This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.

1 Before
KISOR

, DALY , and MIZER Appellate Military Judges

_________________________



### UNITED STATES Appell ant

v.

Benjamin L. PENNI S SON Lance Corporal (E

- 3 ), U.S. Marine Corps Appell ee

No. 20 2 300328

_________________________

Decided: 24 June 2024

Appeal by the United Stat es Pursuant to Article 62, UCMJ

Military Judge:

Eric A. Catto

Arraignment 8 November 2023 before a general court

- martial convened

at Marine Corps Base Hawaii

.
For Appellant:
Lieutenant Lan T

. Nguyen, JAGC, USN (argued )
Lieutenant Michael A. Tuosto , JAGC, USN (on brief)

For Appellee: Major Joshua P. Keefe

, USMC ( argued and on brief )U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

2 Senior Judge KISOR delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Judge DALY and Judge MIZER joined. Judge MIZER filed a separate concurring opinion.

_________________________

This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but may be cited as persuasive authority under

NMCCA Ru le of Appellate Procedure 30.2.

_________________________

KISOR

, Senior Judge:
This case is before us on an interlocutory appeal pursuant to Article 62(a)(1)(B), Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ )

. 1 Appellee is charged with one specification of child endangerment and two specifications of domestic
violence , in violation of Articles 119b and 128b, UCMJ. 2

On 27 October 2023 , trial defense counsel moved to suppress five of Appellee’s st atements: two to officers with the Honolulu Police Department (HPD)

, one to his battalion commander, one to his sergeant major, and one to Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division ( CID ) investigators

. 3 In his ruling, the military judge granted the motion to suppress in part, holding that the statements Appellee made to CID were involuntary for two reason s : (1) because CID continued questioning Appellee after he unambiguously invoked his right to counsel, and (2) because the CID agent failed to give a cleansing warning following Appellee’s prior statement to the sergeant major. 4 The military judge also suppressed Appellee’s statements to his sergeant major.
On interlocutory appeal, the Government asserts th at the military judge
abused his discretion when he suppressed Appellee’s 23 March 2023 statement s to CID

. The Government does not appeal any other part of the military judge’s ruling su ppressing statement s to Appellee’s s ergeant m ajor . The military judge did not suppress Appell ee ’s statements made to the HPD and that

p ortion of the military judge’s ruling is not presently before this Court a s part

1 10 U.S.C. § 862(a)(1)(B).

2 10 U.S.C. §§ 919b, 928b.

3 App. Ex. VI.

4 App. Ex. XI at 17.U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

3 of this interlocutory appeal by the G overnment. 5 We hold that the military judge did not abuse his discretion in suppressing Appellee’s statement s to CID.



### I. B ACKGROUND

Appellee is charged with crimes related to injuries sustained to his child on 2 February 2023 and 18 March 2023. The military judge’s detailed findings of fact span seven single

- spaced pages of his eighteen

- page ruling and are summarized in relevant part below. 6 This Court is bound by the facts found by the military judge un less they are clearly erroneous. As it relates to the specific issue the Government appealed, we conclude that the military judge’s findings of fact are supported by the record and are not clearly erroneous. Importantly, in cases appealed to this Court under Article 62, UCMJ, this Court does not have authority to find facts in addition to those found by the military judge. 7

A. The injuries to the child
On 2 February 2023, Appellee and his wife, A.P., brought their seven

- week

old child to Tripler Army Medical Center, and then to Queen’s Medical Center, due to an oval shaped purple bruise on her left cheek, a laceration near her lip and pooling of blood under her left eye. A few days later Marine Corps Base
Hawaii (MCBH) Criminal Investigation Division (CID) initiated an investigation into Appellee after Child Protective Services (CPS) alerted CID that the injuries to the child were possibly the result of abuse. The HPD and CID separately began conducting investigations into the incident.

Six weeks later

, on 18 March 2023

, Appellee and his wife brought the now
three

- month

- old child to Castle Emergency Room for new injuries to her head. The ER diagnosed her with a subdural hematoma

, skull fractures

, and a brain
bleed.

