126038

JPRS-SSA-87-019

9 MARCH 1987

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

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JPRS-SSA-87-019

9 MARCH 1987

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

CONTENTS

ANGOLA

Arms Build-Up, Possible Major Clashes With RSA Discussed

(Brendan Seery; THE SUNDAY STAR, 25 Jan 87).. 1

Soviet Cooperation in Education Viewed

(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 12 Növ 86) 2

Bulgaria Donates Radios, Office Supplies

(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 8 Nov 86) 4

FAPLA Displays Captured Materiel

(Aderito Quizunda; JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 13 Nov 86) 5

Weapons Captured From UNITA Described

(Lollo Agostinho; JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 16 Nov 86) 7

Benguela's BPV To Be Expanded

(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 18 Nov 86) 9

DJIBOUTI

Briefs

France Increases Aid 11

ETHIOPIA

Mengistu on Commitment to Regional Security

(HERITAGE, 12 Jan 87) 12

Balas Valley Project Described

(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 27 Dec 86) 24

- a -
GHANA

KENYA

Briefs

Gas Deposits in Ogaden 26

Rawlings Discusses Internal, Foreign Policies, Rationale

(Jerry John Rawlings Interview; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC,

8 Jan 87) 27

Rawlings, Conte Issue Call for Front Line State Support

(Breda Atta-Quayson, Mavis Quaicoe; PEOPLE'S DAILY

GRAPHIC, 12 Dec 86) 31

Moi Addresses Armed Forces, Decries Tribalism

(Job Githinji; DAILY NATION, 17 Jan 87) 32

President Sets New Rules for Parastatals

(Pius Nyamora; DAILY NATION, 2 Jan 87) 33

Soviet-Trained Doctors Complain of Discrimination

(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 16 Jan 87) 34

Association Chief on Industrialization Strategy

(Silas Ita Interview; DAILY NATION, 8 Jan 87) 35

Starehe MP Rubia Detained by Police for Questioning

(Irungu Ndirangu, Tom Mshindi; DAILY NATION, 30 Jan 87)... 37

Electoral Boundary Changes Trigger Reactions

(SUNDAY NATION, 11 Jan 87; DAILY NATION, various dates)... 39

Politics Behind Changes Discussed, by Ben Omoro 39

Kakamega Residents Angered, by Job Githinji 42

Mixed Parliamentary Reactions 42

Kitui KANU Opposes Changes 43

Ministry Bans Direct Sale of Maize

(Catherine Gicheru; DAILY NATION, 7 Jan 87) 44

Huge Maize Surplus Destined for Export

(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 9 Jan 87) 45

Coffee Farmers Disappointed With Payments

(Samuel Nduati; DAILY NATION, 10 Jan 87) 47

Burglaries on Increase in City Regions

(Irungu Ndirangu; DAILY NATION, 16 Jan 87) 48

- b -
Briefs

Ministries Denied Foreign Embassy Access 51

6 Held for Gun Smuggling 51

Planes Banned in Samburu 51

MP Released From Police Custody 52

Dutch Grant Received 52

India Seeks More Imports 52

New Pyrethrum Producer Prices 53

LESOTHO

Briefs

Lekhanya on Water Projects, RSA 54

MOZAMBIQUE

New Sweet Potato Variety From Nigeria Gives Good Results

(NOTICIAS, 3 Jan 87) 55

Niassa Food Shortage Leads To Search for Alternatives

(NOTICIAS, 3 Jan 87) • 56

Cabo Delgado Food Situation Worsening

(NOTICIAS, 5 Jan 87) 59

Success of Xai-Xai's Supply System Discussed

(NOTICIAS, 6 Jan 87) • • 61

New Graduates From Beira Industrial School

(NOTICIAS, 6 Jan 87) 63

Hundreds of Commuters Benefit From New Bus System

(NOTICIAS, 20 Jan 87) 65

New Passenger Ship Starts Weekly Link to Major Ports

(NOTICIAS, 20 Jan 87) • 67

Briefs

DPCCN Receives Aid 70

TANZANIA

President Expresses Concern Over Rising Prices

(TANZANIA DAILY NEWS, 10 Jan 87) 71

Nyerere Sees Incompetence as Weakness Affecting Party

(Balinagwe Mwambungu; TANZANIA DAILY NEWS, 15 Jan 87) 72

Ministry Plans Biogas Project for Dar es Salaam

(Stella Chahika; TANZANIA DAILY NEWS, 10 Jan 87) 73

c -
Editorial Praises Zanzibar Efforts To Revive Industry

(TANZANIA DAILY NEWS, 14 Jan 87) 74

UGANDA

Priest Alleges NRA Abuses in Acholi

(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 9 Jan 87) 75

'Boy Soldiers' Demobilized, Sent to Special Academies

(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 23 Jan 87) 76

ZAMBIA

Journalist Reports on Country's Lack of Freedom of Expression

(Stephan Terblanche; SUNDAY TIMES,18 Jan 87) 77

SOUTH AFRICA

AFRIKANER/GOVERNMENT

Minister: School Boycotts Have Backfired

(Sue Leeman; THE STAR, 28 Jan 87) . 79

Cape Administrator Views Black Housing Shortage

(DIE BURGER, 24 Dec 86) 80

PSA, Government Enter Pay Raise Negotiations

(Michael Chester; THE STAR, 29 Jan 87) 82

Questions Answered on Farmers' Concern for Productivity

(Johan Wagner; DIE TRANSVALER, 8 Jan 87) 87

NP, Labor Party Differences on Group Areas Act Viewed

(Editorial; DIE VOLKSBLAD, 6 Jan 87) 89

Continued Road To Reform Seen Task in 1987

(Editorial; DIE VADERLAND, 5 Jan 87) 90

Reaction To Election Call Viewed

(Gert Kotze; DIE VADERLAND, 7 Jan 87) 91

SOCIOPOLITICAL/OTHER

Botha's Award to Bishop Mokoena Brings Criticism

(Mudini Maivha, Rich Mkhondo; THE STAR, 29 Jan 87) 93

Indian, Colored Credibility 'Drowned' by Hendrickse Apology

(Ameen Akhalwaya; POST NATAL, 28-31 Jan 87) 94

d -
1986 Termed Worst Year for Labor Unions

(Sheryl Raine; THE STAR, 19 Jan 87)... 95

Accounting Profession Suffering From 'Brain Drain'

(Thelina Tuch; BUSINESS DAY, 29 Jan 87) 98

Color Coded Integrated New Bus Routes Confuse Commuters

(Susan Pleming; THE STAR, 28 Jan 87) 99

Columnist on Controversy Surrounding Judge's Appointment

(Quraish Patel; POST NATAL, 28-31 Jan 87) 100

Newspaper Defends Right To Publish All Viewpoints

(Editorial: POSTNATAL, 14-17 Jan 87) 103

Columnist Deplores Government's Increased Censorship Actions

(Ameen Akhalwaya; POST NATAL, 14-17 Jan 87) 104

ECONOMIC

Mineral Exclusion From U.S. Boycott List Explained

(FINANCIAL MAIL, 23 Jan 87) 1°6

Economist on Advantages of Investing in Neighboring States

(Thelma Tuch; BUSINESS DAY, 28 Jan 87) 108

Advantages of Inward Industrialization Policy Pointed Out

(Helena Patten; BUSINESS DAY, 28 Jan 87). 109

Steel Manufacturers Looking Increasingly to Domestic Market

(FINANCIAL MAIL, 23 Jan 87) H°

Small Business Boom Predicted for Eastern Cape

(Denise Boutall; EVENING POST, 21 Jan 87) HI

Operation Hunger Faces 'Difficult' Year

(THE STAR, 21 Jan 87) • • •

112

Whites Seeking Aid as Hunger Grows 112

Ina Perlman Explains Relief Activities, by Susan Pleming 112

Feeding Programs in Venda Successful 114

Briefs

Manufacturing Volumes Rising i±3

Difficult Environment for U.S. Businessmen H5

New Sea Link 11^

Call for Deregulations H"
Opencast Mining From Rand Leases H6

Starch-From-Wheat Plan 117

Rank Xerox Has Not Quit 117

Drug Producer Plans To Remain 117

Wool Industry 'Crisis' 117

IBM Denies Staying 117

Metal Workers' Salaries Higher 117

Dutch Company Pull-Out 118

RM Expansion To Create 20,000 Jobs H8

/12223

- f -
ANGOLA

ARMS BUILD-UP, POSSIBLE MAJOR CLASHES WITH RSA DISCUSSED

Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 25 Jan 87 p 5

[Article by Brendan Seery]

[Text]

WINDHOEK — A

major clash may be

looming between the

South African Defence Force and the

Angolan Government forces,, Fapla.

Foreign diplomats in

Pretoria are. known to

be watching the situation with concern.

In the past few months

there has been a significant build-up of weaponry in southern Angola,

involving both the ground

and air arms of the

MPLA forces.

Early this month the

commander of the South

West Africa Territory

Force, Major-General

Georg Meiring, said the

increase in conventional

arms had made the Angolan forces "arrogant".

He warned that it

might be only a matter of

time before the Angolans

felt able to challenge the

security forces on or over

Angolan territory.

The Angolan air force

was particularly confident, he said. Its radar

net could now watch air

traffic in northern Namibia. "If they think they

can take on our aircraft,

they will."

Four years ago SAAF

Mirage fighters shot

down two Angolan MiG21s while a South African

cross-border operation

was in progress.

Since then, however,

the Angolan air force has

been considerably

strengthened.

According to the

SWATF, the Angolan military build-up has considerably strengthened the

Fapla "umbrella" under

which Swapo insurgents

increasingly find shelter.

This week the SWATF

headquarters revealed

what it said was further

evidence of increasing

co-operation between

Swapo and Fapla.

According to an official communique, a band

of Swapo insurgents had

fled back into southern

Angola after unsuccessfully mortaring the

northern Namibian town

of Onhangwena early on

Sunday morning.

The band headed

straight for the Angolan

town of Nemacunde, a

Fapla strongpoint.

SWATF soldiers abandoned the chase when it

became apparent where

the insurgents were

going.

Perhaps Nemacunde

was on General Meiring's

mind on Friday when he

delivered his farewell address as outgoing commander of the territorial

force. He said that while

the SADF and SWATF

were planning no operations against Fapla, they

would take action against

terrorists wherever they

hid.

Security force commanders must be itching

to get at towns such as

Nemacunde where

Swapo appears to have

set up safe bases. But the

strength of Fapla garrisons make them tough

nuts to crack.

The lives of white national servicemen would

certainly be on the line

during such actions. And

that may not be a comfortable prospect at all

for the politicians in the

run-up to the South African elections.

/9317

CSO: 3400/996
ANGOLA

SOVIET COOPERATION IN EDUCATION VIEWED

Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 12 Nov 86 p 12

[Unattributed report: "Soviet Cabinet Minister Acknowledges Education Successes in Angola"]

[Text] Moscow, ANGOP—Gennadiy Yagodin, minister of higher and secondary

specialized education of the USSR, said in this city that Soviet-Angolan cooperation in the field of education is already traditional, inasmuch as it began

during the national liberation struggle of the Angolan people.

Gennadiy Yagodin—who is also a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU—

pointed to the accord concluded between the Soviet Union and the People's

Republic of Angola in May 1976 concerning bilateral cooperation with respect to

the advanced training of specialists and the training of skilled workers.

"During these 10 years," he declared, "the training of Angolan citizens at the

centers of higher learning and secondary specialized education in the Soviet

Union—and the scientific, technical, and economic assistance in the creation

and support of national centers for education—have been carried out in conformity with the protocols of cultural and scientific cooperation."

The Soviet minister explained that to date more than 1,000 Angolan students

have pursued their studies in the Soviet Union, specializing in medicine,

engineering, education, agricultural science, and other fields.

He spoke of the efforts undertaken by the Soviet Union to establish in Angola

seven vocational training centers that have already trained more than 4,000

specialists.

Yagodin described as positive the visit he made in April of this year to the

People's Republic of Angola, and cited the protocol signed between his country

and the People's Republic concerning the training of Angolan cadres at the

institutions of higher and secondary specialized education in the Soviet Union

for the period 1986-1995.

Moreover, he expressed the view that the total number of Angolan citizens

studying in the Soviet Union is increasing every year—from 330 in 1986 to 500

in 1993-95—and that the number of Angolan students and graduate students will

double during that period.
The Soviet minister also emphasized that his country will help to establish an

institute of the land, attached to Agostinho Neto university, together with a

school of social sciences, an agricultural secondary school, and seven centers

for vocational technical training in other fields.

He also'announced an increase in the number of Soviet teachers working in the

People's Republic of Angola; the sending of educational materials and scientific books; and the establishment—within the framework of bilateral cooperation—of courses for retraining Angolan specialists who were trained originally

in the Soviet Union.

Gennadiy Yagodin expressed his satisfaction at the changes that have been

carried out in Angola during the period following independence. He cited

"illiteracy" as a shortcoming that is being corrected at an accelerated pace

en route to the goal of universal elementary education.

He likewise voiced his pleasure at the increase in the number of intellectuals

who—coming from all social strata and especially from the ranks of young

workers and peasants—are being trained to an ever higher level of academic

achievement.

10992

CSO: 3442/76
ANGOLA

BULGARIA DONATES RADIOS, OFFICE SUPPLIES

Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 8 Nov 86 p 1

[Article by L.S.: "Bulgaria Makes Donation to Angola"]

[Text] A donation valued at $150,000 was made yesterday by the Bulgarian

Government to the People's Republic of Angola, in the person of its ambassador

extraordinary and plenipotentiary accredited to our country, Kamen Ivechev.

The donation—consisting principally of office supplies, radio equipment,

recorders, and clothing—was delivered at a ceremony during which Dino Matross,

member of the Political Bureau and secretary of the Central Committee for

Judicial and State Organs, expressed gratitude for the gesture of solidarity

that the fraternal people of the People's Republic of Bulgaria have just made

toward the Angolan people.

Dino Matross also emphasized the fact that this donation "is an expression of

the healthy state of our relations at all levels." He went on to say that the

supplies received will help to carry forward efficiently the work that has

been undertaken throughout the national territory as part of the process of

renewing the mandates of the organs of the people's power in the RPA [People's

Republic of Angola].

The Bulgarian ambassador, for his part, called the delivery of the donated

supplies—which took place in one of the halls of the Congress Building—an

"expression of solidarity by the Bulgarian people for the people of Angola,"

noting that it coincided with the 69th anniversary of the October Revolution

(which was observed yesterday).

10992

CSO: 3442/76
ANGOLA

FAPLA DISPLAYS CAPTURED MATERIEL

Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 13 Nov 86 p 1

[Article by Aderito Quizunda: "FAPLA Capture Puppets, Substantial Quantity of

Materiel, in Recent Months"] '

[Text] A considerable quantity of armament seized, many hundreds of prisoners

captured, and 600 puppets slain are the result of a complex of actions carried

out by the glorious FAPLA in the provinces of Moxico, Kuando-Kubango, and

Huambo during the period from August to October of this year.

These data were disclosed yesterday by Paulino Pinto Joao, director of the

Department of Information and Propaganda of the Central Committee [DIP of the

CC], at a press conference in Luanda.

The director of the DIP of the CC further stated that an analysis of the evolution of the military and political situation in the past 3 months enables us

to conclude that "the effort of the Reagan administration to implement the

plans to stifle our people's revolution" is steadily expanding.

This situation is corroborated by the fact that a large-scale propaganda

campaign has been mounted from the United States of America with the aim of

convincing world public opinion that "UNITA" is a valid instrumentality for

the solution of our domestic problems and even those of the southern region of

the African continent.

"However," this party official added, "our government's basic policy is very

clear, and its implementation will result inevitably in the political and

military annihilation of the little group of puppets known as 'UNITA,' for—

as Comrade President Jose Eduardo dos Santos has made very clear—we do not

want any lackeys in our ranks."

Presentation of Prisoners

In the course of the meeting between the representatives of the domestic and

foreign press, the director of the DIP of the CC presented a number of individuals captured in recent months by the FAPLA.

Six of their number had come forward voluntarily: a fact that demonstrates

the recognition—among the ranks of the puppets—of the humanitarian policy of

clemency instituted by our government.
It will also be recalled that most of the compatriots presented on this occasion had entered the ranks of "UNITA" after being kidnaped from their villages:

a fact that makes it very clear they did not surrender voluntarily to that

little group of puppets in the service of international imperialism.

Display of Captured Armament

After the presentation of the group of compatriots captured by our FAPLA, those

present examined the display of a part of the quantity of armament seized from

the "UNITA" gang of puppets and from the South African army.

Of this quantity of armament—which consists of two Land Rovers of British

manufacture; two Unimogs; one emergency hospital; missile launchers; recoilless

guns; antiaircraft guns; automatic weapons; and other materiel—the greater

portion came from the NATO countries and China, but a substantial part was

captured from the South African army during its most recent attempt to occupy

the town of Cuito Cuanavale in Kuando-Kubango Province.

This fact eloquently demonstrates that the South African army is directly

involved in the various actions against positions of our defense and security

forces.

He further reaffirmed what has been stated by our leaders—and particularly by

Comrade President Jose Eduardo dos Santos—concerning the severe blows that

our defense and security forces are dealing to the enemies of our revolution.

And the director of the DIP of the CC took the occasion to point out once again

that "the racists of South Africa should realize that they can no longer

continue with impunity these acts of aggression against our native soil as had

been the case in years past, because the FAPLA—as a result of their growth in

all aspects [balance of sentence illegible].

10992

CSO: 3442/76
ANGOLA

WEAPONS CAPTURED FROM UNITA DESCRIBED

Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 16 Nov 86 p 3

[Article by Lollo Agostinho]

[Excerpt] The large quantity of war material seized from the enemy by the

FAPLA during the period between August and October in the provinces of Moxico,

Kuando-Kubango, and Huambo and put on public display in front of the Cinema

Atlantico is but one more irrefutable proof of the direct military intervention of the South African armed forces which are complemented—in the manner

of a dog being led around by the collar—by a handful of Angolan traitors

(dis)organized into the orchestra called UNITA.

Following are some of the types, trade marks, patents, and countries of manufacture involved in this arsenal of weapons, much of which was seized in

Kuando-Kubango Province during the attempt by the South African racist war

machine to occupy Cuito-Cuanavale: eight AKM of Chinese origin; two G-3

Supers (France); one G-3 Super (USA); HK-21's (France); four rocket launchers

(Chinese); antipersonnel grenades; devices for detonation by traction; one

antiaircraft bazooka; one Fagot ground-to-air missile; dynamite; TNT bricks;

three communications radios of South African manufacture; magnetic mines; six

60-millimeter mortars of South African origin; two B-12 mortars and a 106-

millimeter long-range antitank mortar, both types of Chinese manufacture;

piercing and incendiary shells; two 127-millimeter rockets; one napalm bomb;

one Land Rover, which carried an antitank gun; two Unimogues; and one gigantic

vehicle (trademark Deutz) of South African manufacture that served as an emergency hospital and had very heavy armor plating, bulletproof window glass, and

a maximum carrying capacity of 38,000 kilograms.

In addition to the material expenditures made by the RPA [People's Republic of

Angola] to defend its sovereignty and integrity, some questions may logically

be asked: How many human lives did these weapons destroy? Against whom was

this array of deadly objects targeted—these weapons that the FAPLA were able

to neutralize at the "H" hour with the supreme skill of a genuine people's

army? What people is UNITA "liberating," as it claims, if it criminally persists in killing women, old men, and children? Are some doubts raised by the

fact that the source of the weapons which daily spread pain and mourning among

our defenseless populations is South Africa and certain countries that are

members of NATO, whose guiding genius is the Number One exponent of state

terrorism in modern history—Mr. Reagan?
"...The specific case of Angola's security—the moral and material responsibility for the aggravation of the military situation and for the disastrous

consequences of the war—is attributable to those who are supporting violence,

to those who are giving military and financial or other kinds of assistance to

the aggressive apartheid regime and its supplementary forces-; the UNITA

puppets." This passage from the letter that the Angolan chief of state, Comrade President Jose Eduardo dos Santos, sent to His Excellency Javier Perez de

Cuellar in March of this year is a clear revelation of the open hostility of

the united States of America and its participation in the acts of aggression

that racist South Africa is inciting against the People's Republic of Angola.

These now captured weapons—which as recently as yesterday were still concealed

in the countryside of Kuando-Kubango, Moxico, and even some areas of Huambo—

were brought before the eyes of the people so that the people themselves, at

some future date and with the material proofs that are in their possession, may

put on trial—and pass judgment upon—Savimbi, his gang, and all those who

insist on continuing the war against our people.

Neither the Stinger missiles, nor the Fagots, will enable the racists and their

henchmen to win the war. The United States of America had hundreds of B-52's

in Vietnam and were quite literally defeated. These weapons now in the possession of our people—together with the mass of documents relating to the signature of the Alvor agreements—will form part of the extremely varied array of

objects and documents that will adorn our museums. It will be a living testimony to enable future generations to understand the paths traversed by the RPA.

10992

CSO: 3442/76
ANGOLA

BENGUELA*S BPV TO BE EXPANDED

Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 18 Nov 86 p 3

[Unattributed report: "Almost 7,000 Citizens May Be Incorporated"]

[Text] Benguela—Approximately 6,700 citizens may be incorporated into the

People's Vigilance Brigades [BPV] in Benguela Province—as part of a special

plan to expand the organization—between next 1 November and 10 December, in

honor of the 11th anniversary of national independence.

Antonio Figueiredo, provincial coordinator of the People's Vigilance Brigades,

told ANGOP that the mass organization already has approximately 86,000 brigade

members (of which 24,000 are women) organized into 4,034 brigades and 1,677

intermediate directorates.

The People's Vigilance Brigades, he added, have contributed greatly to the

neutralization and exposure of the antieconomic and counterrevolutionary agents.

This made it possible to hand over more than 16,000 cases to the competent

police and judicial agencies, he said.

The BPV have likewise participated actively in various tasks bearing on the

nation's economic and social development, including the clean-up, volunteer

labor, vaccination, and blood donation campaigns.

CONFEREBIND

The Mixted Retail Enterprise for Manufactured Goods—EREBIND-'-will soon open, in

this citV, a ready-made garment enterprise called "CONFEREBIND" [EREBIND ReadyMade Clothing]—the result of the merger of two clothing factories, ANGOP was

told by Armando Oliveira, chief of the service department of that enterprise.

The future CONFEREBIND will employ approximately 50 workers in activities

relating exclusively to the manufacture of clothing of various types for sale

in commercial establishments operated by EREBIND.

It emphasized that\the Africa Textiles enterprise is responsible for supplying

cloth to EREBIND Ready-Made Clothing. Plans call for Africa Textiles to

guarantee an annual supply of 400,000 meters of cloth, which will be distributed

among the various private and state ready-made clothing enterprises located in

Benguela, Lobito, Baia-Farta, Ganda, and Cubal.
EREBIND's service department also operates shops for the repair of office

machines and cash registers, refrigeration and cooking equipment, and electrical household appliances, and also a cabinetmaking shop that provides

support for all the enterprises of the Ministry of Internal Trade.

10992

CSO: 3442/76

10
DJIBOUTI

BRIEFS

FRANCE INCREASES AID-JFrance is to grant Djibouti budgetary aid of 26.25 million French francs under an agreement signed in Paris this week. It is the

first installment of a budgetary aid programme for 1987 worth a total of 82.5

million francs. A communique from the French ministry for co-operation said

this sum was more than a third higher than the assistance given in 1986. Last

November Paris provided some 85 million francs to enable the Djiboutian

treasury to replenish its fund of foreign reserves and balance the arrears

and overspending of the 1986 budget (see ION No 259), I.O.N.—France, whose

minister for co-operation Michel Aurillac is to visit Djibouti next month

during a tour which will also take him to the Comoros and Seychelles, has

placed stiff budgetary restrictions on the Djibouti government. Taking six

percent of all French aid, Djibouti ranks third among the countries assisted

by Paris, after Senegal and the Central African Republic but before Ivory

Coast, Cameroon, Algeria and Morocco. In proportion to the population, this

works out at 25,000 Djibouti francs per inhabitant, and is ten times greater

than the aid provided to the other French-speaking states of Africa. This is

an indication of the strategic importance of Djibouti in French eyes. [Text]

(Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 17 Jan 87 p 2] /9274

CSO: 3400/34

11
ETHIOPIA

MENGISTU ON COMMITMENT TO REGIONAL SECURITY

Khartoum HERITAGE in English 12 Jan 87 pp 8-11

fText: Interview: Granted by: Arop Madut Arop, Comrade Mengistu Haile

Mariam, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of

Ethiopia, Chairman of Provisional Administrative Council and

Commander-in-Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Ethiopia: to Mr. Arop

Madut Arop, HERITAGE Editor-in-Chief, in Addis Ababa, December 26, 1986.1

As part of its contribution to the peace process for the year 1987, HERITAGE

has sought the views of leading personalities in and outside the Sudan. In

preparing the Issue, Editor Arop Madut travelled to Addis Ababa and

interviewed the Ethiopian leader Comrade Mengistu Haile Mariam. This is the

first interview Mengistu has granted to a Sudanese journalist in eight years.

Sudanow's former Editor Sir Sid Ahmed was the last Sudanese journalist to

interview him 1979.

Heritage: It is now 12

years since the people

of Ethiopia launched their socialist revolution

Looking back today are

you satisfied that the

objectives of which the

revolution was launched

have been realised? Or

have there been problems • What were these

obstacles and what attempts were made to remove them?

Chairman Mengistu:

I he feudo-bourgeois

system of the past left

us a legacy of backwardness, poverty and ignorance. Ihe major task of

the revolution was to

bring about fundamental

changes in the life of

the broad people and in

their world outlook.

We have successfully

smashed the inequitious

system and created the

fundamental groundwork

for the 'society that will do away with the exploitation of man by man.

it is with confidence

that 1 say that the new

man of the future has

now acquired his own destiny which will in all

purposes be to his satisfaction and that of society as a whole.

Today, land belongs

to the people and all

major enterprises and

12
institutions such as

banks, insurance companies etc... now catei foi

the welfare of the entire society and not

for•a handful of

exploiters.

As a first step, we

embarked on the national

democratic phase of the

revolution. This is the

stage of the revolution

during which the spiritual and material precondition -of socialism has

to be laid down. Accordingly, during the läsj:

twelve years, we have succeeded in Organizing},

the people into mass

and professional associations .

Today, we have youth,

women, peasants and Work-;

ers asspciatiphSooEgBnak1

ed, from the grass roots

to the national level.

Hand in hand with organizing the people, went

the task of raising their political consciousness for which it was

also imperative to launch the literacy programme which by all reckoning is the most successful undertaking.

One of the most remarkable achievements

of the Ethiopian Revolution is the transformation brought about in

the area of rural development. There has been

an enormous expansion of

road networks which hes.

almost doubled. Primary health services have,

shown gigantic strides

with most people having

access to clinics or.

health centers: Determined efforts have been

made and notable results have been registered

in providing potable water to the rural population.

Even more revolutionary is the villagizatiou programme currently in full swing throughout the country which

is intended to completely change the whole

complexion of rural Eth

iopia.

You may be aware

that upto now, people

in the countryside lived in scattered homesteads on hill tops and

mountains ridges unfit

for agriculture.

It was impossible

to provide them with

modern amenities of

life. Nor was it possible for the farmers to

be productive due to

the type of land on which they settled.

What we have been

doing and plan to do

in future is to organize the people into

villages and thereby enable them to have the

benefit of roads, educational and health

facilities as well as

take advantage of all

the available sociopööftoiHic1 possibilities

that organized life could possibly offer and

most important still,

to enable the peasants

to use the land in a

planned and productive

manner.

13
In short,

a firm

foundation has been laid for the construction

of socialism. loday,

we have given utmost

priority to agriculture

which first and foremost aims at attaining

self-sufficiency in . food production and

secondly at producing

raw material for industries and thirdly for

obtaining surplus production for export.

However, this does

not mean that we have

accorded the proper position to industrial

development. In this

regard, what we have

set out to achieve is

to develop . agroindustries to boost

agricultural production, by which agriculture and industry could

be mutually complementary, ün a priority basis, the agro-industries are designed to

produce farm implements such as tractors

and agricultural tools

as well as imputs like

fertilizers& pesticides.

Buildinga new system, is not, as you may

realise, an easy task.

To build the new, we

hove to destroy the old,

In this process, we were confronted with several obstacles.

Internal reaction

and external aggression

have forced us to divert a great deal of our

resources away from development' activities.

This, coupled with the

backward economic infrastructure inherited

from the past has had a retarding effect on

the pace of the country's economic growth.

What comes tc mind

in this connection is

the unprovoked war that

was unleashed on us by i

expans.onists aided and i

abetted by imperialist

forces in the early

days of our revolution.

The devastation wrought' in terms of human

sacrifice and material

loss was incalculable,

but since it was necessary to pay whatever

price to safeguard our

revolution, we successfully rebuffed the aggression.

Again in this context, secessionist and

counter-revolutionary

forces bent on reversing

our revolution with the

help_of their imperialist mentors were testing our resolve. Despite continued provocation of secessionist elements, we are determined to frustrate their

futule and ill-conceived attempts as they

have failed to respond

to the call of peace.

1'

Q: There have beena

number of charges against Ethiopia by the

Sudan Government for

violation of Sudan airspace and borders of

which, we are told, often and with loss of

innocent lives? What

14
is your brief comment

on these charges?

I hardly know of

any two countries in

Africa with closer historical, cultural and

ethnic ties than that

between Sudan and Ethio-'

pia. Adverse development in one social ,

economic, political&

even climatic) equaly

effects the other. They

are both the common beneficieries of the bounties of the Blue Nile.

The Sudanese people

never doubted the warm

and fraternal feeling

we have always had towards them.

It is thisexperienced

that led some Sudanese

politicians among whom

the present Prime Minister Sadik el Mahdi and

Sher.if ql Hindi to seek

and find refuge, in this

country in their flight

from the bloody regime

of Nimeiri.

Ethiopia has always

cherished its fraternal

relation with Sudan and

sought to tap it to the

imutuali advantage of

our two peoples.

The various' initiatives we had taken to

develop relations of cooperation, though thwarted, were eloquent proof of our commitment to

this noble goal«,

IndeeO, it wasa measure of our courage and

sinceritythat, despite

the unfriendly stance of

the Sudan government , M high-level Ethiopian

delegation, led by myself, should have visited Sudan in May 198U

for no other purpose

than to offer uur readiness to work towards

the objective commonly

cherished by our people.

Unfortunately, Nimeiri's regime never cared to respond favourably. Indeed, in an infamous pursuit of encumbering inter-state relations, it provided

support and comfort to

forces of reaction avowed to subvert the Ethiopain sovereignity and

territorial integrity.

Nimeiri's fall was a common joy and relief of.our peoples. It

aroused the prospect of a new era of friendly

relation of cooperation.

We are profoundly

dismayed however that

in the midst of this

positive expectation

the Sudan Government should find it expedient

to hurl charges at us

purporting absurdly,

Ethiopia's violation of

Sudanese airspace.

Certainly such charges are not helpful for

the normalization of

relations between our

two countries.

Q: Your Government has

been fighting anti-government forces in the

northern provinces of

Eritrea, Tigray and

Wollow? What is the

real situation now?

A: As1 briefly mentioned in my response

to your first question,

15
the terrorists from

time to time give us

trouble in some of our

northern administrative

regions.

These bandits who

benefit from the aid

supplied to them by

external powers and the

regimes of reactionary

neighbouring states, still attempt to hinder

our developmet • endeavours.

The Ethiopian people

who have chosen the soci-,

alist path of development

will not be shaken by

the futile actions of

the reactionary bandits

that are trying to stifle our revolution.

It 'is evraerft thaTS? m

the root cause of the

Eritreai / problem is

traceable to the feudobourgeois system of oppression and exploitation. The situation,

however, was further

compounded by foreign

intervention, which

assisted and abetted secepüion.

Needless to say,

Sudan has been a significant component of the

anti- Ethiopian and

anti-unity equation

which played a supportive role in aggravating the situation in

the northern region of

Ethiopia.

On our part, with

the onset of the popular revolution, we took

concrete and practical measures to seek

lasting solution to the

problem.

The Iiist major policy decision that the

Provisional Military

Administrative Council

undertook on a priority

basis was designed to

halt the senseless shedding of blood among brothers and promote the

path of democratic discussion.

However, the secessionists construed the

magnanimity of the

Ethiopian revolution and

people as weakness and

resorted to cowardly acts of banditry.

Hoping that their

whimsical and mercenary, designs..,could be

realized in the context

of the difficultry confronting our revolution

when if; was assailed

from quarters, the sesessionists went berserk -

and stepped up their

lawlessness.

