126188

JPRS-SSA-87-027

24 MARCH 1987

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

199806,113,

Appovd fr ubiic rlease,

FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

REPRODUCED BY

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL TECHN CAL INFORMATION SERVICE

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JPRS-SSA-87-027

24 MARCH 1987

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

CONTENTS

ANGOLA

Briefs

Zairian Refugees Agree To Repatriation I

BOTSWANA

Briefs

Security Talks With Zimbabwe 2

RSA Gunmen Accused of Attack 2

85 Zimbabwean Refugees Repatriated 3

CAMEROON

Briefs

UK Rural Electrification Loan 4

CAPE VERDE

Portugal Finances Six Development Projects

(AFRICA HOJE, Jan 87) .................................... 5

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

Briefs

Moroccan Security Guards 7

GHANA

Soviet Ambassador on Proposed Industrial Projects

(Mavis Quaicoe; PEOPLE'S DAILY.GRAPHIC, 12 Feb 87) ...... 8

Cocoa for Soviet Industrial Goods Barter Trade

(Mavis Quaicoe; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 12 Feb 87) ...... 9

PNDC Annan Commends Cuban Trade Terms

(Abigail Bonsu; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 13 Feb 87) ...... 10

!a
Judicial Assistance Treaty With GDR Underway

(Ayikwei Armah, Maria Kwami; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC,

19 Feb 87) ............................................... 11

CDR Cadres Return From Angolan'Conference

(PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 17 Feb 87) ..................... 12

Lecturer Lambasts Western Food Aid, Child Aid Programs

(Lloyd Evans, Seth Adzotor; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC,

14 Feb 8.7) ............................................... 13

Mercury Deposits Discovered at Alavanyo

(GHANAIAN TIMES, 17 Feb 87) .............................. 15

Afram Plains Cotton Purchasing Season Begins

(Lloyd Evans; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 12 Feb 87) ........ 16

Government To Restock National Livestock Stations

(Anthony Tawiah; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 19 Feb 87) ...... 17

LESOTHO

Real Power Behind Military Council Analyzed

(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 21 Jan 87) ........................ 18

Briefs

Leaders Seek Advisory Council Inclusion 20

Japanese Food Aid 20

MOZAMBIQUE

Effects of Civil War Described

(Bernard Couret; AFRIQUE NOUVELLE, 21 Jan 87) ........... 21

Finance-Minister Addresses Fiscal Policy

(NOTICIAS, 17 Feb 87) .................................... 25

Bank of Mozambique Governor Explains New Metical Devaluation

(Eneas Comiche Interview; NOTICIAS, 14 Feb 87) .......... 27

Canadian Delegation Urges Increased RSA Sanctions

(Maputo in English to Southern Africa, 22 Feb 87) ...... 31

Minister Stresses Important Role of District Administrators

(NOTICIAS, 17 Feb 87) .................................. 32

Briefs

Armed Forces Successes 33

Dos Santos Meets Sao Tomean Counterpart 33

Bridge Destruction Claimed 33

Appeal for Corn 34

Mozambique Claims RSA Infiltration 34

Food Distribution in Zambezia 34

Supply Problems in Niassa 34

-b -
Displaced in Nampula 35

Displaced in Gaza 35

Relief Efforts in Sofala 35

Foreign Exchange Needed 36

Iran Aids Mbuzini Survivors 36

NAMIBIA

HNP Leader Asks Botha To Protect Whites

(SAPA, 19 Feb 87) .......................................... 37

Transitional Government Issues Action ProgramDraft

(Brendan Seery; THE STAR, 20 Feb 87) ..................... 39

Opening School to All Races Termed 'Breach in Dyke'

(Jean Sutherland; THE WINDHOEK-ADVERTISER, llFeb 87) .... 41

Military Censorship Said To Serve 'Foreign Self-Interest'

(Jim Freeman; THE WINDHOEK OBSERVER, 11 Feb 87) .......... 42

Mudge Opposes Elections 'Between Different Groups'

(Jim Freeman; THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER, 6 Feb 87) ......... 43

Unemployment Could Force Poor To Migrate to Windhoek

(Jean Sutherland; THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER, 3 Feb 87) ..... 44

National Party Minister Expected To Get Agricultural Post

(Jean Sutherland; THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER, 13 Feb 87) .... 46

Briefs

Nujoma Thanks Frontline Leaders 47

NIGER

Briefs

French Aid Mission 48

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

Portuguese Military Delegation To Visit; Protocol Signed

(DIARIO DE NOTICIAS, 12 Feb 87) .......................... 49

ZAMBIA

Causes, Consequences of Riots Viewed

(AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL, 21 Jan 87) ........................ 50

PANA Reports on Country's Progress With Economic Reform

(Fred Chela; PANA, 28 Feb 87) .............................. 52

Commentary Views Zambian Position on Sanctions

(Johannesburg International Service, 20 Feb 87) .......... 54

mc
Briefs

Kaunda Receives PLO Official 55

Kaunda Seeks Embargo Against RSA 55

ZIMBABWE

Masvingo Province Ravaged by Drought

(Davison Maruziva; THE SUNDAY MAIL, 22 Feb 87) .......... 56

Increase in Consumer Shortages Due to Foreign Currency Situation

(Michael Hartnack; BUSINESS DAY, 17 Feb 87) ............. 58

Cotton, Coffee, Beef, Maize Bring Millions in Foreign Exchange

(Paddy Millar Interview; THE HERALD, 21 Feb 87) ......... 59

Businessmen 'Dismayed' at Mozambican Visa Restriction

(THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE, 6 Feb 87) ....................... 62

FRG, Dutch Aid To Private Sector

(THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE, 6 Feb 87) ....................... 63

Briefs

Agreement Signed for Danish Aid 64

Hungarian Spare Parts Arrive 64

Old Bulawayo Gold Mine Is To Be Reopened 65

Building of Dam Contemplated 65

SOUTH AFRICA

AFRIKAANER/GOVERNMENT

Church Support for End Conscription Campaign Criticized

(Hannes Ferguson; DIE AFRIKANER, 4 Feb 87) ............... 66

NRP, PFP, NP Cooperating Against Far Right

(DIE AFRIKANER, 4 Feb 87) ............................... 70

Disaffected Academics Resign.From NP

(Various sources, various dates) ......................... 72

Group of 27 Leave 72

P.W. Botha Meets With Group 74

Professor Comments on Resignation 74

Briefs

ID Documents More Expensive 76

Government Increases Homelands Aid 76

Cost of Detentions Rising 76

Government Spending Accelerated 76

-d -
BLACKS

Black Housing Expert Stresses Magnitude of Crisis

(THE DAILY NEWS, 11 Feb 87) ............................. 77

Special Housing Projects Underway for Kwazulu, Natal

(Bruce Cameron; THE DAILY NEWS, 13 Feb 87) .............. 78

SOCIOPOLITICAL/OTHER

Growing Opposition From All Sectors to Newly Appointed Officials

(Frans Esterhuyse; THE ARGUS, 17 Feb 87) ................ 79

U.S. SACSA Report Criticized

(Simon Barber; BUSINESS DAY, 17 Feb 87) ................. 81

SAIRR Manager on Importance of Understanding Reform Process

(Alan Fine; BUSINESS DAY, 17 Feb 87) .................... 83

Increase in Industrial Militancy Noted

(THE ARGUS, 18 Feb 87) .................................. 85

ECONOMIC

Drop in Imports Leads to Favorable Trade Balance

(SAPA, 27 Feb 87) ....................................... 87

Commentary Notes Forbes Conclusions on Sanctions

(Johannesburb International Service, 28 Feb 87) ......... 88

Economic Advisory Council To Investigate Inflation

(SAPA, 27 Feb 87) ........................................ 89

IBM Soon To Be Taken Over by Employees

(SAPA, 28 Feb 87) ....................................... 91

Briefs

Losses Due To Drought 92

McGraw-Hill Divests 92

Arms Via Honduras 92

INDUSTRIAL/S&T

Briefs

Pik Botha on Gas Project Goal 93

300 Million for Synthetic Fuel 93

/9986

-e-
ANGOLA

BRIEFS

ZAIRIAN REFUGEES AGREE TO REPATRIATION--A total of 3,200 Zairian refugees living

in Angola recently expressed their willingness to return to Zaire in accordance

with the repatriation policy followed by the Angolan Government. Rodeth dos

Santos, secretary of state for social affairs, who disclosed this information

to ANGOP in Lubango, stated that her secretariat has been providing assistance

to the Zairian refugees in Angola. Commenting on the decision of the Zairian

refugees to return home, Rodeth dos Santos said that it was acceptable for

Angolan and that their repatriation will be possible because of the support

provided by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees and the Zairian

Embassy in Angola. Comrade Rodeth dos Santos disclosed that there are also

9,200 South African refugees in Angola. [Text] [Luanda Domestic Service

in Portuguese 0500 GMT 3 May 87] /8309

CSO: 3400/183

1\
BOTSWANA

BRIEFS

SECURITY TALKS WITH ZIMBABWE--Botswana and Zimbabwe have expressed complete

satisfaction at the level of cooperation and exchange of information among

the security forces of the two countries. Following security talks held in

Gaborone yesterday and today, the two countries have stressed particularly the

need for increased cooperation and vigilance among the security forces in the

light of increased military and economic threats by South Africa. A communique

issued after a meeting of the Botswana-Zimbabwe Joint Commission on defense and

security says the commission reviewed mutual cooperation inthe areas of defense,

security, illegal immigration, banditry, and crime. The two countries resolved

to vigorously pursue the high level of cooperation and good relations now prevailing between them. The commission expressed concern at the activities of

the South African-sponsored RENAMO bandits. The Botswana delegation was led by

the minister for presidential affairs and public administration, Mr Kedikilwe.

The Zimbabwean delegation was led by the minister of home affiars, Mr Enos

Nkala, and included the minister of state for security, Mr Emmerson Munangagwe,

and minister of state for defense, Mr Kadingure. The Zimbabwean delegation was

led by the minister of home affairs, Mr Enos Nkala, and included the minister

of state for security, Mr Emmerson Munangagwe, and minister of state for defence, Mr Kadingure. [Text] [Gaborone Domestic Service in English 1610 GMT

20 Feb 87 MB] /12232

RSA GUNMEN ACCUSED OF ATTACK--Preliminary investigations into the shooting

incident that took place at (Skitlonwe) cattle post in the Kgatleng District

on Sunday have revealed that the attackers were gunmen from South Africa. They

were apparently after a certain Mr Vvulu Dube. The man was arrested by Botswana

police last year for entering the country illegally. No details about Mr Dube

have been given. During the attack on Sunday, four amred men opened fire on ,

the home of Mr Sithole Degolado but nobody was injured in the incident. Units

of the army and police have been combing the area of the attack and have found

empty cartridges. (Skotlonwe) cattle post is about 55 km east of Mochudi, on

the border with South Africa. [Text] [Gaborone Domestic Service in English

1110 GMT 25 Feb 87 MB] /12232

2
85 ZIMBABWEAN REFUGEES REPATRIATED--Eighty-five Zimbabwean refugees living at

the Dukwe refugee camp will return home today. This brings to a total of

354 the number of Zimbabweans who have voluntarily chosen to return to their

country since 1985. The United Nations Commission for Refugees, UNHCR,

represented by Mr Silveter Ahuia, says, that there are still 3,800 Zimbabwean

refugees at the camp. Those returning to Zimbabwe today are mostly young men

aged between 18 and 25, and a few women and children. According to Mr Ahuia,

the UNHCR maintains a mandate for promoting voluntary repatriation which would,

in the long run, solve the refugee problem. Mr Ahuia has described as misleading an article carried by the Zimbabwean newspaper, THE HERALD, recently,

alleging that the dissident problem in Zimbabwe is perpetrated by the refugee

camp in Dukwe. [Text] [Gaborone Domestic Service in English 1110 GMT

2 Mar 87] /8309

CSO: 3400/183

3
CAMEROON

BRIEFS

UK RURAL ELECTRIFICATION LOAN--A financial loan agreement worth. 850 million CFA

francs was signed this morning at the Ministry of Planning and Territorial Development here in Yaounde between Cameroon and the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland. This amount is meant to finance rural electrification projects in the Nord-Ouest Province. The ceremony took place between

James Craig, the British ambassador to.Cameroon, and SadouHayatou, the minister of planning and territorial development. This morning's loan agreement is

the first part of a 24 billion CFA francs loan made available by Great Britain

in 1983 for Cameroon. [Text] [Yaounde Domestic Service in French 1200 GMT

4 Feb 87 AB] /12232

4
CAPE VERDE

PORTUGAL FINANCES SIX DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Lisbon AFRICA HOJE in Portuguese Jan 87 p 28

Z Text_7 Portugal will finance and carry out a total of six projects in Cape Verde whose initial cost is estimated at $2.5 million. This

Portuguese contribution to the development of Cape Verde was announced during the "donors"' round table which brought together last

November in the city of Praia more than 100 representatives from 24

countries, 21 international organizations, financial organizations,

and one regional organization.

Portugal's representation was under the sponsorship of the Institute

for Economic Cooperation (ICE), whose delegation was headed by VicePresident Lurdes Lameira, and also included Rosado de Sousa and

Carolina Pereira.

The six projects include: utilization of surface waters, study of

soil fertility, creation of an industrial promotion unit, support for

the Cape Verde Institute to Promote Housing, support for the statistics sector, and professional training of hotel staffers in Cape

Verde.

Besides these projects, Portugal has promised to receive in Lisbon a

delegation from Cape Verde whose aim it is to renegotiate the

$9.6 million debt that the "Cabnave" ship-repairing company in

Mindelo owes to the Caixa Geral de Depositos.

Portugal was one of Cape Verde's few "donor" partners that, during

this round table, backed up its intentions to collaborate in the

development of the country by supporting projects in Cape Verde's

second five-year plan. The authorities of the city of Praia tried

to get the "donors" to provide financing for close to 85 percent of

the projects contained in the five-year plan (1986-1990), which

amounts to $112 million annually.

One conference source said that the majority of those present held

back and did not go beyond showing their intentions of support in

general areas without specifying which projects, "thus disappointing

5
somewhat the expectations regarding the presentation of quantifiable

values." Now it becomes necessary for Cape Verde to keep active

pressure on the donors so as to lead them to back up the intentions

that they announced here."

At the conclusion of the conference, which was presided over by

Pierre Damiba, PNUD's administrator for Africa, Cape Verde's minister

for planning and cooperation, Jose Brito, was referred to as "a

militant in Africa's development." Thus was stressed the "lucid

realism and the clearness of objectives" of the Praia authorities.

Pierre Damiba added, regarding the "excellent economic and social

results achieved in Cape Verde," a country of few natural resources:

"The day that Africans decide to apply their human intelligence to

the resources that they possess, that day there will be a great

change."

In the wording of the final communique, the Cape Verde partners

showed their support for the Praia government's proposals, "stressing

the need to maintain the great macro-economic balance, giving

priority to the growth sectors."

9895

CSO: 3442/91

6
EQUATORIAL GUINEA

BRIEFS

MOROCCAN SECURITY GUARDS--In order to avoid any unpleasant surprises, the

regime is protected by a security force provided by King Hassan II of Morocco.

The Moroccan company is quartered near the Bata airport and another is based

at Malabo. These veterans of the war in the Sahara guard all official buildings. [Text] [Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French Feb 87 p 14] 11,464

CSO: 3419/121

7
GHANA

SOVIET AMBASSADOR ON PROPOSED INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 12 Feb 87 p 8

[Article by Mavis Quaicoe]

[Text]

MR V. M. Semenov, So. countries. tion on the potential lin- using Soviet woodworking

viet Ambassador in The Ambassador, ho- kages in the wood process- machinery for over a decaGhana, has said that. his wever, pointed out that ing sectors of the two de without problems and

country's participation since trade can develop countries which could be expressed his interest in

in GIFEX '87-is to show only under the conditions tapped for our mutual be-, placing orders for more the Soviet Union's wil- of peace,. it is necessary nefits. equipment from the Soviet

lingneas to help develop that the tension which He announced that his Union.

economic and trade co- characterises the interns- ministry has received pro- Mr Kalmoni stressed

operation with develop- tional community be posals from the Soviet that the Ghana Furniture

ingcountries, addressed, adding that we. Union for the establish- Industry has a bright fut-

.He said the scale of the should no longer tolerate ment of three industries to ure and therefore called for

Soviet Union's relations the arms race. . produce hand tools, ins- closer trade relations bet.

with developing countries : Huge amounts being "truments for artisans and, ween the two countries

are- large and diversified absorbed in the. produc- an aluminium, copper- and further asked the So-

.based on the development tion of. arms, he said, silicon alloy plant for au- viet Union to place her exof mutual advantages in should be channelled into tomotive tractor industry pertise in afforestation at

industry and the creation the aidiprogramme~for de- with 25,000 ton per year the disposal of Ghana to

of enterprises. velopifig countries.'(* capacity with a local raw help replenish the timber

Mr Semenov who was Dr Francis Acquah, Se- material base. stock.

speaking at the Soviet cretary for Industries, This proposals, he said- He was particularly

Union Day at the Trade Science and Technology, underscores the Soviet, happy about the Soviet

Fair Centre-in Accra ye- said the objective of the Union's determination to Union's policy of opening

sterday, stated that by fair is to stimulate the de- revive the long-standing up its facilities to develop- their participation in the 'velopment of the' wood trade, economic and tech- ing countries and wished

fair, the Soviet delegation processing industry in nical co-operation between. friendship between Ghana

would be able to inform. Ghana. the twn tries. ' and the USSR would be

the business community in- I This: he noted, can be. He hoped that Ghanaian lasting for the mutual betheir country the proper achieved.tholough the ap-, manufacturers will gain nefits of both countries.'

information on Ghana's. propriatetraniferof know tremendously from' the M'

export and import d,&- how and techInologyfrom participation of the Soviet Mr Kwame Boakye,'Exmaniras as well as its mar- other countries for higl Union in the fair and re: hibition Director, in an

ketsin the timberindustry. quality products, handling emphasise the positive role. opening address, hoped

This, he pointed out, will and .rocessing of wood and it can play in the recovery that the Soviet delegation

.help broaden the co- other allied operations, of the Ghanaian economy. would be able to recomoperation which already He, therefore, hoped Mr K. K. Kalmoni, Ma- mend to Ghanaian entreexists between the two that the participation of naging Director of Ghana preneurs simple but effithe Soviet Union in the fair Allwood Company, stated cient technology for their

will provide the informa- that his company has been industries.

/9317

CSO: 3400/172

8
GHANA

COCOA FOR SOVIET INDUSTRIAL GOODS BARTER TRADE

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 12 Feb 87 p 3

[Article by Mavis Quaicoe]

[Text]

RR B. K. Agbleta, acting duction.

Chief Director for Ex- - Mr Agbleta who was

ternal Trade of the Mi- 3.peaking at an openingfoi'istry of Trade and rum organised at "GIFEX

Tourism, has said'that, 'I• at the Trade Fair

negotiations are going Centre also suggested that

on between. Ghana and for Ghanaians to'he able to

the Soviet Union- for the utilise the facilities avail-

-signing of a protocol: able under the agreement.

trade agreement to en-w the Soviet Union should

:able Ghanaian indus-' cqpsider setting up a per

4trialists import indus-. manent office ing the'

trial equipment from, country to exhibit satmple

the Soviet Union.. of toos available for iam- SThe agreement which

would be based on a barter p.ortation as well as

3ystem, he said, would en- adequate information maable the Soviet Union also. terial of their technology.

import from Ghana, 2,000 Mr Goushjan observed

metric tonnes of cocoa that Ghana and the Soviet

beans in addition to what Union can co-operate

it already imports ffom through joint ventures in

Ghana. - industry and in the ex- . Mr Agbleta said the change of technology.

proceedswof the importa- The trade representative

tion of the additional 2,000 hinted that his country has

metric tonnesof cocoa will. already signed a contract

cover Ghanaian imports of for woodworking machines

covier awith some Ghanaian com- .Soviet machinery and panies adding that ariculequipment to strengthen tural machines will be de-. the production base of the Iivered soon into the

nation's industrial set up. country to help strengthen

The acting Director said the country's agricultural

the facility is opened .to all industry and pave the way

industrialists who want to for further co-operation in

.utilise it, to increase pro- that field.

/9317

CSO: 3400/172

9
GHANA

PNDC ANNAN COMMENDS CUBAN TRADE TERMS

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 13 Feb 87 pp 1, 5

[Article by Abigail Bonsu]

[Text]

MR Justice D. F.. Annan House in Accra yesterday. less developed areas such

PNDC member, has ex-PNDC membesaid

pressed satisfaction at as swimming.

the current trade agree- in view of the. exodus of- Mr Aztiazarian expressmert between Ghana Ghanaian doctors, it is ed appreciation for the leand Cuba under which commendable that the vel of economic developthe two countries. will peopleand Government of ment in the country and

exchange goods and. Cuba continue to offer the degree of co-operation

services on mutually Ghana technical assistan-, between Ghana and Cuba.

satisfactory terms. ce particularly in medicine Later, Mr Justice Annan

Products to be exported and education. and -the- Yugoslav Ambasto Cuba under the agree-d He said the government .ador in Ghana. who paid a

ment which was signed last- is looking forward to, the c.ourtesv call on him

December include alumi- exten-•ion of "the- program- discussed the Yugoslav

nium. shea butter, furnit- me under which Cuban state enterprises system.

u-re and processed timber. doctors and -nurses are

Cuba will in turn. export currently working at ho- The PNDC member said

spitals in Accra and Ta- that Yugoslavia has defintoicana c aneralha la- male, to other parts of the ed a new orientation for

nished drugs, refrigeratWor country, her state enterprises and a aHe observed that the noted that it would be in

The PNDC member who Cuban educational pro- Ghana's interest to study

is also the Chairman of the gramme being enjoyed by this since she has found it

National Economic Coin- Ghanaian children has difficult to successfully debeen beneficial to the velop that area of the eco- mission reiterated that country and disclosed that nomv. Ghana has a tremendous a lot of Ghanaian parents He cngratulaed Yupotential. in terms oftimb are very willing and anx- goslavia for the- paceter and othern non-u ious for their wards.to be- setting agricultural project

tradditional h products nefit- from it. known as the Kumawu In,

adding cularly that satisfied h- was with parti, ,the This is klietbPr-KI because. Justice du.trial"Farm O ajonvn- Complex

interest Cuba continues to Annan cplained:,the pro- KIFCOMI. a joint ventshow in.thecountry's non- gramme aside of book uep hk.tween the people

traditional exports. knowledge, imparts tech- of' iumawu and the YugMr Justice Annan and nical skills, theory and love oslovians,

the Cuban Ambassador in for work into students. %Ar (ovic. on his part.

Ghana. Mr Nicolassaodri- The PNDC member pointed out the need for

called for a wider scope of developing countries to

guez Aztiazarian were re- -co-operation in the field of develop their agriculture

viewing relations between sports especially in other parallel to other sector., of

the two countries at the spots epilneconomies.

former's office at the State

/9317

CSO: 3400/172

10
GHANA

JUDICIAL ASSISTANCE TREATY WITH GDR UNDERWAY

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 19 Feb 87 p 3

[Article by Ayikwei Armah and Maria Kwami]

[Text]

FINAL discussions tracting state free access to

on a-draft treaty on the courts of either

judicial assistance country. jiu civil, family, Ia- The treaty,'he disclose4, will also exempt citizens 6f

bour and criminal either country front the

matters betweeni payment of security for

Ghana and the costs of proceedings or- Geadvance payment for costs German Dempb cra- of proceedings. tic Republic (GDR) It will grant judicial as- begairin Accra ye- sistance at the request of

sterday. either country, the Attor-

"The treaty which is ex- ney General disclosed,

to be ratif ied some-, adding that it would pro- peced vide safe conduct fbr wit- time next month is aimed' ness ie A and nduexpe expert witnesses. r wt - -at strengthening the Mr Aikins stated further

friendly co-operation bet- wean the two states on the that it would ensure the

basis of the principles set exchange of documents re- forth in the charter of the garding the civil statUs of

United Nations (UN). citizens of the contracting

This was announced by states free of charge.