At Castle ER, the attending physician on duty had one of his nurses contact
H PD because the child’ s injuries were suspicious and did not match up with

5 The military judge also found that there is no evidence that LtCol. G. ever spoke directly to Appellee about the 18 March 2023 incident and, accordingly, there was no statement to her to suppress. A pp. Ex. XI at 4.

6 AE XI at 2

- 8.

7 See United States v. Gore , 60 M.J. 178, 185 (C.A.A.F. 2004); United States v. Maza , 73 M.J. 507, 513 (N

- M. Ct. Crim. App. 2014); see generally United States v. Flanner , No

. 202300134 (N

- M. Ct. Crim. App. Oct 10, 2023) (not finding new facts in the Article 62 context)

.U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

4the mother’s explanation of what caused those injuries. HPD officers responded to the hospital. An HPD o fficer overheard Appellee tell his wife that he was going to tell them what happened. Appellee explained to his wife that while holding the child , he accidently walked her into the wall, injuring her head. CPS personnel responded and took the child into protective custody at the ER , and the child was transported to Kapiolani Hospital for further medical care. That evening

, S ergeant Major (S gtMaj ) H. notif ied Appellee ’s Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Colonel (LtCol) G.

, about the second incident. SgtMaj H. and LtCo l. G. were also informed the child h ad been removed from the parent s ’ custody by CPS

.

B. HPD Interviews
On Tuesday, 21 March 2023, o fficer s from the HPD met with Appellee and his wife for three hours at the ir residence

. While his wife was interviewed, Appellee voluntarily performed a “doll reenactment” with an HPD d etective to
demonstrate his version of the events on 18 March 2023, showing how the child
had been injured. During and after that reenactment, Appellee made statements to HPD regarding the 18 March 2023 incident

.

C. A ppellee’s Statement to SgtMaj H.
On 22 March 2023, the MCBH Incident Determination Committee (IDC)
met to discuss the 2 February 2023 incident. At that meeting, LtCol G. informed the IDC members that a second incident occurred on 18 March 2023.
The MCBH CID representative attending the IDC meeting, Chief Warrant Officer 2 ( CW O 2 ) P., informed the CO that CID had not heard about the second incident, and requested assistance from LtCol G. to coordinate an interview
between Appellee and CID as soon as possible. The IDC determined the 2 February 2023 incident met criteria for Family Advocacy Program (FA P ) involvement

. LtCol G. as ked SgtMaj H. to meet with Appellee to brief him on the IDC determination from the 2 February 2023 incident

. He was also asked to collect more info rmation about where A p pellee’s child was currently located and whose custody she was in

. LtCol. G. also informed SgtMaj H. that CID wanted
to interview Appellee and instructed SgtMaj H. to coordinate with CID to arrange that interview.
Prior to meeting with A p pellee , SgtMaj H. knew CPS suspected Appellee of injuring his child on 2 February 2023, and that the IDC had determined that
the February incident met criteria to warrant FA P services. SgtMaj H. had also been informed : (1) that Appellee had dropped his baby on 18 March 2023, requiring the baby to be taken to the hospital, possibly causing a skull fracture ; (2) that CPS had taken custody of the baby away from Appellee and his wife ;U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

5 (3) that CPS had deemed the case non

- accidental ; and (4) that HPD had interviewed Appellee about the incident on 21 March 2023 . Importantly, LtCol G.
had directed SgtMaj H

. to coordinate with CID for Appellee to be interviewed
on 23 March 2022.
SgtMaj H