In the circumstances,

the Revolutionary Government had little choice

,but to defend the revolution and uphold the unity and territorial integrity of our country against- aggression spearheaded by imperialism

and reaction in the region.

In this regard, history will hold the bandits responsible for

crime committed against

the people and the revolution.

Q: What efforts are being exerted to bring peace to these provinces?

(The type of rule being

offered to them)?

16
/\: We have always extended our hand of peace to the secessionists at various form

and spared no effort

in persuading them to

give up their narrowminded and self serving motives.

We have invited

them to join in our

struggle to builda

united, democratic

and prosperous Ethiopia: in which the rights of all its ci-

'tizehs shall be fu^

lly respected.

But ali our inl*~

tiatives have unfortunately fallen on

deaf ears. This once

aqain justifies to some

help fact that the

secessionist are sponsored by external forces that are hostile to our revolution and unity. It

also shows the disregard they have for

the welfare of the people .

Nevertheless, we

will continue with the

search for peace. As

you may know, we are

in the process of establishing the People's

Democratic Republic of

Ethiopia, the draft

cons'istitution of which is now ready for >

referendum. This,I

believe, will provide a real opportunity to

work with those who genuinely want peace.

Q: How far has the •

resettlement plan succeeded?

Let me begin res^-s

ponding lypur question

by reiterating that

resettlement is nota

mew phenomenon in Ethiopia. We have been undertaking resettlement,

albeit ona smaller

scale, overa period of

several years.

There was in fact an

authority in charge of

resettlement which later merged with the Re

lief and Rehabilitation Commission. Beai-des, resettlement isi\

an essential component

of our rural development strategy.

>|he aims of our resettlement policy are to

resettle those sections

of the population that:

1. have been hit by the

reccurrent drought,

2. live on land whose

fertility has been

totally destroyed as a resultloC. extremely

backward agricultural

practices,

3. because of the high

density of population do not have enough land to work on.

As you well know,

Ethiopia recently ex-

(periencedia catastrophic drought and famine

that resulted in the destruction of human lives as well as lives- !tocks.

In order to overcome the situation,

we mounteda massive relief operation which

helped save millions

of lives.

But we had to look

beyond relief assist17
ance to seek lasting solution to the famine situation. In the context of our situation,

the relocation of peasant farmers from the

denuded northern-regions to fertile and uninhabited areas in the

west and south was found to be the only available, alternative.

Hence families were moved to resettlement

areas where they started life afresh.

;I an; pleased tp

tell you that the settlers have collected

their first harvest

and are well on the way

to self-sufficiency.

We are gratified that

our settlement programe has proved a success

beyond our expectation.

Q: It has been said in

some quarters that your

syphathies and support

for SPLA/SPLM is being influenced by the

help Sudan gives to

Eritrea. What is your

reaction to support

this claims?

A: First of all, I

would like to point

out that the question

presupposes an erroneous assumption.

There is no purpose

in Itrying to lump to-

, gether.two entirely

Mtmrelatett' developments.

We understand that those who go out of their way in besmirching Ethiopia's

reputation and its policy of good neighbourliness in a futile attempt to cover

up the unlimited and cynical support to secessionist elements in the northern

part of our region, draw up such totally incompatible and misleading

parallels.

Not withstanding our repeated efforts to reassure the Sudanese Government by

words and deeds that Ethiopia has no ill intention against it, that our

support for Sudanese unity and territorial integirty is impecable beyond

doubt, it is regrettable that a wide-spread campaign of vilification, wild

accusations and hostile propaganda should be unleased against us.

Our support for Sudanese unity and territorial integrity should not imply the

denial of the existence of the problem in Southern Sudan—a problem which was

there before either John Garand or Sadig El Mahdi were born.

The emergence of the SPLM is a stern warning that the problem still remains

and unsettled must be settled soon. It is the Sudanese people and none else,

that can settle it peacefully and democratically. Resourcefulness is not

wanting in the Sudan to solve the problem provided, of course, the will and

courage to do so is there.

Ethiopia is always ready to be involved in the peace process if the Sudan

Government so wishes it. We had in fact been of some help in the peaceful

settlement in 1972 of the armed conflict in the South.

18
We have again proved we can still be of help when we recently provided a forum

for various Sudanese parties and groups to sort out their differences, whence

emerged an agreed document, the Kokadam Accord.

We believe, however, that what we or anybody else can hope to do (when

invited) is merely to supplement and not substitute the effort of the Sudanese

people.

The solution to the problem of the South must be sought within the context of

third world, particularly African realities: national unity and territorial

integrity.

Such a solution presuposes a constitutional guarantee that a racial group or a

national shall not dominate others and that the culture or religion of one

shall not be imposed on others.

The Sudan government would be'less than honest if it blamed all its woes in

the South on Ethiopia. Rather, it should blame it on the West, if any, to

assert the cultural and religious values of one part of the Sudan over the

other.

In other words, the government must treat all the citizens the same.

Treatment should not be on the basis of religion, race or regions they come

from but they should be seen as human beings living in the same country.

It is true we are fighting in the Northern Ethiopian Region of Eritrea against

elements seeking the secession of that area. We are fighting because

secessionism is unacceptable We are on the other hand, ready to accomodate

any demand which is both legitimate and democratic.

Our constitution which will come into effect has provided for the full

realization of the aspiration of Ethiopian nationalities.

It is the responsibility of the Ethiopian people itself to solve its own

problem. We have never sought nor will we seek Sudan's help to solve our

problem and least of all in the manner referred to in our question.

Q: Are there attempts being made by your Government to reconcile the Sudan

Government with the SPLA?

A: In the past twelve months, we hosted a series of meetings between the SPLA

and the National Alliance for the Salvation of the Sudan leading to issuance

of the Koka Dam Declaration.

We also facilitated the meeting last August in our capital between the

Sudanese Prime Minister, Sadiq El Mahdi and the leader of the SPLA Colonel

Garang.

If the outcome of these series of preliminary discussions and meetings did not

produce results, it shows that the rift between the two sides is wide and

needs narrowing something that calls for perseverance, foresight and

19
statesmanship. It does nto mean that the path of dialogue is fruitless and

should therefore be abandoned for good.

In this regard, Ethiopia's reservoir of goodwill is not yet exhausted. We

will not hesitate to help where we could, despite conspicuous and often

misplaced attempts by certain leading Sudanese politicians to point their

accusatory fingers towards the wrong direction in a vain look-out for a

convenient scapegoat.

In spite of our resolute efforts to bring about peace in the region by

providing the forum for the peceful resolution of the Southern Sudanese

problem, it is regrettable that the Sudanese government had not taken

advantage of the offer, which clearly demonstrates lack of preparadness and

perhaps interest in settling for problem once and for all.

This attitude is even more surprising when the Sudanese leadership is aware of

our region's yearning for peace and stability, which are the prerequisites for

sustained socio-economic development.

Q: Many people in the Sudan are praying that the coming year (1987) be a year

of peace in the Sudan. What message do you have for the Sudanese people in

this respect?

A: A commitment to peace and to friendly relations among states is the

cornerstone of Ethiopia's foreign policy.

The promotion of friendly relations with our neighbours, based on good

neighbourliness and on the principles of non-interference in each other's

internal affairs and of respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity

of states is a goal that is dear to our Party, our Government and to our

people.

We also share the sentiment—which we in fact sincerely believe to be true—of

many people in the Sudan that would like to see peace and tranquility prevail

throughout our region.

We remain, as we have always been, reliable partners of those in the region

who genuinely endevour to promote peace in our area, and to bring about

friendly relations among states in our part of the world.

Ethiopia has always been scrupulous in its respect of the territorial

integrity, sovereignty and unity of the Sudan. That this Good-will and strict

adherence to international law on our part has not always been reciprocated

and need not be elaborated upon here.

^ut what needs to be emphasised, again and again, is the fact that at no time

has Ethiopia been the cause of the manifold problems afflicting our region.

Least of all has Ethiopia been the source of the occasional tensions and

strains affecting relations between our two countries.

20
It is, therefore, with all sincerity that I wish the people of Sudan that the

coming year be a year of peace and prosperity. Moreover, I wish to transmit

the unflinching dedication to peace and to good neighbourliness of our Party,

Government and of the people of Ethiopia.

We should be vigilant against falling prey to the machination of remnants of

colonialism

We should, first and foremost refrain from becoming tools of imperialist

vested interests who, in utter disregard for the welfare of the people of the

region, would not hesitate to drive a wedge between us, or pit us against each

other and perpetuate our state of backwards.

We should strive to determine our destination on our own, in full realization

of the fact that we are way behind in socio-economic development, which, in

itself, has adverse psychological consequences on our future activities.

In short, my message,

to all peace-loving •

people of Sudan is that

you have no better partner in this, novel endeavour:, the search'

for peace in our region

and the promotion of

good neighbourliness,

betwegn our two sisterly countries.than Ethiopia.

As pressmen you have

a great role to play in

cementing bilateral relations and

ironing out differences

In this regard I hereby,

extend invitation to

the Sudanese press to

visit Ethiopia.

Q: What ,is your vision

about Africa? What'type

of Africa do you like

to see emerging? .,

Our vision of Africa starts from realisation of a number of

factors that define

the reality in which

our continent finds itself: today.

The most egregious

form of discrimination

is still exercised in

pur continent. I am

here referring to the

condition of our brothers and sisters living

under Apartheid in

South Africa.

We cannot be said

to be completely free

as long as some of our

people are still living

under conditions of

slavery and colonialism.

Africa is the oldest continent. Recent

archaeological discoveries coupled with existing palanthological

proof all attest to

the fact that Africa

is the original home of

man. ; ,

Its abysmal state

of backwardness is a

direct result of unceasing and excruciating

colonialist and neocolonialist exploitation.

In common awareness

of this unpleasant legacy, we Africans should

21
assert our hew African

identity which embodies

our determined efforts

for justice, equality

and freedom and revive,

the spirit of.Pan Africanism, the clarion call,

which was the uniting ,

factor, in the struggle

^f pur «afc/ly jKTBdeäess--

ors for independence. A continent whidh

is free from all forms

of injustice and discrimination is thus one

aspect of the vision

we have about Africa;

Africa has,still

jnpt. completely freed

itself from imperialism

and neo-colonialism.-

Almost thirty: years

afto-r that great wind

of change which, resulted in political In-<

dependence for most

African countries, Africa is hardly in a position to call itself •<•

completely and totally

independent.

The Political independence gained at great

sacrifice needs to be'

achieved by economic

independence which can

only backwardnesswhen '

all forms of indirect

control are eliminated.

Ihis, thus represents

the second aspect defining our vision of Africa.

Africa 's back hardness in economic'deve*

lopment and techhitrai

and scientific achievement is the most impor

ant featurö of the real i ty we face • The name

Africa, in fact, evokes

the image of backwardness. This has been reinforced by the recent

drought and resulting

famine which, has affected a. large number of

African countries.

Self-sufficiency in

food production, and

the elimination of

poverty from our continent and the freeing

of Africa from backwardness in general are

goals that are central

to our vision of Africa.

In our attempt to

pull our continent out

of" the quagmire of

backwardness, economic

cooperation on sub-regional and continental

levels, among African

countries, has become

an absolute need whose

importance has now become widely acknowledged by African states.

The Organization

of African Unity which

in the twenty-two years

of its existence has

played an important role in advancing African

Unity and in the struggle against qolonial-*

ism, has now1 started to

playa leading role in

promoting economic cooper at ion; among African

states.'

.This we believe, is

an activity which needs

to be (further accelerated 'and strengthened. A more inter-dependent • Africa-in which there

is the greatest possible, economic cooperation and integration

among African countries

22
is an important part of

our vision.

The ideas .that 1

have mentioned above b>

way of defining my vision of Africa are by no

means listed in order

i of priority.

The issues "are interrelated. For instancy,

the great need Africa

faces to overcome back--

wardness can hardly be

fulfilled unless Africa

manages to liberate it-v

self from imperialist

domination and from the

indirect control exercised by neo-colonial-.

ism over African Econör

mies ,

On the other hand,

economic cooperation

among African countries

is not a goal that should be made to await

the achievement by

individual African countries some level of economic development by

their own efforts. On

the contrary, it is

an indispensable requirement from the outset

for overcoming backwardness by all African

states.

' The type of Africa

we would like to see

emerging is intimately

related to.our vision

about a self-reliant Africa which is genuinely

independent dnd in which

social justice, democracy and non-explöitative

relations among Africans

prevail; an Africa, in

short, with whom its !

daughters and sons assert identification and

would do so with pride.

/13104

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23
ETHIOPIA

BALAS VALLEY PROJECT DESCRIBED

Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 27 Dec 86 p 7

[Text] Ethiopia's relief and rehabilitation commissioner, Berhanu Jambere,

last weekend showed Western diplomats, representatives of humanitarian organisations and journalists round the Balas Valley development project,

located southwest of Lake Tana, in Gojjam region near the Sudanese border.

The project, which has been revived as part of the programme for resettlement

of drought victims, but which was first drawn up in the time of emperor Haile

Selassie, should lead to the fertilisation of 350,000 hectares of land in

seven years, and the settlement of 250,000 people in 100 villages. Italy is

the principal source of funds for this massive scheme, and has contributed 150

million dollars. Also associated, but a long way behind, are Canada and

Australia, The Italian construction company Salini Construttori is in

charge of the whole project.

The Ethiopian authorities say that since the Italians moved into the region

last April 100 kilometres of roads have been completed, along with 35 bridges,

an airfield, an electricity generating station and a water supply system.

In the next three years three small dams will be built on the Balas River,

A 900 metre long dam is planned in a second phase, enabling Lake Tana's

capacity to be increased by seven million cubic metres.

According to official sources quoted by Agence France-Presse the project,

which was conceived according to capitalistic principles of farming, will

finally become an example of the success of collectivisation in a Marxist

society,

I,0,N.-~The launching of the Balas project was officially announced for the

first time last January 23 by Ethiopia's minister for construction, Kassa

Gebre, on his return from a two week visit to Rome (see ION No 217). It made

Italy the first Western country to agree to fund one of the highly controversial resettlement schemes, But while it was said at the time that Rome's

finance would amount to 200 million dollars and Balas Valley take 300,000

people, the targets seem to have been revised downwards, to 150 million dollars and 250,000 people.

Officially the Balas Valley, which is located in a fertile area with good rainfall but is uninhabited, is for people from the over-populated and now sterile

24
north. However, it appears that a different purpose is involved, according to

a former assistant professor of philosophy at Addis Ababa university, Getachew

Woldemeskel, who has just gone into exile in Europe.

He was part of a group of 13,000 university staff and students who were sent

to the Balas Valley in June 1985 to build resettlement camps. According to

him, the new settlers were at that time not famine victims but farmers from

the Lake Abaya region, in the south of the country on the borders of the Shoa

and Gemu-Gofa regions.

They belonged to the Kembattan and Wolayta ethnic minorities, who were the

principal beneficiaries of the agrarian reform which followed the 1974 revolution and are thus fervent supporters of the regime. According to Mr

Woldemeskel they were transferred to Gojjam to act as a buffer against Ororoo

and Tigrayan rebel operating out of Sudan.

/9274

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25
ETHIOPIA

BRIEFS

GAS DEPOSITS IN OGADEN—Soviet geologists recently discovered economically exploitable natural gas deposits in Ethiopia's Ogaden region. The reserves,

estimated at 25 billion cubic metres, open up "enormous prospects for the

development of the energy sector, the production of fertiliser and other

branches of the national economy," an official statement said. In 1973

natural gas had already been discovered at Calub in the Ogaden, which was

then being explored by Tenneco and other Western companies. They were succeeded after their departure in 1977 by Soviet experts. In 1969, too, the

Mobil company detected natural gas in a region situated 130 kilometres north

of Massawa, but did not pursue its researches. This latest discovery is probably behind the decision of the Ethiopian ministry of mines to include the

area known as Block 8, where Soviet geologists are active, in the "restricted

Ogaden zone" being prospected by the Soviets and take it off the list of areas

offered to Western operators. An extension up to January 30, has just been

given to these last to enable them to declare their interest in the 24 blocks

left open to them for exploration. Nine companies (Amoco, Exxon, Mobil,

Murphy Oil, Union Oil of California, Elf Aquitaine, CFP Total, Britoil and

Shell) attended the promotional meeting which was held in Addis Ababa last

April. [Text] [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 10 Jan 87 p 7]

/9274

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26
GHANA

RAWLINGS DISCUSSES INTERNAL, FOREIGN POLICIES, RATIONALE

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 8 Jan 87 pp 5, 7

[Interview with Fit Lt Jerry John Rawlings by Margaret A. Novicki, correspondent to AFRICA REPORT; date and place unspecified]

[Excerpts]

AFRICA REPORT: It

has been nearly five;

years since you called'

for "nothing less than a

revolution" to transform Ghana's society

and economy. Have you

achieved the transformation in Ghanaians'

attitudes that you

sought, and if not, who

is to blame — you and

your government or the

.Ghanaian people?

Rawlings: That call for

"nothing less than a revolution" remains valid. It is

a challenge to the Ghanaian people as well as the

government. A total transformation of Ghana's society and economy was

needed to reverse the dra-

. matic decline.

It was not to be a coup

— the replacement of one

set of people holding political office with another

lot, and then "business as

usual". No! The period

since December 31, 1981,

has certainly not been a

"business as usual" period.

Many changes are taking

place in the attitudes of

people.

There is a growing reco- <

gnition that our economic

reality is what we make it,

how much productivity we

generate, how the rewards

we expect are related to

what we have produced,

etc.

But of course, old attitudes remain and what is

worse, influential groups in

our society are sometimes

manipulated against their

own interest and into opposing necessary progress.

We could have moved

further dhead within this

period — sometimes we

take a couple of steps for-;

ward and then we are pulled back a step.

FORCES

But you must not forget

that there have been powerful forces against us

from the beginning, determined that we do not survive, and they have not

stopped. A personal disappointment I have is about

•how much time I have had

to devote to the issues of

our nation's security, instead of being, oiit. there

•with the people, securing

the future of our$liildreft

through a massive-'effort.bS

mobilisation for produe"ti'

vity.

Significantly though;

our people .thetiise[?«s

have made security iheir.

responsibility. 0|»r Security is not from any ejSDdrate apparatus we:have<

created — it is, from'the*

confidence that we:have

gained in ourselves as a

people, in our ability to

Create the new Ghana,

from our determination to'

be satisifed with nothing

less than a revolution! ... Africa Report: Your

efforts have come under a *

lot ofscrutiny — and criti- •

cism — from Western observers of varying political

persuasions. Some

analysts have called Ghana a "split personality nation," citing what they

perceive as a contradiction

between your government's capitalist economic

policies and youi

staunchly antymperialist

foreign policy.

Leftist analysts have

said that yoii have been

won over by the right in

what they have termed as

an internal struggle bei.-,

ween social ist/Marxist

thinkers and "eioiuimic

pragmalisls." Is thi-rr any

truth in either of these

analyses?

Rawlings: Shouldn't

the analysts and observers

. be asking themselves

whether their categories'

for analysing us are not

defective? For instance, we

identify with the struggle

of the Nicaraguan people

to be a free and sovereign

nation even if they are in

the "Backyard" of a

superpower; we make no

compromises with apartheid in South Africa; we

remain true to our foundation membership in the

Non-Aligned Movement,

' and some observerssee this

as being anti-West and

hence do not understand

that we can have economic

relations with institutionslike the World Bank or the

IMF. : But this, is strange;

Many people in the United

' States support the struggles of the Nicaraguans

and of black South Africans. The House of Representatives and the Senate

have overturned President

Reagan's veto on the sanctions legislation. Many of

the congressmen and senators are even Republicans,

members ofthe President's

• party who even admire

their president. Are they

schizophrenic to part company with him when principle demands it?

CAUSES

The causes that we defend in our foreign policy

and our economic policy

are wholly consistent. We

aspire to estalish an economic system that caters

for the needs of our population. But our economy is

part of the world economy,

and we are hit by external

constrains, such as the prices of cocoa and gold.

We have also been hit by

natural disasters such asbush fires and drought.

And we have said: Here's

what we are doing, any

help from outside, from

countries that we have had

centuries of economic interaction with, is most

welcome as long as it is

consistent with our objectives.

When any country has

said, "Go down on your

knees before we help you

with morsels of food", we

have said, "No way!"

You know, many of these critics do not really

understand the psychology

of the downtrodden — we

27
demand outfteedomJoJt?e,_

toVcreate, and to tirade the

products of out qWativlty

jyith.' even the most powerful.-We will riot be cowed

by Iheir sheer power, be<

cause we believe: Oiät however powerless wfe are, We.

share a common humanity, a desire for dignity;

and a measure of independence. This is what makes

for individuality even at

the level of nations and

cultures, and those who

only search the world for

masters and their slaves

will not find us!

Africa Report: Your

economic recovery programme continues to win . you praise from Western

donors and creditors, yet

criticism from certain sectors of Ghanaian society,

J^^JJiejaiions^jKhichJiave

suggested that ^ou havei:

sacrificed their interests to,

the IMF. Has your economic programme given you

more headaches than concrete achievements? Whal.

advice would you give oth3T African governments

contemplating an equally

rigorous IMF-supported

economic reform effort?

EXCHANGES

Itnwlini's: It is not

advice I hat we would give,

to ol her African governments)—|they have their

own reality and can negotiate that with as much

conscientiousness as we:

^are trying to do. But it is

clear to me how important

it is for.us to exchange

ideas, to compare notes on

e*pertences-anthtotmake the same mistakes,

whether these are mistakes

of technical appreciation

or of negotiating strategy!

or even of a more political

kind.

In dealing with donors,

the IMF or what have you,

we must remember that

they have interests which

will need to be molded to

our particular situation.

There may even be dogmas

that our practical situation refutes and we need to

make foreign agencies sensitive to what our reality is.

This requires a constant

vigilance as well as close

attention to technical detail. Loan institutions

should not set our priorities, but that is always the

danger, and we must admit

a all honesty that when.

our preparatory work has

not been as thorough as it

should have been, we have

sometimes given in to condition'älitics that we

should have thought

through more fully.

But the criticisms that

you refer to" from some

sectors of Ghanaian society must be carefully assessed. Let me point out

that some so-called spokesmen of the unions

should not be equated with

the unions. You see, the

trade union movement,

like other institutions —

the military, political parties, etc. — has had its own

history of power being

exercised by a few who do

not always express the real

interests of that constituency.

Some of these spokesmen do not see beyond the short-term• they will not analyze

the Implications of purely wage claims within an economy in which production

is declining. We have not sacrificed the interests of working people to the

IMF. We have certainly asked for restraint as far as Immediate and often unreasonable demands are concerned, so that we can have a sustainable economic

recovery in which workers will benefit the most. We must not forget that by

restraining inflation alone, this government has protected that worker's

wage. And for the overwhelming majority of working people—the peasants—we

have ensured from the very beginning a fairer price for their produce.

GAINS

The producer price of

cocoa has increased about

four times since December

31, 1981. These are real

gains even in the shortterm. The effort of economic recovery can be painful given the background

of laxity, but these headaches will be overcome by

the lasting pain-killer of

success in building a

strong, efficient, more selfreliant economy in which

the freest possible rein will

he given to the creativity,

and initiative of the work-"

ing people.

Africa lleport: INiverthclesK_sonie critics maintain that as a consequence

of your tough economic

policies, your credibility

with the nation's working

classes — once the bedrock

of your support — has

eroded considerably, citing

as evidence your difficulties with the Trades Union

Congress. How would you

respond? Do you think the

Ghanaian people at large

support the Economic Recovery Programme?

Rawlings: I think so,

but I would also be the first

to admit that people are

flntitled to expect more by

*ay of improvement in

fieir conditions of life. But

Sr)e Ghanaian people

understand that it is only

oiltlof their own sustained

efforts — not from government handouts — that

further improvements can

comi.

Tha resources at government's disposal are

what tho nation produces.

The difficulties with the)

Trades Union Congress

have often come from a

communication gap. For

instance, when we tried recently to begin a process of

streamlining allowances

that are paid in the public

as well as private sector by

abolishing the leave allowance, we should! have

provided the explanations

very fully before the ei-ent.

As it turned out, when

the Secretary for Labour

eventually went on the air

about this issue, many

workers wished they had

known earlier.

Discussions

In fact, there have been some extremely frank discussions between members of

government and the Trades Union Congress in recent months on the Economic

Recovery Programme and there is growing understanding of what we are trying

to do. I like to think that there is no longer an attitude of confrontation

which some elements tried hard to instigate for their own purposes.

28
Africa Report: What is the economic rationale behind the weekly foreign exchange auction you have just introduced and how will it further the goals

of your recovery programme?

Rawlings: Foreign exchange is a scarce resource in Ghana and if the official

banking system fails to recognise its scarcity premium, an avenue is pro-

'vided for racketeers to

•exact rents. Providing foreign exchange at rates

well below the actual

transaction prices really

means that the govern'

ment is subsidising such

racketeering instead of appreciating the need to generate more foreign exchange for national needs.

We have instituted the

"second window" as a way

•of.letting the value of official foreign exchange also

be determined by first,

those in the economy who

need the foreign exchange

to sustain their productivity, and second, those

who generate the foreign

exchange through their,

export activities.

If the rale at the second

window can provide us

with additional resources

to compcnsiil e bei ler those '

who produce nnritradilional exports like copra, that way we will ensure more foreign exchange

and remove the premium

that is obtained on the parallel market.

We are;determined to

make the official banking

system the only foreign

exchange market and not

give easy money to those,,

who engage in parallel

market activity, who are

only concerned for theit

private profit.

The second window makes the determination oi

foreign exchange not just a

subjective matter decided

from time to time by the

government. There are

aspects of the functioning

of the economy over which

government really has little control.

Africa Report: On the

political front, your goi vernment is criticised foi

having failed to achieve its

goal of "participatory democracy", that there are

. no avenues for the expression of political views.

Some see the National

Commission for Democracy as bereft of any new

political initiatives. What

is your response?

Rawlings: It is true

that we have not quite injtitutionalised the new

forms of participatory democracy that we are committed to developing; but

the building blocks are being put in place, and in

many ways, there is real

participation in the affairs

of government, particularly by sections of the

community who previously would not have'

been allowed a voice.

I wish you had been here

a few months back when

the regional conferences of

the Committees for the

Defence of the Revolution

(CDRs) were held. Representatives from all walks of life and all corners of

the regions came together with their PNDC Regional and District Secretaries,

regional heads of government departments, as well as some participants from

central government, to thrash out problems and work out policies and plans

that would respond to their situation.

Conferences

And at the national level, these regional representatives of

and regional and national

'officials attended an expanded meeting of the

PNDC whicH discussed,

. only a few weeks ago, ma-

-, jor issues of national economic policy.

Öf course, for those who

are looking for participation in the form of a

Westminster-style parliament where politicians vie

against each other for the

limelight, there is no participation. The starting

point is the grassroots

where the people are.

Our decentralisation policy will soon receive a new

momentum with an effort

to link up the important

initiatives that are taking

• place at the grassroots into

a national planning system. The basic element of

participation that is often

overlooked is the participation of the people in

wealth generation. '

To havi- hid. in spite of

that, politic;'! institutions

which did not respect ihat

part icip.'ition, but which

ensured that the wealth

created bv the people was

skinned off by an urbaneducated elite, has been

the model of colonial domination. Thisstructure of

relations has continued in

various forms after independence.

We do not see how real

democracy can emerge

from that structure — for

real democracy, there

must he accountability to

the producers of the

wealth. Our objective has

been to strengthen the ca-\

. pacity of those producers

to have say and to make':

national leadership participate with the people in

the task of nationbuilding.

Throughout the

Country, I have seen defi-

. nite signs of undertaking

shared objectives. The political initiatives are

emerging from the grassroots, from the rural majority that is outside Accra.

Of course, the work of

the National Commission

for Democracy is not an

easy one; we do not expect

them to impose some foreign model or an abstraction on our situation. I

know the commission has

been interacting with people throughout the

country so that they can

express the deepest aspirations, values, and traditions of the nation.

NCD

But I am also the first to

urge the commission to

the CDRs

speed up its work and enable us to move further to

a clearer articulation and

institutionalisation of an

authentic national democratic experience. I will

have less work to do then.!

Africa Report: Judging

by the number of plots

against your government

which have been based in

neighbouring countries, it

does not appear that your

neighbours have become

any more vigilant in controlling these elements. On

the other hand, your government has been highly

effective in aborting these

attempts and in some cases

apprehending the culprits,

yet efforts to destabilise

you continue unabated.

Why, considering that you

. have signed security agreements with your neigh:

': bwra w^K respect to these

attempts? •*.

29
*?AttäwUng8i We Jjnöw

V. W|K» hav&.been involved in

-ithese plots arid we have

often iJotlfieeLour.neigh-

"i. hours, tö.tHe.w^t and east-,

.. 'Co ted'Ivp'iire and Togo,

i about the activities of

some of these people. It is..

clear 'that substantial

funds are being invested in

the activities of these peö- •

pie in purchasing tonnes of

arms and ammunition for.

them, in facilitating their

movement in and out of

various capitals trying to

co-ordinate their subversive acts.

Our own security agencies have been vigilan't

enough to keep us ahead of.

them, but we have certainly expected cooperation from our neighbours, particularly when

we provide detailed facts

and figures of what is going

on from their territory. •

When we signed the'

quadripartite agreement

between Ghana, Togo. Benin, and Nigeria in Lagos,

in December. 1984, I made

some observations I would

like to recall: All too often

criminality is defined in

terms of the small fry after

whom In« enforcement

agencies en «viih irreal enthusiasm. When it conies In

• the lii:: lish who have eoniieetjiin« Mini are regarded

as respectable even though

their activities do more

serious harm to our countries, there is a lot of hesitation and even covering

up — this is true of cooperative efforts in tracking down crime, as well as

local law enforcement.

As to why destahilisation attempts continue

against us, one basic factor

is simply desperation.

Those involved have already compromised themselves and have to go on as

a way of life — a rather

comfortable way of life, I

might add, especially for

the leading elements. With

the financing they obtain

from certain quarters, they

cannot be idle — they

must have something to

show!

Africa Report: How do

you react to the accusations by the Togolese government about Ghana's

alleged involvement in the

recent attempted uprising

iin Lome?

Raw.lings: A host of

contradictory and wild allegations have been made

by the Togolese authorities, insinuating possible

involvement of Ghana in

the recent incident. We

have been restrained in our

reaction to these ridiculous

and insulting accusations

'because we knew they were

a pretext for introducing,

into this sub-region the

armed presence of a big,

power. ' ' '

In fact, the whole story'

as it has been presented by

the Togolese government

is not really convincing.

How can you believe that a

group "well-trained and

. well-equipped professional

fighters," as they presented them, could be responsible for such a muddled

fiasco? ' ■■'.."..' „.

c It is even harder to believe that any 'serious

country could have backed

them! I am sure you know

the standards of professionalism and expertise'that

Ghana's security forqes

have developed. Even

France, which overreacted to Eyadema's SOS

call, has been extremely

cautious about mentioning

any external implication.,

OUTSIDERS

, It is, anyway, a.worrying

fact for all the region that

. a cpühtry can so easily and

• wjthout any proof>of ex-'

ternal JJireät. ; bring jn

, extra-African trqorj? and."

means.: The; whole -affair

surprise for the^Togdlese

" waS'strangely eiiqugi

: purprise for the:;To6v.D„c:

;v authorities since a.- senior

",French officer close.to

Eyadema said to the public

that they "were waittntf for

.(.hem."/ ;-/'-jV; •;.•=.

In'-fact, Togo's attitude

seems to be aimed at pro-,

vokmg a stronger reaction

from our side. How else to

understand that 16 days

after the coup attempt,

four Togolese jets flew

over our Volta Region,

many kilometres within

our borders?

We warned the Togolese

authorities to put an end

: . to their "show ofstrength"

and rather to ensure our

citizens' security. Presi-

. dent Eyadenia personally

;. gave ,our diplomatic

mission in Togo assurances

which we expect to be

made real. Our compatriots are still victims of

unjustified harassment.

'We have requested the

Togolese government to

provide information to assist investigations that we

ourselves,initiated to ascertain the possible involvement of., for inslahce.

Togolese exiles who mav

have passed through Ghana.

.' Unfortunately, we have

not received ä response

from the Togolese. We

absolutely do not believe

in stirring up any problems

tor other countries and we

will not be an alibi for anv

country's internal worries.

OUT adherence to the princes of the OAU and\he

UN is clear in the record of

our political practice.

Africa Report: Are

there any particular

misconceptions you feel

the American public has

about your government

and is there any message

you would like to get

across to them?

