KENYA

IDB INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT REPORTED EXTENSIVE

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 16 Dec 83 pp 24, 25

[Text] THE Industrial. Development Bank industries (13.6 per cent), chemicals and

Limited was incorporated on January:
-12, 1973, for the purpose of stimulating
the industrial development ‘of the
country by assisting in the promotion,
establishment, £xpansion.. and
modernisation of medium- and large-
scale manufacturing enterprises. The
bank commienced operations towards
ithe end of 1973, during which period
two projects were approved for a total
amount of shs. 11.7 million in loans.
Since then the number of investment.
approvals has grown remarkably and as
at December 31,.1982, 103 projects had
been approved consisting of shs. 1,056
million in loans and shs. 84.0 million
in equity, net of deletions. As of the
same date, dishursements totalled shs.
°525.2 million comprising shs. 468:1-
million and shs. 57.1 million in loans
and equity respectively.

The bank’s investment portfolio is
Properly diversified both geographically
and by economic sector. In keeping with
the government policy of decentralisa-
‘tion of industry, the bank has
endeavoured to find viable projects in
all parts of the country and, to date,
several investments have been made
outside the major industrial towns: of
:Nairobi, Mombasa and Thika. It is
thoped that these investments — will
‘contribute significantly to the economic
development of the areas in which they
are located.

_ As regards . investment by the
industrial sector, the bank’s portfolio is
well spread and as at December 31,
1982, the major sectors in which the
.bank had invested included hotels and
tourism (18.7 per cent), food and
beverages (14.1 per cent), basic metal

pharmaceuticals (12.2 per cent),
engineering and metal processing (10.6
per cent) and textiles and fabrics (9.0
Per cent). Other sectors included wood,
pulp, paper and printing (5.1 per cent),
fibres and cordages (4.7 per -cent),
motor vehicles assembly (4.0 per cent),
mining- and minerals (3.2 per cent),
rubber and plastics (4.1 per cent) and
communication, transport and power
(0.7 per cent). These investments are
expected to contribute substantially to
the economic development of the
country by providing additional
employment to 30,000 people and
contribute to savings in foreign
exchange of stis. 1,259 million per
annum. .

The bank’s operating performance
is largely dependent on the performance
‘of the “projects that it supports
financially. During the initial years of
its operations, most of the projects

assisted by the bank were new and were.

Rot, therefore, in a position to yield a
return by way of dividends or service’
loans properly. As a result, the bank’s
operating performance has not been
very profitable; although modest
profits of shs. 386,000 and shs. 1.386
million were made in 1975 and 1976
respectively. The reasons for the poor
performance during recent years can be
traced to the general poor conditiéns

prevailing in the Kenyan and world.

economy. Most IDB-assisted projects
have suffered considerably from the
effects of recession, including
restrictions on the importation of
industrial raw materials, spare parts
and other essential inputs. These
restrictions, coupled with devaluations,
‘ inflation, high interest rates and

56



ANGOLA

BULGARIA CP SIGNS COOPERATION ACCORD WITH MPLA
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 18 Dec 83 p 2

[Text] The MPLA-Labor Party and the Bulgarian Communist Party signed an inter-
party cooperation agreement for the 2-year term of 1983-1985 in an effort

to strengthen and develop the bonds of friendship, solidarity, and cooperation
which exist between the two parties on the basis of the principles of Marxism-
Leninism and proletarian internationalism.

This agreement was signed at the end of conversations held between a delega-
tion of the MPLA-Labor Party, headed by Central Committee Secretary for Foreign
Relations Afonso Van-Dunem "Mbinda" and of the Bulgarian Communist Party,
headed by Atanas Konstantinov.

The Bulgarian delegation, which visited Angola for 3 days, was also received
by Lucio Lara, MPLA-Labor Party Central Committee secretary for organization,
as part of an exchange of experience in the organizational field between the

two parties.

Meanwhile, as part of the accomplishment of the work program, the delegation
visited the commercial port of Luanda and other social-economic projects in
the capital where it established contact with the base structures of the
MPLA-Labor Party in these places.

According to a press announcement distributed at the end of the visit, the
PCB [Bulgarian Communist Party] delegation expressed its fighting solidarity
with the Angolan people, directed by the MPLA-Labor Party, in the struggle
against aggression and barbarism, perpetrated permanently by the racist regime
of South Africa, as part of the imperialist policy of destabilizing the pro-
gressive governments in the region of southern Africa, particularly those
that are moving forward through the construction of socialism.

According to the document, both parties expressed their active solidarity
with the peoples of Namibia and South Africa, guided by their revolutionary
vanguards, SWAPO and ANC, as well as the oppressed peoples of Africa, Latin
America, and Asia who are fighting for social progress, justice, and liberty.

5058
cso: 3442/109



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Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by .a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

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Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.