. summoned Appellee to his offic e the morning of 23 March 2023. During the meeting with Appellee , SgtMaj H. explained the IDC’ s determination regarding the 2 February 2023 incident and had Appell e e sign some paperwork. SgtMaj H. also inquired into the welfare of t he baby and asked Appellee , “ What happened ?” referring to the events of 1 8 March 2023.
At no point did SgtMaj H. read Appellee his Article 31(b) rights. SgtMaj H. testified at the motions hearing and claimed he did not read Appellee his rights
because he had no reason to do ubt Appellee’s version of the events and he did not suspect Appellee of a violation of the UCMJ.
Appellee also testified at the Article 39(a) hearing and claimed that prior to SgtMaj H. asking him, “ Wh at happened?” Appellee had informed SgtMaj H. that he wanted to speak to a n attorney and had an appointment to do so later that afternoon. However, SgtMaj H. testified at the Article 39 ( a ) hearing that
he did not remember whether Appellee ever discussed a desire to speak with an attorney during that meeting. SgtMaj H. acknowledged that he knew that child endangerment and child abuse are violations of the UCMJ, and he wasaware that abuse could be intentionally committed or committed through negligence.
The military judge found that SgtMaj H. called CID immediately after his meeting with Appellee and discussed the contents of the meeting, including Appellee’s answer to his question, “ What happened? ” referring to the 18 March 2023 incident. The CID investigation log reflects that CID spoke to SgtMaj H. on the phone about Appellee at approximately 0906 on 23 March 2023.
SgtMaj H. sent a text message to LtCol G. on 23 March 2023 in which he briefed her about his meeting with Appellee

. The text message from LtCol G.’ s phone shows the message was received at 1527, but that screenshot was taken from LtCol G. ’ s cell phone in the summer/fall of 2023 while LtCol G. was physically located on the East Coast of United States. The military judge found this 1527 text message was received by LtCol G. at 1527 Eastern Standard Time,
which was 0927 Hawaii Standard Time. That text informs LtCol G. that Appellee : . . .walked [SgtMaj H.] through what happened with the latest incident. Step by Step. He has court tomorrow morning. Icalled Agent G. and brought him up to speed with the latest incident. Pennison [sic] is currently being escorted to CID to speak with Age nt G.

. CPS has deemed the case not accidental. TheU nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

6 baby is with aunt and uncle until spouses [sic] mother gets avalid ID. Which supposedly happened yesterday. He has an appointment with CPS and attorney this aft ernoon. 8

The military judge found

, as fact, that this message indicated that SgtMaj H. knew Appellee desired to speak with an attorney on 23 March 2023, and that CPS had deemed the case not accidental.

D. Appel lee’ s subsequent s tatement to CID

After the meet ing at SgtMaj H.’ s office, Appellee drove himself back to his workspace, and he was immediately escorted by his s taff n oncommissioned o fficer (SNCO) to CID to be interviewed. A p pellee was not able to meet with an attorney prior to being escorted to CID. Appellee was neither able to meet with an attorney prior to being escorted, nor to refuse going to the CID office

. When Appellee arrived at the CID building, Agent G. had him empty his pockets and escorted him into one of the interrogation rooms. The Agent patted down Appellee prior to speaking with him. T he CID agents interrogated Appellee while he was in the custody of law enforcement. The interview was video recorded.

At 02:45 of the in terview video, Agent G. informed Appellee that “ before I ask you any of the questions I need to ask you today, I do have to go over the rights advisem ent with you one more time, ok?” 9 At 03:3 6 of the video, Agent G. stated to Appellee, “ Same form as before. I am going to go through this with you. I don ’ t want you to sign or initial anything until you understand what you are signing or initialing. And at which point in time if youhave any questions, I will answer your questions. Once I answer your questio ns we will keep moving forward.” 10 Agent G. advised Appellee that he was suspected of violating Articles 128b and 119b of the UCMJ. Appellee initialed the form indicating that he understood what crimes he was suspected of committing

. Agent G. then told Appellee, “ If you have any questions feel free to stop me and I wil l gladly answer your questions.” 11
The following exchange occurred between Appellee and Agent G. at 04:44 through 06:38 of the CID interrogation video:

8 App. Ex. XI at 6.

9 App. Ex. XI at 7.

10 Id

.

11 Id

.U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

7 Appellee: “ I do have a question before we start.”

Agent G.: “ What’ s up? ”

Appellee: “Um so, I need a lawyer.”

Agent G.: “You need a lawyer?”

Appellee: “ Yeah, I need a lawyer. I'm supposed to get one today.”