Rawlings: Well, I hear

a judge who tried a number

j of Ghanaians including a

former finance minister in-

/ volved in arms trafficking

with a view to overthrowing the government of

. «Jhana made some strange

remarks about us and applauded our opponents as

. freedom fighters!"

I don't really know what

he knows about Ghana except perhaps what the

good connections of the

accused may have told

him. Incidentally, doesn't

the result of that trial illustrate my earlier point

about the big fish generally

having wavs of slipping

. out!

You see, I think Americans should learn more

about other countries and

not interpret the world too

simply in terms of

superpower rivalries. Perhaps the media in the U.S;

can help by being more

informative about our

countries instead of imposing superficial interpretations on events they report.

We have a visit from

President Ortega, or President Nujuma of Namibia, or Colonel Qathafi and

all they see is red! At the

same titiie. they hear that

we have agreements with

the IMF and the World

Bank to support our Economic Recovery Programme and they can't reconcile this to their earlier prejudices.

But the problem must be

their over-simplified world

view, not us! I believe that

the public in countries like

the U.S. and indeed theSoviet Union must really

try to understand the reality of small countries like

ours — our history, our

problems, and our objectives.

I have been impressed by

the tremendous sympathy

expressed in the U.S. for

the famine in Africa and

the support for the struggle of black people in

South Africa against the

apartheid regime.

This shows how committed the American people continue to be to the

ideals of the American revolution. We share those

ideals and hope that our

continent will find Americans continuing to live up

to these ideals, defending

the cause of the oppressed

and supporting our struggles for liberation as Abraham Lincoln would have

wished to see.

/9274

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30
GHANA

RAWLINGS, CONTE ISSUE CALL FOR FRONT LINE STATE SUPPORT

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 12 Dec 86 pp 1, 5

[Article by Breda Atta-Quayson and Mavis. Quaicoe]

[Text]

FLT-LT J. J. Rawlings,

Chairman of the PNDC

and President Lansana

Conte of Guinea have

reiterated their active

support for the countries 'in southern Africa

in their legitimate

struggle to safeguard

their sovereignty and

their territorial integrity. ,

They also re-affirmed

their support for the creation of a Solidarity Fund

for the Frontline States

•and appealed to all countries and organisations dedicated to peace, liberty

and justice to give their

effective support to the

establishment ofthe Fund.

These are contained in a

joint communique signed

by the two Leaders in Accra yesterday at the end of

President Conte's threeday official visit to the

country.

Chairman Rawlings and

President Conte expressed

the view that unity, peace

and security on the African

continent are essential

pre-requisites for the harmonious and balanced development of the continent. -

In this respect, they expressed satisfaction at the

historic contribution

which their two countries

have made since the early

stages of their independence towards the achievment

of African unity, in harmony with other African

countries.

Chairman Rawlings and

President Conte noted

with regret the existence of

areas of tension in Africa

and agreed on the need for

intensified efforts to find

lasting solutions through

peaceful negotiations.

The two Leaders condemned the apartheid policy of the minority regime

in Pretoria and re-affirmed

their total support for the

just struggle being waged

by the liberation movements against apartheid

for the establishment of a

free and democratic society in southern Africa.

They reiterated their

unconditional support for

the Namibian people in

their heroic struggle for

independence under the

leadership of SWAPO,

their sole and authentic

representative.

In line with this, they

re-affirmed their support

for Resolution 435 (1978)

at the Security Council of

the United Nations as

constituting the only acceptable basis for a just

and final solution of the

Namibian problem.

The two Leaders also

highlighted the grave economic situation prevailing

in Africa and noted with

concern the disastrous effect of the world economic

crisis and of draught, desertification and famine on

African countries.

They drew special attention to the crushing

bürden of external debt

repayments which African

countries are compelled to

face while they at the same

time have to meet the demands of their economic

development.

Against this background, Chairman Rawlings and President Conte

applauded the decision

token at the 21st and 22nd

Summits of the OAU as

well as the special session

of the UN General Assembly on the critical economic situation in Africa.

They pledged resolutely

to make every effort to implement the Lagos Plan of

Action and Africa's Priority Programme for Economic Recovery (APPER)

which aim, inter alia, at

food self-sufficiency and

economic integration of

African countries by the

year 2000.

On the Middle East, the

two Heads of State reaffirmed their total solidarity with the Palestinian

people in their just struggle lor the recognition of

their inalienable rights, including the right to selfdetermination and the

right to establish their own

sovereign and independent

state of Palestine under

the leadership of the PLO,

th«r sole and legitimate

representative.

Furthermore, the two

Heads of State called for

the withdrawal of Zionist

troops from all occupied

Arab territories.

The two Leaders renewed their commitment to

the principles and objectives ofECOWAS, the OAU,

the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations.

They pledged to continue to make their contribution-towards the maintenance of peace and international security and

the establishment of a neu

International EconomicOrder.

President Conte thanked the people and Government of Ghana and invited

Chairman Rawlings to visit Guinea.

On bilateral relations.

Chairman Rawlings and

President Conte expressed

satisfaction at the longstanding friendship and

co-operation .so happilv

existing between their

countries.

In this respect they

pledged to take all necessary measures to implement the decisions taken

at the sixth ministerial

session of the GhanaGuinea Permanent Joint

Commission for Cooperation which took place

in Accra from May 19 to

21, 1986.

/9274

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31
MOI ADDRESSES ARMED FORCES, DECRIES TRIBALISM

KENYA

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 17 Jan 87 p 1

[Article by Job Githinji]

[Text]

President Moi yesterday urged

the Armed Forces to shun

tribalism, calling it a scourge

which had wrecked many African

countries.'

The President said absence of

tribalism was the only sure way

the Armed Forces could continue

to serve the nation with diligence

and efficaciousness.

President Moi, who is also the

Commander-in-Chief of the

Armed Forces, was presiding over

an Armed Forces cadets' commissioning parade at the Forces

Training College, Lanet.

He said the Armed Forces must

be disciplined to perform their

duty of defending the country

from external aggression properly

and with dedication»

The President said a disciplined force was also a shining

example to the people it serves

and protects.

He told the officers commissioned yesterday to obey their

seniors and, at the same time,

give good guidance to those under

them.

"You should follow what you

have been trained by the training

officers as good examples which

you should teach those under

you," the President . said.

He commended the Chiefof the

General Staff, General Mohmoud

Mohammed, for setting and maintaining high standards in the

Armed Forces. The President also

commended the training officer of

the college for his good work in

moulding the young officers into

dedicated and loyal soldiers.

He said: "Wherever you. will be

deployed to serve, show a sense of

guidance to those, under you and

be good officers."

The President said the discipline declared for the year 1987

would be required of all people in

all the systems of the Govern-,

ment, including the Armed

Forces.

He reminded the officers to

adhere to their oath of allegiance

while executing their duties.

Present at the ceremony

included the Vice-President, Mr

Mwai Kibaki, a Minister of State

in: the President's Office, Mr

Justus ole Tipis, Ministers, Assistant Ministers, senior Government officials; civic and local

leaders.

The best cadet overall and top

iii order of merit was J. G.

Ka'ranja of the Army.- He won the

Sword of Honour. The second best

cadet arid winner of the Cane of

Honour, was H. M. Ndung'u of

the Army. The best .foreign cadet

in order of merit was G. F.

Lahana from the Malawi Army.

The best cadet in professional

studies was B. M. Kimeu of the

Kenya Army and the best cadet

in' academic studies was K.

Mutambo ofthe Army.

/9317

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32
KENYA

PRESIDENT SETS NEW RULES FOR PARASTATALS

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 2 Jan 87 pp 1, 24

[Article by Pius Nyamora]

i

[Text]

President Moi inaugurated 1987

as the year of rigour by declaring

that nobody would now be a

director- of more than one

parastatal.

In his New Year message,

broadcast and televised live from

State House, Nakuru, at midnight, the President said:

"It is now a Government policy

that a person cannot be appoin-.

ted a director of more than one

parastatal. , . ..

"If you are the chairman ot a

county council, you should concentrate on serving the people

and looking after public funds.'

You should not expect to be a

director on another body."

To improve emciency in statecorporations, those who had

failed in their own businesses or

elsewhere would not be appointed

as chairmen of. parastatals, he

said.

In a speech punctuated by

applause from Cabinet Ministers,

Permanent Secretaries and other

Kenyans from all walks of life,

the President also announced a

ban on off-licence bars.

He said they were hindering

progress because some people

engaged in-drinking sprees from

the morning instead of going to

work.

"Every person in Kenya must

be productive," he said. "You

should report to work on time. If

you are supposed to report at

work at 8.15 a.m., you should be

there on the dot and not at 10 a.m.

"Ofi-licerice bars, where

/9317

CSO: 3400/969

people go on drinking sprees

from as early as 10 a.m. or 11 a.m.

have been abolished from today,

the first of January. . (

"Any Government official

found licensing such bars will be

sacked."

Blaming those responsible for

losing millions of shillings in the

Civil Service and parastatals, the

President said: "This year is going to be very

bad for those who misuse public

funds. Stem action will be taken

against them according to the

law. Justice will be done and,

nobody will be punished for

nothing." '

In a no-nonsense statement,

the President told Cabinet

Ministers and Permanent

Secretaries they would be entirely

responsible for what takes place

in their ministries.

Nobody should use the Office

if the President as a scapegoat

the President said, adding: l

have appointed Ministers to

think; create and see that

Government policy is implemented."

President Moi, who is also

Gommänder-in-Chief of the

Armed Forces, said he was

satisfied with discipline and

leadership in the Kenya Army,

the 82 Air Force and the Kenya

Navy;

But he said the police must

improve their image, which had

been tarnished by the action of a

few officers. He said the army,

the air Torce and the navy were',

. not sparing indisciplihed officers

and police should follow suit:

"Ifyou misbehave in the Army,

you are removed instantly

without anyone referring to what

some call higher authorities." .

The police, he said, should rid

itself of the few officers spoiling

their reputation. "Justice should

be done everywhere so wananchi

are satisfied," he said.

President Moi told the Public

Service Commission to take ita

responsibilities seriously and

avoid being used like rubber

stamps.

He said members of the clandestine Mwakenya movement

were agents of smugglers and

tribälisü. Members of the group

would/be uncovered wherever

thejjrare, he added.

/Saying. Kenya was an open

-society, the President declared:

"Every Kenyan should feel free to

contribute ideas for the develop-'

ment ofthis country."

He cautioned church leaders to

stick to their work instead of

involving themselves in politics

and other issues which couldculminate in instability.

Touching on some of the

successes Kenyans had achieved

during 1986, the President sah

food production had improved.

The ruling Kenya African

National Union (Kanu) had been

revitalised.

There had been a healthy

foreign exchange surplus: The

implementation of educational

programme* had been going on

according to plan. Moreover, the

country's economy had greatly

improved.

33
KENYA

SOVIET-TRAINED DOCTORS COMPLAIN OF DISCRIMINATION

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 16 Jan 87 p 17

[Text]

FOR many years, there have been

sporadic complaints from Kenyan

professionals graduating from the Eastern

bloc countries concerning the discrimination they undergo when they offer their

services to the Kenyan government on

completion of their studies. The complaints have often been expressed singly

or jointly by various people in the fields of

medicine, engineering and law, who have

felt dissatisfied with what they have come

to view as discriminatory scrutiny when

they offer themselves for employment.

" Such complaints were expressed this

week by some 47 Soviet Union-trained

doctors, who returned to the country

recently after completion of degree

courses there. The doctors are understood

to have sent a letter to President Daniel

arap Moi in which they have bitterly complained about discriminatory treatment

they have allegedly received at the hands

of the Kenyan government. They want to

know why only graduates from the Soviet

Union and other Eastern bloc countries

fail assessment tests set for all foreigntrained doctors before admission in the

country's medical profession. The doctors

complained to the president that "from

the history of this assessment test, only

graduates from the Eastern block fail and

we do not know why and yet\we, too,

studied on government scholarships".

The petitioners requested the president to

intervene so that they could be treated in

the same way as other graduates who

qualify locally or in any other countries in

the West and they drew the attention of

the president to the fact that many

Kenyan officials trained in the Eastern

bloc were performing well in the civil

service.

In the past, these complaints have been

individually .expressed and the government has not responded. There have,

however, been general statements from

Kenyan politicians about their stand on

' the form of government and political

ideologies pursued by the Eastern block

countries. While political leaders in

Kenya have generally expressed their

open disapproval of communism and

marxism, the government has continued

to send students to study in these countries. The students who seek further

education in these countries are, however,

not as many as those who go. to Western

countries. The fact that socialist countries study

in languages, other than English which is

Kenya's official language., ' puts students

graduating from Eastern countries at a

disadvantage when it comes'to being tested in

English.

/9317

CSO: 3400/988

34
KENYA

ASSOCIATION CHIEF ON INDUSTRIALIZATION STRATEGY

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 8 Jan 87 p 11

[Interview with Silas Ita, chief executive of the Kenya Association of

Manufacturers, by Doug Cnaraggu; date and place not specified]

[Text]

Q. Industrial strategy in Kenya

and many other developing countries has been based on import

substitution. How effectively and

efficiently has it worked in

Kenya?

A. The import substitution

strategy has effectively resulted

in a highly developed industrial

base in Kenya compared to other

kinds of development strategies

in the Africa region.

Transfer oftechnology has been

realised and employment

generated. In some industrial

sectors we have achieved selfsufficiency in consumer goods.

A measure of sector linkages has

been realised and Kenva has

benefited from industrial, scientific and technological information

network of international« investment. But import substitution

has its own limitations, one of

them being heavy reliance on

imported inputs.

Q. Does the KAM think an

export oriented strategy is ideal

for Kenya today or at any other

time?

A. Yes, the KAM believes that an

export oriented strategy of

industrialisation is ideal for

Kenya. We have the potential

and ability to export manutactured goods in the regional

market and further afield.

There is no country in the

world which has the potential to

export everything it manufactures and even where this is the

case', satisfaction of the domestic

market would always be given

priority. Kenya has some

manufactured products which

stand a better chance *n the

export market than others.

These products should be

assisted to perform better in the

export market. In other words,

Kenya's exportroriented strategy

of industrialisation must be selective in terms of projects, products

and markets:

Q. The Government, through

Sessional Paper Number One of

1986 and the 1986/87 budget, has

strongly stressed the importance

of the informal sector. Does this

in any way affect the KAM and

others in industry?

A. The KAM is willing, through

its members, to work with the

Govern ment to assist the informal sector wherever possible. But

it must be noted that the flexibility of the informal sector

activities, operations and systems

are key to the sector s

success. Any move that might

introduce rigidity and red tape

into the operations, systems and

activities of the informal sector

will frustrate its growth and

expansion.

In the context of the informal

sector operators, thet majority

whom are indigenous Kenyans,

the Government and the rest of

the entire modern sector should

assist the informal sector by

iniectine some soft term financingj management, and

marketing skills through training.

In the KAM's view, this group

constitutes tomorrow's

industrialists and entrepreneurs.

Q. The Sessional Paper Number

One of 1986 states if the country'

35
is to finance imports sufficient to

enable the economy grow at 5.6

per cent for the rest of the

century, industrial exports will

have to expand at over six pet

cent a year in real terms! Does the

KAM feel that this'is attainable?

And how is it going to be done?

A. Yes, it is attainable through

adequate export promotion

schemes such as manufacturing

in bond. The country must not

waste time in formulating adequate schemes and incentive

packages to realise this objective.

Export potential oroducts and

projects must be identified and

appropriate export schemes

established.

Q. With, the PTA now in operation, how has Kenya's industrial

sector changed? What is in store?

A- The PTA is in operation, but

Kenya's industrial sector has'not

changed and any changes in the

sector are not expected to corrie

through in the first phase of the

PTA operation. But there is some

process of change that is taking

place because of the-PTA market,

and development strategy.

Sourcing of raw materials

within the PTA is being

investigated and contacts are

being developed. PTA markets

for Kenya goods and their sizes

are being analysed. Transportation routes by air, road and sea

are being investigated and.

market regulation by the governments and operators is being

assessed.

This change is taking place

within the Kenyan industry. It

will, however, tick if payments for

trial transactions are realised.

The potential is there but it haB

not been fully realised.

Q. Some people argue that

Kenya's industrial goods are of

low quality and are highly priced

due to protection. How true is

this and does it affect export

capacity?

A. Some Kenyan industrial goods

are of low quality, others could be

hiehlv priced. But the same

applies to imported goods. High

price and low quality is not a

characteristic of locallymanafactured goods. Kenva

manufactures very high quality

foods and beverages capable of

competing with similar goods

internationally.

In other areas, Kenyan goods

compare well with goods

manufactured by newlyindustrialising countries of the

world. Some measure of protection and support for local

industry by all of us is the best

guarantee for better quality of

locally-produced goods at our

stage of industrialisation.

Q. Power tariffs have gone up by

about 30 per cent, how has this

affected the manufacturing sector's performance?

A. Power being a major input in

heavy industries such as cement

works, steel rolling, and smelting,

a tariff increase of 30 per cent

means a significant cost increase.

Already parastatals' contribution to the cost of production of

the.private sector is on the high

side. For instance, there are local

authorities fees and charges, port

clearing charges, railway

transportation rate«, poets and'

telecommunications charges,,

levies and rates of many types.

It is hard to imagine that the

private sector can absorb all these

costs even where it is possible to

pass these costs to the consumer

without eroding their capital

base. In total, the impact of all

these charges is to limit the

industry's ability to expand and

generate more jobs for our people.

/9317

CSO: 3400/969

36
STAREHE MP RUBIA DETAINED BY POLICE FOR QUESTIONING

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 30 Jan 87 pp 1, 5

[Article by Irungu Ndirangu and Tom Mshindi]

KENYA

[Text]

The MP for Starehe, Mr Charles

Rubia, was picked up by police

from his Phoenix House office,

along Standard Street, Nairobi,

just before lunch yesterday.

A secretary in Mr Rubia's

Kenya Mystery Tours Company,

on the first floor of the building,

said plainclothes policemen had

arrived at the building just before.

9a.m.

One poKceman came nfito the

office and demanded to see Mr

Rubia, she said. The man was

told Mr Rubia had not arrived.

About an hour later, the man

came up again but was again told

the MP had not come in.

"At 11 a.m." she said, "I think

they saw him come up because

immediately after he went into

his office, the man and two others

stormed into the office."

The secretary said: "The man

told me he wanted to see Mr

Rubia. I asked him whether it

was official or personal. First he

told me it was personal. And I

told him 1 would direct him to

Mr Rubia's Industrial Area office.

It was theihlhairhe told mwrt was

official," the secretary said.

The man told me his name was

Mr Peter Kiarie or Kariuki. 1 do

not recall it well. But it is either

Kiarie or Kariuki. I think it is

Kiarie," the young lady concluded.

"He showed me his identification. And told me he had come

from the Nairobi Area Police

Station. I then went in and told

mzee (Mr Rubia), who told me to

show him in," she continued.

"They stayed in his office for

about two hours and took him

away at 12.45 p.m.," she said.

She said she did not know what

they had been doing. But

immediately after "Kiarie" went

in, he came out to call the other

two people who were standing in

the waiting room, the secretary

explained.

She said: "When they came out

of the office the men told us they

would be taking him to the

Nairobi Area Police Station."

She said Mr Rubia addressed

them briefly before he walked

down the flight of wooden stairs

leading into Baring Arcade and

into an Audi car waiting at the

back of Phoenix House.

The secretary said, however,

that, the policemen did not take

anything from Mr Rubia's office.

"They could not have taken

anything from his office. Normally there is nothing in there

They did not take anything," she

reiterated.

She said Mr Rubia told them

before he left: "Hope to see you

soon, girls. I am being taken

away. I do not know where they

are taking me. But let us believe,

as they say, it is Central Police

Station."

At this time, three of Mr

Rubia's sons — Michael, David

and Maurice — came into theroom, the girl said. As the

policemen took away Mr Rubia,

the sons followed in a car behind,

she explained.

Later, as the secretary was

narrating this story to the Nation,

one of the sons came rushing into

37
his father's office and after a tew

minutes, rushed out. again. The

young man, in his twenties,

missed one step as he dashed

down the flight of stairs and

crashed into the wooden railing.

He collected himself rapidly

and rushed into a white station

wagon and drove away at a high

speed.

Mr Rubia lives at Kisembe

Estate, Langata, along the road

to Banda School, Nairobi.

Mr Rubia, a Cabinet Minister

until the general election of 1983,

has since emerged äs one of the

most critical backbenchers in

Parliament.

On several occasions, he has'

criticised the stand taken by

other Members of Parliament

and the Government.

The most recent jssue was last

year's debate on the' Constitutional Amendment Bill. He

voted against the Bill during' its

Second Reading, but was unable

to vote on its Third Reading

because he had been ordered out

of the House for refusing to

withdraw a remark that there had

been intimidation during the

debate.

The Bill, which has since

become law, scrapped the powerful office of Chief Secretary and

withdrew the security of tenure

for the holder of the office of the

Attorney-General and that of the

Controller and Auditor-General.

Before this, Mr Rubia had hit

the headlines by defending the

National Council of Churches of

Kenya and the Law Society of

Kenya, whose stand on the Constitutional Amendment Bill had

been heavily censured by

Members of Parliament and

other leaders.

Even during the controversy

over queuing as a method of

voting last September, Mr Rubia

said certain prominent personalities • were trying "to deny

Kenyans the freedom of expressing their views"

This, he said, was "unconstitutional and illegal".

Mr Rubia is a noted critic ot

the Nairobi City Commission,

and would prefer elected councillors to take over.

Mr Rubia, an Alliance High

School old boy, has served in

. various capacities' since he joined

the public service in the late

1950s. He was the first African

mayor of Nairobi, serving for five

years until 1967. He is also a

prominent businessman.

In 1969, he successfully contested the Starehe (Nairobi)

parliamentary seat and was

named Assistant Minister for

Education. He has retained the

seat ever since. In 1979 he was

appointed Minister for Loeal

Government and Urban Development, but was dropped after the

1983 general election.

/9317

CSO: 3400/970

38
KENYA

ELECTORAL BOUNDARY CHANGES TRIGGER REACTIONS

Politics Behind Changes Discussed

Nairobi SUNDAY NATION in English 11 Jan 87 pp 4, 22

[Article by Ben Omoro]

[Text]

National elections — scheduled

for 1988 — may be far from the

minds of most Kenyans just now,

but that is likely to change in the

coming days. ,

Hie Electoral Commission has

already set the stage for an early

campaign — low-key perhaps,

but still there.

The trigger is the creation ot .10

new constituencies and the

change in the boundaries of many

others. Even those who may have

wanted to keep secret their intentions of seeking parliamentary

seats until close to the elections

have been forced to start early by

being thrown into new constituencies.

' Many of those now recognise

that they will have to make an

early start if thev have to achieve

some impact by 1988, even more

so in case of a snap election.

Even some current Members of

Parliament have been forced to

make their intentions known by

finding themselves in new constituencies. A good example is

that of the current MP for

Winam, Mr Peter Anyumba, who

now finds himself in neighbouring

Nyando Constituency.

Fired

On Thursday, Mr Anyumba

announced to the Press that he

will contest the Nyando seat

currently held by Mr Tom Ogallo,

an Assistant Minister in the

Office of the Vice-President and

Ministry of Home Affairs.

In effect the starting shot has

been fired in Nyando, and in a

number of new constituencies

where either sitting MPs or those

who lost in 1983 have said they

will contest.

Many other aspirants to Parliament are busy scrutinising the

areas into which they have been

thrown. Even sitting MPs, whose

constituencies have been affected

by being split, chopped off or

expanded, are busy assessing

what it means in terms of their

prospects in 1988.

Even before the full political

implications of the Electoral

Commission's parliamentary

boundary review arc clear, a

quick glimpse at the various

changes shows a major impact in

the politics of some areas.

In most cases, the commission

probably never intended the

result in political terms, or at

least had some other valid reason

for the change. The emerging

impression-sometimes is that the

commission deliberately sought

to create opportunities for some

prominent figures.

Comeback

Such cases include the creation

of Kajiado Central, which

happens to be where the Finance

Minister, Mr George Saitoti,

comes from. He is currently a

Nominated MP. Or the case of

Lurambi North which has been

•split into Malava and Lugari,

possibly setting the stage for a

parliamentary comeback by tin

Kami Secretary-General, M

Burudi Nabwera, in Lugari.

In most cases, the commission

considered the area's population

in deciding whether to create

new constituencies. ,

This was probably why

Machakos, Kakamega and Kisn

districts got three new constituencies each, while Nyen ami

South Nyanza districts got two

each. Seventeen other districts

got an extra seat each. The rest 1.1

districts-had to be content with

small boundary changes or just

new names for old constituencies.

• For high potential areas with

heavv populations, the average

voter population per constituency

"was within 40-55,000 range. I he

commission seems to have considered voter populations tar

above that range as a factor in

favour of a split, or a shuffling of

parts to other constituencies.

Indeed, most constituencies,

other than in major urban areas,

with over 00,000 voters as

registered in 1983 seem to have

been split into two or carved into

smaller ones.

The only exceptions seem to

have been Alego-Usonga in Siaya,

which in 1983 had a voter population of 61,217, and a number of

Meru constituencies, which had

only to be content with a change

of name. .

Why these were left out when

less populated were reorganised is

• not clear. Mr S. M. Ngaine, who

i wrote to complain about the

Meru case, is not sure whether to

39
blame the district leaders for not

putting up a stronger case, or the

commission for ignoring their

case.

Using the 1979 population and

the proposed number of MPs,

each elected member should

ideally represent 81,527 people. It

works down to 102,252 people per

each one of 10 MPs. Machakos

will have 103,772 for each of

Meru's eight MPs, 93,717 for

Kakamega's 11 MPs, 86,951

people for each of Kisii's

proposed 10 MPs, 81,524 for

Nyeri's six, and 24,054 for Marsabit's four.

Section.42 of the Kenya Constitution,' which sets out the

duties of the Electoral Commission, says that Parliament has

prescribed the minimum and

maximum number of constituencies. .

It also says that "all constituencies shall contain as nearly

equal numbers of inhabitants as.

appears to the commission to be ;

reasonably practicable". But it i

allows the commission to depart

from that principle to account of

a number of factors.

These arc spelt out. as population density and in particular the

need to ensure adequate

representation of urban and

sparsely-populated rural areas;

population trends; the means of

communication", geographical

features, community of interest;

and the boundaries of existing

administrative areas.

On population, the commission

is guided by the "latest census of

the population held in pursuance

of any law", in this case the 1979

census.

Factors other than population

apparently played a key role in

regard to a number of constituencies such as those in West Pokot,

Trans Nzoia and Kericho.

In'some cases, the commission

acted on areas involved in long-.

standing disputes about where

the people should vote in and be

administered from. In several of

those cases, the commission

moved people into different constituencies, some of which fall in

different provinces.

Two of them have already

drawn serious protests from a

number of people and politicians.

The Butere MP, Mr Martin

Shikuku, is among some of those

protesting against the transfer of

Luanda Doho and Muhaka sublocations fron his constituency,

which falls in Kakamega District

of Western Province, to Gem

Constituency, Siaya District of

Nyanza Province,

The other row involves Ruwc

Sub-location of South Ugenya

I «cation of Siaya District, which

has been moved from Ugenya

Constituency to Mumias,

Kakamega District, where it Will

vote with South Wanga.

In these and other cases, the

commission is being seen as an

arbiter, and the outcome as

presaging administrative changes

to follow.

Those administrative changes

may or may not follow. In the'

past 20 years there have been

many areas that have voted in

constituencies falling outside

their districts, and no effort was

made to realign' either the constituency or administrative boundaries to make them compatible.

But now such a realignment

may be necessary because of the

' new system of channelling

development projects through

District Development Committee« and their divisional and

locational components. Without

such a realignment, an MP may

sit;in the DDC which does not

'cover all the areas he or she represents.-

Efforts by Sunday Nation on

how the Government plans to sort

•out that situation were fruitless.

: So were efforts to find out what

mechanism exists for those

seeking redress after being dissatisfied with the commission's

work.

The constitution docs not

provide for any such mechanism.

'' It only says that the "commission

shall review the number, the'-

boundaries and names of the constituencies into which Kenya is

divided, and may, by order, alter

the number, the boundaries or

the names, subject to and in

accordance with this section (42),

to such extent as it considers

desirable in the light of the

review".

Most people, however, seem

satisfied with the commission's

work, and are how focusing

mainly on what the changes

mean to them.

Here is a run-over of some of

the changes and what they may

mean in.the 1988 elections.

Nairobi did not get any new

constituency despite the fact

that the population has grown

substantially in recent years.

There were a number of boundary

changes to shift some of the populations from the more populated

to the less populated constituencies, together with name changes

for Parklands and Bahati, which

are known as Westlands and

Kaloleni respectively.

Similarly Mombasa did not get

any new constituency- But there

were boundary changes which

brought the whole of Mombasa

Island under a new constituency

called Mvita. The changes have

brought complaints from such

Mombasa leaders as Shariff

Nassir, the district Kanu boss

and MP for Mombasa Central,

and Mayor Ahmed Mwidani.

In 1983 Mombasa Central had

62,118 registered voters. The'

changes could make it one' of

those with largest number of

voters in the country. How it will

affect the complexion of

Mombasa politics, however,

remains to be seen.

Splitting

Killf"i District got an extra constituency mainly by splitting

Kilifi North, currently represented by the Information and

Broadcasting Minister, Mr Noah

Katana Ngala. Mr Ngala will

have to decide whether to contest

Bahari or Ganze, as the new constituencies are called.

Close watchers say he may opt

for Ganze, where the family has

some property, while supporting

an ally in Bahari. Dr Chibule wa

Tsuma in Kilifi South, now

Kaloleni, has most of his constituency intact.

The commission carved

Mwatate from Wundanyi,

currently held by Mr Mwashengu

. wa Mwachofi, though the con-

; stituency had only 38,218

registered voters in 1983. Mr

Mwachofi's headaches still

remain as his chief rivals like Mr

Darius Mbela remain within

Wundanvi.

Nyambene North deserved to

be split into two. It had about

75,000 registered voters in 1983.

Now it has been split into Igembe

and Ntonyiri with the current

MP, Mr J. Muturia, remaining in

Ntonyiri and two of his strongest

opponents moving to Igembe.

In neighbouring Embu, the

people of Embu North are rather

disappointed: They got the

opposite of what they sought.

Instead of a split, they got more

locations from Embu East,

including a former MP, Mr

Kamwithi Munyi, and a change

i of name to Kunyenjcs. Embu

East was renamed Siakago, and

Embu South now is Gachoka.

Nyeri constituency also highly

deserved to be reorganised. In

1983 it was the second biggest in

the country with 103,482 voters

40
of which 5!),800 turned out to

vote, giving each of the three

contestants a respectable figure.

Now it has been given two

more constituencies, which has

however made the situation more

difficult for some of its political

figures. Interestingly, the last of

the 1983 field, Mr Joel Muruthi

Mureithi, has the easiest job

clux)sing where he will contest.

He has already announced for

Kieni, where he is a locational

Kanu chairman. The Nyeri branch

secretary Mr Munene Kairu is

said to be interested in Kieni.

The. current MP, Mr Nderito • Githua, may have" been expected

to go to Tetu, but his strongholds

are in Nyeri Town, and he could

easily opt for it. Similarly, though

Mr Waruru Kanja, a former MP

naturally falls in Nyeri Town, his

major support is in Tetu and

Kieni.

Nyeri Town could also attractnowcomers, and some notable

Nyeri names are said to be considering switching there from

other constituencies.

In Murang'a, the commissioners' pen' has changed local

politics significantly. The old

Kiharu is back in place of Mbiri,

and without Kanyenyaini and Dr

Julius Gikonyo Kiano, who are

back in Kangema which leaves

Mr Kenneth Matiba happy and

towering over Kiharu.

It creates a rather difficult

situation for Dr Kiano — does he

call it quits and support his

former ally, Mr Joseph Kamotho

against Mr John Michuki, or convince Mr Kamotho to step aside

for him, or take on his former ally

and Mr Michuki.

In Kigumo, Mr Francis Thuo

must also be feeling relieved,

because the commissioners have

sent his main rival last time, Prof

G. Munoru, to Kandara with

Ruchu.

Kandara has been split, with

the current MP, Mr George

Mwicigi, going off with the new

Gatanga Constituency, where he

is unlikely to face much

challenge.

He leaves back in Kandara Mr

David Ngethe to fight it out with

Mr Mburu Wanyoike, with Prof

Munoru trying to get a toehold.

