SOUTH AFRICA

U.S. DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATES ALL SEEN ANTI>RSA
MB161845 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 1600 GMT 16 Jan 84
[Station commentary: "South Africa and the American Presidential Election"]

[Text] It is still 6 weeks before the first primary election in the American
presidential election campaign is held in New Hampshire. For the Democratic
Party candidates, the New Hampshire primary election is traditionally import-
ant. The candidate who is going to do well in this New England state should
do well in the rest of the campaign, and could win his party's nomination for
the presidency.

It is no wonder, therefore, that all the top Democratic Party candidates have
taken part in a television debate in the state, which was televised nation-
wide, There was the present frontrunner, former Vice President Mondale;

the former astronaut, Senator John Glenn from Ohio; the 69-year-old Senator
Alan Cranston from California; 45-year-old Senator Gary Hart from Kansas [as
heard]; the Democratic Party candidate in the 1972 é@lection against Mr Nixon,
former Senator George McGovern; Reverend Jesse Jackson from Detroit, the only
black candidate; the former governor of Florida, Mr Reuben Askew, who is 53;
and 61-year-old Senator Fritz Hollings of South Carolina.

The idea of the primaries is to select 3,931 delegates to attend the Demo-
cratic Party convention in San Francisco in July. Many key primaries are
being held early this year, and 45 percent of the delegates will have been
selected by 1 April, This means that it is vital for candidates to make a big
impact early on. That is why the television debate was important to them,

and why the New Hampshire primary will be important.

The Democratic candidates range from middle-of-the-road to very left. Prob-
ably one of the few things they have in common--apart from being Democrats—-
is a dislike of South Africa and its internal politics. One news agency re-
port on the television debate stated that South Africa was one area where the
candidates generally united in criticizing President Reagan. They directed
their criticism against his policy of constructive engagement, ignoring the
fact that the policy was based on the nedd to protect American interests,

and those of the West in general, in the whole region under threat from Soviet
expansionism.

In the campaign ahead, much more will be heard of the candidates' opinions of
South Africa.

cso: 3400/549
57



MOZAMBIQUE

NEWSPAPER DISCUSSES RELATIONSHIP WITH RSA
MB160550 Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 24 Dec 83 p 1
[Editorial: "Cohesion of Principles of the Achievement of Peace"]

[Text] One cannot chose one's location, Two nations are neighbors not out
of choice but because of a natural and unavoidable imposition. Two nations
can have different political systems and radically opposed social concepts,
which happens on all continents. The existence of such differences is not
necessarily the cause of conflicts and wars.

The People’s Republic of Mozambique wishes peace. The achievement of peace
has always been the objective of the sacrifices made by the Mozambican people.
Tranquility is the first condition in achieving economic development and
well-being, as well as to eliminate famine and underdevelepment.

The People's Republic of Mozambique is not opposed to the South African nation.
South Africa is a country. Indeed we are openly opposed to the institution

of racism as a policy, we are against “apartheid," against the Bantustan
policy, against militarism, and against the colonization of Namibia.

After all, we share the universal condemnation of a system which has estab-
lished as foreigners or second class citizens all. men who do not belong to

the white race.. This condemning attitude dsshared by South Africa's allies
themselves, as well as developed countries which maintain closer economic

and trade relations with South Africa. There are many Western countries which
have allowed the establishment of representations of ANC and SWAPO in their
territories.

The reasons given by the Pretoria mtlitarists for attacking the People's Re-
public of Mozambique are not convincing. It is sufficient to review the his-
tory of this region to find the true motives for this aggressiveness. The
Republic of South Africa has opposed birth and the existence of Mozambique.

In a press conference in Bissau recently, President Samora Machel recalled the
slogan that for a long time has guided South African actions: "When a neigh-
bor'’s house catches fire the other neighbor knows what to do." This motto
guided the South African military action inside Mozambique territory, in which
they fought side by side with the Portuguese colonial army. At the time the
pretext was the defense of Cahora Bassa. The Pretoria Government used to

23



NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

PROCUREMENT OF PUBLICATIONS

JPRS publications may be ordered from the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. In order-
ing, it is recommended that the JPRS number, title, date and
author, if applicable, of publication be cited.

Current JPRS publications are announced in Government Reports
Announcements issued semi-monthly by the National Technical
Information Service, and are listed in the Monthly Catalog of
U.S. Government Publications issued by the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.



SOUTH AFRICA

RESEARCHERS WARN OF MASSIVE UNEMPLOYMENT CRISIS
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 6 Jan 84 p 12

[Article by Keith Abendroth]

{Text] THREE specialist researchers warned yesterday that South Africa is
heading for a massive unemployment crisis. Employers could no longer stall
or escape greater employment of Black artisans and technicians, they said.

In a special report, the Human Sciences Research Council's Mr S S Terblanche,
Mr J J Jacobs and Miss Joyce van Pletzen, said that employment of unskilled
work-seekers to fill the present skills gap was no solution to the unemploy-
ment problem.

At 1982 levels only sufficient jobs were being created yearly for about half
the annual increase in the labour force.

However, this did not mean that training should not be increased or that the
country could allow the rate of growth to be stilted by lack of skilled man-
power.

"Such an approach would only aggravate a grave problem."

The researchers said employers could not delay the day when they would be
forced through economic and demographic factors to employ Black artisans and
technicians. "They cannot escape it."

South Africa lived in a wage economy and the worker's welfare depended not on
how much money he received in return for his labour, but on the services and

goods the money could buy.
"In other words, on the relation of his wage to inflation."

Of a threatening unemployment problem, they said that in 1981 an amount of
about R9 000-million was available for new investments, which meant that
134 000 new job opportunities could be created.

"When this is compared with the annual increase in the labour force--292 000 a

year between 1980 and 1985--it gives some indication of the magnitude of the
unemployment problem that has to be faced."

66



SWAZILAND

BRITISH GOVERNMENT SENDS AID IN RESPONSE TO 'DRUG CRISIS'
Drug Contribution
Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 9 Dec 83 p 3

[Text] The British Government has contributed drugs valued at E9 000 to
Swaziland, an information officer for the British High Commission Mr Dale
Harrison said yesterday.

Britain has become aware of Swaziland's drug problem through a South African
newspaper and the BBC television station, according to reliable sources.

Mr Harrison told The Times that the issue was raised in the British Parlia-
mentary debate last Friday. He said the British Minister for Overseas De-
velopment, Mr Timothy Raison, told Parliament that he had already released
about E9 000 to Oxfam.

Oxfam is an organisation that deals with helping countries in need. He said
the Minister instructed Oxfam to purchase the drugs for Swaziland.

The Minister of Health was not available for comment.
Meanwhile, the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Health, Mr Tim Zwane,
revealed that a Britain freight company called, Freight Ways has offered to
ship any available drugs from the UK free of charge.

Mr Zwane said he came to know about this company through the Swaziland Embassy
in London.

Mr Zwane also revealed that a local company which produces drugs has also con-
tributed drugs worth about E10 000. The company is the Medical Pharmatical
Co--Operation of Swaziland, based in Manzini.

The financial controller for Medipharm, Mr John D Golesworthy, said a portion
of the drugs had already been taken to the Central Medical Stores in Matsapa.

77



primary and secondary, schools but the teacher shortage is still enormous.
Cuba gave us aid in this field from the very first days of our independence
onward and sent us civilian technicians who worked free of charge as part of
our reconstruction effort. Another. important field is health. Here again
European doctors cooperated with us, from independence onward, in the most
remote regions, specifically.in those where no doctor ever had set foot
during colonial times. Cooperation furthermore developed in civil engineer-
ing construction, in agriculture, and in many other fields. This multiple
cooperation was increased and still tends to grow since it not only involves
little cost but is also more in line with the parameters of Angola's ideology.

It is the Cubans who best understand the type of society we want to build:
A society geared toward the solution of the problems of the worker masses,
We know how Cuba brilliantly solved the great problems that existed at the
end of the Batista dictatorship in the fields of education, housing, etc.

Question: Do you think that the more intensive commitment of the USSR by the
side of the RPA is partly due to the hardening of American policy since
Reagan came to power? Could this be a Soviet response to the cold war
developed by Washington, to the threats which it made against the Arab

World, against Lebanon, against the Palestinian resistance, Nicaragua, and,
more recently, against Grenada? Do you believe that there is a link between
all of these facts?

Answer: The hardening of imperialist policy that. came about as a result of
Reagan's coming to power is something which we have to feel here in southern
Africa. This involves the policy of that American administration toward
South Africa, its "constructive commitment," the fact that it treats the
liberation movements as terrorists and, in our specific Angolan case,
support for the UNITA criminals and the establishment of a link between
independence for Namibia and the withdrawal of the Cubans from the RPA.

We know all that only too well. There is no doubt that there is an intensi-
fication of the aggressiveness of American imperialism throughout the world,
regardless of whether it happens to be in the Middle East, Central America,
Southeast Asia, or other parts of the world. All of this. is part of a
global offensive by imperialism against the liberation movements, against
the progressive countries, and, more specifically, against the socialist
countries. We must not forget. the events in Poland where the. Polish people
almost came to the point of losing all of its socialist gains.

From our viewpoint, there is no hardening in the policy of the USSR which,
for example, submitted various proposals to the United States for preventing
a third world war. But the truth is that we are facing a general offensive
by imperialism which all progressive forces, including the USSR, must face
in order to defend the gains of the peoples.

Question: At what point is this cooperation with the Western countries,

with France, for example? Are you satisfied with the current status of
relations with Paris?

13



Apart from everything else, the fact that about 25 percent of the black
population is illiterate, is very significant. South Africa is of course
wealthy enough to provide an education to all its citizens; it wouldn't
even be in its economic interest to make much greater expenditures for edu-
cational facilities for whites than it does for blacks.

The South African foreign minister was aware of all that before his Rhine
journey. And Botha, a member of the National Party's wing that is open to
reform, was probably not the right man to have to listen to Bonn's com-
plaints about civil rights violations and race discrimination. But--he is
South Africa's minister of foreign affairs and must take the blame for A
“things for which others are responsible. :

But perhaps this will be helpful to him in dealing with internal policy in
South Africa. Prime Minister P. W. Botha's government had placed specific
hopes in Bonn's Christian-Liberal coalition and perhaps believed that Bonn
would help Pretoria to come out of its isolation. The fact that the criti-
cism continues and is directed also at those who are definitely among South
Africa's friends and who would rather see anything but a communist influ-
enced government at the Cape of Good Hope, will perhaps give the South Afri-
cans some food for thought.

Nor is there much to be gained by Pretoria if it believes, as Botha seemed
to hint during his press conference, that it can sow dissension among the
FRG government. The CDU, CSU and FDP basically agree in their rejection of
apartheid, though, as usual, the exceptions confirm the rule. There are
differences in degree and in possible solutions. It is true however, that
Pretoria can be certain that none of the three parties has any intention of
dictating the structure and modus operandi of their system to the South
Africans.

It will however remain a prerequisite that any new system will preserve and
observe human rights and democratic principles. And until this comes to
pass, any visitor from South Africa to Bonn will find himself exposed to
severe criticism and there will be no basic change in German policy--no mat-
ter who is in charge on the Rhine.

9273
CSO: 3420/9

72



PEOPLE RETURN TO COMMUNES--Four. village ‘communes have been fully rebuilt in
Tome, in Massinga, Inhambane Province, after being savagely destroyed by the
armed bandits. At’ present, the peasants are engaged in the preparation of
the fields for planting and in ‘the rehabtl{tation of socioeconomic infrastruc~
tures. The Massinga District administrator told our reporting team that maize
seed and other products’ would soon be sent to Tome. Recently, a route of
about 110 km was opened to permit access to Tome. It is worth noting that
the main base of the armed bandits in Inhambane was located in Tome, before
it was destroyed last year. by the FPLM. [Text] [MB161256 Maputo Domestic
Service in Portuguese 1030 GMT 16 Jan 84]

FRG MEDICAL ASSISTANCE--The Government of the FRG, through its embassy in
Maputo, today offered .20 tents and 40 kerosene lamps to the Ministry of Health
of our country. The tents will be ‘used as hospital wards in case of an out~
break of cholera. The gift follows an appeal by the Ministry of Health of

the People's Republic of Mozambique’ after the late 1982 and early 1983 cholera
outbreak. In June of last year the FRG gave basic medicines to fight cholera.
[Summary] MB161919 Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 1400 GMT.13 Jan 84]

NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL ATD--Mozambique has just received some 10 million krone~-
about 50,000 meticals--worth of aid from Norway. The amount is designed to
strengthen our country's capacity to import crude ofl and its byproducts,
thus diminishing the difficulties being experienced in the national market.
[Text] [MB131919 Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 1400 GMT 13 Jan 84]

CSO: 3442/243



floods. In both cases many problems arise in carrying out health programs for
the livestock, plotting the movement of the animals and immunizing those animals
against disease.

Health Improvement Programs for Animals

Faced with this problem Somalia proceeded to set up new programs to care for the
health of animals. It began by establishing veterinary centers throughout the
country to ascertain that sick animals are treated. Since most herdsmen are illi-
terate, a massive campaign had to be launched to teach those herdsmen that an
ounce of prevention was better than a pound of cure.

Herdsmen were soon convinced that treating and immunizing their animals were
important. Although the veterinary centers were large and numerous in those areas
where livestock could be found, they became crowded. Herdsmen would bid us wel-
come as we roamed around their cattle taking pictures because they thought we
represented one of the veterinary teams that treated their animals. This is the
first time that herdsmen have access to facilities such as washhouses, hospitals
and veterinary clinics that dispense medication free of charge. There are also
mobile veterinary teams providing these services to herdsmen and teaching the
nomadic tribes the best scientific ways for raising their animals. The fact is
that this is not an easy matter because these traveling teams have to fight
against many myths that exist among the herdsmen and the tribes because of the
rampant illiteracy that can be found in their midst. It is this that has made it
difficult to persuade those herdsmen and tribes that the scientific ways of
raising their livestock [are superior] and that they should give up the tradi-
tional ways which.they had learned [from their ancestors].

Much care and attention has been devoted to livestock that is prepared for
export. A series of quarantine centers have been set up around the two principal
ports in Somalia: Kismayo and Berbera. These are the two ports from which the
livestock is exported. At these centers each animal is examined carefully and
thoroughly, and any animal that is found to be sick is isolated and given treat-
ment.

As a result of these sanitary facilities and protective measures the rate of
deaths [among livestock] declined considerably and revenues from livestock and
their products rose and exceeded one third of the state's revenues. It was estab-
lished that animal resources were the backbone of Somalia's life and economy and
that the government's decision to devote its foremost attention to animal
resources in its development programs was a wise decision. That decision had
upset long-standing attitudes which for centuries had continued to take livestock
and its gifts for granted, [requiring] no effort [on their part].

Bovine Plague

It is known that there is a group of diseases that strike cattle and sheep and
that these diseases are widespread on the African continent. These diseases are
bovine plague, black quarter, splenic fever and parasites. Therefore the Ministry
of Livestock, [Forestry and Range] in Somalia set up an integrated program to
wipe out these diseases. The ministry began this program in 1971 by establishing
the Department of Veterinary Medicine which set up 24 permanent centers and 32

37



DAMS STILL LOW AS RAINY SEASON CLOSES

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 6 Jan 84 p 4

[Article by Andrew Parker]

[Text]

WITH less than three
months until the end of
the present rainy season
the majority of dams
around the country are
still well below satisfac
tory levels according to.
the Department of En-
vironment Affairs — rul-
ing out any chance of
even a partial lifting of
the current water restric-
tions. .

However, recent heavy
rains have pushed water
levels in a number of
dams higher than last
year’s figures.

The Grootdraai near
Standerton, which is a
back-up dam for the East-
ern Transvaal power sus-
tem as well as the major
supplier to Sasol One and
Two, is now 84 percent
full in comparison with
last year at this time when
it was only 45 percent full.

A percentage of the
present level can be attri-
buted to the multi-million
rand pumping. system
which came on stream last
year and involved the

ping of water from
the Vaal Dam upstream
tothe i Dam.

Mr W J Alexander,
manager of scientific ser-
vices for the Department
told The Citizen individ-
ual dam levels were of
little signif as the
methods used in ration-
ing, restrictions and dis-
tribution took.several in-
terlinked dam systems
into account.

The Eastern Transvaal
system in which the
Grootdraai Dam is in-
cluded, also incorporates,
the Vygeboom and Nooit-
gedacht dams. Taken
jointly the level at present

“is 73 percent fall. “Very

satisfactory when looking
back at last year’s 38 per-
cent.” said Mr Alex

“On the whole we are
very satisfied with the

situation and at
the rate the dams are ris-

ing.” he said. “Also in-
cluded in the Eastern
62

Transvaal system I have
just. mentioned is the
Usutu system; (compris-
ing of the Jericho, Westoe
and Morgenstond Dams).
Jointly they are 28 per-
cent full in comparison
with 13 percent last
rear.”

It is the PWV area
which is in dire straits at
the moment with the
Vaal, . Bloemhof and
Sterk
fontein dams jointly fall-
ing from’ 46 percent last
year to 35 persent at the
present.

Restrictions

“This is definitely not a
healthy situation. There is
still a long way to go be-
fore we can start thinking
about lifting restrictions,”
Mr Alexander said. “The
situation in this area is
most unsatisfactory.”

So is the Umgeni sys-

SOUTH AFRICA

tem in Natal which is
down two percent on last*
year’s 27 percent and the=
Chelsmford Dam which,”
despite a massive im-
provement from a low of
seven percent last year to”
20 percent full this week,
is still regarded as being
“underfull”.

Mr Alexander ex-
plained that the reasons
behind the continuing re-
strictions lay in the fact
that the drought actually
started in mid-1978, only
reaching . crisis propor-
tions last year.

In the meantime the
dams have had to carry
the country through five.
years of decreasing run-:
off.

“We can be thankful
that the dams are big
enough to cope with the

_ Situation,” Mr Alexander

said, “and because they
are so big they cannot be
expected to fill up with a
couple of months’ of good
run-off.”


The minister noted that the committee will not be directly involved in financial
operations, and any checks written to cover expenses must be countersigned by
the secretary general and the treasurer.

In addition, Mr Djibo Ka discussed an important provision: organizations
directed by the committee to carry out the action program must account to the
executive bureau for the use made of the funds put at their disposal, in accor-
dance with the desire for accountability which is behind this provision.

Another important provision mentioned by the government spokesman is the naming
of a representative of the office of financial audits by the secretary general
in the office of the president. This will assure continuous monitoring of the
records documenting expenditures as well as justification of the expenses. The
representative from the office of financial audits will report his findings to
the president, Mr Djibo Ka also said.

The Decree

The president of the republic, by the powers vested in him under the constitu-
tion, decrees:

Article One: There is hereby created a solidarity committee for the assistance
of rural areas.

The purpose of the committee is to direct and coordinate the national effort
to aid rural areas seriously affected by the drought.

Article Two: The committee is composed as follows: three representatives from
the government; the minister of rural development, president; the minister of
planning and cooperation; the minister of social development; three representa-
tives from the union of stockraisers, fishermen and peasants; three employer
representatives, designated respectively by the Dakar Chamber of Commerce and
Industry, the Economic Group of Senegal and the National Center of Senegalese
Employers; and three representatives of the CNTS.

The above-mentioned professional associations are to submit the names of their
representatives to the minister of rural development.

The ex-officio members will be the executive bureau of the committee.

Any legally constituted. organization or association, with the exception of poli-
tical parties, may ask to have a representative named to the committee.

“he
The executive bureau of the committee will decide on membership requests.

Article Three: The committee will meet in plenary session when convoked by the
committee president.

The executive bureau will meet on the call of its president or on request by
the majority of its members.

33



SOUTH AFRICA

CROSSROADS TENSION SPREADS TO NEW CROSSROADS
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 6 Jan 84 p 16

[Text] CAPE TOWN.--Tensions at crossroads are spilling over into New Cross-
roads as increasing numberssof Mr Oliver Memani's supporters, who left the
shanty township after last week's violence, flocked there to "seek refuge".

Mr Memani, who represents a faction opposed to that of Mr Johnson Ngxobongwana,
the unofficial "Mayor" of Crossroads, is. believed to be in Transkei at present,
although he has a house in New Crossroads.

At a meeting in a house in New Crossroads yesterday, members of Mr Memani's
committee said they are now living in the open at the camp between Guguletu

and Nyanga.

A prominent member of the Crossroads Women's Committee and an ex-
Ngxobongwana supporter, Mrs Regina Ntongana, said she had been chased from her
house last week after being accused of being a Memani supporter.

"I have been in Crossroads since 1975. We, the women, are the foundation of
Crossroads. Since the men took over, things were never right. The men are
only concerned with their own benefit," said Mrs Ntongana, who is now staying
in New Crossroads. :

On Wednesday-night three people were reported injured in Crossroads as renewed
fighting broke out between rival factions.

The atmosphere was extremely tense in the squatter camp yesterday as some
people, armed with batons, converged on Noxolo school to hold a meeting with
people allegedly injured by a rival group.--Sapa.

cs0: 3400/509

65



Pp

reclaim the land that is being threatened by sand encroachment, particularly in
the northern regions of the country.

Mr ‘Abdallah Ahmad Karani, general manager of the Pasture Agency in Somalia said,
"The government has given special attention to pasture development projects. It
established a special agency to look after the affairs of pasture land. I can
only thank the government of Kuwait for the valuable assistance it has offered
us to develop some pasture lands in some of the regions of Somalia."

Mr’ Karani added, "To counter drought we set up 250 provisional grazing centers
{that would be used] in case of a drought. We use this reserve to feed our cattle
[in case we have a drought]. There are serious studies [being conducted] to grow
new kinds of highly nutritious feed to be used to feed our animals."

Trading Cattle and the Problems of that Industry

We interviewed Mr Hasan 'Ali Dayri, undersecretary of the Ministry of Commerce,
and we asked him about the problems cattle merchants are facing. He replied, "We
are one of the developing countries, and we have many problems that we cannot
solve. The fleet [of ships] we have which carries our cattle to neighboring
countries, especially Saudi Arabia and the countries of the Arabian Gulf, is a
small fleet. Also, in the countries that export meat and cattle to [foreign] mar-
kets good progress has been made in ships that transport cattle. We do not have
these ships that are equipped with everything that is needed to transport
animals." .

We asked him why some Gulf countries had not been buying cattle from Somalia
recently. Mr Dayri replied, "It's not that they are refraining from buying cattle
from Somalia, but there is only a difference about prices. We export our cattle
on the hoof, whereas the countries that do business in this area export their
cattle after they are slaughtered. Hence arise some impediments and misunderstan-
dings about world prices. When our cattle are exported on the hoof, the cattle
need feed, water and special care. They also need medication and other things.
Occasionally somé cows die during the journey. It is true that some fraternal
Arab countries import cattle and sheep from Australia, the Netherlands and
Romania, but Somali cattle have the advantage of offering good quality meat. The
cattle that is imported from those countries may have more meat and may weigh
more than Somali cattle, but the quality and the taste of Somali meat is special.
Somali méat is like Somali bananas which are known for their sweet taste.
Actually, the government of Somalia prefers to sell its cattle to fraternal Arab
countries. Our brothers are given special privileges that differ from the privi-
leges that are granted to other countries. We are very much surprised by the fact
that an Arab, Islamic country would prefer to purchase cattle from non-Muslim or
non-Arab countries and would pass over cattle of good quality that were cared for
by fellow Arabs and Muslims."

We asked Mr Hasan ‘Ali Dayri about Arab capital investments in developing animal
resources in Somalia, and he replied, "We have no objections to the investment
of Arab capital in Somalia, particularly investments in animal resources. The
government of Somalia has issued decrees encouraging the investment of Arab
capital and providing that capital with guarantees and special privileges. We
have vast, fertile lands that are suitable for agriculture, and the government of

43



SWAZILAND

BLS COUNTRIES REPORT CUSTOM UNION PROBLEMS WITH SA
Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 28 Nov 83 p 10
[Article by Sipho Mahlalela]

[Text] THE Customs Union, which is a system of economic co-operation between
the Republic of South Africa and Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (the BLS
countries), has proved economically invaluable to the three BLS states.

However, the initial gravity of co-operation has been jeopardised by the grant-
ing of "independence" to certain homelands within the republic. This has been
compounded by the BLS countries' refusal to recognise such independence.

This has led to a certain amount of ill-feeling among the members of the Cus-
toms Union. There are fears that South Africa may use the Customs Union as a
lever to force the recognition to the homelands by the BLS countries.

It is understood that South Africa has requested its Customs Union partners
in the Customs Union area."

There are reports that South Africa wants to coax the BLS states into an ac-
commodation with the "independent" homelands; Transkei, Bophutatswana, Venda
and the Ciskei (the TBVC states).

This ‘accommodation’ could be anything from BLS countries joining Pretorias'
proposed Southern African Development Bank to their allowing the TBVC states
into the Customs Union.

The BLS states are totally opposed to any such agreement. The BLS countries
are not happy with the two-year delay in giving them their receipts of their
shares from the Customs pool.

Although customs and exercise duties are paid as soon as the goods enter the
Customs Union area, Pretoria staggers their disbursal to the BLS states over
two years. The BLS countries resent the fact that during these two years South
Africa earns tens of millions of rand in interest payments on duties owed to
the BLS countries.

They argue that inflation eventually erodes the value of what they receive after
the two years. The amount should begin contributing "to a more even distribution

85



After Uganda, Mauritania, the Central African Republic, the Sudan, Upper Volta,
Chad and Niger, what Sahelian state can be certain today that it will not have
to face a fundamentalist protest manipulated from Tripoli? The inability of
the present leaders to change the course of affairs and, first of all, the un-
derdevelopment of their countries, the ever-increasing under-privileged masses
are easy prey to a fundamentalism that first addresses simple people. "Christ
is black," proclaimed Jean Paul II on his first African journey, underlining
how much African values were consonant with the gospel. But, despite the gos-
pel's contribution to the development of the African people, it has not suc-
ceeded in becoming an integral part of the social fabric and it is too often
identified with "Western cultural imperialism not to fear that tomorrow it may
be engulfed by the rising Muslim tide.