Agent G.: “ Okay, are you wanting one for this interview or do you need to get one for a diff erent proceeding?”

Appellee: “For everything.”

Agent G.: “For everything?”

Appellee: “Yeah, I have to get one.”

Agent G: “ You have to get one? Okay, so we will go through that process right now. Just let me do these advisals [ sic ] , and then if you want to invoke your right to seek lega l counsel, you can do so, okay.”

. . .
( Agent G. then read verbatim the rights off the Article 31(b) form. )

. . .
Agent G.: “ Do you understand y our rights as I have read them?”

A ppellee: “ Yeah I understand. ”

Agent G.: “ Okay, if you understand your rights, I just need you to initial next to each number.”

Appellee began initialing the form . W hile signing t he form, the following further exchange occurred.

Appellee : “ Would you think I need a lawyer for this?”

Agent G.: “ Honestly, I cannot recommend any sort of actions based off of that. It is entirely your decision; it is entirely up to you. ”

Appellee: “ I don ’ t want to make this process any harder than it already is, s o we’ re not going to get a lawyer involved into this right now, but later on. ”

Agent G.: “ So you are sti ll wanting to talk to me today?”U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

8 Appellee : “Oh yeah, most definitely.”

Agent G. had Appellee read the statement aloud, acknowledging his waiver.

Agent G.: “Is that statement true and a ccurate?”

Appellee : “ True and accurate .”

Agent G.: “ Ok I just need you to initial before and after and I'll have you sign, date, and time. ” 12

At 20:52 in the interrogation video, Agent G. referred to the statement Appellee made to SgtMaj H. earlier that morning and told Appellee that his version of events is not what happened. 13 In the 37 th minute of the video, Appellee
admitted to Agent G. that he punched the child in the head one time with a closed fist because she would not stop crying and stated that he was frustrated and could not handle the crying any longer.
This military judge sup pressed the statements to SgtMaj H

. and to CID. The Government does not appeal suppression of the statement to SgtMaj H., but does appeal the suppression of the 23 March statement to CID. The Government contends that certain o f the military judge’s findings of fact were clearly erroneous, and suppression of the statement constituted an abuse of
discretion.



### II. D ISCUSSION

A. Standards of review

1. This Court reviews a military judge’s findings of fact under a “ clearly erroneous” standard.
The military judge’s extensive findings of fact are contained in Appellate
Exhibit XI. And because this case comes to us on a s an Article 62, UCMJ, appeal, we do not have the same factfinding power we have under Article 66. 14

12 App. Ex. XI at 7

- 8.

13 App. Ex. XI at 8.

14 See United States v. Gore , 60 M.J. 178, 185 (C.A.A.F. 2004); United States v. Maza , 73 M.J. 507, 513 (N

- M. Ct. Crim. App. 2014); see generally United States v. Flanner No 202300134 (N

- M. Ct. Crim. App. Oct 10, 2023) (resolving a Government Appeal under Article 62, UCMJ without finding additional facts.)

.U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

9 Overturning a finding of fact as clearly erroneous is a very high bar to meet. To be “clearly erroneous” a finding of fact “must be more than just maybe or probably wrong; it must strike us with the force of a five

- week

- old unrefrigerated dead fish.” 15

2. “ Abuse of discretion ” is a very high standard.

We review a military judge’s suppression of statements for an abuse of discretion. 16 This Court considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the party that prevailed below. 17 O n a mixed question of law and fact

, as in this case, a military judge abuses his or her discretion if either his or her findings of fact are clearly erroneous, or his or her conclusions of law are incorrect. 18 Abuse of discretion is a strict standard, “calling for more than a mere difference of opinion.” 19 A military judge abuses his or her discretion when he or she : (1) “predicates a ruling on findings of fact that are not supported by the evidenceof record,” (2) “uses incorrect legal principles,” (3) “applies correct legal principles to the facts in a way that is clearly unreasonable,” or (4) “fails to consider
im portant facts.” 20 W e review de novo any conclusions of law supporting the suppression ruling

. 21

3. Standards for Miranda Warnings

. The United States Constitution provides, “No person...shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” 22 In Miranda v. Arizona

, the Supreme Court held, “the prosecution may not use statements, whether

15 United States v. Cooper , 80 M.J. 664, 672 n.41 (N

- M. Ct. Crim. App. 2020) (citations omitted).