Mr G. E. K Aikins, Attor- It would asib give reconey General and Secretary nition and Oxectitions of

for Justice, at a meeting mnal judicial decision con- with Mr Willi Giebel, act- cerning claims for mainteing Head of the Depart- nance issued id the terriment of International Af- tory of eit 0 contracting

(airs of the Ministry of Ju- country.

stice in Accra. The treaty will also

According to Mr Aikins cover extradictions and

the move to ratify the states that "extradictions.

treaty emanated from the shall be granted for ofdesire of both counttles to fen~ces punishable under

regulate relationsip betwe- the laws of both contriact- en them. ing countries provided that

He pointed out that the the minimum punishment. treaty when enforced will is one year or any heavier

give citizens of each con- punishment".

/9317

CSO: 3400/174

1l
GHANA

CDR CADRES RETURN FROM ANGOLAN CONFERENCE

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 17 Feb 87 p 4

[Text]

THU P7jieleghtion Which talks with other delegaites represented Ghana at and brigade officials. the first conference of He mentioned particu.. the Brigades of the An. larly. the useful discuss ions- gola'n Revolution (En-. the delegation- hadý with' gada'Populares de, Vigiý, the' National 'Co-rdinator

tancia) returned homie o)f the Brigades, Mr*Ale-,

-fniim Luanda at the .xander *de, Lamos, Lucas: weekeneL' who is als a member ofthe.-

Briefing the. Political Central Committee, of the, 'Cou~nsellor, for CDRs M-PLAL

about. the, conference, the nhesA lender of 'the delegation, alovstdvenous, places Mr Kwabena Anane Agyei.' and PrO*Wcqindertaken CDR organiuing- assistant, by thei: birigades -He men- for Brohg.Ahafo) said that, tIoned particularlyr a visit tb16 conference which .was to the museaunof the An-: closed by the A2'.o1an. golan struggle for hideLeadr .Piiiidet Eduarpeadence. from Pbrtugues.

' f* dos Santos,- greatly~sp. J nle-whO14e they saw reh, preciated .Gha~aia'a partcWc&d.ibmetoe the

role-of Captain ,Kojo T&.' ...Ha-said tue .delegation, kata uiong 6tlisra such, as received 'a standing o6va- Jgrijesto Che Gaevara.

tio~n for Ghana's declara- 'H~e sai'd t~[le''rgaition. tion-that the defence-of the was able tove7 otof

-Aigolan Re4volutoion -is_ ther airfare. by re;-routing. viewed in.Ghana -witlrthe- theirtrp Theiamount is to- soame seriousness as -the ertretocstdefece th o Th 6:naa Pobit af Couneqi.- :Revolution. bL~CkAsai x Mr Anrue.A-gYei-,seid pres .sed hi.s -uatiifactioft' .that the delegation' which -ihte~eeains~r

inludd is Rebecc formiance u*nd said. he wil Okaailii jersonl;;of exec a ulwit -rpr .the Aiccun Civil f tevstbyteedo rte~ 

Prmichio. alaoW-Neld- 'th~e weeLs.

/9317

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12
GHANA

LECTURER LAMBASTS WESTERN FOOD. AID,.CHILD AID PROGRAMS

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 14 Feb 87 pp 1, 5

[Article by Lloyd Evans and Seth Adzotor]

[Text] - POLICY-MAKERS in the count 'ry have

been ealled upon to take a critical look

at FPood for Peace" programmes of

sohie Western states to ensure that such

progrinmes do not negate the country'9i

own ascricultural policies.

Poljgy-makers should~therefore institute a study group or a c6mnmittee to study in greater details thv extent of the national commitment to "Food for PeAce" a~nd thlj

reliance on foreign sobiirs of foodi generally.

Dr Akrofi .Dzietror. lec'turer at the Depaitment of Cro

Science. Universit~y of Ghana. Legon, who made this cal

at the Itnter-Facu Ity lecture organised by the University

last Thu rsday night, -expressed fears that food aid projects that have beeýh iiiitiWfed and carried out, might not have'

*been (lone-.upon adequate sober and critical reflections.

Dr Dzintro'r. who spok onte oic "Food Aid:. A trojan

horse in commouflage clothing", pointed out tilat if the'

nation does ii~iiserio'usty address. itself to the effect of, rood aid., -a day wvill borne when the nation woutld ia~4 to, eicchange her cocoa for food. Ile said the time has now come to r~deaiin our agricul- tural programmes to off-set the problems inherent in food aid programmes. stressing that ",we should. try as much as. possible to take control of our own agricultural develop- iflents".

He sqaid mech-anisaktion of agric~ultuj.re canbe initiaiteda

various levels of farming but-in *httempting to integritte 'hat into tfle nation~s-*gricultur.al programmes, efforts

.shiould 6e made not to choose sophisticatted method.- which *ill he above the undelRsfanding of peasant farm- ers.

Dr Dzietror said food aids are supposed Ito help) rheeloping nations to develop their own agricultur-il pr-(, grafihmes andI become more self-suffif.i,j,t in fos(Il p duction but invariably, that rather makes devetloping countries become so dependent onl foreign food aid inil, detriment of the development of their owti agiriui1,liuiaI

programmes.

13
The lecturer expressed the opinion that the purpose of the food aid

programmes, especially from the United States, is to get developing

countries to move to American foods thereby making developing countries

heavily dependent on United States agricultural exports.

He said a good fraction of U.S. food donation passes through the World

Food Programme (WFP) with the greater portion channelled into the hands of

so-called voluntary and philanthropic agencies such as the Catholic Relief

Services, Seventh-Day Adventist Relief Services and the Lutheran World

Relief Services, all based in the United States.

He disclosed that another voluntary agency programme which is catching up

fast with Third World countries and is more dangerous than food aid is

the child sponsorship programme known as the Christian Child Fund Incorporated.

He said that programme is designed in such a way that children from Third

World countries are depicted on U.S. Television screens as the most uncared

for.

Through the same programme, advertisements appeal to U.S. citizens and

other persons to help sponsor a child at $20 per month.

The sponsors are then put in direct contact with their wards and are

encouraged to send food gifts and clothing frequently to them.

A dossier is then kept by the agencies on each child's relationship with

his or her sponsors.

The whole concept, Dr Dzietror pointed out, is to create a situation where

America exerts significant influence on the growth of those Third World

children when they have benefited from such sponsorship.

The end result, he said, would be the creation of a large number of people

in the Third World countries who would turn to place higher premium on

American values than on their own national values.

By such a scheme, a new device of remote control has been put in place to

advance the manipulation and exploitation of Third World countries, he

added.

/9317

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14
GHIANA

MERCURY DEPOSITS DISCOVERED AT ALAVANYO

Accra GHAIAIAN TIMES in English 17 Feb 87 pp 1, 3

[Text]

kARGE deposits of mercury

ave: been discovered in the

Alavanyo area of the Volta

Rego...

The, Mining Zug~iiering -0o~

parlpent of the University of

Science and Technology Is

currently -carrying 'ýtt re.

search work on bo ibest the

mineral; c be aploived. SSource close jo UST said in

ainterview here Yesterday,

that the Department of GeologY anid Survey had completed

mineralogical studies at the

mercury, bearing sand in the

arex.

The source said the departJAeMt had. through its research

Pofw ,..-assisted in the mtroductton of the electjrnuse of explosives at the Tar•

kwa and Prestea Gold Mines

to reduce blasting hazards.

It had also helped in the

improvement of ventilation

facilities at the-Tarkwa mines.

Besides the introduction of

petroleum engineering in the

course structure for mining

engineering students, the

source said, the ocean mining

syllabus had been revived to

include alluvfal mining -to

offer the studens a commre.

heusive wd dlversind know.

ledge in all aspects of mining.

/19312

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15
GHANA

AFRAM PLAINS COTTON PURCHASING SEASON BEGINS

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 12 Feb 87 p 1

[Article by Lloyd Evans]

[Text] PURCHASES of He said this is in additonnes of cotton tion to an initial sum of

harvested by farm- C70 million released to

r the o Afram GCC for initial purchases. erson tpeaking in an interview Plains in the Ea' ai. Fori-'Fori.,*T.O.l•,nk.

stern Region have rah.Managing Director of

commenced in GCC-.who supervised the

earnest by the purchases. said all efforts would be made by his otutGhana Cotton fit to cart all the cotton

Company (GCC), produced in the area.

the sole buyer. He said the GCC hoped The purchases .to purchase abdut 125 ton-- nes of cotton from the

which started on Plains which alone cultiSunday evening are. vated about 100 hectares of,

expected to end in cotton last year.

three weeks' time. Asked how much the

.On Monday e~ening rive GCC purchases will from be spending the Plains, on

trucks, fully loaded with Mr Ankrah fsaid t 3.7 ailpurchased cotton left Fo- lion will be spent and a rifori, the main cotton lion w e spen ad producing centre for the pamnthtea wilk t0

gi.nneries. S....fect round payment. within a week to efIn the February 4 issue Mr Adfc ah said the of this paper, it was re- Mr a h said the

ported that tonnes of cot- company buys coton from

ton harvested by farmers five areas

in the Afram Plains since These are the north east,

-last November had not north west, northern,

been bought by thAGCC. north central and the

The cotton was-*packed southern sectur wnich inonithe rooms ofkthe 'ai-mers cludes Senya and Afram

who were forced to sleep Plains.

outside. Speaking in another inLater at a press confe- terview, the local cotton

rence, Commodore Steve chief;farmer'atjFori-! Fri.

Obimpeh, Secretary for- Kwabena Grunshie, 55,

- Agriculture, disclosed that- said he cultivated two hecthe government.had made tares, of cotton and. ex- available. (1 100 million pressed his appreciation to

through the Ghana Com, the GCC for coming in at

•mercial Bank (GCB) for long last to purchase.what

the purchase of cotton in "they have- asked us to

all growing areas. produce."

/9317

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16
GHANA

GOVERNMENT TO RESTOCK NATIONAL LIVESTOCK STATIONS

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 19 Feb 87 p 1

[Article by Anthony Tawiahi

[Text]

TH-EGovernment is-top

restock all the 32 na- oftime been so disturbed

tional livestock sta- henRion Rural Inte- about the retrogressive

tions throughout the grated Programme situation of. the-livestock

country under the (NORRIP) are to be de- business and related the

Ghana-Guinea-Malr livered. new policy to the situaJoint: G'Mr Commission Commodore- tion, calling on all perJroint CMensph explained that sonnel in the establishProgramme.

The restocking exerci- to ensure remarkable ment to.support the po- se is aimed at increasing gains in the livestock bu- licy. the protein requirement siness, a new policy that h District's Animal

of the country. lays emphasis on the Husbandry Officer, Mr

This. was, disclosed by shift from the reliance on Roland T. Aloriba, told

Mr E. M. Commodore- government subvention the-Under Secretary that

Mensah, Undel Secre- to the self-sustaining po- the station has establishtary for. Agriculture in- licy is being implement- ed a 10acre millet farm

charge. of Livestock, ed. " to supplement the grazwhen he visited the Ani:. ing requirement of the

.mal Husbandry Station Under the nevipolicy, animals in addition to

at Bimbilla as part of a all the stations would be, the provision of a bore-

"Station. Study Tour" of encouraged to aim at hole water pump to

livestock farming areas. breaking even using some supply water to the aniin-the Northern Region. locally available resour- mals during the dry sea--

As a first step; 1,000 ces and initiative instead son.

"Ndame" breed, of cattle'- of relying on the central Mr Commodoreare expected in the government. - Mensah was conducted

country soon. These will - Furthermore, all sta- around the region by the

be distributed to the var- tions will be requested to Under Secretary .for

ious stations to help up- specialise in only one Agriculture in-charge of

grade the local.breed-,. area of livestock farming the Region, Mr Adam

Six thousand sheep re to ensure a more smooth Kaleem, Regional Vetealso expected from Gree- operation and maximum rinary Officer, Dr

ce, Barbados and. attention for the ani-, Agyen-Frimpong and

BurkinatFasof while-1 amain. some top officials of the

furtherherd of 100 "ZE- .He said the govern- Department of Animal

BUS" under a breeding ment has for a very long Husbandry.

/9317

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17
LESOTHO

REAL POWER BEHIND MILITARY COUNCIL ANALYZED

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 21 Jan 87 pp 2-3

[Excerpts]

The signing in November of the Highland Water Desmond Sixishe and Vincent Makhele (AC Vol 27

Project Treaty between Lesotho and South Africa No 24). Out of all Jonathan's cabinet, these two

will bind Lesotho to its giant neighbour more closely were the closest to the ANC. Eye-witnesses say their

than ever. The treaty allows for greater security murderers were military, as in other similar cases.

cooperation between the two countries. This is a This set the scene for the Highlands Water Project

logical follow-up to the coup of January 1986. Treaty. Lesotho is to sell its water, one of its few

Pretoria's problem was how to. engineer Jon- exports other than people, to South Africa. It will

athan's downfall with as little fuss as possible and be used by industry in the Vaal triangle in return

how to establish a new government without it becom- for cash and hydro-electricity. This means that one

ing an international pariah. The South African of the nerve centres of South African industry will

government hit on the idea of a border blockade to be at the mercy of Lesotho. Hence the treaty also

bring the country to its knees. It worked. The army involves closer security cooperation. Indeed the signing of the treaty was postponed until South Africa

took power while King Moshoeshoe II remained was satisfied that the ANC was well and truly

Head of State. The King had always wanted real unwelcome in Lesotho. The operation of the hitpower, and had never accepted Jonathan's idea of squads should be seen in that light. The South

a constitutional monarchy. The new government African and Sotho security forces now have joint

quickly promulgated Order Number Four banning security committees and South African security can

politics outright. even set up in Lesotho itself to protect South African

Pretoria insisted to Lekhanya's new government interests.

that, if it wanted the borders reopened to traffic, it Although South Africa will do anything to protect

must expel ANC members. It did. The Sotho authori- the friendly government of Lesotho, the position is

ties promised to accept refugees from South Africa, unstable. The ANC will continue to use Lesotho

but said they would transmit them to third countries whatever the government says. It is also clear that

for their own safety. Between June and August 1986, Lekhanya, chairman of the Military Council and

three ANC members were shot dead in Lesotho. Council of Ministers, is not in charge. The real

Two others, including the ANC representative Simon powers are two brothers within the Military Council,

Makhetha, were abducted and have not been heard Thaabe and Sekhobe Letsie. They stay behind the

of since. The Christian Council of Lesotho received scenes and leave Lekhanya to face the public. Trainreports that ANC refugees were being interrogated ed by British officers at Sandhurst, and cousins of

and tortured by South African security police inside the king, they are overtly pro-South African. They

Lesotho's jails. The general secretary of the Christian were instrumental in organising the January coup

Council and his wife were deported from Lesotho and coopting Lekhanya as a front man.

for reporting this to a South African newspaper. But the Military Council is now seriously divided.

The government of Lesotho denies any knowledge Some members on the far right are being blamed

of pro-South African death squads in the country, for the death squads. It is clear that comparative

but the death squads continue to operate. Their latest left-wingers in the Council of Ministers, such as

victims are two of Jonathan's senior ex-ministers,

18
Michael Sefali and Khalaki Sello, both former members of the Lesotho Communist Party, will find it

difficult to continue in the government. There are

strong indications too that the king, wanting more

power for himself and cultivating an image as a

liberal, will not go too far down the road towards

becoming a South African bantustan. Nor will he

associate himself with the ultimata delivered by

Lekhanya to the numerous Basotho mineworkers to

stay out of South African trade unions. Basotho

shopping in Bloemfontein these days are getting their

car tyres slashed. Some have been necklaced in

retaliaton for their government's collaboration with

South Africa.

Recently, five former members of Jonathan's

party have been arrested on suspicion of plotting to

overthrow the Military Council. Jonathan's son-inlaw, ex-ambassador to China Chaka Ntsane, was

also held. There are reports that former members of

Jonathan's Basotho National Party are being trained

in North Korea. The King, who is ambitious for

power, might yet emerge as the leader of a new

government, but will need to distance himself further

from the military men to do so. Most Basotho seem

glad that the political persecution of Jonathan's days

has gone. They are unlikely to accept killings under

the new government any more than they did under

Jonathan. The only section of the population able

to square up to the government is the Basotho

migrant workers. Their role will be important too

/12828

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19
LESOTHO

BRIEFS

LEADERS SEEK ADVISORY COUNCIL INCLUSION--Maseru, 25 February, SAPA--Leaders of

the five political parties in Lesotho have appealed to the military government

of Major General Metsing Lekhanya for all political parties in the country to

be represented in the government's proposed advisory council, SABC news reports

from Maseru. In a statement released today the leaders of the five parties said

the parliament of nominated members should be formed to prepare the country for

the return to civilian rule and that a general election should be held within

12 months. General Lekhanya toppled the government of Chief Leabua Jonathan

in a coup in January last year and placed a ban on political party activities.

[Excerpt] [Johannesburg SAPA in English 1306 GMT 25 Feb 87 MB] /12232

JAPANESE FOOD AID--The governments of Lesotho and Japan today signed an agreement on food aid totaling 1.4 million maluti for the supply of wheat. The

signing took place at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Maseru. The ambassador

of Japan to Lesotho, His Excellency Masatoshi Ota, signed on behalf of the

Government of Japan; while the minister of foreign affairs, The Honorable

L.B. Monyake, signed on behalf of the Government of Lesotho. [Excerpt]

[Maseru Domestic Service in English 1600 GMT 5 Mar 87 MB] /8309

CSO: 3400/183

20
MOZAMBIQUE

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR DESCRIBED

Dakar AFRIQUE NOUVELLE in French 21 Jan 87 pp 19-21

[Article by Bernard Couret: "Mozambique Surviving"; first paragraph is introductory material]

[Text] In Beira, the Dom Carlos Hotel stands facing the ocean. In the "good

times" the upper crust of the Mozambican and Rhodesian colonization met their

SouthAfrican "cousins" there. It is a dream place, with immense beaches and

palm trees.

Reminders of its past splendor are magnificent tiles of turquoise blue earthenware--azulejos--that decorate the walls of the veranda, and two old suits of

armor flanking the entrance to the grand lounge. It costs you 500 francs

(25,000 CFA francs) per night to sample its "charms." The porter conducts you

to your room, an oil lamp in his hand, and wishes you good night. When we expressed our astonishment at the prices charged, the manager replied with a

shrug of his shoulders, "What can you expect, it's the war; here everything

comes by plane."

The editor of the DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE (a Beira daily), Antonio Botelho Moniz,

reported, without pleasure: "The situation is serious," he said. For several

weeks, the "armed bands" of the RENAMO (National Mozambique Resistance, or

RNM) have been launching a triple offensive from southern Malawi toward the

provinces of Tete, Niassa and Zambezia. Ten thousand men have been engaged in

these operations, which has ended for the moment in occupation of small localities, generally without consequences. Once these places have been pillaged,

the "armed bands" fall back to appear somewhere else. It is difficult, under

these conditions, to face things effectively. You expect them here, they

strike somewhere else. You can't say they have any front, as in a classic

war."

For many observers, there is no doubt that the objective of these large-scale

operations is to make.sure of the control of the "Beira corridor," which wou-id..-.---

make it possible to cut the country in half. Some.30O--kilometefs in length, it

crosses the center of Mozambique and allows Zimbabwe to be opened up.

Three links close to each other form the "corridor": a highway, a railroad

and an oil pipeline, protected by nearly 5,000 Zimbabwean soldiers. The pipeline, which was closed during the embargo against the Rhodesian regime, was not

21
reopened until 1982. Its capacity is 1 million tons per year. Traffic in the

port of Beira has diminished from 4 million tons in 1965 to 1.3 million last

year, mainly because of deficiencies in maintenance service and the shortage of

spare parts. However, the Macuti channel, which connects the port with the

ocean, has been dredged and the port is slowly resuming its activities. As for

the highway, riddled with hens' nests and sometimes completely swept away by

the rains; not much merchandise travels on it. Finally, the train's efficacy

is limited because of the narrower-gauge railway lines in the region, its winding track which slows traffic down and the sinking ballast.

One hope might arise from the regional and international effort to restore the

port of Beira and its "corridor." *The donor countries, meeting last October in

Brussels, committed themselves to dedicating at least $200 million to the project. The entire renovation operation is estimated to cost $500.million. The

plan provides for rebuilding, to begin with, 4 of the11 landing stages, followed by deepening the channel.(8 meters), building cold rooms for beef from

Zimbabwe and new warehouses for tobacco, cotton and sugar ($110 million).

This modernization plan, which is vital for Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi, 90

percent of whose traffic currently transits by way of South Africa, also includes repairing the railroad, purchasing new locomotives, as well as installation of a new communications system ($50 million) and other projects (aid to

the populations, telecommunications) representing about $20 million. The objective for 3 years hence is to have 7,000 to 8,000 tons of merchandise a day

transit by way of the corridor, compared to 3,000 tons at present. Getting

these infrastructures under way would not only make it possible to restart

trade and transportation, but could make some industrial sectors dynamic again

and create jobs.

Like any guerrilla army, the RENAMO gets the most it can, especially in the center of the country, out of land that is suited for ambushes and sabotage. It

does not have the means to get a•longl-term foothold in.the towns, from which it

would definitely be flushed out. But,,.its presence.near the main roads alone--

communications are vital for this 3,000 km-long country--paralyzes the economic

life of the central regions. People have lost count of the incidents of sabotage of commercial centers, destruction of harvests, diversion of foodstuffs,

seeds and consumer goods useful for maintaining a minimum production, the cutting of communication lines disturbing the distribution of food aid and the

massacres of the populations. In the province of Zimbabwe alone, one of the

most fertile countries, 270,000 persons have fled their own regions to place

themselves under the protection of the authorities.

Discontented Peasants

Unless South Africa changes its opinion about the RENAMO, this disguised war

may yet last for a long time. Meanwhile, defense is absorbing more'than one

third of the state's budget. Which is enormous for a nation with limited resources. The RENAMO's political inconsistency is its principal weakness. Its

simplistic anticommunism takes the place of a program, the whole thing accompanies by a few vengeful slogans. It has no proper ethnic base to enable it to'

strengthen its implantation. Mozambique's tribal dispersion partially explains

this deficiency; it also recruits by force while terrorizing villagers.

22
Mozambican authorities are aware of the danger represented by the RENAMO.

Samora Machel (cf. CJN "Growth of Young Nations" 289 p 11) in several of his

speeches estimated that two factors were behind its activities: the South African determination to destabilize his country, but also the mistakes and failures committed by the FRELIMO (the party in power) since independence, especially in rural areas. It is true that, without the discontent felt by many peasants with regard to certain local party officials, the RENAMO would have been

unable to find any support in certain strata of the populace. The former president more than once blamed the FRELIMO leaders in the provinces for being arrogant, inefficient and corrupted. Unfortunately, things do not seem to have

changed much.

Serious Problems

On the other hand, no secret should be made of the fact that there are serious

logistical problems and problems of management and control within the army,

where the desertions are numerous. It is difficult, under such conditions, to

effectively confront the RENAMO forces, who have sophisticated weaponry at

their disposal.

