# CHAPTER 14. UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

14.1 INTRODUCTION

......................................................................................................... 14-1

14.2 ASSUMPTIONS

............................................................................................................ 14-1

14.3 METHOD

...................................................................................................................... 14-2

14.4 RESULTS

...................................................................................................................... 14-3

LIST OF TABLES

Table 14.4.1 AEO2009 Reference Case Forecast

................................................................... 14-4

Table 14.4.2 Commercial Clothes Washer Trial Standard Level 1 Forecast

.......................... 14-5

Table 14.4.3 Commercial Clothes Washer Trial Standard Level 2 Forecast

.......................... 14-6

Table 14.4.4 Commercial Clothes Washer Trial Standard Level 3 Forecast

.......................... 14-7

Table 14.4.5 Commercial Clothes Washer Trial Standard Level 4 Forecast

.......................... 14-8

Table 14.4.6 Commercial Clothes Washer Trial Standard Level 5 Forecast

.......................... 14-9

14-i

# CHAPTER 14. UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS

14.1 INTRODUCTION

DOE analyzed the effects of residentia l cooking products and microwave ovens and

commercial clothes washer standard levels on the electric and gas utility industry using a variant

of the DOE/Energy Information Administrati on (EIA)’s National Energy Modeling System

(NEMS). a 

# NEMS is a public domain, multi-sectoral, partial equilibrium model of the U.S.

energy sector. Each year, DOE/EIA uses NEMS to produce a baseline energy forecast for the

U.S., the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) . The AEO for 2009, April Release (AEO2009) forecasts

energy supply and demand through 2030. 1 

# DOE used a variant of this model, referred to here as

NEMS-BT, b 

# to account for the impacts of equipment e fficiency standards on the baseline energy

forecast. DOE’s utility impact analysis consis ts of a comparison between model results for the

AEO2009 Reference Case and for policy cases in wh ich standards are in place, and applies the

same basic set of assumptions as the AEO2009 . For example, the operating characteristics (e.g.,

energy conversion efficiency, emissions rates) of future electricity generating plants are as

specified in the AEO2009 Reference Case, as are the pros pects for natural gas supply.

The utility impact analysis re ports the changes in installed capacity and generation, by

fuel type, that result for each trial standard level (TSL), as well as changes in commercial sector

electricity and natural gas consumption.

This chapter presents information and result s pertaining solely to CCWs. As described in

section 1.3 of chapter 1 of this technical s upport document (TSD), DOE is continuing the

rulemaking for energy conservation standards fo r microwave oven standby power, and analyses

related to these products will be published in a separate TSD. In addition, DOE issued a final

rule 2 

# adopting energy conservation standard s for conventional cooking products ( i.e. , cooktops

and ovens) and microwave oven energy factor (EF), and details of the analyses for these products

are contained in the co rresponding final rule TSD. 3



# 14.2 ASSUMPTIONS

NEMS-BT has several advantages that have led to its adoption as the forecasting tool in

the analysis of energy efficiency standards. NE MS-BT uses a set of assumptions that are well

known and fairly transparent, due to the exposure and scrutiny each AEO receives. In addition,

a 

# For more information on NEMS, refer to the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration

documentation. A useful summary is National Energy Modeling Sy stem: An Overview 2003 , DOE/EIA

0581(2003), March, 2003.

b 

# DOE/EIA approves use of the name NEMS to describe only an official version of the model without any

modification to code or data. Because this analysis en tails some minor code modifications and the model is run

under various policy scenarios that are variations on DOE/EIA assumptions, DOE refers to it by the name NEMS

BT (BT is DOE

= s Building Technologies Program, under whose aegis this work has been performed). NEMS-BT

was previously called NEMS-BRS.

# the comprehensiveness of NEMS-BT permits th e modeling of interact ions among the various

energy supply and demand sectors and the economy as a whole, producing a complete picture of

the effects of energy-efficiency standards. Perhaps most importantly, NEMS-BT can be used to

estimate marginal effects, which yield a better estimate of the actual impact of efficiency

standards than considering only average effects.