16 See United States v. Freeman , 65 M.J. 451, 458 (C.A.A.F. 2008) ; United States v. Maza , 73 M.J. 507, 513 (N

- M. Ct. Crim. App. 2014)

.

17 See United States v. Rivera , 83 M.J. 528, 532 (N

- M. Ct. Crim. App. 2022).

18 United States v. Ayala , 43 M.J. 296, 298 (C.A.A.F. 1995). “On matters of fact with respect to appeals under Article 62, UCMJ, this Court is ‘bound by the military judge’sfactual determinations unless they are unsupported by the record or clearly erroneous.’” United States v. Becker , 81 M.J. 483, 489 (C.A.A.F. 2021) (quoting United States v. Pugh , 77 M.J. 1, 3 (C.A.A.F. 2017)) (citation omitted)

.

19 United States v. Jones , 73 M.J. 357, 360 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (citation omitted)

.

20 United States v. Rudometkin , 82 M.J. 396, 401 (C.A.A.F. 2022)

.

21 United States v. Lewis , 78 M.J. 447, 453 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (citation omitted) ; United States v. Chatfield , 67 M.J. 432, 437 (C.A.A.F. 2009).

22 U.S. Const . amend. V.U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

10exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self

- incrimination.” 23 The Miranda Court further specified that “prior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statements he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney,
either re tained or appointed.” 24

A criminal defendant’s involuntary statement is inadmissible at trial. 25 Statements are deemed involuntary if obtained “in violation of the self

- incrimination privilege or Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amend ment to the United States Constitution, Article 31, or through the use of coercion, unlawful influence, or unlawful inducement. ” 26 As the Defense made an appropriate objec tion to the admission of Appell ee ’s statement in the proceedings below, the Government bore the burden of establishing the voluntariness of the statement by a preponderance of the evidence. 27 Voluntariness turns on whether a criminal suspect’s “will has been overborne.” 28 In the course of our review, “[t]he necessary inquiry is whether the confession is the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker.” 29
Courts assess voluntariness based on the totality of the circumstances, including both the characteristics of the criminal suspect and the details of the interrogation. 30 Courts look to the condition of the suspect , including hishealth, age, education, and intelligence; the character of the detention, including the conditions of the questioning and rights warning; and the manner of the interrogation, including the length of the interrogation and the use of force,

t hreats, promises, or deceptions

. 31 The determination of the voluntariness seldom turns on one factor alone, and the weight given to each factor depends on

23 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966).

24 Id.

25 Mil. R. Evid. 304(a).

26 Mil. R. Evid. 304(a)(1)(A).

27 Mil. R. Evid. 304(f)(6)

- (7).

28 Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 2 18 (1973).

29 United States v. Bubonics , 45 M.J. 93, 95 (C.A.A.F 1996).

30 United States v. Freeman , 65 M.J. 451, 453 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citing Bustamonte

, 412 U.S. at 226 ).

31 United States v. Ellis

, 57 M.J. 375, 379 (C.A.A.F. 2002).U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

11 the circumstances and the suspect’s state of mind. 32 With regard to rightswarnings, whether rights were voluntarily waived is not a separate and distinct question from the voluntariness of a statement, but rather a factor to be considered in the totality of the circumstances as to whether the statement was voluntary. 33

4. Standards as to whether someone has invoked the right to counsel

.The Unites States Supreme Court could not be more clear. “When an accused has invoked his right to have counsel present during custodial interrogation, a valid waiver of that right cannot be established by showing only that he responded to further police

- i nitiated custodial interrogation even if he has been advised of his rights.” 34 Moreover, to unambiguously and unequivocally invoke the right to counsel, a suspect must articulate his desire to have counsel present sufficiently clearly that a reasonable police officer in the circumstances would understand the statement to be a reque st for an attorney