In Kiambu the only major

change was the expansion of Juja

constituency at the expense of

Gatundu and Githunguri. Now

renamed Thika, it has taken

Thika Municipality from

Gatundu as well as Ruiru, a

rather troublesome spot, from

Githunguri. At least Gatundu

deserved the carving.

:;; Deserved

Nakuru West equally deserved

a reorganisation. Now. parts of it

have been taken out together

with Kongai and Eldama Ravine

from Nakuru North, to form

Kongai. The remaining constituency renamed Molo will still

see the old rivalry continue.

Rongai inherits the current MP

for Nakuru North, /Mr Kric

Bomet, leaving the troubled.

north an open field. Some of its

stars ate either in exile or in

detention, and it remains to be

seen whether Mr Kihika Kimani

will eat his words and try for a

comeback after announcing

publicly that he had quit politics,

in Üasin Gishu a major

reorganisation has been carried

out with the creation of a third

constituency. It leaves most of

Kldoret North's rich field of

hopefuls to work out where they

fall.

Some of the parts have been

sent to Kerio South in

Klgeyo/Marakwet.

It is riot'clear why Trans Nzoia

needed a third constituency,

given the just-above-average

voter population. The effect,

however, is that it creates a

chance for some accommodation

•among the district's key political

figures, including Mr Wafula

Wabuge, the former MP for

Kitale West.

In Kakamega, the creation of

Lugari from Lurambi North will

create an opportunity for Mr

Nabwera. But he may still have

io contend with Mr -Jonathan

Masinde who moves there.

In fact it may not be a cut and

dry situation, There may be some

give and take situation to get to

know who-contests where.

Vihiga has been split into two,

giving Mr Moses Mudavadi

lordship in the new Sabatia and

leaving Vihiga to be a .itested by

his main opponent, Mr Kahati

Semo and the likes of Prof

Philemon Indire.

And Ikolomani was also split

into two, leaving Mr Seth

Lugonzo in Ikolomani with -Mr

Jeremiah Murila moving to

Shinyalu.

Across in Siaya District, the

commissioners created a new constituency called Rarieda from

Bond-.). That is likely to take of:

the pressure from Mr Odongo

Omamo, the Agriculture

Minister, as Mr Hezekiah

Uugo will go to Rarieda.

'liiert was no additional constituency in Kisumu Town, but

the juggling by the commissioners has almost the same

effect. Not only has it sent Mr

vAnyumba to look for votes inNyando against Mr Ogalo and

probably Mr Onyango Midika,

whom he was once accused of

helping put in jail.

It is not immediately clear

whether Mr Midika may try for

Mithoroni, and who else may

emerge there, though there is talk

of some prominent personalities

from other areas moving there.

In South Nyanza, the creation

of two new constituencies may

enable some politicians to try for

ä comeback, Nyatike, carved from'

Migori, mav provide room for

names like Mr Odero Jowi

and Mr Owigo Olang, if he can be

cleared.

Hongo, carved out of Homa

Bay — now renamed Rangwe —

will inherit Mr Oluoch Kanindo,

who will however still face, Mr

Linus Aluoch, a former

nominated MP. It is an open field

in Rangwe, possibly attracting

those from other constituencies

with property in Homa Bay. The

name of Mr Okiki Amayo is

already being mentioned.

And across in Kisii, the commissioners split two constituencies Wanjare/South Mugirango,

and Majoge/Bassi, as well as'

leaving off a big part of Nyaribari

to form Getembe with Kisii

Town.

The result is that Mr Chris

Obure will have an easy time in

Bobasi, while Mr Zephania

Anyieni, the chairman of the

Presidential Soil Conservation

Commission, will have an easy ;

time making a comeback from J

Bomachoge. .;>.

Mr Reuben Oyondi may have

to contend with new local aspirants' in Bogirango Maate,

while a former Member of Parliament, Mr Mark Bosire, will

contend with people like Dr

Protas Kebati Momanyi for

Bonchari.

Getembe is going to be most

interesting not only because it

has been expected for so long as

possibly an opportunity for .Mr

Simeon Nyachae, who is retiring

from the Civil Service in February. The boundary also includes within the new constituency most of Nyaribariprominent people, including Mr

Andrew Omanga, the current

MP for Nyaribari and Minister

for Tourism.

Mr Nyamweya, whose family

has property in Matunvva, may be

one of the few who may fall under

Nyaribari proper. For now,

however, it is going to be a close

kept secret who will contest

where.

41
Kakamega Residents Angered

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 2 Jan 87 p 4

[Article by Job Githinji]

[Text]

The people of Lwanda Doho

and Muhaka sub-locations in

West Kisa Location,

Kakamega District, yesterday

sought justification from the

Electoral Boundary Commission for moving them from

Butere constituency to Gem.

Butere in Western Province,

while Gem is in Nyarua.

The chairman of Lwanda

D»ho-Muhaka Progressive

Society, Mr John Mwanza

Okinda, claimed the decision was

intended to please a certain

politician in the area.

And he appealed to the

Government, on behalf of the

people from the two sub-locations

to reverse the decision and "leave

us to remain in West Kisa Location in Butere constituency."

In a press statement, Mr

Okinda said the Deoole in the two

sub-locations could not find any

justification in the decision to

remove them from Butere constituency.

The chairman said: "The decision is obviously intended to

please a certain politician and not

for the benefit of the people of the

area."

He thanked the President and

1

the Government for the three

additional constituencies in

Kakamega but said no public

inquiry was made to determine

the wishes of the people affected.

He said the commission was

supposed to determine the constituency boundaries and not the

administrative ones.

He said: "It was supposed to

take into account the interests of

the community, ethnic tnctors

and historical background.

Mr Okinda said that was why

the people were astonished when

they were removed from Butere

and taken to Gem constituency.

He said ethnic factors and

historical background were not

considered when the decision was

made.

Mr Okinda said the people

from that area were peace loving

under the Nyayo philosophy ot

love, peace and unity and did not

therefore wish to create problems.

But, said the chairman, "we

cannot allow one individual to

bring misery to all the people of

the two sub-locations".

He said there was no truth in

what a certain politician said

that the people of the two sublocations rejoiced at the decison

to remove them from Butere.

Mixed Parliamentary Reactions

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 3 Jan 87 p 4

[Text]

The Kericho Kanu branch

secretary, Mr Ayub

Chepkwony, has requested

the Government to consider

re-drawing up, the boundaries of the new Kericho

Central constituency so thai

Kericho municipality

remains in Belgut constituency.

Mr Chepkwony said in a press

statement yesterday that the

people of Kericho felt the

municipality would be be'tter

represented if left to remain in

Belgut constituency because of

"development environment".

Mr Chepkwony is the Belgut

Kanu sub-branch chairman and a

former MP for the area.

He said the commission did not

consider the recommendations of

the local leaders while drawing up

the new boundaries.

•The MP for Kericho East, Mr

Kipsongol Koskey, has commended the Electoral Commission for

creating an additional constituency in Kericho District.

KNA adds.

He was addressing over 200

teachers at Sengecha High School

in Buret division on Monday.

The MP for Chepalungu, Mr

John arap Koech, the Kenya

National Union of Teachers

(KNUT) national chairman, Mr

John Katumanga, the Minister

for Commerce and Industry,

Professor Jonathan Ng'eno and

the Kanu branch secretary, Mr

Ayub Chepkwony, also addressed

the meeting.

•An Assistant Minister for

Transport and Communications,

Mr Seth Lugonzo, has welcomed

the creation of a new constituency in Ikolomani Division of

Kakamega and said it would

enable the area to develop faster.

The MP for Ikolomani said the

new constituency, to be known as

Shinyalu, would increase the

area's representation in Parliament.

42
Kitui KANU Opposes Changes

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 12 Jan 87 p 3

[Text]

Elected leaders in Kitui District want the recommendar

tions of the Electoral Commission on constituency

boundaries to be reviewed.

In a statement issued yesterday» the district's Kanu branch

urged the Office of the President

to review the boundaries to run

along the recommendations of

their district development committee. . . '

Signatories to the statement

were the branch chairman, Mr

Ezekiel Mweu, who is the MP for

Kitui Bast and an Assistant

Minister for Foreign Affairs: Mr.

Kyale Mwendwa, vice-chairman,

who is also the Minister for

Livestock Development; Mr S. K.

Musyoka, the MP for Kitui North

and an Assistant Minister for

Works. Housing and Physical

Planning; Mr P. Ivuti, the MPfor

Kitui South, and branch

treasurer; and Mr Titus Mbathi,

branch organising secretary.

Others who signed the statement were assistant branch

secretary, Mr Mutia Nzotno, Mr

,). Nzelu, branch assistant

treasurer, and Mr S. K. Musyimi,

branch executive officer.

The statement, which was

delivered to Nation House by Mr

Musyoka, said the leaders had

examined the commission's

report in depth.

Meanwhile, the Machakos District Kanu chairman. Mr Mulu

Mutisya, has warned a few

people trying to divide wanancm

over the creation of three more

parliamentary constituencies in

the area. .... , He said the additional constituencies— Mwala, Kibwezi and

Masinga—were meant to give the

people adequate representation

in the National Assembly and

that the district Kanu branch

would hot hesitate to discipline

anyone found using the issue as a

spring-board to cheap politics .

Addressing a rally at

Makutano market in Mwala

Division at the weekend, the

Kanu chairman warned that no

one should declare their interest

in the new constituencies as time

was not ripe for campaigns.

•Mr William Morogo Saina has

warned his rivals against

spreading rumours that a

transformation of his previous

Eldoret North constituency into

Eldoret West disqualifies htm

from being the area MP.

Mr Säina, an Assistant

Minister for Aericulture and

Livestock Development who was

addressing wanänchi at Segere

centre, in Moiben Location,

Uasih Gishu District on Friday,

described those spreading lies

against him as self-seekers who

had strayed. (NATION Reporter,

KNA and Correspondent)

/9317

CSO: 3400/975

43
KENYA

MINISTRY BANS DIRECT SALE OF MAIZE

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 7 Jan 87 p 28

[Article by Catherine Gicheru]

[Text]

The Minister for Agriculture, Mr

Odongo Omamo, yesterday

banned the direct purchase of

maize from farmers by millers.

Any miller found contravening

the directive may lose his

licence. 4

Mr Omamo said the ban was

imposed because of the failure by

formers to repay seasonal credits

advanced to them by various

Government agricultural financial corporations.

"When the farmers sell their

maize direct to the miller no

deductions are made for the

seasonal credit advanced .to

them," he said.

The credit has to be repaid as it

should be available to the farmers

every season, he said. He assured

millers not to panic since the

National Cereals and- Produce

Board — which' wilUbe solely .

responsible for the pijrchase. of

maize and other cereals had adequate maize in stock to keep the

mills running without any

problem.

The board has eight million

bags of maize in stock.

Farmers were also assured that

they would be paid for their crops

without undue delav. On

Monday, Mr Omamo said, the

Government had released ShlSfl

million to pay farmers for their

maize delivered to the hoard.

A further Sh50 million would

be released to the board today.

On Friday, the board would get

ShlOO million to pay farmers.

The board had bought two

million bags of the current

season's crop. A further 7.6

million bags would be bought

between now and the end of the

buying season in June.

To meet payments to farmers,

the Government would release

Shi.1 billion.

Last vear, Mr Omamo said,

farmers "had produced 29 million

bags of maize. Two thirds of this

was stored on the farms.

/9317

CSO: 3400/972

44
KENYA

HUGE MAIZE SURPLUS DESTINED FOR EXPORT

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 9 Jan 87 pp 14-15

[Text]

THE revelation by the minister for planning and national development, Dr. Robert

Ouko, that Kenya has a surplus of over

five million bags of maize which it will

export, is, on the one hand, a tribute to

the country's farmers and, on the other, a

reminder to Kenyans that the country

does not yet have sufficient storage

facilities for her maize crop. Again, it

raises the issue of the prudence of

exporting the surplus maize, especially if

previous experiences are anything to go

by. Ouko, who was speaking at a farewell

party hosted by the Nyanza provincial

administration in honour of the outgoing

provincial commissioner, Mr. Simon

Mung'alla, said that the achievement is

attributable to the hard work by the country's farmers, who invested heavily in the

preparation of the land which had in turn

resulted in the improved yields. The

minister said that the crop could be

exported without affecting Kenya's food

reserves.

This can only be achieved if mistakes

rnadd in the past when surplus maize has

been exported are avoided. For example,

between 1972 and 1974, Kenya had a

bumper maize crop and consequently, the

government decided to export 3.2 million

bags at prices lower than those prevailing

in the country, thereby incurring losses

amounting to over shs.56 million. In

1975/76, a further 2.4 million bags were

exported at substantial losses. In total,

the country lost shs.215.75 million in

maize exports between 1972 and 1977,

including the transport costs of ferrying

the crop from the producing centres to

Mombasa. All these losses were

subsidised by the treasury using taxpayers' money. The issue of exporting

surplus maize recalls the food shortage

which hit the country in 1979/80, and

which came in the wake of press reports

that the government had exported maize

after the bumper harvest of 1978 and the

fairly good crop in the following year.

Press reports pointed accusing fingers at

the then minister for agriculture, Mr Jeremiah Nyagah,

charging that he had countersigned export permits for

about 1.6 million bags of maize

between February 1978 and July

1979. The maize was reportedly

sold at prices lower than those

prevailing in the country at

the time, resulting in a loss

of shs. 12.65 million. The

argument advanced by parliamentarians and the press at the

time was that there would not have been a

food shortage in the country if the government had not exported the maize.

Ouko did not mention the issue of lack

of sufficient storage facilities as being

contributory to the decision to export the

maize but, in May of last year, the

National Cereals and Produce Board,

(NCPB) revealed that it had been forced

to hire several warehouses in Nairobi's

industrial area for the storage of the maize

which had been stored in the open in

45
various maize, growing zones in the

country. Several lorries were deployed to

these areas to ferry the crop to Nairobi in

an effort to protect it from, damage by the

rains affecting the country at the time.

The government admitted the storage

crisis facing the NCPB and sold some of

the maize to alleviate the situation. Some

3,400 tonnes which went to the United

Nations World Food Programme was part

of the carryover stock of 10,921,238 bags

which had been imported during the

1984/1985 drought. .

In July of last year the NCPB,

according to the deputy permanent

secretary in the ministry of agriculture,

Mr. Alfred Amisi, had about 2.1 million

bags of yellow maize which it had to

dispose of locally as it could not export

the maize because it was' given to the

country as aid and as a result of the

bumper harvest realised last year, the

NCPB was experiencing problems of

storage. At the time, the minister for

agriculture, Mr. William Odongo

Omamo, said that Kenya's farmers, had

responded satisfactorily to the

government's aggressive policy of improving the country's maize production following the 1984 drought which led to a

general failure of the crop. As a result,

said the minister, the country expected a

bumper harvest of 29 million bags, almost

three times the current NCPB storage

capacity of 10 million bags. In the wake of

the revelation of the expected bumper

maize crop, the ministry of agriculture

announced that it would spend shs.1,009

million between last year and 1989 to construct new grain storage facilities.

Omamo said that when completed, the

new storage facilities would provide an

additional storage capacity of 18 million

bags. But it is still not clear why the

ministry waited for so long before

embarking on the construction of

additional stores for the maize crop

especially since such difficulties have

been experienced many times before.

But it is not only the storage problem

that plagues the NCPB, for there is the

persistent problems of its failure to pay

farmers on time. This* problem was

addressed by President Moi in May of last

year when he directed the board to start

paying farmers promptly following complaints that the NCPB had not paid

farmers long after they had delivered

their maize to the board. This week,

Omamo disclosed that the government

would release shs.300 million to the board

for the purchase of maize and other

produce from the farmers. He urged the

board to move fast and pay the farmers

promptly. By September, 1986, for

example, the board had not paid farmers

for the previous season's crop and the

money which the ministry is set to release

will be to pay for produce delivered at

that time, which means that last season's

crop will be paid for later. .

Omamo, said, however, that some

farmers were currently selling their maize

directly to millers instead of selling it to

the board and ordered that this practice

be stopped with immediate effect. He said

that the millers were exploiting the

farmers by underpaying them and that

some of the farmers were selling directly

in a bid to avoid paying the seasonal

credit loans extended to them by the

Agricultural Finance Corporation. There

is,.however, another angle to the story:

farmers resorted to selling their maize to

millers because the millers pay them on

delivery of their produce and also because

the NCPB could not take their maize

because of lack of storage space. Omamo

said that 18 million bags of the 29 million

bags of maize harvested in the country

last year is stored on farms in the major

producing areas and went on to say that

the country has a reserve of six million

bags of maize which is adequate to feed

the country.

/9317

CSO: 3400/988

46
KENYA

COFFEE FARMERS DISAPPOINTED WITH PAYMENTS

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 10 Jan 87 p 10

[Article by Samuel Nduati]

* •

[Text]

Coffee farmers described the final

1985/86 payment of Sh378 milltor.

announced on Thursday as

peanuts compared to what they

had hoped Tor.

At the Sh3,30O per tonnes

announced by the Coffee Board

and the Kenya Planters Cooperative Union the farmers can

only expect a payment of20cents

per kilogramme. '

The chairman of Gatukuyu

Coffee Farmers Co-operative

Society in Kiambu Mr Patrick

Kariuki, told the Nation that

farmers had hoped for at least

Shl/50 per kilogramme for coffee

delivered.

He said at the announced rates,

the total payment for the year

would come to Sh7/50 per

kilogramme which hevsaid was a

disappointment to farmers.

The farmers* he said, had

hoped the payment would

amount to Süll/ per kilogramme

for the year. ' Mr Kariuki attributed the low

payment to overborrowing by the

Coffee Board of Kenya in

anticipation of high prices.

He said even the previous year

when there was no anticipated

boom" the farmers at lerfst

received Shl/50 payment per

kilogramme. „ ,

He asked the Coffee Board to

release the coffee cess payable to

county councils to the farmers

remaining with it.

The farmers were grateful to

the Government for lowering the

prices of fertilisers.

Meanwhile. Brazil the world s

leading coffee producer, to

resume coffee exports and, for the

first time, will set prices in line

with those on the international

market, AFP adds.

The decision by the Brazilian

Coffee Institute to reopen export

registers for February shipments

was taken following a meeting

between Brazilian Finance

Minister, Mr Dilson Funaro and

Institute officials.

/9317

CSO: 3400/972

47
BURGLARIES ON INCREASE IN CITY REGIONS

KENYA

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 16 Jan 87 p 15

[Article by Irungu Ndlrangu]

[Text]

It was iust before 4 a.m. on

a Friday. James Mwangi,

his wife Julia and their

three children were fast

asleep in their two bedroom

louse at Huruma, Nairobi.

Suddenly, there was a loud

ttahg at the door. He shot up to

And his wife and children screamiag and trembling with fear.

Thugs had finally reached them.

Vie whole line of houses on the

street had also heard the bang

and many people were shouting,

at the top of their voices for help,

others crept under their. beds,

wnilemany others were shaking

in bed in fear.

In a short time, the thugs swept

into the sitting room of Mwangi'a

house and sped off with the

family's colour television, video

and music system.

The thugs, numbering about

five and armed with rungus,

knives, and axes sped off into the

dark night in a small blue Datsun

car possibly also stolen. Mwangi

and his family stayed in their

rooms for a while before venturing into the. sitting room to see

what "damage" had been done.

When everything had finally

settled down, a few neighbours

came over and the families spoke

in, low voices about the terror of

living in Nairobi today. Each

day, no less than twenty

burglaries, muggings, -breakages

into cars, pick pocketing, etc are reported

to the police in Nairobi.

In the residential

estates, families live

in fear of the faceless

thugs who may strike at

any time of the night.

The families feel helpless and

defenceless. The patrol police

have been doing a commendable

job at keeping thugs at bay. But

the thugs too have learnt to strike

on one side while the policemen

are patrolling another.

Before they built Bum Buru

Police Station, thugs struck in

Buru Buru, Kariobangi South,

Outer Ring and Umoja estates

almost with impunity.

With the construction of the

police poet, night burglaries have

gone down. When tenants moved

to Buru Buru when the estate was

completed, they tried to reduce

thuggery by employing Maasai

watchmen. But each time the

members of one house failed to

pay the watchman, their house

would be broken into. The

Maasai watchman would pretend

not to know.

The M.aas.ai watchmen

employed in the estates in many

cases are strangers to the people

who employ them. Ask any

watchman for his identity card,

and you will hear stories about

thugs, loss of goods or fire burning

everything in the house where he

used to live.

When a house is broken into in

an area guarded by a watchman,

he just melts away, never to be

seen again. And if ever arrested,

he will pretend he has never left

his distant rural manyatta and

does not even understand

Kiswahiii.

48
When collecting his dues

from his employers, the

Massai watchman walks from

house to house with an old

exercise book where he ticks

off those who have paid and

crosses those who have not.

When going on leave, the

watchman introduces another

watchman to his employers to

guard for the few days he may be

away. All these replacements are

always ndugu yangu or my

brother. , . Many families now have taken

to fixing heavy iron doors while

the windows are heavily reinforced with iron bars. It will cost

about ShlO.000 to make" a modest

house burglar proof.'«

The effect of the increasing

incidents of burglaries in Nairobi

is the increasing open air electric

welding sites in. the city.

Everywhere you go are young

men making all sorts of anti-theft

steel windows, gates, grills and

doors.

The business now offers thousands of jobs to young village

polytechnic leavers who would be

without jobs today. The investment is low. A young man will

learn both gas .and electric

welding at a village polytechnic

for about Sh3,000 in about nine

months.

While out in the street, he will

require electric equipment worth

about Sho.OOO. He will pay a

small fee to the Kenya

Power and Lighting Company for

a connection to some post on the

roadside. He will need about

Shl.000 to buy his first batch of

iron bars and from there, families

shaking with fright at the

Erospect of being visited by the

urglar will start rolling in.

Over the years, residents of

. Nairobi have lived in fear of being

mugged. In many instances, residents of the city will watch in

broad daylight as a thug mugs a

victim - in the street without

raising a finger. • An investigation snows that

thugs do not just strike at your

house. They first conduct a

thorough survey of the kinds of

goods one has in the house.

Stereo systems, colour

television and videos are

the popular items.

Hawkers who sell second hand

items to house girls when the

house owners are at work are

often spies. At other times, they

will openly befriend the girls and

may drop in for a cup of tea when

the owners are away. At other

times, they will pretend to be

people lost in the estates and

wishing to be guided to some

relative living in the area...

A woman at Huruma says the

easiest way to invite burglary is to

employ a house girl picked from

the slums in the city. She says

house girls should be well known

and well paid. Their relatives

should be known to the employer

who should make a point of

actually visiting the relatives

with the house girl while she is in

employment. '

In Karen and Langata areas of

Nairobi, families have installed

powerful but well-hidden sirens

that alert the police nearby. Residents here have formed a local

association which meets at least

once a week to review the

problems facing them.

Others have kept big dogs to

track down thugs and other

unknown elements straying into

the area. This way thuggery has

been reduced in this area.

In Lavington, the residentshave built fences around their

compound and reinforced this

with dogs, watchmen, sirens and

a 24-hour security alarm system.

Everywhere you go in these areas,

you will find highly trained

guards in vans parked under

trees and listening to two-way

radio systems.'

Despite all these security

measures, however, thugs still

venture there occasionally. The

unlucky ones are shot in the act.

Others melt into the bushes

around.

In Kibera, Kanu youthwingers

have undertaken to reinforce the

activities of the police. Here,

thugs await the passing of the

trains to Limuru and smash doors

while the train is crossing the

estate.

Mr Ratib Hussein, a

Kanu leader at Kibera,

said the thugs who rob

people in the area come

from distant parts of the

city. He said some of

these thugs come from

as far away as Mathare,

49
Huruma, Korogocho and

Dandora. He said thugs from

Kibera go down to these areas to

steal there.

In Kiarabu, whole shopping

centres have sometimes been

abandoned by their owners after

frequent raids by thugs. Along

"Thika Road, near Ndarugu, a.

farmer with high grade milk

animals was forced to abandon

. his farm after thugs kept harass-

. ing him.

A lecturer at the University öf

Nairobi said thuggery can be a

great handicap to economic

development. He pointed out

that where he lives families move

out every two or three months.

In the streets of Nairobi, thugs

break into cars every time they

see a valuable item. Gas cylinders,

clothes and bags left in cars will

immediately invite the attention

of thugs.

The easiest way of inviting a mugging is by

walking alone in a dark

alley. Keep to the broadly

lit streets of the city at

night.

/9317

CSO: 3400/970

50
KENYA

BRIEFS

MINISTERS DENIED FOREIGN EMBASSY AGCESS—President Moi declared yesterday

that from now on no Government officer and Members of Parliament, including

Ministers, would be allowed to visit foreign embassies or high commissions

without permission from the foreign office. Members of staff of the

foreign office would be subjected to similar requirement, he said. President

Moi further announced that the two top Government officials in the Foreign

Ministry would have to get permission from the President himself. The

President was addressing a mammoth crowd at Sing'ore Girls' Secondary School

in Elgeyo Marakwet District where he presided over a funds drive in aid of

the school. He said the Government would not succumb to intimidation or

blackmail by individuals or groups of people on what line of policy to

follow. [Excerpt] [Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 23 Jan 87 p 1] /9317

6 HELD FOR GUN SMUGGLING—Kampala, Monday—Teh people, six of them Kenyans,

were arrested in Uganda's eastern town of Mbale at the weekend after security forces found a cache of over 270 guns hidden at a hospital, the Roman

Catholic vernacular daily, Munno, reported today. It said the Kenyans

were alleged to have been involved in smuggling guns into Kenya. The

arrests were made during an Army operation to search for illegal guns, the

newspaper said, adding that the operation was still in progress. According

to the paper, there had been a brisk trade in guns which Kenyans have been

smuggling into their country through Kyeprukerati trading centre in

Karamoja Province of north-eastern Uganda. It named three of the Kenyans

arrested as Ahmed Toronko, Aputeli Lakidisi arid John Kawenda, and said they

were of Suk tribe of western Kenya. The paper said three of the Ugandans

arrested were well known locally, without naming them.(AFP) [Text] [Nairobi

DAILY NATION in English 6 Jan 87 p 3] /9317

PLANES BANNED IN SAMBURU—Private planes have been banned from landing in

the northern district of Samburu for security reasons, aviation sources

said yesterday. Sources said airstrips in the area had been closed and

private radio transmissions restricted. Officials of private charter

airlines said Samburu's main airstrip, which they use to bring tourists to

Samburu National Park and Buffalo Springs National Reserve, had been closed

since Saturday. A travel agent said 'charter airlines were told the airstrip

was closed for security reasons and would remain closed pending completion

of an investigation. (Agencies)[Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 25 Jan 87

p 36] /9317

51
MP RELEASED FROM POLICE CUSTODY—The outspoken MP for Kitutu East, Mr

Abuya Abuya, who was picked up last Saturday by police for questioning,

has been released. Family sources at his Kibera home said yesterday

that Mr Abuya arrived from Kisii after midnight on Tuesday. He was said to

have been seen at Parliament Buildings yesterday morning. On Tuesday, the

MP was seen in a car along a Kissi town street at about 4.30 p.m. His

reappearance generated a lot of excitement in the town, as many people

stood by the road waving at him as he drove by. He went to the District

Commissioner's office where he learnt that the DC was out on official duty.

A District Officer (2), Mr Akibaya, told the Nation yesterday that Mr Abuya

then left for Nairobi. Mr Abuya, who was driven in his blue Peugeot 504, was

accompanied by two other people. They went to a Kisii hotel and stayed for

about one hour before driving out of town towards his constituency.

Although he waved at the crowd cheerfully, he did not stop, probably for

fear of attracting a crowd. The MP was picked up by police from outside

Nyayo House in Nairobi last Saturday. [Text] [Nairobi DAILY NATION in

English 24 Jan 87 p 1] /9317

DUTCH GRANT RECEIVED—Kenya has received a Sh600 million grant from the

Netherlands. The grant was a result of the recently-concluded bilateral

discussions between the two governments, in which the Netherlands also

granted Kenya a Shll5 million debt remission. The discussions were held

between Kenya's Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Finance, Mr Charles

Mbindyo, and the Netherlands Ambassador to Kenya, Mr J.F. Boddens Hosang.

Reviewing past co-operation, the discussions noted that last year, Kenya

got Sh527 million from the Netherlands. Mr Mbindyo thanked the government

of the Netherlands for the financial assistance. He said the aid was given

in the spirit of development co-operation, and would go a long way into

cementing the cordial relationship between the two countries. The two

sides discussed matters of mutual interest, including agricultural development > population, women in development, rural development and the industrial sector in Kenya. [Text] [Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 8 Jan 87

P 10] /9317

INDIA SEEKS MORE IMPORTS—India would like to import soda ash, beans and

coffee from Kenya, THE Indian High Commissioner to Kenya, Mrs Manorama

Bhalla told the Minister for Commerce and Industry, Professor Jonathan

Ngeno yesterday. Mrs Bhalla, who had paid a courtesy call on the Minister,

said this would help to correct the trade imbalance which was currently in

favour of India. The envoy said the demand for coffee was growing in India

and Kenya should take advantage of the situation by exporting more coffee

to India, she said. Prof Ng'eno said Kenyan coffee exporters will take up

the challenge and earn the country extra foreign exchange. He praised the

trade relations between India and Kenya, adding that the two had a lot to

learn from each other. He said the Government will continue to assist and

protect small-scale-industries. He said small-scale-industries laid the

foundation for rural industrialisation. The Minister said the Government's

industrial development policy was guided by the belief that "small is beautiful." He said Kenya would like to seek training facilities from India in

technology and small industrial ventures. He said the machine-tool project

between India and Kenya should be revived to provide small industrialists

with cheap machinery and tools. [Text] [Nairobi DAILY NATION in English

22 Jan 87 p 10] /9317

52
NEW PYRETHRUM PRODUCER PRICES—New producer prices for pyrethrum wxll be

announced this month, the chairman of the Pyrethrum Board, Mr Makone

Ombese, has said. Leading a board delegation which paid a courtesy call

on the Rift Valley PC, Mr Yusuf Haji on Tuesday, Mr Ombese said the

produce was fetching good prices on the international market. He said

the crop earned Kenya nearly Sh300 million in foreign exchange a year.

He said the province produced over 6,000 tonnes and earned some Sh80

million a year. The board chief said the organisation would conduct a

series of growers meetings to promote production to take advantage of the

high demand for pyrethrum on the world market. He said the meetings would

start this month and continue up to next month. (KM) [Text] [Nairobx

DAILY NATION in English 22 Jan 87 p 10] /9317

CSO: 3400/974

53
LESOTHO

BRIEFS

LEKHANYA ON WATER PROJECTS, RSA—Maseru-KLesotho's military leader said

yesterday its coup d'etat had enabled the nation to sign the Rl,4bn Highlands Water Project contact with SA. Military Council chairman MajorGeneral Metsing Lakhanya made the link at an Army Day parade in Maseru

to celebrate the first anniversary of the coup that toppled former Prime

Minister Leabua Jonathan. It is understood that Jonathan, who hedged on

signing the agreement with SA wanted greater Lesotho control over the

water supplies. "Fellow members of the Royal Lesotho Defence Force, we

can take up arms if we have to. When we made possible the signing of this

agreement, we did it so that Basotho could derive some benefit from it,"

Lekhanya said. "It is noteworthy to remind ourselves that it had taken

30 years since the scheme was conceived, with no progress. Yet no sooner

had we resorted to discussions as opposed to radio abuses, than this

epoch-making event occurred," Lekhanya told tribal dignitaries, diplomats

and 600 members of the Defence Force. He also announced the introduction

of the project's first phase of construction, a R50m road-building

project. At a Press conference after the parade, Lekhanya stressed that

relations with SA were based on "good neighbourliness." Lesotho's cooperation on the water scheme and its unequivocal opposition to an armed

ANC presence were the two major foundations of this relationship. He said

Lesotho continued to receive political refugees from SA, but they would

not be allowed to stay if their lives were considered to be in danger.

[Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 21 Jan 87 pp 1, 2] /9317

CSO: 3400/996

54
MOZAMBIQUE

NEW SWEET POTATO VARIETY FROM NIGERIA GIVES GOOD RESULTS

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 3 Jan 87 p 3

[Text] In December, the city of Maputo's Green Zones Office harvested two new

types of sweet potatoes: red and white. The new seed was planted in June.

The seed comes from the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and was acquired by the

National Institute of Agronomical Research.

During the first test of the seed, make by the Green Zones Office, good results

were noted in its proliferation. Agricultural technician Martin Gonzalez said

that two areas were prepared for the proliferation of the sweet potato, on the

Green Zones Office experimental field.