The utility impact analysis us es the assumptions of the AEO2009 and treats cooking

product, microwave oven, and clothes washer effici ency standards as variations in policy. The

effect of the policy is calculat ed as the difference between the AEO2009 Reference Case and

each proposed standard case. B ecause the implementation of sta ndards reduces total natural gas

demand by less than one percent in any given year, its effect cannot be dete cted directly in the

simulations. Therefore, DOE mode led larger reductions in dema nd and interpolated results for

the TSLs. DOE assumed the effects to be linear within the range of inte rpolation. This method

is discussed in more deta il below and in Appendix 14A.

DOE was unable to consider High and Low Economic Growth Cases for AEO2009 as

EIA did not generate these economic growth cases for the AEO2009 , April Release. For past

AEO releases, the High Economic Growth Case assumes higher projected growth rates for

population, labor force, and labor productivity, resu lting in lower predicted inflation and interest

rates, and higher aggregate economic growth, relative to the refere nce case. The opposite is true

for the Low Economic Growth Case.

14.3 METHOD

DOE used the national energy savings develope d in the national impact analysis (Chapter

11) for each TSL as input to NEMS-BT. The ma gnitude of the energy decrement that would be

required for NEMS-BT to produce stable results out of the range of numerical noise is larger

than the highest efficiency standard under cons ideration. Therefore, DOE estimated results

corresponding to each TSL using interpolation. DOE ran higher use reduction levels in NEMS

BT, representing multipliers of each TSL, and used these outputs to linearly interpolate the

results to estimate actual changes in generation and capacity due to the standard. A detailed

description of the in terpolation method is given in Appendix 14A.

Policy runs are executed by reducing electr icity and natural gas consumption in the

NEMS-BT Residential and Commer cial Demand Modules. Energy use reductions are applied to

the residential cooking end use for cooking prod ucts and microwave ovens and commercial

water heating end use for clothes washers. Th e savings are then divided among U.S. Census

divisions. All fuels are considered simulta neously, however the residential and commercial

TSLs are run separately using NEMS-BT.

Although the current time hor izon of NEMS-BT is 2030, other parts of the residential

cooking products and microwave ovens and comm ercial clothes washers energy-efficiency

standards analysis extend to th e year 2043. It is not feasible to extend the forecast period of

14-2

# NEMS-BT for the purposes of this analysis, nor does DOE/EIA have an approved method for

extrapolation of many outputs beyond 2030. While it might seem reasonable to make simple

linear extrapolations of results , in practice this is not advi sable because outputs could be

contradictory. For example, changes in the fuel mix implied by extrapolations of those outputs

could be inconsistent with the extrapolation of marginal emissi ons factors. An analysis of

various trends sufficiently deta iled to guarantee consistency is beyond the scope of this work,

and, in any case, would involve a great deal of uncertainty. Therefore, all extrapolations beyond

2030 are simple replications of year 2030 results. While these may seem unreasonable in some

instances, in this way results ar e guaranteed to be consistent. As with the AEO Reference Case

in general, the implicit assumption is that the regulatory environment does not deviate from the

current known situation during the extrapolation period. Only changes that have been announced

with date-certain introduction are included in NE MS-BT. To emphasize the extrapolated results

wherever they appear, they are shaded in gray to distinguish them from actual NEMS-BT results.

14.4 RESULTS

The utility impact analysis reports NEMS-BT forecasts for generation, installed capacity,

and residential-sector consumption. Results are fo r all TSLs presented in five-year increments to

year 2030, including High and Low Growth cases fo r just the proposed TSL. Beyond year 2030,

an extrapolation to 2043 for each proposed TSL re presents a simple replication of the year 2030

results.

The results from the AEO2009 Reference Case are shown in Table 14.4.1.

DOE analyzed a total of five TSLs for commer cial clothes washers. The reference case

results for each TSL are presented in Tables 14.4.2 through 14.4.18, respectively. The results

from proposed standards for comm ercial clothes washers are pr esented in Tables 14.2.2 through

14.2.6. Each table shows forecasts using interpolated results, as described in section 14.3 for

total U.S. electricity generation and installed capacity.

Commercial clothes washers save natural gas for all five TSLs compared to the AEO2009

Reference Case. The natural savings predicted by the National Impacts Analysis (NIA) Model

range from 0.0 to 0.2 percent of total commerc ial natural gas consumption by year 2030. The

savings from electricity are less than 0.0 percent of to tal commercial electricity consumption for

all five TSLs.