. 35 Of course, once an unambiguous invocation of the right to counsel is made, authorities must immediately cease questioning. 36

5. Standards for cleansing warnings.
Where an earlier statement is “involuntary” only because the accused had not been properly warned of his Article 31(b), UCMJ rights, the voluntariness of the second statement is determined by the totality of the circumstances. 37 The earlier unwarned statement is a factor in this total picture, but it does not presumptively taint the subsequent statement. 38 If a “cleansing warning” has been given

– where the accused is advised that a previous statement cannot be used against him

– that statement should be taken into consideration. 39 If a

32 United States v. Jones , 34 M.J. 899, 906 (N

- M.C.M.R. 1992) (citing Bustamonte

, 412 U.S. at 226).

33 Id. at 908 n.6.

34 Edwards v. Arizona , 451 U.S. 477, 484 (1981) (citation omitted)

.

35 See Davis v. United States , 512 U.S. 452, 459 (1994).

36 See Michigan v. Mosely , 423 U.S. 96, 104 (1975) ; Mil. R. Evid 305(c)(4)

.

37 United States v. Brisbane , 63 M.J. 106, 114 (C.A.A.F 2006).

38 Id.

39 Id.U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

12 cleansing warning is not given, however, its absence is not necessarily fatal to a finding of voluntariness. 40

B. Discussion

1. The military judge ’ s findings of fact are not clearly erroneous.
The military judge found a clear Edwards violation.

The Court finds th e Accused was in custody on 23 M arch 2023 when he spoke to CID. While CID was discussing the Article31(b) rights advisory form with the Accused, the Accused unambiguously invoked his Fifth Amendment right to request to be represented by counsel during the interrogation. 41

The G overnment does not argue in its brief that Appelle e was not in custody at CID

. 42 Moreo ver, the finding of fac t that Appellee unambiguously invoked his right to counsel was not clearly erroneous, as the military judge based it upon the exchange (reproduced supra ) during the rights reading , which is reproduced verbatim in his ruling 43 (and in the G overnment’s “statement of
facts” section of its brief )

. 44

2. The military judge’s conclusions of law were not legally incorrect.
The military judge’s ruling that Appellee was in custody at CID is not an abuse of discretion. 45 T he G overnment’s various arguments that an Edwards
violation did not occur at CID are unavailing. 46 In its brief, the Government does not argue that Appellee did not invoke his right to seek an attorney. 47

40 See generally I d.

41 A pp. E x. XI at 16.

42 See generally Government ’s B rief. A t oral argument, the Government readily conceded that Appellee was in custody while at CID

.

43 AE XI at 16. (“Accused” refers, of course, to the Appellee in this case )

.

44 Government ’s Brief at 7

- 8.

45 The question of whether a person is in custody is a mixed question of fact and law. See Thompson v. Keohane , 516 U.S. 99, 112 (1995); see also United States v. Miller, 46 M.J. 80, 84 (C.A.A.F. 1997).

46 The concurring opinion correctly identifies a separate reason for affirming the military judge’s suppression of Appellee’s statement to CID, although we do not resolve the Government’s appeal on that basis.

47 See, e.g., Government’s B rief at 27 and 30.U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

13 And a t oral argument in this case the Government largely conceded that Appellee’s request for an attorney was unambiguous.
Of note, in response to the “Yeah, I have to get one” statement, the CID agent stated

, “You have to get one. Okay, so we will go through the process right now. Just let me do these advisals (sic) , and then if you want to invoke your right to seek legal counsel, you can do so.” 48 Somewhat perplexingly, the crux of the Government’s argument is that “the agent’s request that Appelleecomplete the form was instead a narrow request, rather than an interrogation.” 49
The Government further argues that Appellee’s subsequent statement waiving his rights, made minutes later during the same encounter, somehow undid the prior invocation

-- as a purported re

- initiation of a conversation that had not ended. The Government’s argument on this point is unpersuasive. The military judge properly found that Appellee’s question “would you think I need a lawyer for this?” “was not a lawful re