In the meantime, Mozambique is in a state of survival. The cost of the damage

caused directly or indirectly by Pretoria to the Mozambican economy, far exceeds $5 million. One hears talk today of sanctions against South Africa and

the reprisals South Africa might exert against its neighbors. The truth is,

however, that Pretoria is applying sanctions and retaliatory measures against

Mozambique, and.has been doing so since Mozambique became independent. In 10

years, the traffic of merchandise transiting by way of the port. of Maputo has

diminished by 84 percent. The decrease in the number of Mozambican workers

who are working in South Africa, chiefly in the mines, is illustrated by an

earnings loss of $568 million and the arrival on the labor market of nearly

100,000 unemployed.

When South African intervention w. transformed into straightforward aggression,

the result was the destruction of sugar and tea works, sawmills, electric power

lines and lines of communication. The Limpopo railroad line, which would normally be capable of carrying merchandise from the Bulawayo region in Zimbabwe

to Maputo, has been closed since 1984 and the last train transporting coal from

Moatiz, in the province of Tete, to Beira, was stopped in 1982. In 11 years of

war, I was assured by several humanitarian sources, this hidden war has killed

nearly 100,000 Mozambicans.

"The fight continues." Today, as yesterday., the old FRELIMO slogan is still

the order of the day. But its ability to mobilize has been singularly blunted

through the years. In Maputo, the capital, as in all of the country's large

cities, the problem of food overrides everything else. To fight the black market, prices of agricultural products were eased in May 1985, in order to encourage production and sales on the legal markets.

These measures, positive as they are, have not made it possible to reduce the

black market. In Maputo's central market, tomatoes are selling at 100 meticals

a kilogram, lettuce at 300, carrots 250 and a kilogram of potatoes from Swaziland for over 1,000 meticals (footnote 1) (1 metical = 0.17 French francs).

The average wage is around 6,000 meticals per month.

23
In 15 years of war, the unofficial economy, which is called Cadonga, has become a veritable institution through which passes a large part of the trade.

Following the example of the celebrated "Nana Benzes" of Lome or Cotonou, some

merchants have built real fortunes through clever speculation.

"Samora is dead, but there is a country to be built, a plan to be continued, a

dream to made.an actuality," the pro-government daily NOTICIAS wrote shortly

before the tragic disappearance of the "father of the revolution." The RENAMO,

sponsored by Pretoria, hastened to rejoice at Samora Machel's disappearance,

declaring, "We are happy to learn this. Samora Machel was the main obstacle to

peace!" While it was at it, the NOTICIAS hastened to. add that "the end of the

war wasnever so close."

RENAMO leaders seem to be taking their wishes for reality and failing to take

several factors into account. It is undeniable that by bludgeoning Mozambique

South Africa has been completely successful in maintaining the region's. state

of dependency. But that "success" is threatened today by the international action that is developing in favor of a serious relaunching of the Mozambican

economy in many sectors, the rehabilitation of the "Beira corridor",being one

illustration.

On the other hand, several observers have noted a relative change of attitude

on the part of Pretoria toward Mozambique and its neighbors. To what is this

due? It is unarguable that the sanctions decided upon by the European Community, the divestment campaign by the large international firms, which is going

to grow, the increased calls by independent states for sanctions, will ultimately weigh heavily in the balance. ..Not to mention the fact that Pretoria

will have much more trouble bypassing them than Ian Smith.

And then, we learned that 24 hours before Samora Machel's death, the United

States charge d'affaires in Pretoria, at his request, was received by an official of the South African Foreign Affairs Ministry, to let him know that

Washington was against any destabilization of Mozambique's regime. That move,

which.remained unknown until now, had been made jointly by the United States,

Great Britain-and the Federal Republic of Germany.

It is certain that the Westerners, to whom.Samora Machel had grown somewhat

closer in recent years, do not intend to. see the region's geostrategy overthrown. The signing of the Nkomati pact, by which South Africa and Mozambique

pledged not to support armed resistance movements against each other, convinced

more than one person that Samora Machel was an element of relative stability in

this "highly sensitive" region.

In this context, the election of Joaquim Chissano as president of the Republic

becomes even more valuable. Thus continuity seems to be prevailing. Of

course the new president has reaffirmed the regime's Marxist-Leninist orientation, adding however that the party was to take into account "the political and

economic realities of the region." It seems, however, that the majority of the

leaders know that the time for change has come. A reason for hope must be

given again to a populace weary of so many trials. It is undoubtedly for this

that Joaquim Chissanowas chosen.

8946

CSO: 3419/95 24
MOZAMBIQUE

FINANCE MINISTER ADDRESSES FISCAL POLICY

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 17 Feb 87 p 1

[Text] Starting this year, tax collections will be conducted more rigorously,

to impose stricter discipline on the taxpayers and to ensure the collection of

more revenues for the state. The statement was made yesterday by Finance

Minister Abdul Magid Osman, in the closing session of the seventh national

seminar on Execution of the Fiscal Policy.

The participants in the seminar were instructed to attach the property of

delinquent taxpayers or, in the case of tax evaders, to conduct public auctions, if necessary, in the establishment of the taxpayer himself.

Meanwhile, the Finance Ministry has announced a series of measures, still under

study, severely penalizing debtors and also educating taxpayers on the need for

prompt payment.

"When the state gives itself the luxury of allowing some individuals not to pay

their taxes, when a state does not impose penalties on the delinquents, then

that state is not going to be strong," said Minister Abdul Magid.

"There is no reason for people to discuss whether or not they should pay their

taxes. It is a law approved by the People's Assembly," he declared.

As the finance minister explained, the purpose of the tax is to enable the

state to guarantee the existence of the sovereign organs (courts, police, the

army), as well as such essential services as education and health.

Reduce Deficit

One of the great goals which the Finance Ministry proposes to achieve this

year is to reduce the budget deficit which has afflicted the government in

recent years.

At this time, the finance minister said, about 100 million contos' worth of

business is conducted on the unofficialmarket, with huge profit margins that

are not taxed by the government.

25
"For this reason, the tax collection machinery must be fully functioning, on

one hand, to close off a major field of action to the speculators and, on the

other hand, to see that most of the profits are absorbed by the state treasury,"

he observed.

Hence the imperative need to give the tax assessor greater authority. The

economic recovery program in progress in the country even calls for increasing

the professionalism of the personnel in the sector, who should not give in to

any challenge of the fiscal operations.

Tax Collection Section Best Equipped

In an analysis of his ministry by section, Abdul Magid made a point of stressing

that, at this moment, the section which is best meeting its responsibilities as

a source of revenues for the state is undoubtedly the tax section.

"It is stronger than the other sections of the Finance Ministry," he said,

adding that it had shown a concern to make the machinery function properly.

Minister Abdul Magid reminded those present that they could not use "political"

arguments to justify a failure to do their job. "The provincial director of

finance should talk about the financial situation in the province and leave

issues related to agriculture to the respective official," he remarked.

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26.
MOZAMBIQUE

BANK OF MOZAMBIQUE GOVERNOR EXPLAINS NEW METICAL DEVALUATION

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 14 Feb 87 p 8

[Text of interview with Eneas Comiche, governor of the Bank of Mozambique, by

NOTICIAS, date and place not given]

[Text] Eneas Comiche, governor of the Bank of Mozambique, considers that the

purpose of the recent adjustment of the exchange rate of the metical in relation to the principal convertible currencies is to halt the deterioration of

real receipts from exports. Speaking yesterday in an exclusive interview with

NOTICIAS, Comiche added that the measure should help to correct the existing

financial imbalances, to create the conditions for increased production and

employment in the export sectors and to stimulate foreign investment here,

particularly direct foreign investments. Following is the full text of the

interview with the governor of the Bank of Mozambique.

NOTICIAS: Mr Governor, could you explain to us what led our government to

adjust the metical exchange rate? What advantages does this new rate offer

for the country?

Governors In relation to the principal convertible currencies and the currencies of Mozambique's principal trading partners, too much value was given

to the metical.

This real overvaluation in the exchange rate was the result of significant

differences between the domestic rate of inflation and those of countries

with which our country trades, differences which were not considered in the

adjustments to the exchange rate.

The growth of domestic inflation drove up the cost of production for export

goods. This situation, which has existed since the beginning of the decade,

diminished the value of the revenues from exports, relative to the amount that

would have been obtained if the exchange rate were at the proper level,

particularly for those sectors which were having difficulty placing their

export products.

The adjustment of the exchange rate is not an isolated measure. It is one of

a series of measures contained in the Economic Recovery Program LPRE] which'

we are carrying out.

27

/
Thus, the advantagesof the new exchange rate for the country are to be found

in the combination of advantages of the PRE.

The PRE will enable us to stanch the hemorrhage of our economy, as his

excellency, the president of the republic, said on various occasions.

The exchange rate adjustment makes it possible to halt the deterioration of

real export receipts in meticals. This will help to correct the existing

financial imbalances, to create the conditions for increased production and

employment in the export sectors and to encourage foreign investment in

Mozambique, particularly direct foreign investments.

The adjustment of the exchange rate will also enable us to rationalize

our imports; that is, we will import only what is strictly necessary for the

functioning of the sectors contemplated in the PRE.

The effect of the exchange rate adjustment on exports and imports will contribute to the gradual equilibrium of the trade balance, which, in conjunction

with the regulation of the outflow of money, will permit a reduction in the

balance of payments deficit.

NOTICIASs Governor, in your opinion, what aspect of the nation's economic life

will be most affected by the devaluation of the metical? What form will this

impact take?

Governors The impact of the devaluation will be felt most strongly in the

foreign trade activities.

The exportable goods and services which we will be able to place abroad will

bring an improvement in real export revenues, in meticals, making the companies

in this sector more profitable, which will be an incentive to increase production and producivity.

Imports will cost more in meticals and this will call for more economical and

rational use of the scarce foreign exchange at our disposal.

We hope that the impact of the exchange rate adjustment will also be seen in

direct foreign investments, because of the encouragement it will give to

businessmen.

If I understand correctly what you are asking about the impact of the devaluation, I would say that it will mean both benefits and costs.

We believe, however, that the benefits from the combination of PRE measures

outweigh the costs.

The benefit of the combination of measures is to return to the trend toward

economic growth, to create the bases to resume economic growth, with the

accompanying growth of income, employment and well-being.

NOTICIAS: Governor, by making foreign exchange more expensive, the adjustment

of the exchange rate will call for a certain austerity in spending it. Is this

one of the objectives of the measure?

28
Governors As I said before, the devaluation has several implications which,

in combination with the other PRE measures, will have favorable repercussions

on the economy

It is true that the exchange rate adjustment will make foreign exchange more

expensive, calling for more austerity in foreign exchange expenditures. This

implies more rational and disciplined importation of goods and services, which

is necessary, considering the exchange problems facing the country. This

austerity will not, however, mean sacrificing the sectors given priority in the

PRE.

I should noV that, because of the inelasticity of Mozambican imports, which

are at very low levels, we do not expect a reduction in the quantity and value

of imports paid for with foreign exchange. On the contrary, the PRE foresees

higher levels of importation than we have now. To finance them, we are relying on additional support from the international community, in donations and in

the concession of cheap credit.

NOTICIAS: Mr Governor, what will be the short- and medium-range effects of the

devaluation of the metical on domestic inflation?

Governors At short range, the exchange rate adjustment will affect the price of goods and services, according to the size of the imported component. This

impact should be felt in products with components imported at the new exchange

rate, but will not affect "stocks" of goods with components imported at the

exchange rate in effect prior to 1 January 1987.

The impact cannot be analyzed in isolation, but rather within the recently approved price policy, which corrects the price imbalances which were observed

and which constitutes an incentive for production.

In this context, the impact on the prices of imported foods and services could

be seen as a result of the overvaluation of the metical in effect previously,

which was making the prices of imported goods too low.

The PRE has a series of fiscal and monetary measures which, at medium range,

will ensure price stability and contain and reduce inflation.

NOTICIASs Mr Governor, could you describe the role of the banks, and particularly the Bank of Mozambique, in the PRE?

Governors In the PRE, the role of the Bank is basically to implement the

monetary policy, credit and interest policy and exchange policy and to intervene in international monetary relations.

The Bank must mobilize and attract the financial resources that are temporarily

available and apply them to productive activities and investments; the Bank

must ensure that its lending will contribute to increased productivity and

production. The bank must guarantee control over the application of the credit

granted.

The Bank of Mozambique is drafting a Credit Plan which will assure the funding

to finance the production and investment contemplated in the PILE.

29
The Bank must rigorously control the concession of credit by the banking system, so that it will not exceed the established limits and will honor the

credit and interest policy defined by the government.

The Bank of Mozambique must exercise monetary control, so as to prevent an

increase in the money supply and to drain off the excess supply existing in

the economy, which is a factor in the pressure which demand is exerting on the

price system, principally -n the hon-official market

The Bank of Mozambique must also ensure implementation of an exchange policy

compatible with the growth of foreign trade and of international financial

relations.

The Bank of Mozambique must also help to bring in the foreign exchange resources

needed to ensure implementation of the PRE.

Considering its functions as the Central Bank, which are defined by law, the

Bank of Mozambique must act effectively within the framework of the PRE,

imposing greater rigor and discipline on the economic and financial matters

within its competence and making recommendations to the government regarding

the implementation of corrective measures and actions, so as to achieve

financial equilibrium and the goals of economic growth, price stability and

equilibrium in the balance of payments.

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30
MOZAMBIQUE

CANADIAN DELEGATION URGES INCREASED RSA SANCTIONS

MB221310 Maputo in English to Southern Africa 1100 GMT 22 Feb 87

[Text] JA delegation from Canada which has been visiting Mozambique has called

for increased Canadian sanctions against South Africa [2-second break in

transmission]. The delegation, consisting of representatives of political

parties, development agencies, antiapartheid groups, and the media, spent a

week in Mozambique and returned to Canada last night.

Speaking at a press conference in Maputo before leaving, delegation leader

Walter McClean, a member of parliament for the ruling Conservative Party,

presented a report on their mission. The report will be circulated in Canada

in an effort to win further support for Mozambique and the other Frontline

States. The report suggests three main areas of Canadian activity, the first

of which is increased sanctions against Pretoria. The report says apartheid

is the root of the problems in southern Africa. It went on to call for increased support for the Southern African Development Coordination Conference,

SADCC, in order to reduce the structural dependency of its member-states on

South Africa. As far as (2-second break in transmission], the report says

there is the need for coordination of the efforts of the dozens of governments

and nongovernment organizations which are already involved in various programs.

The report suggests that Canadian aid could then be concentrated in one specific geographical area, possibly the Beira corridor.

/12232

CSO: 3400/107

31.,
MOZAMBIQUE

MINISTER STRESSES IMPORTANT ROLE OF DISTRICT ADMINISTRATORS

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 17 Feb 87 p 1

[Text] Jose Oscar Monteiro, minister in the presidency for state administration, reiterated the important role which falls to the district administrators

in implementing the Economic Recovery Program at the respective territorial

levels. Speaking last week to district administrators in Lichinga, Oscar

Monteiro stressed that the execution of any small national or foreign investments must be authorized by the district administrators themselves.

As the minister explained, with regard to national or foreign investment conducted in any part of the-country, it is the district administrator who will

oversee the investment process and, in certain cases, will grant authorization

for the exploitation of these activities.

He added that the new method of procedure will give legal powers to the district

administrator so that he may actually plan and direct the economic process in

the respective part of the national territory.

At the same meeting, Minister Oscar Monteiro announced the measures calling

for payment of land use taxes, exempting the family sector, which will pay

no such taxes.

This exemption, the minister said, reflects the popular nature of our state,

but he pointed out that land held by the private farmer and used for other

purposes, including industrial use, would be taxed according to the provisions

of the Land Tax.

The Land Tax is not the principal form of income tax, because only a small part

of income from land use will be taxed, said Minister Oscar Monteiro.

The minister explained that part of the tax receipts will revert to the provincial budget, in an attempt to develop a sensitivity regarding money matters.

In the same meeting, the need was also noted for district administrators to be

stricter in the collection of taxes; in this regard, the minister declared that

the administrators who collect the most taxes will reveive a premium for their

work.

6362

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32.
MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

ARMED FORCES SUCCESSES--At lease 37 armed bandits were killed by the Mozambican

Armed Forces in Angonia District, Tete Province, during the first 2 weeks of

this month. The armed bandits were killed in the Chindeque, (Litoa), and

(Calomue) regions on 4, 6, and 14 February, respectively. A military source,

referring to the military operation carried out in (Calomue) in particular,

said that the armed bandits left behind 18 of their dead and carried away

other bodies toward Malawian territory. The military commander in the Angonia

District said that the bandits are now on the defensive, while the Mozambican

Armed Forces are continuing their cleanup operations. Most of the people who

had fled to Malawi after the attack against the Angonia District headquarters

last November have already returned and are engaged in agricultural and housing

rehabilitation. [Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 1030 GMT 20 Feb

87 MB] /12232

DOS SANTOS MEETS SAO TOMEAN COUNTERPART--The chairman of Mozambique's parliament,

the People's Assembly, Marcelino dos Santos, says Mozambique remains firm in

its decision to build socialism. Mr dos Santos was speaking in Sao Tome on his

way to Cape Verde. During the stopover he was met by his counterpart in Sao

Tome and Principe, Alda do Espirito. Mr dos Santos told Mrs do Espirito about

the move to train and arm the Mozambican people and to consolidate the strength

of the armed forces in order to fight South Africa's MNR terrorism. Current

provinces worst affected by MNR terrorism are Zambezia, Sofalo, Tete, and Nampula, all of which are in the center and northwest of the country.. Mr dos

Santos says the elimination of apartheid in South Africa demands the defense

of the victories of the Mozambican people, the strengthening of the armed

forces, as well as coordination of these with the other independent states in

the region. [Text] [Maputo in English to Southern Africa 1800 GMT 20 Feb 87

MB] /12232

BRIDGE DESTRUCTION CLAIMED--The RENAMO movement in Mozambique has again claimed

to have sabotaged the oil pipeline and railway line in the Beir corridor which

links Zimbabwe with the Mozambican port. In a statement released in Lisbon,

RENAMO says that Zimbabwe military aircraft accidentally destroyedn important

bridge linking northern and southern Mozambique while attacking rebel positions

along the Zambezi River. It says the pipeline and railway line were damaged

on Thursday and the power and water supply to Beira was also cut. RENAMO

spokesman says Mozambican and Zimbabwean troops suffered heavy losses. The

bridge mistakenly destroyed by the Zimbabwean aircraft was 4 km long and llinked

33
the towns of Sena and Mutarara. [Text] [Johannesburg Domestic Service in

English 1918 GMT 21 Feb 87 MB] /12232

APPEAL FOR CORN--Mozambique needs at least 400,000 tons of imported maize if

3 to 4 million Mozambicans are to avoid starvation this year. -Agricultural

experts told ZIANA yesterday that the maize would cost around 80 million

Zimbabwe dollars. The experts said the siutation is now desperate in some

parts of Mozambique, adding that Zimbabwe is the nearest and probably cheapest

source of food supply. The Mozambican ambassador to Zimbabwe, Comrade Francisco

Madeira, and other senior Mozambicans are now looking for a sign that food

will be shipped to starving people in the country. Hundreds of thousands of

these are children. A UN report which was issued recently clearly states that

the activities of the South African-backed RENAMO bandits are responsible for

the country's chronic agricultural and economic situation. [Text] [Harare

Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 23 Feb 87 MB] /12232

MOZAMBIQUE CLAIMS RSA INFILTRATION--On 5 February, South Africa infiltrated

250 armed bandits in the border areas of Massingir and Chicualacuala in Gaza

Province, THis was reported by Captain Quisito Charlito, chief [of] staff of

the border guard brigade stationed in Massingir. According to that officer,

South Africa helped to move a large number of armed bandits into the town of

Phalaborwa. They were later infiltrated into our country through Kruger

National Park and Skukuza to Gaza and Maputo Provinces. These bandits are

carrying out criminal actions along national Highway No 1, said Captain

Charlito. In the first 2 weeks of January, the Mozambican armed forces killed

12 armed bandits and destroyed 2 bandit camps in Mapulanguene and Macandezulo,

in Maputo and Gaza Provinces respectively. In their hasty retreat, the bandits

left behind their dead as well as war materiel, incluidng: basookas, mortar

shells, and ammunition, In this attack the Mozambican armed forces retrieved

goods stolen from the population, such as chairs, clothing', and 53 head of

.cattle. A Mozambican military source noted that the captured weapons had no

registration numbers of manufacturer identification, becuase the bandits removed it in an effort to make identification impossible. But the source added

that we still know where they get their weapons. [Text] [Maputo Domestic

Service in Portuguese 0400 GMT 24 Feb 87 MB] /12232

FOOD DISTRIBUTION IN ZAMBEZIA--The Department of Prevention' of and Fight Against

Natural Disasters in Zambezia Province is currently undergoing an internal reorganization to respond adequately to the present situation. Accordingly,

last December, it established branches in the districts of Mocuba, Nicuadala,

Macuse, Namacurra, Maganja da Costa, Pebane, and Ile. "In November, the distribution of food aid in the districts affected by the emergency situation

improved as compared to the month of October. However, it was only possible

to distribute about 12 percent of the targeted food aid. The main difficulties

in food distribution are lack of transport and absence of access roads in some

cases. [Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 0800 GMT 25 Feb 87 MB]

/12232

SUPPLY PROBLEMS IN NIASSA--The irregular functioning of trains carrying goods

from Nacala, shortage of transport, and problems of access roads in some districts, are factors which have had a negative effect in the supply of goods to

34
the people in Niassa Province. This was reported by the provincial trade

director when Governor Julio Almoco N'chola visited his office on 13 February.

On the same occasion, the governor was informed that Niassa possesses 309 private shops, 14 state shops, 127 consumer cooperatives, 40 restaurants, and

27 bars. [Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 0800 GMT 25 Feb 87

MB] /12232

DISPLACED IN NAMPULA--Nampula (Mozambique), 27 Feb. (AIM/PANA)--About

177,000 people in the Mozambican northern province of Nampula displaced by the

war waged by the South African backed MNR bandits are in urgent need of

assistance, announced the provincial director of the Disasters Control

Office (DPCCN), Raul Tomane, in Nampula city yesterday. Mr Tomane said that

the displaced people needed food, clothing and medicine, as well as seeds and

agricultural implements in order to restart farming. When their homes or

villages were destroyed by the MNR, they lost everything, including their

rudimentary tolls. There are displaced people in all districts in the province,

and major centres have been set up in four districts. Of the displaced,

2,900 have fled into Nampula from the district of Gile, in the neighbouring

Province of Zambezia. [Excerpts] [Dakar PANA in English 1725 GMT

27 Feb 87 MB] /8309

DISPLACED IN GAZA--More than 2,000 displaced people from various regions of

Gaza Province are presently living in the outskirts of Chokwe city as a result

of the drought and armed bandit action. The mayor of Chokwe told AIM that the

displaced people are being organized into agricultural activities. He added

that the famine situation in the Chokwe district is likely to be aggravated

due to the lack of rains, and that donations are being sent to areas where

relief aid is urgently needed. [Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese

1730 GMT 26 Feb 87 MB] /8309

RELIEF EFFORTS IN SOFALA--More than 160,000 people who have fled their houses

because of the drought and the South African-backed MNR banditry, have now

been reallocated places in Mozambique's central province of Sofala. The

natural disasters office has also given these people assistance consisting

of food, clothing, and production implements. This was disclosed in a meeting

of the Sofala provincial emergency commission held in Beira. The disasters

office has also received donations amounting 12,366 tons of several food products

last year. However, the report states only 50 percent of the affected population benefited from the assistance. The rest could not because of problems met

during the process of distribution. Problems of destroyed roads and bridges

and terrorism of the MNR have prevented the distributors from reaching the

Sofala districts of Chibabava, Cheringoma, and Marromeu. [Text] [Maputo

in English to Southern Africa 1800 GMT 26 Feb 87 MB] /8309

35
FOREIGN EXCHANGE NEEDED--Mozambique will need $195.7 million in foreign

exchange during 1987 to realize the goals of industry's economic rehabilitation program. This information was obtained by AIM from an authorized source.