Religions in Africa (in Percent)

Christians

Country Catholics» Protestants Mus 1 ims Animists
Angola 12 4 84
Benin 16 3 1s 6S
Botswana 1s
Burundi 60 3 1.5 28.5
Cameroon 21 14 25 40
Central African Republic 28 40 8 24
Congo 45 5: 50
Ivory Coast 12 35 _ 33
Ethiopia 45 45 10
Gabon 45 9 1 45
Ghana 14 20 27 40
Equatorial Guinea 85 6 8
Guinea 1.5 62 35
. Upper Volta 10 60 30
Kenya 56 7 36
Lesotho 45 35 1 19
Liberia 20 1S 65
Madagascar 20 20 5 $5
Malawi 16 14 12 32
Mali 1 90 9
: Mauritius 23 16
“ Mauritania 95
° Mozambique 6.5 1s 70
Namibia 8s
Niger 0.5 95 4.8
Nigeria 10 25 48 17
Uganda 3.5 30 10 2s
Rwanda 45 9 1 43
Senegal 2 92 6
Somalia 0.4 99
Sudan 5 70 25
Tanzania 30 30 40
Chad s ty) 45
Togo 18 6.5 10 50
Zaire 35 2 12
Zaire {as published] 35 2 1.2
8946

CSO: 3419/279



Afrikaner Teachers Urged To Close Ranks
(Keith Abendroth; THE CLTLZEN, 6 Jan 84)......cceccesccccees 59

'Kei States Border Posts Experiment Reported
(Keith Abendroth; THE CITIZEN, 6 Jan 83) ....eccseceecesecess 60

Body To Aid in Transfer of Government Agencies
(THE CITIZEN, 6 Jan 84) .....ccccscceceeecescsecesesceceeess 61

Dams Still Low as Rainy Season Closes
(Andrew Parker; THE CITIZEN, 6 Jan 84) ....cccsscceccecccees 62

Touch Time for Consumers Predicted
(Janine Stein; THE CITIZEN, 6 Jan 84) .......sceccseccccsess 64

Crossroads Tension Spreads to New Crossroads
(THE CITIZEN, 6 Jan 84) ......ccesecccccccccccccccceccseeees 65

Researchers Warn of Massive Unemployment Crisis
(Keith Abendroth; THE CITIZEN, 6 Jan 84)....cecececccceesee 66

Discriminatory Education Deplored by ATASA
(THE CLTILZEN, 6 Jan 84) ..ceseeccececcesecescccccesececceses 68

Foreign Minister's Visit to Bonn Assessed‘
(Erwin E. Hirschmann; AFRIKA POST, Dec 83)......seeeeeeeess 70

Briefs
NES Operating Loss 73
Roof Bolting Unit 73
Dorbyl Freight Wagons 73
CALTEX Adds Computer Power 74
Technetics Enjoys Networking Success 74
Fertilizer Price Increase 74
Mooi River Pumping 75
Black Councils Inducted 75
New Black Village Council 75
RSA Minister Visits Taiwan 75
SWAZILAND

British Government Sends Aid in Response to ‘Drug Crisis'
(THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND, 9, 30 Dec 83)

seeevessescescceses TT

Drug Contribution
British Organization Donates Drugs

Retail Price Index Increases. 10 Percent
(Sipho Mahlalela; THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND,
30 Dec 83) evececccccccsscccccesccsccersscssescssssccsscses 19

Sugar Company Employees Defy Unpaid Leave Order
(Trevor Mkhabela; THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND, 14 Dec 83)....... 81



are now producing 14 liters of milk [a day] from the first generation. That
amount may be increased to 18 liters [a day] in future generations, God willing.
Recently, the Ministry of Livestock has been selling the improved stock of cows
to citizens, and the purpose of that is to spread that breed throughout the
various areas of the republic."

To Kismayo

We went to the region of Kismayo, which is about 500 kilometers from the capital,
Mogadishu. Kismayo and Mogadishu are joined by a new asphalt road bounded on both
sides by tropical jungles. Kismayo, which is located on the Equator, is con-
sidered one of Somalia's richest regions in animal resources. The most beautiful
scene one can see on that road is that of hundreds of herds of cattle, camels and
sheep herded by boys some of whom are no more than 10 years old. On our way to
Kismayo we had car trouble. The car was still motionless as the sun was about to
set. We became frightened, and we wondered whether we would spend the night there
among the predatory animals of the jungle, waiting for a happy ending [to this
ordeal]. It had become pitch-dark, and a herdsman, who was no more than 15 years
old, approached us as he herded his cows. I asked him, "Aren't you afraid of the
animals-in the forest?" 'Uthman ‘Abdallah Yusuf smiled--that was the lad's name--
and said, "You city people are the ones who are afraid. But I have my cane: with
this cane I protect myself and my herd. If any predatory animal comes too close,
I will stab it with this knife which I carry in my vest." I admired the courage
of that young herdsman, and I bid him farewell as I said, "God bless you, lad."

Although the city of Kismayo is located near the Equator, the temperature there
does not exceed 25 degrees centigrade. I asked Dr Muhammad 'Ali al-Fara, profes-
sor of geography at Kuwait University about this phenomenon. Dr al-Fara said,
"One of the widespread scientific misconceptions about the areas located on the
Equator is that they are the hottest regions in the world. From a purely theore-
tical standpoint that statement is correct due to the fact that the rays of the
sun shine vertically on the Equator throughout the year. From a realistic stand-
point, however, there are other factors [that control the climate], and these
factors change the picture. The most important of these factors is that of
proximity or distance from the sea. These are important factors because the sea
has the effect of reducing the temperature. Then there is the factor of eleva-
tion. It is known that when we climb 150 meters above the surface of the earth,
the temperature falls one degree centigrade. This is why in some locations on the
Equator we find snow the year round, as in Mount Kilimanjaro, for example. Rain-
fall also as well as surface vegetation reduce the temperature because the
presence of surface vegetation protects the surface of the earth from the hot
rays of the sun. Since equatorial regions are characterized by heavy rainfall and
lush vegetation, they are not the hottest areas [in the world]. The hottest areas
in the world are the equatorial desert areas because they lack vegetation; they ©
rarely have rainfall; and they have a flat surface. These areas are also remote
from the sea and are not affected by it."

Dr Farih Raghi Jami', director of various branches of the Ministry of Livestock
in Kismayo said, "Our work here is confined to looking for animal diseases,
immunizing animals and providing treatment for those animals that show some signs
of disease. There are four veterinary teams distributed among the four adminis-
trative districts of the governorate. These are the administrative districts of
Kismayo, Jamame, '; (Batati) and Afmadu. Most of the animals are found in the

40



its legitimate rights. That is why Botha could not possibly expect Bonn to
audibly welcome this reform; but if he had paid close attention, he might
have noticed that Bonn is observing the situation more closely than before.
This means that the Federal Government--in contrast to great parts of the
SPD and certainly unlike the Greens--by no means is of the opinion that all
is lost in South Africa and that it would be foolhardy to expect an improve-
ment in the situation.

This should motivate the South Africans finally to take the decisive step

of recognizing the blacks as citizens with equal rights. It remains up to
the South Africans to prove by their actions not only to the Germans, but

to the entire Western world, that in their country too, democratic principles
apply not only to whites, but to all people.

In his talks with Genscher, and prior to that, with Bundestag delegates of
the CDU/CSU and FDP, Roelof Botha realized perhaps that German politicians
would lose credibility with their voters, and above all with their own con-
sciences, if they gave their blessing to apartheid. The constitution cer-
tainly makes it clear that there must not be discrimination by race, skin
color or religion and that the right of self-determination applies not only
to Germans, but also to people in other countries--including South Africa.
German politicians can and must not arrogate any rights to themselves and
their own people that they would not grant to others as well. That, and
only that, is the reason for the condition of diplomatic relations between
Bonn and Pretoria.

And yet, German politicians, as they did during Botha's visit, would cer-
tainly concede to the South Africans that they are justified in accusing
international politics of double-dealing. It is a fact that a number of
states which are highly critical of South Africa tolerate or cause the same
things and sometimes even worse in their own territories--USSR policies in
dealing with ethnic minorities and dissidents is only one of many examples.
African states could easily be added to this list as well, .But of as
course neither the USSR nor the African states concerned consider themselves
part of the West and claim the status of democratic countries for themselves.

South Africa on the other hand considers itself an outpost of Western democ-
racy at the Cape of Good Hope, claims for itself the right of protecting
the West's supply routes and also to sell raw materials and food to states
which are prominent among South Africa's enemies. But because South Africa
has that image of itself, it must listen when it is told that democracy
still means government by the majority and that in a Western democracy the
individual is free to pursue his own goals and to determine his own fate.

All that applies to South Africa's whites. They have a viable--though
slightly flawed--democracy; they have a relatively free press; they can live
where they want and work for whom they want. But the blacks have none of
this and the argument that their standard of living is higher than that in
other African countries is not valid because the standard of living is not
an abstract concept and it must, in the case of South Africa, be measured
against that of the whites.

71



It was expected that the production of sugar, chemical products, woodpulp and
fertilizer would increase during this quarter because of an increased demand.

It was expected that the increased demand would subsequently lead to higher
prices which would be compounded with higher supply.

csO: 3400/544

80



975072

JPRS-SSA-84-012
27 JANuARY 1984

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

Reproduced From
Best Available Copy

19990930 069

pric OvATITY INSPECTED a)

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A
Approved for Public Release
Distribution Unlimited

FBIS

FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

REPRODUCED BY
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE b

US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161



NIGERIA

SENEGAL

Training Courses Held in Various Fields
(DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE, various dates) ........seseeeeeeee

Pharmacology Courses

Professors Graduate in Maputo
PETROMOC Trains Technicians

Health Technicians Trained
Consumer Experts Trained in Nampula

Briefs
Antiapartheid Leader Arrives for Talks
Heightened Vigilance in Manica Province
People Return to Communes
FRG Medical Assistance
Norwegian Financial Aid

Briefs
Wanted Persons in Rivers

National Committee for Solidarity With Rural Areas Set Up
(LE SOLEIL, 28 Dec 83) ...cecceccecccesccresccceecesees

Briefs
New Islamic Magazine Appears

SOMALIA

Report on Importance of Raising Livestock, Pastoralism
(Sadiq Yali; AL-'ARABI, No 301, Dec 83)...ssseese-seeeeee

SOUTH AFRICA

Role of Documentary Films in ANC Liberation Struggle
Described
(SECHABA, Nov 83 pp 26-31)...sseseseecccscvccccceceeceece

Lop-Sided Relationship With Asian Partners Reviewed
(Desmund Culborne; LEADERSHIP, No 2» 1983).......seeeeees

U.S. Democratic Candidates All Seen Anti-RSA
(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 16 Jan 84) ...sssseeeeeeee

Acute Shortage of Trained Programmers Reported
(Kerry Clarke; SUNDAY TIMES-BUSINESS TIMES,
18 Dec 83)..

26

29
29
30

30

31

32

35

36

46

51

57

58


It will be recalled that the Institute of Health Sciences of Beira has been
producing graduates in various medical fields, namely in nursing, remedial
and preventive medicine and obstetrics. These graduates are distributed
throughout the country according to community needs.

“Every doctor has the obligation of teaching people," said Dr Antonio Gama,
director of the Institute of Health Services of Beira a few days ago when

he was interviewed by our reporter. He added that "all health professionals,
whose capacities are recognized by the Institute, are involved in teaching,
with the purpose of guaranteeing quality."

Dr Gama, who spoke exclusively to our reporter, stressed that “our objec-
tive is to make every ward or other health sector into a school for teaching
new groups of people the different medical professions." According to him,
this action has begun to show positive results in the successful completion
of the courses by the students.

Dr Gama added that political work is being carried out in the Institute,
particularly the analysis of each student's behavior. As a consequence of
this measure, 7 students were expelled for disciplinary problems, 6 were
suspended for pregnancy, and 35 others were dropped for lack of satisfactory
progress.

Consumer Experts Trained in Nampula
Beira DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE in Portuguese 14 Dec 83 p 2

[Text] An interprovincial course on consumer cooperatives is being taught
in Nampula. It is expected to last 45 days. The purpose of the course, in
addition to teaching those in charge of sales stands, is to train those in
charge of administrative and interdistrict cooperative commissions.

Topics being taught are accounting control, basic principles of management,
statutes and laws of consumer cooperatives, political education and agricul-
tural trade. The 50 students are from the provinces of Cabo Delgado and
Nampula, and they are being taught by 5 teachers. They will be given eval-
uation tests throughout the course.

The provincial director of Domestic Commerce in Nampula, Francisco Felipe,
who presided over the opening ceremony, recommended that the students try
to get as much out of the courses as possible, in order to make the courses

worthwhile.

The importance of this type of popular commerce and the importance of a suit-
able administration were other topics that received special attention during
Francisco Felipe's speech.

12402
CSO: 3442/103

28



SWAZILAND

BRIEFS

EEC FLOUR DONATION—-The European Economic Community (EEC) on Friday handed
over a consignment of 29,200 bags of bread flour to the Swaziland United
Bakeries. The flour was donated by the EEC as one of the measures to prevent
the increase of bread prices in Swaziland. [Excerpt] [Mbabane ETHE TIMES OF
SWAZILAND in English 12 Dec 83 p 3]

TRADE UNION MEETING--THE Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions held a meeting
at Mayaluka Hall on Saturday to elect committee members for The Swaziland
Agriculture and Plantation Workers Union. The vice chairman, Mr Agastar,
Matsebula said that the meeting was opened by the representative of The Fed-
eration of Trade Unions, Mr Obed Dlamini and Mr Joseph Qwabe. Mr Matsebula
told The Times that the elected members of the Swaziland Agriculture and
Plantation Workers Union are as follows: The chairman is Mr Daniel Simelane,
the vice chairman is Mr Agastar Matsebula the secretary is Mr Philip Mkhabela,
the vice secretary is Mr Phillip Mamba, the treasurer is Mr Washington
Ndwandwe. Committee members are as follows: Mr Albert Mahlalela, Mr Elias
Sitsebe, Mr Jimson Sithole, Mr Solomon Dlamini. Opening the meeting, Mr

Obed Dlamini said that the elected members should not indulge in politics but
they should only deal and speak of matters concerning their employers, Mr
Dlamini said: "We would like to thank the Ubombo Ranch for allowing its work-
ers to attend the meeting here at Mayaluka. Mr Dlamini went on to say: "We
also thank the Swaziland Agriculture and Plantation Workers Union for all the
arrangements of transport facilities to take workers to the meeting. Mr Obed
Dlamini also thanked the Swaziland Royal Police for the good services rendered
during the meeting. Mr Dlamini passed his word of thanks to the Commissioner
of Police, Mr Titus Msibi for giving them permission to hold thé meeting at
Mayaluka. He said: "I hope in future we will be given the same chance."
{Text] [Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 23 Dec 83 p 5]

FINANCING NEEDED FOR RAIL EXTENSION--THE government needs a total of #47 mil-
lion to finance the construction of a new railway line extenston. “And the
Minister of Finance, Dr. Sishayi Nxumalo has been authorised to raise export
credits and loans to the value of the amount. A new government gazette has

set terms upon which the minister may raise the loans and export credits from
various overseas sources but has been given the go ahead to add other condi-
tions which may be appropriate. The conditions are: The interest on any
export credits raised shall not exceed ten and a half percent per annum on the
amount of the export credit and outstanding from time to time. The interest on

87



We have not been experiencing this in the past years, but it only happened
last year and the management want to practise it against this year. This is
against our will.

"We know that what the company is doing is against the industrial law and if
they don't accept our request, I think we have to take legal actions."

However Mr Sibusiso Mdziniso from Mhlume Sugar Company declined to comment
on this issue alleging that he was not aware of the situation. He said: "I
am still going to investigate and find out from the persons in authority."

cso: 3400/544

82



which we analyzed the various. proposals on this matter. It must be emphasized
in this connection that South Africa did not act on its own, Let us remember
this: During the 1981 Geneva conference, South Africa agreed to discuss the
situation with SWAPO, under the auspices of the UN, including in its delegation
even the presumed parties from the "interior" of Namibia. At that point,
Pretoria had never raised the issue of the presence of Cuban volunteers in
Angola. It was only after Reagan's victory that this issue suddenly became

a topic for negotiation, With Reagan in the White House, Pretoria accepted
the American position as its own and made the withdrawal of the Cuban forces

a prior condition. for the withdrawal of its own forces from Namibia.

But there is more to it than that: During the various meetings between the
SWAPO-and the Frontline countries, on the one-hand, and the members of the "Contact
Group" on the other hand, the issues raised by the latter had already received
backing from South Africa. What further proof is necessary for the methods
of the "Contact Group" which claims to be working to resolve the crisis in

the region?

This is why we say that South Africa was never "isolated" since it always had
the benefit of the support of certain Western countries which are a part of
the "Contact Group." I do:not even rule out the possibility that those
countries may have exerted pressure on Pretoria so that it would not take

up the Namibia issue all by itself.

Question: But how do you explain this growing aggressiveness on the part of
imperialism and its South African allies against Angola? Do you think that
this is due to its key position in Africa? Its natural wealth? Its specific
position, from strategic, economic, and financial viewpoints? And why, for
example, does the Cuban presence in Ethiopia not arouse the same hostility
in those powers?

Answer: First of all, we think that imperialism wants to prevent Angola
from becoming a truly independent country, capable of completely carrying
out its economic and social program,.in the context of its own socialist
and revolutionary decisions. It is important to keep in mind the fact that
Angola's program was conceived during the anticolonial war and perfected
during various party congresses. That program calls for profound changes
in Angolan society which should lead to the creation of a society where
peace and social justice prevail; where every student has his desk in his
school, where every worker has his. job and his home, etc. That program also
provides for better distribution of wealth in our society, freedom from
racism, from tribalism, etc.; where men and women will be considered in the
light of their capacities and their potentials. This kind of blueprint for
society frightens imperialism and the South African racists, in particular.

On the other hand, Angola holds.an important strategic position in southern
Africa. This is a privileged position since there are a certain number of
countries in the interior to which Angola's ports offer outlets. In addition
to that, Angola has various natural. resources. These constitute an important
economic potential which, when properly exploited, can turn the RPA into a
rich country.

10



modern computer and ancient abacus, up-
to-date technology as well as traditional
practices. Always there is a little circle of

executives ritually exchanging calling
cards, who appear to be trying to outbow
one another.

The manpower resources, research ca-
pacity and above all the global reach of the ;

Asia was South Africa’s
only export growth point in
1981, according to official
figures. And last year SA
exports to Asia increased
more than to any other
area.

big Japanese companies is overwhelming.
They have hundreds of offices throughout
the world and the information gathering
skills of the top companies is often favour-
ably compared to that of the CIA.

Measured against operations on this scale,
South Africa’s biggest ups, whether
Anglo-American or SA Breweries, seem
rather small beer. And a South ‘African
risks feeling somewhat out of his depth,
suddenly aware that if Japan is big busi-
ness to South Africa as our number two
trading partner, South Africa is only small
business to Japan as its 17th partner.
Faced with this disparity as well as this
scale, where does one find a foothold?
Which is the right door to go through, and
the right button to press? &

On the commercial front, this turns out to”
be not that much of a problem, provided
one has the right introductions and is talk-
ing big enough figures in a market repre-
senting one-tenth of the world’s GNP
(gross national product). With only three
per cent of its population, Japan buys one-
fourth of the world’s total exports of raw
materials. Anyway, the problem is usually
taken care of by the laws of supply and
demand, with the help very often of the
Sogo Shoshas, or big trading houses. They
are the world’s top “introducers” and
matchmakers between Supply and
demand, and together account for half of
Japan’s trade as well as a good deal of
third country cross-trading.

52

Matchmaking is made easier by the fact
that the economies of South Africa. and
Japan are complementary (as are those of
the “little Japans” of East Asia), We have
interlocking economic needs. They are
very poor indeed as re; the natural re-
sources in which South Africa is, by com-
parison, almost scandalously over-en-
dowed. But their greatest resource is the
human one - a very advanced, homo-
geneous population, highly skilled not
only technically but also in maintaining
social harmony. They are therefore easily
mobilized in striving for collective goals —
the world’s best organization men. '

The discipline and social cohesion of the’
Japanese, in particular, have provoked the:
Europeans to describe them, enviously, as
“a nation of workaholics, content to live in
rabbit hutches”. Their natural tendency is
towards fusion. By comparison, South
Africa’s heterogeneous society, straddling
advanced and third world’ conditions,
looks more prone to fission than fusion.
Our greatest problem, that of founding a
common society or, alternatively, a politi-
cal basis of cooperation between diverse
societies, is as remote from their experi-
ence as Zen Buddhism and the tea cer-
emony are from ours.

If this contrast indicates potential prob-
lems in understanding, complementarity
does make for good business. We sell raw
materials. Coal, maize and platinum, each
represents about 15 per cent of our total
sales; iron ore and sugar, just under 10 per
cent each; and manganese about five per
cent. We buy finished goods. Vehicles
account for about 40 per cent of total pur-
chases, mechanical and electrical machin-
ery about 30 per cent and precision instru-
ments, musical and audiovisual equipment
about seven per cent. Given this reci-
ocity, trade between South Africa and
japan is very much a success story. It has
grown as miraculously fast as the bamboo
so’ beloved by the Japanese. Still relative
newcomers to our markets, the Japanese
are now, by some counts, our second trad-
ing partners and are, at any rate, neck-
and-neck with the US, , West Ger-
many, as one of the Big Four of South’;
African: trade. (Elsewhere in East Asia:
Taiwan and Hong Kong are edging 'to:
wards our top 10 and even South Korea,
despite serious diplomatic problems, is
amongst our top 20 partners).
South Africa, what is more, does not see
the rise of the Japanese and East Asian

a



UPPER VOLTA

ELECTRIFICATION BRINGS PROGRESS TO DORI

Quagadougou CARREFOUR AFRICAIN in French No 805,18 Nov 83 p 30

{Article by Justin Coulibaly: "VOLTELEC at Dori: New Economic Prospects on the
Horizon" ]

[Text] It is now an accomplished fact; the light has turned on at Dori,
center of Sahel Province. Long regarded as a kind of penal colony, a hell to
which the various reactionary regimes sent their opposition along with
honest citizens raising the torch of struggle for bread, water and true
democracy, Sahel Province has thus always been perceived by Voltans as a
penitentiary. The National Council of the Revolution (CNR) intends to erase
this image forever from the minds of Sahelians.

The opening of the VOLTELEC station in Dori on Thursday 10 November 1983
was part of the implementation of this determination. Presiding at this
important opening day was a CNR delegation led by Capt Ibrahim Traore,
assisted by MDL/Chief Laurent Sawadogo. Other officials, including
representatives of the minister of equipment and state companies were also
present. Naturally, there was also a delegation of “revolutionary VOLTELEC"
that was led by its acting director general, Sgt Georges Namoano.

The Dori electrification project, like the other secondary stations, dates from
1978. Tougan, Dedougou, Gaoua and Fada have already been electrified. Kaya
and Tenkodogo will follow shortly; as the representative of the concerned
ministry put it: "In order not only to demystify electricity, but to make it
available to the majority of our population, so that it will not only

serve to illuminate our nights but also genuinely contribute to solving the
daily problems relating to the economy.”

The inauguration of the VOLTELEC station at Dori, as well as other secondary
stations, is the product of a fruitful cooperation between a number of
countries and Upper Volta. Danish cooperation financed the construction and
equipment of all the distribution networks for a total of 505 million CFA
francs; the European Development Fund took responsibility for producing the
electrical equipment as well as buying the emergency generators and spare
parts for a total cost of 239,198,860 CFA francs. The CEAO financed part of
the construction of the Dedougou station for 95 million. As for
"revolutionary VOLTELEC,” it made its own funds available to obtain the
housing, offices, and furnishings for almost 228 million CFA francs. Finally,
VOLTELEC and the FRG provided 60 million CFA francs for construction of the

Tougan power station.
In all, the investment cost of all the secondary stations has exceeded 1

billion CFA francs. For Dori, the figure is more than 135 million. The
latter is composed of two generating units, each 60 kva. The station has two

94



SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

NES OPERATING LOSS--NORTHERN Free State Motors crashed to an operating loss
of R4,147m in the 15 months to September 30 in the most difficult trading
period ever experienced by the group. NFS earned a profit of $1,286 m in the
12 months to June 25, 1982. The group was hit by recession, the drought and
the liquidation in December last year of a company in the Magnum group, which
was then the controlling shareholder in NFS. The chairman, Mr J L Nel, and
the managing director, Mr W A Archbold, says NFS was forced to take drastic
action to restructure and streamline operations and improve cash flow. "Of
the total loss of R4,147m for the period under review, an amount of approxi-
mately R3,009m was attributable to discontinued operations and closing-down
expenditure. "There was also a non-recurring loss of R98 000 in respect of
the sale of 12 units of the townhouse development scheme and a provision of
R152 000 against the remaining 7 unsold units. "The trading loss relating

to continuing operations was therefore R888 000." The group has provided
R574 000 against extraordinary items. NFS has provided in full for its claim
of R1,383m against the Magnum group but this is offset to some extent by a
capital surplus of R809 000 from the sale of properties and fixed assets. NFS
is budgeting for a small profit in the current financial year. [Text]
[Johannesburg RAND DAILY MAIL BUSINESSDAY in English 23 Dec 83 p 1]

ROOF BOLTING UNIT--JOY Manufacturing, a leading equipment supplier to the coal
mining industry has produced what it claims is SA's first coal loader/roof-bolter
combination machine. This facility of being able to roof-bolt right behind the
continuous cutting operation will contribute not only to safer working condi-
tions underground, but also to greater productivity from continuous miners and
loaders which can now work, with stable roof conditions, uninterruptedly at

the coal face. The loader operator will be seated in a cab on the machine to
give protection from the coal sidewall.’ The unit has been delivered to

SASOL's Twisdraai Colliery at Secunda to operate in tandem with a Joy 12HM9
continuous miner engaged in longwall development. The Aro roof-bolter rig is
designed by an Australian firm, Hydramatic Engineering new South Waltes and will
be made under licence by Joy Manufacturing at its Steeledale plant for South
African use. Hydraulically operated, the rig is driven by the loader's power
system but is controlled independently by the single operator. [Text] [Johan-
nesburg MINING WEEK in English 14 Dec 83 p 5]

DORBYL FREIGHT WAGONS-~DORBYL has been awarded a R100m contract by Sats for
] 100 freight wagons. They are pneumatically discharged bulk powder wagons,

73



Article Four: The committee will be assisted by a secretary general, to be
named by the minister of rural development, and by a treasurer, to be named by
the minister for economic and financial affairs.