14-3

# Table 14.4.1 AEO2009 Reference Case Forecast

NEMS-BT Results: AEO2009 Reference Case

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Residential Sector Ener gy

Consum p tion 1



# Electricit y Sales ( TWh ) 2 

# 1359.0 1403.0 1407.0 1477.0 1571.0 1661.0

Natural Gas (EJ) 5.23 5.34 5.21 5.26 5.32 5.28

Other (EJ) 1.98 1.87 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69

Natural Gas (Quads) 4.96 5.06 4.94 4.99 5.04 5.00

Other ( Quads ) 3 

# 1.88 1.77 1.65 1.63 1.61 1.60

Commercial Sector Ener gy

Consum p tion 1



# Electricit y Sales ( TWh ) 2 

# 1275.0 1402.0 1507.0 1620.0 1742.0 1863.0

Natural Gas (EJ) 3.26 3.45 3.47 3.50 3.63 3.71

Other (EJ) 0.99 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.81 0.81

Natural Gas (Quads) 3.09 3.27 3.29 3.32 3.44 3.52

Other (Quads) 3 

# 0.94 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.77 0.77

Total U.S. Electric Generation 4



# Coal (TWh) 2014.0 2022.0 2138.0 2198.0 2203.0 2305.0

Gas (TWh) 753.0 775.0 647.0 714.0 908.0 979.0

Petroleum (TWh) 123.0 56.0 47.0 49.0 49.0 50.0

Nuclear (TWh) 782.0 809.0 831.0 876.0 881.0 890.0

Renewables (TWh) 357.0 468.0 645.0 707.0 771.0 797.0

Total (TWh) 5 

# 4029.00 4130.00 4308.00 4544.00 4812.00 5021.00

I nstalled Generating Capacity 6



# Coal (GW) 313.8 325.0 331.0 333.3 333.9 344.6

Other Fossil ( GW ) 7 

# 438.9 470.5 443.2 451.8 499.4 542.4

Nuclear (GW) 100.1 101.2 104.1 110.3 110.3 110.0

Renewables (GW) 99.5 133.5 171.1 176.1 182.3 188.3

Total ( GW ) 8 

# 952.3 1030.2 1049.4 1071.5 1125.9 1185.3

1 

# Comparable to Table A2 of AEO2009: Energy Consumption, Residential

2 

# Comparable to Table A8 of AEO2009: Electricity Sales by Sector

3 

# Includes distillate fuel, commercial fuel, kerosene, LPG, motor gasoline, coal, and renewable energy

4 

# Comparable to Table A8 of AEO2009: Electric Generators and Cogenerators

5 

# Excludes "Other Gaseous Fuels" cogenerators and "Other" cogenerators

6 

# Comparable to Table A9 of AEO2009: Electric Generators and Cogenerators Capability

7 

# Includes "Other Gaseous Fuels" cogenerators

8 

# Excludes Pumped Storage and Fuel Cells



# 14-4Table 14.4.2Commercial Clothes Washer Trial Standard Level 1 ForecastNEMS-BT Results:Difference from AEO2009 LBNL Stimulus Reference CaseExtrapolation20032005201020152020202520302003200520102015202020252030203520402043Commercial Sector Energy ConsumptionCommercial Sector EnergyConsumptionElectricity Sales (TWh)1,1991,2751,4021,5071,6201,7421,863Electricity Sales (TWh)0.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Natural Gas (EJ)3.473.263.453.473.503.633.71Natural Gas (EJ)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other (EJ)1.030.990.850.820.800.810.81Other (EJ)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Natural Gas (Quads)3.293.093.273.293.323.443.52Natural Gas (Quads)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other (Quads)0.980.940.810.780.760.770.77Other (Quads)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total U.S. Electric GenerationTotal U.S. Electric GenerationCoal (TWh)1,9752,0142,0222,1382,1982,2032,305Coal (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Gas (TWh)646753775647714908979Gas (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Petroleum (TWh)1191235647494950Petroleum (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Nuclear (TWh)764782809831876881890Nuclear (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Renewables (TWh)364357468645707771797Renewables (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total (TWh)3,8684,0294,1304,3084,5444,8125,021Total (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Installed Generating CapacityInstalled Generating CapacityCoal (GW)313.9313.8325.0331.0333.3333.9344.6Coal (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other Fossil (GW)414.3438.9470.5443.2451.8499.4542.4Other Fossil (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Nuclear (GW)100.6100.1101.2104.1110.3110.3110.0Nuclear (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Renewables (GW)96.299.5133.5171.1176.1182.3188.3Renewables (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total (GW)925.0952.3 1,030.2 1,049.4 1,071.5 1,125.9 1,185.3Total (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.014-5Table 14.4.3Commercial Clothes Washer Trial Standard Level 2 ForecastNEMS-BT Results:Difference from AEO2009 LBNL Stimulus Reference CaseExtrapolation20032005201020152020202520302003200520102015202020252030203520402043Commercial Sector Energy ConsumptionCommercial Sector EnergyConsumptionElectricity Sales (TWh)1,1991,2751,4021,5071,6201,7421,863Electricity Sales (TWh)0.