On the site, which was estimated at 1 hectare, 137 tons of foliage, 26 tons of

red potatoes, 123 tons of foliage, and 23 tons of white potatoes were collected.

The sweet potato foliage was distributed to 28 producers selected in various

districts. The Green Zones Office will control the proliferation of the seed,

to ensure the rapid expansion of the potato species.

Martin Gonzalez explained that the introduction of the seed is part of the JNSP/

UNICEF Project with the Green Zones Office, to minimize the food shortage. He

also noted that the new seed lasts 5 months in the field, and may be harvested

twice a year, yielding 52 tons of red potatoes per hectare, and 46 tons of white

potatoes per hectare.

The technician also remarked that the local sweet potatoe fields produce little,

yielding a maximum of 12 tons per hectare. He said that in the Chokwe district

of Gaza the Nigerian seed attained an output of 60 tons per hectare.

Argentina Mondlane, a peasant woman from the Green Zones Office, commented:

"The Nigerian seed is of good quality and has a large yield; but there have been

thefts by some residents who live near the experimental field. Were it not for

this, we would have collected more sweet potatoes than we did. The people

steal the sweet potatoes to barter them for bread at the bakery."

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55
MOZAMBIQUE

NIASSA FOOD SHORTAGE LEADS TO SEARCH FOR ALTERNATIVES

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 3 Jan 87 p 1

[Text] Famine, which has persisted since the.first months of the year in Niassa,

particularly in certain districts of the province, has now begun causing

fatalities among children. The activity of the armed bandits has worsened

problems with food production. Many scores of people have adopted a nomadic

existence, most of them fleeing from the terrorists. These people, the vast

majority of whom are peasants who are not productive, live on roots, tubers,

wild fruit, and leaves of herbaceous plants, as our reporter learned on a

visit to some of the most stricken localities.

In the vicinity of the provincial capital, Lichinga, where the green zones

have not yet been established, alternative foods are uncommon, and for most

of the population, they are confined to herbaceous plant leaves, better known

as "kimbongue," in the Ajaua language, and as "tuthuly," in Macua, or else,

at best, sweet potato leaves and little more.

But while people are living in this way in the Niassa capital, in other parts

of the province, especially the central, southern, and northern districts, the

living conditions are, in fact, even more difficult, owing to the acts of

sabotage and robbery being committed by armed bandits against the populace.

Thus, in many areas, the people are living almost exclusively on wild fruit,

tubers, and leaves of herbaceous plants, the names of which vary according to

the population groups which comprise Niassa's inhabitants.

In the districts where access is difficult, not only because of the armed

bandits, but also as a result of transportation problems, and from which the

party and state provincial agencies do not always receive regular information,

the food conditions have been described as very difficult by administrators

with whom our reporter conversed.

Death of Children

In.Lussanhando, slightly less than 15 kilometers from Lichinga, many children

have succumbed during the past few months for lack of food and owing to

56
diseases which, with the lack of sufficient medicines, go hand in hand with

famine, as was disclosed by the secretary of the communal village of the same

name, Armando Moda, deputy to the Provincial Assembly.

The children's deaths sometimes occur in the absence of their mothers, when the

latter are seeking something with which to feed their children. Armando Moda

remarked that there have never been such frequent deaths in this area, and ^

attributed the situation to the famine that is raging in many of the province s

districts, and especially in his locality.

The state of malnutrition among many children and some old.people, now without

protection from their families, makes them susceptible to various diseases.

In this locality (Lussanhando), in addition to eating "kimbongue," with little

or no nutritional value, the population wanders around the mountains in search

of a tuber considered to be highly poisonous, the preparation of which requires

great care.

In this search for.products in the brush, other population groups undertake

journeys lasting over a day, in search of supplies, often preferring to

surrender their own clothing in exchange for a few kilograms of corn or beans.

Unprecedented incidents occur daily in many parts of the districts, with situations as sad as that of mothers trading the cloth in which they wrap their

children for a can of corn.

The secretary of the communal village of Lussanhando, and deputy to the Provincial Assembly, Armando Moda, disclosed that a relative of his traded his

motorcycle 2 months ago for four cans of corn, "because he had nothing else

for himself or his family."

In the district of Mavago, north of Lichinga district, the famine situation is

worse, owing to the activity of the armed bandits, as the zone's administrator

revealed, adding that the population is trading blankets for half a can of

corn, and that there are familes without any more possessions for trading.

In addition to the well-known "kimbongue," the population is also living on

"mapetwa" and "massuco," the later a tasteless wild fruit. The excessive

consumption of the tuber and carelessness in its preparation have caused

deaths, according to the commander of a military unit stationed m Choulue,

Lt Sozinho Afonso Xinavane, a deputy to the Provincial Assembly.

Xinavane said that these are tubers which are generally plentiful in the mountains and, when consumed without taking the necessary precautions, cause

intoxication, followed by nausea and vomiting.

A member of the population described the precautions to be taken, noting that,

after being removed from the ground, the tuber is peeled, washed, cut into

pieces (as if it were cassava), and allowed to boil for an hour, after which

57
all the water is discarded and it is washed and boiled again. Only after

this second boiling for the same amount of time can the tuber be consumed,

also without any taste.

Situations such as these are repeated in many districts of Niassa, where,

despite the effort under way that has been expended by the Department to

Prevent and Combat Natural Diasasters, famine continues to exist in the

province.

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58
MOZAMBIQUE

CABO DELGADO FOOD SITUATION WORSENING

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 5 Jan 87 p 3

[Text] This year, Cablo Delgado Province may be devastated by one of the most

critical periods of food shortage, particularly in the city of Pemba, owing

to problems associated essentially with the meager agricultural production in

certain state enterprises and the agricultural marketing which, in many

districts, has not even amounted to 40 percent of the goals set, in view of

the lack of commodities for bartering. AGRICOM [Agricultural Products Marketing Company] planned to market 16,000 tons of various products, and only managed to procure slightly over 7,000 tons.

The AGRICOM warehouses in Pemba are virtually empty, at least insofar as corn

is concerned, and the situation is not much different in the case of the other

items of prime necessity. This situation was disclosed to our reporter by

the head of AGRICOM in that province, who was approached regarding a matter

related to the lack of corn sales at the Pemba stores.

According to that official, Cabo Delgado Province received no goods for the

agricultural marketing associated with last year.

The small amount of goods procured has resulted from the cooperation of the

cashew nut agencies, with the intervention of other organizations which

provided their goods, a surplus from the year before last.

The marketing was concentrated in the districts of Mueda and Namuno, where two

non-governmental foreign organizations, namely, CRIAA [French Research and

Investing Center for African and Asian Countries] and ARO [African Relief

Organization], have established agricultural marketing projects with the

provincial government of Cabo Delgado. The indexes on marketed products

clearly explain the situation, particularly in the case of corn: 942 tons in

Mueda and 2,522 in Namuno, in contrast to 1,537 for Montepuez, a. district

with the same agricultural potential as that of Mueda and Namuno.

There is still a large volume of goods to be marketed among the family sector.

AGRICOM, as its head revealed, is ready to continue the campaignj even beyond

the usual period, so as to collect the surplus production still to be made,

available, and to minimize a likely disaster already being felt in the provincial capital, which could become worse this year.

59
The AGRICOM agent remarked: "This will be the worst year for agricultural

marketing in Cabo Delgado, and I can assert that the lowest indexes of the

last 5 years have been reached." To illustrate this fact, that official

noted by way of example that the state sector alone should have contributed

a total of 6,000 tons, but only provided 3,500, of which only 100 were

received by AGRICOM. "It's a fact that we have no corn in the warehouses."

The lack of incentives for marketing will significantly affect the interdistrict trade, with the greatest effect on the city of Pemba, where no

goods have been received or they have been arriving in small amounts, compared

with what was stipulated in the plan and with the consumption requirements of

its residents.

The district of Namuno was supposed to send 600 tons of corn to Pemba, but

only 208 were delivered. Of the 334 tons of rice that Macomia was due to

send, it delivered only 15. Ancuabe had a plan for 30 tons of sorghum, but

sent only 5. According to the AGRICOM official, these are some of the data

illustrating the tragedy being experienced, which Pemba could face, with

regard to supplies of items of prime necessity to the population.

In view of these facts, also according to the provincial head of AGRICOM, some

problems resulting from the difficulties that have arisen with the marketing

are currently cropping up in Cabo Delgado. The district authorities express

skepticism regarding the shipment of agricultural products to Pemba, and fear

that serious problems will.necessarily be faced with the local supplies.

Moreover, an increasing movement of individuals to the districts for the

purpose of procuring products has been in evidence.

The AGRICOM agent said that this situation is quite serious. "The goods leave

the districts and enter Pemba in large amounts, Without our being able to

control them, because the official channels are not used. On the other hand,

we cannot do anything to prevent this situation," he remarked.

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60
MOZAMBIQUE

SUCCESS OF XAI-XAI'S SUPPLY SYSTEM DISCUSSED

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 6 Jan 87 p 3

[Text] There are several advantages from the supply system recently introduced

in the city of Xai-Xai, in Gaza Province; however, certain problems have arisen

regarding it, some of which could jeopardize the efficiency of the system if

they are not noted and corrected in a timely manner.

The first advantage cited is that the introduction of the system serves as a

catalyst for expanding a sound, "equitable" distribution of the little that

exists among all those who, by their effort, are helping to create the country s

future prosperity.

On the other hand, with the supply system, there has already been a decline in

the influx of unemployed proliferating in the city during working hours, waiting to purchase one product or another which might perchance show up for sale

in the stores. This situation was even causing some workers to leave their

work places, allegedly to form queues for the purchase of some product or

other.

To summarize, the advantages of the system are confined to the fact that one

cannot remember how long it has been since the population of the city of XaiXai entered a store to purchase a food product, particularly items of prime

necessity.

It is common knowledge in Xai-Xai that, before the introduction of the supply

system in this city, various products of prime necessity could be found for sale

on the parallel market at prices that only the black market scale could determine. Hence, the new measure has also emerged as a means for combating the

black market.

Moreover, it is known that the meager amounts of products of prime necessity

assigned to the city of Xai-Xai had also been surreptitiously used for requisitions, as well as in the notorious workers' social centers and tearooms.

It is no coincidence that, after a thorough study of the problems, the party

and government in Gaza decided to temporarily close some tearooms that did

not meet the requirements for such, confining themselves to merely receiving

foodstuffs and engaging in black marketing with them.

61
Resulting from the same study was the decision that the social centers should

eliminate the preparation of meals, keeping only.the right-to serve tea. In

both the first and second instance, the respective quotas of products were

added to the so-called "people's supply."

Consolidating the System

The consolidation of the supply system in effect in Xai-Xai is a pressing concern to us, because although some success has been achieved, there is still a

great deal to be done to make the system become the fulfillment of the dream

of many people.

According to official data, during this first phase, the system covers over

2,500 families, distributed among 24 commercial establishments, 12 of which

are consumer cooperatives.

Sugar, rice, edible pasta, soap, and edible oil are the items of prime necessity

covered by this system, during these first 6 months of its introduction.

However, in our view, it would appear that there are items which are recorded

only on paper, but which have never, thus far, been actually distributed to

the consumers; this holds true of cooking oil, flour, edible pasta and soap.

From appearances, there is a tendency toward monthly distribution of only rice

and sugar. Now, there is a question to be asked here: When the selection is

made of the products covered by the system, will there be a thorough study of

the existing resources and capacity to satisfy consumers?

Furthermore, we are Of the opinion that, although meat and beverages are not

covered by the system, an alternative should be found for doing so, whenever

possible, during holiday periods.

During the recent New Year's celebrations, we witnessed instances of the distribution of beer and soft drinks to the consumer cooperatives, which are given

quotas in the recently introduced supply system.

On the other hand, the private stores (numbering 12), with the same status,

rights, and obligations as the cooperatives in the new supply system, did not

receive any beverages; a fact which was detrimental to the consumers associated

with those establishments.

In fact, at the outset, credit should be given to the efficiency of the supply

system introduced in Xai-Xai. However, as one may infer, there is a need for

its consolidation, aimed at eliminating some irregularities which might create

certain upsets in the future.

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62
MOZAMBIQUE

NEW GRADUATES FROM BEIRA INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 6 Jan 87 p 3

[Text] During the academic year 1986, the 25 June Industrial School in Beira

graduated 70 technicians, including locksmiths, auto mechanics, construction

foremen, and lathe turner-milling machinists; despite the fact that the general

achievement was 39 percent, a relatively low figure. According to the director

of the aforementioned school, Julio Mavie, the change in the evaluation regulations was the main reason for the achievement rate attained by this establishment for technical-occupational training.

During previous years, the system for checking the students' achievement was

different, consisting of a constant evaluation during the course of the two

semesters of the school year.

In the opinion of the subject of our interview, this method gave the students

certain advantages, because they could receive low grades on the tests with

a chance of making up with the results attained during the course of the year.

Julio Mavie commented: "The final exams contain questions on the subject

matter taught during the first and second semesters; a method to which our

students are not yet accustomed, despite the notice issued at the beginning

of the academic year."

Hence, the achievement of the students finishing the course was 57 percent,

considered better than that of other classes at that school. The number of

those passing the second year course was 45 percent, and 31 percent in the case

of the first year students; a rate that will continue to bring into question the

plan for new students admitted to the school during the academic year 1987.

Julio Mavie, citing the achievement in the first year courses, said that the

fact that the students arrive on this level with shortcomings in their training

continues to be a cause for failures.

"For example, in the subject of drafting, some of our students began working

with a ruler for the first time when they came here; and so these students have

little chance of passing the course," noted Julio Mavie regretfully? adding

that the late arrival of the instructors of Portuguese and mathematics, basic

subjects, also contributed to the poor achievement recorded.

63
Meanwhile, owing to the lack of electric power, the usual practice classes

in the school's workshops were not held. However, the students in their

final year were given practice work in some enterprises which have generators,

so as to afford them a certain amount of practice that will better enable them

to cope with their occupational activity.

There has been no decision regarding the night course, inasmuch as the classes

stopped as.soon as the semester ended, for reasons of a lack of electric

power. Nevertheless, a decision on the matter is being awaited from the

sector's provincial directorate in Sofala.

Shop Equipment

As we reported at the time, the school received various types of shop equipment in connection with the cooperation between our country and.the USSR, in

the area of technical education. For example, all the rooms have been provided with new equipment that will enable the students to experience the reality

of their future occupation, through experience.

Meanwhile, all that is required for the subject of civil construction is the

building of a yard. This project cannot be started because, to date, there

has been no place in which to put the machines to be removed from the former

tool shop, the site selected for the construction of the yard.

The subject of our interview also reported that more equipment has been

arriving in the port of Beira, on behalf of the school, coming from the

Soviet Union; which indicates that the plan to equip the shops, devised by

the State Secretariat of Technical-Occupational Education, has not yet ended.

Improvements at the Business School

Meanwhile, the Amilcar Cabral Business School in Beira improved its general

educational achievement for the school year 1986 by 6 percent, in comparison

with the previous year, when it was 35 percent. A total of 46 students

completed their training, distributed among the special fields of secretarial,

accounting, and typing work.

The students in this educational establishment also had problems adjusting

to the new regulations for evaluation, in addition to some unanticipated

situations which occurred with the teaching staff for the typing course.

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64
MOZAMBIQUE

HUNDREDS OF COMMUTERS BENEFIT FROM NEW BUS SYSTEM

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 20 Jan 87 p2

[Text] Yesterday, a new urban public transport service went into operation,

evoking interest and curiosity and, more importantly, efficiently serving

hundreds of workers who have for a long time been arriving at work promptly

only with great difficulty. Perhaps because of the lack of information, there

was not much demand for the "Expresso" buses yesterday, but it increased as the

news circulated, and the users of the service did not begrudge it praise. At

the regular stops, on the streets, and next to the "Expresso" ticket booths,

the comments were aimed at the heavy blow that these runs will inflict on the

notorious "license plate 100" drivers; and there were some who recounted personal experiences in a loud voice, showing the advantages of this TPU [Urban Public

Transport] service which, moreover, carries its passengers in comfort and safety.

"This was the only solution to combat those with the 'license plate 100,'"

remarked one of the passengers on "Expresso's" Matola-Maputo route, to a group

of people traveling with him.

All were seated, exchanging wisecracks about this, and noting the speed with

which they had caught the bus, without lines, and the comfort in which they

were riding. We approached the group, and it was Abdul Satar Jafar Ibrahimo

was served as spokesman:

"I live right opposite the Matola terminal, and I work for the railroad. To

me, this was 'great luck,' because I was already considering selling my house

and going to live in Maputo, because of the transportation problem."

And, in view of the approval from the others, he continued:

"Now I think that the price of 50 meticals is a little high, particularly when

we consider the current wage level; but, compared with the 'license plate 100,'

Those with "license plate 100" were the "butt of jokes" yesterday in the conversations taking place on these runs. As someone remarked, "It has been many

years since people traveled so well disposed and talkative."

65
Rafael Samuel and Jose Manuel, two friends who were riding from Maputo to

Matola, caused general hilarity when they made jeering comments, after a truck

(recognized as one of those which exploit workers who need transportation)

went by with only three persons in the freight carrier.

Rafael Samuel said that what was necessary now was that people save the new

units, so that they can do the job for a long time. In his view, the price

is fair.

Rafael Samuel and Jose Manuel were heading for Matola, waiting for the bus on

the regular route at the Mounted Police stop, at the entrance to the motor

road.

Jose Manuel said: "When we saw the 'Expresso' go by, we remembered what we had

read in the newspaper. So, we caught a 'license plate 100' which took us for

100 meticals each, letting us off at Baixa, where we caught this 'Expresso.'

We are already here, and those who were waiting in line are still there."

It was, moreover, with.a certain amount of disbelief that many yesterday saw

buses arriving and leaving a few minutes later, keeping a preestablished schedule

and showing up at each terminal every 15 minutes.

At first, there was hurrying, and concern for having a ticket in one's hand and

seeing the bus leave. Later, calmness and confidence was restored, when they

all saw that no one was left behind, because another bus with available seats

was already arriving.

In addition to the quality of services offered, it was also pleasing to see the

proper appearance of the drivers, fare collectors, and inspectors, with their

new uniforms. The passengers' satisfaction was, for these workers, combined

with their pride in wearing the new uniforms. We hope that they will do them

honor, with the support of the public using their services.

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66
MOZAMBIQUE

NEW PASSENGER SHIP STARTS WEEKLY LINK TO MAJOR PORTS

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 20 Jan 87 p 3

[Text] Arriving today in the port of Beira is the passenger ship, "Estrela do

Mar," which will start making periodic connections between the cities of Maputo,

Inhambane, and Beira, facilitating transportation in the provinces of Maputo,

Inhambane, Sofala, and Manica.

The ship, which is entering service in our merchant marine, was leased from a

Greek shipowner who has been working with our country for several years; and it

is an experiment in this area of transportation that, if successful, could lead

Mozambique to acquire passenger vessels to improve service to the public.

Navique, the firm leasing the ship, noted that the "Estrela do Mar" will leave

Beira on 25 January, with passengers, stopping at Inhambane, and bound for

Maputo, where, on 1 February,.it will depart in the opposite direction, this

time for the esteemed maiden voyage.

The ship has a capacity for 300 passengers, distributed among four classes,

and 300 tons of cargo.

It has been many years since ships circulated in our coastal zone, serving

native passengers. In fact, the golden age of this type of transportation

(the 1950's) ended when the fleet of entirely Portuguese vessels began showing

signs of age, and was not replaced.

Mozambique has the best communications route of all times (the sea), and strategically located ports. However, it was not until after the conquest of national

independence that it started making a serious effort to create a merchant marine.

Today, we have coastal ships, with Mozambican crews trained by our Nautical

School.

In a country with such long distances, during recent years people have started

traveling mainly by air, an expensive method of transportation, with a small

capacity.

67
Now, the introduction of a ship with regular runs could immensely ease the

transportation situation and, at the same time, lend new life to ports such

as Inhambane, which will have to prepare to receive 400 persons a week,

arriving from Maputo,and a similar number coming from Beira.

For the travelers, in addition to having guaranteed transportation, with

weekly regularity, there are the advantages of a lower price than that for

air travel and being able to carry far more luggage with them.

The entry of this means of transportation into service will, at the outset,

make it possible to immediately remove all the cargo awaiting transport at

the freight terminal of the Mozambique Airlines.

Travel Facilities

Upon the entry of the "Estrela do Mar" into service, there will be many facilities at the passenger's disposal.

At present, the people have the opportunity to travel in one of the four classes

that the vessel offers,ranging from a stateroom with two beds, as well as a

cabin with four bunks or a room with a larger number of bunks, to an airplane

type seat, making it possible to rest during the trip.

Obviously, price will be the deciding factor for this option, with the certainty

that, whatever the choice, the time spent on the ship is not long. In fact,

it has been planned for the "Estrela do Mar" to take 23 hours from Maputo to

Inhambane, and the same length of time from the latter city to the port of

Beira. The passengers in transit at Inhambane may have 6 hours free to tour

this city, thereby increasing tourism.

Another advantage to be considered in this type of transportation is the possibility of traveling with baggage. In fact, each passenger may carry up to 100

kilograms of cargo in the hold, and another 10 kilograms as hand baggage, all

included in the price of the fare.

For example, for those who are moving, along this route, it is now possible to

be accompanied by all their furniture, on that occasion, because the weight

allowable for a family makes this practice possible.

The "Estrela do Mar" is geared to our coast, and can go to any port in our

country. Its crew of 25 men consists of five foreigners (including the commander) , who represent the .shipowner. All the other officers and sailors are

Mozambicans, trained at our Nautical School, who have had previous practice on

other vessels.

To become adapted to the ship, the Mozambican crew went to Greece, from which

they traveled on the "Estrela do Mar,"arriving in Beira today, after having

received special training for the ship.

68
A source from Navique told us that the ship would remain under a lease based

on an experimental system, with a concern for checking on how it adapts to

our waters, where strong currents occur. The establishment of a schedule

depends essentially on the ship's performance under the local conditions.

The "Estrela do Mar" is relatively new, but has been completely checked, and

its fitness for sailing has been assured by our maritime safety authorities

who, in order to inspect it, also went to Greece before the signing of the

leasing contract. But.the fact that its safety is guaranteed does not mean

that it can make the average speed that has been established (it might even

reach a higher speed), without being tested under the conditions of our waters;

which will begin during this first voyage from Beira to Maputo, with a

connection in Inhambane.

2909

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69
MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

DPCCN RECEIVES AID—During 1986, the People's Republic of Mozambique received

food assistance from non-governmental international organizations worth at least

$30 million, as our reporter learned from the. Department to Prevent and Combat

Natural Disasters [DPCCN], the receipient of the aforementioned aid. The

director of the Department to Prevent and Combat Natural Disasters, Amos Mahanjane, said that it was a raising of the consciousness in the international

community of the fact that our population needed aid not only because of the

occurrence of disasters, but also, primarily as a result of the fostering of

terrorism, that brought about a larger volume of assistance endorsed by governments and non-governmental groups to our people, coming from various nations

of the world. The aid, assessed at $30 million, relates to the shipment of

goods sent to DPCCN in brand-new condition, and with a notation of its value

per unit of weight or per finished item. The Mozambican agency received other

goods, namely, used clothing and means of production to rehabilitate the lives

of the people affected by disasters or displaced by terrorism. Other assistance

to help victims of disasters and terrorism was received in Mozambique by humanitarian and religious organizations, expanding the volume of aid provided to

our country by the international community from various locations, which offered

to finance logistical means for the most rapid delivery of the aid to the needy

persons. In view of the intensified suffering of the individuals affected, the

assigned agencies are attempting more systematic work to make the assistance

improve the population's conditions and benefit them. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS

in Portuguese 6 Jan 87 p 8] 2909

CSO: 3442/78

70
TANZANIA

PRESIDENT EXPRESSES CONCERN OVER RISING PRICES

Dar es Salaam TANZANIA DAILY NEWS in English 10 Jan 87 p 1

[Text]

PRliSIDLNT Mwinyi yesterday

expressed concern over the.

escalating prices of poods in the

country and called on bodies

concerned to check the trend.

He said public institutions

should be cost conscious when

fixing prices for the lowincome earners the peasants

and the workers ■■- can buy the

goods, Shiliala reported.

The President was speaking to

a delegation of the Board of

Directors of the National Distributors Limited (NDI.) at the

State House in Dar es Salaam

vesterdav morning.

The NDI. delegation, led by

Board Chairman David llolela,

had called on the President to

present to him the NDL's performance report for l')86 and its

programme of action for this

year, and beyond.

Presenting the report, Ndugu

Holela said the NDI. was asking

for-permission to buy a number

of consumer items, such as maize

and sugar, direct from the regional co-operative unions and

factories to cut down the prices

paid by the consumer.

The President'said he had to

consider safeguarding the welfare of the peasants and workers

and ensuring the economic security of public institutions.

However, he stressed that the

producer and service institutions

must be cost conscious so that

the end product could be easily

available lo and afforded by the

people.

Ndugu I lolela, who is also the

Secretary General of the Cooperative Union of Tanzania

(Washirika) and member of the

Parlv National Hxeculive Committee (NLC), said in the report

that the NDI- planned to establish retail shops, super markets

and department stores in Dar es

Salaam City as part, of a long

term expansion programme.

The President hailed this as a

very imaginative undertaking bv

the NDL, but stressed that intent

must be proved by action.

In its long-term plans, the

NDL also plans to have its own

wheat and animal feeds mills, a

bakery, and will engage in

export trade, according to the

report.

The NDL presented the PKSI

dent 100,000/- to assist Mo/am

bicans in their struggle against

the South African-backed MNR

bandits.

It also presented another

l(K),0(K)/- towards the Presidential Fund for Self-Rcliance.

Thanking the NDI. tor its con

tribution, President Mwinyi

hailed the NDL's role in ensuring that th'^rc was ndcurat'- '""d

supply for Dar es Salaam iv-si

dents.

/9274

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71.
TANZANIA

NYERERE SEES INCOMPETENCE AS WEAKNESS AFFECTING PARTY

Dar es Salaam TANZANIA DAILY NEWS in English 15 Jan 87 p 1

[Article by Balinagwe Mwambungu]

[Text]

Till-; Party Chairman, Mwaliuui

Nycrerc. said ycsteiday that

incompetence is one of the

weaknesses affecting the I'arty.

lie called on leaders to monitor

the progiess of Party cells and

branches by regular visits and

discussions with meinbeis.

Addressing members at the

Saba Saba grounds in Lindi,

Mwaliimi said a weak Party

could not be supreme and

defend the nation nor engineer

progiess.

Mwalimu said independence

' and progress could not be given

on a silvei platter, but the people

must fight and strive for tlionji.

Pointing out that if the Party

fulfilled its role of defending the

country's sovereignty and

becoming the vanguard of

development, Mwalimu Nye re re

said the Party would have

cicalcd for itself a very strong

base.

lie said the Party must train

good and committed leaders at

grassioot level in order to

achieve the two objectives.

Giving an example of the

Church, Mwalimu said it trained

catcchisls whose primary role

was lo motivate and teach

church ideals to members.

He said parish priests normally visited such little congiegations and held prayers with

them, listened to their problems

and encouraged them to persevcic.

Mwalimu said the Pailv must

follow such an example if it

wanted to become a strong force

and direct the countiy's destiny

lo Socialism.

He warned that if it failed to

do so, power hungry elements

could seize power and abolish

the democratic system the I'arty

had established.

He urged membcis to ensure

that there was active leadership

at cell and branch level and that

members held regular meetings

as stipulated in the Constitution

"even if members meet under

a tree".

Harlier. Mwalimu praised

primary school teachers all over

the country for teaching and

intcrpieling the Party ideals

through songs.

lie said Tanzanians had been

politicised through songs taught

to prinuuy school childien. He

encouraged teachers to cany on

the 'good job".

Mwalimu said this after hearing a song about the project to

revitalise the Party and another

on the history of the stiuggle for

Ulmni. 'I'hc songs were sung by

Msinjihili Primary School and

the Tanzania Youth Organisation regional group.

Mwalimu met the Lindi Urban

District Political Committee and

received 115,825/- being the district's contribution to the Party

head office fund in Dodoma.

lie also presented cards to 72

new members.

Meanwhile, Mwalimu (old

Mvuleni villagers in l.indi rural

to refuse to vacate the area they

are occupying because they had

followed procedures when they

settled at the village which is a

former sisal estate earlier.

Mwalimu who was answering

questions from leaders at the end

of his five day tour of l.indi Keg

ion, said Tanzanians should

reject any attempts to belittle

them by either individuals or In

their own government.

He said if it was true that the

Kikwetu Sisal Hstatc had been

abandoned since l%8 only to be

claimed in 1987. the Govern -

inent had all reasons not to grant

the ownei the certificate of i ight

ot occupancy.

Mwalimu repeated the call

he made in Kagera in September last year that local governments should explain to the

people the decisions they make

even if those decisions were

unpopular.

Answering a question on

development levy. Mwalimu

said theie was no government

whose people did not pay

taxes. He admitted that the

Government had made a mistake in abolishing local governments and taxes because the

Cential Government could not

continue to carry the heavy

burden of sending services the

people without their own contribution.

Mwalimu leaves l.indi this

morning for Masasi District to

start a five-day torn of Mtwara

Region.

/9274

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72
TANZANIA

MINISTRY PLANS BIOGAS PROJECT FOR DAR ES SALAAM

Dar es Salaam TANZANIA DAILY NEWS in English 10 Jan 87 p 3

[Article by Stella Chahika],

[Text]

A UIOGAS project for the subuiban

areas of Oar es Salaam will be

launched later this year by the Ministry of'Encrgv and Minerals in collaboration with'the German Agency for

Technical Co-operation ((iTZ).

The project is expected to start in

Kinondoni District, and later expand

to llala arid Tcmeke districts. Ndugu

Estomih Sawe. an official with the

Ministry, said in an interview in Oar

es salaam yesterday.

Applicants will be selected after

filling in qucstionares. Ndugu Sawe

said.

The project is part of the Special

Energy Programme, an agreement

between Tanzania and the Federal

Republic of Germany, to develop

new and rc-ncwable sources ol

energy, as well as industrial energy

conservation.

According to Ndugu Sawe. who is

responsible for the programme in the

Ministry, biogas is an inflammable.

colourless and odourless substance

which provides its users with cooking

gas and acts as a source of light,

icplaeing charcoal, kerosene and

electricity.

The gas is produced by a plant

whose input is animal and plant

residue. Another by-product is fertilizer which is high in nitrogen content.

The type of plant to be used is a

Chinese household model which

requires special construction skills,

Ndugu Sawe said. "The plant is

made of cement and bricks, and is

installed underground. Hut if not

properly built, it will lead to leakage

because ol the high pressure inside"

he explained.

The Ministry, therefore, will send

masons and technicians for training

in Arusha where the Centre for

Agricultural Mechanization and

Rural Technology under the Ministry of Industries and trade in collaboration with (iTZ, have been constructing biogas plants for about

three veals.

In January 1985, a department of

energy was established in the Ministry of Encigy and Minerals, which

took over the programme.

Ndugu Sawe explained that tlicic

was much demand for the plants, but

these could not be met because of

lack of adequately trained staff to

build such plants.

"We plan to expand to Kilimanjaro and Kagcfa regions", he said,

"but need to train more people*.

The training programme in

Arusha will extend to a period of

about six months. Implementation

of the programme in bar es Salaam

should begin after that.

The Chinese plant model costs

from 20,000/- to 30.OOU7- fo .onstruct. "Construction costs are the

only constraint", Ndugu Sawe said,

adding that "it is almost maintenance free, when projierly built. It

has a lifespan of over 30 years aiid is

very economical, saving the user

from electricity bills".

/9274

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73
TANZANIA

EDITORIAL PRAISES ZANZIBAR EFFORTS TO REVIVE INDUSTRY

Dar es Salaam TANZANIA DAILY NEWS in English 14 Jan 87 p 1

[Text]

FROM an economy geared

mainly to producing cloves,

spices and coconuts tor

export with most of the consumer and production needs

met by imports, Zanzibar

has todate developed an

industrial sector that is playing a crucial role in the

development of her

economy.

The Zanzibar economy

would have remained a classic export-import one but

for the 1964 revolution that

saw a fast industrialisation

plan being undertaken in an

effort to diversify the

economy and reduce the

import bill.

Under the plan, a number

(»f major industries were set

up, including those of shoemaking, sugar, textiles, soft

drinks, a small-scale industrial estate and others.

However, as a result of the

current economic difficulties, brought about by falling agricultural production, lower prices for

exports and ever-rising

import bill, most of the

industries were forced either

1«) close down or operate well

below installed capacity,

leading to acute shortages of

consumer items.