Article Five: The committee will have at its disposal an open deposit account
in the Treasury to be funded through: voluntary contributions by individuals
and organizations of Senegalese or foreign nationality; and the total of funds
budgeted for this purpose in the office of the president, the ministries and
other public bodies.

Article Six; Voluntary contributions may be made either by payroll deductions,
in the case of government employees, or by any other means of payment to a
Treasury bookkeeper, who will issue a receipt.

The names of all donors, except for those who specify otherwise, will be pub-
lished in the press along with the amounts of their contributions.

Contributions will be received up to 31 January 1984.

The minister for economic and financial affairs is responsible for organizing
the necessary transfers of budgetary appropriations and distributing the funds
thus obtained to the committee's account.

Article Seven: The executive bureau is responsible for elaborating an action
program which will be voted on by the full committee and given final approval
by the president of the republic. This program will, among other things,
specify the organizations qualified to receive committee funds and the use that
shall be made of them.

The committee must make use only of organizations already in existence as of
the date on which the present decree goes into effect. The committee itself
will not engage in any direct financial operations such as purchases or distri-
bution of foodstuffs.

Article Nine: The organizations entrusted by the committee with execution of
the program must account to the executive bureau for the use made of the funds
put at their disposal. These justifications shall be kept by the treasurer.

Article Ten: A representative of the office of financial audits, to be named
by the secretary general in the office of the president of the republic, will
assure continuous monitoring of the records to be kept under Article Eight and
the justifications filed under Article Nine. He will present the results of
his audits to the president of the republic.

Done in Dakar, 27 December 1983, Abdou Diouf.

9516
cso: 3419/289



SOUTH AFRICA
ROLE OF DOCUMENTARY FILMS IN ANC LIBERATION STRUGGLE DESCRIBED
London SECHABA in English Nov. 83 pp 26-31
[Text] “At the recent Thirteenth Moscow Film Fes- participate, vicariously, in an alternative
ival, attended by more than one hundred ighly intensified existence, identifying in it

countries and more than a thousand deleg-
ates, our new film, ‘The Sun Will Rise,’ was
awarded second prize by the international
jury incompetition with 86, other document.
ary films, It was also ‘awarded the high hon-
our of the special prize of the Soviet Youth
Committees (Komsomol). .Two delegates
from the ANC attended this important fes-
tival and had discussions there with many
film makers and film organisations from all
over the world, with a view to securing assis-
tance in order to help us increase the effec-
tiveness of our film unit.

Here; Barry Feinberg, who was the pro-
ducer of ‘The Sun Will Rise,’ and one of our
delegates to the festival, offers some thoughts
on documentary films and the national liber-
ation struggle.

The universal experience of film, espec-
ially through the medium of TV, confirms
its potential for influencing human behaviour.
Lenin recognised this potential while occu-
pied with the problems of socialist construc-
tion in the USSR: ‘The Cinema is the most
important of all the arts’ (1) he declared and
correctly predicted that the role’ and influ-
ence of film would increase under socialism.
Eisenstein was prominent among Soviet film
makers who, through their work, not only
recorded Soviet reality but also helped to
shape it!

‘The cinema is culture’s greatest weapon’,
attests Sergei Bonderchuk, a well known mo-
dern Soviet film director, confirming the
work begun by Eisenstein and his contemp-
oraries, ‘It can elevate man but it can also
empty his soul, and maim his psyche’.

Film overcomes the limitations of the
individual’s personal life by allowing him to

46

attitudes and experiences which echo his
own and finding in those experiences answers
which are relevant to solving his own. prob-
lems. This process of ‘cognition of man in
the world and of the world in man’ is true of
the way all art forms function. But because
film comes closest of all the arts to imitating
reality it has the greatest potential for shap-
ing peoples lives. .

Nothing captures an audience’s atten-
tion more effectively than moving pictures,
which match every person’s visual experience
of life. The larger the picture, the more
detail is observable, the more hypnotic the
medium. On the other hand, such is the mag-
netic power of film, that even reduced to
miniature on TV, it draws the attention of
millions, cutting through traditional com-
munication barriers, like illiteracy, which of-
ten inhibit the effectiveness of other art
forms.

The significance of film has not escaped
the notice of the racist regime in South
Africa. The early years of Afrikaner nation-
alism were well charted by film makers loyal »
to the volk who, ironically enough, were
strongly influenced by the technical innova-
tions of Soviet film makers, especially Eisen-
stein. The state controlled TV system in
South Africa is today one of the chief means
by which the apartheid system reinforces its
ideology and hegemony. Because of the total.
control, increasingly institutionalised, of the
white minority over the film industry, there
has been minimal development of black
skills in the technology of films. Those very
few blacks who have survived the successive
racial selection process have been quickly
and quietly absorbed by white production
companies and their yalues — which are



SOUTH AFRICA

LOP-SIDED RELATIONSHIP WITH ASIAN PARTNERS REVIEWED

Johannesburg LEADERSHIP SA Vol 2 No 2, 1983 pp 26-31

[Article by Desmund Culborne:

[Text]

ill white men be the labourers
of the 21st century? asked a
recent headline in the Singa-
pore Straits Times. A “fright-
ening future” lay ahead of the
West, said the paper, in losing control of
the world economy to Japan and its econ-
omic disciples, the Asian “Gang of Four’
- Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and
Singapore.
This kind of scare talk about industrial
Pearl Harbours and suchlike, is of course
becoming a cliché. But probably more so
in ‘the “threatened” West than in the
“threatening” East. Admittedly, Vogel's
well-known book “Japan as No 1 -
Lessons for-America” sold better to the
Japanese, to whom it represented a wel-
come boost to the national ego, than to the
Americans for whom it was originally writ-
‘ten. However humility is still a —>
dominant Asian virtue, especially in

; Japan. And in Japan, particularly, some of
* this humility quickly rubs off on the visit-
African.

ing South

Gestures, eye movements, body language
- in many ways, the Japanese behave dif-
ferently. Conflict and confrontation must
to the Japanese way of thinking, be
avoided at all costs, unless it is truly inevi-
table. Self-assertiveness and talkativeness
are not admired ~ “‘do not stand out, stand
in’, the Japanese say or “the nail that
stands up will be beaten down”.

Japan’s different-ness springs from the fact
that behind the tomorrow land facade, its
behaviour-patterns and social relationships
are decidedly old-fashioned, even feudal.
“It is like finding”, said someone, “a

51

"The Asian Option"]

samurai at the wheel of a Toyota”. Before
Japan opened up to the West only 130
years ago, it lived for three centuries in
self-imposed isolation, almost as remote as
Tibet. This accounts for the strangeness, in
our eyes, of much Japanese behaviour.

“In dealing with an American”, one
Japanese told me, “I can think like an
American. But he cannot think like a
Japanese”. If this is true of Americans -
thousands of them live in Japan —it is truer
of South Africans. The Japanese know us
infinitely better than we know them. And
if a culture gap divides us, it is high time
we tried to bridge it from our side as well.

In the countries which are our competitors
in the Japanese market, such as the ABC
trio, Australia, Brazil and Canada, a great
deal has been done to put relations with
Japan on a broader base ~ foundations,
study programmes, cultural exchanges and
so on. But the basis of our relationship is
narrow and vulnerable.

Proud as we might be of the dynamic sky-
line of Johannesburg, symbol of our econ-
omic success, it looks decidedly suburban
when compared to the cityscapes of Tokyo
and Osaka. There they stand, block upon
block, the headquarters and other group
buildings = sometimes as much as
storeys high — of Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumi-
tomo, Nissho Iwai and the major Sogo
Shosha trading houses, not to speak of
banking, computer, automobile and other
industrial empires.

Inside these buildings, both population
density and productivity is at a maximum.
Open-plan offices seem to stretch on for-
ever, a fascinating landscape featuring



always essentially those of the regime. More
recently, in order to respond to the growing
hunger in the black urban areas for TV with
a greater relevance to the black communities
it has been useful, even necessary, for the re-
gime as an insulation against black radicalism
to encourage the development of a stronger
element - of black surrogate participation in
film and TV production.

Without the presence of a viable, inde-
pendent film making and distribution appar-
atus which does not have as its function ex-
ploitation and the systematic distortion of
South African reality, every film produced
in South Africa will be a deception, present-
ing a corrupt, lying and ultimately cynical
view of life.

Unlike other ‘underground’ art forms
which challenge the racist monolith, and
Sprout through the fertile top soil of black
urban South Africa faster than the regime’s
Censorship apparatus can scythe it down,
film has no effective clandestine existence to
speak of. Due to the complexity and Cost of.
its technology, local, unofficial productions
have been confined mainly to the film
departments in white universities where the
privileged life style and. orientation of the
Students is often as big a constraint as the
problem of reflecting the programme and ac-
tions of the illegal ANC. ‘

There is therefore a heavy dependence
by anti-regime forces in South Africa on
films made abroad; especially those where
the ANC, because of its acknowledged role
as an external amplifier of the voice-of the
oppressed in South Africa, is increasingly in-
fluencing editorial direction,

Quite apart from the impact such films
have in international solidarity work, where
it has been possible for these productions to
circulate inside South Africa, they have been
of inestimable value in helping to expose the
lies and distortions of the state by depicting
apartheid realities as well as the option of
resistance to the system through concerted
action at all levels of social life.

Until such time that it becomes possible
for an alternative film-making machinery,
controlled by film workers integrated with
ahd accountable to the needs of those engag-
ed.in'struggle against the system, to operate
effectively inside the country, it is necessary
to organise; extend and develop the size and
quality of ANC influence on films produced
outside South Africa, while at the same time
exploring every possibility of supporting in-
ternal anti-apartheid film making activity. In

this regard the optimum situation would be
for the liberation movement to make and
distribute its own films. Organising film as
part and parcel of ANC propaganda activity
would also have the effect of speeding up
the establishment of a serious internal film
Apparatus. The decision, therefore, to set up
an ANC film unit in Africa couldn’t be more
timely. In the meantime it is useful to look
at the provenance and quality of responses
by filin makers based outside South Africa
(who are sympathetic to the ANC) to the
Strugyle against apartheid in order to sharpen
our focus for the future. The only genre of
film examined is the social documentary be-
cause, quite apart from the greater com-
pleaity and prohibitive expense of feature
filnis, it is the main category of film making
concerned to expose the evils of the apart-
heid system and to give exposure to the
" forces struggling to defeat it. .
It was the Soweto uprising of 1976
} which not only created a new level of struggle
; in South Africa, but also led to vastly in-
! creased interest by the international media
i in the working of apartheid and especially
' the struggle against it. So for the purposes of
this article we will look at the period 1976 —
1982, when there was not only a great in-
crease in critical social documentaries about
South Africa (approximately 40 films on the
British media alone, fairly evenly distributed
between BBC and ITV) but also a significant
increase in the number of films made by
independent film makers, including expatri-
ate South Africans — almost none of which
were shown on British TV because their pol-
itical focus was always more partisan than
that allowed for by the so-called balance and
impartiality of the media. A few of these
films have been shown on other national TV
networks, notably Holland. This is not to

+ suggest that independent film makers have

47

always adequately recorded the South Afri-,
can teality, let alone reflected the viewpoint
of the liberation movement, but increasingly
especially with the burgeoning of, and sup-
port for, the ANC in South Africa they have
been more open to influence than those film
makers directly commissioned by the media.
There have, of course, been exceptions
among media-sponsored films. Anthony
Thomas’ 1977 trilogy (2) was an early
example of a politically modest but pene-
trating look into the injustices of life and
work under apartheid, including the hitherto
financially invisible but crucial dimension of
British investment in the system, exemplified



Chinese Government officials were at the ceremony and at the dinner hosted
lated by Mr Chu and his wife. Dr Munnik’ has already called on numerous govern-
ment members and toured various industries. During the remainder of their
stay, the Munmniks will tour the country's telecommunication complexes. [Text]
[MB161530 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1402 GMT 16 Jan 84]

CSO: 3400/549

76



of economical development that they receive is based on a figure of two years
ago-~a figure which does not represent a true reflection of their present re-
spective economic activities.

Because of a number of discrepencies in this delay, the BLS states commissioned
an all-party Customs Union Commission to try and formulate a method through
which this time delay could be removed.

Last year, after 18 months of negotiations, the commission proposed an amend-
ment which made no change in the formula by which Customs revenues were shared
among the four countries.

However, it enabled the Republic to pay the BLS countries each quarter--this
would be on the basis of that years current revenues in terms of a projection of
that years’ total income.

The proposed amendments were accepted by the BLS countries. However, Pretoria
refused to the implementation of the proposal.

Because of heavy international pressure, the BLS countries will not be party to
the Southern African Development Bank, as proposed by South Africa. However, it
is very advantageous for them to remain as members of the Customs Union.

Stigma

In 1982, payouts from the Customs Union Pool provided approximately 37 percent
of Botswanas' government revenues, 60 percent of Swazilands' revenues and al-
most 70 percent of Lesothos' government revenues.

For the BLS countries, the disadvantages of being in the Customs Union are
mainly political. The stigma of taking part in a convention with the apartheid
state and at the same time being involved in various organisations which out-
rightly condemn the Republic has had its effect.

Though the BLS countries have realised that they cannot preak away from the
Customs Union, they have accepted that they have to live with South Africa.

As His Majesty once put it, one has to firstly rescue the child from the jaws
of the crocodile before one is able to kill it. If one does not attempt to
rescue the child and kills the crocodile first, the reptile will sink with the
child and drown it.

Similarly, pulling out of the Customs Union would definitely mean a reduction
in government revenue. This would have a multiplier effect on the country's
economy. S

There would abe a deterioration in social services, an increase of unemployment
and a drastic lowering of living standards.

CSO: 3400/544

86



two other administrative districts which run parallel to the borders of Kenya.
Animals in this area share the pastureland, depending on rainfall conditions.

"The immunization process is not confined to those animals that are exported. It
also includes those animals that are owned by citizens. In addition, there is a
treatment section [in the branch], and it is one of the largest sections. That
section has four specialists who are responsible for the governorate's four
administrative districts. In each administrative district also there are veteri-
narians and assistants to those veterinarians who serve the villages that are
subordinate to the administrative districts. These veterinarians and their assis-
tants follow the nomadic herdsmen around to treat their cattle."

There is a large laboratory in the city of Kismayo which was built as a coopera-
tive effort between Somalia and West Germany. Work on that laboratory was begun
in June 1978. The laboratory has six German experts whose terms expired this
year. Somalia has taken over the laboratory whose function is to detect diseases
that strike animals. The laboratory also trains large numbers of Somalis who will
specialize in this task, the task of wiping out all diseases that strike animals.
The most important diseases that strike animals in this governorate are diseases
of the digestive system and worms. With the cooperation of veterinarians major
efforts have been made in the treatment of these diseases.

Plants for Canning Meat

Faced with this tremendous animal resource it was natural that meat canning
plants be built in Somalia. The first meat canning plant was actually built in
1956 in the city of Mogadishu. This is the (Somaral) plant whose production
capacity is between 20 and 25 tons a day. In 1978 the government of Somalia
joined forces with an Italian company to manage and expand that plant. At the pre-
sent time the plant's production is exported to Italy.

But the most important meat canning plant is in the region of Kismayo. That plant
was built in 1964 with the cooperation of the Soviet Union. Plant manager Engi-
neer Nur Mahmud Jasi said, "The Kismayo plant can handle 300 heads of cattle
daily or close to between 20 and 25 tons [of meat] a day. The plant has its own
refrigerators in which about 400 tons of frozen meat can be stored. This plant
produces 80,000 cans of meat of different sizes and varieties. The plant produces
corned beef, beef stew, beaf steak and beaf Chelsea. The plant [also] produces
other kinds of canned [meats] that are canned automatically."

Engineer Nur Jasi added, "When we had good relations with the Soviet Union, most
of our production was exported to Russia and little of it was exported to Italy.
But after our relations with the Soviets deteriorated, [as they did] recently,

we began exporting our production to Italy and West Germany after it became impos-
sble to obtain spare parts from Russia."

Engineer Nur Jasi had this to say about the new markets: "I traveled recently
in this regard in some Arab countries, and Kuwait was among those countries. I
contacted several companies, and I talked with them about marketing our product.
We are still talking with these companies, and we hope that in the near future
what this plant produces will meet some of the needs of Arab countries."

41



JPRS~SSA~8 4-012

- 27 January 1984

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

ConTENTS

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Rise 4f Islam in Africa Examined
(Sylvie Kana; AFRICA, Nov 83) ...cscsscccsccccccsceecece

ANGOLA ..

Dos Santos on Situation in Country, South Africa, Cubans ,
(Jose Eduardo dos Santos Interview; 0 JORNAL,
23 Dec 83) ..eeeeeeees

Briefs
Agricultural Aid From Soviet Uzbekistan
Hungary Provides Food Aid
Cuban Youth Thanked for Assistance

CHAD
Businessmen Make Contribution to FANT
CINFO TCHAD, 5 Dec 83) .cceecccccccccccceceecsccescseees
Results of Government Missions to South Noted
(INFO TCHAD, 5 Dec 83) ..cccececeeccccccescercesceees eee
KENYA
Briefs
Trade Pledge With Yugoslavia
MOZAMBIQUE

Newspaper Discusses Relationship With RSA
(Editorial; NOTICIAS, 24 Dec 83).....cceecccccccceaces

17

18

19

21

22

23

-a- | [TIT = NE & ‘A = 120)



SOUTH AFRICA

TOUCH TIME FOR CONSUMERS PREDICTED
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 6 Jan 84 p 4

[Article by Janine Stein]

[Text]

CSO;

SOUTH African con-
sumers are in for a rough
time this year as raises
and bonuses are being
eaten up by recent food

price hikes.
Although the 10,6 per-
cent inflation rate record-
ed in November is the
lowest in five years, it
could rise, said Mrs Mar-
garet Lessing, consumer
expert and member of the
State President’s Council.
This is the awesome fo-
cus of the South African
National Consumers
Union for the new year.

Union. “There is no fu-
ture for the consumer un-
Jess théinflation rate
falls.”

Recent rises in the
Price of maize put added
Pressure on consumers as
this will affect
from butter and cheese to
red meat, said Mr B Hell-
berg of the Consumer
‘Council. However, the in-
crease is a “temy
measure”, he said. “We
have every reason to ex-
pect the price to fall, or at
least stabilise if a good
cropis produced.” ~~ ~~

3400/509

Accusations of mis-
management leading to
R40-million being added

“to the price of imported

maize, stem from opin-
ions that the maize should
have been bought earlier
at alower price.

“At least this shows
that the free market sys-
tem is functioning,” he
said. The increase of the
maize price makes sense
in this _ situation, he
added.

Facilities for storage
should be better, said Mrs
Betty Hirzel. Last year
there was a surplus which
could have been stored.

Removal of price con-
trol on fertiliser was wel-
comed by Mrs Hirzel.
The competition is good,
she said, and contro! must
be removed wherever
possible. Sapa reports
that the price of fertiliser
containing imported
chemicals has risen,
which will eventually
push up the cost of maize
even further. Mrs Hirzel
stresses, however, that

~the-price rise was only 4

64

percent and the consumer
was now assured of “real
competition”.

The South African
Agricultural Union was
disappointed with the fer-
tiliser price increase, said
the director Mr Piet
Swart.

“The reduction in the
price of urea and the fact
that the increase in prices
of other fertilisers is lower
than during the past few
years is, however, a ray of
light,” he said.

An increase in the pri
of stock feed was also an.
nounced by the Millers’
‘Association. The increase
would entail a cost in-
‘crease for the producers
of meat, poultry and dairy
products, Mr Swart said.

“As the producers of
meat and dairy

drought and will still need
some time to recover
from its effects, any cost
increases at this stage are
exceedingly ill-timed and
unwelcome”, Mr Swart
said.

Prices of other goods
such as tea, electricity and
certain canned goods
have also been increased.

The of tea was
substantially increased
due mainly to world price
increases. South Africa
imports 65 percent of its
tea and produces 35 per-
cent. A poor crop over-
seas in 1982 related to bad
climatic conditions was
one of the reasons, said
Mr Derek Varnals, man-
aging director of Lipton
(SA). A significant in-
crease in consumption in
the Middle East and dom-
estic demand in India are
other reasons.

The Consumers’ Union *
will watch prices very
carefully, said Mrs Hirzel.
Prices that escalate sharp-
ly will be investigated by
the Union.

“We can’t really com-
plain if the increase is less
than 10 percent,” she
said. “However, we will
intervene if we think pro-
ducers are jumping on the
band-wagon to make
more profit.”


cso:

is made to the well-designed solid buildings

- which we are told are not temporary resi-

dences and therefore ‘suggest ANC’s pessi-
mism about the progress of its struggle’. And
just in case we fail to get the point, the 70th
anniversary of the ANC is described as ‘a
rather sad jubilee as it seems as if nothing
has been achieved’.

- The decision, therefore, to.set up an
ANC film unit is of enormous importance.
With the financial and technical help promis-
ed by our friends the ANC will be able, for
the first time, to make decisions about the
form and content of its own films rather
than be subject to the goodwill of indepen-
dent film makers or the mercies of the media.
At the same time it will be possible to give
urgent attention: to the crucial problem of
responding to the developing struggle in
South Africa from the point of view of those
involved, shooting relevant footage and en-
suring that resultant films are distributed to
the maximum effect both inside and outside
the country.

Notes:

1) _ Eisenstein, Lectures and Essays

2) Sandra Laing, 1977, directed by Anthony
Thomas, ATV, 50 mins: race classification
and the indoctrination of white children;
Six Days in Soweto, 1977, ATV, 50 mins: a
chronicle of police violence against black
school children;
British Stake in Apartheid, 1977, ATV SO
mins: British companies in South Africa with.
special reference to working conditions.

3) The most recent example of this attitude was

~ a half-hour programme given over to the
South African Ambassador in London, Marais

3400/507

50

4)

5)
6)

i)

8)

9)

10)

11)
12)

13)

Steyn, after his complaint about a ‘one-sided’
view of South Africa presented by a Channel
Four anti-apartheld production on Feb 7, 1983
Voices from Purgatory, 1978, directed by
Roeland Kerbosch, Varavisie, 50 mins: inter-
views with various victims of apartheid;
Apartheid Inside, Outside, 1978, Varavisie, 45
mins: resettlement, ‘tot’ system, Crossroads,
ANC school at Mazimbu.

The Battle for South Africa, 1978, CBS, 50
mins: includes interview with QR Tambo

The film also includes a dramatic interview
with George Masebuko, the only one of the
Goch Street combatants who escaped.
Portrait,of Nelson Mandela, 1978 and 1980,
directed by Frank Diamand, Varavisie, 20
mins: includes interview with Ruth First
Isitwalandwe, 1980, directed by Barry Fein-

berg, 51 mins: rare footage of Congress of the

People and Treason Trial, includes interviews
with Tambo, Nzo, Nkobi, Gaetsewe, Huddle-
ston. Made especially for the Year of the
Freedom Charter

You Have Struck a Rock, 1981, directed by
Debbie May, 28 mins: Includes footage of
historic events like the women’s march on
Pretoria in 1956. Interviews with veterans of
the women’s section of the ANC, including
Annie Silinga and Dora Tamana

To the Last Drop of Blood, 1981, BBC Panor-
ama, 'SO mins: Interviews with OR Tambo and
members of Umkhonto we Sizwe

Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth

Forward to a People's Republic, 1981, 20
mins: demonstrations against Republic Day
celebrations; Police tear gas attack on Soweto
anniversary meeting at Regina Mundi church
The Sun Will Rise, 1982, 37 mins: includes in-
terviews with parents of condemned ANC
guerilla fighters, solidarity demonstrations,
Neil Aggett funeral

Mazimbu — ANC Outpost for a Liberated
South ‘Africa, 1982, Belbo film production
and Novib, 30 mins.



defend, without reservations, the granting of independence to Mozambique...
to the north of the Zambezi River.

South African aggression, after national independence, was perpetrated through
the army of the illegal regime of Ian Smith. After the birth of Zimbabwe,
South Africa began to'use the armed gangs, whom they created, trained, sup-
plied, and led.

Under the pretext that there are ANC bases in Mozambique, the South African
army has been attacking Mozambique directly. Journalists and ambassadors
from all over the world have been able to inspect the places that were at-
tacked and confirm the falsehood of the pretext.

The truth is as follows: Without South. Africa the armed bandits would not
exist, nor would they have any possibility of survival. Internationally,

Pretoria is seeking to justify’the creation of the armed bandits by éstab-
lishing a parallel with South African people's struggle for their. freedom.

Obviously, this parallel is a fase one and no one, except the "apartheid"
leaders themselves, can claim credit for it,

The existence of the ANC its profoundly deep-rooted within South Africa. The
ANC has existed for 71 years now as an instrument in the struggle for the
elementary rights of the majority of the South African people. "Nelson Man-
dela was arrested when there was no .Frelimo," President Samora Machel recalled
at that press conference. Unless one wishes to blame the Portuguese colonial
government for the activities of the ANC at ‘that time....