Of that amount, $120 million will be used for raw material, $23.7 million for

spare parts, and $52.1 million for rehabilitation investments. According

to the government's economic rehabilitation program for the industrial sector,

it is expected that average growth will be 3 percent per year until 1990.

The growth amount for this year is estimated at about $133 million, if

prescribed goals are achieved. (Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese

0800 GMT 26 Feb 87] /8309

IRAN AIDS MBUZINI SURVIVORS--Yesterday in Maputo, cash contributions amounting

to $1,000 and others in the amount of 194,000 meticals were presented to the

Foreign Affairs Ministry by the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The

aid is meant for the families of victims of the Mbuzini tragedy of 19 October

1986, in which President Samora Machel and other members of his delegation

perished. The foreign currency was collected from Iranian citizens residing

here and the Mozambican currency represents a day's wages donated by Mozambican citizens employed at the Iranian Embassy. Daniel Mbanze, Mozambican

vice minister of foreign affairs, and Ahmad Naghmeh, charge d'affaires of the

Iranian Embassy in Maputo, presided over the presentation ceremony. On that

occasion, the Iranian charge daffaires said the gift was an expression of

solidarity with the families of the victims of the fateful event and, at the

same time, was meant to strengthen the ties of friendship and cooperation

between the two countries and peoples. Expressing thanks for the contribution,

Daniel Mbanze declared that its value cannot be measured in money, but in the

spirit of humanity and solidarity of the Iranians. The photograph [not

reproduced] records the moment when the vice minister of foreign affairs

accepted the donation from Ahmad Naghmeh in aid to the families of the Mbzini

victims. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 17 Feb 87 p 1] 6362

CSOi 3442/96

36
NAMIBIA

HNP LEADER ASKS BOTHA TO PROTECT WHITES

MB191511 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1510 GMT 19 Feb 87

[Text] Windhoek, 19 Feb (SAPA)--The leader of the Herstigte Nasionale

Party [Reformed National Party] in SWA/Namibia, Mr Sarel Becker, has asked

South Africa's state president, Mr P.W. Botha, to protect the territory's

whites from the actions of the transitional government, and to accord the

same respect as in South Africa to "own affairs" in SWA/Namibia.

In a telexed message to Mr Botha released by the HNP in Windhoek today,

Mr Becker said SWA/Namibian group rights were threatened, particularly

in the spheres of education and local government.

"The transitional government must yet learn that a group or community

appreciate that which they have established through toil and sacrifice,

and not that which fell into their laps."

Mr Becker said the proposed introduction in SWA/Namibia of workers day on

1 May as a public holiday "reeks of the communist May Day."

The SWA/Namibian transitional government announced earlier that traditional

South African public holidays such as Republic Day, Kruger Day and Day of

the Vow would be scrapped in the territory from next year.

The HNP leader said a government proposal to change the official name of

the territory to "Namibia" bordered on treason.

"Would you be gratified if the RSA's name was changed to Azania and you

were called an Azanian?" Mr Becker asked.

On local government, Mr Becker said the SWA/Namibian transitional government wanted to give the municipal vote to "everyone who can walk, talk

and light a fire" which would bring chaos to healthy local government.

The transitional government was also possessed "by a raging obsession"

to abolish Proclamation Ag 8 (1980) which provides for the institution of

second-tier ethnic.authorities in SWA/Namibia.

37
The proclamation "remains the only source of stability in this territory,

not the bill of fundamental rights which was introduced for political

purposes and not judicial purposes," Mr Becker said.

He asked the state president "urgently and seriously to protect us from

a government of which most members had little or no political experience

when the powers of government were off-loaded on them."

The multi-racial SWA/Namibian transitional government was inaugurated on

17 June 1985.

/9604

CSO: 3400/124

38
NAMIBIA

TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT ISSUES ACTION PROGRAM DRAFT

MB201813 Johannesburg THE STAR in English 20 Feb 87 p 10

[By Brendan Seery]

[Text] As it heads towards the second anniversary of its appointment by State

President Mr P.W. Botha, Windhoek's Transitional Government has plans to move

out from Pretoria's shadow and firmly establish its own independence and

identity.

The six-party coalition recently issued a draft of its "programme of action for

1987" which, it said, "could directly affect the life of virtually all inhabitants, as well as the country's position in the international community."

Main goals of the programme are:

-- Accelerating the name-changing process so that the official adoption of Namibia as the territory's name can be achieved by the end of the year.

-- The creation of a national flag and anthem.

-- The establishment of a Ministry of Internal Security, with a minister responsible for the South West Africa Territory Force (SWATF) and the police.

-- The establishment of a Ministry of International Cooperation and Development

to reflect "a substantial degree of formal autonomy in the conduct of foreign

relations."

-- An investigation into whether the current South African-promulgated division

of the country into separate "ethnic kingdoms" congravenes the Transitional

Government's own Bill of Fundamental Rights.

-- Nationwide, nonracial elections for local authorities by- the end of the year.

-- A review of tax legislation aimed at creating new jobs, new investments,

business growth and "the general welfare of society as a whole."

-- An investigation of the possible introduction of border control posts.

39
-- An investigation into the possibility of Namibia being granted special status

as a member of the Southern African Customs Union.

Although it would be incorrect to characterise the Transitional Government's

statement as a move towards its own "UDI," the programme is nevertheless a firm

declaration of intent to press for more freedom from South Africa in the months

ahead.

Significantly, the Windhoek politicans have made no bones about the fact that

they want control, or at least a major say, in the running of the crucial functions of defence and foreign affairs.

Under South African Government Proclamation R101 of 1985, which set up the

Transitional Government on 17 June of that year, the Namibians are specifically

prohibited from involvement in these two areas.

The South African have emphasised their control over these areas in a number of

ways in the past 21 months.

Military commanders from South Africa, including the former chief of the SWATF,

general Georg Meiring, have made it clear, too, that decisions about the deployment of the military are made in Pretoria. This despite the fact that the

SWATF administration is controlled in Windhoek.

In the programme of action, the Transitional Government states that the formation of the two ministries is necessary to given greater autonomy to Namibians.

In the case of foreign relations, it says: "The Cabinet wishes it to be

clearly understood that Namibia wishes to~speak for itself in matter affecting

its own future."

The creation of a Ministry of Internal Security would help, the programme says,

to "separate the command structures and legal identity of the SWATF from that

of the South African Defence Force, to create a truly national army."

Although the programme of action looks impressive on paper, exactly how much of

it gets implemented depends largely on the willingness of Pretoria to make

concessions.

The South African policymakers and strategists are unlikely to give the Namibians

more than token representation in the areas of defence and foreign affairs.

However, they must be aware that giving measures of autonomy to Namibians will

serve to boost the international image of the Transitional Government as an

alternative to the perceived radicalism of SWAPO.

Certainly, the programme of action as published will be good ammunition for

the coalition's foreign publicists to fire at their opponents overseas. And

it appears increasingly likely that the Namibian ministires will turn their

attention overseas as they struggle, often against their own internal ideological differences, to make real progress at home.

In any event, there is scant prospect of any concrete success being achieved

for the programme action before the results of the South African election are

known. The powers-that-be in Pretoria have more important matters than Namibia

on their minds-at present.

/12232 40

CSO: 3400/138
NAMIBIA

OPENING SCHOOL TO ALL RACES TERMED 'BREACH IN DYKE'

Windhoek THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER in English 11 Feb 87 p 1

[Article by Jean Sutherland ] fluency, age and formative levT t T E ADMINISTRATION for Whites el, physical and psychological

hasxt] opE ADMINITheI ne f preparedness, "normativehas[ opened the Swakopm nd English ethical preparedness

Medium Primary School to all races, but (religion)", available space,

previous scholastic record, cul- has stopped short of total 'normalisationi tural historic milieu, character,

by keeping the hostel doors locked to whether the candidate falls

blacks. into the school's natural

residential area, and a commitchairman of the White Admin ment to the schools rules.

Admission will also have to executive, Mr Kosie Pretorius. Candidates will also have to

comply with extensive guide- " want to make sure there wi a h

lines, and adhere to White Ad- warenot ty makcesur there. apply in writing,,and both p~arare not any catches again. • will have 10o .pply full deministration procedures. "But, after trying for at least tails of their race, rother IanThe Administration has also)ohrln eservedtherdinstoreonhsir a year-and-a-half something guage and other languages in

reservedtheri tho reconsider has been achieved:' Mr Junius whiici, they are fluint.

its decision to open the previ- said. .osl rcalylxluiv chol• said. lvMr.Pretor'ius~tqd'ay emiphaschool A statement this morning by M o oul acal-xcuiesiued that thle'whit' executive

to other races. 'Mr Pretbrius said the Swakop- sedmthte s'.hite ded its

The new arrangement Will mund English. Medium committee stll regar

come into effect "as soon as is Primary School will admit primary responsibility as

feasible" this year, and from "members of other population eproviding . ediiucation and

1988 the school will be convert- groups" this year already 'on fional fouiembers " th

ed into a secondary school certain conditions"'. first place" for members oliik

with a primary section. Hostel facilities will remain own gtoup.

Deputy Education Minister closed. The Swakopmund Ei-glisl

Piet Junius this morning "Where necessary parents Medium*Primary School %%a

hailed the move to 'open' the will be informed that there are the first whiteschool to appl:

first White Admin school as "a no hostel facilities for pupils of to throw its doors open to othc

breach in the dyke". other population groups,' Mr races.

"It's definitely setting a Pretoritis says.

precedent,' he said. The school will continue to Parents at Swakopmuund

Withtheharshlessons of the be administered, by the White dual medium 1-

past obviously, fresh in his Administration, and the open.- glish/Afrikaatns Seconda!

mind the deputy minister was, ing of the school will also re- school voted to keep the schot,

however, loathe to become too main subject to review by the 'all-white'.

euphoric before he hadstudied white executive committee.

"the full statement" by the Guidelines for monitoring

admission include: language

/12828

CSO: 3400/192

41
NAMIBIA

MILITARY CENSORSHIP SAID TO SERVE 'FOREIGN SELF-INTEREST'

Windhoek THE WINDHOEK OBSERVER in English 11 Feb 87 p 3

"But if you phone tme tomorrow morning, we'll make

[Article by Jim Freeman] astatemnent."

By Friday morning, lknewfromn my own sources that

another 29 insurgents have died in pre-eniptive opera- [T ext ] tions in southern Angola subsequent to the raid on

fIle South African governmnent miscalculated badly Swapo bases at Mongua. This brought to 201 the numnwhen it imposed the State of Emnergency and then bers of insurgents killed so far this year.

mutuzled thei media by introducing it plethora of press "No," said the PRO, "we aren't making any statecurbs. ment now, but if you phone on Monday morning ... "

Ilhe enem:'encl, did not really diminish the township Monday arrives. Over the weekend, another 15 inviolence in ihe Republic, and the gags on the newv)a- surgents have been killed.

pie' just ensured that the South A*frican governiment "No," says the PRO, "we haven't had official confirgot bad press throughout the rest of the world. ination qo that, but if you phone tomorrow..." No, I

Te. South ..'frican government should have been inay also not publish the 201 that we knew about on

inoresubtle. Assubtle, in fact, as the Namnibian adinini- Friday.

stration. Phone 1tmesday. "No, we are not making a statement

The autthorities in Windhoek saw no necessity for a tothy. But we will be publishing a statement on ThursState of Emnergency or a battery of silencing laws - lay. Phone us then."

the ,' instead appointed departinental Public Relations By that time, I inight not even be editor of the WindQOfficers. hoek Advertiser any niore!

The brilliance - the subtlety. But is thiv evasion really so clever?

You 've got to hand it to the mastermind of the sche- General Meyer and his senior olficers sit in Windine. First you tell the public: "K1 will keep you honestly hoek ordering surveillances on journalists and other

and reliably inforined on everything that affects your subversive elentents.

I/fe. All you have to do is speak to our PRO." The journalists and subversive elements are the peoThen .you tell the public relations officer never to be ple who do actually give a danin that Namnibians are

in his ofice, fighting, huddling terrified in shell-scrapes as MiGsfly

Then as contingency yoou tell the 'helpful' official. overhead their positions and sometitnes dying in soult-

"if vou are ever captured in your office by ajournalist, hern Angola or the north of this tcountry.

you iwill provide one of the two following answers; A nd while General Meyer and his senior officers are

a) 'AMy boss. f.'n whom I have to get the informnation sent here from Pretoria, it is Namnibians and the sons

ismnot it his office/is itlameeting and won't be available o'Namnibians who are waging the bush war. It is Namniuntil after y'our deadline' or bians in Owambo who suffer the brunt of intimidation

b) 'My boss is processing your inquiry attd will make antd terror"' mortar attacks and sabotage. a statemnent" May Namnibians not even know what is happening to

Tihe latter invariably fills after deadline and usually then?

in time fi)r screening on S 1'A BC-TV news. The State of Emergency does not apply in Nainibia.

Iha! 1bu think I jest? And while the need for mmilitary censorship is acknowThursday afternoon I dial the Territory Force wan.- ledged, this petty secrecy for its own sake is farcical.

ting to knoiw' the latest developments in the inifiltration. A mtilitary intelligence colonel told mie recently that

"I'm sorm,'" says the PRO, "but I don't have thie in- infiuture the Territory Force would talk only to the miefoirmation to hand. dia (and thus the public) when TIE Yfelt like doing so. What right do you people have to subvert a peoples'

wta; a peoples' armny, a peoples' victory or defeat to

/12828 Your unfieling foreign self-interest?

CSO: 3400/192 Because, ifit wasn'tfor the sons ofNamibia, General

AheYer, you would not have an army to play with.

42
NAMIBIA

MUDGE OPPOSES ELECTIONS 'BETWEEN DIFFERENT GROUPS'

Windhoek THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER in English 6 Feb 87 pp I

[Article by Jim Freeman]

[Text] NATIONAL PARTY leader Kosie

Pretorius is "playing with words" in his

challenge to an ethnic election of Mr Dirk

Mudge's Republican Party, and the bid to

go to the polls is more an attempt to

strengthen the Nats' hardline conser- Mr Mudge's reluctance to

vatism. grant a white election is under-

"standable on a party political

There is little chance of the Referring to the election basis too. With the focusof an .

Transitional Government challenge, Mr Mudge disputed NP election campaign being

heeding Mr Pretorius' call that he was'the focus of an NP the education issue, it is probayesterday for a white election; bid for outright supremacy in ble that the conservatives

agreement would mean an en- the White Legislative As- would return to the Assembly

trenchment of Proclamation sembly. with a considerably increased majority.

AG 8 - an item of legislation He added that the Nats

the TGprofesses to be doing its wanted an election because The majority of white

best to scrap. "internal problems" had left Namibians do not want to

Mr Mudge, Governmental the 'conservatives unsure of open the doors of their schools

Affairs Minister in the TG, told: their power base. to other races.

The Advertiser he "was not in The Advertiser regards the It is also only by way of an

favour of elections between, election bid as an attempt to election that the Nats will able

to renqye Mr van Zijl's followdifferent groups". 'purge' the NP of its more ver- o ev s

Jig elements in the Assembly - ers from their Assembly seats.

"Such elections will not have notablyEven if the three are dis- an effect on the future ohre of the notbl lowers of thec ousted reprte Agriculture fotreofth wudte missed from eal the party,. oocpthey

country. We cannot determine Minister Eben van Zijl. would then be able to occupy

the future on the basis of 1i , their positions as idependifferent elections.' With the Assembly already dents.

However, Mr Mudge wel- delicately balanced in

comed the Nat leader's positive representation betwcen the

response to the television de- Nats and the Republicans, the bate gauntlet he threw down votes of Mr Tinus Blaauw, Mr

earlier this week. Frans van Zyl and Mr Fanie

Filonel could be decisive in de-

/ 12828 termining the future of white

CSO: 3400/193 politics.

43
NAMIBIA

UNEMPLOYMENT COULD FORCE POOR TO MIGRATE TO WINDHOEK

Windhoek THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER in English 3 Feb 87 pp 1, 3

[Article by Jean Sutherland]

[Text] WINDHOEK CAN expect a flood of poor

people migrating to the capital following

rampant unemployment in Namibia's It has been done to increase rural' areas and smaller urban centres. understanding of Namibia's

r asmaller urban areas, especially

And, unless positive urbani- Small settlements are still in terms of overall urbanisasation.strategies are adopted, growing and the movement of tion and urban development.

Windhoek could wake up people to the towns could be. Appyoached for comment

one morning with a squatter accelerated in the future "with today on the report, Mr du

camp the size of Cape Town's dire consequences to employ Plessis said his findings tinder-

"Crossroads", according to a ment and housing condi- lined the need for appropriate

report by the National Build- tions...unless something is urbanisation and housing

ing and Investment Corpo- done", strategies..

ration. On the"push to the big city", "That is why we are fighting

Statistics gleaned from the the parastatal says a key factor for site and service schemes

NBIC's up-to-date "Profile of is the vast difference between (Among others)".

Smaller Urban Areas in Windhoek and non-Windhoek "Huge percentages of the

SWA/Namibia" point to an urban uqemployment figures. labour force in thessmaller setalarmingly high unemploy- The large income differen- :-tletnents are unemployed:' Mr

ment figure of around 50% in tial between Windhoek and du Plessis points out in the some parts of the country. other urban settlements point- report.

Another shock finding is ed towards "a massive movethat average household, in- ment to Windhoek which may towns because they perceive

comes are "generally insuffi- soon become a reality". their chances of finding better

cent to ensure basic subsis- Referring to all urban areas unemployment as being real.

lence". reports compiled, NBIC com- "This is not necessarily the

The average household munity development research- case, but still the tide of migra-

"lives way below the bread- tion.is not stemmed:'

line", the report by the building er Piet du Plessis says: "Posi- Once people from rural

para-statal says. tive urbanisation strategies for areas have moved to smaller urGrowth rates of selected ur this country are necessary if ban areas, the next step is to

ban areas show that most squatter situations and mas- head for Windhoek "because

smaller towns have ex- sive unemployment are to be of its relatively favourable poperienced substantial growth avoided. sition in respect of unemployi

rates over the last few years - The report by Mr du Plessis ment compared to smaller urtptoeit o erhenast fw soear - indicating these trends was ban areas". tip to eight percent in some

cases. compiled this year on the most The overall unemployment

recent statistics. figure for Windhoek 'is

44
(black 19,10/0 and Coloured Keetmanshoop (municipal

8,2%). houses: black).

In sharp contrast figures of Sources used by Mr du Ples!

up to 50% are indicated in sisincludetheresultsoftheunsmaller communties. published 1985 census, and

various Nasboukor surveys

These include: 50,6% at prepared to assess housing

Okahandja (squatter commu- needs in areas.

nity); 48,1% at Maltah6he; The report also looks at de45,8% Otjiwarongo pendency ratios, household

(municipal houses: black and sizes, secondary households,

coloured); 45,1% at Lfideritz households headed by females,

(single quarters: black); 34,8% average household incomes,

Tsumeb (municipal houses: poverty, and households earnblack and Coloured); 30,7% at ing no income.

/12828

CSO: 3400/193

45
NAMIBIA

NATIONAL PARTY MINISTER EXPECTED TO GET AGRICULTURE POST

Windhoek THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER in English 13 Feb 87 pp 1, 3

[Article by Jean Sutherland]

[Text] THE NATIONAL Party appears to have

the Transitional Government over a barrel

with the news today that the party's newlyappointed Cabinet Minister, Mr Jannie de

Wet, will retain the sensitive agriculture

portfolio.

Despite fierce resistance to deny him the Cabinet ing South African State Presifrom some Cabinet members, agricultural portfolio because dent Mr P W Botha would not

the seasoned politician will of "a clash of interests". allow the Transitional Governhandle Agriculture, Sea Fish- Mr de Wet was not available ment to collapse before the

eries and Water Affairs. for comment at the time of goThe move comics in the face ing to press, but TheAdvertiser South African elections.

of reported NP threats to puill sensed from his relaxed man- And speculation was rife

Atof tp ro mied thre i etoue 

this morning, that it was in ordout of the Tc over the issue. ner yesterday that he might cr to avert this possibility that

well emerge clutching the Mr de Wet was grudgingly

will resign from the white ex- coveted agricultural post. granted the full portfolio held

ecutive committee. Advertiser sources disclosed by his predecessor, Mr Iben

Advertiser Cabinet sources that the National Party had van Zijl.

said this had been one of the threatened to withdraw over

objections to Mr de Wet get- the decision to allot the Trans- An official statement on the

ting the agriculture portfolio, port portfolio to Mr de Wet. latest TG ýontroversy is expectThe Cabinet thrashed the But earlier this week, the ed later today.

matter out at a meeting this Cabinet was apparently standmornin., ing firm despite the warning of

Mr de Wet will resign his a National Party abandonwhite executive position on ment of the TG.

March 31, the end of the finan- Today's Namibian

cial year.

At the end of January, the newspaper quoted sources sayNat hardliner relinquished his

agriculture portfolio on the

white executive in the wake of

reports that it would be one of

the reasons used by the Cabinet

/12828

CSO: 3400/192 46
NAMIBIA

BRIEFS

NUJOMA THANKS FRONTLINE LEADERS--SWAPO President Sam Nujoma has thanked

the frontline leaders for their. commitment to the struggle for independence

in Namibia. Comrade Nujoma, in an interview with Britain's Central

Television at State House in Lusaka, said that support given to Namibians

in their efforts to free themselves from colonialism (?is) appreciated.

The SWAPO chief expressed confidence that Namibia's struggle'would be

crowned with freedom in the end with the material and moral support from

the Frontline States and other international organizations. Comrade

Nujoma has also urged the Reagan administration to show the world that it

does not support South Africa and its racial policyby abandoning its

policy of constructive engagement and the linkage of the presence of Cuban

troops in Angola to Namibia's independence. [Text] [Lusaka Domestic

Service in English 1800 GMT 1 Mar 871 /9604

CSO: 3400/124

47
NIGER

BRIEFS

FRENCH AID MISSION--For the third consecutive year, the Sahel association,

The Trucks of Hope, has decided to go into action in the Sahel. The goal set

for this year was to deliver medical equipment and its setup to Niger. The

4th Regiment of French Cuirassiers and the Bitche area (France) actively

planned the mission, collecting farm implements (over 300 different tools

and basic equipment) and clothing, calling on laboratories (gifts of drugs)

and receiving other donations: medical equipment, one Willys jeep given by

the French Ministry of Defense to the association The Trucks of Hope, and

45,000 francs cash. A total of over 250 hours of work was donated to the

operation by soldiers (officers and enlisted men) from the 4th Regiment of

Cuirassiers, the Medical Corps and the people of Bitche. The mission was

scheduled to last from 12 January to 8 February. In 1984, acting on an idea

of Monsignor Lustiger, archbishop of Paris, 150 men and women met a bold and

somewhat insane challenge: delivering to small Sahelian villages far from

the big urban areas some 900 cubic meters of basic equipment by truck, using

trails never before taken by vehicles of the type. Sixteen soldiers on active

duty completed the expedition through Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Niger and

Algeria, taking 3 weeks. In 1985, a second trip was made, more localized,

to Niger, Mali and Senegal. It was more specific, less voluminous and took

advantage of the human contacts and experience of the first expedition. It

was after returning from these two missions that the two groups, marked by

what they had gone through, decided to form the Sahel association known as

The Trucks of Hope. [Text] [Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French Feb 87 p 18]

11,464

CSO: 3419/121

48
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

PORTUGUESE MILITARY DELEGATION TO VISIT; PROTOCOL SIGNED

Lisbon DIARIO DE NOTICIAS in Portuguese 12 Feb 87 p 5

f-Text_7 Yesterday Z-13 Feb 87__7 a Ministry of Iefense source said

that, at the end of this month, a Portuguese military mission is

going to Sao Tome and Principe to analyze the possibilities of restructuring and reapportioning Sao Tome's armed forces. The military

mission, which will be headed by a brigadier, includes officials of

all three branches of the armed forces. The announcement was made

on the occasion of the signing of a supplementary protocol to the

agreement on scientific and technical cooperation now in force

between Portugal and the republic of Sao Tome and Principe. According

to this document, which was signed at the Defense Ministry yesterday

by the minister of defense, Leonardo Ribeiro de Almeida, and by Sao

Tome's ambassador to Lisbon, Carlos Tiny, Portugal will furnish uniforms valued at 7,000 contos to Sao Tome's armed forces and promises

to maintain "support in the area of instruction." This latter aspect

of the protocol is aimed toward the professional training of Sao

Tome cadets in military institutes and academies.