The major bottleneck has

been lack of foreign

exchange to procure such

vital items as inputs and

spare parts or replacement

of worn-out machinery.

The importance of the

industrial sector to national

development cannot be

over-emphasised. Apart

from producing goods at

reasonable prices to meet

the people's needs, industries also contribute to the

government through sales

tax on goods produced and

other statutory levies to the

treasury.

Industrie.'., it should be

remembered, also provide a

major source of employment

for both trained and skilled

personnel.

It is against this

background that we warmly

welcome the announcement

by the Zanzibar President,

Ndugu Iclris Abdul Wakil,

on Mondav of the resolve of

the Revolutions» y Government to revive the industrial

sector through government

resources as well as local and

foreign private capital.

The announcement could

not have come at a bitter

time than now when we aic

in the midst of lehabilitaling

our battered economy, the

industrial sector being one

of the worst affected.

The doubling of industrial

production will not only

ensure the availability of

consumer items but also the

calling back of workers sent

on compulsory unpaid leave

thus motivating the people

to fully participate in the

national economic iccovciy

programme.

While calling for favourable participation of both

local and foieign parlies in

the endeavour to revive the

industrial sector, it is mil

sinceie hope that the move

would be coupled with

increased production in

other sectors of the

economy, especially agriculture, for its success.

/9274

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74
PRIEST ALLEGES NRA ABUSES IN ACHOLI

UGANDA

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 9 Jan 87 p 13

[Text] THE admission by Uganda's President

Yoweri Museveni last week that some of

his troops have behaved badly towards

civilians in northern Uganda was only a

confirmation that the conduct of his

troops has deteriorated since he took

power early last year. Discipline was, in

fact, the most significant attribute of

Museveni's soldiers when he took power

and their behaviour toward civilians was

often contrasted with that of previous

regimes' troops, who had a reputation for

committing atrocities. Since Museveni's

troops began .fighting with rebels in

northern Uganda in August of last year,

however, reports have indicated that the

National Resistance Army soldiers were

becoming increasingly hostile towards the

civilians in the area. Museveni said that it

was only a few soldiers who misbehaved

by looting civilian property and added

that those responsible had already been

arrested and punished.

The matter is not that simple, however,

at least according to a Catholic priest

from Acholi District, who called at The

Weekly Review offices early this week.

The priest, who requested anonymity,

said he had just returned from Patongo

town in Acholi, where he was working

with the local Catholic mission. His

description of the situation in the area

was reminiscent of the stories that used to

be told of the famous Luwero Triangle

during the rule of former president Milton

Obote. According to him, much of Acholi

District has become a war zone in which

the civilian population has been displaced. The priest narrated his own

experience in Patongo and Kalongo towns

which the warring factions have been

fighting to control. He said that government troops have been setting villages

and farms on fire, killing civilians

indiscriminately and detaining and torturing young men, including school boys

on the grounds that they are assisting the

rebels. Large areas he said, are now

devoid of civilian population because

thousands have fled to the bush where

some are dying due to the lack of food

medical care and shelter. The priest said

that Uganda's media has not been

reporting the facts of the situation in the

north because of government censure and

he appealed to other African governments

and international bodies to plead for the

preservation ofhuman rights in the are«

The Ugandan government has,

however, warned against foreign interference in the area. During a New Year

radio broadcast, Museveni told the nation

that the guerrilla rebellion in the north

was in the final stage of being crushed and

warned against foreign interests trying to

support it. Predicting thatthe rebel forces

would be wiped out within four or five

months, Museveni said that government

troops were in the final stage of a threephase plan to wipe out the rebels. The

first stage, he said, was to prevent the

rebels from capturing towns and other

strategic centres, the second was to place

strong garrisons of troops at strategic

points to ensure that the rebels did not

gain control of any part of Ugandan

territory and the third, currently in

progress, was to mop up the remnants of

rebel forces. The implementation of this

strategy seems to be ill-conceived,

however, as far as civilian populations in

the north are concerned. The reality of the

matter now is that if the reported

atrocities turn out to be true, Museveni's

image in the north will be no better than

that which Obote and his army had in

southern Uganda during the four-year

bush war. The result is that such a situation will only intensify the war making

the end of civil strife in Uganda an even

more distant possibility.

/13104

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75
UGANDA

'BOY SOLDIERS' DEMOBILIZED, SENT TO SPECIAL ACADEMIES

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 23 Jan 87 p 21

[Text] MONDAY of this week was back-toschool day for the hundreds öf Ugandan

child soldiers who interrupted their

formal education take up arms and fight

in President Yoweri Museveni's National

Resistance Army (NRA), Reuters reported. The children, known locally by the

colloquial Swahili word bakadogo (little

ones), have received their demobilisation

orders from NRA headquarters after up to

five years of guerrilla war against the

government of deposed president Dr.

Milton Obote. An NRA spokesman in

Kampala said the youngsters, some of

them under 10 years old, should put aside

their guns, take off their army uniforms

and report to one of two special military

academies to resume formal schooling.

Any kadogo found roaming around armed

or in uniform without a pass from his or

her school would be liable to arrest and

disciplinary action by the security forces,

he added.

The NRA order ends a lengthy debate

in Uganda on the future of the child

soldiers and widespread public criticism

of Museveni's government for allowing

them to carry out law and order duties

almost a year after the NRA came to

power. International organisations like

the UN children's fund, Unicef nave

added, their voices to a campaign for reintegrating the children into civilian i;fe

Museveni has tried to answer critics by

saying his guerrilla force did not set outto

recruit the bakadogo. "Many children

were abandoned and left helpless when

their parents or guardians were massacred

by Obote's murderous soldiers," he said

last year. NRA soldiers felt they had a

duty to provide them with food and

security and, as they moved through the

bush alongside the guerrillas, the children

learned to use guns and protect themselves, he added at a news conference.

Soldiers who fought in the NRA campaign

said the bakadogo played an important

part in intelligence gathering by posing as

innocent children and, in some cases, they

fought successfully against indisciplined

troops who underestimated their ability.

Since Museveni came to power in

January, 1986, the consensus in Uganda

has been that the young guerrillas should

go back to school. But opinion was

divided on whether they should mix with

other children or go to special institutions

of their own. Many teachers and parents

opposed mixing them with other children

on the grounds that they would be unruly

and pass on militaristic ideas to their

classmates. Even Ugandan prime

minister Samson Kisekka failed to secure

a place in a Kampala school for his

favourite kadogo, knowh as Lieutenant

Mawejje, sources close to his office said.

The two military academies are in the

NRA barracks at Mbarara, 150 miles

south-west of Kampala, and Bombo, 20

miles north of the capital, with each

school teaching a distinct syllabus. The

Bombo group will concentrate on the

traditional primary and secondary

syllabus, while the Mbarara school puts

the emphasis on military training, the

NRA spokesman said.

The bakadogo themselves have shown

little enthusiasm for a return to classroom

life after years of adult adventure in the

bush. Child soldiers interviewed in the

streets of Kampala said that if they had

the choice they would prefer further

military training to any academic studies.

/13104

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76
ZAMBIA

JOURNALIST REPORTS ON COUNTRY'S LACK OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES :i.n English 18 Jan 87 p 8

[Article by Stephan Terblanchc]

[Text]

AS THE banned African National Congress celebrated 75 years of struggle in Lusaka, Zambia,

last week, its leaders praised tiije host country as a

shining example of the liberation-of the African

continent.

And as the political rhetoric and 'the pomp and

ceremony continued, conditions in "liberated"

Zambia cried out for comparison with its hated and

much-needed neighbour

to the south — South

Africa.

For while there are many

stark disparities — both good

and bad — between the two

countries, there are many similarities, too.

In one area alone, Zambia

has risen to a level far above

South Africa. Race relations

in this impoverished country

could serve as a model to the

entire continent.

Friendly

Ordinary Zambians, warm

and friendly people with few

chips on their shoulders,

show no animosity toward

South Africans, even if they

are white, and despite the

Zambian media's continuous

propaganda against the "racists'' in South Africa.

People of every description and colour mingle freely

and effortlessly in bars, restaurants and hotels.

But that is where the positive face of Zambia ends. As

President Kenneth Kaunda

and his aides arrived in expensive cars amid extreme

security measures at the Mulungushi Hall to address the

ANC's 75th anniversary gathering, the hardships of daily

life continued outside in the

streets.

While their president was

busy emotionally discharging his "elder statesman's"

advice to almost the entire

world and lashing out at

South Africa in no uncertain

terms, ordinary Zambians

were hesitant, sometimes

visibly afraid, to discuss politics and political unrest in

their own country.

The Zambian media — two

major daily newspapers and

the television and radio services — present news in ä

way that makes the South

African Press appear totally

free by comparison.

While there are no dissenting voices, the ruling and

only legal political partv,

tJNIH, is always presented in

a favourable light. Its decisions and actions, and those

of its leader, arc never questioned or criticised.

Television news broadcasts are devoted almost entirely to interviews with

President Kaunda, airing his

views on anything from birth

control to solar healing and

praiseworthy Soviet efforts

at nuclear disarmament.

In common with their colleagues at the SABC, Zambian television journalists

seem unaware of serious

political unrest in their own

country, or possibly they arc

served by their own Bureau

for Information.

Corruption

While Kaunda and the ANC

celebrate in lavish style, ordinary Zambians bend under

harsh economic conditions.

Labourers earn in the region of H25 a month; security

personnel around K60; white

I collar workers start at

around R100 per month.

77
There arc no luxuries, and

even basic commodities are

scarce. Most products are

imported from South Africa.

Medical facilities are poor

and private doctors' surgeries lining the road going

north out of Lusaka look like

filthy bazaars.

Drinking water is consumed only at the risk of falling ill. Health problems are

rampant, including a devastating spread of AIDS.

Lacking proper public

transport facilities, taxis are

in abundance. But travellers

risk their lives in cars that

fall apart from a lack of

spares, and taxi owners are

forced to crack their own

windscreens to prevent them

being stolen. i

Crime and corruption are

at a premium and police

seem interested in little else

than catching drug smugglers and South African

"spies", n

While Houghton homes in

South Africa have their cus-,

tomary guard dogs and radio-controlled gates, the

homes of the more affluent in

Lusaka have private security

guards, high cement walls

topped with broken bottles

and floodlights that burn all

night.

But while ordinary "liberated" Zambians live under

these conditions, President

Kaunda, speaking at Mulungushi Hall, calls for increased sanctions against

South Africa.

There could be sound political reasons why he would

wish to destroy the material

abundance in South Africa,

but no reason can be found as

to why Kaunda would want to

destroy the little he has left

in his own country.

FAye1idays /lj| ^Zambia

«roved ,'beypnd iJoubt that

Souttt-Jfrlca'wbuldjhave no>

need'for guns.and bombs in

retaliation -*; Pretoria would,

merely have to cut off the

flow of essential goods and

Zambia Would die overnight.

But Zambia also has much

in common with South

Africa. Journalists arriving

to cover the ANC celebrations were immediately

briefed not to travel outside

Lusaka or .to file any reports

on Zambia. Hoadblocks ringing th*>; city/make tms impos-'

sible anjjjiöV.

. The] fäawml Widespread

'Rplitt»)P.(U««St. in Zambia,

especiauyon the Copperbelt

to theTwrvt after Kaunda increased the price of maize to1 meet demands by Zambia's

creditors; Local newspapers

do not report on the situation,

and foreign journalists are

not allowed to see for themselves. Heavily-armed soldiers are evident everywhere.

A burning Soweto or rioting Nyamp: .could «asily be

but 'thcrei in; öle Zambian

bush,,tutäff frön« the world.

Many Schools, £hd colleges

;were; closed after; earlier ri-

?:otingVfta"d>o announcements

! advise stWerits\'When they

can retunfaftcr paying fines.

But there are no education

crisis committees in Zambia.

In fact there are no political

dissidents. Locals say they

are filling the jails, or else

they are in hiding. Kaunda,

they say, tolerates no opposition in liberated, democratic

Zambia. . And there is no end in sight.

Taxi drivers tell how they

fear mass political revolt if

another expected fuel price

increase is announced. As it

is, there is much dissatisfaction over the continuing fuel

shortages.

In one hotel a Somalian

truck driver last week drunkenly voiced his annoyance at

being stranded without fuel

in Lusaka for several days.

And the paranoia resulting

from the political unrest was

comically demonstrated as

Kaunda spoke about South

African sanctions in Mulungushi Hall.

Outcry

Three distant explosions

caused his aides to suffer

several minutes of extremely

visible anxiety.:. were these

South African raiders or

local political dissidents? It

was anybody's guess.

No answers were forthcoming.

Strangely, nobody objected

to this state of affairs. Yet,

that same evening, as Zambian television announced

the expulsion from South

Africa of a foreign correspondent, there was something of an outcry about this

action from foreign correspondents who had travelled

there from Johannesburg.

/9317

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78
SOUTH AFRICA

MINISTER: SCHOOL BOYCOTTS HAVE BACKFIRED

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 28 Jan 87 p .15

[Article by Sue Leeman]

t

[Text]

School boycotts have backfired by producing "a whole

generation of illiterates, Enumerates and misfits", according to Deputy Minister of Education and Training,

Mr Sam de Beer.

Paying a visit to Mamelodi near Pretoria yesterday,

Mr de Beer said the DET had tried to sort out pupils'

grievances.

"But as certain matters were attended to, so other

'demands' were added, many of them going outside the

department's jurisdiction, for example the release of

detainees and the unbanning of Cosas," he said.

"Some of you will be all too familiar with tactics

which ranged from the abuse of teachers to the open

use of alcohol and drugs on school premises and the

outbreak of vandalism and violence."

Mr de Beer said the result was "a whole generation

who, in the normal course of events, should have been

the leaders and shapers of the brave new worlds they

think they are creating but who, in fact, will be among

the ranks of the also-rans, the camp followers, because

they lack the necessary education, skills and knowledge that are required of leaders".

Mr de Beer said surveys showed that 93 percent ol

black parents wanted to see their children's education

continue uninterrupted. But there was now pressure

for black parents to take their children out of private

schools as well as state institutions.

This, he said, had resulted in the closure of Sowetos

Pace Commercial College and Immaculata High

School. Among the reasons for the closure of these facilities was that parents did not involve themselves

closely enough in the school.

"Pupil power" then took over and pupils used threats

to close the schools.

This rift between adult and child, he said, had been

"carefully engineered by third parties. Their policy is

to destroy everything that is near and dear to you and

me: our family life and our moral principles. " Mr de Beer added: "In spite of the blaze of publicity

given to the boycotts by the media, only two percent of

our 7 362 schools were seriously disrupted (in 1986) and

something like four percent of the total number of

school-going children absented themselves from

school".

He said the media had also ignored the fact that the

number of trained teachers passing through universities and education colleges every year was growing

"by leaps and bounds".

"For instance, in 1984, there were 1916 third year

students enrolled at colleges. In 1985 the figure increased to 2 330.

"Ignored also is the fact that the 1985 census reflects

401 black doctors, 166 black engineers and 352 black

lawyers as registered practitioners — all products of

the 'infamous' DET."

The mayor of Mamelodi, Mr Bennett Ndlazi, said the

security forces had "played an invaluable role in our

area last year in protecting those children who were

interested in learning.

"Conclusive evidence that those who were bent on

destroying our children's future were only hooligans,

masquerading as political activitists, is the call late

last year by various black political, community and

church organisations that pupils return to school this

year."

/9317

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79
SOUTH AFRICA

CAPE AEMDÖSTRATOR VIEWS BLACK HOUSING SHORTAGE

Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 24 Dec 86 p 11

[Article by provincial reporter: "Gene Louw on Cape's Money ShortageMillions Needed for Black Houses."]

[Text] There is a serious housing shortage in black communities in the Cape,

and the Provincial Administration needs at least one billion rands immediately

to provide housing and necessary services which have become hygienically and

humanly indispensable, Mr Gene Louw, Administrator of the Cape, told DIE

BÜRGER yesterday. In an interview on the Administration's new responsibility

for black local management and development, Mr Ioow said there is a shortage

of about 40,000 dwelling units for blacks in the Western Cape alone, including

Paarl, Somerset-West and Stellenbosch. "It is clear that we will have to

institute an intensive 3-to-5-year development plan for black townships, and

we will have to involve the private sector in this," Mr Louw said.

The Provincial Administration took over the responsibility for black housing

and other development services from the Department of Constitutional

Development and Planning starting in October of this year. This affects about

three million people, and the Administration and its Executive Committee

immediately visited the Western, Northern and Eastern Cape to familiarize

themselves with conditions. The conclusion that they came to is that there is

a big lag in dwelling units for blacks. It is estimated that about 100,000

dwelling units are needed at present in order to eliminate squatting,

cvercrowding and backyard habitation.

Approach

Mr Louw said there is just as great a lag in creating the necessary

infrastrucure, such as accesses to roads and networks for sewage, storm water

draining and water supply. These are services which, among other things,

assure hygiene and are of cardinal iimportance to the well-being of the whole

community. "At present there is only one water faucet for every 10 dwelling

units in some townships, which is hopelessly too few," Mr Louw said. The

Administration will try to approach the matter anew and differently and see

whether it cannot solve the problem successfully.

80
As for the lag in the development of housing in the Western Cape, it looks as

though another 40,000 lots can be developed in Khayelitsha before that area

reaches a saturation point. Mr Iouw said the Administration needs about one

billion rands immediately in order to meet all the dwelling and infrastructure

needs. "Hie problem, however, is that, even though one gets the money, one is

still sitting with large numbers of unemployed people, and those people cannot

pay for the services on a monthly basis." Morover, the Administration also

assumed millions of rands of debt along with the Development Boards, stemming

from overdue service money among other things. "We will have to involve the

private sector and negotiate with the government about money to develop the

necessary housing and services. But I am optimistic that the government

realizes how necessary that work is," Mr Iouw said.

Goal

In the meantime another interesting thing happened which affects the

Administration's burden. The number of squatters which about six months ago

were still streaming into the Western Cape in the thousands each month has

diminished considerably. The number now stand at about 1,000 per month.

"Apparently the unrest, shortage of job opportunities and the fact that it

rained in Ciskei and Transkei is playing a big role in the decrease." Mr Iouw

said it is a hopeless task to offer advanced housing to all squatters

immediately, but in the Eastern Cape, where the biggest need is, the

Administration's first goal is to provide people with serviced lots—

surveyed, with access to roads and water and a toilet. A squatter can then

squat in a regulated manner on one corner of the lot, while at a training

center for unemployed persons he learns how to build his house himself on the

other corner of the lot. About 100 million rands is being spent at present on

township development and self-built houses in the Eastern Cape.

Mr Louw said he is very impressed with the success being achieved in the

training of unemployed persons and the providing of work. Millions of rands

have already been spent in the Western Cape to train unemployed persons to

make their own bricks, window and door frames and other building material, and

build houses with them. An example of the work being done is the erection of

the economic Greyling houses, which are being put up by trained "unemployed

persons" for between 5,000 and 7,000 rands. He said a similar sub-economic

[sic] house is being erected in the Eastern Cape, where 43 million rands are

being spent on creating jobs in 64 townships, and about 56,000 unemployed

persons are involved.

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81
SOUTH AFRICA

PSA, GOVERNMENT ENTER PAY RAISE NEGOTIATIONS

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 29 Jan 87 p 10M

[Article by Michael Chester]

t

[Text]

The pay trends of no fewer than

1556 000 government employees

may be at stake as the Public

Servants' Association (PSA)

enters negotiations with the

Government over wage demands for across-the-board increases of 15 percent for the

civil service.

The PSA team enters the

talks as representatives of a

mere 150000 white workers engaged by central government.

But that shows only the tip of an

iceberg.

By tradition, any new pay

scales that may emerge will automatically be passed on to another 230 000 central government employees drawn from

other race groups in central

government. Increases normally

also filter through to public servants at provincial administration level — with an Influence

that goes down to municipal

level.

The PSA estimates that no

fewer than 830000 government

employees will be involved in

the direct impact of the general

pay adjustments that will be

under discussion.

In turn, the final decision will

have an indirect Influence on

pay trends over the entire public sector — whose overall labour force numbers above 1,5

million, when the total is swollen by counting everyone in public service, from nurses in provincial hospitals to postal workers and meter maids to university professors.

Whatever the outcome of the

PSA talks, it will generate renewed controversy over the cost

and efficiency of the civil service, a sour point with taxpayers, who end the day footing the

bill.

That, of course, is aside from

inevitable cynical suspicions

that any decision on pay increases may be intended as a

political sweetener ahead of the

approaching general election.

The temptation to buy votes

with salary increases, at the expense of rekindling inflation, has

already been noted by the Bureau for Economic Research at

Stellenbosch University.

(The BER commented: "Perhaps indirect stimulation of the

economy, via tax relief, will accomplish more by winning the

support of not only the public

but also the private sector.")

What has jolted the PSA, however, was the advice recently

handed to the Government by

Mr Lawrence McCrystal, chairman of the Board of Trade, to

impose price and income restraints in a new bid to counter

inflation — advice that is bound

to be on the minds of negotiators at the pay talks.

Civil service reaction to advice from the Afrikaanse Handelsinstituut to clamp a threeyear freeze on salaries and

wages of State employees, along

with mining company employees, as an anti-inflationary

mechanism, can be best described as horror.

Dr Colin Cameron, president

of the PSA, remains convinced

. he can deliver persuasive argu-

; ments that the pay scales of

public servants have lagged far

behind the wages spiral in the

private sector and that increases are crucial.

An independent source of support on that score alone is PE

Corporate Services, the Johannesburg consultancy which monitors pay trends in the private

sector.

Where agreement comes to a

sharp halt, however, is discus

sion about the justification for

the mushroom expansion in the

size of the public sector.

"Public servants have a sound

platform for arguments that

they deserve reasonable inI creases," says Miss Naomi

Brehm, manager of PE salary

surveys. "But it is vital that a

simultaneous examination is

82
made of the horrendous growth

of the public sector labour

force."

Miss Brehm has compiled statistics showing that the average

basic salaries of white workers

in the private sector increased

by 232 percent over the 10-year

span from mid-1976 to mid-1986

— but even then lagged behind

an inflation spiral that bounded

255 percent higher.

Black workers on average

saw their pay packets swell by

357 percent, Asians by 294 percent and coloureds by 259 percent.

Over the identical 10 years,

according to the PSA, central

government employees had general salary adjustments — applicable to workers of all race

groups — that trailed behind

with raises that amounted to

only 117,5 percent.

Moreover, Mr C H J van

Rensburg, deputy manager of

the PSA, believes the wage gap

between the private and public

sector threatens to grow even

wider on information that

44 percent of employers in the

private sector intend to hoist

wages by between 10 and

12,5 percent in the current year

and that 42 percent of them are

braced to thicken pay packets

by between 12,5 and 18 percent.

PE Corporate Services has

conducted its own salaries survey which agrees, in general

terms, with the figures.

"PSA demands for increases

of around 15 percent look quite

reasonable in view of the rate of

inflation," says Miss Brehm.

"Even that will fail to match the

inevitable rises in the consumer

price index.

"There's a lot of mythology

about the value of widescale

perks in the civil service. True,

several of the perks are much

better than in the private sector.

But unless they are near the top

of the tree, civil servants miss

out on such perks as company

cars and entertainment allowances and many more that are

almost standard in middle and

senior management in the private sphere.

"And the perks tax has flattened out many of the old differentials. Moreover, a 13th cheque, which used to be a sore

point, is now almost as commonplace in the private sector

as in the public sector.

"Still, it is difficult to find a

true assessment of pay trends

inside the civil service because

of the camouflage of pay increases that come about by promotions that can be shuffled

around. .

"Also hard to calculate is the

value that can be placed on job

security in the public sector in

all the economic ups and downs.

Look how the size of the public

sector has increased in the last

• three or four years, while thousands of jobs have had to be

axed in the private sector be

cause of the recession.

"If the pay demands go

through, the PSA must in turn

agree to a sweeping review

aimed at cutting the size of the

civil service. South Africa simply cannot afford its growing

army of bureaucrats."

Dr Cameron sounds more dismayed than angered by the

storm about the growth of the

public service labour force.

"We need to rivet attention on

the effectiveness of the administration of all our national services," he replies.

"All too often, mention of the

public sector raises the vision of

hordes and hordes of bureaucrats. In fact, they are in a distinct small minority. There will

be much more balance and less

emotion if everyone remembers

the invaluable roles performed

by our technologists, social Welfare officials, nurses, teachers

"The whole crux of the issue

is that the pay of all of them has

lagged behind the wage and salary increases seen in the private

sector. Quite simply, unless pay

levels in the public sector are

improved and keep pace, we'll

fail to retain the talent we have

and attract the new talent that

is essential."

"Nor should the general public believe that the jobs of civil

servants are inviolate sinecures.

jTrue, not so very long ago, one

had to rob a bank or commit

murder to be fired from the

civil service — but no more.

"Nowadays, there is instant

dismissal for poor performance

or misconduct.

"There is no longer room for

dead wood. Two years ago, all

; government departments were

ordered to cut down their numbers by slashing the number of

advertised vacancies by half —

whatever the size of establishments in the past.

"There have been efforts to

close the wage gap between the

private and public sector in recent years. Even so, to make ali lowance for relative job security, the public services follow

rules that insist that while the

wages in particular occupations

are now related to the going

rates in the labour market, they

are always fixed at 15 percent

below the pay for the equivalent

job in the private sector.

"Nevertheless, we were closing the overall wage gap. All we

seek to do now in the next round

of negotiations is to maintain

some sort of equilibrium".

The Association of Chambers

of Commerce remains unmoved

by the PSA arguments. A recent

survey that it conducted found

that the labour force of central

government had soared from

295 462 in 1976 to 397 227 by last

year.

Moreover, the survey found as

it delved deep into actual wages

that the average monthly earnings of employees had rocketed

from R265 to Rl 138, an annual

rate of 15,4 percent compared

with an average inflation rate of

13,7 percent over the identical

10 years.

Assocom is convinced it has

found a solution to it all: the introduction of "value for money"

tests on the work of civil servants and all public sector oper

ations.

It believes all government departments should face regular

special audits on both their efficiency and effectiveness.

Mr Rocky Ridgway, former

Assocom president, has worked

83
out that while every III in fixed

capital stock contributed about

83 c to the economy every year

as a national average, in government service the level sank

to only 14c.

While the economic contribution of the average wotker in

South Africa as a whole worked

out at R6 670 a year, in the public sector the average trailed

behind at R5 460.

WAGES VERSUS INFLATION

PRIVATE SECTOR

Whites

Asians.

Coloureds

Blacks

231,1%

294,5%

,9%

357,4%

PUBLIC SERVICE

All Races.

X l_

.V.v.v.v.v.v

INFLATION

CPI

117,7%

257,5%

Percentage o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

A bar chart showing how P-E Corporate Services see the movement of wage increases in the private

sector over the past 10 years and how the Public Servants' Association argues that increases for

employees in the public sector have fallen behind.

84
PAYGUIDI

AND

JOB DESCRIPTION

:S IN PRIVATE SECTOR

PUBLIC SERVICE

ANNUAL RANGE

Public

Service

Grade

Private

Sector

Public

Service

UNSKILLED

— Operatives

— Cleaners

— Warehouse/Stores Clerk

— Machine Operator

19-17 3 600-9 500 1 890-9 600

SEMI-SKILLED

-— Copy Typist

— Typist/Secretary

— Clerk/Clerical Supervisor

— Bookkeeper

— Technical Assistant

18-14 7 700-19 000 5 400-14130

SKILLED

— Programmer

— Warehouse Supervisor

— Artisan

— Draughtsmen

— Technician

— Chemist

— Geologist

— Journalist

16-10

15-13

15 000-34 000 10 368-30 918

MIDDLE MANAGEMENT

— Accountant

— Internal Auditor

— Systems Analyst

— DP Manager

— Economist

— Admin Manager

— Workshop Manager

— Engineer

13-8 22 000-55 000 16 983-41820

SENIOR EXECUTIVE

Head of Function

Medium size Co

Turnover: R20-R50 million pa

7-6 45 000-77 000 42 000-55 200

TOP MANAGEMENT

General Manager

5-2 50 000-130 000 56 000-62 505

TOP EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

Managing Director

Medium size Co

Turnover: R20-R50 million pa

Director

General

130 000 62 205-105 000

.

How wag« levels compare according to approximate job brackets, with private sector estimates

compiled by P-E Corporate Services and public sector figures prepared by the PSA.

85
BASIC SALARY INCREASES

1 Public Service

PERIOD Whites Asians Blacks Coloured» 1 all race groups CPI

76 to 77 7,3 17,1 16,7 13,2 10,0 10,6

77 to 78 8,2 10,5 28,1 13,9 5,0 9,2

78 to 79 10,9 12,4 13,2 14,5 7,6 13,5

79 to '80 16,4 17,1 13,8 18,2 10,3 14,6

'80 to '81 15,6 22,1 24,6 14,3 12,0 14,5

'81 to '82 14,6 24,2 20,3 18,0 15,0 14,4

'82 to '83 12,3 12,1 13,6 12,3 — 12,8

'83 to '84 10,0 10,3 11,6 11,5 12,0 12,4

'84 to '85 9,9 10,7 12,3 10,3 — 16,4 1

'85 to '86 11,0 1 11,6 11,3 10,4 1 10,0 16,9

The PSA and P-E set out the year-by-year track record of general pay adjustments in the private and

public sectors since 1976 and comparisons with rises in the consumer price index.

/9317

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86
SOUTH AFRICA

QUESTIONS ANSWERED ON FARMERS' CONCERN FOR PRODUCTIVITY

Pretoria DIE TRANSVALER in Afrikaans 8 Jan 87 p 6

[Article by Johan Wagner, datelined Pretoria: "SA Farmers' Production Not

Crippled"]

[Text] In an article in a Sunday newspaper all sorts of accusations are made

and questions asked as to whether the productivity of farming in South Africa

is not perhaps being thwarted by bureaucracy and antiquated import

restrictions on new seed varieties and livestock strains. The office of the

Minister of Agricultural Economics and Marketing, Mr Greyling Wentzel, was

asked a few questions regarding that.

- The answer to the the first question implied above reads: "No—all control

measures are reviewed regularly in the light of international usage and

agreements."

- The second question was whether restrictions on importing new, advanced

kinds of seeds and livestock strains are not responsible for rising food

prices. The Department's asnwer was again: "No. There is no import ban with

respect to new kinds of advanced seeds. Even though it may not meet all

health requirements, there are adequate quarantine facilities to clear new

material and make it available to researchers, whether private or official."

-The third question was: Are South African farmers being isolated from the

benefits of worldwide genetic research by bureaucracy, antiquated import

control measures and too many regulations? The answer: "No. Not all foreign

material is adapted to South African conditions. Cultivation and research is

therefore done locally in many cases to develop adapted varieties. The

Department has mechanisms to obtain access to the very newest and best

available plant reproduction material ["plantvoorplantingsmateriaal"] , should

it be needed. The same is true of livestock."

- Question here: Is it true that South Africa's harvest and livestock yields

are lower than the rest of the world's—even lower than Zimbabwe's—because

extra competition for existing cultivars and strains are discouraged? Answer:

"No. That is a far-fetched statement and devoid of all truth, because South

Africa does try to make the best adapted cultivars and livestock available to

its production."

87
- The fifth question was based on a statement in the newspaper report that a

private seed firm like Sensako can prohibit the import of new cultivars. We

wanted to know whether that is true. "This statement is devoid of all truth,"

the Department replied. Dr Piet Mohr, general manager of Sensako at Brits,

was quite dismayed that such an accusation could be made, and bluntly put it

down as "pure rubbish."

- Question six: Are all the red tape, rules and regulations and especially

years of testing of new cultivars and strains really necessary? Is not a

lesson to be learned from the success chicken farmers had with eggs that they

smuggled into the country in the 1960's? The Department says: "The Variety

List as a result of the Plant Improvement Act was established to effect

orderly marketing of seed. This act and these regulations were drawn up in

close cooperation with the seed industry and organized agriculture and are

revised regularly if problems crop up with their implementation ... about 90

to 95 percent of all candidate varieties are released after only one year or

one growing season and can then be marketed freely in South Africa. Smuggling

in either plant reproduction material [v.s.] or livestock holds enormous

dangers for the local enterprises, because in that way dangerous diseases and

plagues can enter the country."

- And the last question: New cattle, hog, chicken and sheep strains overseas

have made production iitprove considerably. Why then are these new, improved

strains not allowed to be imported? "Imports are considered on merits after

judgment and comparison with local material available. This occurs after

consultation with the pedigree association for new strains," the Department

said.