Thus it becomes clear that all responsibility for the destabilization in South-
ern Africa rests with the “apartheid" regime. The international community
understands this situation and the isolation of the racist regime is a fact

which is confirmed each day.

The People's Republic of Mozambique, is-~as always--prepared to be constructive
subject of the principles of good neighborliness, peace and security. This
stand of ours was expressed during the three meetings between delegations of
our government and Pretoria's. Speaking ‘in “Bissau, President Samora Machel
elaborated the firm principles, from which we shall never abdicate:

We do not recognize "apartheid";
We do not sanction the Bantustanization policy; and
We do not agree to put at stake solidarity with the ANC.

Peace in Southern Africa is everyone's interest. Ih-order that it becomes a
reality it is necessary that Mozambique and South Africa establish rules for
relationship, particularly at military and economic levels. Peace in Southern
Africa, as President Samora Machel has’also stated, depends on the establish-
ment of a stable relationship between Mozambique and South Africa. After all,
everything depends on the understanding that the South African leaders might
have of their own historic conditions and responsibility.

24



all times and in all places, with the defense of the homeland, the republic,
one and indivisible, the territorial integrity of the Chadian nation and the
security of property and persons within borders internationally recognized as
those of Chad at the time of decolonization." The Chadian businessmen's gesture
comes from the heart and "remains an example to be followed by Chadians belong-
ing to other socioprofessional groups."

The minister of finance gave the assurance that "measures will be taken so that
this fund to help our brothers fighting for dignity and honor will come to
supplement the state's efforts and will be used in accordance with the aim you
have intended for it, that is, for the Chadian National Armed Forces."

9434
CSO: 3419/287

20



SENEGAL

NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR SOLIDARITY WITH RURAL AREAS SET UP
Dakar LE SOLEIL in French 28 Dec 83 p 3

[Excerpts] The president of the republic informed the council of ministers he
has established the national committee for solidarity to aid rural areas, as
promised in his statement of 13 December 1983. Mr Djibo Ka, government's
spokesman, [Minister of Information, Telecommunications and Parliamentary Rela-
tions] made this disclosure at the Senegalese Press Agency following the weekly
meeting of the council of ministers yesterday morning under the chairmanship of
Mr Abdou Diouf, the head of state.

After announcing that the president had signed the decree creating and organiz-
ing the said committee, Mr Djibo Ka said that the committee's task is to direct
and coordinate the national effort to assist rural areas seriously affected by
the drought. The committee, he said, is composed of representatives of the
government, the union of farmers, stockraisers and fishermen, employers selected
by the Cape Verde [as printed] Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Handicrafts,
the GES (Economic Group of Senegal), the National Council of Senegalese Employ-
ers, and representatives of CNIS [National Confederation of Senegalese Workers].

The minister of information, telecommunications and parliamentary relations
also said that all legally constituted organizations and associations, with
the exception of political parties, may ask to have a representative named to
the committee. The committee's executive bureau will decide on all membership
requests.

\
The committee's bureau is chaired by the minister of rural development, who
will be assisted by a general secretary whom the minister will name and by a
treasurer named by the minister for economic and financial affairs.

The government's spokesman noted that voluntary contributions from individuals
and organizations will be deposited in account number 95342201 in the State-
Treasury, for the use of the committee.

Mr Djibo Ka also said that the executive bureau is drawing up a program of

action to assist rural areas, a program which must be approved by the committee
plenary. The action program must also be approved by the president, according
to the minister of information, telecommunications and parliamentary relations.

32



CSO:

A visit to Japan can so
often be an exercise in
culture shock, an
experience not to
everyone’s taste.

very little time or opportunity for the visit-
ing executive to take a wider view of the
country and what makes it tick. In any
case, a visit there can so often be an exer-
cise in culture shock, an experience not to
everyone’s taste. .

Language problems are legion and mis-
understandings cripple communication at
all levels, The last prime minister de-
scribed his country’s defence policy, to a

bemused American audience as that of “a .

clever mouse” - he had actually said “a
wise hedgehog” before the interpreter got
to work. The current prime minister, Mr
Nakasone was also the victim of a mis-
translation when he reportedly said Japan
should become “an unsinkable aircraft
carrier” - a controversial phrase to
Japanese ears, Yet another mistranslation
actually lead to the resignation of a recent
Foreign Minister. If communication at
these elevated levels gets snarled up this
way, imagine what can happen to you and
me — at one of my first meetings I used the
phrase “bull in a china shop” and then
wasted a lot of time trying to explain it.

3400/507

56

Misunderstandings go much deeper than
language differences and often stem from
very different behaviour patterns and a
cultural gap which is very wide indeed.

We need to learn more about Japanese
strategies and negotiating styles, about the
internal workings of the Big Japanese busi-
ness groups. We need to know the role
played by various agencies in the decision-
making processes which directly affect
South Africa. Given group consensus as
the basis of decisions, how true is it that “it
is very hard to change the signals, once
they are set’? What is the relative weight
in decisions of politicians, bureaucrats and
businessmen? The role of the politicians,
for instance is said to’ be increasing as
against that of the bureaucrats. Within the
bureaucracy, what is the relative input, as
regards foreign relations, of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs and the famed MITI -
the Ministry of International Trade‘and-In-

dustry? Is it true that the Keidanren ~ Fed- °

eration of Economic Organizations - is by
far the most powerful businessmen’s
organization in the world? What are the
other important businessmen’s organiz-
ations? To what.extent are these organ-
izations aware of South Africa; and what is
their attitude towards it?

If all this sounds like a call for putting our-
selves through a crash course in Japanese
studies, so be it, because a knowledge of
Japan is becoming, to more and more
businessmen throughout the world, part of
their survival kit. And for South Africans,
while there are obstacles aplenty in our
relations with Japan, just think of all the
opportunities! le}

Wy

Be


covered goods wagons, dropside wagons and bolster wagons. A feature of the
bulk powder units is lower tare mass and greater carrying capacity. Covered
wagons will be longer, higher and wider and have hydraulic cushioning devices
to protect freight. Dropside wagons will have greater volumetric capacity. .
Bolster wagons are being designed to convey hot rolled steel sections. These
operate in tandem sets with ddjustable bulkheads provided to suit the length
of sections. [Text] [Johannesburg RAND DAILY MAIL BUSINESS DAY in English
20 Dec 83 p 5]

CALTEX ADDS COMPUTER POWER-~-CALTEX SA is installing an IBM 3083 computer to
take over the main networking and production applications of order entry,
invoicing, stock and credit control from an IBM 3033. The existing unit will
then process applications such as financial planning, sales management, market
planning and statistics. A 3031 machine will be used for development and pro-
gram testing work. Caltex financial director, Dr R E Bishton, says: "With
the economic decline bottoming out, there will be a race for limited skills.
We are gearing up by investing in technologies that will continue to support
productivity." [Text] [Johannesburg RAND DAILY MAIL BUSINESS DAY in English
23 Dec 83 p 7]

TECHNETCIS ENJOYS NETWORKING SUCCESS--TECHNETICS has sold some R12m worth of
networking equipment of which about 10% has been exported. Its earliest
product line was the MIC modem, designed and built in 1981, and used by air~
lines adn Escom. By August 1983, Technetics had launched Netway, a first gen-
eration networking system, which links various computers and peripherals.
Second generation Netway equipment was manufactured under licence in the US.
In July 1984, Technetics will launch its third generation version of Netway--
the Netlan. "The first generation of Netway was not easy to maintain," says
the Technetics managing director, Mr Tillman Ludin. “With the second gener-
ation, the equipment improved aesthetically and was easier to maintain." "The
third generation Netlan equipment is a local area network with a vastly iner:
creased through-put. We shall manufacture this locally." The US licensee
only started test sites in August. So far it has had sales worth $2m. It is
expecting a major market for the new Netlan system for which Technetics has
already received SA orders. [Text] [Johannesburg RAND DAILY MAIL BUSINESS DAY
in English 20 Dec 83 p 5]

FERTILIZER PRICE INCREASE--The South African Agricultural Union was disap-
pointed in the fertilizer price increase announced by the industry, the

SAAU director, Mr Piet Swart, said in Pretoria yesterday. "The reduction in
the price of urea and the fact that the increase in prices of other fertil-"
izers is lower than during the past few years is, however, a ray of light,"
he said. The increase would undoubtedly affect agriculture adversely, espec-
dally in the light of the difficult financial position of farmers resulting
from the drought of the past two years. "In view of this, and the decrease
in the sales of fertilizers, it is doubtful whether any increase is justified
by underlying market factors at this stage, while doubt also exists about the
extent of effective competition in the industry," he said. [Text] [Johannes-
burg THE CITIZEN in English 6 Jan 84 p 5]

74



MOZAMBIQUE

TRAINING COURSES HELD IN VARIOUS FIELDS
Pharmacology Courses
Beira DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE in Portuguese 10 Dec 83 p 3

[Text] _ Ten assistant pharmacy technicians will be trained in thercity of
Beira early next year. It is worth noting that eight of these are from
Beira, and the other two are from the provinces of Tete and Manica.

According to Elias Lumbela, FARMAC central zone delegate, the course will
last 6 months. The course will be taught by medical staff selected by
the Sofala Provincial Health Administration.

The basic courses include Portuguese, mathematics, chemistry, physics,
environmental sanitation, i.e. preventive medicine, galenical techniques
(a field related to the manufacture of the products), and pharmacology,
which is a field linked to the composition, consumption and uses of medi-
cine.

"Only with a program of this type will our work be-as successful as our
people need it to be," said Lumbela, who also stressed that these courses
will serve as a beginning for other courses, which are already being
planned for future pharmacological activities.

In this way we were informed that after the completion of the first courses
for assistant pharmacy technicians another course of the same type and of
: equal duration will be offered.

At the same time we asked Lumbela what these people would be doing upon
the completion of the courses. Elias Lumbela said that the first group
must ensure the proper operation of the pharmacies in the provincial capi-

tals.

"Of course we cannot finish here. This is why the second course is planned
in the FARMAC program. Its ranks will be backed up by the districts with
the hope of developing this type of activity," said Lumbela.

26



Amegboh keeps in contact with dissidents and opposition forces in France. And
when abroad he often sees Edem Kodjo, former OAU secretary-general, and Policarp
Johnson, ex-minister of information. Certainly Amegboh is well-versed on the
affairs of the two opposition movements, the civilian-led Mouvement Togolais
pour la Democratie (MTD) and the military-oriented Front National de Liberation
du Togo (FLNT).

Having worked in French media, Amegboh is particularly close to Herve Bourges,
ex-director of RFI and currently head of TFI, France's first television chan-
nel. Thus to some extent he can influence the French media's presentation of
Togolese affairs. His other notable contacts in the French establishment in-
clude Guy Penne, presidential adviser on African affairs, Jean Christophe
Mitterrand, presidential son and Penne's right-hand man, and Raymond de Gouffre
de la Pradelle, the 73-year old Gaullist lawyer. Through the latter Amegboh
has an entree to the Gaullist leader Jacques Chirac and to the still vigorous
right-wing French media. De la Pradelle, who is also Eyadema's legal repre-.
sentative in France, has been a most useful ally; he helped squash a poten-
tially embarrassing scandal when drugs were found in mid-1983 on Eyadema's
personal jet airliner in Paris. Penne and Jean-Christope have contributed to
improving Togo's image abroad by arranging that ex-revolutionary Regis Debray
(presidential adviser on cultural affairs) be invited to Togo early this year.
During his stay Debray praised Eyedama's regime in no uncertain terms, much to
the chagrin of members of the Parti Socialiste (PS).

While allowing Amegboh to extend his influence, Eyadema has strengthened his
own family network. His step-brother, Lt Toi Donou, commands the feared 1,200-
strong presidential guard (composed principally of members of Eyadema's Kabre
tribe), which possesses most of the army's heavy weapons. Eyadema's cousin,
Benoit Yaya Malou, director of the police academy, also has extensive influ-
ence over the security forces, not least through a network of informers. The
president's 27-year-old son, Ernest Gnassingbe, is rising rapidly in the of-
ficer corp ranks. Some observers even see him as a potential successor. In
the last cabinet reshuffle, another of Eyadema's counsins, Dr. Agbetra Ayissah,
was appointed minister of high education, while Komlan Agbetifa, Eyadema's
former primary school teacher, was named minister for primary education.

For a small country with extremely limited economic resourcés, Togo spends
enormous sums to cultivate its image abroad, to the displeasure of the IMF,
which recently composed a highly critical report on Togo's administration. In
France, Public SA handles Togo's public relations. The Paris-based ABC pub-
lishing house has now produced its sixth book eulogising Eyadema's Togo. In
the United States, David Apter Associates has a lucrative contract similarly

to defend Togo's interests. The company has even opened offices in Washington,
New York and Los Angeles to promote Togo among US businessmen and journalists.
And a lobbyist has been hired to maintain contact with US government services
in the capital. Results of this promotion effort have not lived up to expecta-
tions and we understand that Togolese officials have recently reduced its public
relations budget. A potent ally for fogo in US ruling circles is Jeanne Kirk-
patrick, Washington's representative to the UN.

For the Togolese economy 1983 was another grim year, and prospects for 1984
are far from bright. The main cause of the economic decline has been the sharp

92



ANGOLA

DOS SANTOS ON‘SITUATION IN COUNTRY, SOUTH AFRICA, . CUBANS
Lisbon 0 JORNAL in Portuguese 23 Dec 82 pp 2-5

[Interview with President Jose Eduardo dos Santos by Simon Mally: "We Ask
for the Political-Diplomatic Isolation. of South Africa"]

[Text] In spite of the domestic problems of the People's
Republic of Angola and the tremendous effort imposed upon
the country by foreign aggression, President Jose Eduardo
dos Santos turns out to be a calm and competent man in an
interview granted to Simon Mally, managing editor of the
magazine AFRIQUE ASIE, published strictly as | exclusive.
interview for Portugal by 0 JORNAL. In this interview,
Agostinho Neto's successor reviews the major issues of
Angolan life and categorically states "that there is no
possibility of a dialogue with UNITA [National Union for
the Total Independence of Angola].

Calm, reflective, inspired by a profound sense of government and aware of his
responsibilities as successor to the "father of the nation," Agostinho Neto,
working in close collaboration with his ministers, cadres, and leaders of
the MPLA-Labor Party, an untiring and meticulous observer of all inter-
national problems, especially African problems and those of the Third World,
Jose Eduardo dos Santos is a rather reserved individual. The burden which
he has been carrying for about 4 years is certainly heavy, very heavy. But,
when questioned on this matter, he replies with a smile.

"When I accepted the responsibility which my comrades in the Political
Bureau proposed to me, with the approval of the Central Committee, represent-
ing the entire Angolan people, how could I avoid what that responsibility
implied? In accepting it, I pledged myself to face it without weakness,
without hesitation, without retreating. We are far from the objectives that
were determined but we will continue the struggle in the conviction that we
will in the end attain those objectives. This is why the victory of our
people over its domestic ills and its foreign dangers is inevitable and
certain.

We suffered 5 centuries of horrible colonialism before winning our political
independence by force of arms and we have now been independent for only 8
years and the road ahead toward the materialization of all of the hopes of



MOOI RIVER PUMPING--DURBAN.~-The Mooi River pumping scheme, which is expected
to go a long way to resolving the critical water shortage in Durban and
Pietermaritzburg, was tested for the first time yesterday when a small amount
of water was pumped to the Balgowan outlet from near Mooi River itself. The
R20-million project, which was only started four months ago, should be fully
operational this month. Engineers are still testing out the various pumps
along the scheme and are making last-minute checks to see that all goes
smoothly. [Text] [Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 6 Jan 84 p 13]

BLACK COUNCILS INDUCTED--The chairman df the Commission for Cooperation and
Development, Mr (Rex le Roux), says a sound foundation has been laid for black
local government, but that the new town and ‘village councils are still far
behind their white counterparts. Speaking at the induction of the Daveyton
Town Council on the East Rand, Mr (Le Roux) safd the new councils had already
met certain criteria for the establishment of proper local authorities, such
as the right caliber of leaders, sufficient personnel, and sources of revenue.
He stressed that the new authorities were not merely an extension of the old
community councils, and that blacks should realize the autonomous nature of
the new councils and give them their support. Earlier, Mr (Le Roux) also at-
tended the induction of the town council of (Voslurus) near Boksburg. [Text]
[MB140934 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 62% 13 Jan 84]

NEW BLACK VILLAGE COUNCIL--The South African deputy minister of cooperation,
Dr George Morrison, says the new village and: town councils for the black com-
munity should not be seen as an extension of, or somthing else in the place of,
the original community councils. Indugurating the new village council of
(Longalihle) near Cradock in the eastern Cape Province, he pointed out that
not everyone was well disposed toward the new dispensation. He warned the
mayor and councillors that there were those who were just sitting and waiting
for the new dispensation to fail, so that they could broadcast to the world
that the South African Government had introduced a body which was unacceptable
to the black communities. Dr Morrison appealed to the local residents to
help their village councillors by aceepting fair tariff adjustments, because
they now had a direct say in their village budget. He told the residents
that if.they were unhappy with their councillors, they could exercise their
democratic right at the next election and replace them. [Text] MB161630
Johannesburg International Service in English 1500 GMT 16 Jan 84]

1

RSA MINISTER.VISITS TAIWAN~-Taipei, 16 Jan (SAPA--Dr L.A.P.A. Munnik, the South
African minister of posts and telecommunictaions, was today decorated by For-
eign Minister.Mr Chu Fu-sung for promoting friendly relations between Taiwan
and South Africa. The ceremony took place after Dr Munnik had met with Prem-
ier Mr Sun Yun-hsuan and they had exchanged views on how to further cooperate
in the field of telecommunications. Dr Munnik and his wife, who arrived in
Taipei for an 8-day visit on January 11, were accompanied by the communications
minister, Mr Lien Chan, his wife, and officials of the South African Embassy.
Later, at the Foreign Ministry, Mr Chu decorated Dr Munnik with the Order of
the Brilliant Star with Grand Cordon for his distinguished contributions toward
promoting the traditional friendship between Taiwan and South Africa. Numerous

75



SWAZILAND

SUGAR COMPANY EMPLOYEES DEFY UNPAID LEAVE ORDER
Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 14 Dec 83 p 3
[Article by Trevor Mkhabela]

[Text] ABOUT 500 employees of Mhlume Sugar Company who had been given unpaid
leave for two months and twenty days have defied the order.

The unpaid leave was with effect from December 1 to February 20 1984. All
the employees report for duty every morning. A spokesman for the employees
told The Times that they will not take the management order since it was il-
legal.

He said: "The management informed the cane cutters early November that they
will have to go home for two months and twenty days, but they will not be
paid for that period while on leave.

"We have since decided to be on duty despite the management order which is
against the industrial law. "We are still at loggerheads with the management
since the end of November.

"We are also employed by the Mhlume Sugar Company, so why should we have un-
paid leave whereas the other staff members will be paid?"

"We won't have enough money to support our families throughout this period of
time. Our families need money for Christmas."

“Early next year we are expected to pay for our children at school, but how
if wewon't be paid?" "I know we were told to stop working on December 6
and we defied that order since it was also illegal.

“We will stop working on December 16 like all the company employees. The
company must learn to know the rules of the law more especially the industrial
law.

"When the other eompany employees re-open after the Christmas holidays we will

also call back for work as normal. "We are also employed by the same company,
why should we not be given the same benefits like the other employees?"

81



Key:

1. Atlantic Ocean 23. Sudan

2.. Algiers 24. Ivory Coast

3. Tunisia . 25. Ndjamena

4. Mediterranean Sea 26. . Cameroon

5. Tripoli 27. Central African Republic

6. Cairo 28. Ethiopia

7. Arabian Gulf 29. Equatorial Guinea

8. Morocco 30. Uganda

9. Western Sahara 31. Somalia

10. Algeria 32. Tanzania

11. Libya 33. Indian Ocean

12. Egypt 34. Zambia

13. Red Sea 35. Namibia

14, Saudi Arabia 36. Republic of South Africa

15, Mauritania 37. The Cape

16. Eritrea 38. Protestants

17. South Yemen 39. Predominantly Islamic territories
18. Gambia 40. Significant Islamic minorities
19. Guinea 41. Combat zones

20. Guinea Bissau 42, Especially sensitive borders
21. Upper Volta 43. Soviet-Cuban presence

22. Chad 44, Axes of penetration

For the prophet is recruiting south of the Sahara with lightning speed: one Af-
rican in four is a Christian, one Christian in eight is Catholic, but one of ev-
ery two Africans is a Muslim. In northern Nigeria, 100 percent of the Haoussas
are Muslim, while only 50 percent of them were Muslims in 1900; in Senegal, 92
percent of which is Islamized, the Muslim Abdou Diouf succeeded the Catholic
Leopold Senghor in a country where, barely 50 years ago, Muslims were in the mi-
nority; in the Sudan, the government has just proclaimed the establishment of Is-
lamic legislation based on ''an eye for an eye" and put Islam on the curriculum of
Khartoum University, while Muslim brothers are gradually nibbling away at the
central government; one Togolese in ten is Muslim and in Upper ‘Volta, the land of
choice of the White Fathers, 60 percent are Muslim; in Mali, nearly all of the
Bambaras have been converted, and in entire districts that were formerly consid-
ered animistic, the number of Muslims has nearly tripled in the last 40 years; in
the Ivory Coast, some cities are going over entirely to Islam, such as Bouake; in
Nigeria or Ghana, one can no longer speak of "mossi [translation unknown] shield"
or "wall of forest,'' which were formerly impenetrable to Islam. Islam is contin-
uing its progression and is bringing about fundamental changes in societies that
only yesterday were called primitive.

For Islam is eating away, not only at animism but even at Christianized circles.
In Casamance, entire villages have been converted, won over by propaganda from
merchants and marabouts; Gabon, a country with a Catholic majority, has a Muslim
president and is a member of the Islamic Conference Organization. In Benin, con-
versions are increasing and there are more Muslims than Catholics. Islam is gain-
ing ground everywhere and is considered "an achievement, a point of no return,"
as Vincent Monteil has written.



SWAZILAND

RETAIL PRICE INDEX INCREASES 10 PERCENT
Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 20 Dec 83 p3
[Article by Sipho Mahlalela]

[Text] SWAZILAND'S retail price indices rose by an average of ten percent
over the past year.

The indes for low income groups rose by 12 percent and that for the higher
income groups rose by eight percent. These figures compared with the 10.7
percent increase in the retail price index for the South African consumer
over the same period.

The changes in the low income group index is partially due to an earlier change
in prices.

However, there exists a lag in different prices of the middle and high income
groups because of the time taken for prices to become operational in Swazi-
land.

The country's balance of payments situation did not seem favourable with an
increase in the nett amount of imports.

In a statement from the Central Statistics @ffice it was revealed that the
value of exports fell by 5 percent over the year and this drop could be ac-
credited to the decrease in the exportation of sugar and chemical products.

However, this figure is expected to rise steadily as the demand for sugar
and chemical products increased.

The decrease in the number and value of exports put the country in an un-
favourable balance of payments situation with a large increase in the value of
imports. .

During the year the value of imports rose by over 12 percent and this increase
was partly due to an increase in the prices of imported goods.

It was revealed that imports are expected to increase steadily in future, how-
ever at a lower rate.

79



CHINA GIVES MONEY FOR DRUGS--THE Republic of China has stepped in to alleviate
the crisis in the Kingdom's hospitals by giving more than £300 000 to buy
drugs. The Chinese Ambassador to Swaziland, Mr Chou Tung-Hua yesterday pre-
sented the cheque to the Prime Minister, Prince Bhekimpi at Cabinet Offices.
China has stepped in to help after an SOS by the Minister without Portfolio,
Mr Mhambi Mnisi, on Tuesday this week. [Excerpt] [Mbabane THE SWAZI OBSERVER

in English 3 Dec 83 p 1]

cso: 3400/551

90



SOUTH AFRICA

ACUTE SHORTAGE OF TRAINED PROGRAMMERS REPORTED

Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES-BUSINESS TIMES in English 18 Dec 83 p 3

{Article by Kerry Clarke]

[Text]

cso:

SOUTH Africa’s computer industry is suffering
from a big shortage of trained programmers.

The industry needs more than 1000 computer
programmers a year, but universities, technikons
and private training offer only 300 graduates an-
nually.

‘The urgent requirements of industry have led to
the emergence of unscrupulous private training
establishments (PTEs), which rip off vinuspecting
students, taking their money and giving them a
worthless certificate in return.

The Computer Users Council (CUC) is deeply
concerned about computer training, and it aims to
rectify the shortage.

Executive director Norman Adams. advises

those who enrol for computer training at any of.

the PTEs: “If they take your money — beware!

“Don’t pay anything until you have checked that

they are registered with either the CUC, the Com-
uter Society of South Africa or the Computing
fices Association,” he says. °

Another way of checking on the credentials of a
trainin, establishment is to look at the results of
the CUC’s entry-level Cobol examination. -

‘The CUC has chosen to examine students in the
use of the computer’ language Cobol, says Mr
Adams, because there is har ly any organisation
within industry that is not using this language.
inate, cuc should iow the, Mirements of the

lustry, representing as it does tutions sy
aa SAB, ABC Anglo Arerican, Barclays and-84
others, including computer suppliers and users as
well as training establishraents, ae

The CUC’s view on Cobol is borne out b the
survey of the National Productivity Tstltute
(NPI) into the manpower and development needs
of South Africa’s‘ computer industry, which ap-
eared earlier this year.

3400/507

58

_ other areas in 73,2% of app

+ paid had he or’she been

for training.

The NPI notes: “Structured Cobol is the domi-
nant language in use in the commercial sectors.”

According to a survey carried out by placement
agency Computer Personnel, in the area
Cobol was used in 813% of applications and in the

ications,

Some PTEs that activel ¥, work towards the
Cobol exams, such as Van Zyl and Pritchard, a-_
member of the CUC, emerge with excellent re-
sults. .