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Natural Gas (EJ)3.473.263.453.473.503.633.71Natural Gas (EJ)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other (EJ)1.030.990.850.820.800.810.81Other (EJ)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Natural Gas (Quads)3.293.093.273.293.323.443.52Natural Gas (Quads)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other (Quads)0.980.940.810.780.760.770.77Other (Quads)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total U.S. Electric GenerationTotal U.S. Electric GenerationCoal (TWh)1,9752,0142,0222,1382,1982,2032,305Coal (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Gas (TWh)646753775647714908979Gas (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Petroleum (TWh)1191235647494950Petroleum (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Nuclear (TWh)764782809831876881890Nuclear (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Renewables (TWh)364357468645707771797Renewables (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total (TWh)3,8684,0294,1304,3084,5444,8125,021Total (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Installed Generating CapacityInstalled Generating CapacityCoal (GW)313.9313.8325.0331.0333.3333.9344.6Coal (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other Fossil (GW)414.3438.9470.5443.2451.8499.4542.4Other Fossil (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Nuclear (GW)100.6100.1101.2104.1110.3110.3110.0Nuclear (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Renewables (GW)96.299.5133.5171.1176.1182.3188.3Renewables (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total (GW)925.0952.3 1,030.2 1,049.4 1,071.5 1,125.9 1,185.3Total (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.014-6Table 14.4.4Commercial Clothes Washer Trial Standard Level 3 ForecastNEMS-BT Results:Difference from AEO2009 LBNL Stimulus Reference CaseExtrapolation20032005201020152020202520302003200520102015202020252030203520402043Commercial Sector Energy ConsumptionCommercial Sector EnergyConsumptionElectricity Sales (TWh)1,1991,2751,4021,5071,6201,7421,863Electricity Sales (TWh)0.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.2Natural Gas (EJ)3.473.263.453.473.503.633.71Natural Gas (EJ)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other (EJ)1.030.990.850.820.800.810.81Other (EJ)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Natural Gas (Quads)3.293.093.273.293.323.443.52Natural Gas (Quads)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other (Quads)0.980.940.810.780.760.770.77Other (Quads)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total U.S. Electric GenerationTotal U.S. Electric GenerationCoal (TWh)1,9752,0142,0222,1382,1982,2032,305Coal (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Gas (TWh)646753775647714908979Gas (TWh)0.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Petroleum (TWh)1191235647494950Petroleum (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Nuclear (TWh)764782809831876881890Nuclear (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Renewables (TWh)364357468645707771797Renewables (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total (TWh)3,8684,0294,1304,3084,5444,8125,021Total (TWh)0.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Installed Generating CapacityInstalled Generating CapacityCoal (GW)313.9313.8325.0331.0333.3333.9344.6Coal (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other Fossil (GW)414.3438.9470.5443.2451.8499.4542.4Other Fossil (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Nuclear (GW)100.6100.1101.2104.1110.3110.3110.0Nuclear (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Renewables (GW)96.299.5133.5171.1176.1182.3188.3Renewables (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total (GW)925.0952.3 1,030.2 1,049.4 1,071.5 1,125.9 1,185.3Total (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.014-7Table 14.4.5Commercial Clothes Washer Trial Standard Level 4 ForecastNEMS-BT Results:Difference from AEO2009 LBNL Stimulus Reference CaseExtrapolation20032005201020152020202520302003200520102015202020252030203520402043Commercial Sector Energy ConsumptionCommercial Sector EnergyConsumptionElectricity Sales (TWh)1,1991,2751,4021,5071,6201,7421,863Electricity Sales (TWh)0.00.00.0-0.1-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.2Natural Gas (EJ)3.473.263.453.473.503.633.71Natural Gas (EJ)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other (EJ)1.030.990.850.820.800.810.81Other (EJ)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Natural Gas (Quads)3.293.093.273.293.323.443.52Natural Gas (Quads)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other (Quads)0.980.940.810.780.760.770.77Other (Quads)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total U.S. Electric GenerationTotal U.S. Electric GenerationCoal (TWh)1,9752,0142,0222,1382,1982,2032,305Coal (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Gas (TWh)646753775647714908979Gas (TWh)0.