 51 50 Chlorine (ppm) 38 36 NA 44 Hydrogen (%) 6.0 6.6 NA 5.9 Nitrogen (%) <0.5 <0.5 NA <0.5 Sulfur (%) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Heating Value (MJ/kg) 19.5 21.6 15.0 19.8 * NA – Not analyzed.



## Table S2. PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (ND = DL; ND = 0 within parentheses).

Unit Fuel Number of Samples PCDD/PCDF WHO-TEQ Total PCDD/PCDF

ng TEQ/kg input

ng TEQ/MJ input ng/kg input

ng/MJ input Conventional HH Red oak 3 1.1 (1.0) 0.054 (0.053) 2 6 1.3

STDV 0.76 (0.78) 0.039 (0.040) 27 1.4 Conventional HH Red oak + refuse 2 1.9 (1.8) 0.098 (0.093) 75 3.8

RDV 0.45 (0.59) 0.023 (0.030) 4.5 0.23 Conventional HH White Pine 3 0.63 (0.24) 0.029 (0.0 11) 11 0.53

STDV 0.21 (0.077) 0.0097 (0.0036) 1.6 0.075 Conventional HH White Ash 2 0.37 (0.37) 0.025 (0.02 4) 13 0.89

RDV 0.064 (0.078) 0.0061 (0.0052) 2.0 0.38 Three stage HH Red oak 3 0.11 (0.079) 0.0056 (0.004 1) 4.2 0.22

STDV 0.022 (0.036) 0.0011 (0.0018) 1.5 0.075 U.S. Downdraft Red oak 3 0.080 (0.023) 0.0041 (0.00 12) 2.0 0.10

STDV 0.0077 (0.0087) 0.00039 (0.00044) 0.60 0.031 European pellet

# Red oak 1 0.28 (0.25) 0.014 (0.012) 26 1.3 

## STDV = standard deviation, RDV = Relative deviation (only two tests), # = STDV Not applicable (only one test).

## S5

Table S3. PCDD/PCDF emission factors for the differ ent heater/fuel combinations, in ng TEQ/MJ input 

## . Conventional HH Three stage HH U.S. Downdraft European pellet Red Oak Red Oak +

Refuse White Pine White Ash Red Oak Red Oak Red Oak 2,3,7,8-TCDD 0.0047 [0.0035] 0.0088

[0.0054] 0.0044

[0] 0.00094

[0] 0.0006

[0] 0.00066

[0] 0.0035 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD 0.020 0.029 0.010 [0] 0.011 0.0018 [0.0011] 0.0012

[0] 0.0011

[0] 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD 0.0010 0.0012 0.0010 [0] 0.00037 0.00014 [0.000076] 0.00015 [0] 0.00010

[0] 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD 0.0018 0.0033 0.0011 [0.00031] 0.00094 0.00022 [0.00028] 0.00015 [0] 0.00010

[0] 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD 0.0012 0.0027 0.00092 [0.00045] 0.00078 0.00021 0.00015 0.00010 [0] 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD 0.00083 0.0024 0.00040 0.00056 0.00011 0.000057 0.0 00071
OCDD 0.000085 0.00024 0.000049 0.000055 0.000011 0.00000 56 0.0000053
Sum PCDD 0.029 [0.028] 0.048

[0.045] 0.018

[0.0012] 0.013

[0.013] 0.0030

[0.0018] 0.0024

[0.00021] 0.0050

[0.0036] 2,3,7,8-TCDF 0.0038 0.013 0.00094 [0] 0.0015 0.00042 0.00010 [0] 0.0062 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF 0.0013 0.0024 0.00043 [0.00034] 0.00033 0.00010 [0.000085] 0.000050

[0.000033] 0.00026 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.0088 0.021 0.0049 0.0037 0.0010 0 .00062 [0.00046] 0.0018 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF 0.0037 0.0048 0.0017 0.0012 0.00035 0.00031 0.00035 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.0038 0.0040 0.0015 0.00089 0.00 028 [0.00015] 0.00017

[0.00011] 0.00027 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF 0.00028 [0.00018] 0.00064

[0] 0.00063

[0.00033] 0.00017

[0] 0.00010

[0.000028] 0.00018 [0] 0.000094

[0] 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.0018 0.0022 0.00093 0.00060 0.0 0024 [0.00022] 0.00016 [0] 0.000083

[0] 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF 0.00066 0.00069 0.00044 0.00024 0.000089 0.000042 0 .000039 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF 0.00012 0.00015 0.000056 [0.000031] 0.000051 0.000041 0.000034 [0] 0.0000079