In the CUC exam written in August, this organi-
‘sation came out with 141 passes, compared with

an establishment like Globe National puting,
‘Whose students all failed. Globe recently went into
liquidation but is now operating fin -under @

changed name. i he ei
other way of determining tl effectiveness of.
& PTE is to check on its success at Placing its”
graduates in industry. Van Zyl and® Pritchard!
sell” all its graduates, and this enables it to offer:
students free training. ° a

Frank Pritchard, co-director of the organisa-

ton, says the price gharged to industry is oquly.
ies the

alent to the sal fraduate would haye

in the employment of the
‘At R800 a month, the total fee ta the recrulting

company is R3 200, oithough this is reduced to

R2 400 if the company ‘sent the trainge in itself

Control Data Institute is a PTE with an interna-
tional organisation and. reputation behind it, in
“Addition to being a member of the CUC. "

Although it does not “sell” its graduates, it does
assist students in finding jobs, and manager Ruth
Perrins says the company has.a placement rate of
around 98,6%. .



plier). As for the future, the Japanese see
the greatest potential in what they call the
“ABC” countries of Australia, Brazil and
Canada, all rich in resources. Of the 11
resource imports and their major suppliers
listed by Japan’s 1982 Foreign Trade Al-
manac (33 entries in all) South Africa
figures three times, as the source of 20 per
cent of Japan's sugar, 1,9 per cent of its
wool and 0,8 per cenit of its maize. Hardly
astranglehold on supplies!

In these circumstances, to flex our muscles
in emphasizing the theme of resources
diplomacy an Japan's supposed depen-
dence on South African supplies as some
South Africans have attempted to do,
would be highly counterprodustive, to say
the least. In any case, Japan’s perennial
problem of resource vulnerability - ac-
- cording to Professor Stockwin of Oxford’s
Modern Japanese Studies Department -
could well be “headed for a situation
where her economic leverage is inter-
nationally so great that she can afford to
‘write off’ particular markets and sources
of supply because she has adequate sup-
plies and markets elsewhere”. But rather
than writing off markets, the Japanese are
more likely to “vary the dosage”, “blow-
ing hot here and cold there” according to
their needs, as some Australian suppliers
are currently finding out to their cost. And
as South Africans could do in the future,
although it is‘ true that with their marked
preference for long-term rather than one-
off relationships, the Japanese are particu-
larly reliable business partners.

Japan’s trading pattern will increasingly be

ipted to the major restructuring her in-
dustry is undergoing. As is well known,
Japan is shifting its economic base from
smoke stack to high-technological indus-
tries, from heavy energy and raw material
consuming plants to electronic, robotic
and other knowledge-intensive sectors. In
this move from “sunset” to “sunrise” in-
dustries, Japan is becoming a post indus-
trial society. Her relationship with her
various trading partners, and with South
Africa too, will change accordingly, and
not only as regards imports and exports,
but in terms of the overall international
environment.

So much for South Africa’s rather humble
place in the context of Japanese economic

licies. What about the political and dip-
lomatic picture? This is a story of chickens
coming home to roost. In the post-war
years South Africa neglected several op-
portunities for strengthening relations with

54

Japan, arguing that “the time was not
ripe”. This tardiness was accompanied by
some particularly gratuitous racial insults
to Japanese, in addition to offence given
by our more general racial policies. South
Africa’s role-as an international “untouch-
able” plus Pressure from the Organization
of African Unity - all this led Japan to dis-
tance itself from South Africa. South
African official representation is limited at
the consular level which enables Japan to
make the claim that it has “no diplomatic
relations with South Africa”, Cultural,
sporting and educational links have been
terminated. Direct investment and joint
ventures are prohibited so that business
links are restricted to the hands-off trading
relationship.

Intermittent pressure on Japan is still ap-
plied by anti-apartheid and African
spokesmen, They accuse Japan of taking
“neither fish nor fowl” positions in UN
votes. Companies such as Toyota and Nis-
san have been included in UN-published
“black lists”. The Japanese have also been
accused of acrobatic contortions in tryin,

to preserve trading positions in Soutl

Africa as well as black Africa. On this last
point however, the Japanese are well
aware that countries accusing them of
trading with South Africa are in fact doing
so themselves.

For a South African to go to Japan and try
to get through the barriers sounds like a
kamikaze exercise. In fact, it is a soft land-
ing. As anyone who has been to Tokyo can
testify, Japanese are extremely generous in
giving you their time and attention. Many

of them, even important public figures, as.

I found out, are quite unaware of the limi-
tations on relations with South Africa. It is
such a marginal issue to them and Africa is
so remote. (In a poll a few years ago only
three per cent OF the Japanese canvassed
thought that relations with Africa needed
special attention, as compared with 52 per
cent who chose Asia, 36 per cent the
United States, 25 per cent the Middle
East).

Until one gets to know Japanese really
well, they are extremely reluctant to <>
criticize a visitor’s count
experience for a Soutl
Japanese approach to foreign affairs has
been described as “ruffling as few
feathers” as possible. Other, more unkind
descriptions have been “the world’s best
fence-sitters” or “best stone-wallers”.

-arather novel »
African! The «


pp

consistent policy of our party whose militants come from different parts of
: the country and from various social strata and. classes--although the
majority are workers and peasants.

Question: One final question: .Will you convene the Congress in 1985, as
planned? What will. be the main task of that Congress?

Answer: In accordance withthe decisions of the 1977 Congress, which were
confirmed in 1980, we will.hold that regular Congress in 1985, This is an
activity-review congress. It will analyze everything that has happened in
the political and ideological fields and in:the organization of the party
itself; it will spell out. the guidelines. ‘to be followed in our political,
economic, .and':social.plans as well as in foreign policy, in the matter of
defense and security. Obviously, inthe light. of results attained, the
Congress will chart. the general guidelines for the development of our
society and our party over the next: 5 years.

5058
cso: 3442/225

16



5. p 117
6. p 120
7. p 121
8. p 124
9. p 124
10. p 125
11. p 125
12. p 126
8592

GSO: 3404/2

veterinarians periodically examine cattle which are exported to
countries of the Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula.

A Somali woman stands by her husband [and helps] him care for his live-
stock. She helps him with the grazing, and she assumes a large part

of his work load. She represents the toiling woman in the developing
world.

(Top) It is estimated that Somalia's animal resources are about 35
million heads of cattle, camels and sheep. This is a tremendous
resource. If it were put to good use, it would solve the problem of
meat shortage in our great Arab homeland.

(Bottom) The herdsmen and their livestock in the cattle market in
Mogadishu. Trading in that market goes on continuously from morning
till noon. More than 3,000 heads of cattle, camels and sheep are sold
there.

(Top) Sperm from good stock of cattle is stored in modern devices at
the Artificial Insemination Center in the village of (Afjuwi).

[Bottom] Veterinarians at animal health centers are charged with the
task of detecting the diseases that strike animals.

(Top) High-protein feed is offered to cows from which sperm is drawn.
Such sperm is stored for as long as 15 years.

(Bottom) The meat canning plant in the region of Kismayo is one of the
largest meat processing plants in Somalia. However, operations at that
plant are almost at a standstill.

Mr Hasan ‘Ali Dayri: "The countries of the Gulf and the Arabian Penin-
sula are the traditional markets for our animal resources." :

45



By the end of 1980 the ANC was emerg-
ing in the country, with massive popular sup-
port, as the only real alternative to the racist
regime. It has already been indicated that
the ANC role in films grows with its increas-
ing definition on the ground inside South
Africa. Nowadays, film production credibil-
ity on the Apartheid front in difficult to
maintain without a clear perspective of resis-
tance (as compared to the pre-1976 preoccu-
pation with victims) which inevitably leads
to an estimation of the ANC as the only or-
ganisation demonstrably capable of achieving
liberation. Reflecting a reality difficult to
conceal and stimulated moreover by effec-
tive ANC international solidarity work, the

BBC produced South Africa — To the Last ;

Drop of Blood (10), which was the first sym-

pathetic British media investigation of the |

revolutionary character of the ANC and the
nature of the response to it in South Africa.
(It is not without interest or significance to
note at this point ‘that the film tured up in
South Africa, prominently displayed on the
shelves at video shops, under the title of
‘Black Beauty’ with a forged certificate of
approval from the Publications Board).

Kt has been through the medium of”

video that many of the above films have cir-
culated internationally as well as clandestine-

ly inside South Africa. With the growth and.

development of the video format, linked
with the relative ease of access to domestic
video players and recorders, ‘unprecedented
opportunities now exist for the distribution
of more films, including those specifically
Produced for video, inside South Africa as a
counter to the regime’s campaign of lies
about the liberation movement.

The viewpoint that national liberation
should be the target for all art work was un-
derlined in July 1982 at a unique gathering
of South African cultural workers.. More
than 600 art activists from every section of
South African society, and from every field
of artistic endeavour, met in Gaberone, Bots-
wana, at a Culture and Resistance event.
They resolved to work out regional culture
Programmes to ‘align themselves with the
people of South Africa for the liberation of

the country’. The conference, which included ©

participation by exiled cultural activists, cre-
ated"unprecedented opportunities for mobil-
ising’ and uniting South ‘African artists, inclu-
ding film makers, on the key question of
contributing their skills in a conscious and
organised way toward the overthrow of
apartheid. .

49

By linking the cultural activities and as-
pirations of the South African people with
the national liberation struggle the historic _
Gaberone conference demonstrated, in the
words of Fanon, that ‘to fight for national
culture means in the first place to fight for
the liberation of the nation, that material
keystone which makes the building of a cul-
ture possible. There is no other fight for cul-
ture which can develop apart from the popu-
lar struggle’. (11) The inseparability of
culture and national liberation was stressed
in December 1982 at The Cultural Voice of
Resistance in Amsterdam. Set up by Dutch
anti-apartheid and cultural organisations, ‘it
brought together South African artists under
the wing of. the ANC, with artists active in
Holland. The prime object of the conference
was ‘to accomplish a new bilateral imple-
mentation of cultural contacts between Hol-
land and South Africa’ following the 1981
severance of the 30-year-old Dutch cultural
agreement with the Apartheid regime. Exem-
plifying the need for a new cultural accord
(with a resulting flow of funds to the ANC
for cultural projects) two new films, made
secretly inside South Africa but with the full
co-operation of the liberation movement,
were shown at the Amsterdam event. Both
films, which were made on a ‘shoe-string’
budget, demonstrate the effectiveness of
creative work which is rooted in the hopes
and struggles of the people and organisations
depicted. Forward to a People’s Republic
and The Sun Will Rise are concemed with
the quality of resistance to the South Afri-
can regime (12). The Sun Will Rise in partic-
ular represents a significant development in
the role of film in not only teflecting the
South Africa struggle but in helping to attain
its objectives. While the film was planned
and produced especially to reinforce the in-
ternational campaign to try to save the lives
of six Umkhonto we Sizwe cadres sentenced
to death, it is relevant at several other levels,
not least of which is as a powerful demon: ’
stration of the growing popularity and auth-
ority of the ANC in South Africa.

It ts evident that there is an equation be-
tween the political relevance of film produc-
tion on South Africa and:the level of input
of the ANC. However, experience shows that
even at its highest level deferment to the
needs of the liberation movement and sym-
pathy with its aims cannot guarantee that a
film is free of political errors. For example, in
a recent important Dutch film about Somafco
the ANC school in Mazimbu, (13) reference



British Organization Donates Drugs
Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 30 Dec 83 p 3

[Text] THE Minister of Health, Prince Phiwokwakhe, has revealed Swaziland's
dire need for doctors, nurses and more training facilities.

Prince Phiwokwakhe was speaking during a ceremony at which E15,000 worth of
drugs was presented to the Ministry of Health yesterday.

The drugs were presented on behalf of an organization in Britain by Mr John
Gardner, a member of the organization.

The Minister told Mr Gardner that he inspected the Hlatikulu Government Hos~-
pital to ascertain their needs. He said there was a critical shortage of many

medical supplies.

The Minister said: "Your action has not only shown that you are willing to
help, but that you have the Swazi feeling at heart. Yow have left your family
behind in Britain and came to the southern part of Africa to make this presen-
tation. This donation might treat a child who has the potential to be the
leader of the nation in the future."

Prince Phiwokwakhe stressed the need for Swaziland to become self-sufficient
so that she could produce all her own medical supplies and not rely on aid
from other countries.

The Minister also thanked the airline companies concerned for transporting the
drugs into the country, especially the South African Airways and the Royal
Swazi Airline.

Prince Phiwokwakhe also thanked individual donors in Britain whom had donated
E500,000.

Mr. Gardder assured the Minister that plans would be made to provide Swaziland
with nurses for a period of six to 12 months to meet the problem faced by the
country. °

The Principal Secretary of Health, Mr B. H. Malaza, promised Mr Gardner that a
telex message would be sent to the Swaziland High Commissioner in Britain
thanking the charitable organization.

CSO: 3400/544

78



Finally, Angola, in this region, pursues a policy of vigorous support for the
liberation. movements and is developing active solidarity with the patriots

of South Africa, especially the ANC. All of this places the RPA in the sights
of imperialism since the blueprint for the society we want to build, the
utilization of all of our potentials, and our progressive policy are just so
many factors which the imperialists of South Africa consider a threat.

Question: A certain Western press persists in picturing a chimera according
to which only negotiations and an agreement with the puppets of UNITA could
bring peace to Angola. What is your position on that?

Answer: That issue is directly linked to the prior one, It is because of
its progressive and independent policy that Angola is the victim of the
attacks of imperialism which employs various forces in Africa, especially in
our region, The main force undoubtedly is South Africa which attacks us
systematically, which invades our territory, and which destroys our strategic
economic centers.

But there are other, less direct ways of attacking us; they consist of em-
ploying armed groups which are organized, trained, and transported by South
Africa. In this way they step up their war effort against Angola, These
armed bands destroy our economic structures and engage in terrorism. They
attack the population settlements, they destroy their property, they imprison
the members of our party, deputies to our Assembly, foreigners, such as. the
Czech technicians who are among us to help in the RPA's economic growth.

This aggressive policy against Angola will meet with a vigorous response
from our people. It will be defeated in the end, that you can be sure of.

No! There is no assumption whatsoever as to a dialogue with UNITA, in view
of the role which it plays. Today, UNITA is being used by the South Africans;
but who can forget, on top of all this, that, in the past, it was already an
instrument of the Portuguese colonial regime? The fact is that UNITA sprang
up as a tribal group and the PIDE [International and State Defense Police]--
the political police of Portuguese fascism--used it to fight against the
guerrillas of the MPLA who, for their part, were struggling against the
colonialists. As a tribal group, UNITA was consequently fighting against
the national unity effort of the MPLA. It was--or at least its top leaders
were--an agent of the enemy whom the latter had picked for wiping out the
true nationalist forces.

It was during the so-called period of transition that Savimbi and other UNITA
leaders, who were defeated in August 1975, allied themselves with the South
African Army. which, shortly thereafter, invaded the RPA for the first time.
It is thus perfectly evident that there is no reason of a political, legal,
or other nature for a dialogue with UNITA, regardless of what it may be.

We will not conduct discussions with agents of Portuguese colonialism. We
will not conduct discussions with those who reject independence for Angola.
The MPLA cannot discuss anything with the agents of a South African regime
which practices "apartheid" in whose name more than 20 million blacks are
being oppressed. The MPLA cannot in any way whatsoever conduct a dialogue

1



countries as a challenge, as do Americans
and Europeans. The latter are in direct
competition with the Japanese in. ‘cars,
electronics and so on, and it is they who
feel the heat. The US deficit with Japan
was 16,8 billion dollars in 1982. In reac:
tion, the US supported by Europe is pres-
suring Japan to open its domestic market
more (as well as take up a bigger share of
the defence burden of the free world),
otherwise to expose itself to. protectionist
retaliation.

. These larger, macro-economic concerns
seem, for the time being, rather remote to
South African business. After all our trade
with Jay is nicely balanced, so. why

? If this is indeed our reaction, we
could well be bulling ourselves into a false
sense of security.

For one thing, if. there is balance in our
trade with Japan, in what it takes to sus-
tain this trade there is a dangerous im-
balance. It is from the Japanese side that
most of the effort has come in developing
trade with South Africa. The major
“matchmakers” have been —>
Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, Nissho
Iwai, Kanematsu Gosho and so on. All are
busily represented in Johannesburg, some-
times by offices up to 20-strong. Alto-
gether, about 60 Japanese companies have
a significant representation in South
Africa and there are about 600 Japanese
living there. They are working hard at
their relationship with South Africa which,
however, to Japan, is only its 17th client.

In return, how many South African offices
are there in Tokyo, to maintain the re-
lationship with one of our top trading part-
ners? On the fully-fledged commercial
front, almost incredibly, is only one
- Safmarine! And altogether there are
only a few dozen South Africans in Japan
(mainly diplomatic staff).

What a lop-sided relationship! The
Japanese know us, our market, the busi-
ness opportunities here, and the political
tisks involved, In return what do we know
about them and where we fit into their
broader strategies? We reassure ourselves
with the thought that the resource-poor
Japanese will always need our resources,
But'the Japanese, for their part, are far
from putting all their eggs in one basket,
and are diversifying their suppliers.

Japan’s strategy has always been to avoid
over-reliance on any single supplier. What
is more, it has used the current recession

53

to diversify its supply base. In iron ore, for
instance, it is currently reducing imports
from Australia, and in this market South
African prices are competitive. However,
we are not amongst the top suppliers and
in any case Japan’s steel output has
peaked, and is now tailing off. In coal
supply, thanks to Richard’s Bay’s facilities
surging output recently, South Africa
‘eatly improving its position, but is still
well behind Australia and the United
States, and competing with Canada and
ina.

Diamond sales in Japan have been ex-
tremely reassuring for De Beers, working
there, as elsewhere, with J. Walter Thomp-
son on the promotion side. Gold imports
have ‘been legal for only a few years but
Krugerrand and other sales are booming,
and a great success for the Chamber of
Mines-sponsored International Gold Cor-
poration, working with such powerful
agencies as the Sumitomo Corporation. As
for strategic minerals and metals, many of
them produced by South Africa, a recent
conference held in Tokyo drew attention
to Japan’s vulnerability, and to the import-
ance of South Africa on this front. In the
market-place, however, the Japanese have
in the last few years greatly reduced the

-amount of chrome and ferrochrome they

are buying from South Africa. China is be-
coming more important as a strategic
metal supplier, as in other mining fields.
(In gold production it is thought to have

For a South African to go
to Japan and try to get
through the barriers
sounds like a kamikaze
exercise. In fact, itis a
soft landing.

hopes of displacing Canada as the third
Producer after South Africa and the Soviet
inion), -
So how important is South Africa’s busi-
ness to Japan? As 17th partner, it Tep-
Tesents somewhere between one and two
per cent of Japan’s world trade, and is its .
main partner in Africa (just ahead of
Nigeria as a market, far ahead as a sup-



Japanese Interested in Coal Development Project
(Thabo Malinga; THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND, 1 Dec 83)........

Food Aid Distribution 'Running Smoothly'
(THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND, 9 Dec 83).......

BLS Countries Report Custom Union Problems With SA
(Sipho Mahlalela; THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND, 28 Nov 83).....

Briefs
EEC Flour Donation
Trade Union Meeting
Financing Needed for Rail Extension
Government Debts Reported
ANC Gives Assurance
Elected to ‘UNESCO
Sugar Mill Record Production
Power Tariff Increased
China Gives Money for Drugs

TOGO
Increasing Efforts To Destabilize Government Reported
(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, No 25, 1983) oe ceeeccceceeceeceee
UPPER VOLTA
Electrification Brings Progress to Dori
(Justin Coulibaly; CARREFOUR AFRICAIN, No 805,
18 Nov 83) ..sceccsseeeecccccececee
Briefs
Libyan Medical Cooperation
ZAMBIA
Briefs
Maize Airlifted.to Drougitt Area
ZIMBABWE

Briefs
PRC Factory Venture
Cooperation Pact With Bulgaria

83

84

91

94

96

97

98


SOUTH AFRICA

FOREIGN MINISTER'S VISIT TO BONN ASSESSED
Bonn AFRIKA POST in German Dec 83 pp 3-4

[Article by Erwin E. Hirschmann: "Nothing New in Bonn for Roelof Botha~-No
Change Between Bonn and Pretoria: Political Relations at the Freezing Point;

Economic Ties as Good as Ever"]

[Text] When South Africa's foreign minister Roelof "Pik" Botha journeyed

to the Rhine at the end of November, he may have still had some hope for a
gradual improvement of relations between Bonn and Pretoria. However, having
noted the type of conferences arranged for him and after the pertinent ses-
sion in the Bundestag (from which he was spared due to his scheduled depar-
ture for London), Botha must have been certain that many years would pass

in this country before he would be one of the better liked interlocutors on
the Rhine.

Contrary to some expectations in South Africa, which may have been advanced
by reports from their Bonn embassy, there has been very little change in
Bonn's political view of the situation in South Africa. Roelof Botha recog-
nized this also, certainly after talking with his German counterpart Hans-
Dietrich Genscher, and summarized it for the journalists with these words:
"If there has been a change, I haven't noticed it."

As far as German policy is concerned, South Africa's apartheid, its forced
relocation of blacks and its human rights violations are no more acceptable
than is Pretoria's position in the Namibia conflict. There are, however,
in contrast to the social-liberal coalition some nuances of opinion in
Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl's government; however, the visibly annoyed
South African minister was apparently not able to sufficiently appreciate
them after his talk with Genscher in order to properly evaluate them. As
far as the present Federal government is concerned, any change in South
Africa's internal structure in favor of the majority of the population is
welcome.

The constitutional reform is a part of those changes and is commendable be-
cause it brings the so-called colored and the Indians slightly closer to
participation in the government. But for the FRG government this reform
does not go far enough; at worst it is cosmetic, at best only a first step-~
but in neither case a method suitable for helping the black majority attain

70



The People's Republic of Mozambique. does not intend to impose a different re-
gime on South Africa. ‘That is the sole and exclusive responsibility of the
South African people. ‘The political and social transformations in the Republic
of South Africa have the South Africans as their authors and no one else.

The day a human and democratic system is established in South Africa, the day
"apartheid" and discrimination are eliminated, the day when all South Africans
become citizens with equal rights in their country, that day the People's
Republic of Mozambique will not hesitate to propose South Africa as a full
member of the international community and of the ‘African family, to which it
has always belonged. ‘The People's Republic of Mozambique will do this irre-
gardless of the political direction that the South Africans choose for

their nation.

This is our steadfast’: stand in the defense of peace. By struggling to '
achieve that objective we are contributing to detent in our. region and through-
out the world.

CSO: 3442/243

25



SOUTH AFRICA

DISCRIMINATORY EDUCATION DEPLORED BY ATASA

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 6 Jan 84 p 9

[Text] PORT ELIZABETH.--The African Teachers' Association of South Africa
(ATASA) yesterday rejected the discriminatory system of education entrenched
in the white paper on education last November.

At its annual conference in Port Elizabeth which ended yesterday, ATASA re-
affirmed its stand on the issue. .

In a press statement ATASA rejected the "restricturing" of education into five
Ministers, and called for a single Ministry of Education divided by geographi-
cal considerations and not on race, colour or religion.

The conference urgently called upon the government to:

--Scrap all discriminatory laws including the Group Areas Act, the Separate
Amenities Act, the Influx Control Act and laws restricting worship, because
they interfered with full human development;

--Open all institutions of learning and teaching to all population groups and
allow Black parents to exercise their right to choose schools for their
children.

The statement resolved to use "all legitimate means" to achieve the objectives
of "education and human development"--the theme of the conference.

Among the resolutions adopted were:

--That a child whose sixth birthday falls on or before June 30 of a year be ad-
mitted to school at the beginning of that year;

--That ATASA appoint a three-man commission of inquiry to investigate:
1) The causes of the disastrous matric results;
2) ‘The delay of these results;

3) The chronic leakages of examination question papers; and

68



opment, Dr Piet Koorn-
hof.

He said in a statement
patie Pretoria that the rat-
isi development
functions in the national
states, entailing the trans-
fer of functions of the two
corporations to develop-
ment corporations in the

cso: 3400/509

mediately transferred, so
the

‘had been finalised or per-
manent — arrangements
made.

61

© The passenger trans-
port function to the ex-

SOUTH AFRICA
BODY TO AID IN TRANSFER OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 6 Jan 84 p 8
[Text]
THE creation of a tran-
sonal body uader the
Development to
handle residual functions
‘of the Corporation national states and other .@ Agricultural activi- agency and other arrange-
tte Mie Oe institutions, including the .ties on farms purchased ments.” |<
rs . ' Private sector, was pro- . by the Trust but not yet Referrii the
tion during the transfer Of ceeding in terms of Gov- transferred to national . ring to the trans-
sit functions to the nat- ernment policy. states; pon § Sanction, fhe Minis-
tions was announced yes. i functi © Exploration ' func- tiation with the govern-
terday by the Ministey of coGet no vever en ntioTM* tions of the mining cor- ments of independent and
r of im- ia
he ani sei notbeim- ration, and self-governing states was

to be initiated with a view

- to finding the best solu-

tion for every situation.
“Attention will be



CUBAN YOUTH THANKED FOR ASSISTANCE--The Youth of the Popular Movement for the
Liberation of Angola*[JMPLA] has expressed its déep gratitude to the young
Cuban internationalist youth for the assistance they are giting to the people
of Angola. A joint communique issued after’a meeting between an Angolan youth
delegation and a delegation of the Cuban Unton of Young Communists says in
substance: The Cuban internationalists working in this country are prepared
to lay dow thetr tools, tf the need’ arises, and take up arms to defend the
Angolan revolution. The communique also condemns the invasion of our country
by Pretoria's regular army, as well as the subversive maneuvers undertaken
against Cuba by Washington. The two sides have expressed their satisfaction
over the excellent working and cooperative relations existing between them.
[Text] [AB181246 Luanda Domestic Service tn French 1100 CMT 18 Jan 84]

CS0: 3419/333

18



SENEGAL

BRIEFS

NEW ISLAMIC MAGAZINE APPEARS--Dakar, 17 Jan (AFP)-~-An Islamic fortnightly, WAL
FADJRI, has appeated on Dakar newsstands devoted to the "economic, political
and social" liberation of Africa from the East-West threat. The magazine is
published by Sidi Lamine Niasse, brother of ‘the fundamental Muslim opposition
leader Ahmed Niasse, who has been nicknamed the ayatollah of Kaolack. The East
and West camps were descriited as "the blades of the same pair of scissors."
"WAL FADJRI. is not a magazine of sermons or simple discourses on cultural
life" but is designed to "oppose information in the service of imperialism and
Zionism," Mr Niasse said in the lead editorial. The title of the magazine

was drawy from a ‘line in the Koran, in which God vowed by the dawn to take
revenge on those who create vice on earth, Mr Niasse added. "The face of the
world has changed, the foundations of humanity have been shaken since the cre-
ation of Islambc society ‘became ‘not’ only feastble but preceived as an alterna-
tive to other social systems," Mr Niasse said. [Text] [AB171522 Paris AFP in
English 1354 GMT 17 Jan 84]

CSO: 3400/522

35



One South African-Japanese issue on
which a great deal of stone-walling has
been going on, from the Japanese side, for
some years now, is South African Airways’
request for landing rights in Japan. Some
interested parties see this as a target soon
to be reached, others as a receding mirage.
Meanwhile the issue remains a barometer
of our bilateral relations.