KENYA

BRIEFS

COFFEE UNION REJECTED--After several years of dissatisfaction, members of
the Ndumberi Coffee Society have rejected the Kiambu Coffee Growers
Co-operative Union as their middlemen. In a memorandum copied to the com-
missioner for co-operative, the district commissioner of Kiambu, the district
co-operative officer, and the area MP among others, the members who held a
meeting at Ndumberi chief's camp accused the union of gross mismanagement
and inefficiency. The members noted that the union was founded by 10 cof-
fee societies to ensure centralised administration, better marketing,
maintenance. and the establishment of coffee factories. It was also to pro-
vide farmers with fertilizers and insecticides at.a minimum cost. But they
complained that today none of these services is available, although the
union continued to deduct "exorbitant fees" from the farmers. The general
manager of the co-operative union could not be reached for comment.--KNA
{Text] [Nairobi THE KENYA TIMES in English 16 Dec 83 p 3]

VISITORS PAY IN FOREIGN CASH--Foreigners will now have to pay their hotel
bills and airport tax in foreign currency. President Daniel arap Moi issued
this directive yesterday on his return from the New Delhi Commonwealth
leaders’ summit. The president warned that those concerned must ensure

that the directive was followed. He said foreigners should not be given a
chance to convert their money into local currency before meeting their pills.
“How will you know where such foreigners had converted such currency? It
could be at the black market in River Road," said the president. Addressing
the huge welcoming crowd, President Moi said he wanted shopkeepers to ensure
that foréigners had converted their currency officially by checking foreign
exchange receipts. President Moi noted that one foreigner had been given a
chance to escape with shs. 400 million and he wondered how such people could
be traced. [Excerpt] [Nairobi THE KENYA TIMES in English 1 Dec 83 p 1]

VILLAGE DEMOLISHED FOR AIRSTRIP--Kisumu Ndogo village in Malindi is to be
demolished to give way for the expansion of an adjacent airstrip. The
Malindi mayor, Mr. Morris Kupalia, told a Jamhuri Day gathering that the
villagers would be moved to a new site. They would be given enough: notice
before the move, he said, and appealed to them to co-operate with the
government. He noted that the expansion of the airstrip would help accelerate
development in the area. Malindi marked the 20th independence anniversary
celebrations with variety shows presented by cultural dancers, choirs,
acrobats and games. The DO, Mr. Callistus Akello, hailed the government

65


Reporters from the DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE learned that at the School of
Education and Teacher Training (EFEP) in Beira, 295 future first- and
second-year teachers, selected in the last semester, have been taking exams

since last Saturday.

Atanasio Viegas, the director of that teaching establishment, has affirmed
that the first appraisals of the evaluations have been promising. The
positive results in each discipline have varied between 84 and 100 percent.
There were even areas of study such as Marxism-Leninism, Teaching, and
Psychology in which all students passed.

"Even in disciplines considered difficult (mathematics and Portuguese), we
have had no bad situations during the year, because these are subjects that
are essential for all courses, and therefore required," said Atanasio Viegas,

He added, "At the beginning of each year, we have taken care to make a
careful selection of students for the various courses, going over student
grades in previous years. However, in this school year, we had problems in
first year Portuguese. We went through a semester without enough teachers,
and this reflects on students’ grades.

It should be noted that EFEP's future teachers graduate in 2 years. At
this time, exams are underway for second years students, especially those
studying history and Portuguese.

Our source also contacted several students who were of the opinion that the
exams were reasonable and that they expected to pass them successfully.

Agricultural Experts Trained

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 6 Dec 83 p 8

[Text] The first basic agricultural technicians to graduate in Inhambane
since independence will conclude their studies this year. The new techni-
cians have been studying at the Basic Agrarian School since 1981.

Before 1981, the school was known as the Elementary School of Agriculture.
According to the director of the school, who in the meantime did not specify
the predictions regarding the number of passing grades, the students at

this téchnical-professional teaching establishment are taught by 22 pro-
fessors, who give theoretical and practical lectures.

In relation to those who have passed to the third year, the director of
the Basic Agrarian School in Inhamussa said that some of them will be
assigned to production units, while others will continue their studies.

The provincial first secretary of the party and governor of Inhambane, Jose
Pascoal Zandamela, who recently worked in the Homoine district, visited
the school. Speaking to the graduating students in particular, he said
that, "For the consolidation of political independence, it is necessary to

76



structures which will help accelerate rather
than ‘hamper the creation of new value (or
call it national wealth) from which a por-
tion will provide for and maintain a social
welfare. programme: literacy, health etc.

Economic development, furthermore, is
about correcting the imbalances through
the internal dynamic of the economy itself,
which is the basis of change and
‘development. The imbalance, for instance,
between urban and rural areas is corrected
by increasing productivity in the urban
sector (industry) so that the rural sector
(agriculture) will enjoy cheaper inputs (as
well as consumer needs) and enhance rural
productivity. These two sides of the pro-
ductive activity are then put in motion to
reinforce each other in an upward spiral.

This is not to argue against incentives.
However, there are two kinds of incentives:
one is to put'a lot of virtually worthless
paper-money in the hands of the peasants
— which buys less and less of their daily
needs — and effectively reduce their
standard of living. This is a populist public
relations exercise and we should have
nothing to do with this kind of fraud.

The other incentive is steadily to reduce
the peasants’ cost of living through in-
creased industrial productivity so that even
if their income does not rise annually their
standard of living will continue to rise. This
is incentive in real terms, one which will
arouse peasants’ enthusiasm for production
and, in turn, lower urban cost of living to
the benefit of both sides of the productive
sector. This is the immediate objective
which all serious developing countries seek
to achieve.

To tackle our impending food crisis and
the crisis of agriculture in general we must,
of course, have a short-term and a long-
term strategy without confusing the two as
our foreign experts tend to do. The FAO
experts and their local agents will advise
production of drought-resistant crops such
as millet, cassava, yam and other rooty
stuff. We must not accept this as a long-
term solution — subsisting on cassava and
such roots is an unfortunate and a purely
emergency proposition, but we must never
condemn people to dependence on them on
@ permanent basis. This type of food is
useful for feeding cattle so that we get milk
(in greater quantities) essential for a
balanced diet and a better and longer life.