The object of the Portuguese military mission's visit to Sao Tome is

to make a report on the material and manpower needs of that country's

armed forces. The Portuguese defense minister, Leonardo Ribeiro de

Almeida, stated that "this protocol will be a powerful force in the

development of those relations."

In his speech, Leonardo Ribeiro de Almeida asked Carlos Tiny to relay

to Sao Tome's minister of defense, Maj Raul Braganca Neto, the invitation to visit Portugal. The Portuguese minister stated that this

invitation is "one more effective step in strengthening" bilateral

relations. In turn, Carlos Tiny also called the act "important" and

stressed that the document "will be the legal, judicial framework

that will govern bilateral cooperation in the area of defense."

9895

CSO: 3442/91

49
ZAMBIA

CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES OF RIOTS VIEWED

London AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL in English 21 Jan 87 pp 6-7

[Text] pushing despite opposition from many in the party.

President Kenneth Kaunda is facing rare political The rioters achieved their basic aim of forcing down

opposition after last month's riots in the Copperbelt the price of maize by the re-imposition of food

towns and in Lusaka, which were of unexpected subsidies. But it is significant that the riots occurred

ferocity. Although he will not give up the presidency shortly after UNIP branch officials in Chingola,

until he decides to do so, there are signs of trouble Luanshya and Kitwe had resigned their unpaid party

inside the ruling party and in other key institutions, posts out of frustration. Disaffected party members

These follow other signs of popular discontent, such are said to have encouraged party youth-leaguers to

as walk-outs from party meetings and a refusal to riot. There are even rumours that more senior UNIP

sing the national anthem at a meeting addressed by officials were responsible, motivated by ambition,

Kaunda. dislike of the IMF programme, and opposition to

The immediate cause of the December riots was a Kaunda's stand on sanctions against South Africa.

doubling in the price of breakfast mealie-meal. Mill- The Zambian elite shops in South Africa, and tends

owners promptly began to concentrate on production to oppose sanctions. Fifteen people lost their lives,

of breakfast meal instead of roller-meal, the staple and the National Import and Export Corporation

food of the poor, which is in any case expensive lost 80 million kwachas' worth of property looted

for the average Zambian. The consequence was a from 21 of its shops.

shortage of roller meal, and riots. But the riots were In general Kaunda has always neutralised his

also a protest against corruption in the ruling United opponents by finding them government or party jobs

National Independence Party (UNIP). In some pla- rather than by facing grievances head-on. And he

ces UNIP offices were attacked. There are now signs has never relied on massive repression, to his credit.

of shifts in the political 6lite as some politicians try One result is that the party is now bloated with fulland distance themselves from Kaunda, or to promote time functionaries drawing salaries from government

a reform movement (AC Vol 27 No 25). Kaunda coffers, many of them without clear job descriptions.

himself, usually adept at avoiding personal criticism, A member of the UNIP central committee represents

has been the butt of popular complaint. The run-up the party in each of the country's nine provinces.

to the 1988 general elections, which starts with local He or she is assisted by the provincial political

party elections later this year, poses big problems secretary, the provincial permanent secretary, the

for him. provincial chairperson of the youths' and women's

The lifting of food subsidies and the consequent leagues of the party and others. Additionally, there

food price rises were in conformity with the Inter- is a provincial governor who is supposed to promote

national Monetary Fund (IMF) programme of reduc- national guidance and another to oversee industrial

ing public spending, a policy which Kaunda is development. At a lower administrative level, among

the 56 districts into which the country is divided,

there is a governor, a chairperson for the women's

and youth leagues, and a political secretary. Each of

these UNIP officials has an official car, a furnished

house, and other perks.

50
At the same time as the population is being forced Kaunda is isolated even from his cabinet and party

to go hungry, state enterprises continue to spend on colleagues, and has shown signs of power fatigue. luxuries. For example, Mines Air Services Ltd., a He is at an emotional low point after the death last

subsidiary of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines month of his son Masuzgo. He seems to trust few

(ZCCM), has just purchased a Challenger aircraft people other than his personal advisers. But no

at a cost of 51m. Mines Air Services already owns other politician has a real popular base. Former or

two Cessna Citation jets, used to ferry ZCCM execu- potential rivals have all been through UNIP, and

tives between Lusaka and the Copperbelt. Other are thus unqualified to exploit popular anti-party examples abound too. ZCCM has just moved into feeling. Still, the behaviour of Grey Zulu has given

a new marble-clad headquarters. Yet ZCCM made rise to much comment. While condemning the

a loss of 56 m kwachas in the year to 31 March December riots - instigated in some places by party 1986 and has laid off thousands of workers, members - he has also made reference to public The state and party bureaucracies do not have a criticisms of Kaunda and has condemned Kaunda's

good policy record either. When Zambian copper economic austerity programme and the IMF connecwas making high prices in the 1960s and 1970s, tion generally. This will bring Zulu the support of

profits were not reinvested in other productive sec- the party faithful and of radical students. Some

tors. Even now there is no proper strategy for people are interpreting Zulu's statements, ostensibly increasing agricultural prosperity, which is vital for in defence of the government, as a coded attack on

the country's future. Decisions are made in haste, Kaunda personally. Zulu is along-standing Kaunda

such as Kaunda's decision after the food riots to faithful who has already been UNIP secretary-gen- nationalise the country's maize mills. This will only eral on a previous occasion and went from there to

make matters worse in the lone run, although it will the sensitive defence portfolio. He has no base

have the immediate effect of increasing the supply outside the party, and is older than Kaunda. We

of roller meal and of appeasing the scientific social- believe that he remains loyal. ists in his party, headed by Secretary-General Grey There is less clarity concerning the sacking on 14

Zulu. January of army commander Chrislon Tembo and

Next year will see Zambia's sixth presidential and his replacement by his deputy, Lieutenant-Colonel

parliamentary elections since independence in 1964. Gary Kalange. First reports suggest Tembo is a

According victim of government nervousness rather than any to the constitution, the parliamentary more precise suspicion. elections will be preceded by polls to elect party Another name to conjure with is that of former

officials at section, branch and ward level. Kaunda UNIP Secretary-General Humphrey Mulemba. He

will obviously stand again in 1988 if he is fit to do has influence in business circles but little popular

so, but there is widespread cynicism about this. There support, which might make him a 'king-maker' in

is genuine competition for places in parliament, the event of a contested leadership. We note that

but places in the party central committee, and the businessman Enock Kavindele, a friend of Mulemba,

presidency itself, cannot be contested. Although the empoersthe art tovoteon em- was recently, elected to parliament in a by-election. constitution empowersHe is a man to watch as his future looks bright. bership of the central committee, this has never

.Names are in fact proposed by the Some observers do not discount a political return by dent and carried through uncontested. former UNIP stars who have gone into business

dentr andlicarriedofthroughsuncontested.o

African presidents, unlike their counterparts else- after falling foul of politics, such as Vernon

where, tend to become increasingly unchallengeable Mwaanga, Jethro Multi, Andrew Kashita and Alex

as they get older. Respect is due to age. Kaunda still Chikwandao

has an unquestionable legitimacy as the founder of

independent Zambia, but critics point out that his

support has been less convincing than meets the eye.

During the 1973 presidential elections Kaunda scored

only 33.35o of votes but was sworn in as president.

In 1978 he got 98076 but only after excluding two

heavyweight candidates, the late Simon Kapwepwe

and Harry Nkumbula.

/12828

CSO: 3400/182

51
ZAMBIA

PANA REPORTS ON COUNTRY'S PROGRESS WITH ECONOMIC REFORM

MB281240 Dakar PANA in English 1115 GMT 28 Feb 87

["Economic Reforms in Zambia: A Progress Report" by Fred Chela]

[Text] Lusaka, 28 Feb. (PANA)--Zambia and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

are currently locked up in negotiations on making available to Zambia the

280 million U.S. dollar loan facility for the next three years.

The situation has been complicated further following the Zambian Government's

decision to go back on maize meal subsidy which it had withdrawn on the

recommendation by the IMF as a condition for releasing the first part of the loan

facility.

The IMF assistant director for the African department, Paul Acquah, confirmed

in the Zambian capital Lusaka recently that consultative meetings were being

held because of the removal of subsidy on breakfast maize meal.

The Zambian Government had to reverse the removal of the subsidy because of

*the food riots which ensured when the government increased the price by more,

than 100 per cent from X [Kwacha] 38 per 50kg to K82 bag of breakfast mealie

meal.

The riots claimed.15 lives and millions worth of private and public property

were destroyed as rampaging youths, many of them unemployed, went on an orgy

of looting and destruction of shops and offices.

Zambia's President Kenneth Kaunda, had to reverse the prices to avert further

loss of life.

Political considerations had to override economic ones, otherwise it could

have precipitated further political upheavals.

The Paris Club, a consortium of Western government donors, have agreed to

reschedule Zambia's principal debt payments, having been satisfied with

Zambia's economic reform programmes.

They are satisfied with assurances that compensating measures had been included

within the budgetary constraints for 1987.

52
The food subsidy this year totals K676 million, about 67 million.U.S. dollars.

It is however viewed that events had shown Zambia cannot pursue too vigorously

some of the reforms without ensuring that the supply side of the economy is

adequately catered for.

Peace and political stability are vital pre-requisites for the revival of the

economy the former finance minister Basil Kabwe told a Lusaka press conference

recently.

He said bringing government expenditure under control was Zambia's major

difficulty though not insurmountable.

Nevertheless, for the policies to succeed and yield results, Zambia would need

great support from the donor community.

The Zambian Government had appealed to the international community not to judge

the success of Zambia's structural adjustment programme solely on the basis of

the recent food riots.

In earnest, the IMF and World Bank had expressed satisfaction at Zambia's

economic reform programmes, especially that the country was shifting from

reliance on the monocopper economy to a diversified agricultural base.

In fact, Zambia registered a 2 per cent economic growth during the last

fiscal year due to the good performance of the agriculture sector.

At the moment, the World Bank has pledged to invest a total of 452 million

U.S. dollars in various projects in Zambia-within the next five years as a

result of elaborate economic programmes in Zambia.

The IMF also released the first installment of the 280 million U.S. dollar

facility, although the sum has not been given Zambia's credibility to the

donor community has been sustained by pragmatic reforms. [sentence as

receivedi

With foreign debt now standing at 5 billion U.S. dollars, an aggressive export

drive in non-traditional products--mostly agro-products--can help the country

to meet its international debt commitment.

/8309

CSO: 3400/143

53
ZAMBIA

COMMENTARY VIEWS ZAMBIAN POSITION ON SANCTIONS

MB200847 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 20 Feb 87

[Station commentary: "Zambia and Sanctions"]

[Text] The challenge by a Zambian parliamentarian to the government this week

to say how far it has progressed with its plans to impose sanctions against

South Africa is significant. The Zambian Government appears to have two

policies on the sanctions issue, one for public consumption and another which

it keeps to itself.

Reports from Lusaka indicate that parliamentary backbencher Mr Lawrence Sinyani

received considerable support when he denounced President Kenneth Kaunda's

sanctions proposals, and called on the government to say how far it has

gone in pursuing the matter. Mr Sinyani made it clear that he condemned

South Africa's policies, but, he added, it is dangerous for the party and its

government to mix trade with politics. He drew cheers and applause when he

said: If we say that we want sanctions against South Africa we are saying

that we are imposing sanctions against ourselves.

The fact of the matter is that South Africa is Zambia's main source of import,

and Zambia is almost entirely dependent on South Africa's railways and harbors

for its imports and its exports. Zambia is also largely dependent on

locomotives and rolling stock which it hires from South Africa. In addition,

the most lucrative African or regional route of Zambia Airways is its service

between Lusaka and Johannesburg. Only last week the managing director of

Zambia Railways, Mr Emmanuel Katchiputa, said in an interview that his

organization would not survive sanctions against South Africa.

This week's SUNDAY TELEGRAPH in London stated that Zambia, as well as Zimbabwe,

had apparently quietly dropped plans for sweeping economic sanctions against

South Africa because they would be worse hit. It would appear that in Zambia

at least reality is winning the war against rhetoric. President Kaunda is

unlikely to want a repeat of the [word indistinct] riots 2 months ago by

exposing Zambia to the added economic hardships which a South African boycott

would bring.

/8309

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54
ZAMBIA

BRIEFS

KAUNDA RECEIVES PLO OFFICIAL--Zambia and the Palestinian Liberation Organization

have criticized Arab countries that are helping Israel perpetuate its injustices

against displaced Palestinian people. Speaking at State House today when

director of PLO Chairman 'Yasir Arafat's office Dr (Assani Aleme) called on him

Comrade Kaunda said it was [word indistinct] because of disunity among Arab

nations, adding that (?some were) assisting Israel in committing crimes against

innocent people. Comrade Kaunda said Israel was being cruel to the Palestinians

at a time when they were trying [word indistinct] for similar crimes committed

during the Nazi time. Dr (Alene) told Dr Kaunda that the most unfortunate

[words indistinct] an Arab country was also against the Palestinian people while

America supported the [words indistinct]. [Text] [Lusaka Domestic Service

in English 1800 GMT 24 Feb 87] /8309

KAUNDA SEEKS EMBARGO AGAINST RSA--[Phrase indistinct] cut air links with South

Africa only if the rest of black Africa also enforces such a embargo. Zambian

President Kenneth Kaunda says it will be the first major sanction imposed by his

country and neighboring Zimbabwe, in support of their call for global economic

action against Pretoria. He denies going slow in implementing sanctions,

saying it is no use the two Frontline States cut air links if others in the

region do not. The Zambian leader says he realizes sanctions will hurt his

economy, but adds they are inevitable. Kenyan President Daniel arap Moi said

yesterday Kenya would comply with any unanimous African decision to ban landing

rights for flights to and from South Africa, but would not act alone. [Text]

[Umtata Capital Radio in English 1500 GMT 1 Mar 871 /8309

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55
ZIMBABWE

MASVINGO PROVINCE RAVAGED BY DROUGHT

Harare THE SUNDAY MAIL in English 22 Feb` 87 pp 3, 9

(Article by Davison Maruzival

I~xiDesperation like & In the Same district or

[Tet)stealthy .leopard. stalks Vmine Maybe this IN

E1XCEPT for twO the villagers. You suk the result of good land

tricly I e a bot what they *are going to management an~d contro~l,

11lelyrier lat 4o and they look up as it led aftinal popUA~itiofl

trvesetie a~lgo. to Invioke some ancestral denities. The 9-rass is

triaveriethe road, a guardian, and an if that 1olee-iligh end gredenHeabige rod al falls they stare at YOU Perhaps it is the kno0wthe water coursese havie and 'shake their heads 131 ledge of what !#- o31these

runI n ry labvigo surrender, a glazed per- farms that -the communal

rundryin ssingo plexed vision. This Is the farmers wish Is. 0o 1ar,

provine andJ that for ultimate sign Of admIs- that the Government

4sian of defeat. 7%h8Is aessists in mauing9 arjtte people ofthis Area desperation defying Viar- rangements for their

macans it2 ~v~l be a 10ong, rative. livestock to be taken 'Out

log orSe at er1 The villagers talk de- of tihe worst areas, Qt the

tongwai fo th at'~t jectedly about, their lot, province.

rainy sasaonl. Some refuse to aclcnow- Afew of the peasant

ThsIste eod time ledge reality and so you tat-ere who live In trfAi'

.ill d is tcae ths rovnc Will still witness freshly tionsl -wet areas - Only

Inas decaen ti Pr ovined b cut L~urrows 'or whole suitable for vice-gtO~wing

droght b hen frmgt b fields recently ploughed. - will get gooetblng

druring The first halfo This. in hope playing the fro this season's crops.

thrisg d heade thal, cruel maxter. But they will not be exPec"

Unlike 1983, the Hlowever, there art ted to harvest*it~f

uzid wh thoe beVO 01ft tOfor traditionllaly the corndrought this time Mr.n those whoe wale coaert

is mrore cruel. The cro I terms with the prospects enughS~ toand will crairY

grew up to knee-height r~edrn hte nuhfo n ri

andso~ er aready drought. They are cutting 'to last until next month

tasselling. Then came the the khaski-brown wilted whenb ropinfl~l the fields.

drought. In its wake, It maiZe and storing It Uptotecpsnthfids

brought' lavoc and der- as cattle feed for the ]Drought relief diatribu.

peratlon. This Was a hard times aheaO. tiou bePu last month in

betrayal of the Peasant P-rm just south of the Matibi. 1 communal

farmersr trust and expec- Meavingo, to altweneA - axes of xwellezi and thiSl

tation in the initial rains nearly 200 km Away -* month more than 2270

.and apiparently promising the peasants' crops are A bags of maIze are being

sadps sIpectaclepciftl deliVered to Musbava bubutS puntathetidlu centre,' -Maranda

Cattle, goats and don- by, countable 'but pailthtic business Centre, GwmamSkeys already graze by the patches of finge l O tenga; t'anbe Wh~OO1, Mu-.

roadside. That Is a situa- maptunft. rove business Centre, Firtioni anyone expects to The MSwenezi corgner, rzida bdainess Centre, Mafind from July until 'he ala farming area, lus runds. businesS cemtre.

tirst rains of the seasonl south ott Runde River oil

in October. 1%0 mind' the ?Jxig-Blbig

ba~ulki at what, aot this road presents an em-'

rate., will be the state of barrassinglY stark conthings during~ thle critical traat. Far a start, VOt4

months of A~ugust, flep" WoDuld not think you were

teinber and October.

56
')engeaya., Dinhe and Che- "The lack of rain and The ministry, 11he Sun- nvaria. 

Chtrnhvana overgrazing is causing a I day Mall understands. is the only serious and rapid veld feels let down by farmers area where communal Ideterioration in most In Matabeleltnid -. clina. farmers 

harvest 

will expect tco communal areas, but the tically a ranching area.

families something. The situation in the commer- The view is that the receiving drouglht cial and reaettlement relief shp)Plles are farmers in the province

be mainly 

said to areas is good," says Agri. should be raising more farm workers, tex, cattle and in turn selling

nearby 

recently ranches, 

laid off from the Other provinces hard- them for beef and in the hit by the drought are Process get money with

Deliveries are being the'south of the Midlands which they buy their food done by two District provlunce and Matabele- requirements. Development 

but 

Fund trucks, land South. There has viPeople 1t, other pro- by midweek last week lbeen persisteat hot 1e0f ate not ggodicp one of the trucks was on. weather in the Midlands. eef ate not getting relief the~... rodbcueom eat, so why sholhid

chronic 

the road 

Shortage 

because of ya In Matabeleland South Matabeleland continue to

in the area.. oa tyres the crops are slowly wilt- expect food, when they

Trho Government ing as the weather cont.- make no attempts to raise has fues to be very hot. and sell cattle to get

food 

already reserves said thast it h's But - amid all this money for food?" was the

years, 

to last two drought emerge some typical question posed last ao d d i n g that questions that beg week., droughtlstricken 

should arc s explanations. Masvingo But with the current

worry 

therefore not and Matabeleland are restricted supply of beef,

that no 

unnecessarily one would 

and 

be marginal rainfall areas, it may be proper to and the Government, de- persuade as many of the allowed to go hungry. sirens of ' encouraging peple in the affected The area needs drink- drought-reistant crops, areas to destock and help

along 

Jng water. AS one travels has set up two stations, reduce thoe prestok re ol the Mnsvingo-Beit. In this case tio crops Prcsturep.u

ly bl'idge notices road, the one ox frequent- or don. ideal for the provinces are sorghum, rapoko and 11ey-rawn (1011g with water water carts arms; .mhunga yet few bectar- ulon with b water drums; ages are planted to sudi the problem of obtaining crops in preference for Water in the province han maize. If promotion of already started, growing of drought- Agritex describes the resistant crops is to crops in Masvingo South make any sense, shouldn' saying that 'many crops the drought relief be in are already beyond re- the form of sorghum and demptian". It also says other ecologically suitable. that one irrigation scheme crops? has already had to stop Such a move would Lt work as a result of the least' make the people low level of the supply More familiar with the danl. In some areas there ecologically viable grain- has not been a drop of for the regions, and con- rain In more than three' sequently encourage them weeks, to IncreaSe their hectarago According to Agritex of these crop grains. officers in Chlvi, Chiredzi The Ministry of Ag-lhjd- and Alwenezi will not ture Is of the same view have a maize crop, which nnd, in its efforts to it describes as a writ(e. promote crops ideal for off. the region in which thle

two provinces fall, has

backed deployment of

Agritex ofricialls.

/12828

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57
ZIMBABWE

INCREASE IN CONSUMER SHORTAGES DUE TO FOREIGN CURRENCY SITUATION

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 17 Feb 87 p 7

[Article by Michael Hartnack]

[ Text] HARARE - Zimbabweans are getting'a foretaste of

economic hardships to come in a current wave of

shortages.. Vanished items include potato crisps, toothpaste, shaving cream, cooking oil, rice, detergent, pork

suasages and other staples. Supermarkets fear that, as

a result of a 40% cutback in.foreign exchange alloca-*] tions to distilliers and winefries, brandy, gin land locally made wine may be the: next'victims'

The source of the problems is a sudden worsening of

Zimbabwe's foreign currency situation Which has hit.

imports of industrial raw materials.. and consumer

items. Resulting constraints on manufacturing output

may result in staff retrenchments and a drop in GNP

of up to.3% in the year ahead.,

* PM Robert Mugabe said in an optimistic pew year:

message that Zimbabwe was headed. for a promising R317m current account surplus in 1986.,- the first

since independence - raising hopes that foreign cur-

,rency allocations to businesSmen would remain substantially the same this year..