Another pointer to the state of play of our
relations with Japanese diplomats fo-
cussed, perhaps briefly, on the SWA/
Namibian negotiations. One rather wild
rumour even had it that Japan wanted to
join the five-nation contact group.
Another line of speculation was that the
Japanese. were interested in contributing
to an international presence in Namibia.
Behind these rumours lay the possibility
that if an internationally accepted
settlement were attained, Japan could pos-
sibly take this opportunity to warm up re-
lations with South Africa. It could also,
more generally, have given Japan an open-
ing for a more high-profile participation in
international diplomacy. This is just one of
the spin-offs of a general trend towards a
more assertive Japanese foreign policy.
Just as on the personal level the Japanese
prefer reticence to blowing one’s own
trumpet, so on the international level they
have prefered a profile so low that it has
verged on invisibility. Their diplomacy has
been described as “‘me-tooism,” “head-in-
the-sand”, “kow-tow” diplomacy. Japan-
ese leaders have consequently been sub-
jected to criticism and even scorn. De
Gaulle reacted t6 a visit to Paris by the
Japanese prime minister by asking “who
was that transistor. salesman?” For his
part, the last prime minister, Mr Suzuki,
was called “a zero with the rim knocked
off”.

For years Japan has been urged, again in
the words of Alexander Haig, to be “a
truly international er rather than an
economic giant and a political pygmy”.
And now, the current prime minister,
Nakasone, has broken with the tradition of
self-effacement. Described as a “covert
Gaullist” and “the only Japanese leader
who “speaks in complete sentences,” by
comparison with his political colleagues
and particularly his predecessor, he comes
across as forceful, outspoken, and even
blunt. His problem is that these character-
istics clash with the traditional consensus
style he might be so far head of the
country he is to leas it his asser-
tiveness will backfee,

55

In monitoring all these
changes (in Japan), short
and long-term, and
providing the very
necessary feedback for
South Africa, not nearly
enough is being done.

In. monitoring all these changes, short-
term and long-term, and providing the
very necessary feedback for South Africa,
not nearly enough is being done. We have
a few Japan-watchers. in South Africa,
businessmen ~ (Marsh, Rosholt, Wessels,
Adcock, Newman, Waddell, amongst
oer academics - (Spoelstra), journal-
ists - Spring and Starcke). And the South
Africa Foundation has now launched a
study group which will look more closely
at relations with Japan. But so far, we
have nothing like a Japan “lobby” as we
do in the case of Taiwan.

In Tokyo, Pretoria’s representative, Mr
Frikkie Botha, is one of our most senior
diplomats and has long experience and a
broad view of South African-Japanese re-
lationships. Apart from his staff, the Saf-
marine office headed by Peter James, and
the micro-offices of SAA and SATOUR,
there are representatives, but very indi-
rectly so, of the Chamber of Mines, Ren-
nies and De Beers. There is also a large
enthusiastic group of former Japanese resi-
dents of South Africa, members of the
Springbok Club, run by Mr Toshio
lakiura.

For the most part however, South Africans
maintain their relationships with Japan
through the Johannesburg Japanese and
brief visits to Tokyo and sometimes
Osaka. Altogether about 8000 South
Africans visit Tokyo each year, but mostly
for tourism. Businessmen go to buy, sell
and negotiate. But during their stay, they
usually remain “in-house” and in a close
huddle with this or that counterpart com-
pany (which also takes care of entertain-
ment, no minor matter in Japan). There is



CHAD

RESULTS OF GOVERNMENT MISSIONS TO SOUTH NOTED
Ndjamena INFO TCHAD in French 5 Dec 83 p 3

[Excerpt] The mission led by Djidingar Dono Ngardoum, state minister for
agriculture and rural development, arrived in Sarh after having spent nearly
2 months in Eastern Logone. This delegation, which includes equally Koibla
Djimasta, minister of public health, Gouara Lassou, minister of higher educa-
tion, and Mouli Seid, member of the CCFAN [Northern Armed Forces Command
Council], will pass on in the Eastern Logone localities it visited from top
to bottom, a message of peace, unity and forgiveness.

This delegation's long stay in Eastern Logone, the patient and persevering work
of explanation which: it carried out has led to results welcomed by all Chadians.
The crowning achievement of this has been the winning over of thousands of
officers and soldiers who had gone over to the opposition to protest certain
exactions. ‘The seed of war that Libya sought to keep alive, hastening to offer
these Chadians arms and munitions, could thus be smothered. A serene climate
followed, and we note a certain return of confidence. The wind of conciliation
will thus have blown from the interior, to emerge into a wider process, opening
the door to all the Chadian opponents from abroad who will also have to make
their contribution to our country's recovery.

More than the result of a mission that has indisputably become famous in Eastern
Logone, it is the entire policy of the government of the third republic and of
President Hissein Habre that is worthy of praise. Its main lines are dialog and
contact. We no longer count the missions that were undertaken in the south.
Members of the government, the CNC [National Advisory Council], the CCFAN
[Chadian National Armed Forces], officers of the FANT [Chadian National Armed
Forces] took turns to explain, pacify and convince. Their task was not easy,
for prejudices were considerable. Today we are present at a genuine thaw.

9434
CsO: 3419/287

21



any export credits raised shall not exceed ten and a half percent per annum
on the amount of the export credit and outstanding from time to time. The
interest on any export credit are to be payable in arrears upon such terms and
conditions as may be agreed upon between the minister and the lender. Rising
fees on any export credit may not exceed one half of one percent of the amount
so raised. Any export credit will be paid in not less than 20 equal instal-
ments every six months for a period of not less than 10 years. [Text]
[Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 13 Dec 83 p 5]

GOVERNMENT DEBTS REPORTED--DR. NXUMALO has pledged to ensure that government
ministries pay their debts to private companies promptly. The Finance Minister
was addressing a press conference after a meeting with members of the banking
community in Swaziland. Dr. Nxumalo said the meeting was to acquaint himself
with the people in banking in Swaziland and to discuss matters affecting them
and the business community in general. "I got some useful advise which will
help me to plan ahead," he said. "One of the things I had learned in this
tieeting is that the government has not been paying its account." He said he
has been told that there was a backlog of outstanding debts in various govern-
ment ministries and departments. "This dndermines the development of come
merce. I understand many small contractors are burdened with bank overdrafts
because the government has not been paying its accounts," Dr Nxumalo said.
"This is destructive to theese small businesses and they may end up collapsing.
It could also result in government losing respect from the business community.
In many cases, companies would refuse to supply government departments on
credit. This results in essential goods, such as hospital drugs being denied.
"This should stop and I will make sure that government department heads, par-
ticularly permanent secretaries, make sure that debts are paid promptly on
receipt," he said. [Text] [Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 30 Nov
83 p 6]

ANC GIVES ASSURANCE--THE ANC has issued a statement giving an assurance that
it will never attempt to use Swaziland as a springboard for forays into South
Africa, Sapa reports. The statement was issued in New York by the ANC for

the United Nations. Sapa reports that the charge that the ANC was using the
Kingdom for such purposes was made by South African Foreign Minister, Pik
Botha during his visit to Swaziland this week. The report says Mr Botha asked
Swaziland to eject ANC members he alleged were operating from this country. ©
In a statement, the ANC accused Mr Botha of "dirty tricks and of fementing
conflict between the ANC and the Swaziland Government." But a spokesman for
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Swaziland said he did not know what the ANC
were reacting to because he was not aware of any accusations that the ANC were
using Swaziland for any hostile activities against anyone alleged that the ANC
were using Swaziland to establish any bases. All-we:have said in the past,
and we still say it, is that our country will not allow anybody to use its
territory agdinst our neighbours," he said. [Text] [Mbabane THE TIMES OF
SWAZILAND in English 22 Dec 83 p 20]

ELECTED TO UNESCO--SWAZILAND has been elected to the Executive Board of the

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNESCO. She
was elected to the board during the UNESCO conference held in Paris recently.
The principal secretary for Education, Mr Justice Nsibandze, said it was the

88



A Pastoral Society

Somali society is a pastoral society; the vast majority of the people are herds-
men by profession. We would not be dodging the truth if we were to say that 80
percent of the country's population are closely associated with this tremendous
animal resource which God has bestowed on this country. It is for this reason
that the lives of the people depend on the livestock. The Somali citizen is a
pastoral person who travels in search of vegetation, herbage, rainfall, a source
of water and water streams. Bedouins boast about their profession, and they are
proud of it. They think of it as the best profession for man [since] it was the
profession of God's messenger, may God bless him and grant him salvation. The
prophet practiced that profession for a period of time in his life. A Somali citi-
zen's daily life, therefore, has been affected by that profession, and his habits
and customs have also been affected by that simple Bedouin pastoral environment.
The Somali citizen likes freedom; he perseveres in the face of misfortune and
adversity; and he endures hardships and difficulties. The Somali citizen is
generous; he is cordial with strangers; he is at peace with nature; he loves free-
dom; and his opinions are discriminating.

As far as his physical characteristics are concerned, the Somali citizen is tall,
slender, impressionable and sensitive. His skin is dark, and his hair is curly.
He has a long nose, white teeth and he carries his cane on his shoulder wherever
he goes.

Mr Ahmad Nur Yusuf, professor of Somali literature at National University in
Somalia told us how a slaughtered animal is divided. Professor Yusuf said, "A
Somali divides his slaughtered animal into seven sections. He offers the breast
and one of the fore legs to scientists, noblemen or those he respects. He offers
the back to the head of the household. The thighs are offered to the girls in the
family, and the neck and gullet are offered to married women. The rump of the
slaughtered animal is offered to servants, and the central part of the slaugh-
tered animal or the area around the kidneys is offered as a charitable gift to
commemorate Fatimah al-Zahra', the daughter of the prophet, may God bless him and
grant him salvation. The tail of the slaughtered animal is offered to old people;
but the head, liver and kidneys of the slaughtered animal are not eaten; they are
thrown to predatory animals."

Because the life of a Somali citizen depends on animals, there had to be a collec-
tion of verse and songs that depict for us the love a Somali citizen harbors for
his animals and how dependent his life is on those animals. Animals are the

source of a Somali citizen's livelihood and the source of his life. It is for
this reason that we see Somali citizens singing the praises of those animals and
writing beautiful songs about them wherever they go and wherever they may be
found.

Professor Ahmad Nur Yusuf translated for us one of these songs.
Desertification and Pasture Land
Drought, desertification and the concomitant scarce rainfall are among the most

important problems that Somalia is encountering. Therefore, a program of the same
order as the animal health improvement program has been set up. Its aim is to

42



JAPANESE INTERESTED EN COAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 1 Dec 83 p 5

[Article by Thabo Malinga]

[Text]

‘A three-man “Sdelegation
from the Japanese Interna-
‘tional Cooperation “Agency
‘arrived in the country early
this week.

- “The team“has come: to
Sign an agreement with the
“Swaziland government’ ‘to
‘continue - joint-sponsorship
of the drilling of coal. at
Luhubuki “Coal Develop-
‘Ment project.

‘A. spokesman for the
Geological Mines and
Surveys, . “Mr. Simon
‘Maghanga said the team of.
‘Japanese “experts will “be
leaving on. _Stinday, this
week. .

Mr Maphanga said the

agreement will be’ signed: at
‘the offices of the Economic

cso:

and Planning ‘Department.
Present during. the agree-
ment will be the permanent

3400/544

“Ito, chief geologist, ‘accor-

the Lubuhuku

secretary for Commerce In-
dustry and Mines, Mr Percy
Mngomezulu,» permanent
‘secretary for Economy and
Planning, :-Mr -Vusie)
Sikhondze, Director of

" Geological and Survey, Mr
Allen Dlamini, Maphanga
said.

The Japanese delegation
ingludes,

Mr “Moikada -
leader. of the
mn, Mr “Masary
Tateishi, - geologist mining
engineer, and Kimi. Hiko

‘ding to Mr. Maphanga.

‘The joint-sponsorship of.
“Coal
Development by «the

83

ihe said, wet

“Swaziland government. and

‘the ‘government of Japan’
had’ been going ‘on ‘since.
1980, Maphanga said.

+ Eversince then, the
‘Japanese ‘government has
spent a total of E2.3 million

Project

-Mr Maphanga added that
the whole project will take
another couple-of years.
id the overall -amount

heeded to continue the pro-
‘ject at Lubuhuli is” ¢

E3,5 million, he said.
“The Japanese -interna-
tional Cooperation Agency

“and ‘Geological ‘and’ Mines

Departinent has-since 1980
‘been’ drilling, sampling,
testing coal; and checking
the quality of ‘the ‘coal at

Min e.

SWAZILAND

Lubuhuku, Mr Maphanga
He said they have, so
far, ‘proved that there is
over 200 million tons of
coal at Lubuhuku, and the
‘quality of the coal is similar
to. that. of ‘Mpaka Coal

agreement, Japan will con-
tinue to work together with
the Swaziland government
to provide funds to con-

«tinue exploring coal ‘at
Lubuhuku ‘until 1985, Mr

Maphanga said.

He further said as goon as
the exploring of the coal is
over, a way would be open-
ed to some enterprising in-
‘ternational - organisations
who are interested in min-
ing the coal at Libuhuku.



SOUTH AFRICA

"KEI STATES BORDER POSTS EXPERIMENT REPORTED
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 6 Jan 83 p 1

[Article by Keith Abendroth]

[Text] The first step to the Africa and Transkei
possible introduction and Ciskei relating to
of controlled posts on the movement of citi-

“the South African _ zens of the countries
side of borders with across the common
neighbouring Black borders.
states, is to be taken ‘The main object of the
by the South African measure was to deter-
government. mine the need for es-

-A senior official of the tablishing permanent
Department of Inter- border control posts
nal Affairs said in at these specific
Pretoria last night places.
that.from Monday The points were on the
temporary _ control Transkeian border,
points would be es- the Bongolo Dam,
tablished at two about 11 kms from
points on the South Queenstown, on the
African-Transkei and Lady Frere and Dor-
one of the South _drecht routes; and
African-Ciskei bor- Braamnek, about 26
ders to monitor traf- km from Queenstown
fic passing through on the St Marks/con-
the points. fimvaba roads.

Travellers going On the Ciskei border
through . the points the point is Frasers
would have to have Camp, about 40 km
travel documents in from Grahamstown
the form of passports on the N2 route near
or identity documents the Great Fish River
in terms of the agree- enroute to Peddie.
ments between South

cso: 3400/509

60



SWAZILAND

FOOD AID DISTRIBUTION 'RUNNING SMOOTHLY'
Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 9 Dec 83 p 11

[Text] THE distribution of food aid to drought-stricken families throughout
the Kingdom is proceeding smoothly, according to a recent statement issued by
the Director of Agriculture, Mr Victor Phungwayo.

‘beans and vegetable Gil they
had been expecting under
athe World Food Programme
‘Assistance.

“This amounts to about 3
200 tons of food he said. “I
‘am pleased to say that about
95 percent of the maize and
about half of the beans have
already been sent to storages
in various districts for
distribution.”

‘Mr_"Phungwayo - said
nearly 1.:000 tonnes of the
maize donated by the
Republic of China was
‘Stored at Ngwempisi.

“The beans and oil are
being stored temporarily at
the Malkerns Research Sta-
tion before being distributed.

“All the food received as
international aid. will have
reached the district centres

3400/544

by the end of January.

“From there it will be up
to the co-ordinating
commitices to deliver it to
the listed families they
obtain from chiefs.” -

Mr Phungwayo appealed
for co-operation with gover-
nment officers at the
distribution points. He said
their duty was to see that the

entitled to the food
received it.

“It is important that those
families’ know the date and
time of delivery. They
should also -bring their
‘coupons along with them.

“Each family will receive
three bags of maize, a 15kg
bag of beans and two eight

management and

-on good ,
the fact that funds . were

availabk.

“We have fearnt our
lesson. This year ‘our
planning and organisation
was better than before. We

84

were ready when the first

consignments arrived at
~ Mi

jatsapha.

“The EEC ‘provided us’
with funds for transport and
manpower. This helped
minimise’ our. bills and
prevented Serious
bottlenecks at Matsapha.

“The government, in turn,
has: allocated a substantial
additional budget allocation
to cover transport costs at
district level. .

“This is largely to cover
fuel costs for. government
vehicles, which means that
any government department
lending vehicles for
distribution need not worry
about operation costs.”

“Distribution in the it is if
bution in litre’ containers of oif, But Mr Phungwayo concluded
Mancini district is being co- they may not get it all at by saying that because.
ordinated the fe herp once.” ‘Swaziland was able to handle
_ other areas food is ing ‘He added that the success food aid did not mean they
aeseril rom Matsapha. ‘of this operation depended were ready to accept the role

of the receiving country.

“Food aid is not our long-
term solution to food
security. As we have
received rains in many parts
of the country, it is now up
to us to become self.
sufficient.”


MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

ANTTAPARTHEID LEADER ARRIVES FOR TALKS-~Trevor Huddleston, the president of
the British Antiapartheid Movement, arrived in Maputo yesterday for talks with
Mozambique authorities on the situation in Southern Africa. Trevor Huddle-
ston, who is an archbishop, told the news’ media shortly after his arrival that
he was making visits to Frortline States to collect. data on the South African
policy of destabilization and the effects of its acts of aggression‘in this
region of the African continent. With this information, Archbishop Huddleston
went on, we intend to ratse the awareness of international public opinion.

The president of the British Anttaparthetd Movement also reveiled that the
priority of his movement at the moment was the independence of Namibia, and
that efforts were being made’ to prevent European countries, in particular,

from joining the policy of linkage [preceeding word in English] defended by

the United States and South Africa. Trevor Huddleston also dismissed the
statement made by the British Government which said the sophisticated electron-
ic equipment which Margaret Thatcher's executive sold to South Africa is for
civil purposes. Identical equipment, ‘Archbishop Huddleston disclosed, is
being used in military bases which the government of the United Kingdom is
building in Malvinas Islands. The president of the British Antiapartheid
Movement, who is accompanied by the president of the World Campaign Against
Military and Nuclear Cooperation with South Africa, (Abdul Minti), was received
at Mavalane Airport by Jose Mofane, the governor of Maputo Province. The dele-
gation of the antiapartheid movement has already visited Zambia, Botswana, and
Zimbabwe, and will visit Tanzania after Mozambique. [Text] [MB160802 Maputo
Domestic Service in Portuguese 1030 GMT 15 Jan 84]

HEIGHTENED VIGILANCE IN MANICA PROVINCE--Colonel Manuel Antonio, Frelimo Party
provincial first secretary and governor of Manica Province, has called on all
party members and the residents of Chimoio to heighten their vigilance with a
view to neutralizing agents of imperialism. (Col Manuel Antonio was speaking
at the monthly meeting of the Frelimo Party in Chimoio which was held last
Friday. He said that in each residential area and in each village commune
and production unit, party members and management officials must constitute a
vanguard in the fight against the armed bandits. Manuel Antonio also said that
any individual who leaves his residential area without notifying war offi-
cials must’ be reported to the competent officials for investigation when he
returns. Manica Province military commander Major General Tobias Dao, who also
attended the meeting, said that many letters from armed bandits have been found
saying that they want to give themselves up to the authorities. A report by
the political support team said that many residential areas in the town had
supplies of water and that people in the agricultural cooperatives were cur-
‘ rently sowing maize seeds. [Text] [MB161920 Maputo Domestic Service in Portu-
guese 1700 GMT 16 Jan 84]

29



having been singularly inflated by a church that is hesitant to acknowledge the
growing defection of its troops. Every year 2 million Africans are baptized and
only 250 are ordained as priests, but nearly 3.5 million join Islam.

The Christians, who are distributed chiefly in eastern Africa,.in Zaire, Rwanda,
Ethiopia, southern Nigeria, Angola, Mozambique, Ghana, Cameroon and the Sudan,
but of whom there are very few in West Africa, where they account for only 4
percent, still maintain an influence through their participation in bringing
literacy to the populations. In Nigeria, where they represent just 10 percent,
they are educating 40 percent of the educable children; in Ghana, where they
represent 14 percent, their missionaries direct one third of the country's
schools. Fruitful attempts to Africanize religion have been tried in Nigeria,
Benin, Togo or Zaire, but on the whole the church in Africa remains strangely
fixed on positions of principle that are fundamentally opposed to traditions,
which leads many African Christians to separate practises and Christian law.

Whence also come tensions, of a religious character, which rise up here and
there and come to be part of the more vast, but fundamental, debate on Arab in-
fluence in African territory.

For the Muslim question is on the agenda in a number of states, either because
a massive majority is proving to be intolerant of Christianity (which is equated
with Western imperialism), or because autonomy is being demanded by a religious
group whose membership coincides with an ethnic group. To this kind of situa~-
tion must be added the very strong opposition between "conservative" and "reform"
Muslims which is beginning to poison the discussions. In central and eastern
Africa; Christians and Muslims, cut off in their "ghettos," confront each other
in fratricidal battles rekindled by an antagonism of ethnic or political origin;
since 1969, Chad has been divided between an Islamized North and an animistic
and Christian South; in the Sudan, negritude against Arabism has seen the vic-
tory of the latter; in Nigeria, rivalry between Ibos, Catholics and Muslims has
led to massacres, as we know; in Uganda, where maximum confusion still reigns,
exactions against Anglicans are increasing; in Niger, the Arabized Tuaregs are
in revolt against the black central government; and there is no place, even
peaceful Senegal, where one is not occasionally afraid of conflicts between
Christians and Muslims. A wind of dissension is blowing everywhere, stirred up
by Islam, which is launched on a search for new spaces.

Shortly after African countries achieved their independence, there was virtually
no Arab influence on the continent, colonization having been an obstacle to it.
But in 1973, the year of the "oil war,"' which coincided with a certain disen-
chantment with Western or Marxist theories, a certain opening up to the Arab
world appeared among the leaders of an Africa that was having trouble develop-
ing; this was a more plausible answer to the continent's cultural and economic
woes. Arab aid with petrodollars flowed in, and was very often more extensive
than the aid granted by the developed world. Col Qadhdhafi's Messianic convic-
tions also greatly favored an Afro-Arab rapprochement. His "third way," ad-
vocating a direct democracy which was to actualize his dream of "the Islamic
United States of the Sahara," did the rest and partially explains the upheavals
taking place in Africa today.


Somalia is quite prepared to offer Arab companies, investment firms and business—
men at no charge land which they can put to profitable use."

Statistics about the Number of Livestock Exported in 1981-1982

The Year Cattle Sheep Camels
1981 103 ,835 1,268,102 12,184
1982 150,992 1,429,166 12,082

Finally, we interviewed the minister of livestock in Somalia, Dr Muhammad ‘Ali
Nur. We asked him, "Does Somalia seek the expertise and experience of countries
like Australia and the Netherlands which are advanced in the field of animal
resources?" He replied, "Australia is actually a country that has vast experience
in the field of raising and fattening livestock, especially sheep. But the
Netherlands does not have experience in raising sheep. It may excel in raising
cattle. It is a fact that we now have a good relationship with Australia. We
began preliminary talks with the Australians regarding their cooperation and
seeking their experience in the area of setting up bars against sand, stabilizing
herbage and cultivating some trees that grow fast and join branches to bar sand
from some of our pastures.

“As far as the Netherlands is concerned, we have good relations with that
country. We are cooperating with the Netherlands in the field of artificial
insemination for cows, and we imported from the Netherlands sperm from a good
stock of cows for that purpose. We also import sperm from that country to produce
a good breed of cows."

The use of artificial feed has side effects on human health. Accordingly, people
may develop some diseases as a result of taking in such materials indirectly.

Somalia is a profitable market for Arab investments: it is virgin territory with
tremendous resources that have not yet been exploited by anyone. These resour—
ces are awaiting you, the Arab citizen; they are awaiting your capital. Somalia
will offer you every guarantee and assistance; it will offer you easy terms.
Somalia will even offer you land on which you can set up your own private pro-
jects or your joint projects for. a better. life.

PHOTO CAPTIONS

1. p 113 Animal resources in Somalia, which include cows, camels and sheep, are
the mainstay of the national economy in that country. They constitute
80 percent of the country's national income.

2. p 115 Dr Muhammad 'Ali Nur, minister of livestock: "Somalia has wiped out
bovine plague since 1975."

3. p 116 (Top) On the public road between the city of Mogadishu and the city
of Kismayo a traveler can see women with their wooden utensils selling

milk. This is a unique picture that one can see only in pastoral
societies.