- initiation of contact with law enforcement by the Accused consistent with United States v. M aza . . .” 50 This military judge appropriately analyzed Maza and distinguished the important fact s that in that case, that the accused was left in the interrogation room while the agent
attended to some administrative matters and 15

- 30 minutes later the accused stepped out of the interrogation room to inform the agent that he had changed
his mind. 51 Here though, there was no break in time and the agent did not

pause, or leave the room (or even get up from the chair he was sitting on). T hemilitary judge’s findings that Appellee unambiguously requested the assistance of an attorney

, and that questioning did not immediately cease are not clearly erroneous (and in fact are unquestionably confirmed by the videotape in the record, Appellate Exhibit VII).
Regardless, the military judge found that Appellee had unambiguously invoked his right to counsel, and this finding of fact is amply supported by the record and is, consequently, not clearly erroneous.

48 Government ’s Brief at 8.

49 Government ’s B rief at 10. The military judge properly analyzed this exchange and concluded subsequent responses to an officer’s questions or clarifications “may not be used to cast retrospective doubt of the clarity of the initial request. A pp. E x. XI at 16 citing Smith v. Illinois , 469 U.S. 91, 100 (1984).

50 A pp. E x. XI at 16

- 17 ( citing Maza , 73 M.J. 507 ).

51 A pp. E x. XI at 16

- 17, n. 68.U nited States v. Pennisson

, NMCCA No. 202300328 Opinion of the Court

14 Accordingly, we hold that the military judge did not abuse his discretion i n suppressing Appellee’s statement s made to CID

. Because we find that the military judge properly suppressed the statement under well

- settled Supreme Court caselaw, we need not, and do not

, reach the issue of whether the military judge abused his discretion in finding that CID should have provided Appellee with a “valid cleansing warning related to an y previous unwarned statements” he may have made to SgtMaj H. 52



### III. C ONCLUSION

After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel, and the excellent oral arguments of both counsel heard at the Washington Navy
Yard on 29 May 2024, we have determined that the military judge did not
abuse his discretion i n suppressing Appellee’s 23 March 2023 statement to CID.

T he ruling of the military judge is AFFIRMED as to the issue appealed by the Government under Article 62, UCMJ and the Government’s Appeal is DENIED . The Stay of Proceedings is LIFTED . The record is forwarded to the Judge Advocate General for return to the convening authority

.

52 A pp. Ex. XI at 17.United States v. Pennisson, NMCCA No. 202300328 Mizer, Judge (concurring)

MIZER, J. concurring:
I concur in the opinion of my learned colleagues, and I join it in full. I write separately to express my view that the Court’s opinion says both too much and too little.

With respect to saying too much, in certain contexts our superior Court has admonished military judges that they must show their work. 53 The military judge did that here, in spades. The Court has before it a tightly

- drafted

, eighteen

- page ruling that is thorough and both well researched and written. And “as long as a CCA indicates that it has considered an issue raised by an appellant, a single sentence disposition is sufficient.” 54 In resolving this case with anything more than a single sentence, I respectfully submit my friends

say more than is necessary

. 55

But if we must write more , my friends say too little. The military judge’s extensive findings of fact instruct us that, after Appellee and his wife brought their infant daughter to the emergency room with injuries consistent with child abuse for the second time , Appellee’s battalion commander ordered his Sergeant Major (SgtMaj) to have Appellee questioned by the Marine Criminal Investigative Division (CID). And like any good Marine Corps noncommissioned officer , SgtMaj H. set about doing exactly that.

On 23 March 2023, SgtMaj H. ordered Appellee to appear at his office where Appellee was required to formally report. Once there, SgtMaj H. began questioning Appellee, a l ance c orporal, about his daughter’s injuries. As noted by the military judge, SgtMaj H. did so without informing Appellee of his Article 31(b), UCMJ, rights. 56

Appellee would later testify that, during this questioning, he told SgtMaj
H

. that he wanted to speak with an attorney, and he had an appointment to do so that very afternoon. 57 The SgtMaj testified he did not remember such a request. 58 But immediately after the meeting, SgtMaj H

. sent a text to the

53 See, e.g., United States v. Keago

, __ M.J. __

, No. 23

- 0021, 2024 CAAF LEXIS 256, (C.A.A.F. May 9, 2024).