As a short-term strategy we should step
up food production, especially in fertile
areas; and improve our transport and
distributive systems. Bureaucracy must be
minimised in these areas and they should
concentrate only on making the roads
passable. Private initiative should be
encouraged, although it may be ideo-
logically repugnant as a long-term strategy.

In food production we must not take a
rigid, either/or stand: either large-scale or
small-scale, either modern or traditional,
either co-operative or private, etc. We
should, on the contrary, utilise aif existing

forms and resources most effectively in
order to achieve our immediate objective:
to eliminate hunger by producing locally
more food in whatever form and under any
circumstances.

Let the bureaucracies in the co-ops and
marketing boards be short-circuited if they
are felt to be hampering production and
distribution, they must not be allowed
under any ‘circumstances to intercept more
and more peasants’ income; on the con-
trary, their function should be eliminated
step-by-step and people’s own initiative
promoted so that any gains go directly to
the people who produce and not be eaten
up by the bureaucrats sitting in the middle.

However, every country has its own way
of dealing on a short-term basis, with an
emergency food shortage, some better,
some worse. It would be impossible and
altogether impertinent to attempt to deal
with these emergencies in this general
manner. Our task is to discuss principles of
the long-term strategies which are uni-
versally applicable under all circumstances
of under-development.

A long-term strategy to ensure per-
manent and increasing food production and
in improving agriculture in general can be
tackled comprehensively only in the context
of seeking the way out of the universal
problem of underdevelopment. The key
element in this jig-saw puzzle is: how to
develop the productive forces in a peasant
economy with hardly any industry and
extremely backward agriculture?

Experience elsewhere has shown that to
tackle this question practically we must first
have a definite methodology which cor-
responds with the way the real world
behaves. First, to recognise that in the real
world balance and imbalance are the two
sides of the same problem in which im-
balance is absolute and balance is relative.
In our type of economies, with their
inherent uneven development, imbalance is
more pronounced and, therefore, it is
crucial and challenging to tackle it
effectively and ensure success.

Secondly, in our state of extreme scarce
resources, their allocation between alter-
native and competing ends must be deter-
mined systematically and cautiously in
order to establish a proper ratio between
accumulation and consumption and to
achieve balance between production and
needs.

If balance is only temporary and relative
and imbalance is permanent and absolute,
then imbalances between modern and
backward in agriculture, in industry
between urban and rural, imbalances
between regions, etc. (most of which were
inherited from the colonial economy) —
these can be corrected only through a
Process of continual change from balance
to imbalance and vice versa i.e. the
breaking down of old production relations
and the establishing of new ones as the new

12



MALAWI

BRIEFS

FUEL RESTRICTION LIFTED--The office of the president and cabinet in Lilongwe
has announced the suspension of motor fuel purchase restrictions from today

to the 17th of next month. The announcement said all fuel stations should,
therefore, remain open for normal business. [Text] [MB061956 Blantyre Domestic
Service in English 1600 GMI 6 Jan 84 MB]

csO: 3400/438

71



ANGOLA

FAPLA RECRUITING IN BENGO SURPASSES EXPECTATIONS
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 15 Dec 83 p 14

[Text] Recruiting of youths for the FAPLA (Angolan Armed Forces) in the
Province of Bengo exceeded initial estimates and the plan for this year was
accomplished to the extent of 190 percent,it was disclosed to ANGOP [ANGOLAN
PRESS AGENCY] on Thursday in Caxito by 1st Lt Diogo Sebastiao Lopes "Dilo,"
the chief of the Provincial Recruiting and Mobilization Center. This military
official indicated that the recruiting and mobilization effort was divided into
two stages, specifically, the first one, from May to August, and the second
one, from September to November, During these stages, indoctrination drives
were also conducted on the enterprise, community, and township levels with the
assistance of the JMPLA [Youth Movement of the Popular Movement for the
Liberation of Angola]-Party Youth.

After arrival at the collection center-~according to lst Lt Diogo Sebastiao—-
the youths received their physical examination while, at the same time, the
CRM (Recruiting and Mobilization Center) conducted broader-scale political
education sessions for the future fightingmen, consisting essentially of
lessons on youth in the fight to defend the fatherland.

The work done among the inductees turned out to be quite positive not only
by virtue of the specific definition of youth's role in the defense of the
fatherland but also by virtue of the elimination of those prior negative
attitudes and certain vices which run counter to the dynamics of the Angolan
people's process of struggle.

Regarding those who would be exempt from military service, the CRM chief at
Bengo said that approximately 5 percent of the youths were considered unsuit-
able throughout the year for a wide variety of reasons, not only involving
health but also resulting from each individual's participation in the country's
social-economic life.

On the same occasion, the Bengo CRM Political Commissar Joao Carlos Tati
explained that the Bengo CRM is a subunit of the DOM (Directorate of Organiza-
tion and Mobilization) of the FAPLA General Staff, under the HQ of the

Eigtith Region stationed in Caxito.

This subordination in particular is based on the need for a better-organized
political and organizational effort aimed at raising the fighting spirit of the
fighting youth, both civilian and military.

29

CY


INDECO GROUP'S PROFIT IN 1983 LESS THAN IN 1982

Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 23 Dec 83 p 1

[Text }

CSO:

3400/483

THE Indeco Group of .¢om-
panies made a profit of only
K11.5_ million: this year. as
against K32.3 million: made

Yast year largely as a result ‘of “

heavy losses incurred by its
Kafue-based subsidiary
Nitrogen Chetnicals of Zambia
(NCZ)..