4. p 116 (Bottom) A cattle collection center near the city of Kismayo where

44



All the more so because today the Arab Muslims have the means to propagate
their faith. Petrodollars, financing for mosques, schools and universities,
powerful radio stations that broadcast throughout Africa the good words from
the Koran. Peasants can hear, over graciously offered transistors, the daily
call to prayer. The number of Arabian embassies is growing south of the Sahara,
where Col Qadhdhafi alone opened 13 in 1977. Take Togo for example: it was not
so long ago that Islam occupied only a secondary place there. The Togolese Mos-
Jem Union (UMT), thanks to support from the embassies of Egypt and Libya, ob-
tained religious broadcasts, which contributed greatly to bringing to Islam the
populations that had been refractory up to then. Today the UMI has a travel
agency for organizing pilgrimages to Mecca, it has schools and has even suc-
ceeded, with the aid of a Libyan gift, in creating a chair of Islamic civiliza-
tion at Lome University.

Islam and Authenticity

All the more so because Islam in no way hinders the expression of an African au-
thenticity that is being demanded everywhere. In an animist or fetishist milieu
it shows itself to be tolerant, arid easily comes to terms with the other cults
based on ancestors or the forces of nature. Syncretisms do exist between Islam
and animism. In Nigeria, for example, bus drivers discreetly make sacrifices to
Ogun, the god of the sword, among the Yorubas, and in Senegal they display their
fetishes. Everywhere, it is presented as a clear, simple, solid faith that en-
tails no break with custom and no disruption of family life.

"In Africa," Amadou Hampate Ba acknowledges, "Islam is no more colorful than wa-
ter. It is colored with the tints of earth and stones."

The priests in the world

Inhabitants Catholics Diocesan Priests and
Country per Priest per Priest Religious Priests
Africa 27,069 3,383 17,346
North America 3,528 854 71,354
South America 7,133 6,468 33,817
Central America 9,680 7,136 6,103
Asia 54,358 2,311 27,136
Europe 1,831 1,090 243,319
France 1,382 1,170 38,876
Italy 895 875 63,729
Poland 1,823 1,709 19,515
Oceania 4.012 1,025 5,667
World Total 7,352 1,895 413,600

Christianity on the Defensive

Against this winning proselytism, Christianity with its complicated doctrine,
its liturgical rituals that are not well adapted to the context, its unwavering
marriage discipline and its divided clergy, has no weight. Africa today has 60
million Christians--about 40 million Catholics and 20 million Protestants. The
Roman Curia gives the number as 75 million, but that figure is recognized as


mobile centers for treating these diseases. The ministry also set up 2 large
regional centers, 11 centers for the districts and 17 rural centers. These cen-
ters were designed to achieve the highest standard of efficiency. In addition,
there are 14 mobile veterinary teams that travel throughout Somalia looking for
cattle suspected of having bovine plague. It was thus possible to stop the spread
of this disease. The immunization tests which were conducted in 1973 proved that

the method of fighting that disease was highly successful.

Dr Muhammad 'Ali Nur, minister of livestock in Somalia said, "It is true that
some African countries have declared that they have that disease [in their terri-
tories], and it is true that some international scientific journals talked about
the existence of bovine plague in these countries, but Somalia has wiped out that
disease since 1975. It has done so by means of an African plan. We thank God that
our cows are now 100 percent all right. The plan to combat bovine plague began in
1969, and it continued till 1975. Eighty-eight percent of Somalia's cows have
been immunized against that disease, and 10 percent of the calves do not need to
be immmized, particularly if they are less than 10 months old because these
calves have a natural immunity against the plague. There has been no sign of this
disease in Somalia's cows since 1975."

Dr Muhammad 'Ali Nur added, "I do not deny that this pernicious disease appears
occasionally in some neighboring countries. Therefore we are intensifying [our]
immunization campaigns particularly on the border areas to ensure the safety of
our cattle. On 19 July we started an intense campaign to immunize all our cows
against bovine plague. This campaign, for which the state has earmarked the sum
of 68 million Somali shillings, is still going on."

As far as exported animals are concerned, Dr Muhammad 'Ali Nur said, "There is a
team of veterinarians who supervise all exported animals after they are quaran-
tined for a period of 21 days. This is done to ensure that the animals are
healthy and free of these diseases. I issued a decree that cows be exported from
only three ports: the ports of Mogadishu, Kismayo and Berbera. All veterinarians
who supervise the export of cattle to ensure the health of the exported cattle
after they've been immunized against all disease have periodic shipments [they

have to examine].

"The real objective of this project is to immunize calves once a year for 2 con-
secutive years. Our objective is to immunize all heads of cattle which had not
been previously immunized. We would then pierce the ears of the immunized cattle
as evidence that they have been immunized, and we would then inform all neigh-
boring countries [if] any signs of bovine plague or any other disease appear.
Appropriate measures would be taken to prevent disease from spreading to areas
that are free of disease.

"To carry out this plan with proficiency there are 40 teams of veterinarians
provided with mobile laboratories and clinics to immunize cattle against (CBBB),
splenic fever and black quarter. Unless another complementary plan is.carried
out, this project cannot succeed by itself. Part of that plan [includes] the
establishment of quarantine stations where cattle would be examined and treated.
Construction on seven quarantine stations in the region of Kismayo has begun.
Kismayo, which is considered one of Somalia's richest cattle regions, is located
near the equator. These quarantine stations will treat close to 1 million heads

38



ANGOLA

BRIEFS

AGRICULTURAL AID. FROM SOVIET UZBEKISTAN-~The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic,
the main cotton producing region of the Soviet Union, has contributed to the
development of cotton in the People's Republic of Angola. This has been
stated by (Akil Djalflov), deputy minister of agriculture of the Soviet Repub-
lic. According to the Soviet official, Uzbek’ cotton growers have helped their
Angolan counterparts in the creation of an experimental center for cotton
farming, situated 70°km from Luanda, which has been successfully using Soviet
harvesting machinery. Cooperation between the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
and our country in’the field of agriculture also includes the training of
cadres. Thus, a group of Angolan youth are presently studying at the Tashkent
Agricultural School and ‘the Engineering Institute for Agricultural Irrigation
and Mechanization in the Uzbek capital. [Text] [MB181700 Luanda Domestic
Service in Portuguese 0500 GMT 18 Jan 84]

HUNGARY PROVIDES FOOD AID-~A total of 40 tons of foodstuffs for those displaced
by the continuing South African aggression in the south of the country were
delivered in Luanda yesterday to (Coelho da Cruz), chairman of the Angolan
League of Friendship and Solidarity with the Peoples, by (Andras Gulyas),
Hungarian ambassador accredited to our country. Speaking during the ceremony
marking the delivery of the gift, the Hungarian ambassador said that the peo-
ple of his country, particularly the Hungarian Solidarity Committee, have once
again expressed their condemnation of the undeclared war that South Africa

and its puppets are waging against the peaceful people of Angola. (Andras
Gulyas) also expressed the desire of his country to continue to grant politi-
cal, diplomatic, and material support to the People's Republic of Angola. In
reply, Comrade (Coelho da Cruz) expressed his satisfaction for the solidarity
aid that the Hungarian people have again been kind enough to give to the heroic
Angolan people, who are the victims of the murderous anger of the inhuman
apartheid regime. [Text] [MB181306 Luanda Domestic Service in Portuguese
0500 GMT 18 Jan 84]

17



with the declared enemies of the Angolan people who every day destroy their
property, rob, plunder and execute them in accordance with the wishes of
their South African bosses who are trying, by all means, to prevent the de-
velopment and reconstruction of the RPA. No! No discussion is possible
with such enemies. We cannot do anything but fight against them.

Question: -We know that the FAPLA [People's Armed Forces for the Liberation
of Angola] recently managed to destroy that which UNITA calls its "strategic
second front," opened by it and by its protectors. Will this be the signal
for a major coordinated operation by the FAPLA to wipe out UNITA?

Answer: On 23. August, we issued an appeal for a popular mobilization in
order, once and for all, to wipe out the armed bands of UNITA. Our people
responded well to this appeal. From Cabinda to Cunene, young men came to
sign up for military service. This was a tremendous wave of awareness as
to the need for facing not only’ the South African forces but also it agents,

UNITA.

As part of this effort, we successfully carried out a series of military
operations and we did not intend to stop so soon.. We are going to put the
UNITA bands out of action in all of. the regions involved.

Question: I would like to put to you a series of questions dealing with the
problem of cooperation between Angola and foreign countries. First of all,
do you believe that, after Yuriy Andropov came to power--and, specifically,
after your official visit to Moscow--Soviet-Angolan relations improved?
What is happening to Soviet economic and military support for the RPA?

Answer: We have always had--and especially, since the end of our first
war--relations of solidarity and friendship with the CPSU and with the
Soviet people. It is obvious that relations between parties and peoples
cannot always develop along straight lines. We recently visited the USSR
and other socialist countries and we were left with the impression that our
current problems are being better understood. Our relations continue to
develop in all fields, both on the level of parties and on the level of
governments, We are satisfied with these relations and we think that they
will contribute toward an improvement in Angola's defense capability.

Question: International cooperation in 1982 will have cost about $150 million,
in spite of the low cost of Cuban cooperation. What do you think of the
extent and the results of this Cuban cooperation?

Answer: In the Western press and among certain political leaders of various
Western countries, there is a belief that the only cooperation existing be-
tween the RPA and Cuba is of a military nature. They are mistaken.

Cuban cooperation was always very important in Angola and in various sectors.
I might for example mention the field of education.

The massive departure of Portuguese teachers at the time of independence
created serious problems for us. Today we have 2 million students in our

12



INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

RISE OF ISLAM IN AFRICA EXAMINED
Dakar AFRICA in French Nov 83 pp 36-39

{Article by Sylvie Kana: "The Rising Muslim Tide in Black Africa'']

[Text] Islam? A few lines in our dictionaries and a lot
of dreams represented by the planet Muhammad, bursting
into our sky now, at the end of the 20th century, to such
an extent that it is changing the maps. This nebula
of our encyclopedias, however, is pregnant with nearly
1 billion children, 100 million of whom are African
Negroes who today are turning toward Mecca to proclaim

_ that "Allah is the greatest." A hundred million who,
with a galloping demographic progression, might be 150
million by the end of the century.

The approach to the subject of Islam is a difficult task, because it is a re-
ligion that has some similarities to the fundamentalism of a Khomeyni of the
expansionism of a Col Qadhdhafi, sometimes to a kind of being, a symbol, a
mystique that goes farther and farther beyond Arab language and modes of con-
duct, in the yellow races of Asia, to Europe, in America and among Africa's
blacks. Which is strengthened by the oil conflagration or the destabilization
of certain black countries, and Islam is re-emerging, to leave behind the spir-
itual or esthetic sphere it was supposed to be restricted to, in order to win
increasingly important economic spaces. Although this conquest is not yet be-
ing expressed as holy war, today it is overturning the basic elements of the
world political game and can influence a complex conflict like the one in
Chad, which is not just the end product of East-West rivalry but is occurring
at the level of an Islamized North and a Christianized South.

A Violent Progression

"Grant us victory over the infidels:" this precept from the Koran is all the
more topical today because everywhere that the West has implanted its cultural
values along with its technology, Islam is there, resisting and encroaching upon
Christian bastions. In Africa, the phenomenon is such that today it appears as
a political end and a plan for modern civilization that could very well sweep
away, with one stroke, the old hackneyed antagonisms of the left and the right
and sound the knell of a reactionary and complicated Christianity.



It was estimated in a manpower survey in 1981 that at that stage there were
vacancies for 167 000 skilled and semi-skilled workers.

"This means that if we take numbers only into account, we would wipe out the
skills shortages with only one year's increase in the labour force."

They listed three occupational groups with an increase in overall percentage,
but a drop in the percentage of Whites employed. These were the categories
of sales, clerical and production workers.

The percentage of Whites in clerical jobs, for instance, decreased from 83
Percent in 1965 to 65 percent in 1981, while the percentage of Blacks doubled
from 9 to 18 percent.

At the same time the percentage of White males in the group decreased from 41
to 27 per-cent.

"This has important manpower planning implications for organisations such as
banks and building societies, which employ large numbers of clerical workers

and recruit their managers through a system of in-house training and promo-
tion of clerical workers."

cso: 3400/509

67



KENYA

BRIEFS

TRADE PLEDGE WITH YUGOSLAVIA—Yugoslavia has pledged to increase her trade
with Kenya with a view ‘to boosting the country's economy. At the same time
Yugoslavia has called on the Kenyan businessmen and industrialists to diversi-
ty their exports to Yugoslavia in a bid to broaden their markets. The agree-
ment was reached after officials of the Kenya national chamberof commerce and
industry met a ‘visiting Yugoslav delegation in Nairobi, yesterday. Noting
that Kenya and Yugoslavia relations had been most cordial since independence,
the leader of the Yugoslav delegation who is also his country's minister of
state, Mr Kovacevic, said although trade between Kenya and Yugoslavia had
fallen in the last 2 years, it was the wish of his government to see it im-
prove. [Excerpt] [EA180152 Nairobi Domestic Service in English 1015 GMT
17 Jan 84]

cso; 3400/553

22



our people is still long; however, it will inevitably lead to economic, social,
and cultural independence."

Jose Eduardo. dos Santos continues to be optimistic. In spite of the fact that
a part of the nation's territory is occupied by the South African racists; in
spite of the acts of subversion by the puppets of Pretoria, the UNITA of Jonas
Savimbi; in spite of the destabilization which some neocolonial Western powers
pursue; in spite of the bombings, the infiltrations, the acts of sabotage by
imperialism and its agents; in spite of the supply difficulties, the cases of
corruption, the maneuvers of underground political currents hostile ti the
socialist.; and revolutionary decisions of the MPLA. How does the Angolan
chief of state,. one of the youngest on the African continent, analyze the
situation in southern Africa as a whole against the background of the inter-
national crisis? He did not hesitate a single instant at any moment through-
out the interview which was held in his office at the Futungo in Luanda.

"The situation in our region continues to be serious because no solution has
been found for the main problems which we have been facing since the inde-
pendence of Zimbabwe. While the illegal occupation of Namibia and the
‘apartheid’ issue have not been resolved in.a satisfactory manner, the
situation in southern Africa is getting worse all the time. The colonized
peoples of Namibia: and South Africa continue their struggle with the support
of the international community as a whole and, on the other hand, South
Africa will do everything to prevent these liberation movements from attaining
their national goals. It is obvious that these goals would already have been
attained if South Africa did not have the support of the Western powers,
especially the United States.

The election victory of Ronald Reagan launched a new African policy which is
moving in the direction desired by South Africa. The liberation movements
are thus being turned into "terrorist movements" and American policy--which
has as its objective a "constructive compromise"--permitted a major increase
in the manifold relations which Washington maintains with Pretoria. The
results are in full view. Finding itself supported economically and even
militarily by Washington, South Africa developed a more aggressive policy
toward the region's independent countries, occupying a vast zone in the
Province of Cunene, in the republic's south. This policy encouraged Pretoria
to attack not only Angola but also Lesotho, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
and even the Seychelles. South Africa's objective--beyond keeping Namibia
under its control--is clear: To extend its political-military rule to other
Frontline Countries. This is the first phase. Later the entire African
continent will be threatened. There is no doubt whatsoever that the libera-
tion movements and the Frontline Countries are determined to fight vigorously
against this policy in all fields: Political, diplomatic, economic, as well
as the mobilization of all peace-loving forces of progress in international
bodies such as the UN, the OAU, the Nonaligned Movements, in order to’
achieve the complete isolation of South Africa. It is absolutely necessary
for us to mobilize our forees and our voices in order to impose overall
sanctions against South Africa within the context of the UN, Militarily,
our countries are trying to improve their respective defense systems and to
mobilize the popular masses in order to respond to these threats. There is



Professors Graduate in Maputo
Beira DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE in Portuguese 13 Dec 83 p 3

[Text] One hundred fifty eight students graduated this year from the Felipe
Elidja Machava School of Professor Training and Education (EFEP) in Maputo.
They are all 5th and 6th grade teachers.

School administrators estimated that close to 98 percent of all the students
successfully completed the coursework this year. The new teachers received
their diplomas yesterday, marking the end of another school year for the
EFEP.

Among other activities, the closing ceremonies included the placing of a
flower wreath at the Monument to Mozambican Heroes. EFEP professors and
students also visited the interior of: the monument.

PETROMOC Trains Technicians
Beira DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE in Portuguese 13 Dec 83 p 15

[Text] The PETROMOC company in Maputo has trained 147 technicians in the
fields of locksmithing, soldering, electricity, pump and compressor mechan-
ics and general technicians.

According to statements by the company's office of Human Resources, the
training of personnel in PETROMOC is being given to employees who have par-
ticipated or are participating in the Literacy and Education Campaign for
Adults.

The source stressed that the first step in the specialized training of the
workers consists in teaching the basics of physics, chemistry, calculus,
Portuguese and introduction to Petroleum.

Health Technicians Trained
Beira DIARIO. DE MOCAMBIQUE in Portuguese 13 Dec 83 p 15

[Excerpt] A total of 243 students are presently taking paramedical courses
at the Institute of Health Sciences of Beira, specifically in the fields of
medical agents, odontology, maternal-infant health care nursing and group
"A" nursing. is

The courses, which are due to end next April and in 1985, are being taught
by 10 teachers with the direct support of some doctors and other health
professionals from Beira.

Meanwhile, two other programs designated group "A" nursing and basic nursing

are being scheduled for next year. These will begin in March and will be
taught to 105 students.

27



UPPER VOLTA

BRIEFS

LIBYAN MEDICAL COOPERATION--The ideals that the Voltan and Libyan Governments
want to incorporate in their cooperation are brotherly love, closer ties among
peoples, solidarity, and mutual assistance among the African countries. The
Libyans, after their active participation in’our National Army's 22d
anniversary celebration and the major gift of food on 11 November, are again
in Upper Volta for a helping mission. Since 21 November, a Libyan medical
team has been in the country to help with certain illnesses. The 1l-member
team is led by Dr Hadi Ali Makazum, a pediatrician, and the team is composed
of five doctors and six nurses. A total of 850 kilograms of medicines will be
distributed free of charge after on-the~spot consultations. The medicines are
a gift from the Libyan Islamic Community, which was represented by Abdoul
Salam Treki. The consultations and distribution of medicine took place
yesterday throughout the day at the Libyan Arab Center in Zabre Daga area for
the town of Ouagadougou. The team, which will go to Bobo today for the same
purpose, plans to extend its mission to several Upper Voltan towns. According
to delegation leader Dr Hadi Ali Makazum, it is very likely that they will
organize a second distribution session in Ouagadougou before their departure
from Upper Volta scheduled for 15 December. He revealed that several other
teams are currently in Mali, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Benin and Uganda with the
same objectives: to help their African brothers. [Text] [Ouagadougou
L'OBSERVATEUR in French 24 Nov 83 p 6] 9920

cso: 3419/314

96



first time for Swaziland to be elected as a member of the board since UNESCO
was formed. Mr Nsibandze said Swaziland will be representing eight African
countries, who are members of UNEXCO. He said Swaziland will be serving in the
board for a period of four years. In order for a country to be elected onto
the board it has to meet certain condition, Nsibandze said. He said a country
should be in a position to understand well the function and programme of
UNESCO. A country should be able to contribute effectively during confer-
ences, he added. The function of the executive board is to approve all the
Programmes at every conference, and also prepare the agenda, Nsibandze said.
He added that the board is also responsible for the execution of the program-
me. It also recommends to the General Conference Administration new members
to the organisation, and it also adopts its own rule of procedure, Nsibandze
said. [Text] [Mbabane THE . TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 16 Dec 83 p 3)

SUGAR MILL RECORD PRODUCTION--THE Simunye Sugar Mill closed for the season

last week after a record production of 127001 tonnes of raw sugar which was
over 12000 tonnes ahead of target. Production last season was 110354 tonnes.
The estate cane yields were particularly good, considering the drought and
averaged 115 tonnes per hectare over nearly 9000 hectares. The factory overall
recovery which is a measure of its efficiency was high at 87.5 percent and
places the Simunye mill amongst the most efficient in Southern Africa. Greater
reliance was placed on the manual harvesting of cane during 1983. The services:
of a number of employees who were previously engaged on mechanical harvesting
were retained until the end of the crop. Now that the crop has been completed
the company has no alternative but to terminate the services of 21 people whose
jobs no longer exist. Because even more manual harvesting will be carried out
during 1984 the company will be recruiting an additional 200 cane cutters over
and above the numbers engaged in the 1983 crop. The good rains during Novem-
ber and December have resulted in the level of Mnjoli Dam rising dramatically
and the dam is now over half full. It has been an excellent start to the

rains and it is now most unlikely that irrigation restrictions will have to be
imposed during the coming season. [Text] [Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND

in English 15 Dec 83 p 9]

POWER TARIFF INCREASED--DUE to an increase in the standard charges by the
Electricity Supply Commission (ESCOM) the Swaziland Electricity Board has been
forced to make a similar increase in tariffs. The Swaziland Electricity Board
has announced that from the beginning of next year all standard charges within
the country would be increased. The deputy managing director, Mr Robert

Friede said that the increases were inevitable and SEB has been forced to
increase all standard charges to its customers so as to pass on costs. "One
of the factors that forced us to increase the charges was the six percent in-
crease that ESCOM would institute on January 1," he said. "Even though SEB
does not import as much electricity now as it did before, other operating costs
had made it necessary for us to increase the charges." He pointed out that
because of the rains they now imported for less electricity than before. He
said that the power stations were now operating because of the substained water
flow and therefore the dependence on ESCOM's supply had been lessened. "We now
import only about 50 percent of our requirements and generate the rest our-
selves." He said that they had projected March as the month when the new hydro-
electric power station at Luphohlo would be operational. [Text] [Mbabane THE
TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 7 Dec 83 p 3]

89



no doubt that this effort absorbs a large portion of our financial resources;
we have to procure the weapons necessary for the defense of our country and
our sovereignty."

Question: Let us talk in specific terms: Pretoria continues to disregard
certain UN resolutions and every time it is threatened with sanctions, a
Western veto paralyzes the action of the Security Council. What then should
be done?

Answer: The international community should ensure South Africa's political,
economic, and diplomatic isolation. That country--we must not forget--cannot
grow without economic, financial, and military cooperation, in a word, without
relations of all kinds that exist between it and the Western powers. We know
that workers continually handle South African goods and Western equipment
sold to Pretoria in the European ports and in the ports of other Western
countries. We ask for political-diplomatic isolation, above all an embargo,
the only way that will significantly help change South Africa's policy toward
our countries and toward the South African people itself. It is obvious that
the United Nations Charter, in its Chapter VII provides other measures which
one must contemplate, if the case arises, Not to mention the democratic and
peace-loving forces. of progress and justice who, in Western Europe, could
organize campaigns through the youth and women's movements and through non-
government organizations. During our liberation struggle against Portuguese
colonialism, many groups organized boycott campaigns against fascist Portugal
in their countries. Take coffee, for example, Produced by Portugal, it
encountered great difficulties on the international market during the last
years prior to Angola's independence, Similar actions or others could cer-
tainly be carried out successfully against South Africa. If, moreover, the
governments of the Western countries, the social democratic regimes which
condemn ‘apartheid' and which defend the principle of independence for
Namibia, were to adopt specific measures aimed at South Africa's economic
isolation, then something politically positive could come about, as I see it.
Within the UN, the nonaligned countries and the progressive forces of. Europe
could exert more effective pressure on South Africa but also on the Western
countries which have a veto right--a right which they use unfortunately fre-
quently to defend unjust causes.

Question: And what about the discussion taking place in Praia between South
African and Angolan delegations? It seems that these negotiations are dead-
locked. Why do you think Pretoria is drawing back?

Answer: South Africa displayed a certain degree of interest in discussing
a possible solution to the problem of Namibia with the RPA [People's Republic
of Angola]. However, after the First Meeting, it did an about-face and that
is the exact word to use here. This, it seems, was due to pressures whose
origin we'do not know about. At any rate, our diplomatic efforts were de-
veloped in different directions, involving all parties concerned with the
conflict in Namibia. We had contacts with South Africa during 1983 and we
had discussions with the Americans on the question of Namibia only. We also
received delegations from the so~called "Contact Group" concerning Namibia
and we maintained constant contacts with the other Frontline Countries, with



step-up 100 kva transformers, or a total of 200 kva. For distribution, there
are two high-voltage lines with a total length of 4 kilometers, and three
step-down transformers with total capacity of 200 kva. The low-voltage
network is 8 kilometers long. The voltage of power leaving the station is
5,500 kv. Power reaching consumers is 220 volts and 386 volts.

Economic Consequences

What will be the economic consequences for Sahel Province, that bastion of all
the evils that afflict the Voltan people, that is, hunger, thirst, sickness,
etc. The new Dori power station, that operates from 1800 to 2200 hours, only
has 16 consumers, mainly privileged people. However, the VOLTELEC general
manager said that "far from being a commercial operation, the station's
primary aim is to improve the people's living conditions."

From the health point of view, a real opportunity is created to establish an
operating room, so that some seriously i11 patients will not have to be
transferred. Moreover, the Postal and Telecommunications Office (OPT) will be
able to better operate its telephone system, which will also contribute to
opening up the region. The station can also free the woman from the chore of
stamping grain for flour by providing electricity to open mills, and increase
employment through opening of workshops and garages. Finally, there is the
crucial problem of water. The rainfall year has been one of the most
disastrous for the Sahel. Already the dam water is low. It is an opportunity
for the National Water Office (ONE) to benefit from the power installations
within its range to improve its equipment. Also, this power station should
make a marked contribution to the exploration problem, a point that was made
specifically by the Committee for Defense of the Revolution delegate from
Dori.