54 United States v. Guinn , 81 M.J. 195, 204 (C.A.A.F. 2021) (citing United States v. Matias , 25 M.J. 356, 361 (C.M.A. 1987)).

55 It is n ot for nothing that our superior Court has summarily disposed of Government appeals certified to the Court by the Judge Advocates General when warranted. See, e.g., United States v. Soto

, 74 M.J. 350 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (summary dispo sition) ; United States v. Bowser , 74 M.J. 326 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (summ ary disposition)

.

56 A pp. Ex. XI at 5

.

57 Id

.

58 Id

.United States v. Pennisson, NMCCA No. 202300328 Mizer, Judge (concurring)

2battalion commander informing him that Appellee had a meeting with an attorney that afternoon.

Unsurprisingly, the military judge found that SgtMaj H

. “knew the Accused desired to speak with an attorney on 23 March 2023[.]” 59 And it is not clearly erroneous to conclude that an accused who informs his inquisitor that he wants to speak to an attorney, and even has an appointment to do so a few hours later, has unambiguously invoked his right to counsel.

However, because the military judge suppressed Appellee’s statements to SgtMaj H

. pursuant to Article 31, UCMJ, he didn’t address the violation of Edwards v. Arizona 60 illuminated by his findings of fact. And while it was entirely within his discretion to do so, 61 nothing would preclude this Court from,as a matter of law, resolving the Government’s appeal on this earlier violation of Edwards

. 62 And in failing to do so, I humbly submit my friends say too little.

You see, upon being ordered to formally report to a battalion sergeant major , no reasonable lance corporal would

— or ever should

— believe that he could thank the SgtMaj for the invitation but politely decline. And once the SgtMaj’s custodial interrogation 63 began, and Appellee expressed his desire todeal with law enforcement only through counsel, he was not subject to further questioning until counsel was made available to him. 64

The appropriate response to an invocation of the right to counsel is never to direct a s taff n oncommissioned o fficer to drive an accused to CID so that

59 Id

. at 6.

60 451 U.S. 477

, 101 S. Ct. 1880 (1981).

61 I am mindful that t rial judges are busy, and appellate judges opine in the cool of the evening as to the toils of trial judges in the heat of the day.

62 The Government has asked us whether the military judge erred when he suppressed Appellee’s March 23, 2023, statement to Marine CID. Having asked that question, the Court should, to borrow from the poet Elizabeth Barret t Browning, “count the ways” in which the Government violated Edwards in this case. See generally, E LIZABETH B ARRET B ROWNING , “ HOW DO I L OVE T HEE ?”

, S ONNETS F ROM T HE P ORTUGUESE 43 (1850 ).

63 See United States v. Chatfield , 67 M.J. 432, 438 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (holding that custody is determined by how a reasonable person in the position of the accused would gauge the breadth of his or her freedom of action).

64 See United States v. Mitchell , 51 M.J. 234, 238 (C.A.A.F. 1999).United States v. Pennisson, NMCCA No. 202300328 Mizer, Judge (concurring)

3they may have a go at questioning an accused. An accused need not thrice request counsel, 65 and it is my view that, absent Appellee initiating furthercommunications with law enforcement, what took place at the CID is irrelevant.
And by not resolving this case on that basis, or further relying upon it, I part company with my friends.

In the end, the military judge left nothing unsaid:

Various government actors worked together to gather information about the incident, including directly soliciting the information from the Accused, then confronting the Accused with that information. The Government as a whole is required to honor the Accus ed’s Article 31(b) and Fifth Amendment rights. That was not done in this case. 66

FOR THE COURT:

MARK K. JAMISON Clerk of Court

65 Neal v. State , 451 So. 2d 1058, 1060 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1984); but cf.

, L EWIS C AROL , T HE H UNTING OF THE S NARK 3 (1876 ) (“I have said it thric e: What I tell you three times is true.”).

66 A pp. E x . XI at 17.