* Indeco chairman Mr James
Mapoma, - who. is. Zimco
director-general, said):in Lu-
saka. yesterday had“NCZ: not
incurred losses ‘to the tune of
K17.4 million, in its first full
year of commercial operations,
Indeco would have achieved
about the same profit as that
of last year.

He ‘said this. when he
addressed the Indeco annual
general meeting at Indeco

louse.

The .“‘very’ reduced profit’’.
for this financial year ending
March 31, 1983, had however.
been achieved against a back-
ground .of continuing world-
wide recession.

Under this situation, Zam-
bia’s foreign. exchange pro-
blems continued unabated.
The prices of both imported
and local raw materials .rose
tremeridously., .... :
erywhere ‘industries - Were
‘economictand produc}
fficulties. :

“In spite of all this’’, -Mr
Mapdma said ‘“'the Indeco

tie

group of companies has done |

credibly well, because without.
the huge losses incurred by
NCZ, the. group could -have
turned a profit at least similar
to the one achieved last vear.’”

* “He said the problems which’
NCZ was facing were being re-
ctified. But ‘it would take a
tong tiie before the remedial

+ théasutes would -have ‘‘salu-

tary effects’ onthe company’s
performance.

. © With regard to. the ‘per-

formance-of the other mein-
bers of the'group Mr Mapoma
noted a ‘great general impro-
vement”’,

Wheteas there were 13 loss-
makers last year, there’ were
only nine in the period under
review.

This meant that'four of the
loss-makers had _irmproved
and _joined the ‘‘profit-making
members "’.

.This, therefore, brings to
25.-the number of . profit-
- Makers out-of 34 companies in
our group.”” Mr Mapoma said.

Despite the serious opera-
tional constraints he had out-
lined, such as shortage. of

foreign-exchange. and others,”

the - affected companies
maifitained ‘their production
and in some cases. improyed
upon their previous year's:

They. continued to provide
the public with essential
commodities ‘‘at relatively
cheaper prices than the
imported equivalents’. fi

Sjeghaten, during ;a,,..uncheon
<lwitindndeco chief executives,
Mr -Mapoma congratulated

* Zambia’ Steel: and Building
+ Supplies general manager Mr
Sam Chalwe. whose company
made the highest profit.

With’ K6.88 million ZSBS
made ‘niore-than ‘half of the
overall profit gained by the
whole of the group, <

ZAMBIA



CAMEROON

BRIEFS

NATIONAL GENDARMERIE UNITS--A presidential order signed on 23 September 1983
established national gendarmerie legions and companies in the following
provinces: Far North, North, Adamaoua, Center, and South. The Far North
legion, with headquarters in Maroua, covers the area under the territorial
jurisdiction of the Far North province and has a company in each of the
following locations: Maroua, Mokolo, Yagoua, Kaele, Mora, and Kousseri.

The North legion, headquartered in Garoua, covers the area under the
territorial jurisdiction of the North province and consists of the

following companies: Garoua, Guider, Tchollire and Poli. The Adamaoua legion,
with headquarters in Ngaoundere, covers the area under the territorial
jurisdiction of Adamaoua province and consists of a company in each of the
following locations: Ngaoundere, Meiganga, Tignere, Tibati, and Banyo. The
Center legion, headquartered in Yaounde, covers the area under the territorial
jurisdiction of the Center province and comprises the following companies:
Yaounde, Nanga-Eboko, Bafia, Monatele, Mfou, Akonolinga, Mbalmayo, and Eseka.
The South legion, with headquarters in Ebolowa, covers the area under the
jurisdiction of the South province and is organized into the following
companies: Ebolowa, Sangmelima, and Kribi. All previous provisions contrary
to the provisions of this order are hereby rescinded [Excerpt] [Paris
AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French Nov 83 p 16] 8041

NATIONAL POLICE APPOINIMENTS-~By order of the president, the following persons
were appointed to the positions indicated in the General Delegation for
National Security ("Surete") effective 1 October 1983. Appointed technical
advisers: Joseph-Charles Mfouiou Mvondo, a police superintendent, who has
already assumed this position; Ngong Sanyi Ndula, a police superintendent,

who has already assumed this position; and Samuel Missomba, a police
superintendent and formerly director of the General Administrative Service,
who has assumed this newly created position. Appointed director of the
General Administrative Service: Jean-Emile Yap, a senior police inspector and
formerly director of the National Advanced Police Academy in Yaounde; he
replaces Samuel Missomba who has been reassigned to other duties. Appointed
director of public safety: Karim Abani, a senior police inspector and formerly
head of the Central Emigration-Immigration Control Department; he replaces
Dissandou Brekmo who has been reassigned to other duties. Appointed director
of General Investigations: Basile Ambassa Eyili, a senior police inspector
and formerly commander of the Police Training and Tactical Center in Mutengene;
he replaces Michel Mveng Amougou who has been reassigned to other duties.
[Excerpt] [Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French Nov 83 p17] 8041

cso: 3419/250

36



serious shortage of qualified personnel especially in the department of
telecommunications.

The technicians will man the external plant, underground cables, radio and
line transmission and automatic telephone switching equipment.