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88
SOUTH AERICA

NP, LABOR PARTY DIFFERENCES ON GROUP AREAS ACT VIEWED

Bloemfontein DIE VOLKSBLAD in Afrikaans 6 Jan 87 p 6

[Editorial: "Emotion Over Swimming Party"]

[Text] The differences between the National Party and Labor Party over the

Group Areas Act are nothing new of course, for the Labor Party has repeatedly

declared itself against it since its origin. The dramatized protest against

it by a swimming party at a white beach in Port Elizabeth in front of TV

cameras has now, however, made it highly visible. At a point of time when

beach troubles and presumably organized clashes among ethnic groups over beach

facilities stir up emotions in the country, such a demonstration inevitably

gets all sorts of connotations which do not exactly promote the cause of

moderates. Moreover, the difference between coalition partners with an eye on

the election will be attacked and blown up by white rightist parties.

When the Labor Party decided to cooperate in the tricameral dispensation to

the advantage of its own people, it did not make NP supporters of them

overnight. Coalition does not mean that all differences disappear, but that

there is cooperation in the Interest of the bigger whole. This step cost the

Labor Party quite a bit of support, because its impatient supporters regard

that as collaborating with the existing system. There are profound feelings

about the Group Areas Act in particular which cannot be ignored, and talks on

them are far from terminated. On the other hand, with a view to order,

separate areas are desirable at present, although watertight

campartmentalization--such as advocated by the far-rightist parties—is simply

not practical politics. Subjective emotions about living areas can be such a

hard reality that ignoring them can disturb order. It can therefore be a

necessity in the shorter or longer term, without being a condition for white

survival per se. The Rev. Allan Hendrickse admits, for example, that there

has always been a natural "delimitation" of people, even before the NP came to

power. Excitedness about this affair is not to the advantage of either white

or Colored.

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89
SOUTH AFRICA

CONTINUED ROAD TO REFORM SEEN TASK IN 1987

Johannesburg DIE VADERIAND in Afrikaans 5 Jan 87 p 14

[Editorial: "Task"]

i

[Text] In the midst of sanctions, riots, terrorism, inflation, bankruptcies

and other problems afflicting us, it would be understandable if some of us

overlooked the cardinal matter around which everything is revolving. However,

the new year makes the demand that we all identify the real matter involved

and realize that the solution to the others also depends on it. And this is

true of government, private sector, trade-union organizations and also of the

ordinary individual. The essential is the political accommodation of the

black man as an integrated part of our government system. Even his economic

and social accommodation is subordinate to that. It is by progress toward the

realization of this that 1987 will further be gauged in 12 months.

One trend of thought has it that if the white person, and especially the

Afrikaner, would just give up his stubbornness and hand over power to a black

majority, the problem would be solved. Another oversimplification is that the

government should work out a system unilaterally and apply it. Unfortunately,

the road to a new dispensation is much more complicated. And it can not be

followed without good relations in particular. That is the task of all groups

and races, all individuals for 1987. The state president has now taken the

first step toward that by his decision to hold an election early this year.

And the most important task that it can ask of its voters is to continue with

reform on a course which will make the black man a codeterminer in the

country's government.

13084

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90
SOUTH AFRICA

REACTION TO ELECTION CALL VIEWED

Johannesburg DIE VADERIAND in Afrikaans 7 Jan 86 p 10

[Column by Gert Kotze: "An Ideal Asked For"]

[Text] The reaction to the announcement about the election was interesting;

actually surprising. Some of those who up to now have cried to high heaven

because, according to them, the government is afraid of the "people's test,"

suddenly have all sorts of reservations. Oh, no, they say, it's just going to

be a rather colorless affair. A hopeless blunder, so to speak, for color is

again going to be the focus of the whole campaign, as since 1948. But this

just in passing. The complaint is that the National Party will appeal mainly

to emotional stands around foreign (American) intervention in the country's

internal affairs. And that it is going to be just another white election.

And in Pretoria, Unisa's political professor of doom says the government must

see to it that a multiracial parliament is brought about before the end of the

year. Otherwise, Professor Willem KLeynhans complains in an English-language

Sunday newspaper, he sees only catastrophic consequences for the country. A

safe prediction is that it won't be the only election prediction from that man

from Unisa before there is voting in two or three months, no matter how

importantly or less importantly it is heeded by the ordinary man. There is no

getting around the fact that Professor KLeynhans is someone who cannot keep

himself in the background about such matters. In the meantime, two facts are

for sure: There is going to be an election, and the National Party has

already clearly decided to hit hard at America and its busybody intervention.

If the opposition groups, on the right and left, do not talk about bread and

butter, they will be terribly naive. The authoritative British economics

magazine, THE ECONOMIST, finds in one of its latest editions that South Africa

should be considered highly risky as regards foreign investments. Not only

concerning its foreign debt problems, but especially concerning the high

inflation rate. It's no exaggeration to say that our inflation rate is so

high because there isn't any purposeful, coordinated strategy to eliminate

constant price rises, move up productivity, increase exports and so forth.

Whether the ordinary voter is going to listen to these kinds of arguments will

not be known until after election day. If previous elections can be a

yardstick—like that of 1977—it is more probable that beating the drums about

American meddling, the bloodthirsty plans of the ANC and the wild statements

of Archbishop Tutu will gloriously whip up emotions.

91
Well, in the political arena it is also a case of choosing your weapons. If

the government decides such things as bread and butter and the inflation rate

are not its best weapons, it is merely a question of strategy. After all, it

is not fighting to lose. In any case, the government will have to manage its

strategy in such a way that it keeps the initiative; because conditions are as

favorable as can be expected for both the opposition groups. The KP

[Conservative Party] will make things bitterly difficult for the Transvaal's

Nationalists with the slogan of black danger. The PFP may demonstrate a

nuisance value which will further bungle things for the NP in a few

constituencies. Whatever, it does not necessarily have to be a colorless

election, even without the exciting television debates and publicity gimmicks

with which such events have been carried on overseas for years already.

It is an indisputable fact that a group of voters still have hope that the

government will make use of this election in order to clearly outline a

message of hope. It's no longer just hope, either; it's whispering a prayer

at a point of time when reconciliation, which could lead to peaceful

coexistence in this country, still remains something far beyond the horizon.

Black and white radicalism, the state of emergency and press censorship which

can be regarded as the strictest since the Second World war, are lying heavily

on the the minds of the people, who yearn for a speedy reconciliation of all

the clashing positions and demands. If the Nationalist Party can just

intercept some of this anxiety with a formula, a message, a time table, or

something similar, which can catch hold of the middle group, it will crush its

opponents. Even if it is not by way of the number of victories at the ballot

boxes, then at least by way of an ideal which it has fixed in the concerned

hearts of so many South Africans. The government can hardly achieve a greater

victory than that.

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92
SOUTH AFRICA

BOTHA'S AWARD TO BISHOP MOKOENA BRINGS CRITICISM

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 29 Jan 87 p 11

[Article by Mudini Maivha and Rich Mkhondo]

1

[Text] Political and church leaders said they were not impressed by the

Decoration for Meritorious Service (DMS) awarded to controversial Bishop Isaac Mokoena.

Bishop Mokoena received the award along with the wife of the

State President, Mrs Elize Botha, and Mrs Tinie Vorster, widow of

former State President, Mr John Voster.

He is the only black among 57 people chosen for the award.

The Anglican Suffragan Bishop of Johannesburg East, the Rt

Kev Simeon Nkoane, said if the State President chose to grant

Bishop Mokoena the award, "it must be his own view that the man

deserves the award".

"However, I wonder how many black South Africans will agree

with the State President," Bishop Nkoane said.

Mrs Albertina Sisulu, co-president of the United Democratic

Front, said: "We are not surprised that he got the award. The

award is probably an acknowledgement of the work he has done

against the progressive forces."

Said Azapo's deputy president, Mr Lybon Mabasa: "If a notorious, discredited and ruthless regime which continues to hold thousands of people in prison, oppressses and exploits the majority goes

out of its way to give a black person that type of decoration, what

does it say of that person?"

Bishop Manas Buthelezi, head of the Lutheran Churcli and president of the South African Council of Churches, just laughed when

told about Bishop Mokoena's award and would not comment.

The Release Mandela Committee (RMC) saw the gesture as an

election gimmick on the part of President Botha.

The office of the Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, the Most

Rev Bishop Desmond Tutu, would not comment on the award.

Bishop Mokoena, who claims to have 4,5 million followers, has

on several occasions tried to discredit Archbishop Desmond Tutu's

political standpoint on local television and abroad.

He lauded the Government when it declared the UDF an affected

organisation last year. The United Christian Conciliation Party

(UCCP) which he heads has condemned economic sanctions.

In his campaign against the South African Council of Churches,

Bishop Mokoena called on overseas church groups to stop funding

the SACC. He claimed that the money was used to help "faceless

radicals who aimed to force the real leaders to resign, eliminate

opposition and create chaos".

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93
SOUTH AFRICA

INDIAN, COLORED CREDIBILITY 'DROWNED' BY HENDRICKSE APOLOGY

Durban POST NATAL in English 28-31 Jan 87 p 10

[Commentary by Ameen Akhalwaya in "My View" column]

[Text]

OPPONENTS of the Government's tricameral parliamentary system, unable by law to campaign for its boycolt, are riding the crest of a wave.

Coloured Cabinet Minister Allan Ilendrickse's apology

to President PW Botha for any "affront" — after Mr

Ilendrickse's law-breaking swim at a white beach in Port

Elizabeth — has virtually drowned what little credibility

the coloured and Indian junior co-bathers in apartheid

enjoyed.

Mr Hendricksc got himself into hot water, and his

apology has been followed by a tidal wave of below-thesea-levcl jokes. Here's one from the average man on the

beach, sorry, man in the street: "Hcndrickse tried to

make a comm-ocean, but forgot to remove his suntan

lotion."

Says another, referring to washing powders, one of

which — White Giant — is Mr Botha's nickname: "Hendricksc went into the Surf, which washes whitest and

makes colours brightest, swam against the Tide, and

ended up saying sorry to White Giant."

Says another beach bum: "The Nats, like Moses parting the Hed Sea, decreed separate beaches for each race.

Hcndrickse tried to reverse the tide, but in PW he met

his Moses."

A surfer points out that had Mr Hendricksc been in a

yacht or a boat and dipped' his feet in the water at the

same point where he swam, he might not have broken

the law.

So, although the surfer feels that, by apologising, Mr

Hendrickse might just have been confirming his place on

a deckchair on the Titanic, he has rewritten the lyrics of

an old Cape favourite: "Daar kom Peewee Botha, Peewe

Botha, die kom oor die see, daar kom Peewee Botha, nou

moet Allan sorry se."

"Allan Hendricksc," says another wag, "is right in

claiming his swim wasn't civil disobedience. In fact, it

was tricameral obedience." And, he adds, the incident

will prove again that coloured support for his party is a

drop in the ocean, and after Mr Hendrickse's frolic in the

waves, Labour can wave goodbye to any sympathy.

As our wag put it: "Hcndrickse should have known that

swimming in the white sea is not the same as crossing

the Rubicon." But time and tide wait for no man, not

even Labour's leader, and the party's on-and-off threats

to tniit the three-chamber Parliament has evoked this

comment from our sea-sick wag: "He sells three cells on

the see-saw."

Labour's credibility has been ship-wrecked, along with

that of the Indian chamber, which hasn't made any

waves in the Indian Ocean. Now the new motto for tricameral unity is: "We'll sink or swim apart." However

much Mr Hendrickse's party may argue to the contrary,

the man on the beach believes Labour is really all at sea

But if everything isn't shipshape in the House of Representatives, and Mr Hcndrickse is trying to navigate choppy seas, there is plenty of boat-rocking in its sister ship,

the House of Delegates.

In the Indian House, a whole lot of MPs arc getting

into the swim of things by launching their own party ship

at the drop of a lifeboat.

There is the majority National People's Party (NPP)

under skipper Amichand Rajbansi; there is Solidarity

under captain JN Reddy, who, as a Minister in Mr Rajbansi's Cabinet, has a cabin on two ships; there are, if

you can keep up with the changing tides of the House,

one or two independents who arc also members of the

Labour Party; and there is Faiz Khan, like Francis Chichester, a lone round-the-world sailor in his Progressive

Independent Party.

A few disenchanted Solidarity members, at a meeting

which came across on SABC-TV as a fog-horn, are to

hoist their own party flag. They have yet to add a name

to their SS (son of Solidarity). Not to be outdone, Lenasia

MP Abie Choonara, who deserted the NPP ship, is planning to launch a non-racial United Party, a move that is

like putting a motor on the Dromadaris.

At this rate, there could be as many parties as MPs in

the House of Delegates. That will obviously please the

many whites who want Indians repatriated. Their solution to the "Indian problem", as the House of Delegate

seems intent on proving right, has always been "oneman, one-boat."

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94
SOUTH AFRICA

.1986 TERMED WORST YEAR FOR LABOR UNIONS

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 19 Jan 87 p 9

[Article by Sheryl Raine]

[Text]

Last year was the worst for the black union movement since its began to develop at the beginning of

the decade, according to a group of industrial relations consultants.

In their report for 1986, which includes predictions for 1987, Andrew Levy and Associates said the

year would probably go down in history as the one

in which the first wave of black unionisation "ran

out of steam".

Poor growth, divisive and mediocre leadership

and political disagreements coupled with high

levels of industrial action, often poorly conducted,

slowed the momentum of the previous seven years.

The consultants said the year was also marked by

record numbers of strikes, overtime bans and goslows and wage strikes in 1986 were longer than in

previous years.

The most extraordinary strikes were in the retail

and chemical sectors in protest against the June 12

state of emergency declaration and the detention of

union leaders.

Industries which experienced the most strikes included (in order) chemical, food, metal, manufacturing, retail and mining.

However, in terms of man-days lost, the worst-hit

industries were (in order) mining, chemical, metal,

motor, retail and food.

RESIGNED ATTITUDES

The amount of industrial action paled into insignificance when compared with the extremely high

incidence of politically-motivated stayaways. There

were an estimated 25 in 1986 — thought to have cost

the country 3,5 million man-days. In 1982 there was

one stayaway, in 1984 four and in 1985 22.

For the general public, the greatest success had

been the acceptance of May Day as a workers' holiday and the fact that there was an alternative calendar of public holidays which denoted a different

political view.

The consultants said they noted with concern the

high levels of intimidatory behaviour frequently reported in strikes and stayaways.

The tide of union victories recorded between 1980

to 1985 ebbed during the past year as employers

gained confidence, experience and determination to

resist workers' aggression.

Although strike activity was significantly higher

in 1986 than in any other year many ended with

union members having little to show for it.

STATISTICAL EVIDENCE

Wage talks were characterised by high levels of

confrontation and strike action but in most cases

union wage targets, especially in major industries,

were not met.

However, the experts said, statistical evidence

suggested that unionised workers did significantly

better in the battle to keep up with inflation than

their non-organised colleagues.

Politically, 1986 brought more confusion and ideological division than clear direction to the unions.

Much of this reflected the current political uncertainties of the country as a whole.

The state of emergency declared on June 12 had a

far-reaching impact on labour relations. Widespread detentions of trade union, political and community leaders made union organiation more difficult and this needed to be taken into account when

y;j
reflecting on the poor performance of unions last

year.

However, the state of emergency could not be

blamed for all the problems experienced during the

year. Tension between former Federation of SA

Trade Unions (Fosatu) leaders within Cosatu and

increased politicisation of workers were important

detractors from union performance.

Although 1986 was supposed to be the year of

union unity, Andrew Levy found the performance of

Cosatu, the country's first superfederation of black

unions, seriously lacking.

Vigorous political statements,aside, only limited

progress was made by Cosatu in the food, transport

and chemical industries in merging unions to give

reality to the Cosatu slogan of "one-industry, one

union".

In areas such as the textile industry there were

serious rifts but despite these problems Cosatu held

its momentum and remained the federation to

watch in 1987.

Although the newly merged Council of Unions of

SA/Azanian Confederation of Trade Unions

(Cusa/Azactu) federation claimed to have 500000

members, the consultants put the figure at about a

third to a half of this number. The federation faced

tough organisational challenges this year.

The United Workers' Union of SA (Uwusa), which

claimed a paid-up membership of 85 000, proved to

be a political irritant to Cosatu rather than a real

threat as a union organisation.

The Trade Union Council of SA (Tucsa) died in

1986, leaving a host of independent unions to stimulate fierce competition for membership among new

union groupings.

The conservative, whites-only SA Confederation

of Labour continued to wane in 1986 but with white

backlash ön the increase and the rise of the right

wing, the issue of white worker rights would remain

prominent in the year E*tead, the consultants said.

Ho a

S

MAN DAYS LOST THROUGH STRIKE ACTION

1979 — 1986

Not«: Strike statistics exclude politically based

stayaways.

I

1

i

0,9

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0

DISTRIBUTION OF UNION MEMBERSHIP

BY CONFEDERATION DECEMBER 1(88

— —'

INDE- COMTU

PENDENTS

Cosatu — Congress of SA Trade Unions. Cusa/Aiactu — Council of Unions of SA/Azanian Confederation of Trade Unions. Sacol — SA Confederation of

Labour. Uwusa — United Workers Union of SA.

96
A Long Shadow on Labour

Looking ahead to 1987 on the lahour front, a leading

group of industrial relations consultants have predicted:

•The state of emergency will continue to cast a

long shadow over the conduct of industrial relations

and until such time as it is lifted, any cry for the

depoliticisation of union claims and activities from

employers will be "facile and futile".

•Efforts will increase on the part of the Congress

of SA Trade Unions (Cosatu) to tighten organisation

at shop floor level, resolve internal differences,

forge union mergers and shuffle key office-bearers.

• High levels of shop-floor organisation with membership drives in the SA Transport Services and

agricultural sectors as well as in the homelands.

•Qualitative and quantitative leadership problems

within emergent black unions, aggravated by the

detention of union leaders.

•Increased industrial action and increased

pressure on employers to raise wages substantially

with go-slows and overtime bans being the major

types of action used.

• Continued retrenchments and fierce resistance to

lay-offs by unions.

• The motor industry could expect to fall out of the

long-term "top five" industries most hit by industrial action. The top five in 87 were likely to be food,

metals, mining and retail.

•A dramatic rise in the number of industrial court

applications from about 2 000 in 1986 to about 4 000

this year due to proposed changes in the legal dispute-settling procedures. ?

•Increased numbers of politically-based demands

such as full payment for detainees and continued

support for new public holidays on June 16 and

May 1.

•Safety issues will take a higher profile following

the Kinross gold mine disaster which claimed 177

lives.

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97
SOUTH AFRICA

ACCOUNTING PROFESSION SUFFERING FROM 'BRAIN DRAIN'

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 29 Jan 87 p 7

[Article by Thelma Tuch]

[Text J TIIE accounting profession is desperately short-staffed as a result of the

"brain drain" from SA, according to

Margo Steele, newly-appointed head

of the department of accounting at

the University of the Witwatersrand.

Steele — wife of Wits deputy vicechancellor Jerry Steele - took over

as head of the Wits accounting department this month, the first woman

ever to head a department of accounting at an SA university.

The shortage of accountants is so

acute, she says, that a situation has

developed where members of the

profession actually come on to the

campus to canvass graduates for articles.

Worsening the situation is the noticable increase in the number of

graduates leaving SA, she says. Large

numbers of the "best" of them are

leaving for the US, Britain and Australia. Leaving for largely political

reasons, they often depart immediately after graduation to avoid military service.

She says that last year about 12

graduates who received their call up

papers left the country directly after

they had completed the course.

"I get excellent feedback from the

US, UK and Australia about the quality of our graduates," she says.

The brain drain also hit Wits accounting staff members last year.

Two of them emigrated; another

member has left this year.

The university has problems finding suitable people to fill these positions, she says, because its salaries

are not competitive. To deal with this

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problem Wits has employed more

part-time staff members who complement their salaries with other

jobs. However, the department still

faces a staff shortage; this will be one

of the biggest challenges facing her in

her new position.

Steele, longest-serving member of

the Wits accounting department,

passed the examination of the Public

Accountants' and Auditors' Board at

the age of 20 — the youngest CA ever

to qualify in SA.

How does she feel heading a department which is predominantly:

male? She says: "I've been here for so;

long in a senior position that I know I!

have been accepted." ;

Up to 35% of accounting students

today are female and they make good:

students, walking away with a large

number of the accounting prizes, she;

says. "Woman don't choose to do this;

profession unless they are reallygood," she explains.

Steele worked side by side with her

husband in the accounting depart-;

inent for years. He started off as a;

lecturer and was head of the depart-,

ment from 1979-1984. !

"An agreement had to be reached,

for me to be allowed to stay in the;

department, because a wife and husband in the same department is not;

generally allowed by the university;

authorities." = Her feelings about becoming head;

of the department? "The position was

thrust upon me ... I certainly would,

not have taken it out of choice. All my.

life I looked forward to having a nice,

pleasant and relaxing job, but that

certainly has not happened."

98
SOUTH AFRICA

COLOR CODED INTEGRATED NEW BUS ROUTES CONFUSE COMMUTERS

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 28 Jan 87 p 1

[Article by Susan Pleming]

[Text]

New colour coding for tome of Johannesburg'* "integrated" bus routes have left commuters not knowing

where to stand.

Catching a bus used to be a strictly black or white

affair but, now that there are tentative moves towards integration, commuters can choose between

.blue or yellow buses.

Choosing colours for the new routes must have

been tricky. Red buses would, of course, have been

out of trie question. No one is allowed to take the

Red Route.

So, blue and yellow were chosen.

Stand at the "traditionally white" bus stop and a

blue bus is for you. But if you stand at the black

sign several metres away, you'll be earmarked for

the yellow bus.

Colour-blind people will have difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow and know which

bus they are on only by the difference in fare. Blue

buses charge more than their yellow counterparts.

If you can make sense out of this you'll b« a good

traveller. . . • . . u

This new colour system is part of a trial pro|«ct by

the Johannesburg City Council for the integration of

bus services on the Parkhurst, Craighall and Parktown North routes.

But the new system Is a "laughing matter to the

Progressive Federal Party's city councillor on the

transport committee, Mr Geoff Stark.

"We asked for integrated buses. We thought we

would get one bus stop only. People are so condi-

«oned by the whit, and black sign, *^«J«*»»

of whether the bus is yellow or blue, they II stand at

the one they're used to."

But Mr Ed Curtis, senior deputy general manager

of the city's transport department, says that keeping

the black and white signs and having blue and yel-

'< low buses for whites and blacks was the simplest

thing to do".

"We did it to avoid confusion.

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99
SOUTH AFRICA

COLUMNIST ON CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING JUDGE'S APPOINTMENT

Durban POST NATAL in English 28-31 Jan 87 p .10

[Commentary by Quralsh Patel]

[Text] TFIE disturbing logic of the DLA and NIC reflects a sickness within the

anti-apartheid camp. It is a symptom of a distressing trend that has

emerged of late.

For a start, this reasoning implies that once you have identified yourself as an

opponent of apartheid and adopt a certain political posture, you obtain a monopoly

on political wisdom.

This means you are entitled to pass judgment on anyone's actions. Unless you are

consulted, your wrath knows no bounds. This is probably part of the rationale in the

case of the DLA, NIC and Others vs Hassan Mall.

They pontificate about the system, yet live comfortably off that same system and

they demand that others uphold a certain value — but as "freedom-loving" people

they are exempt from upholding that value.

This suspect rationality is at best superficial.

Under the guise of the "Democratic" label, the lawyers' association issued a smug

Press statement indicating that Mr Mall's membership would be reviewed as his

appointment was "in conflict with the principles

of the DLA".

The DLA was "of the

firm view that having regard to the present political, social and economic

structures existing in the

country and the vast number of repressive laws, it is

not proper for any of its

members to serve in any

judicial capacity".

Regretting Mr Mall's decision, the executive committee of the NIC said his

acceptance of the appointment was "ill-advised particularly at a time when

the country is experiencing

a degree of repression.

Until such time as all

South Africans can participate freely in decisionmaking at all levels, the

acceptance of a position to

administer the very laws

which oppress the majority

is unacceptable".

The "vast number of repressive laws" referred to

by the DLA is, of course,

unquestionable. The DLA

fails to mention the vast

number of good laws and

rules — many among the

best in the world — which

Mr Mall will be involved in

implementing.

The DLA's reference to

the security laws concerns

an important and fundamental aspect of a severe

encroachment on the individual's freedom.

If one lawyer should discover a loophole, his plea

for an interpretation in favour of the liberty of the

subject would fail — unless

he found himself in the

presence of a judge sensitive to that tradition.

And Mr Mall, after his

recent appointment, will

for a short time be a member of that Rench which

has showed a remarkable

tendency to uphold the

very values allegedly professed by the DLA.

Of course, it all depends

on whether Mr Mall presides in a security law case

and whether the facts in

the particular case warrant a ruling protecting

liberty.

He will hear cases -- far

removed from the security

area — which also demand

sound reasoning, fairness,

and the experience which

comes from many years of

tough work.

Mr Mall has himself actively campaigned against

apartheid, and paid the

price with a banning order

slapped on him in the Sixties. Are the DLA and NIC

suggesting their members

would be uncomfortable in

appearing before Mr Mall

on matters like, for example, the Group Areas Act

or a labour matter or even

in a civil case?

100
The functions of

a judge

are the subject of fierce

debate, but on one matter

there appears to be some

accord: the judiciary is

jealous of its indepen-'

dence. That principle is:

weakened when, in cases of

doubt, decisions favouring

the State are taken.

It is this independence

which underlies many enlightened judgments. Admittedly, there are Supreme Court judgments we

could live without.

Mr Mall's appointment

should really comfort

those who believe in that

independence. He has experienced apartheid at its

worst, and he has firsthand experience of the restrictions on the liberty of

the individual.

Whereas the defence of

civil liberties must always

bea priority, most lawyers' practices relate to

the numerous diverse

fields covering human activity. And these busy specialists rarely find the

time to involve themselves

in those areas of the law,

including civil liberties,

outside of their chosen

fields. The DLA members

probably cover the whole

spectrum of the law; labour law, copyright, company law, family law,

criminal law, etc. Mr Mall

may at any time preside

over one such case. The

"repressive law" argument

is manifestly out of context

here.

That argument does not

take account of the role of

the judiciary, particularly

in Natal, in respect of the

emergency regulations.

Whatever the political arguments, Parliament

makes law. But it does so

within certain limits. When

it oversteps these limits,

many judges quickly place

curbs on excessive powers.

Officials who believe

they can act beyond the

bounds of the law are

brought in line and victims

compensated.

One outstanding example was the application for

the release of Diakonia

director Paddy Kearney.

When he was arrested

last year under section 29

of the Internal Security

Act, his wife Carmel and

Archbishop Denis Hurley

decided to challenge his

detention.

Under Section 29, which

permits solitary confinement and detention without trial, the police can

holda person until he

comes up with the information they want.

Before giving his historic judgment on the Kearney case, Mr Justice Leon

said: "It is necessary to remind oneself from time to

time that the first and

most sacred duty ofa

court when possible is to

administer justice to those

who seek it— high and

lowi rich and poor, black

and white."

Ucleasing Mr Kearney

from detention, the judge

said he was satisfied that

clause6 of Section 29 did

not preclude the court

from investigating whether the necessary jurisdictional facts objectively

existed.

It was an often neglected fact, he said, that the

Supreme Court would exercise its inherent power in

regard to excessive legislation on the part of the

administration.

Although that judgment

applied to special circumstances and could not

apply to all detainees

under Section 29," it was

welcomed by Professor

Tony Mathews of the University of Natali Pietermaritzburg, as "the most

important civil rights judgment for several decades".

An internationally recognised authority on

South Africa's security

laws, Professor Mathews

said at the time: "This

judgment reintroduces

rule of thinking intoa security field and it could

have an impact in other

areas where similar wording is used in conferring

discretion, for example,

bannings and other forms

of detention.

"The judgment is particularly gratifying as until

now Section 29 has been

the most arbitrary and

frightening form of

detention." ! Later, five Appeal Court

judges endorsed Mr Justice Leon's ruling, though

for different reasons, and

watered down some of the

protections envisaged.

Nevertheless it did subscribe to the notion that

the police, as wide as their

powers might be, did not

have unlimited powers.

South Africa's laws are

far from complete. Lawyers participate as much

as judges do in the evolution of the law. Each has a

different task and each is

involved in the development of the law. The Attorney-General, the DLA, Mr

Mall— or even the NIC, on

occasions— and the clerk

of court are all part of the

same system of law. And

they all obey that system.

The DLA's statement

raises questions which ricochet and it is in danger of

being hit by its own bullets. For example, would a

DLA member refuse to

take out an attachment

order, on behalf ofa rich

client, againsta poor defendant who could lose his

home? If the association

remains true to the Press

statement, DLA members

will refuse to use the law

because of the effects it

could play.

Lawyers represent clients. If a client wants to

evict an unemployed man

and his sick wife, that is

the job the wealthy landlord client pays him to do,

no matter how aggrieved

or .upset the lawyer might

feel.

Wherea discretion

exists, lawyers can do

much to afford relief. But

do they? Lawyers who

argue that they serve only

their clients forget that

they use the law against

someone— irrespective

of whether he is poor or illiterate, ill, or trying to

give his familya decent

life.

Ifa DLA member were

asked to represent

AWB leader Eugene

Terre'Blanche, who might

be prepared to pay top dollar for a defence, would

the lawyers' ethics allow

him to turn Mr

Terre'Blanche awav?

101
If an advocate is handed

a brief by the State opposing a claim for damages in

a case where a policeman

was involved in shooting

an anti-apartheid activitist, what does he do?

Like judges, lawyers

face their own dilemmas

on a different level. They

are as much part of the

system as judges. For

these reasons, the DLA

statement borders on the

sanctimonius.

Do we hear the DLA

asking its members to

argue that unenfranchised

clients cannot submit to

the jurisdiction of the

courts because their clients were excluded from

the political process of

Parliament?

And what of the NIC? It

decides to play safe and

criticises Mr Mall's appointment on political

grounds. For the NIC it's

all right to lecture at white

universities to the privileged, and run private

medical practices patronised mainly by the rich, but

it's haraam to serve on

the Bench.

This lack of political

consistency is typical of a

perverse logic which operates better in some matters of expediency.

And what about estate

agents trading in the

Group Areas? Surely they

should not make profit on

race legislation!

Talking about the oppressed, do DLA members

charge the poor any less

for their services, or do

they go by the tariffs?

Professor Mathews sums

up the problem succinctly:

"Logically, if one no longer

believes one can alter the

course of justice in South

Africa, then one is faced

with a double choice — either to leave the country

or to go in for revolutionary violence, which I don't

believe in.

"It's true that judges in

our situation have less

scope than American

judges who have the Constitution to back them up.

But I think the judgments

given in the Hurley and

Nkondo cases prove what

our judges can do."

Professor Mathews said:

"The point I am trying to

make is not just the

changes judges can make,

but the kind of moral leadership judges can give.

This was shown recently

by the statement Judge

Friedman made on Section

29 of the Internal Security

Act. (Mr Justice Freidman

described Section 29 as 'an

incredible invasion of private rights which deprived

a person of his liberty'.)

Even if judges cannot

bring about change they

can prepare the climate

for change towards a better system of justice."

The alternative society

would not happen overnight even if the African

National Congress took

power tomorrow. The

movement for a free society began a long time

ago when a few men decided slavery was not a natural institution.

The abolition of apartheid is merely a precondition for true democracy.

That movement for freedom is fuelled by those

with the independence and

sensitivity to make the

changes that create the

conditions for the liberty of

all.

When Hassan Mall

enters court as acting

judge on February 2, DLA

members will acknowledge the full force of his

authority and the court's

jurisdiction.

They will also remember that they are subject to

the same law.

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102
SOUTH AFRICA

NEWSPAPER DEFENDS RIGHT TO PUBLISH ALT, VIEWPOINTS

Durban POST NATAL in English 14-17 Jan 87 p 6

[Editorial] [ETS mgke Qne po|nt perfect|y clear: This

newspaper'has 'never supported any one

political party or organisation — not the

ANC, not the National Party, nor any of the

tricameral participants.

We have never supported violence.

Instead we have striven for peaceful change,

for a better South Africa in which all people

live and work together with equal

opportunities.

But we believe all parties should have the

right to have their say — and let reasonable

people everywhere be the judge.

Last week we carried an advert submitted

by the United Democratic Front about the

ANC — an ad which was subsequently

banned. We carried the ad not because we

support the ANC. Simply because we

believe all viewpoints should be heard.

If any party or organisation is bad, we

believe there are sufficient sensible, thinking

people in our country to make that

judgment themselves, based on fact and not

on hearsay or propaganda.