The announcement early this month of 40% cutbacks in allocations* was *therefore greeted with

amazement and the cry: "Why?" Mugabe is not saying, but the foreign exchange cost ofdeploying up to8 000

men in Mozambique is now believed to be well over

Rim a day. Another more readily identifiable reason

for Zimbabwe's currency woes is the cost of foreign

debt servicing. This is ex- gabe still seems set on - an ominous start to pected to top R1,lbn in' implementing his own government's adventur1987/88. Having cashed In. limited boycott measures ous five-year plan, which

its gold reserves last this year. , aims to create jobs for Syear, Zimbabwe now has • the 100 000 school-leavers

nothing further laid, by. ' Cutbacks coming on to the labour

The local rumour fac- market each year.

tory has also been circu- Zimbabwe's real eco- Recent - commmercial

lating the idea that gov- nomic growth slowed bank reports suggest that,

ernment may be stock- from 7% in 1986 to less even without becoming piling foreign currency than 2% last year as the embroiled in a sanctions

anticipating a sanctions impetus of recovering war, Zimbabwe may be

confrontation with SA. from the, disasterous heading for one-million

Despite recent warn-, 1982/84 drought was lost. jobless among its nineings from visiting Canadi-. As a result of the latest milliop people by 1990.

an PM James Mulroney: foreign currency cutand from Mayor Andrew backs, negative growth is

Young of Atlanta, Mu- feared in the coming year

/12828

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ZIMBABWE

COTTON, COFFEE, BEEF, MAIZE BRING MILLIONS IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE

Harare THE HERALD in English 21 Feb 87 pp 1, 11

[Report on interview with AMA Chairman Paddy Millar by Funny Mushaval

[Text] Cotton, coffee, beef and maize last year earned Zimbabwe more than $360

million in foreign exchange and part of the cotton crop still in the fields has

already been sold, says the chairman of the Agricultural Marketing Authority,

Mr Paddy Millar.

Half of the money from last year has already been received.

In an exclusive interview with The Herald soon after his arrival from Europe

on Thursday, Mr Millar said the sale of cotton, coffee, beef and maize had

brought into the country $360 million worth of foreign currency.

While in Europe, he met Zimbabwe's cotton marketing agencies, coffee trading

merchants, beef buyers and business people who put up a lot of the sterling

loans used by AMA.

"The most encouraging thing is that Zimbabwe has still got a very, very good

name in Europe with its buyers," said Mr Millar.

Zimbabwe's good quality cotton has sold well overseas and Mr Millar said the

AMA had already sold about 170 000 bales of lint from the crop that had not

even been picked yet.

"That's how they like our cotton there. They still like it provided we keep

up the good quality and keep it coming. If we make sure it keeps coming, the

market will always be there."

Although cotton prices dropped last year, Zimbabwe made a good decision by

withdrawing from the market at the right time while the prices were still high.

This was in October and November.

Since it went back on the market in January, prices have gone up by 40 percent

from the low in October.

59
"The market prospects for Zimbabwe cotton are very good provided we don't

price ourselves out of the market," said Mr Millar.

Because of the good quality and the right methods of grading, the country's

cotton has always received a premium. Most of the markets in West Germany,

Switzerland and Italy were now switching to fast-moving machinery which needed

a finer type of cotton like delmac.

Mr Millar said he had guessed there would be a good market for delmac and as

a result, about 40 to 50 producers were this year selected to grow it.

"An advantage of visiting markets now and again, is that you have an up-to-date

knowledge of what the spinners want, those in West Germany, Italy, Portugal,

Switzerland, the Far East and South Africa."

On coffee which earned about $70 million, Mr Millar said the prices were very

high last year at the-time Zimbabwe entered the market. "We sold our coffee

at the right time before the recent big falls which brought the prices to

about half of what they were a year ago."

The drastic fall in prices may lead to the re-introduction of quotas and if

that happens, that will not be good news to Zimbabwe because its quotas was

about half its annual production.

The message again from the buyers, Mr Millar said, was to keep the product

coming while maintaining the good quality. Zimbabwe's big-best buyers were

West Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Japan and Bulgaria.

The buyers were satisfied with the way Zimbabwean coffee was sold-- by issuing

tenders every week--and urged it to continue. Those bidding the highest got

the coffee.

Despite the gloomy atmosphere in the country's beef industry, the AMA managed

to send 5 000 tonnes to the European Economic Community market as part of its

8 100 tonne allocation. Although 3 100 tonnes short, the beef reached the

West German market and the United Kingdom. Together with hides, about $48

million was realised from this industry.

"We want to do more than that and meet our Lome quota and then improve on it,"

Mr Millar said. The meat from the country was sold as fresh and not frozen.

He commended the Cold Storage Commission for doing an excellent job and said

the problems it experienced were due to inexperience.

Asked to comment on the grain situation in the country, Mr Millar said there

was still a huge stockpile, although it was now beginning to move steadily.

From January last year, the GMB had sole 628 700 tonnes of-maize to outside

buyers.

60
These were: Angola 90 000 tonnes; Botswanna 62 000 tonnes; Mozambique 80 000;

South Africa 202 000 and Swaziland 15 000. Charity organisations and other

countries had bought the rest. Local sales were 720 000 tonnes.

An interesting feature has been Zambia (which had enough stocks) which had

spoken to the GMB about buying maize, Mr Millar said.

He said there were problems in dispatching the maize stocks and those of

sorghum, because there was a glut on the world market. America had a large

surplus of maize; there were surpluses of wheat in Europe and Arabia; and

Sudan, which had many people starving, had a surplus of sorghum.

Mr Millar said the world market price for maize now was US$65 a tonne.

"We are the only people who have a surplus and are still able to feed our

people," he said.

On the bankers he had met, Mr Millar said they were pleased with the way the

country's loans had been repaid.

Since Zimbabwe had met all its export orders, the bankers saw no problem

in rolling over the loans when they became due.

His only concern was the high cost of production experienced by the country's

producers who had to compete with those from Europe where there was very

little inflation.

/12828

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61
ZIMBABWE

BUSINESSMEN 'DISMAYED' AT MOZAMBICAN VISA RESTRICTION

Harare THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE in English 6 Feb 87 p I

[Text ] ers in Maputo," said a Harare in getting it, I might as well forget

[THext businessmen who often needs to about trying to sort out emergenTHE MOZAMBIQUE embassy visit Mozambique urgently. cy problems there."

in Harare will no longer Issue any This spokesman needed to visit

six.month multi-entry visas, as in He, and others who are closely This spo en need tos

the past. From this month onwards connected with imports, exports Mozambique urgently a week ago.

they will only issue single-entry vi- and development projects in This week he was still waiting to

sas valid for one month for entry Mozambique, said they were "to- get a one-month single-entry visa

ant " m ayed" at now being re- and said he believed that"troubles and exit purposes to and from taIll u dismay ed . " tie ahu entrow . spry were piling up" regarding his in.

Mozambique on specified dates. fused the multiple entry visas previ- terests in Mozambique. "But wnat

Confirming this change, a ously issued for up to six months

spokeswoman at the Mozambique to persons well known for their can I do? Only sit back here and

embassy in Harare told a Gazette business connections in Beira, bite my nails," he commented.

reporter this week that the restrict- Maputo or elsewhere. Several other businessmen

red gentr wkhas visa bereni- representing a wide variety of finns

ed single-entry visas has been in- Another spokesman said that for closely connected with Mozamtroduced at the beginning of this several years past he had been re- bique projects said they were exmonth. tremely worried about the new visa

"Now we are only issuing single- quired to visit Mozambique fre- restrictions.

entry visas valid for one month, quently, often on an emergency ba- One said: "I've been told it is due

not longer," she said. "No more sis at very short notice. to tightening up of security in

multi-entry visas are being grant- Mozambique for obvious reasons,

ed." She added that the time need- FORGET EMERGENCIES ambiquer ois asons, edt e iawudb he and that there has also been a big

edays "Previously there has never been change in the official staff. But

days. a problem in getting a six-month whatever the reason it will certainBut several local businessmen multi-entry visa enabling me to ly affect our firm's activities. We

who are affected by the new visa badly need to have people going

restrictions said this week that the hop over the quickly btop border 

whenever problems arose - as over the border very quickly from

time needed to get a single-entry they often do down there," he said. time to time to sort out problems

visa now was "more like seven "Now, if I and others are to be' regarding imports and exports."

days". restricted to a single-entry visa Several senior spokesmen con-

"The visa officials at the valid for only one month at a time, nected with Mozambique projects

Mozambique embassy are now and with the long delay involved said they hoped to take the matter

checking each and every applica- up with the government and other

tion by telex with their headquart- authorities involved as soon as possible.

No comment was available from

Mr Dennis Norman or Mr Eddie

Cross,.hairman and managing

director respectively of the Beira

Corridor Group.

/12828

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62
ZIMBABWE

FRG, DUTCH AID TO PRIVATE SECTOR

Harare THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE in English 6 Feb 87 pp 1, 2

[Text] ABOUT $23,2 million is nowavail- crop chemicals and telecommuniable to the private sector from the cation parts.

West German and Netherlands He said that the Netherlands

governments for the procurement will, if there are "no signifiof essential goods and commodities cant changes in policy and modalunder the Commodity Import ities of implementation in the fuProgramme (CIP). ture," commit the same amount

The charge d'affaires at the under the CIP for.the next three

Netherlands embassy in Harare, years. "This means that a total of

Mr Willem Bronkhorst, told the about $65 million can be expected

Gazette that his government has for the period 1987-1990," he said.

committed about $15 million for "It was agreed during discussion

disbursement during 1987. on the Netherlands' development

The money, he said, will be used aid programme to Zimbabwe in

to procure natural rubber, vehicle Harare last December that counkits and spares, soaps and deter- tervalue funds will be utilised for

gents, raw materials for the paint rural development, including conand plastic industries, pump com- struction of dams, irrigation

ponents, street lighting equipment, schemes, village water schemes, borehole drilling and well digging.

"Furthermore," he said, "it was

agreed in principle that the new

Grain Marketing Board (GMB)

bulk storage facility in Karoi will

be financed by the Netherlands

government. Another bulk storage

facility in the communal lands,

preferably in Murewa, will also be

considered for financing."

/12828

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63
ZIMBABWE

BRIEFS

AGREEMENT SIGNED FOR DANISH AID--Zimbabwe will receive a total of about $46

million in state loan and grant funds from Denmark under a general agreement

of cooperation signed yesterday. The agreement follows the conclusion of the

annual consultative talks between the two countries which were held in Harare

this week. The talks, led by the visiting head of division of the Danish

International Development Agency (Danida), Mr H C Vissing Christansen, and the

under-secretary in the Ministry of Finance, Mr R.T Mugwara, centred on the

on-going projects being funded by the Danish government in Zimbabwe. The new

head of the Danida office in Zimbabwe, Mr Jes Boye-Moller, yesterday told

the Gazette that about $l0m to $lim in grant assistance will be used for

rural water supply and sanitation, small-holder irrigation schemes and infrastructural development. Loan funds of between $30m to $35m are expected to

be committed in about June/July this year for support to the Dairy Marketing

Board (rehabilitation of the existing dairy and possibly a new facility in

Bulawayo), the Cold Storage Commission (a new distribution depot for meat

products in Harare), the Grain Marketing Board (small silos in the rural areas)

and the Posts and Telecommunications Corporation (on-going replacement of old

telephone cables in the rural areas). Mr Boye-Moller also said that Denmark

recently signed an agreement worth $lim with Sadcc for a small team of

consultants to work in the Beira Corridor. The team of experts in transportation,

management and engineering fields, is expected in Beira in about three to four

months, he said. [Text][Harare THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE in English 13 Feb 87 p 1]

/12828

HUNGARIAN SPARE PARTS ARRIVE--A loaal motor spares company, Mashonaland Parts

Suppliers, last week received the first consignment of heavy and light motor

spares supplied under a $5 million tobacco-for-commodities barter deal between

the Zimbabwe and Hungarian governments. A spokeswoman for the company this

week told the Gazette that the parts had been obtained at an "extremely

competitive price" under the deal from a Hungarian supplier, Mogurt. The

parts include plugs, starters, and points, mostly for buses and other heavy

vehicles, and will be distributed through a new division of the company,

Mashonaland Parts Distributors. The second consignment of spare parts is

expected in Zimbabwe within six weeks, said the spokeswoman. "With a

continuation of trade with Hungary, we hope to extend the range of spares

to be made available on the Zimbabwe market. Our company has undertaken to

ensure that these goods are distributed to the motor trade on a fair and

equitable basis, such that the end user will benefit from the efforts of all

concerned to lower the inflationary trend in the price of spare parts," she

said. [Text][Harare THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE in English 13 Feb 87 p 31/12828

.64
OLD BULAWAYO GOLD MINE IS TO BE REOPENED--A Bulawayo group known as the AU

Syndicate plans to reopen an old gold-mining property on Willsgrove Farm 2A

which is owned by the municipality within a reserved area outside the city.

Approval for this venture was granted by the council last week on the

recommendation of various council authorities, subject to adequate financial

arrangements being made and other municipal by-law requirements being met.

During discussions over the project the applicants seeking permission to reopen

the old mine workings said that if payable ore was sampled, considerable

benefits would accrue to Bulawayo in terms of employment and economic activity

on the property. According to mining records the Lone Star mine first operated

in 1932 but ceased to function in 1936. The AU syndicate intends to peg one

precious metal block over the old workings and clear out old shafts in order

to gain access to the gold reef for sampling. Should results of this initial

evaluation suggest the mine was likely to be viable in the light of presentday gold prices and conditions, the syndicate would then start underground

development to outline sufficient ore reserves which would warrant construction

of an ore processing plant on the site. Minutes of the council meeting

outlining the project said that the syndicate would then build the plant and

commence operations without delay. The council's conditions for granting

approval for this application include the building of satisfactory staff

accommodation and ablution facilities; conservation measures being observed,

no unnecessary tree-cutting, and a surety of $2000 per hectare of mined land

being paid to the council to cover costs of any land left unreclaimed by

the applicant having to be levelled and tidied up. [Text][Harare THE FINANCIAL

GAZETTE in English 13 Feb 87 p 71/12828

BUILDING OF DAM CONTEMPLATED--The Government is building a $2 million dam across

the Mwera River near Chimhanda service centre in Rushinga. The dam is expected

carry a maximum of 4,4 million cubic metres of water when complete. Rushinga

District Administrator Cde pearson Mashiri said work on the dam site started

last September and should be completed by August this year. Cde Mashiri said

that when completed, the dam will service Chimhanda with piped water. He

said that there were studies being carried out to determine if the dam could

supply water to Rushinga Growth Point. There were also plans to use the dam

for irrigation in the area. Cde Mashiri said the Swedish International Development Agency donated $220000 for building two classrooms and a teacher's house

in the Rushinga district. The money was donated to the Government and would

be used to improve former satellite schools established just after independence.

[Text][Harare THE HERALD in English 24 Feb 87 p 91/12828

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65
SOUTH AFRICA

CHURCH SUPPORT FOR END CONSCRIPTION CAMPAIGN CRITICIZED

Pretoria DIE AFRIKANER in Afrikaans 4 Feb 87 p 9

[Article by Hannes Ferguson: "Strengthen Bond Between Defense Force and the

People"; first paragraph is introduction]

[Text] The End Conscription Campaign, a far-leftist organization that is

trying to stir up opposition to military conscription, has put the bond

between the people and the Defense Force back on the public agenda. Is the

South African Defense Force [SADF] a people's army or simply a military

machine?

The End Conscription Campaign (ECC) is a deadly psychological weapon against

white South Africa that must be combatted by expanding the South African

Defense Force into a broad, character-building force in white popular life.

The ECC came into being at the same time as the first unrest in the black

residential areas and developed together with it, with the strategic goal of

becoming an instrument for expanding that agitation to the white community, so

that the state itself and all of white society could be undermined in the

terms of the communist "peace" movement. The model of the ECC is the

successful antiwar movement in the United States during the war in Vietnam.

As a result of the notion that the SADF is merely a military machine,

undermining groups gained the space they needed to create arguments about

issues that should not be issues: Whether the individual does not have a

"right" to demand that he be released from military service and whether he

should not be allowed to provide "community service" instead of armed

service--by planting trees in parks, for example. The questions associated

with this, such as whether the state has the "right" to use members of the

Defense Force to maintain order in black residential areas, are much closer to

the real goal of the ECC--to support the ANC and UDF.

This organization was founded at a gathering in October 1983, where Dr Allan

Boesak and Mrs Sheena Duncan were the main speakers. The idea of leading a

"saturation campaign" against the morale of the Defense Force, and moreover to

start directly in the schools, had already been discussed by the Black Sash in

conjunction with the South African Council of Churches.

66
The stated objective is to end the system of compulsory military service, to

entrust South Africa's defense to a small, full-time professional army, to

establish alternative service projects for as long as that system continues to

exist in name, and to exclude the Defense Force as a power assisting in

maintaining law and order.

The hidden objectives are to make the SADF suspect, to foment dissatisfaction

among conscripts about all sorts of small things (such as pay and leave), to

lend aid to draft dodgers, to spread a spirit of pacifism among young people,

to do away with the cadet system at South African high schools, to undermine

the chaplain corps, and in general to spread disinformation, leftist

propaganda and distortions convenient to the Left.

The two most prominent supporters of the ECC, and also the most prominent

providers of its funding, are the South African Conference of Catholic Bishops

[SAKBK] and the American sect known as the Quakers. The SAKBK collects money

from Roman Catholics in Europe and elsewhere, especially in the Federal

Republic of Germany, under the pretext of kindness and charity (caritas),

which is then used to finance leftist revolutionary organizations in South

Africa.

The Quakers ("Society of Friends") have 130,000 members in the United States

and 70,000 in other countries, including approximately 100 in South Africa.

They were originally a religious group with no dogma or formal organization, but since 1930 they have been strongly infiltrated by communists.

They believe that war is incompatible with the Christian faith and wish to

eliminate the causes of war through "reconciliation." This puts them in the

same boat as the South African Council of Churches, which is also generously supplied with funding from them.

The methodology of "reconciliation" is to confront the principles of existing

order with revolutionary positions and then to convince the spiritual leaders

of the nations to suspend the exhausting struggle against the new leftist

ideology through Christian "reconciliation," which simply amounts to

capitulation to the revolution.

The Quakers' "reconciliation" is the exact Christian parallel to communist

"peace" propaganda, which keeps worldwide agitation going so that all

countries standing in the communists' way can be accused of engaging in

bellicose acts or "destabilizing" other countries. Nations must live in

"peace" through the disarmament of anti-communist countries. Peace, as Lenin

taught 60 years ago, must be coupled with the revolutionary struggle and

signifies, as an objective, communist control over the entire world.

"Reconciliation" and "peace" are thus the two slogans of the ECC. The

propaganda method is the same as that of the U.S. civil rights movement, which

was also inspired by the same sources.

The first stage is what they call "awareness," the realization that things are

not right. Guilt and a feeling of uneasiness with the existing order are

aroused. A selective morality is cultivated, according to which the SADF is

67
immoral in its action against the enemies of whites, and also because it

consequently forces its members to take immoral action. The second stage is

"consciousness," which means that a person has to do something to block these

immoral things and to cripple the SADF. The third stage is "power," but this

is not discussed openly. This means the suppression (after an alternative

instrument of power has been created by the revolution) of everything

belonging to the old order.

These three stages, which were borrowed from the technique of brainwashing,

are the same as those of "black awareness," "black consciousness" and "black

power," which are also being applied in South Africa by the American-led black

revolutionary organizations.

The practical outcome of this is that the End Conscription Campaign has become

a white "arm" of the ANC and UDF.

The result was that the state was forced to detain a number of its leading

figures and thus to suspend the workings of the ECC as much as possible.

But is this enough? Is trying to protect the SADF through putting only some

of those who wish to destroy it not simply half of the job? As long as the

Defense Force is seen merely as a bureaucratic power machine, debate will

continue on many levels concerning the infringement that the state must be

permitted into the time and lives of its citizens, and the "rights" of the

citizens to refuse to make the sacrifices demanded of them by the state.

The principle upon which the military power of the Boer republics was based,

namely that the Defense Force is the people itself, armed to defend its

existence, must again be asserted beyond any doubt. Whoever excludes himself

from the Defense Force excludes himself from the people itself and does not

deserve to live in the midst of the people. The limited legal recognition

that, under leftist pressure, is granted to persons whose "conscience" demands

that other people--not they themselves--make the sacrifices and take the risks

necessary to safeguard their future is unacceptable as a principle. This

represents disregard for the nature of the Defense Force. South Africa can

take as an example a country like Switzerland, whose existence in the world

today is the fruit of the seriousness with which its citizens act towards

their military obligations.

If the bond between the people and its armed forces can in this way be

strengthened, then the ECC, with all its deadly and dangerous implications

will become totally irrelevant and isolated.

From the point of view of the Defense Force, this means that the SADF must be

an important subject of study during the conscription years, thus the high

school years. Unfortunately, the youth defense program has been weakened.

The cadet movement must be made compulsory, with better leadership and better

funding. Adamant pride in one's own Defense Force must be cultivated with

each high school student. Something similar must also be created for high

school girls.

68
From the point of view of the people, the national armed forces must be not

only the people's military instrument, but also its school for character, where a boy becomes a man, and where lifetime values that are appropriate for

a people that is abused and threatened by the entire world are nurtured.

School, parents, chaplains and training officers themselves must deepen the

Defense Force's morale and make it unassailable, beginning in the sixth grade.

Such an approach cannot be expected from the current government, with its

leftist ties. Leftists in that party will even belittle any purposeful attempts to expand ties between the people and the Defense /Force as

"Imilitaristic." This will have to wait until the "National" Party's rule has

come to an end.

However, the realization of the desirability and possibility of a new system,

for the Defense Force as well, must be kept alive, and nurtured.

12271

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69
SOUTH AFRICA

NRP, PFP, NP COOPERATING AGAINST FAR RIGHT

Pretoria DIE AFRIKANER in Afrikaans 4 Feb 87 p 16

[Text] An unofficial, informal alliance between the NP, PFP and NRP against

the rightist parties will be in effect during the upcoming general election.

This is the observation from informed rightist circles after the Transvaal NRP

leader, Mr Martin Stephens, announced that his party will not nominate any

candidates in electoral districts where the rightist opposition might be

favored. He said that this policy was decided upon in order to keep a

"reactionary" official opposition from being elected.

Mr Stephens' statement means that the NRP is rushing to the aid of the NP in

the upcoming election in its struggle against its most prominent adversaries, the HNP and the CP. In fact, supporters of the NRP will certainly be asked to

also vote for NP candidates in districts that might be taken over by the

rightist opposition.

The NRP will not challenge any PFP seats in Transvaal, and the two parties

have already concluded agreements in Cape Province and Natal.

However, the national director of political organization of the PFP, Mr Neil

Ross, denied that the PFP will withdraw from electoral districts in order to

not split the votes against the rightist parties. The PFP will challenge

electoral districts where it thinks it can propagate its principles, he told

DIE AFRIKANER.

In rightist political circles, however, it is accepted that this is merely the

public attitude of the PFP. That party's main goal in the general election is

to remain the official opposition, and any advancement of the rightist parties

in marginal districts will thwart this goal. In this context, the result of

the Springs by-election in October 1985 is regarded as being of strategic

importance. In this election, the CP candidate, Mr Gert Parson, who was

supported by the HNP, made a splendid showing in a relatively unfavorable

district, and lost by only 749 votes. What made the result so significant is

the fact that support for the PFP dropped from 3,209 votes in 1981 to 1,716 in

1985. Hundreds of PFP supporters voted in that election for the NP, against

the rightist candidate.

70
In view of the fact that the swing to the right is continuing unabated, PFP

participation in races such as that in Springs could make it possible for the

HNP or the CP to capture those seats. The condition, of course, is that the

HNP and the CP come to an understanding early on. If the PFP does not put

forth a candidate, seats in this category will be much more difficult for the

rightist parties to win, since in that case PFP supporters will vote for NP

candidates.