CSO: 3400/468

61



REFUGEES IN ZAMBIA--More than three hundred Angolans, including three District
Governors have taken in Zambian refugees from Unita attacks, says THE TIMES OF
ZAMBIA. The newspaper, which is controlled by the ruling (single) party in
Zambia quotes the Mwinilunga District Governor, Mr Rustin Chilongo, as saying
327 Angolan refugees had been registered. Many of the refugees are thought to
have come from Moxico Province in the east. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in
English No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83 p 2971]

RETALIATION MEASURES AGAINST LISBON--Imports from Portugal may be reduced in
retaliation at Lisbon's allowing Unita freedom to operate there, according to
Angolan diplomatic sources in the Portuguese capital, reports AFP. [Text]
[London WEST AFRICA in English No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83 p 2971]

CSO: 3400/482



PORT SERVICES HAVE BEEN IMPROVED

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 6 Dec 83 p 14

[Article by Amboka Andere]

cso:

the pe
»- Many: industries “export
their products through the
port of Mombasa, For this
reason it is important for
the Port to be managed
properly. oe

Last month the chair-
man of the Kenya Ports
Authority,. Mr Simon
Mbodgua said in Mombasa
that poor performance in.
the cargo handling. had,
cost cargo. owners in: the
Third World . $10,000
million in the Seventies,

He said: “Most of this
financial burden’ was, and
is being borne by impor- |
ters and exporters in the
developing ‘countries. —
those least able to afford
it.” . hy

The port of Mombasa
has been vastly improved
since ‘independence.
Today. the port handles
more ships, many of them
much bigger than it was
capable of accepting .in
1963. |

Mombasa has played a‘
very important in Kenya’s
development..There was a,
time when the port: was
badly congested with more
cargo coming in than ‘the
equipment and manpower
could cope with. Some of
the cargo was. urgently |
heeded for industrial

3400/468

Purposes or development
Projects in Kenya and

+ neighbouring countries.

‘ortunately, the. port’s
management. realised’ the
need to improve the port’s
performance’ and: a: great
deal has ‘been achieved

since. Not that the port of
Mombasa is: perfect.-

Efforts’ are. continuously.
being made: to improve
performance even further.
Bandari College was

“established as na impor-

tant training institution
for the port ‘staff. Many’
courgend seminars have
been held there for various
categories of. staff.. There
have also been many inter-
national courses held there
for port workers from
various parts of the third
world. s

Every. good. port
manager knows that cargo
has to be put through the
port quickly and efficien-
tly. This: is something

KPA is constantly: trying:

to improve on and the
results have been very
good. With the coming of
containerisation, the
facilities in the port of
Mombasa have had to be

-improved. Giant cranes for

handling containers have
been installed in the port
and the upcountry con-
tainer depot will soon be
operating, making. con-
tainer transportation more
efficient. :

64

KENYA

All this is the result of _
careful planning and hard
work on the part of the
port staff. It is in fact
important that: the port of
Mombasa operate efficien-
tly because anything less
would be harmful not only
to the Kenyan economy
but also to neighbouring
countries.

Uganda relies heavily on
the port of: Mombasa for
her imports and exports as
do other. regions like:
southern Sudan, « eastern
Zaire, Rwanda and
Burundi.

Thus the Kenya Ports
Authority. has a véry
special role~in the
industrial and agricultural
development of Kenyg and
neighbouring countries.
The’ authority has as a
result of its efficient: and.
carefully planned‘. opera-
tions, enjoyed good ‘finan-
cial returns, Neighbouring
countries now pay for
services in foreign
‘exchange.

There are. plans to
develop a second port for
the port of Mombasa may !
not always be able to cope,
with the increasing
demands on~it. Still it
must be said that the port
has coped admirably with
the heavy traffic that is
thrust upon it by various
industries ‘in eastern
Africa.



ZAMBIA

BRIEFS

GDR CULTURAL, SCIENTIFIC AGREEMENT--Zambia and the German Democratic Republic
(GDR) ‘yesterday signed a programme on cultural and scientific cooperation for
1983-85 period. The programme, which covers the cooperation in the fields of
education, science and broadcasting information, is meant to improve the cul-
tural and social life of the people of the two countries. Acting Foreign
Affairs Minister, Mr Gibson Chigaga, who signed for Zambia, said the Govern-
ment valued the cordial relationship that exists between the two countries.
He said the GDR had been very responsive to cementing the relationship between
the two countries and called for a further step in this direction to ensure
that the agreements made are fruitful. [Excerpt] [Lusaka DATLY MATL in
English. 24 Dec 83 p 5]

REVOKATION OF MALAWIAN REFUGEES' ORDERS-~President Kaunda has pardoned all
Malawian exiles who were recently served with deportation orders on grounds
that their continued stay in the country was inimical to the public interest.
Dr Kaunda explained at yesterday's Press conference at State House that he had
revoked the refugees' deportation orders purely on humanitarian grounds. "I
exercised leniency on the Malawians concerned because I found it difficult to
determine what would happen to them if they returned to Malawi," he said, add-
ing that this was all he was prepared to say on the issue. But he stressed
that his decision was not a criticism of the action taken by the Minister of
Home Affairs, Mr Frederick Chomba, who served the deportation orders on the
refugees. He said the minister had taken the action in good faith and with
the interests of the nation in mind. A group of Malawian exiles complained to
ZAMBIA DAILY MAIL last month that the government's decision to deport them was
unfair because the Malawian government would detain them on return. The exiles
claimed that what shocked them even more was that even their children who were
born in Zambia and were, therefore, Zambians by virtue of their birth had been
served with deportation orders or were.on the deportation list. Each refugee
served with a deportation order was given 48 hours in which to leave the coun-
try but none left. [Excerpt] [Lusaka DAILY MAIL in English 23 Dec 83 p 1]

ECONOMIC PROSPECTS 'GLOOMY'--Zambia's economic prospects still look gloomy
because of the dwindling foreign exchange and sky-rocketing prices of goods,
Minister of Commerce and Industry Mr Leonard Subulwa has said. Addressing the
first annual dinner of the revived Livingstone Chamber of Commerce and Indus~
try at Musi-o-Tunya Inter-Continental hotel, Mr Subulwa said the. state of the
economy had not improved even a bit. "Let us not deceive ourselves that a
breakthrough is near because we are far from that since our industries and

101


in 1979, when opposing Afars, who came and left by sea, threw grenades inside
the Khor-Anghar post, killing four soldiers of an infantry commando regiment

then in charge.