[0] OCDF 0.000013 0.000017 0.000016 0.0000058 0.0000041 0.0000048 [0] 0.0000018
Sum PCDF 0.024 [0.024] 0.049

[0.049] 0.011

[0.10] 0.085

[0.085] 0.0026

[0.0023] 0.0017

[0.0010] 0.0091

[0.0089] Sum PCDD/PCDF 0.054 [0.053] 0.10

[0.093] 0.029

[0.011] 0.022

[0.022] 0.0056

[0.0041] 0.0041

[0.0012] 0.014

[0.012]
* 

### Average value for congeners with not detectable co ngener equal to 0 within brackets. 2005 WHO-TEF.

## S6

Table S4. PAH Emission Factors in mg/MJ input 

## . Conventional HH Three stage HH U.S. Downdraft European

Red Oak Red Oak +

Refuse White

Pine White

Ash Red Oak Red Oak Pellets

Naphthalene 

### 12 6.6 22 18 2.4 6.9 0.23 Acenaphthylene 

### 3.7 2.3 15 4.6 0.67 1.40 0.058 Acenaphthene 

### 0.27 0.23 1.3 0.32 0.07 0.092 0.0035
Fluorene 

### 0.96 0.70 3.2 1.2 0.18 0.28 0.013
Phenanthrene 

### 2.0 1.5 6.1 3.0 0.58 0.86 0.074
Anthracene 

### 0.46 0.33 1.3 0.75 0.10 0.17 0.012
Fluoranthene 

### 0.60 0.34 1.3 1.2 0.13 0.28 0.041 Pyrene 

### 0.62 0.32 1.2 1.1 0.10 0.26 0.043 Benzo(a)anthracene 

### 0.18 0.093 0.45 0.36 0.027 0.072 0.0049 Chrysene 

### 0.17 0.093 0.42 0.33 0.029 0.077 0.0047 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 

### 0.09 0.055 0.24 0.22 # 

### 0.019 0.037 0.0035 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 

### 0.13 0.047 0.28 0.26 # 

### 0.007 0.043 0.0014 Benzo(a)pyrene 

### 0.16 0.076 0.36 0.33 # 

### 0.021 0.049 0.0031 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 

### 0.065 0.041 0.15 0.15 # 

### 0.011 0.023 0.0027 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 

### 0.0070 0.29 0.040 # 

### 0.035 # 

### 0.19 # 

### 0.85 #



### 0.00021 Benzo(ghi)perylene 

### 0.093 0.046 0.15 0.19 # 

### 0.0090 0.025 0.0025
Total PAH 

### 21 13 54 32 4.6 11 0.49 

## # Method reporting limit.

## S7

Table S5. PAH Emission Factors in mg/kg input 

## . Conventional HH Three stage HH U.S. Downdraft European

Red Oak Red Oak +

Refuse White

Pine White

Ash Red Oak Red Oak Pellets

Naphthalene 

### 229 128 485 274 47 135 4.5 Acenaphthylene 

### 73 44 323 69 13 27 1.1 Acenaphthene 

### 5.3 4.4 29 4.8 1.4 1.8 0.069 Fluorene 

### 19 14 70 18 3.6 5.4 0.26 Phenanthrene 

### 38 30 132 45 11 17 1.5 Anthracene 

### 9.0 6.5 29 11 1.9 3.3 0.24 Fluoranthene 

### 12 6.7 28 18 2.5 5.4 0.82 Pyrene 

### 12 6.3 26 17 2.0 5.1 0.86 Benzo(a)anthracene 

### 3.5 1.8 9.7 5.4 0.52 1.4 0.10 Chrysene 

### 3.4 1.8 9.0 5.0 0.56 1.5 0.094 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 

### 1.8 1.1 5.1 3.0 # 

### 0.37 0.72 0.069 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 

### 2.5 0.92 6.1 3.7 # 

### 0.14 0.84 0.029 Benzo(a)pyrene 

### 3.1 1.5 7.7 4.6 # 

### 0.41 0.96 0.061 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 

### 1.3 0.80 3.3 1.9 # 

### 0.22 0.45 0.053 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 

### 0.13 5.5 0.86 # 

### 0.37 #



### 3.6 #



### 17 #



### 0.0041 Benzo(ghi)perylene 

### 1.8 0.90 3.3 2.6 # 

### 0.18 0.48 0.049 Total PAH 

### 415 254 1166 483 89 223 9.8 

## # Method reporting limit.