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Petroleum (TWh)1191235647494950Petroleum (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Nuclear (TWh)764782809831876881890Nuclear (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Renewables (TWh)364357468645707771797Renewables (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total (TWh)3,8684,0294,1304,3084,5444,8125,021Total (TWh)0.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Installed Generating CapacityInstalled Generating CapacityCoal (GW)313.9313.8325.0331.0333.3333.9344.6Coal (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other Fossil (GW)414.3438.9470.5443.2451.8499.4542.4Other Fossil (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Nuclear (GW)100.6100.1101.2104.1110.3110.3110.0Nuclear (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Renewables (GW)96.299.5133.5171.1176.1182.3188.3Renewables (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total (GW)925.0952.3 1,030.2 1,049.4 1,071.5 1,125.9 1,185.3Total (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.014-8Table 14.4.6Commercial Clothes Washer Trial Standard Level 5 ForecastNEMS-BT Results:Difference from AEO2009 LBNL Stimulus Reference CaseExtrapolation20032005201020152020202520302003200520102015202020252030203520402043Commercial Sector Energy ConsumptionCommercial Sector EnergyConsumptionElectricity Sales (TWh)1,1991,2751,4021,5071,6201,7421,863Electricity Sales (TWh)0.00.00.0-0.1-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.2Natural Gas (EJ)3.473.263.453.473.503.633.71Natural Gas (EJ)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other (EJ)1.030.990.850.820.800.810.81Other (EJ)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Natural Gas (Quads)3.293.093.273.293.323.443.52Natural Gas (Quads)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other (Quads)0.980.940.810.780.760.770.77Other (Quads)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total U.S. Electric GenerationTotal U.S. Electric GenerationCoal (TWh)1,9752,0142,0222,1382,1982,2032,305Coal (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Gas (TWh)646753775647714908979Gas (TWh)0.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Petroleum (TWh)1191235647494950Petroleum (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Nuclear (TWh)764782809831876881890Nuclear (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Renewables (TWh)364357468645707771797Renewables (TWh)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total (TWh)3,8684,0294,1304,3084,5444,8125,021Total (TWh)0.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1Installed Generating CapacityInstalled Generating CapacityCoal (GW)313.9313.8325.0331.0333.3333.9344.6Coal (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Other Fossil (GW)414.3438.9470.5443.2451.8499.4542.4Other Fossil (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Nuclear (GW)100.6100.1101.2104.1110.3110.3110.0Nuclear (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Renewables (GW)96.299.5133.5171.1176.1182.3188.3Renewables (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total (GW)925.0952.3 1,030.2 1,049.4 1,071.5 1,125.9 1,185.3Total (GW)0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.014-9

# REFERENCES

1 

# U.S. Department of Energy- Energy Information Administration. An Updated Annual Energy

Outlook 2009 Reference Case Reflecting Provisions of the American Recovery and

Reinvestment Act and Recent Change s in the Economic Outlook , April, 2009. Washington,

DC. SR/OIAF/2009-03.

< http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/stimulus/pdf/sroiaf(2009)03.pdf >

2 

# U.S. Department of Energy-Office of En ergy Efficiency and Re newable Energy, Energy

Conservation Standards for Certain Consumer Products (Dishwashers, Dehumidifiers,

Microwave Ovens, and Electric and Gas K itchen Ranges and Ovens) and for Certain

Commercial and Industrial Equipment (Com mercial Clothes Washers); Final Rule. Federal

Register , 2009. 74(66): pp. 16040-16096.

3 

# U.S. Department of Energy-Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Technical

Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Consumer Products and Commercial and

Industrial Equipment: Residential Dishwa shers, Dehumidifiers, Cooking Products, and

Commercial Clothes Washers , March, 2009. Washington, DC.

< http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residentia l/cooking_products_final_rul

e_tsd.html >

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