To the passing foreigner, this “country” north of Obock recalls an ancient
“kingdom" of Henri de Monfreid, for it is out of Khor-Anghar, in the Ras
Svan, a small, clear creek, that this adventurer was conducting his smuggling
business between the wars. It is even said that, fearing theft, he stored
his merchandise in caches accessible only at low tide. His customers,
therefore, could get to it only after having paid and, naturally, giving him
the chance to take off. Beyond Ras Van are the Seven Brothers, small islands
with extremely rich fishing, where huge sharks and the famous manta rays, the
length of which may reach 7-8 meters, are still to be found.

The nights during this season when it is winter in Europe are deliciously
brisk. Soldiers and nomads speak of the “big chill." They cover themselves
in their blankets and patiently wait for the sun to warm them up. They eat
doura, a cereal with which they make pancakes, and goat or mutton, with some
vegetables, assuming that such are shipped from Ethiopia, and firmly turn
their backs to the sea. In this loneliness, land and water do not mix.

5157
cso: 3419/230



A policy of self-sufficiency requires that Senegal stop, reduce, or strictly
limit its imports of luxury products, the sole purpose of which is to gratify
the privileged few. We note in passing that people in the rural sector
consume only 10 percent of all imports.

On the other hand, they spend 60 to 80 percent of their household income on
food. "Without hard work there is not much to eat, and without much to eat
there is no strength to work."

In 1980 Senegal imported Fr CFA 44 billion worth of food products, compared
to Fr CFA 58 billion for oil imports. A goodly part of our export earnings
went to pay for it.

A Sahelian country, Senegal is periodically canfronted with large grain
deficits. This deficit is all the more chronic because there exists today
a growing disparity between food production and demographic growth. Our »
vulnerability to fluctuations in water availability accentuates the gravity
of the situation, by making our agriculture very dependent on the .amount
of rainfall.

Extraversion of the Economy

Despite all the statements of good intentions, we have been seeing the acreage
of grain cultivation declining in Senegal for several years.

In the case of millet, for example, the area cultivated in 1981/82’ was 1.2
million hectares. That figure is now down to 991,000 hectares, a 17 percent
decline which has at the same time been accompanied by a decline in yield
from 800 kg per hectare to 600.

Such a situation is the result of shortfalls in seed and fertilizér. With
regard to rice fields, the area under cultivation has declined from 73,000
hectares in 1981/82 to 68,000 in 1982/83, a 7 percent decline.

The Sixth Plan, however, called for a 5.4 percent per year average increase
in the areas under cultivation.

Eliminating the food deficit will require giving greater priority to improve-
ment and expansion of grain cultivation, as well as more attention to the
war against parasites. In that connection, special attention must be paid
to corn, which is indeed a multi-functional grain.

According to nutritional experts, it is practically possible to prepare all
Senegalese traditional dishes from corn.

Because it can substitute for millet and rice, corn should play a fundamental
part in our search for food self-sufficiency.

Another way to resorb the food deficit: recourse to international aid (this,
unfortunately, is the road we follow most frequently). Senegal seems to have
found here a vein to exploit without bothering itself in the least about the
dangers that might result from it: the crumbling of national sovereignty, and
sometimes the total destruction of the traditional cuisine.

9516
CSO: 3419/258 84



43 Economic considerations

Although economic modernization has brought about a situation in which
people no longer have much economic mobility, in other words they can-
not readily change occupation and domicile, situations are nevertheless
still found in which refugee problems arise as a result of economic condi-
tions. The interdependence between the various circumstances causing
refugee situations may be clearly illustrated. Although economic suffering
is often a direct result of depressions or even recessions, it may also be the
result of a war situation. A war often affects large sections of the popula-
tion only in a material or economic context, and the result is that people
flee an area because of the economic conditions prevailing there.

However, there are examples of refugees with purely economic con:
siderations. ‘The roughly 100 000 Turks present in West Germany, as well
as the Mexicans, Puerto Ricans and even‘Qubans present in the USA
(although the latter group also has political considerations) are examples
of people fleeing from poor, underdeveloped states to more prosperous
states, with the hope of a higher standard of living as their primary con-
sideration.

A peculiar variation was the decision by Nigeria to force illegal
labourers to return to their home states, chiefly Ghana. The result was that
some of Nigeria's neighbouring states claimed that they had to receive
“refugees”, although most of these people had in any case gone to Nigeria
in the first place to escape the economic decline in their own states. Strictly
speaking, these people were refugees rather during their stay in Nigeria.
The only group that could possibly claim refugee status, in Ghana for ex-
ample, were those who had stayed in Nigeria long enough to claim a
degree of permanence there.

Another possibility that should not be overlooked is that people may
pretend to be refugees because of the financial support which they can
then obtain from international organizations and individual states. There
is a possibility that a small percentage of all refugees are in reality people
who are unwilling to work or who, because of ordinary criminal activities,
can no longer risk remaining in a particular state. By pretending to be
political or economic refugees, for example, they have the possiblity not
only of receiving financial aid but also of obtaining citizenship of another
state.