We would no more reject a National Party

advert (so long as it is within the bounds of

law) than we would one from a commercial

enterprise or religious group.

We believe others, including the National

Party, should be heard — and judged — by

what they say and do, not on hearsay.

It is not so much the attempts to

encourage dialogue as the intolerant

attitude of authorities throughout the world

which can lead to violence.

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103
COLUMNIST DEPLORES GOVERNMENT'S INCREASED CENSORSHIP ACTIONS

Durban POST NATAL In English 14-17 Jan 87 p 6

[Column by Ameen Akhalwaya in "My View" column]

SOUTH AFRICA

[Text]

LAST year Minister of

Constitutional Planning

Mr Chris lleunis reportedly admitted the African

National Congress was

forced to go underground

after it was banned in

I960.

Now the Government is

prepared to talk to the

ANC, it claims, if the

banned organisation renounces violence.

The ANC is celebrating

its 75th anniversary. It has

existed in exile for more

than a third of its lifespan.

Last week, the United

Democratic Front, the SA

Council of Churches, and

the National Education

Crisis Committee undertook an expensive newspaper advertising campaign

calling for the unbanning

of the ANC.

Now just about every

organisation in South

Africa — except for the

National Party and those

to its right — and organisations throughout the

world have made the same

call.

But the Government

doesn't want the people of

South Africa to hear such

a demand. So last week it

gazetted midnight regulations to ban the ads as well

as reports calculated "to

improve or to promote

the public image and

esteem" of an unlawful

organisation.

So, abandoning the

"publish and be damned"

ethic of fearless journalists, this cowardly column

will turn a blind eye to

anything relating to unlawful organisations and

concentrate instead on

lawful organisations.

The UDF is one them.

The UDF, like other

extra-parliamentary organisations, does not wear

a halo. But for the moment, we can leave smear

tactics against it in the

adept hands of the SABC,

the pro-Government

Press, and forces of

disinformation.

And if this article

happens to promote or

improve the image of

the UDF, it makes no

apologies.

I have noted previously

that the UDF has surprised many of us sceptics

who thought it wouldn't

last. Yet, despite the fact

that its members have been

banned, detained, or tried

for treason, it has shown a

remarkable grasp of public

relations.

The UDF was formed in

1983 specifically to oppose

the Houses of Representatives and Delegates, and

the "Koornhof Bills".

Some of us believed it

would run out of steam

once the 1984 tricameral

elections ended and the

Government cracked down

on it, for it would not hate

too many issues around

which to mobilise public

opinion. We were wrong.

The UDF has quickly

and skilfully kept issues in

the public eye through advertisements. Press conferences, statements, meetings, and the courts. Far

from runnir-g out of steam,

it has kept South African

politics on the boil.

If the UDF's publicity

machine has performed remarkably well, then by the

law of equal and opposite

reaction, the Goterntneiit's

has performed dismally.

If anything, the Goternment has unwittinglv tended to help the CDF's

cause. Had it ignored the

ad campaign calling for

the ANC's unbanning, it's

probable nothing much

would hate happened.

After all, as mentioned

earlier, there is nothing

new here or abroad in such

a call.

But as soon as the Government's iron fist of censorship went into action, it

gate the I'DF/SACC/

NEXT call far greater

publicity than, one supposes, even the I'DF's

publicity department might

hate hoped for.

The ban no doubt made

headlines around the

world: it featured on

SABC radio and teletision

news bulletins. The SABC.

104
which tries to portraj

extra-parliamentary organisations in the worst

possible light, was forced

to say in passing »hat the

banned ad was about.

Suddenly, people who

hadn't seen the ad or had

just skimmed over it decided they wanted to study

»hat it was all about. So,

far from being just another

routine political ad, it had

become the object of

study.

The ban was thus selfdefeating.

But the implications are

far more serious. If the

Government, as Mr llcunis

implicitly conceded, believes an outright ban

might force UDF activists

underground, it is trying

another ploy.

It is trying to use its

emergency powers to effectively ban the UDF

without actually banning

it. The Government is trying to achieve this through

banning L'DF meetings

and advertising campaigns,

detaining l.'DF members

or tying them up in court

cases — and now using

newspapers to stop publicising some of its views.

The Government has become a little more subtle,

hut docs it really believe it

can succeed in winning

hearts and minds in this

way?

Banning of popular organisations has led to the

emergence of more organisations: banning, jailing,

and silencing of popular

leaders has led to the

emergence of younger

and more sophisticated

leaders.

It is a cycle the Government seems incapable of

breaking. It is far too

ready to use the iron fist.

It succeeded for a while in

the 1960s and again in the

1970s; it may yet succeed

for a while in the near feature. But tactically, it is

being out-foxed by organisations such as the UDF

which have learned some

of the lessons of the past.

The white elections will

soon be upon us, and if

past history is anything to

go by, we can expect a

greater display of the iron

fist as the National Parly

tries to show the white

electorate and the outside

world it is made of sterner

stuff.

Such a macho show will

no doubt succeed in winning many white votes, but

will it impress the outside

world and — more importantly — black South

Africans, who will in any

case have no opportunity

to vote in the election?

And so the cycle of action, reaction, and counter-action will grow.

Is there a statesman in

our midst who can put a

stop to it? One doubts if

there is one in the National Party or its junior partners in Government, the

Labour Party and the National People's Party.

The organisation that

really needs to promote

and to improve its public

image and esteem among

blacks is the National

Party.

But it needs to do so

through the velvet glove

carrying the pen of negotiation — not the iron fist.

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105
SOUTH AFRICA

MINERAL EXCLUSION FROM U.S. BOYCOTT LIST EXPLAINED

Johannesburg FINANCIAL MAIL in English 23 Jan 87 p 63

[Text]

The specific exclusion of 10 vital strategic

minerals from the US boycott list, contained

in a special directive sent to Congress last

week, underwrites South African exports

worth some R4 billion a year.

But, even more important in the eyes of

the local mining industry, it confirms the

US's reliance on supplies from SA and its

commitment to continued purchases.

In a bid to sweeten the pill for Congress,

the administration commits itself to developing a programme to reduce dependence on

SA. But the chances of this happening in the

short term are negligible.

"If an important new discovery was made

today it would probably take 10 years to set

up refining facilities," says Aiden Edwards,

president of SA's Mintek. "In many cases,

exploitation and refining would be uneconomic and in some cases there are no known

substitutes."

He believes the time SA has won, and the

considerable cost advantages enjoyed by

many local minerals, must now be used to

increase the appeal of South African commodities.

The US moves lend added urgency to the

old call for greater beneficiation of raw materials, with the added benefits of increased

export value and greater local employment

(BusinessJanuary 16). And, believe it or not,

something is being done.

A top-level government committee is

about to review State assistance for mineral

beneficiation, with the aim of spurring the

private sector into action.

Current State assistance includes a 25%

electricity rebate, but a 25% rebate on transport costs was abolished in April 1982.

Edwards was appointed chairman of the

inter-departmental committee, which holds

it first meeiing in mid-February. Committee

members will be drawn from the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, the

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI),

Danie Steyn's new Department of Economics and Technology and Mintek.

It has long been Edwards' view that greater beneficiation of SA's chrome, vanadium,

titanium, manganese, gold, platinum and

other minerals could double current export

earnings to R60 billion a year (at 1985

prices) over the next decade.

"At last we're starting to move," Edwards

tells the FM. "All the signs are very positive

and we have every intention ofmoving quickly."

Transport savings on the export of more

refined products alone could provide a

powerful stimulus, says DTI deputy directorgeneral Frans Scheepers. An ad valorem levy

on the export of raw minerals would be

anotner spur to oenenciauon.

106
Says Scheepers: "We will have to look into

these matters. While government has helped

promote beneficiation since the Reynders

Commission's report in 1972, an examination of further co-ordination in this field is

now indicated."

But while it is essential to create more

opportunities, he doubts whether government can do better than make beneficiation

a more attractive proposition for industrialists.

Government also has to evaluate the viability of specific projects, industries and sectors before granting concessions, he adds.

Basie Kleu, chairman of the committee investigating export incentives, tells the FM

beneficiation also forms part of his brief.

Mintek is now undertaking major research

and development into increased platinum

beneficiation. It is also examining the jewellery industry for which SA has a virtual

monopoly on diamond, platinum and gold

production, but produces less than 0,1% of

the world's jewellery.

"We have the technological leadership to

find new uses for our mineral riches," says

Edwards.

"But the State must play a major role in

R&D developments. Once this is done, the

private sector will invest. And unless we

wake up, cheaper substitutes for some of our

minerals could be developed."

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107
SOUTH AFRIKA

ECONOMIST ON ADVANTAGES OF INVESTING

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English

[Article by Thelma Tuch]

l

[Text]

SOUTHERN African states were offering SA businessmen such enormous incentives that it would be difficult for investors not to make a

profit in those countries, Alan Whiteside, research fellow at the Economic Research Unit, Natal University, said yesterday.

; Whiteside, a former economist in

the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning, Botswana, was addressing a meeting of the South African Institute of International Affairs

-in Pretoria.

"> He said SA was entering an unprecedented period of turmoil and instability.

With the buHö-up of sanctions, SA

would find it increasingly difficult to

trade with traditional partners.

Therefore industrialists should

consider investing in the Frontline

states because that would not only

provide insurance through diversification, but might also provide many

business opportunities.

Whiteside spoke of the existing

conflict between the Foreign Affairs

Department of SA — involved in tryIN NEIGHBORING STATES

28 Jan 87 p 2

ing to establish good relations with

neighbours - and the military which

"destroyed" these relations by raiding the countries.

He said continued raids would result in Zimbabwe and Zambia closing

their borders to SA businessmen.

Current decisions of government

and business communities would set

the pattern of SA's development or

lack of it under a post-apartheid government.

Descibing the positive factors of

investment in Southern Africa, Whiteside said the region had mineral

wealth, rich agricultural land and

good power and water supplies.

All countries in the region faced

worsening unemployment and were

keen to attract industry.

All of them - apart from Zimbabwe and Malawi - had devised

packages of incentives to attract investors.

Whiteside rated Swaziland as having the best investment incentives

and business climate, followed by Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

/9317

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.108
SOUTH AFRICA

ADVANTAGES OF INWARD INDUSTRIALIZATION POLICY POINTED OUT

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 28 Jan 87 p 2

[Article by Helena Patten]

[Text]

LIMITED scope for export-led and

import replacement growth is the

key driving force behind adopting a

policy of inward industrialisation,

says Old Mutual Economic Research

Unit'slatest Economic Monitor.

It says: "Inward industrialisation

is based upon supplying basic consumer products and low cost housing

to the rapidly urbanising black population, and simultaneously stimulating employment in these industries."

Figures suggest that black urbanisation is likely to be a significant

force for many years.

The potential advantages of the inward industrialisation policy include:

D Labour-intensive production processes and a low import content;

D Reduced vulnerability to sanctions and fluctuations in the world

business cycle and commodity

prices;

D A large contribution to socio-poh>

ticalstability;

DA boost in domestic confidence

and incentives for domestic investment; and,

D A magnet for foreign capital.

Economic Monitor says however, the mere fact that large numbers

of black people are arriving in the

cities is no guarantee that inward industrialisation will occur spontaneously.

Government spending on low cost

housing and other job creation

schemes would appear necessary to

"kick-start" the process and non-inflationary means to finance the expenditure need to be found.

All unnecessary restrictions on

economic activities of blacks should

be removed. This may not prove

easy in the light of government machinery which has been built up over

the years to turn blacks away from

cities.

Economic Monitor says: "A sustained restoration of reasonable stability and a return to 'normal' living

conditions would seem to be a critical prerequsite for this strategy to

succeed, although a lack of these

conditions should not be a reason for

not going ahead as far as possible."

Also, the existing economic base

needs to be expanded to generate

revenue to fund the increased demands on government services

which will inevitably accompany

continuing urbanisation.

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.109
SOUTH AFRICA

STEEL MANUFACTURERS LOOKING INCREASINGLY TO DOMESTIC MARKET

Johannesburg FINANCIAL MAIL in English 23 Jan 87 p 63

[Text]

Faced with hostile export markets, SA steel

manufacturers are looking increasingly to

domestic sales. But even at home possibilities

are limited.

Highvcld MD John Hall says it's too early

to forecast 1987 performance but confidence

has not yet reached a level to attract capital

development of any note.

"Consumer booms have little impact on

our sales," he tells the FM, "and capital

expenditure cuts by government aren't helping us either."

But, as stocks aren't high. Hall expects

any real increase in market activity to be

reflected in sales, and steel companies are

doing their best to hold prices.

Econometrix chief economist Azar Jammine says demand for steel correlates more

closely with the demand for investment

goods than for consumer goods and he expects gross domestic fixed investment to

grow no more than 0,8%.

However, Econometrix has revised its

forecast for the increase in iron and steel

industry production. In the last quarter last

year the prediction for 1987 was 2,5% but

the latest growth forecast is 2,74% — assuming exports remain constant.

This could mean a growth in local sales for

Iscor after two years of decline — local sales

fell 3% last year and 13% in 1985.

But Robin Bosomworth, MD of steel exporter-importer Robco, says there's no

future for the secondary industry. There has

been a 50% increase in the cost of rolled steel

since price control was abolished and primary producers have a destructive two-tier pricing policy, he claims.

Complains Bosomworth: "It would make

sense for us to move from Cape Town to

Taiwan. A ton of South African wire rod and

reinforcing bar steel costs the Taiwanese

$210 (R440) but the local man pays R730.

Even if steel is beneficiated for export we're

still charged the higher rate. This has enabled Iscor to maintain a positive cashflow of

R600m — about R100 per ton."

However, UMEjoint MD Peter Smaller is

much more bullish. "There's bound to be

some stimulation of the economy in the election run up and the private sector is taking

advantage of the low interest rates to restock

steel products. I can also see more import

replacement."

With projects like Mossel Bay on the cards

Smaller expects a 5% growth in steel demand.

Steel and Engineering Industry Federation of SA director Sam van Coller is reluctant to estimate production increases. He

says some large steel consumers like gold

mines are doing very well, but any real turnaround would have to come from a recovery

of the vehicle industry and a general revival

in infrastructural activity.

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110
SOUTH AFRTCA

SMALL BUSINESS BOOM PREDICTED FOR EASTERN CAPE

Port Elizabeth EVENING POST in English 21 Jan 87 p 8

[Article by Denise Boutall]

[Text]

SMALL business could

thrive in the Eastern

Cape this year as various

plans to foster individual

entrepreneurs come to

fruition.

The Emthonjeni Group

Training Centre opened a

handicraft centre this

week where people can

take three-week courses

in a wide range of crafts.

In March the Small

Business Development

Corporation will open a

hive of industries in

Uitcnhage and the Urban

Foundation hopes to start

an entrepreneur centre in

Port Elizabeth by midyear.

The director of training

at Emthonjeni, Mr Leon

de Villicrs, said the idea

behind the handicraft

centre was to teach

people basic skills which

would enable them to

earn money immediately.

The courses lasted

three weeks and were

limited to 12 people at a

time. The first six courses

being attended by 72

people were hand sewing,

doll making, welding, car-

/9317

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pentry, crocheting and

hand knitting.

Other courses to be

offered were leather

work, pottery, machine

knitting, machine sewing,

baking, shoe repair, spinning, weaving and mat

making. It was hoped to

start these courses on

February 9.

The manager, special

projects, at the Small

Business Development

Corporation, Mr Willie

Fouche, said there was an

enormous demand for the

type of facilities offered.

In PE, where the first

hive has already been

expanded by moving to

new premises, there was

a waiting list of 87. In

Uitcnhage there were 43

applications for the 21

units in the new hive

which would open on

March 1.

The project was aimed

at providing accommodation and training to unemployed people with entrepreneurial potential.

In PE five people had

moved out of the hive into

their own premises. There

were 51 businesses operating in the hive and another 10 would move in at

the end of February. The

SBDC was also looking at

additional premises.

Mr Fouche said the

SBDC would be establishing a clinic at the end of

next month where small

businessmen would be

able to obtain specialised

advice on running a business. It was also planning

one-hour lunchtime

courses on various aspects of business.

The regional policy director of the Urban Foundation, Mr Roger

Mntlock, said investigations into the possibility

of developing non-racial

entrepreneur centres had

been undertaken in PE,

Durban and Johannesburg.

"It looks viable and we

hope to start up by June.

This will depend on the

availability of development capital and the response of the local community," he said.

.1.11
SOUTH AFRICA

OPERATION HUNGER FACES 'DIFFICULT' YEAR

Whites Seeking Aid as Hunger Grows

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 21 Jan 87 p 8

[Text]

This year may be one of

the most difficult for Operation Hunger as starvation increases and funds

are harder to come by,

according to the relief organisation's executive

director, Mrs Ina Perlman.

Since 1985 there has

been a sharp increase in

the number of urban

dwellers requiring aid

from Operation Hunger.

The organisation is

now feeding 300 000

urban people a day, an

increase of 200000 since

1985.

An example of the

plight in the urban areas

is in Port Elizabeth

where Operation Hunger

feeds at least 165 000 people daily.

"This year will be a

difficult one for Operation Hunger. Urbanitcs

simply do not have the

same survival techniques

as homeland people,"

Mrs Perlman said. <•■■

She predicted an increase in the number of

whites seeking aid. At the

moment Operation Hunger is feeding about

20 000 whites a day.

"We never used to get

appeals from whites, but

these are on the increase.

One of the most shattering aspects of white re?

lief is that some of those

who apply really do not

need it. Of the first 100

cards we got requesting

relief we found that

80 percent were cons."

She added: "My greatest fear is that in an economic upswing there will

be more mechanisation

and less people needed.

Unemployment will rise

and that means we will

have a bigger job to do.

"There are so many

school leavers, especially

in the rural areas, who

have been out of school

for three years and more

and have still no work,"

Mrs Perlman said.

Ina Perlman Explains Relief Activities

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 21 Jan 87 p 8

[Article by Susan Pleming]

[Text] When Ina Perlman enters the rural areas women and children

cheer.

Her arrival sparks festivity and while villagers sing and dance in • Mrs Perlman's honour she looks at them shyly and smiles.

The head of Operation Hunger has been described by some people

as South Africa's Mother Theresa. She would shudder at this description. Her modesty and "let's get down to it" attitude does not

allow for gushy talk.

Tens of millions of rands have been raised by this dimunitive

woman, her staff and the high-powered Businessmen's Action Committee to feed the starving and sponsor self-help projects.

Operation Hunger, the largest relief organisation in South Africa,

was launched in August 1980 and 18 months later had raised

R235 019. Since then it has experienced massive growth and the

1986/1987 annual budget was R12 million.

112
In her "wildest nightmare" Mrs Perlman said she never expected

Operation Hunger would become the huge relief organisation it is

today.

"Initially we saw ourselves as a temporary relief organisation to

combat malnutrition and become involved in self-help projects. But,

the drought changed this and because our network was so developed

we found we were able to step in very quickly and help people who

were starving."

BUDGET FOR THE HUNGRY

She adds: "People in South Africa are incredibly compassionate. I

think they budget for the hungry as they would for tea, sugar and

their holidays at the coast." ;

Mrs Perlman was aware of poverty at an early ago. "Being

brought up in Port Elizabeth made one very aware that there were

people who were starving."

Her "career" in community help started in her 20's when she

worked with the African Children's Feeding Scheme. Years later, in

1972 she joined the finance department at the South African Institute of Race Relations.

"Before I joined the institute I did an appallingly long stint of

school galas, rugby matches and taking my four children from one

place to another. I think I knew every rugby field and swimming

pool in the Johannesburg area. When the job came up at the institute I jumped at the opportunity."

Mrs Perlman was appointed the southern Transvaal manager of

the insitute in 1974 and in 1980 Operation Hunger was launched.

Operation Hunger has gone from strength to strength, but it "lives

on the brink".

"The minute money comes in we spend it. The need is enormous

and I live in constant fear that we won't have enough money. Everv

cent counts."

Earlier this year mealie meal rations had to be cut by half be-'

cause of a shortage of funds. But a large donation from the German

Government solved this crisis arid once again full rations were sent

to hungry recipients.

One of Operation Hunger's biggest crises was in September 1984

when it was Rl million in debt. "We owed this money to our suppliers and fortunately they agreed to wait for the money rather than

let people go hungry. By November we had raised R5 million,

95 percent of which was raised by the Businessmen's Action Committee."

Until last year 90 percent of Operation Hunger's funds were

raised in South Africa. In the past financial year this position has

changed and about 30 percent has been donated from overseas governments and companies.

Although Operation Hunger has received massive public support

Mrs Perlman fears for the future.

"People keep saying we have turned the corner and overcome the

hunger problem, but we are still getting appeals all the time."

After a recession people assumed that the plight of the hungry

would diminish.

"With each recession companies mechanise that little bit more

which means more people lose their jobs and need help."

The good rains countrywide

also gave people the wrong impression. Despite the rain in

some areas the optimal period

for planting crops has passed.

When numbers for feeding

drop Mrs Perlman hopes to concentrate on self-help projects.

At the moment Operation Hunger spends R100 000 a month on

these projects.

113
Mrs Perlman speaks with

pride of the successful self-help

project in kwaNdeble. At one

time Operation Hunger was

feeding about 10000 people in

kwaNdebele. But, when their lucrative beadwork business was

launched this dropped to 1500.

One of her philosphies is not

to "teach" a community about

self-help. "One of the most fatal

words is 'teach' because it implies superiority. We are there

to support a community and to

share knowledge if they want it.

It takes a long time to break

down that 'Yes Madam' relationship."

Feeding Programs in Venda Successful

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 21 Jan 87 p 8

[Text] Recent surveys in Venda have shown the success of Operation

Hunger's feeding schemes in countering malnutrition.

Surveys were conducted in a village where Operation Hunger

had been working for some time and in another where a feeding

scheme had just been launched. In both villages, residents economic status and job opportunities were similar.

In Maphake village in Venda, where feeding has been undertaken for some time, very few children examined were malnourished. Of 72 children from the ages of one to two, only four were

clinicaly malnourished and four underweight. Of 83 children examined from the ages of three to five, three were clinically malnourished and three underweight.

In the village of Masia, where feeding had just begun, 29 of 77

children from one to two were clinicaly malnourished and six

underweight. Of 75 three to five-year-olds examined, 49 were

clinically malnourished children and 14 were underweight.

/9274

CSO: 3400/917

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SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

MANUFACTURING VOLUMES RISING—Manufacturing production volumes are maintaining their upward climb. Preliminary figures for November shows a 1,9%

improvement on November 1985. Although nearly 3% down on October, overall

production was at its second highest monthly level in more than two years.

Production between September and November reflected a 4,7% seasonally

adjusted increase over the previous three months, and a 3,7% increase over

September-November 1985. A breakdown of the figures—which are index-based

with 1980 production being equal to 100—appears to confirm an upturn in

consumer confidence and spending. Clothing production in November showed

a 26-point leap compared with November 1985. Food production was barely

changed, but beverages were down 12 points and tobacco five points. The

problems of the motor industry were reflected in a nine-point decline in

production of motor vehicles, parts and accessories. [Text] [Johannesburg

BUSINESS DAY in English 15 Jan 87 p 2] /9317

DIFFICULT ENVIRONMENT FOR U.S. BUSINESSMEN—US businessmen who visit Africa

are returning home with vivid memories of the continent's wildlife.

However, it is not the four-legged wildlife of the game parks they remember

but the two-legged species. The latest edition of International Update,

magazine of the International Business Aviation Council, says Africa

creates more problems for business travelers than anywhere else in the

world. On SA, the magazine says US consular officials have had difficulties

gaining access to Americans arrested since the emergency was declared and

recommends that all Americans register with the US embassy or a consulate

upon their arrival in SA. Among hazards encountered by businessmen flying

to Africa are surly customs officials, unhelpful hotel staff, thieves and

trigger-happy troops and police. Its findings—many relating to African

airports—are based on first-hand experiences of US businessmen. SA is

highlighted as a particular danger point from the moment of arrival.

"Exercise caution in photographing or tape recording events that may be

construed as being anti-government." [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY

in English 14 Jan 87 p 1] /9317

NEW SEA LINK—A new export sea link to Portugal begins operation next

month. Crhistensen Canadian African Lines (CCAL) is to introduce a monthly

Lisbon stop on its service from SA to Canada. There will be no stop in

the opposite direction. Hans Ooosterhuis, CCAL trade manager at shipping

agent Nedlloyd Agencies, says the stop will add two days to sailing. [Text]

[Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 15 Jan 87 p 2] /9317

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CALL FOR DEREGULATIONS—The Competition Board will submit wide-ranging

reports on deregulation to government in the next six weeks. The reports,

to be submitted to Economic Affairs and Technology Minister Danie Steyn,

will deal with the deregulation of: Black trading; Trade licensing and

business hours; Health regulations; Industrial parks; Taxis. Chairman

of the Competition Board Stef Naude said yesterday in-depth consultations

to secure the co-operation of government departments and local authorities

had taken place since investigations began in August last year. This was

vital, Naude emphasised, to prevent subversion of the proposals the board

will push hard to have implemented speedily. He did not wish to comment

on the contents of the reports but hinted that the import of the recommendations concerning black traders was "to lift restrictions on access and

remove unwarranted obstacles." Issues dealt with included trade licences

and land usage, though apparently not the Group Areas Act. A spokesman

for the Small Business Development Corporation (SBDC) said the major

concern of black tradersr—barring their exclusion from "white areas"—

was regulations giving councils the power to allocate sites, to decide on

whether a person could do business and to control business hours. The

report on business hours related to lifting restrictions on Sunday shopping,

Naude said, while the proposals on licensing dealt with the need to facilitate business entry. In terms of municipal ordinances a licence is

required to open a business. The SBDC spokesman said this not only meant

additional red tape but severely constrained the development of the informal

sector. Health regulations were also far too strict, Naude said. As

regards industrial parks, "substantial" deregulation on a limited geographical basis could occur if the board's report is accepted. They would be

exempt from a variety of laws and regulations in terms of the Temporary

Removal of Restrictions on Economic Activities Act. [Text] [Johannesburg

BUSINESS DAY in English 14 Jan 87 p 2] /9317

OPENCAST MINING FROM RAND LEASES—Rand Leases Gold Mine has announced plans

to carry out opencast mining operations which could see full milling

capacity—originally envisaged for 1990—reached by June this year. The

first of two gold plants has been commissioned and the mine is scheduled

to pour its first bar of gold today. A progressive build-up aimed at the

present plant's full capacity of 20 000 tons a month will continue in the

remainder of the year, said director Ian Preston. The second phase of

milling capacity, a 15 000-ton plant, is being brought forward to cater

for extra production from opencast mining and will be available in the

June quarter, according to Preston. The quarterly report to December shows

ore milled for the first time since the West Rand mine last produced gold

from underground workings in 1971. Trial milling in December produced

16 800 tons—5 800 of which is from underground operations, the balance

from reclaimed surface material—which means the year to June's target

total of 36 000 tons could be met next month. Financial results for the

first half of the current year (to June) are also well ahead of predictions

(based on a conservative projected gold price of R22 500/kg), with dump

treatment and lease and interest receipts netting Rl,67m before capex. The

December quarter results are down on the previous three months—working

revenue was R880 000 (Rl,001m)—due to a sharply lower gold price received

of R27 998/kg (30 260/kg) and an 8,3% fall in recovery grades to 0,44 g/t

(0,48 g/t). [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 16 Jan 87 p 3]

/9317

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STARCH-FROM-WHEAT PLAN—Tongaat-Hulett is spending Rl5m to manufacture the

raw material, vital-gluten, from wheat. Vital-gluten, an important

starch ingredient in the baking industry, has to be imported, most of it

from Australia. Tongaat-Hulett is building a starch-from-wheat plant at

the Meyerton, Transvaal, factory of subsidiary African Products. [Text]

[Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 16 Jan 87 p 3] /9317

RANK XEROX HAS NOT QUIT—It was incorrectly reported in Business Day

yesterday that Rank Xerox had disinvested from SA. It has not. Last

May, Xerox chairman David Reams set December 31, 1986 as a deadline for

political progress in SA and said the corporation might disinvest unless

certain requirements were met. This deadline has been postponed. [Text]

[Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 16 Jan 87 p 3] /9317

DRUG PRODUCER PLANS TO REGAIN—U.S. multi-national Scherin-Plough, which

quietly withdrew its cosmetics business from SA last week, will not impose

medical sanctions against SA. Scherag,'the corporation's pharmaceutical

arm, will continue to manufacture drugs at its Isando factory, which employs

170 people. A company spokesman said? "We're definitely not leaving.

It's our ethical duty to provide pharmaceutical products to all peoples of

this country," Scherag's product portfolio includes anti-cancer drugs

Intron-A and Eulexin, tropical steroids, anti-allergies and anti-biotics.

The spokesman would not disclose the company's turnover but said SheringPlough's pharmaceutical sales in SA far exceeded its cosmetics business.

Total SA sales in 1984, the latest figure available, were about R18,7m

and represent less than 1% of the group's world turnover. [Text] [By

Hamish Mclndoe] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 12 Jan 87 p 3] /9274

WOOL INDUSTRY 'CRISIS'--The R428m wool industry is said to be facing

collapse unless the Wool Board changes policies farmers say are forcing

major producers out of business. At a time when wool clips are fetching

record prices farmers are turning to mohair and meat. Wool producers,

resentful of the board's pool scheme, claim it has made wool farming

unprofitable and caused a 27-million kg drop in wool production in eight

seasons, in spite of a 752% wool-price increase in 14 years.—Sapa

[Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 15 Jan 87 p 3] /9317

IBM DENIES STAYING—The Financial Times reported yesterday that IBM, the

world's largest computer company, had in practice not withdrawn from SA

despite its declared decision to disinvest. IBM said it could not comment

other than to insist it was leaving SA. [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY

in English 15 Jan 87 p 3] /9317

METAL WORKERS' SALARIES HIGHER—The person pushing that overflowing shopping

trolley over your foot as you do your month-end shopping may turn out to be a

chemical or a metal worker. As you hop up and down in pain, the odds are

that the half-empty hand-basket that catches you behind the knee belongs to

someone in the clothing or wood industries. Official figures show that workers

in basic metal industries take home more at the end of the month than any others

in the manufacturing industry—and more than four times the average pay-packet

of workers in the wood industry. Combining salaried staff and wage-earners,

average monthly pay in basic metal industries is Rl,490. Close behind are

117
chemical workers (Rl,421) and the machinery sector (Rl,325). The average

pay-packet of workers in the wood industry is R358, little more than onethird of the overall manufacturing sector average of R967. Clothing and

footwear workers, while better off at R472 and R587 respectively, still

won't have too much left over. Other average pay levels are: food industry workers (R725), beverages (R953), furniture (R890), plastics (R972)

and transport equipment (Rl,190), [Text] [By David Furlonger] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 21 Jan 87 p 1] /9274

DUTCH COMPANY PULL-OUT—Dutch vinyl floor producer Frobo-Krommennie (FK) plans

to cut ties with SA after receiving warnings from police of possible terrorist

attacks, a company spokesman in Assendelft, Netherlands, said yesterday. The

announcement comes three days after leading Dutch trading company SHV said itwas "conceding to terror" and would sell its Makro stores in SA. The move

will not greatly affect FK's Durban-based agents Krommenie Ltd, since the

Hepburn-family-owned Industrial Investment Company bought FK's SA operation

five years ago. Krommenie MD Gavin Jeffrey said last night: "The FK product

lines that we handle account for a very small amount of our business. The

bulk of our flooring products are made locally." Krommenie employs 500 people

and has an annual turnover of R50m , [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in

English 23 Jan 87 p 1] /9274

RM EXPANSION TO CREATE 20,000 JOBS—The current expansion of the Rand Mines

(RM) group will create jobs for nearly 20,000 people in the next seven years.

This was revealed in the latest issue of Rand Mines Review—the group's inhouse publication. The new workers will be employed right across the board

in the gold, coal and base minerals divisions. Operations that will create

the most new jobs include ERPM's R300m Far East Vertical project, the Escomtied Khutala and Majuba collieries and the Harmony twin shaft complex. According to the review, ERPM's expansion will require an additional 7,000

people. The mine already has a labour force of about 21,000, The underground coal mines will employ 6,200 workers between them and Harmony's R25m

No 4 twin shaft complex will provide an additional 3,000 jobs. The balance

of the new jobs in the group will be created by projects such as the R53m

City Deep sand treatment plant and the Rll,8m Pilgrim's Rest sand/s-lime

treatment plant. The expansion is expected to be complete in the mid 1990s.

[Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 27 Jan 87 p 12] /9274

CSO: 3400/917 - END -

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