The extent to which the PFP realizes this is reflected in its behavior in the

Kliprivier by-election last year. There, no candidate was nominated against

the NP, obviously out of the fear that this would favor the HNP. One day

before the election, an appeal was made to PFP members by the leader of the NP

in Natal, Mr Stoffel Botha, to vote for the NP, the first time that this had

happened. For its part, the PFP leadership did not tell its supporters to

ignore Mr Botha's request. In this way, the alliance between the NP and the

PFP was publicly endorsed.

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71
SOUTH AFRICA

DISAFFECTED ACADEMICS RESIGN FROM NP

Group of 27 Leave

MB220455 Johannesburg SAPA in English 2112 GMT 21 Feb 87

[Text] Johannesburg, 21 February, SAPA--The threatening revolt in the

National Party erupted this weekend with the resignation from the party of

members of a group of 27 disaffected academics at the University of Stellenbosch. The group, led by economist Professor Sample Terreblanche, had a

3-hour interview with President P.W. Botha and minister of constitutional development and planning Mr Chris Heunis in Cape Town on Friday. Also present

was Mr Piet Marais, MP for Stellenbosch.

In another development today, it was revealed that Dr Denis Worrall is receiving financial backing for his election campaign from wealthy and traditional

nationalist Cape wine farmers who are dismayed at the government's stalled

reform strategy.

The talks in Cape Town on Friday became deadlocked over the refusal by the

government to acdept major reforms and led to the resignation of the highlyinfluential academics from the NP.

President Botha declined to comment after the meeting.

The meeting ended on the basis that members of the group of 27 dissidents

were free to go their own way and leave the fold of the NP in order to support

other parties of independent candidates. As not all the dissidents were cardcarrying NP members, not all could show their dissatisfaction by resigning.

Some are still considering their positions, including Philosophy Professor

Willie Esternhuyse who is known to be unhappy but said he had not yet resigned.

Another member of the group was Professor Hennis Erasmus, dean of the law

faculty, who said today that he had supported the reform initiative in 1983

but could no longer be numbered among NP supporters "under the present leadership." Prof Erasmus lives in the Helderberg consitutency and said he would be

voting for Dr Worrall.

Another disgruntled matie [sland term for academics] was Entomology Professor

Jan Giliomee, who said the meeting had not been productive, and left the group

72
feeling disillusioned. Prof Giliomee, brother of University of Cape Town

political academic Dr Herman Giliomee, said he would also not be voting for

the NP in the election.

The main points of conflict between the rebels and the government are:

-- The refusal by the government to scrap the Group Areas Act which it sees

as central to its racially-based constitutional plans. The rebels insist the

act must go.

-- The failure by the government to achieve any negotiation with recognised

black leaders, and its failure to achieve black participation in government

despite its undertakings to do so.

Informed sources in Stellenbosch said today that the disaffected group could

number as many as 35. They emphasised that the members of the group--many

previously strong personal supporters of Mr Heunis--were thoroughly disillusioned with his lack of personal direction on the pace of reform. Many had

made personal recommendations to Mr Heunis and the government on the issue of

the lack of reform, political rights for blacks and the scrapping of remaining

apartheid laws. But they met no positive response, and in a last-ditch effort

to make their views known, the president agreed to have private talks with

them on Friday.

Apparently Mr Botha, too, was unable to placate the group or satisfy its

reservations.

As a result members of the group undertook to make their views public and to

say they would not exercise their democratic right to support alternative parties, policies or individual candidates, such as Dr Worrall and Mr Wynand

Malan.

The resignation of Professor Terreblanche has come as a major blow to the NP.

He was a close friend and confidante for many years of Mr Heunis and has a

strong personal following among fellow academics and students at Stellenbosch.

The revolt among the group of 27 will come as a devastating blow, both to

Mr Heunis and the NP's election campaign, and will add strong impetus to

Dr Worrall's campaign. Organisers of the former ambassador's campaign have

reported a big wave of public support from all sections of the Helderberg

community.

The rebellion against the NP in Stellenbosch adds momentum to the swing away

from the government's current policies which stress a need for security over

the need to phase out apartheid. The academic rebels will give their support

to former Nats who have already left the party to fight the government as

independents in the 6 May election. These include Mr Malan in Randburg and

Dr Worrall in Helderberg, who are in the process of being joined by other

"new Nat" independent candidates such as Dr Johan Blignaut who will stand

in Umfolozi.

73
The secret of financial backing for Dr Worrall from wealthand traditionally

Nationalist Cape wine farmers who are dismayed at the governments stalled reform

strategy comes as a devastating blow to the NP and Mr Heunis. The Boland "wine

artistocracy" has long formed a basis for the the Nats. News that members of

South Africa's oldest-established Afrikaans-speaking community are turning

against the government, will come as a shock to the Nats who have long taken

their support for granted.

P.W. Botha Meets With Group

MB211330 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1324 GMT 21 Feb 87

[Text] Cape Town, 21 February, SAPA--The state President Mr P.W. Botha faced

a 27-man delegation of rebellious Stellenbosch academics in Tuynhuys yesterday

amid rumours of another top "New Nat" independent candidate against the National

Party.

Dissatisfaction about the NP leadership and the cabinet has been brewing for

months at the university that is widely regarded as the bastion of intellectual

Afrikanerdom.

The delegation included prominent Afrikaner philosopher Professor Willie Esterhuyse, economics Professor Sampie Terreblanche and other senior members of the

NP's intellectual backbone, such as law professor Mr James Fourie and philosophy

lecturer Dr Anton van Niekerk.

They are members of an influential discussion group, the Stellenbosse

Besprekingsgroep [Stellenbosch Discussion Group].

Some have expressed sympathy for independent candidates, Mr Wynand Malan, in

Randburg and Dr Denis Worral in Helderberg.

A spokesman for the group, Professor Terreblanche, confirmed last night that

the "urgent" discussions with the state president lasted nearly 3 hours.

He said the group's existence was not in question and it would formulate a

position on certain pressing "issues" within the nextweek or two.

It was reliably learnt last night that PFP leader Mr Colin Eglin had had discussions with some of the members of the group in the past few days.

There is little doubt that the PFP would withdraw from Stellenbosch if a "New

Nat" independent were to stand. There has been strong pressure on Prefessor

Esterhuyse to make himself available.

Professor Comments On Resignation

MB230935 London BBC World Service in English 0709 GMT 23 Feb 87

[From the "24 Hours" program]

[Text] In South Africa two of the country's leading academics have resigned

from the ruling National Party. Professor Sampie Terreblanche, one of the

74
country's leading theoreticians, and law professor James Fourie have thrown

their weight behind National Party rebels who are standing as independent

candidates in the whites only election on 6 May. Both men are from the

Stellenbosch University, a main seat of learning for South Africa's Afrikaner

community. Their defection is likely to help the former ambassador to London,

Dr Denis Worral, who is campaigning as an independent against the minister for

constitutional development, Mr Chris Heunis.

The resignations follow a meeting between President P.W. Botha and a group of

27 Stellenbosch academics, which one member described as a fiasco. Cindy

Palomes asked Prof Terreblanche for his reaction to the meeting.

[Begin recording] [Terreblanche] We have an undertaking not to talk about

it but I am prepared to say that we left the meeting very disenchanted. There

are several members of our group that are not members of the National Party.

They have also spoken out. There maybe more resignations. We haven't tried

to get any kind of organized recognition. Of course, you know, it's an academic group. We were very strict on that. Party membership is not our business.

So it is a possibility that even more people may resign or take an open stand

against the governemnt.

[Palomes] Prof Terreblanche you have been widely regarded as one of the

National Party's main opinion formers as well as a close adviser to the Cape's

National Party leader, Chris Heunis. How much of a blow is your defection and

also the loss of so much of South Africa's academic support going to be [to]

the party?

[Terreblanche] Well, that of course is difficult for me to answer and of

course from my side it is kind of a traumatic experience. But in the end we

were not successful in convincing people in government circles about what we

regarded as the true nature of the South African problem. We really as academics, tried to make an input on the level of perceptions and problem definitions and so on. To our mind, the government is giving all kinds of easy excuses and think they have solutions to the problem. While, to our mind, that

is not the case.

[Palomes] Finally, as I said you were a close adviser of the minister, Chris

Heunis, against whom Dr Denis Worrall will be fighting as independent in the May

elections. Do you think that these recent defections to the independent side

have given that party a prominence that it otherwise would never been able to

achieve?

[Terreblanche] Yes, we hope so. There are indications that--especially in

Afrikaner circles--there is surprising support for Wynand Malan and Dr Worrall.

There is real disenchantment with the government and its policies in the last

year. So, there is a possibility of more independent candidates. We hope that

the whole thing will build up momentun. [end recording]

/12232

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75
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

ID DOCUMENTS MORE EXPENSIVE--Government has doubled expenditure on uniform

identity documents, and expects to spend R55,3m on the exercise during the

current financial year. The original budget was R27,3m. [Text][Johannesburg

BUSINESS DAY in English 17 Feb 87 p 10]/12828

GOVERNMENT INCREASES HOMELANDS AID--Government is to spend an extra R225,3m

onthe four "independent" homelands during the 1986-7 financial year. Total

expenditure, under the Foreign Affairs vote is expected to be more than

$1l,3i4bn. Foreign Affairs Minister Pik Botha. said-increased aid to Transkei,

Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei was for industry incentive schemes, job

creation and "relief of distress due to 'an earthquake in Transkei and drought

conditions in Bophuthatswana". [Text][Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English

17 Feb 87 p 101/12828

COST OF DETENTIONS RISING--Police spending on detainees during the current

financial year is over budget by nearly 40%. Law and Order Minister Adriaan

Vlok said in a parliamentary memorandum on revised estimates of SA Police

expenditure that an extra R166,7m was needed. [Text][Johannesburg BUSINESS

DAY in English 17 Feb 87 p 101/12828

GOVERNMENT SPENDING ACCELERATED--Government spending for January was 17,2%

up on the average monthly budget. The Exchequer paid out R3,81bn during the

month. Expenditure for the first 10 months of the fiscal year rose to

R32,6bn, in line with predictions that spending would accelerate in the final

three months of the fiscal year. Exchequer outlays had tended to lag behind

the monthly average. Expenditure for the year was 0,2% over the amount

suggested by computing a 10-month expenditure rate from the year's budget

estimate. Receipts for the period April 1, 1986, to January 31, 1977, were

R26,683bn. Estimated revenue for the full fiscal year is R33,627bn, which

implies collections for 10 months should be R28,023bn. However, tax collections

do not occur regularly throughout the year and they are usually at a very high

level in February and March. On January 31, 1987, the Exchequer account had

a surplus of R992,lm. The Reserve Bank tapped R310m of stock into the market.

The issues were R175m of RSA 13% 2005 and R135m worth of RSA 10% 1991. This

borrowing was a necessary open market operation to mop up excess liquidity in

the market and so ensure the authorities had control over interest rates through

Bank rate. The largest increase in spending for January was on improvements

of conditions of service. [Text][Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 16 Feb

87 p 11/12828

CSO: 3400/188

76
SOUTH AFRICA

BLACK HOUSING EXPERT STRESSES MAGNITUDE OF CRISIS

Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 11 Feb 87 p 4

[Text]

THE critical black hous- Different Ghettos

ing backlog is now well

over the half-million Although Natal and Mr Heath said: "We

mark and experts be- KwaZulu are entwined don't want to encourage lieve there is little as far as infrastructural the ghettos that one finds

chance of the country's services - such as roads in America. At least in

most serious social prob- and water supply - are informal settlements

lem ever being eradicat- concerned, they are run there is a patch of ed. by two different adminis- ground where' a kid can

Indeed, it is said that trations. kick a ball around.

even removing one of the And KwaZulu is often "Besides, apartments traditional scapegoats, hamstrung in providing traditionally don't fit in

the Group Areas Act, accommodation for its with the aspirations of would now merely be "a burgeoning population, our black people." drop in the ocean" . as much of the tribal He said three factors According to black trust lands are con- were vital to improving housing expert Mr Roy trolled by chiefs, some of the housing situation:

Heath, general manager whom are unwilling to N Streamlining red tape of Innova Ikhaya, unless set any aside for formal involved in acquiring orderly squatting is en- housing development, township land; couraged under con- Many tribesmen are * Releasing more land

trolled conditions, the left with little choice but for development; country is sitting on a to move into squatter U And, most important, social predicament settlements, as they also allowing the private sec- which will affect South are denied access into tor to become more in- Africans for generations. the alieady overcrowded volved.

Innova Ikahya, an townships. The major spin-off Urban Foundation utili- "The social implica- here would be increased

ty company, specialises tions of life'in crowded availability of building in supplying houses at houses or shacks with society loans, and stimu- current-day prices of only rudimentary ser- lating the depressed laR20 000, and catering vices are enormous and bour market through mainly for people earn- -will, if left unchecked, massive building ing less than R800 a affect the lives of gen- projects. month. erations to come." However, Mr Heath

Mr Heath said the He said the scrapping said there was now a far

housing problem was of the Group Areas Act more intense commit- particularly prevalent in also would not signifi- ment from both the GovNatal. And with the cantly ease the problem ernment and the private proximity of KwaZulu, it as there were only 35 000 sector to get to grips is the only province vacant dwellings in with the problem than where extensive squatter white areas - less than ever before.

camps are near highly six percent of the black

developed urban areas. housing backlog.

/12828

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77
SOUTH AFRICA

SPECIAL HOUSING PROJECTS UNDERWAY FOR KWAZULU, NATAL

Durban TIHE DAILY NEWS in English 13 Feb 87 p 1

[Article by Bruce Cameron]

[Text] CAPE TOWN: The Government is pushing ahead at'

full speed with special projects costing millions of

rands to substantially improve mainly urban living

conditions of blacks in Natal and KwaZulu.

The projects were recommended for urgent attention in an interim report by the Government/KwaZulu-appointed Planning Council for KwaZulu and

Natal.

About half the projects are in KwaZulu and on

South African Development Trust land and are being

developed by the Department of Development Aid.

The rest, in Natal, are being handled by the province

on behalf of the Department of Constitutional Development.

The projects were the subject of controversy when

the former chairman of the Planning Council, Mr

Louis Rive, resigned objecting to delays caused by

government bureaucracy. Since then the council has

been chaired by Bishop Alphaeus Zulu, and recently

submitted its final report to the Government.

The Director General of Development Aid, Mr G.

van de Wall, is confident that the urgent projects

recommended in the interim report being handled by his department should be completed by early March

1988. They will cost R65 million.

In an interview Mr van de Wall said the projects

were in three areas - greater Inanda, greater Umlazi (in the Durban area) and Greater Edendale (Pietermaritzburg). They were mainly aimed at upgrading infrastructure and providing sites to help meet the the rapid

urbanisation of blacks.

Mr van de Wall said the projects were, however, in

addition to the normal development being done by his

department. Altogether 55 043 serviced sites would be provided in terms of the recommendations of the interim report.

/12828

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78
SOUTH AFRICA

GROWING OPPOSITION FROM ALL SECTORS TO NEWLY APPOINTED OFFICIALS

Cape Town THE ARGUS in English 17 Feb 87 p 11

[Article by Frans Esterhuyse]

The Bill provides for the * Where will it end? How

[Text] transfer of ministerial pow- many more high-powered

ers, functions and duties to state officials are to be apT1] HIS little jingle was such representatives to be ap- pointed in coming years and I quoted in the House of pointed by the President. at what cost to the taxpayer?

T Assembly to illustrate Opposition MPs argued Summing up opposition

opposition fears that South that in spite of the Govern- fears, Mr Derrick Watterson

Africa's state bureaucracy is ment's "rationalisation" pro- (NRP Umbilo) said: "It apgrowing to unmanageable gramme for the State admin- pears that the more people

proportions. istration, there was a growing we have in jobs the less work

MPs of all the main opposi- plethora of ministers, deputy they have. The less work they

tion parties are alarmed at ministers and other high- have the more assistance

the prospect that President powered political officials ap- they require to do the work

P W Botha's proposed new pointed by President Botha. that does not exist.

batch of "ministerial repre- President Botha already "This is actually what is

sentatives" is but the forerun- had 50-odd ministers and dep- happening. I believe that as nrer of a further vast process uty ministers, whereas for- France and the Roman Emof bureaucratic expansion. mer Prime Minister, Mr John pire fell because of this kind

One of the predominant Vorster governed the country of nonsense, it will not be

fears'is that this could be a with 26 ministers and deputy long before the National Parnever-ending process leading ministers, and General Smuts ty empire will fall because of

to government by a virtual with 11 ministers and no dep- the same nonsense."

army of high-powered state uty ministers. Professor Nic Olivier, a officials unaccountable to Questions to which the op- nominated MP of the ProParliament or to voters, position parties have tried in gressive Federal Party,

In terms of the Constitution vain to get convincing an- amongst others, warned that

the State President appears swers from the Government the growing high-powered buto have powers to make any include: reaucracy was a threat to denumber of political appoint- 0 Why does the country mocracy in South Africa.

ments. need so many ministers and "It is senseless to say that

One opposition objection is deputy ministers now and the normal principles of parthat with the Government's what will the new batch of liamentary accountability

already top-heavy bureaucra- "ministerial representatives" and responsibility will not be

cy, the cost of further expan- do? Is there enough work for violated by this," Professor

sion could be a tremendous them, or is it a case of "jobs Olivier said.

burden on the country's for pals"? Opposition spokesman were

taxpayers. not prepared to accept GovThe Government's move to ernment arguments that Cabpave the way for the appoint- inet ministers would be ac- ment of "ministerial repre- countable to Parliament and

sentatives" caused a storm in

the Assembly last week when

the Minister of Constitutional

Development and Planning

moved the second reading of

the Constitution Amendment

Bill.

79
to voters for the doings of administrators and their ex- their "ministerial ecutive committees, also ap- representatives". pointed by the State Such indirect "accountabil- President.

ity" could not work in prac- Next are the regional ser- tice when such representa- vices councils (RSCs), whose tives might not be in chairmen are appointed by Parliament and would speak the provincial administrators. only via five or more minis- poni the a ist ters,Members of the RSCs will

The proposed appointment include representatives of ev- of an unknown number of ery municipality within the ofanunonmer representativ" defined area of a particular "ministerial representatives" RSC, including black miuniciadds a new dimension to the palities. And inag y come the

already highly complex .pow- local authorities as the direct

er structure of President

Botha's system of link with the people.

government. The legislative power of

At the top is the executive the provincial, or second-tier State President himself, with government has been re- wide-ranging powers of ap- moved.

pointment down the line. This tier now acts as an

He appoints the Cabinet agent of the State President members and of the three and his Cabinet. ministers' councils handling . The overall system, is a

own affairs - one for each of highly complex network of in- the three Houses of Parlia- ' stitutions and specialised ment. He also appoints depu- functions. The system, ac- ty ministers and now, in cording to political analysts, terms terial representatives".. of the new Bill, "minis- iis clearly designed to mainSAn Arimeporetantlives"k important link withttain with overall white control by the the Nationalist Government.

Government ment and with Parlia- the Government'Go planett is the 60-member Presi- •The Government's plan to. dent'is thencil, 60-me r Psi 2create a new series of'high- dent's Council, which has 25 powered appointed officials Smembers appointed by the has met with fierce opposi-. • State nated President by the three and Houses 35 desig- of tion and from business, industry the lea rtriy

Parliament. egal fraternity. Assocom, the Federated Then come the provincial Chamber of Industries and

the Association of Law Soci- eties submitted their serious

concerns and criticisms of the

plan to the parliamentary

committee which considered

the proposed legislation.

Requests from these bodies

to give oral evidence were

turned down, according to op-, position speakers in -the Assembly, who insisted that

they should have been heard.

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80
SOUTH AFRICA

U.S. SACSA REPORT CRITICIZED

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 17 Feb 87 p 6

[Commentary by Simon Barber] [The subject, the neophyte learns,

[Text] • of is a basically distant, violent two "communities" land comprisedASHINGTON is suddenly WThe SACSA relrt is driven a a white, technologically advanced

flooded with bits of sense 

Sf his o ba l " c omm unie y

paper covered with 

of good, old-fashioned ,nis- but "uncivilised" and profoundly

vice and proposals 

ad- sion civilisatrice" -- one of Fran- Impoverished, oressed and back- on ce's more high-minded excuses for mord oppressed and bc what the US and its allies should empire. The panel's co-chairman, ward black (paiully explained in

do about South Africa. William Coleman, the Gerald Ford The white group's intransigeet We have the report of the Secre- administration's top black appoin- desi e oremain the counrys tary of State's Advisory Commit- tee, talks candidly about "o 'ob- msters Iand Its fears of being tee on SA (SACSA) and its sundry ligations "as part of the civillsed swamped by the understandably dissenting opinions. We have the world" to fight against the "hun- a mpedrby the u eandably Agency for International Develop- ger, poverty, desperation and cha- angry majority are heading to- ment's (AID) "assistance strategy os" of SA. wards a murderous denouement in for disadvantaged South Africans". To achieve this, the savage Boer ohich, the neophyte is warned, We have "an initiative for eco- must be tamed, largely by further possibly millions' could die. nomic progress in Southern economic sanctions, and black Africa," also from AID. Last but South Africans elevated into well- I

not least, erstwhile Congressional trained, democratic capitalists so I sanctioneers have issued a variety that one form of barbarism will I n terms of direct American in- of SADCC aid bills and an accom- not be replaced by another. terests, our innocent reads, the panying mound of self-laudatory Coleman was dissuaded by his country is not of major impor- Press releases., ' colleagues from using the word tance.It does produce a number of A lot of trees have died to make "civilised" in virtually every para- needed minerals and it does sit in a this possible. Does their death have graph and instead channel ed his strategic location, but neither imany meaning and, if so, will it do excess missionary zeal into a per-. plicit threat is "sufficient cause to

any good? The forest of words can sonal addendum at the back of the idetermine US policy". be summed up very briefly: the study. This at least took an edge off Nor is there much chance that sovereign governments of the the epic condescension that per- the local civil war will "precipi- Southern African region are in- vades the work notwithstanding. t. fate a major confrontation with capable of ordering their affairs in Most readers of the report will the Soviet Union". What is "at any manner compatible with West- be real or imagined experts in the i stake" - I.e., what the fuss ispoerm interests and moral Well-being field for whom its formulations Lou.Inbly About 7- is . lot Qf lves. and must therefore, in effect, be and prescriptions will be nothing -"the future political and economic recolonised. new. These experts b4vp thouhst J viability of the entire southern That overly redolent expression third of the African continent" and is not used, of course'. N&o has it and spoken about SA in the same 'history's judgment of the US".

crossed Idiom themselves for so long that 's r j -'s ent thetUS". the minids of most of the / they have lost touch with the welt-. Our reader thus learns that the authors that recolonisation, albeit anschauung the idiom. funda US and "other nations committed In a sophisticat ed and deceptiv mentally expresses. It might be to civilised values" are in the thrall form, Is what the are suggesting. useful to look at the document of an historical imperative, a But then, pace Marx and Lenin, through the eyes of someone utter- manifest destiny perhaps, to save lot of colonialism has been guile- ly new to the subject. eally un faportant people from less and unintended. Often, too, it cally unimpfrtan pontromsi t has been not such a bad thing. their otherwise base, bitter and degraded selves.

81
The trick, when civilising, is to Based on the evidence fIresented

make sure the civilisees think it's him, our neopbyte might agree

all their very own idea. SACSA that the inhabitants of SA have

Since "no responsible Amercan endorses the projects already de- proved singularly inept at ordering

political leader supports the use of veloped by AID and outlined its their affairs on a "civilised" basis.