44 Violent conflict

Probably the most significant cause of refugee situations is armed conflict
and wars. In the first place, civilians often flee merely to safeguard their
own lives during the war itself, but refugee situations also arise imme-
diately after wars. The reason is that the victor in both international and
civil wars sometimes takes punitive measures against specific groups who
during the war showed loyalty to the defeated.

Any war causes refugees, however, as it leads of necessity to the
destruction of homes and work opportunities, and also because modern
warfare no longer shows much respect for civilians. The armed conflicts in
South-East Asia gave rise to literally millions of refugees. One of the best
known situations is that of the so-called “boat people” in Vietnam, who
tried to escape the conflict in Vietnam in all kinds of floating objects.
Roughly 300 000 people have already fled Kampuchea for Thailand,
Malaysia and even Vietnam in an attempt to escape the violence in that
state. It. is. further estimated at present that as much as 10% of
Aighanistan’ 's population fled to nearby states, eapecilly Pakistan, after the
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan."


IDB Industrial Investment Reported Extensive

(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 16 Dec 83).. 56
Local Company Supplying Technology
(Patrick Ngugi; DAILY NATION, 6 Dec 83).. 58
Technical Team Sent TO Work in Zimbabwe
(THE KENYA TIMES, 16 Dec 83).. sees 60
National Water Development Program Launched
(Gichuru Njihia; DAILY NATION, 12 Dec 83).....+eeeeeeee 62
Port Services Have Been Improved
(Amboka Andere; DAILY NATION, 6 Dec 83)..cccececececceee 64
Briefs
Coffee Union Rejected 65
Visitors Pay in Foreign Cash 65
Village Demolished for Airstrip 65
Economic Relations With ROK 66
High Pyrethrum Prices 66
Financial Aid From Canada 67
Farmers Leave Union 67
Financial Aid From Sweden 67
Nyanza Province Maize Crop Increase 68
Hundreds To Get Land 68
Families Must Vacate Land 68
Mwicigi Laments Savanna Waste 69
LIBERIA
Briefs
National Democratic Front 70
MALAWI:
Briefs
Fuel Restriction Lifted 71
MALI
Briefs
Mali-Upper Volta Border Dispute 72
MAURITIUS
Briefs
Constitutional Reform Bill Defeated 73


CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

FRENCH OPERATION 'MANTA' DESCRIBED

Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French Nov 83 p 17-18
(Unattributed article: “Rear Base of the Manta Operation"]

[Text] At the end of September the CAR [Central African Republic], a country
bordering Chad, was the rear base of the "Manta" operation, which started by
gradually deploying 3,000 French soldiers on Chadian soil.

The French authorities chose the CAR as their main point of transit for the
huge military, human and material potential which France began to ship to
Chad starting last 9 August. The choice of the CAR is explained by the
presence of two large French garrisons, one in Bangui, the capital, and the
other in Bouar, in the eastern part of the country. A total of 1,100 mili-
tary personnel, all volunteers, are the French operational assistance element
(EFAO) in the heart of central Africa.

With the agreement of the military authorities, a giant air bridge was built
between France and Bangui, covering a distance in excess of 5,000 kilometers.
Some 30 heavy-duty Boeing 747s chartered by the French army from civilian
companies allowed the transportation of 60 percent of the total equipment for
the Manta operation to be transported in 1 week. Let us recall that these
Boeings could not directly land in Ndjamena, for the runways of the Chadian
airport cannot handle such large aircraft.

Therefore, each of the airplanes flew to Bangui 110 tons of freight, night
and day. Immediately after that, the Transall, which can hold no more than
7-8 tons of materiel, took over, flying the freight to Ndjamena, which they
reached in 2.5 hours. No less than 250 return trips by some 20 Transall were
necessary to take to Chad the equipment unloaded in Bangui. Such feverish
activities took some 15 days and greatly tired the crews, who were occasion-
ally forced to work for 36 consecutive hours. The. machinery worked well but
safety limits were strained. It was therefore from Bouar that the first
French contingents for the Manta operation took off. For a few days the base
remained virtually empty. Having completed the transit operations, the
French forces in the CAR were replaced by units totally unrelated to Chad.
The personnel on Chadian territory was to be replaced every 4 months via

Nd jamena.

Toward the end of September, the Transall crews, who were still stationed in
the area, were awaiting at the Rock Hotel in Bangui the order for their
Chadian mission. The military air liaison between that country and the CAR
was maintained regularly in terms of shipping various supplies, spare parts
and fuel, or the movement of officers.

5157
CSO: 3419/230 39

NT


LIBERIA

BRIEFS

NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FRONT--A National Democratic Front of Liberia hasbeen
formed, according to a statement, signed by Mr Chea Cheapoo, received by WEST
AFRICA. The release said the NDF was a nonpartisan alliance committed to the
establishment of democracy in Liberia and formed to coordinate the struggle to
hasten civil constitutional rule. Towards this end, it called on the PRC to
increase the membership of the already appointed Election Commission to reflect
the diversity of political views by including. one representative each from the
National Bar Association, the University of Liberia Administration, the
Liberian Federation of Labour Unions, the Armed Forces, and the Market Women's
Association. It said the commission should become autonomous and be renamed
the Interim Election Commission, which would notably ask friendly African
nations to help supervise the regularity of the elections. [Text] [London
WEST AFRICA in English No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83 p 2975]

cso: 3400/484



NIGERIA

BRIEFS

PEREZ DE CUELLAR VISIT --A visit to Nigeria by UN Secretary General Javier

Perez de Cuellar will go ahead as scheduled toward the end of the month, a
spokesman said in New York yesterday. The visit is part of an already announced
tour of eight west African countries from 17 January to 3 February during

which Perez de Cuellar will discuss the consequences of persistent drought

in the sub-Saharan region. There has been no change to the program despite

the military coup in Nigeria. [Text] [AB040945 Lagos International Service

in English 0830 GMT 4 Jan 84]