After the official ceremony, the VOLTELEC officials answered questions about
the prospects for our country's electricity network, and especially the cost
of the electricity. Why does a kilowatt cost more in the subregion? Other
questions concerned solar energy and hydroelectricity. As an inland country,
Upper Volta depends on foreign countries in obtaining its fuel imports.
Moreover, monthly fuel use amounts to 400 million CFA francs, or 5 billion per
year. Only use of coal could make possible a reduction in current prices.
Coal would have to be obtained from South Africa, and Upper Volta cannot agree
to do this. As for solar energy, it is very expensive and is only useful for
domestic purposes. In summary, the emphasis should be placed on the various
dam projects in order to end the dependence, which admittedly could even be
too much for revolutionary VOLTELEC.

Revolutionary slogans were certainly not lacking at this Dori power station
opening. The event is now part of the tradition of warm welcome by the
Voltans of the interior. The Sahelians began their enjoyment of the light
that shone in Dori on 10 October 1983 with a showing of the film "October
Lenin."

9920
CsO: 3419/314

95



cso:

3400/509

reached last ‘year’s levels
which was “very pleas-
ing”, but nothing to over-
react about as the same
levels last year forced the
drastic water curbs to be
introduced.

On an individual basis a
number of dams have
shown significant im.
Provement snce the be-

stands at 84 percent; the
Bloemhof Dam near
Kimberley, however, has
only risen by two percent
in the same period, from
nine antie the d 11,34,
bibelighting the disparity

the rainfall in the dif-
feet areas of the coun-
try.

The 185-million-cubic-
metre capacity Haart-
rt Dam now
sande” 38 percent ' full,
having risen from 27 per-
cent. The Albert Fails.
and Midmar Dams, both.
vital to the Pietermaritz-

jburg and Durban areas,
have also shown marked

increase — the Albert
Falls from four to nine
Percent and the Midmar
from 28 to 49 percent.

The Woodstock. Dam,
also in Natal has risen.to
32 percent full from 14
percent,

63



4) The system of marking and of moderation.

Other resolutions called for equal salaries for men and women below Category
C, better conditions for woman teachers generally and a narrowing of the gap
between government and industrial salaries.--Sapa.

CSO: 3400/509

69



Answer: First ofall, we want to welcome the policy of the French government
and of President Mitterrand on the Namibia issue as well as the positive posi-
tions taken up especially within the "Contact Group." Our bilateral relations
are also good. By the way, they have been improving in recent years. Coopera-
tion has been expanded to various sectors, especially petroleum and transpor-
tation. We discussed various questions connected with cooperation in the
financial and banking fields and we think that prospects are good, although
at this very moment we still detect. some difficulties in terms of practical
execution. As a matter of fact we know that the administrative machinery is
always slower than the political decisions adopted by the government. In the
banking field, problems are not always solved with the desired speed, This

is the only obstacle to a future improvement in our relations. But I am
convinced that we will manage to overcome it. Especially since the results
of cooperation between our two countries are mutually advantageous and since
we are familiar with the bad effects:of the worldwide crisis and the great
preoccupation which it has aroused among European governments.

Question: What is the status of the proposal made to President Mitterrand
regarding the guarantee which France could offer on the withdrawal of Cuban
forces, once the four conditions established for the solution of the crisis
have been accepted and implemented?

Answer: The international situation developed rapidly and we must adjust
to the changes. The proposals that were. made then’ were in accord with the
context of the times. Right now it seems to us that they are no longer
valid by virtue of the simple fact that Pretoria, with the United States,
continues to insist on the policy of linkage. France rejected linkage and
even expressed the desire to withdraw from the "Contact Group" (France
announced recently that it would withdraw from the GC [Contract Group]).. It
seems to us therefore that France could somehow be suspected.of favoring one
party if it were to propose the idea of giving guarantees in relation. to
Washington and Pretoria.

Question: What is the reaction of the RPA to the deadlock in which the OAU
finds itself once again regarding the resolutions on the Western Sahara?

Answer: We-think that the only way to extricate our continental organization
from a new deadlock is rapidly to organize the referendum under the terms of
the OAU resolution adopted by. the 19th Summit meeting in Addis Ababa.

Failure to implement this resolution would have serious consequences for

our organization. But we are optimistic. Prior.to the 19th Summit, there
were only 26 countries that were fighting in a consistent fashion for the
defense: of ‘the rights of the Saharan people to independence; their number
has increased considerably since then; the above-mentioned resolution was
adopted unanimously. We also considered it significant that various dele-
gations of heads of state in the meantime have gone to western and. northern
Africa to speed up the implementation of these resolutions. We welcome these
efforts to persuade Morocco to accept the organization of the referendum as
quickly as possible.

14



ZAMBIA

BRIEFS

MAIZE AIRLIFTED TO DROUGHT AREA--The airlifting of the second consignment of
mealie meal to the. famine stricken areas of Chief (Magwale) in the Luangwa is
continuing. The exercise is being supervised by the member of the Central
Committee for'theNorthern Province, (Joseph Mutale), who flew by Zambia Air
Force helicopter to the area accompanied by Mpika district governor, Mr
(Ndendela Daka). The Central Committee member told Chief (Mgwale) that con-
stant airlifting of famine relief food will not solve the problem in his area,
adding that the solution lay in his people being mobilized to engage:lin full-
scale farming of sorghum, which is the matin staple food in the area. [Text]
[MB181345 Lusaka Domestic Service in English 1115 GMT 18 Jan 84]

CSO: 3400/552

97



CHAD

BUSINESSMEN MAKE CONTRIBUTION TO FANT
Ndjamena INFO TCHAD in French 5 Dec 83 pp l, 2

{Excerpt] The shopkeepers and businessmen of Ndjamena made a gift of 150,023,500
CFA francs yesterday to the Chadian National Armed Forces [FANT]. The check was
ceremoniously handed over yesterday to Elie Romba, the minister of finance, re-
presenting the chief of state, during a ceremony attended by members of the
government, the National Advisory Council, the Northern Armed Forces Command
Council, COPOFAN [Northern Armed Forces People's Committee] members for the city
of Ndjamena, directors general, directors and section heads.

In a short speech, Yacoub Nassour, chairman of the "committee for a voluntary
contribution by businessmen to the war effort in Chad," explained the reasons

for setting up this committee, born of a constant and direct concern to con-
front the difficult situation being experienced by Chad, especially since any
assistance coming from abroad is subject to hidden conditioning. "Consequently,"
he said, "we considered it useful to get together in order to make our contri-:
butions to our brothers who are now on the fields of battle." This action, he
pointed out, "is neither the first, nor the last, since Chadian businessmen have
at all. times been in the forefront of events and have not hesitated to make their
contributions, of all kinds, to the Chadian government and people."

The period Chad is going through, he said, is very delicate and the country needs
to count on all its sons. In the face of such a situation, "the sons of Chad
cannot remain indifferent"; that is . the reason why “after 2 months of activity,
the committee met with several businessmen, alerted them to the situation pre-
vailing in our country and asked all of them for a contribution," "In a very
short time," he explained, "the committee collected 150,023,500 CFA francs, and
there are still 17,350 francs [as published] to be collected and 6,600,000 in
credit, or a total of 174,573,500 CFA francs. When giving the check to the re-
presentative of the president of the republic, Yacoub Nassour thanked all those
who took part in this action and affirmed that real patriotism consists of
helping one's country. "It is by channeling our efforts and keeping ourselves
united behind our great guide, Comrade Hissein Habre, that we can take up the
challenge," Mr Nassour concluded.

In his reply, Elie Romba, President Habre's representative, stated that "the

purpose of this meeting is to receive funds representing a voluntary contribu-
tion by Chadian businessmen in support of our valiant brothers entrusted, at

19



by an expose of the role of Tate and Lyle
and British Leyland in exploiting their black
workers. So effective was Thomas’ dissection
of the anatomy of Tate and Lyle’s South
African subsidiary and its ruthless drive for
profits that the film, the third and last in the
series, is to this day, following legal action,
locked away from international public ‘scru-
tiny. :

Anthony Thomas was also exceptional
in his decision to defer to the liberation
movement’s viewpoint both when preparing
for his project as well as at the editing table.
It is worth mentioning in this context that
while his principals at ITV were prepared to
back him through thick and thin, even in the
face’ of concerted legal action against him,
they backed down when presented with the
Prospect of overt ANC participation on their
Planned discussion panel following the
screening of the trilogy. Instead British view-
ers were treated to the all too familiar placa-
tory formula of ‘right of reply’ involving
diplomatic hooligans from South Africa
House (3).

In the meantime, on the independent
side, a young Dutchman Roeland Kerbosch,
with a lot of journalistic initiative, was tak-
ing a similar path of consultation towards
making his assessment of post-Soweto South
Africa. But where Thomas preferred to make
tactical use of orthodox channels, as well, in-
cluding obtaining the blessing of the high
priests of Apartheid culture, to give himself
and his crew maximum scope and: mobility,
Kerbosch on the other hand opted for secrecy
Super 8, and face to face encounters with
victims of Apartheid. With discreet help
from the liberation movement unique foot-
age was obtained including interviews with
the then newly released Joe Gqabi and the
early beginnings of the school at Mazimbu(4).

While the work of Anthony Thomas and
Roeland Kerbosch, each in its own way, was
a cut above the products of other film jour-
nalists and companies working in this field,

. largely because of their willingness to recog-
‘ nise the benefits’ of co-operating with the

ANC, it was the American public, albeit .

-through the rarified confines of the educa-
tional network, that were treated to the first
look at the spearhead of organised resistance
to Apartheid — the ANC’s military wing.
The Battle for South Africa, made by CBS
(5) follows the progress of young ANC guer-
illa fighters from the time of their flight
over the border, after Soweto, through some
tantalising glimpses of training at an ANC

48

military camp in Angola (a sequence filmed

. for CBS by an ANC cameraman), to the

action at Goch Street which led eventually
to the legalised murder of Solomon Mahlan-
gu (6). Not even their tendentious interpre-
tation of the growing armed struggle a8 a
‘race war’ manipulated by the USSR could
soften the impact of this dramatic footage
on liberation movement activists and sup-
porters outside South Africa (and inside as it
later transpired), who were inspired by visual
confirmation of thé increasing effectiveness
of the ANC in the military field.

Also offering inspiration at this time
was another Dutch film by Frank Diamand,
again with the co-operation of the ANC. A
biography: of Mandela largely constructed
around interviews with his daughter, friends
and political colleagues, it anticipated — and
reinforced — the growing campaigns for his
release which necessitated an updating and
reissue of the film in 1980 (7).

It was also in 1980 that an historical
film reflecting the growing interest in the
politics of the ANC was produced by IDAF
in London. Perhaps it was inevitable that the
experience gained in advising other film
makers on South Africa would eventually be
used to make a film which would be con-
cemed to illuminate the policies of the liber-
ation movement. Even so Jsitwalandwe —
The Story of the Freedom Charter (8) rep-
resented no deliberate decision by the ANC
but was the initiative of individual ANC
members working through a support organi-
sation with highly developed visual resources
and other film making facilities. It was also

“apparent that favourable conditions for the

production of a specifically ANC film had
been created in the first place by the efforts
of the ANC in the forward areas of struggle,
resulting internationally in a boost to all
those seeking support for the ANC, who in
tum needed refuelling with propaganda mat-
erials keyed to consolidating and developing
that support. The international response to
the film, including its selection for seven
film festivals and broadcasting on several
national networks, emphasised the need for
a greater ANC commitment to exploring. th
Potential of the medium.. Another film:
drawing strongly on ANC participation was
You Have Struck a Rock, produced by the
UN in the same period (9). Like the Free-
dom, Charter film, it too sought to illumin-
ate the current struggle by examining key
periods and events in history; in this instance
the role of women.



drop in the price of its principal exports--phosphates, cocoa and coffee.

A second important factor has been the deterioration in relations with

Jerry Rawlings' Ghana, thereby depriving Togo of an important trading market.
The economic slowdown in Nigeria too has trimmed Togo's commercial activities,
And superimposed on these reduced regional markets is Togo's endemic black-
market, which seriously drains the country's financial resources.

CSO: 3400/542

93



NIGERIA

BRIEFS

WANTED PERSONS IN RIVERS--Port Harcqurt, -13 Jan (NAN)--The Rivers police
command have declared three former. NPN [National Party of Nigeria] members in
the state wanted, a statement issued in Port Harcourt yesterday said. They
are the former national deputy chairman (south), Chief Ranami Abbah, a former
senator representing Brazz/Yanagoa/Sagbama senatorial district, Mr Dauzia
Etete and the state's former commissioner for trade and industry, Mr Ken
Eoekochay. The police command advised anyone with information about the
whereabouts of the men to contact the state CID [Criminal Investigation Di-
vision]. It stated that anybody found harbouring any of the wanted men would
risk arrest and prosecution. [Text] [AB141100 Lagos NAN in English 1045

GMT 14 Jan 84]

CSO: 3400/521

31



Question: There is talk of a certain encouragement for. foreign investors by
the RPA,

Answer: We have a law.in the RPA which spells out the methods to be used
for foreign investments, That law remains valid and has not been amended.
It. contains the legal framework within which the Western countries and other
countries that intend to invest in Angola can operate.

Question: You have always considered agriculture as the basis of development.
Has the war interfered in your plan in this field?

Answer: Of course, the war did affect our development effort, especially in
the rural areas which are most hard-hit by destabilization’ and by the mili-
tary operations of the aggressors. In these regions, the development of
agriculture was not as fast as we wanted it to be. In spite of that, our
peasants made an effort to develop agriculture within the peasant associa-
tions and the cooperatives. At this time we are drafting an emergency program
for food production inwhich great importance is assigned to the development

of agriculture. We did not attain the targets we had set for ourselves in
1977 but we are not losing our. optimism because we did make considerable
progress.

Question: The Swiss sociologist Jean Ziegler has raised the question—~brought
up several times by the press--of the profound tribal and ethnic divisions in
Angola which explain the current situation, specifically, the existence of
UNITA. To what extent does this tribal problem exist in the RPA and what do
you think of its implications?

Answer: If there is a problem, it involves an attempt publicly to exploit
the differences that may exist within the Angolan people and which in our
history have never given rise to situations of real conflict. Indeed, am-
pbitious Angolans have tried to. impose themselves as leaders of the country,
falling back on the tribal relations of one region or another, with this
ethnic group or another. That was true of UPA (Union of Angolan Peoples)
which once upon a time called itself UPNA (Union of Peoples of Northern
Angola) or the case of Aliazo (Alliance of Angolans from Maqueia do Zombo)
and then the case of UNITA which was also constituted on tribal foundations.
But we think that the problem of tribalism cannot really be exploited to
hinder the consolidation of national unity especially since the MPLA established,
as one of the fundamental points in its program, the consolidation of this
unity. Our struggle today--and from the very beginning--was’-conducted against
the Portuguese colonialists but also against the domestic.tendencies that
tried to divide our people in order to weaken it. Our struggle was success-
ful because the MPLA, which constituted itself as a vast national: liberation
movement, united an entire people, from Cabinda to Cunene. The MPLA was
wide open to all Angolans and they expressed to it their. support without
differences as to race, tribe, or religious ‘belief. We can say at this time
that, in all.of our government agencies and levels, throughout national
territory and particularly within the people's assemblies, all tribes, all
races, and people of all sorts of origins are represented. The same thing is
true of the regional government levels. All of this is the result of the

15



SOUTH AFRICA

AFRIKANER TEACHERS URGED TO CLOSE RANKS
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 6 Jan 84 p 1
[Article by Keith Abendroth]

[Text]

THE chairman of the
biggest teachers asso-
ciation, Prof Hennie
Maree, yesterday .ap-
pealed. to. Afrikaner
teachers to close their
ranks and not to allow
personal political dif-
ferences to influence
or affect their dedica-
tion to teaching.

The chariman of the
Transvaalse. Onderwy-
sersvereniging —  rep-
resenting nearly half of all
White teachers in the Re-
public — prof Maree said
that extraordinary chal-
lenges would have to be
faced in education this
year as the new constitu-
tiorial dispensation swung
into action. °

Last year had seen the
TO put to the test, as po-
litical division threatened
the Afrikaner and sharp
differences of opinion on
the new. constitution ate
away at unity and coope-
ration in Afrikaner ranks.

cso: 3400/509

Some Afrikaner orga-
nisations had not been
able to escape the reality
of a division or break and
there was ground for se-
rious concern about the
gulf which was widening

between Afrikaners in

some spheres.”

“For the Afrikaner it is
and remains a: traumatic
experience and tension
and emotions are among the.
symptoms of the sickness
which have virtually.
forced the Afrikaner onto
his knees” he said.

However; a call on the
teaching profession dur-
ing the year to elevate
their profession above the
party political arena had
been backed, with little

exception.
The proposed conditio-

nal. and.’ education.

changes had: not led to.
quarrels within the ranks
the organised teachin;
profession. s
“The profession last
year showed once’ again

59

that it can stand together
and achieve reconciliation
in times of crisis, if it is
true to its calling” said
Prof Maree. .

It would be up to the
teacher, as a dutiful law-
‘abiding citizen to abide by
the new dispensation.

New structures. would
be brought into being and
there would be new man-
ners of liaison, negotia-
tion and co-operation.

“The Afrikaner teacher
will have the opportunity
this year to give force to
national-orientated edu-
cation on a partnership
basis” he said.

The Afrikaner teacher
pould pot endear himself
lo other groups, but
would give content and

meaning to the wishes
and realisation of the
ideals of the community
in mihich he served.
“More, he will
ous {he ‘decisions in prin.
ciple of the Ge ”
ae jovernment”



RELIGION

OCEAN EUROPE

ATLANTIQUE (1)

(8) Mi i « f ree:
(9) Sahara
octiden

ARABIE
SEOUDITE

LIE
r(31)

Protestants
(38)

OCEAN
térritoires a (33) INDIEN
prédominance

islamique
(39)

minorités
islamiques
importantes (40)

zones
de combats (41)

>. frontiéres
ae "a particuligrement

sensibles (42)

BIQUE

MA

présence -
soviéto-cubaine
(43)

axes de
pénétration (44)

2 Soures: «Express»



INCREASING EFFORTS TO DESTABILIZE GOVERNMENT REPORTED
London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English Vol 24 No 25, 1983 p 7

[Text] TOGO: HEADING FOR TROUBLE. The pace of alleged plots to assassinate
President Gnassingbe Eyadema or destabalise his regime is quickening. In the
wake of the general disbelief which welcomed Togolese claims (AC Vol 24 No 2)
that European mercenaries had infiltrated Lome at the time of President
Francois Mitterrand's state visit in mid-January 1983, nationwide campaigns
were launched this autumn against the activities of an "unidentified" foreign
power. Yet the campaign to rally support behind Eyadema failed to raise the
enthusiasm of the population. Faced with a rapidly deteriorating economy,
the average Togolese remains sceptical about official declarations.

This "governing by plot" strategy is largely the work of Gbegnon Amegboh,
minister of information, who is attached to the president's office. Considered
an expert in media manipulation and public relations, he returned to Togo in
1981 to accept a ministerial portfolio after working for several years in
Paris with Radio France International (RFI). Amegboh has gradually emerged

as the regime's latest eminence grise, replacing the disgraced presidential
cabinet director Fambare Quattare Natchaba. Working in the presidential
palace in the morning, he practically controls access to Eyadema, who increas-
ingly appears to prefer the security of his home village of Pya in the north of
the country.

While slowly isolating Eyadema from everyday government, Amegboh, who is from
the Mina tribe, has built up a network of alliances. Amegboh's southern-based
clan has thus succeeded in counterbalancing Eyadema's northern clique which
dominates the military and security apparatus. The hardline minister of in-
terior, Kpotivi Tevi Djidjogbe Lacle, who is an Ewe, is Amegboh's key ally.

In Mina ranks, Amegboh can count on the support of Ayite Gachin Mivedor, direc-
tor of the ruling Rassemblement Populaire Togolais (RPT); Ayivi Mawako Ajavon,
minister of justice and former ambassador to Britain; Donnou Locoh, a leading
member of the RPT's central committee; Gervais Djondo, ex-head of the Caisse
Nationale de Securite Sociale, now a prosperous businessman; and Tete Tevi
Benissan, minister of economy and finance. Among Ewe potentates, those lining
up behind Amegboh include Anani Kuma Akakpo Ahianyo, minister of foreign af-
fairs, and Anani Gassou, minister of rural development.

91



SOMALIA

REPORT ON IMPORTANCE OF RAISING LIVESTOCK, PASTORALISM
Kuwait AL-'ARABI.in Arabic’ No 301, Dec ‘83:pp 113-127

[Report by Sadiq Yali, Photography by Fahd al-Kukh: "Somalia: Animal Resources
and a Pastoral Life"]

[Text] We were told, "Go to Somalia." [To that] we said, "We would welcome going
to Somalia, a country with which we have close blood, historical and religious
ties. We would welcome going to a country that has extended the borders of our
great Arab homeland into central Africa, into the African jungles and into the
Equator which divides our globe into two equal parts."

We packed our bags and we went, and we were cordially welcomed.

[In Somalia] we were told, "We are delighted that AL-'ARABI has come to Somalia.
You've visited Somalia two separate times, and during those visits you spoke
about distinct aspects of Somali life. You spoke about Somali women, about the
well-known bananas of Somalia, about independence and about education. But you
forgot to talk about our most important’ economic resource. You forgot to talk
about our animal resources in which more than 80 percent of the people of Somalia
are employed. Animal resources are considered the backbone of Somalia's economy."

We said, "We are delighted to be here!"

In the Somali language the word, "Somal" means to milk: it means to milk a female
camel, a cow or a ewe. Then this word became the proper name of a country in the
area of the Horn of Africa. The name of that country is Somal or Somalia. Since
ancient times then the people of this country have been raising livestock and
making use of the wool, hides and milk of these animals. Somalis have also been
trading in this great resource.

This is what history books tell us, and it is what is affirmed by Ahmad Nur
al-Din, a professor at National University in Somalia. ,

The 30 million heads of sheep and cattle [in Somalia] are the mainstay of
Somalia's economy. The ratio of cattle to the population is about six to one.
This ratio is considered the highest such ratio in the world. This large number
of livestock gives us an idea of the mode of life in Somalia where people lead a
pastoral life, traveling after herbage, pasture and rain. Occasionally when rain-
fall is scanty, the country is stricken by drought; other times there may be

36



ZIMBABWE

BRIEFS

PRC FACTORY VENTURE--A ¢chothing factory being built as a joint venture between
the Chinese and Zimbabwean governments will be opened in Chitungwiza later
this year. The factory, to be equipped with macinery from (?Shanghai), will
produce school and military uniforms and other items to be decided on by the
Ministry of Community Development and Women's Affairs. The economic council-
lor at the People's Republic of China Embassy in Harare, Comrade (Wang Wun),
said the factory is in accordance with an agreement signed between the Zimbab-
wean and Chinese governments last year. [Text] [MB181652 Harare Domestic
Service in English 0600 GMT 18 Jan 84]

COOPERATION PACT WITH BULGARTA--ZANU-PF and the Bulgarian Communist Party have
renewed a 2-year protocol of cooperation. Renewal of the protocol was signed
in Harare yesterday between the minister of trade and commerce, Comrade Richard
Hove, and the leader of the visiting Bulgarian team, Comrade Angel Bobokov.
Under the protocol, ZANU-PF will exchange national youth and women delegates
with their Bulgarian counterparts. There will also be exchanges of agricul-
tural information with the aim of improving agricultural efficiency in both
countries). [Text] [MB190706 Harare Domestic Service in English 0600 GMT

19 Jan 84]

cso: 3400/557 END

98



of cattle and will isolate those animals that are proven to have any of these
diseases. The area of each one of these quarantine stations is 5,000 hectares
of open pasture land."

The Tse Tse Fly

The tse tse fly has continued to be a life-threatening pest for cattle in the
Shebeli River Basin. From 1974 to. 1978 a plan was set forth to eradicate that
disease by clearing forests, burning brush, spraying cattle with insecticides and
concentrating efforts on the grounds where that fly breeds. The purpose of this
plan, which complements another that was begun by the OAU, was to extirpate that
damnable fly from the African continent. It is estimated that total funds ear-
marked for that plan amounted to 1.814 billion shillings.

Construction has begun on a large laboratory that will produce medication for
animals. This medication will be enough to meet the needs of the country. When
that project is completed, Somalis hope to do without importing such medication
from abroad.

Artificial Insemination

There is another vital project near Afgoi which is about 30 kilometers from
the capital, Mogadishu. This is the artificial insemination project whose purpose
is to improve the stock of local cattle. The project began by obtaining sperm
from Australia and Kenya.

Mr ‘Abdallah Farih 'Ajjan said, "We imported sperm from Australia and Kenya
because these two countries have experience in the field of artificial insemina-
tion. We now have a good stock of cows, and we get the sperm from them. The
benefits of this project have been twofold. First, the period during which a cow
matures has been shortened. A cow used to mature by the time it was 4 years old,
but now it matures at the age of 18 months, The second benefit is that we now
have a stock of strong dairy cows, and this, of course, leads to an abundant
production. It is known that these dairy cows are designated for residential
areas and farms and that bulls [that are bred for their meat] are designated for
nomadic herdsmen."

Mr 'Ajjan added, "We've achieved a high standard regarding the weight and size of
these bulls, each of which weighs 800 kilograms. It is known that the sperm
remains suitable for use for 15 years in our laboratories at that center where
veterinary college students and students in the College of Agriculture receive
their training. We now have a sperm bank, and we distribute the sperm in several
regions throughout Somalia."

There is a cattle farm near that project. It is known that in general Somali cows
produce little milk and meat. In 1966 West Germany contributed to that project,
in which.good results were realized, particularly with regard to the abundance of
milk. Dr Yusuf Isma'il (Dawl) said, "This project has been quite successful from
the beginning. The maximum amount of milk produced by Somali cows was no more
than from one to four liters of milk a day. Now, however, after we've acquired
good breeds of cows by artificial insemination, after sanitary centers and farms
were established and after the cows were given good varieties of feed, [our cows]

39