VS military power in Southern five-year $125m "strategy for dis- Studying AID's regional intitiaAfrica" (one traditional method is advantaged South Africans". These tive, he might be similarly perout, in other words), the question I include "aiding the development of suaded about SA's neighbours. But

how? The answer, the newcomer -future South African leaders in the he would also likely end up wondiscovers, Is to train and somehow short to medium-term through dering If the millions in question

convince the ngtives, black and education, training and scholar- Were all so useless, so bankrupt, so

white, to think and act if not like us ship programmes, as well as incapable of converting self-Interhigher beings, then at least the way through institutional develop- est into some kind of modus viwe want them to. ment". vendi, that they might not be able

For the minority group, this en- Democratic values are to be in- to solve their problems if left to

tails some fairly serious behaviour stilled by the National Endowment their own devices.

modification, which must start for Democracy, whose mandate is Can the West, he might ask himwith "finding ways to dispel the obvious enough but whose activi- self, really order these peoples'

lack of knowledge that prevents ties remain somewhat obscure. lives? Does it really have the re.

many South African whites from The joys of capitalism are to be sources, the political will, even the

understanding the depth of despair inculcated by helping small black attention span, to carry through

that fuel§ black unrest, the justice businesses and by efforts to enable these bold nterventions? And will

of black demands and the strong black entrepreneurs to buy the as- not the interventions themselves

concern of most black leaders for sets of departing US corporations. create backlashes utterly contrary

the future welfare of SA and all of This being an even-handed opera- to their intent? These questions are

its inhabitants". tion, funds will also be going to scarcely addressed in the mounds

The next stage is to "provide training trades unionists in the I of paper. Until they are, the trees

whites with reasonable assurances I skills of collective bargaining, will have died in vain.

that they will not be unjustly victi- One of SACSA's more novel

mised (is there a just way?) by a ideas, reflecting perhaps the high

post-apartheid government". That percentage of lawyers on the pandone, we can move on to encourag- el, isto place special emphasis on

ing encounter groups between training black lawyers. Given that

blacks and whites "to discuss and SA's legal system is one of the few

debate alternative political formu- chinks in apartheid's grim caralas and negotiating processes". pace, it Is hard to quarrel with this.

With any luck, the minority will But our innocent reader might also

respond to treatment by unbanning be forgiven for seeing it as another

opposition groups, releasing politi- subconscious attempt to turn SA

cal prisoners, dismantling remain- into America, a heavily overing apartheid laws and entering lawyered country if there ever was

"good faith negotiations". If not, one.

there is always radiation therapy , Coleman concludes in proconsuin the form of additional sanctions Jar tones that his enquiry has been

- it may devastate the patient, but like an expedition intothe heart of

proponents believe it may some-, darkness, "a searing and shattertimes kill the cancer as well. Ing experience". /

is 

"FThe 

rather 

problem different. 

with 

It owes 

the majorit[y 

its lack 

H

has nonetheless come away

of civilisation to deprivation. Also fired with a conviction that "the

it has grown suspicious of mission- recommendations contained in the

aries. So it must be undeprived final report are in the best intermore generously and enthusiasti- ests of all South Africans, black

cally than ever before, but always and white. They are achievable,

with care to ensure that "black and should have the support of the

South Africans are involved in set- nations of the Western civilised

ting the agenda, shaping the direc- world as well as those other parts

tion and implementing pro- of the world that reject race as a

grammes... "criterion of human value".

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82
SOUTH AFRICA

SAIRR MANAGER ON IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING REFORM PROCESS

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 17 Feb 87 p 7

[Article by Alan Fine] Similarly, the labour reforms of the late

Seventies attempted to prevent the growth

of the black worker's economic and political

[Text] muscle by directing union power through

A CLEAR understanding of the nature ipredetermined channels. However, opening

and dynamics of the reform process the door to freedom of association has prowould providegroups working towards duced precisely the opposite effect.

a non-racial democracy in SA with This suggests, says Friedman, introducing

his main thesis, that far from being an obstaunique opportunities for advancing cle to change, reform - whatever'the motheir goals. tives of its architects - actually creates

This Is the view expressed by Steven unique opportunities for making it possible.

Friedman, manager of the SA Institute of But, he adds, those who say that it would

Race Relations' policy research unit. Gov- be best to rely on government-initiated reeminent, says Friedman, has always con- form to produce change are also misreading

tended that its reform programme is a vo- the situation. Government reforms, he conluntary and coherent one designed to tends, provide tactical opportunities for

broaden democracy and create an equal those working for change but cannot them.

society, selves produce fundamental change.

Critics to the Left of the NP dispute this. Hence, the key task for groups Who are

They say that government has implemented working for a non-racial society is to identithe reform process in response to various fy those areas'where pressure for change

pressures. In addition, they say, these re-. can be most profitably directed, as a suppleforms are designed to modernise apartheid meat to traditional protest politics.

while retaining the core of NP policy Friedman contends that government's.

continued white political dominance. willingness to introduce reforms -in particuFriedman is in agreement with this view. lar areas depends both 'on'the amount of.

It Is clear that, while government has said it pressure it faces and the extent it believes it'

is prepared to negotiate with black leaders, can yield without endangering -its hold on

Athe non-negotiable principle that political power. It has, he notes, often - when under

rights must be exercised on a group basis sufficient pressure - made concessions In

remains. So those who argue that govern- "marginal' areas, such as labourreform and

ment reform cannot by itself produce funda- influx control. But It has never yielded, howmental change are correct. But he takes ever strong the pressures, to demands on

Issue with the argument advanced by many "core" issues, like the franchise.

extra-parliamentary groups that reform is So much is self-evident. -But the vital

actually an obstacle to fundamental change. point, says'Friedman, is that the boundary

between marginal and core Issues is continOpposite effect ually shifting. Thus, until the mid-Seventies, ....... _black. trade union rights were decidedly a

While reform may reflect government's core issue. And until the beginning of thi

desire to control and contain change, there is decade so was influx control. But these reno evidence that any reform han actually forms' developed to the point 'where they

achieved this. On the contrary, influx control came to represent qualitative change.

reforms, although limited, have significantly The corollary, though, is that core issues

weakened government control of the free- will only become marginal after other mardom of movement of blacks and opened new ginal 'issues have been conceded. 'Hence

opportunities for strengthening black mus- there is little hope of government abandoncle'."

• 83
ing its adherence to the principle of political

group rights while, for example, the Group the NP of liberal slogans to describe its

Areas Act and school segregation remain aims. Words'like "freedom" and "democraintact. And core areas will become marginal y 'mean something very, different to -the

only when government realises it can aban- compared to those on its Left. But it has

don them without abandoning power. become possible, in some cases, for opposiObjective economic pressures, says Fried-* tion groups' to convince government to give

mah, have almost always preceded these. real content to these concepts.

changes in government perceptions. The Further, Friedman argues that governneed for a stable, relatively skilled black ihent's lack of vision for the future Is not

workforce to complement the inadequate. something to be lamented.

numbers of skilled whites prompted the first During the Verwoerdian era government

signs of labour reform - the abandonment *knew unshakeably where it was going. That

of Job reservation. i It no longer has a coherent plan opens up

The same pressure was partly responsible new possibilities for lobbying groups for' the

for the erosion of influx control and. in- introduction'of new ideas. The Urban Founcreased expenditure on black education. And dation, for example, was able to make a vital

the white housing surplus will be the 'trigger contribution on iflux control reforms.

for the abolition of residential apartheid, he

predicts. But, he adds, while objective pres- But tiis depends on opposition groups

sures open the door to change by making' recognising that the process of change will

traditional forms of apartheid less efficient, be a long-term one. Whatever the moral

active opposition - including black resis- justification of calls for universal franchise,

tance - has always been a factor in produc-: they must supplement protest politics with a

ing change. This is illustrated, for example, strategic approach, he says. Obvious targets

by the 1973 Durban strikes, which ultimately now are residential apartheid, local governled to the extension of union rights to blacks, ment structures, black education and the.

and the 1976 unrest, which led to reforms in further relaxation of influx control.

education and local government. . Finally, says Friedman, no single interest

But the nature of resistance has a pivotal .group can alone produce change. Business,

effect on how change occurs; the key here is trade unions, black political organisations,

not how dramatic resistance Is but whether church groups, foreign governments and

it is strategically effective. The past 14 years pressure groups, opposition and liberal NP

have seen the growth of enduring union or- MP's and'poblic servants all play a role.

ganisation which has had a marked influence

on emerging industrial relations structures They act in different spheres, have differand norMs. On the other hand, although the ent types of influence and their own'political

'1976 unrest, was more dramatic no equiv- agendas. But the fact that they are all exertalenit political organisation came into being ing pressure makes change more likely.

immediately after 1976. So while certain

reforms were introduced, they were on government's own terms.

Foreign pressure for change has had an

equally chequered history. Campaigns in

marginal areas '- like trade 'union rights,

'sport and Group Areas - have had and will

•have some effect. But demands for majority

rule, under threat of economic sanctions,

have made absolutely no impression on government - because of the imbalance between the extent of pressure and its goals.

Supplement

Hence, argues Friedman, internal groups

which rely on foreign pressure as the quick

fix will be dissappointed. On the other hand,

those which see foreign pressure as a supplement to their own efforts may find it useful if

the necessary balance is restored.

A further impetus for change is the changing intellectual climate and the adoption by

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84
SOUTH AFRICA

INCREASE IN INDUSTRIAL MILITANCY NOTED

Cape Town THE ARGUS in English 18 Feb 87 p 21

[Text]

"I•Y waging the longest spokesmen from .the union wages above the average -

and management as well as like Pick 'n Pay's R540 a JLB strike in South African academic observers ex-liePc n aysR4a

history, workers in the OK month for wage earners.

Bazaars supermarket chain pressed a surprising degree of However, the highly comhave highlighted a growing consensus in their replies. petitive nature of the chaintrend towards industrial mili- "The kernel of an explana- store business did have anothtancy in the retail sector of *tion lies in the fact that

te e unions in the retail industry er effect, he said.

The two-month-old legal took a long time to get their "Factories can close for a

sTrke is onlythe laesial act together and have sudden- day and make up lost produc- strike is only the latest in a lbeoeasrnadwlltion later. But retailers must

series of stoppages, sit-ins, ly become a strong and well to ae.Btrtiesms

plant occu ations and strikes organised force," says Mr stay open every day and the

thant have tions thindustryike Raymond Ackerman, chair- unions have recognised this that have hit the industry in factor."

man of Pick 'n Pay and leadthe past 10 months. ing spokesman for the indus- A Ccawusa official 'responThe Pick 'n Pay strike inr try. sible for research into condiMay last year was the first Lack of political rights for tions of employment in the inbig explosion in a conflict black worers had fuelled dustry, who declined to be

that had been building up union militancy and on top ofunm i a c w

since the Commercial Cater- thion retanly have named in accordance with

ing and Allied Workers' Union this "some retailers have union policy, did not disagree

(Ccawusa) began reorganising been paying too-low wages". but added other factors to the

itself in the early 1980s. A Central Statistics Service explanation. report on monthly wages in To him the nature of the IaBitter war the retail sector for the the Tour force in the industry is a . last quarter of 1986 showed crucial factor.

of words the following averages:

That strike was followed by Whites received R962; Co- Most jobs in the industry m loureds R408, Indians R605 required a basic level of litermajor disputes at Foschini, acy and certain posts reCNA, Gallo, Neos Dairies, a Corn et66. quired a minimum standard

rof secondary education. This

smaller plants as well as distinguished the workforce

large-scale sit-ins to protest nature from other labour intensive

at the detention of union lead- Mr Ackerman acknowl- industries like metal and

ers when the emergency was edged that one reason for mining.

declared in June. these low wages was the "The average retail worker What accounts for this ex- downward pressure on overtraordinary degree of conflict heads imposed by the princiin the industry? pie of marginal profits and

In stark contrast to the bit- nigh turnover. But he stressed

ter war of words that has that this did not prevent some

raged around the OK strike, companies from paying:

85
tends to be. young, urbanised disputes like the one at OK

and with a relatively high de- Bazaars.

gree of education that goes Ccawusa has signed, or is

with a well developed poli- discussing, 88 recognition

'tics," he said. agreements nationally and

negotiations have to be conPolitical mirrorthe ducted indiv.idually at each of plants.

mirror While imposing a severe

"They mirror the socio-po- strain on the union's relitical situation in the town- sources, this has forced it to

ships quite accurately." build a strong shop steward Other conditions in the in- structure and close liaison dustry that have aggravated with its membership - which

worker frustrations are long explains why rank and file

wourk frust em long members were able to run hours -- most employees CauasJhnebr f

work a six-day week and con- Ccawusa's Johannesburg ofsiderable overtime - and a fice for a few weeks when all

generally low level of indus- officials were detained or

trial relations skills amongst went to ground after the

line managementa emergency last year. Not surprisingly, the Dr Jon Lewis, editor of the

spokesman focused on academic journal Labour BulCcawusa's history and organ- letin, said the union's well de--

cus's tehniqestor exandioan- veloped shop steward netising techniques to explain work and the fact that the

the impact it had had. industry was "dominated by a

Ccawusa is an old union handful of large chain stores

which only began reorganis- has the effect of facilitating a

ing itself in the early 1980s large-scale response by workwhereas emerging unions in ers to management initiatives

other big industries like met- and union calls from the

al, food and chemicals began union for action".

pushing up wages through The result, Dr Lewis says,

collective bargaining in the is that industrial relations in

early 1970s. the South African retail inThe result is that retail dustry are much more volaworkers are now demanding tile than in other industrialarge and sudden increases to lised countries where shop.

close the gap and these often workers and their unions

cut deeply into profit margins have never shown the same - a recipe for long and bitter pattern of militancy. - Sapa.

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86
SOUTH AFRICA

DROP IN IMPORTS LEADS TO FAVORABLE TRADE BALANCE

MB271442 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1439 GMT 27 Feb 87

[Text] Pretoria, Feb 27, SAPA--A sharper decline in imports than exports

led to South Africa recording a favourable trade balance of R906.2m in January.

Preliminary customs and excise figures released in Pretoria today show that

exports for January dropped by R301.5m compared with January last year--but

imports declined by R451.4m, resulting in a favourable trade balance surpassing

January 1986's by R149.9m.

Last month exports totalled R3,313.2m (R3,614.7m in January 1986) while

imports amounted to R2,407.Om (R2,858.4m).

According to the figures, mineral and chemical exports dropped sharply.

Mineral products decreased to R289.6m from R396.Om in January 1986, precious

metals to R123.5m from R300.0m, and chemical products to R76.5m from R113.2m.

Base metals exported declined to R327.6m from R390.2m.

The decline in imports is attributed to a R538.Om slump in the "unclassified

goods and balance of payments adjustments" category.

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87
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY NOTES FORBES CONCLUSIONS ON SANCTIONS

NB281129 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 28 Feb 87

[Station commentary: "Disinvestment"]

[Text] For years, informed commentators have been warning anti-South African

groups that their lobbying for disinvestment is misguided. It could not

achieve the political or economic goals that were placed on it, and any

detrimental effects would be felt mainly by black people inside South Africa

and in neighboring countries. But the ideological campaign was increasingly

successful, and by now a number of Western companies have been forced to

disinvest from the country.

It is therefore appropriate that an in-depth study of the effects of such

disinvestment has now been made by FORBES magazine, one of the most influential

business and investment periodicals in the world. According to the findings

of the study, disinvestment has had even worse effects from the point of view

of [words indistinct] when the commentators-have been warning.

The first finding is that disinvestment has actually enriched a good many

South African businessmen. Second, the South African economy is far from being

brought to a halt even by the combined attack of disinvestment and sanctions.

The FORBES report notes that while the economy will grow somewhat more slowly,

as it might have done, it will still continue to grow, and it will be much

less vulnerable to outside pressure. Finally, the report comes to the conclusion

that South Africans have the capacity to produce practically anything anyway.

It finds that exports by South Africa are continuing, either through sanctionsbusting or through sales to other African countries which buy South African

goods with aid received from America and other Western countries. And as for

any detrimental effects that sanctions may have, the report said that in theory

South Africans could pass most of them through to the rest of southern Africa.

In practice, it adds, they have been less ruthless up to now.

These are the facts about disinvestment and sanctions as were told in an

independent study by an influential business magazine. Hopefully, they will be

heeded by those campaigners who are still prepared to pay attention to facts.

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88
SOUTH AFRICA

ECONOMIC ADVISORY COUNCIL TO INVESTIGATE INFLATION

MB271358 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1353 GMT 27 Feb 87

[Text] Johannesburg,,Feb 27, SAPA--The state president, Mr P.W. Botha, has

asked his Economy Advisory Council (EAC) to investigate the causes of inflation

and submit practical proposals to combat it, it was announced today by

Dr C.J.F. "Kerneels" Human, chairman of the EAC.

Dr Human said that: "Because of the serious concern of the government on the

matter, the state president last week requested the EAC to take appropriate

steps to collect and collate reports on the subject from all parties concerned.

Because of the "very serious concern" of government on the matter, submission

would be called for from all organisations already studying the problem--such

as the heads of department of the minister of finance, Mr Barend du Plessis,

the treasury and the Reserve Bank--as well as from the Federated Chambers of

Industry, the Associated Chambers of Commerce, the Afrikaanse Sakekamer

[Afrikaans Chamber of Commerce], the Afrikaanse Handelsinstituut [Afrikaans

Trade Institute, AHI], and others.

No firm timetable could be fixed for the investigation, said Dr Human, but a

"flexible" target of early May, shortly after the general elections, had

been agreed.

The special sub-committee of the EAC hoped to have reported to the EAC at its

plenary meeting in May so that the latter could expedite final recommendations

to the cabinet.

Dr Human said he did not see the investigation as a pre-election ploy.

"It is true that there have been a variety of programmes in the past aimed at

stemming inflation; that there are many current investigations by different

organilsations and that, so far, no national, concerted concrete plan has emerged

or been fully implemented as a result.

"But this time things are different. We have never had inflation at such

consistently high levels before. Virtually every government report and every

economic analysis, now includes its own warning about the dangers of inflation.

"We are not forming just one more cosmetic programme to work against inflation.

Our job will be to bring together the wealth of research and opinions now

prevalent throughout the country and to work it into a coherent, realistic

89
plan of action." The new anti-inflation committee will be chaired by

Mr Joe Steggman, of SASOL [South African Coal, Gas, and Oil] repute, but the

names of other committee members have not yet been disclosed.

Dr Human said in his formal statement that: "The sustained high rate of

inflation in our country is highly undesirable. It has a detrimental effect

on economic growth by contributing to a misallocation of scarce resources and

by undermining business and consumer confidence.

"Also, inflation places a particularly heavy burden on certain groups such as

pensioners.

"Inflation is a complex problem with causes so interwoven that it is difficult

to distinguish cause and effect.

"It is accepted that inflation cannot be contained painlessly, and our investigation will take proper cognisance of the realities in South Africa and

possible solutions against this background.

"The EAC is aware that the minister of finance, his heads of departments and

the Reserve Bank are examining inflation intensively while the economic affairs

committee of the President's Council intends undertaking a broad investigation

of productivity.

"The necessary consultation will take place among the respective bodies in this

connection."

The announcement of the new programme to fight inflation was generally wellreceived today but most of those questioned--the FCi [Federated Chambers of

Industry], ASSOCOM [Association of Chambers of Commerce], the ARI and others--

said they would be unable to offer informed opinion until it was clear whether

this latest attempt to slay the dragon was substantially-motivated and supported,

unlike some of the previous anti-inflation programmes.

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90
SOUTH AFRICA

IBM SOON TO BE TAKEN OVER BY EMPLOYEES

MB281920 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1907 GMT 28 Feb 87

[Text] Johannesburg, Feb 28, SAPA--The American computer company, IBM, will

be a fully-pledged South African company from tomorrow known as Information

Services Management (ISM), SABC radio news reports.

The American company's direct involvement in South Africa terminates at

midnight.

The group, which has been in South Africa since 1952, has sold its South African

interests to a trust owned by employers of ISM.

The current managing director of IBM in South Africa, Mr Jack Clarke, will also

head the new company.

A spokesman for ISM said his company would continue selling IBM products in

South Africa, but that it would also sell other products.

The new company has an agreement with IBM in the United States in terms of

which the American company will sell its products to the South African company

for at least three more years and its spares for a minimum of five years.

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91
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

LOSSES DUE TO DROUGHT--Up until July last year, South Africa lost about

200 million rands in foreign exchange, because it was unable to export agricultural products, owing to the droughts. The minister of agriculture,

Mr Greyling Wentzel, says in a written reply to a question put to him in

parliament that up to July last year the country suffered an additional

foreign exchange loss of 60 million rands because of imports necessitated

by the drought. [Text] [Johannesburg Domestic'Service in English 1500 GMT

26 Feb 87] /8309

MCGRAW-HILL DIVESTS--A giant American publishing house is the latest company

to pull out of South Africa. McGraw-Hill Inc, one of the world's largest publishing and information services companies, has announced it is ending

all operations in South Africa and will stop selling its products to the

country. It has cited the racial and political unrest as the main reasons

for divesting. The head office in New York says it is negotiiting to sell

its South African subsidiary tolocal management. [Text] [Umtata Capital

Radio in English 0600 tMT 27 Feb 87] /8309

ARMS VIA HONDURAS--Air Charter Centre, a Belgian air broker, was approached at the end of November to transport .39 tons of machine guns from the American

,Bradly Airport to South Africa via Honduras, the director of that company said

on 9 December. The request came from a Belgian transport agent whose name

the director of Air Charter Centre refused to disclose. Other European and

particularly British brokers have also been approached for identical transport, he added. The flight, using a DC8 or Boeing 707, was scheduled for

5 or 6 December. The role of the transport agent consisted, he explained, in finding an air broker that could supply planes to transport goods from

one point of the world to another. "One of our employees recorded the request

on 20 November, without realizing that it concerned a country subject to an

embargo on arms shipments," the director of the company said. "When we

noticed the fact a few days later, we stopped the procedure and informed our

client of the situation." According to the director, the first telex sent

by the transport agent mentioned machine guns as the cargo. A second telex

noted that they were actually hunting guns. [Text] [Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE

in French Feb 87 p 37] 11,464

CSO: 3419/121

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SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

PIK BOTHA ON GAS PROJECT GOAL--Yesterday evening, at a meeting of the National

Party in Roodepoort, Mr Pik Botha said that the gas development project at

Mossel Bay will reduce South Africa's dependence on foreign petroleum products,

easing pressure from foreign countries. He said the project was a valuable

one, deserving the pride of all South Africa. [Begin Botha video recording]

The project should make all South Africans proud. The Mossel Bay gas development project as publicized will pump 5.5 billion rand into the economy when

it becomes operational. The figure far outstrips the national budgets of many

countries of the world. The project is being undertaken with the sole aim

of making South Africa self-sufficient, less dependent on foreign petroleum

imports, and also less vulnerable to the pressure of its international enemies,

who want to wreck its economy and industry. [end video recording] [Text]

[Johannesburg Television Service in Afrikaans 0530 GMT 21 Feb 87] /8309

300 MILLION FOR SYNTHETIC FUEL--The cabinet has earmarked 300 million rand for

synthetic coal projects this year. The managing director of the project managers

for the Mossel Bay fuel from gas scheme, Mr (Steven Grober), said in Cape Town

that almost 50 million rand would be spent in Port Elizabeth on the Mossel Bay

project and about 80 million rand in Durban. He expressed the hope that work

on the project would begin by the middle of the year. The first contracts would

be awarded for the manufacture of steel sections for the off-shore production

platform, components of the pipeline, and development of the infrastructure at

Mossel Bay. Mr (Grober) said it was hoped that the project would have a

70 percent local content. [Text] [Johannesburg Domestic Service in English

0500 GMT 26 Feb 87] /8309

CSO: 3400/141 END

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