SOLDIERS ARRESTED FOR HARASSMENT--Owerri, 6 Jan (NAN)-~-Six soldiers and three
civilians in army uniform have been arrested for harassing traders in Owerri,
the commander of the 32d Field Artillery Brigade, Col Isa Ahmed, said in Owerri
yesterday. He told newsmen before the arrival of the state governor, that
following reports of molestation of traders by the men in uniform, he inter-
vened to stop the practice. He added that soldiers had not been authorised

to enter the markets to force reduction in prices of commodities. The brigade
commander said that former political appointees in the state who had reported
to the police had been sent home to await further instructions. [Text]
{AB070850 Lagos NAN in English 0845 GMT 7 Jan 84]

COMMENTARY ON FOREIGN POLICY--The NATIONAL CONCORD analyses what form the
country's foreign policy should take. The paper observes that the last civilian
administration's penchant for waiting for a consensus before casting its lot on
international crises is decidedly anti-African. It says since foreign policy

is inevitably based on domestic policy, the federal government should strengthen
the nation's economy and social fabric. The paper also advises the Supreme
Military Council to acquire a higher vision by painstakingly defining its foreign
policy goals and means of actualizing them. [Text] [AB091250 Lagos International
Service in English 0830 GMT 9 Jan 84]

APPEAL TO EX-MINISTER--Kaduna, 10 Jan (NAN)--Former colleague of ex-Minister

Dr Ibrahim Tahir at the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, yesterday appealed

to him to come out of hiding and give a full account of his public stewardship.
An open letter signed by seven lecturers and a student said: "Dear Ibrahim,
you have always taught about the worth of our indigenous moral values which
includes public accountability, courage and personal honour, and we believe that
all that the Federal Military Government wants you to come out and do is, come

79


075070
JPRS-SSA-84-010°
24 January 1984

PY
u {gPECTED ©
pric QUALITY

FBIS| FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

| REPRODUCED BY |
NATIONAL TECHNICAL |
INFORMATION SERVICE | 7)

US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE |
SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161 | 03


CAMEROON

Strengths, Weaknesses of Economy Outlined
(Pierre Biarnes; LE MONDE, 20 Dec 83)......cceececsceccecs

Briefs
National Gendarmerie Units
National Police Appointments
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Increased Influx of Chadian Refugees Seen
(AFRIQUE DEFENSE, Nov En

French Operation 'Manta' Described
(AFRIQUE DEFENSE, Nov BB) ce cecccceecceccccsececeeeeeseeee

DJIBOUTI

Activities of Frontier Commando Group Described
(Jean-Claude Pomonti; LE MONDE, 4-5 Dec 83)..........

Briefs
Ethiopian Refugees

GHANA

Briefs
Tax Relief.
CVC Promises Leniency
Border Initiative
Cuban Youth Delegation Visits

GUINEA
Reportage on Guinea Bauxite Company

(Ibrahima Sory Camara, Tamba Robert Millimono;
HOROYA, No 2997, 11-17 Dec 83)....scceceeceveccveees

Briefs
FRG Aid Drops
Exiles Can Return Home

KENYA

New 5-Year Plan Outlines Development Strategy
(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 16 Dec 83)......ceccececsceccecececees

New Policy To Focus on Rural Development
(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 16 Dec 83)........ Dee eee cece cece eens

33

36

36

37

39

40

43

44

44

44
45

46

50

50

51

54


ANGOLA

MPLA LABOR PARTY HOLDS CONFERENCES IN ALL PROVINCES
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 18 Dec 83 p 2

[Text] The provincial conferences of the MPLA-Labor Party continue to bé held
in various provinces of the country with a view to the election of the new
party provincial committees whose term will run for 2 years.

These party conferences are very important because they make it possible to
present an activity review covering the work of the outgoing committees for
the 2 years of their term of office. As Malanje Provincial Commissioner

Col Ludy Kissassunda emphasized during the opening session, "only by organizing
the party will we gain new experience that will bring us new successes toward
the triumph of our Democratic and Popular Revolution."

In the city of Menongue, capital of the Province of Kuando-Kubango, likewise,
Lt Col Francisco Tuta (Battle of Angola) said, during the session opening the
Second Provincial Party Conference, that “only with a strong and coherent
party can we defend the Popular Revolution which is now in progress in the
country." -

Toward this end, the other party leaders in the provinces of Huambo, Benguela,
Kuando-Kubango, Cabinda, Huila, Namibe, and Malanje urged the voters to elect,
as members of the new party provincial committees, the candidates who meet
the requirements that will enable them successfully to accomplish the count-
less tasks which the party will be called upon to carry out in all spheres of
activity within the life of the province,

In addition to the election of the members of the new party provincial com-
mittees, the second round of provincial conferences also proposes to discuss
the reports of the provincial committees and the provincial control commissions,
as well as the approval of the objectives to be obtained during the next 2
years in the political and social-economic fields.

In the meantime, work on the Second Provincial Party Conference in the Province

of Huambo is scheduled to end today with a big popular rally during which.
the new leadership slate of the Party Provincial Committee will be introduced.

5058
cso: 3442/110

27


OPPOSITION SYMPOSIUM CALLS FOR APC OVERTHROW

London WEST AFRICA in English No 3461, 12 Dec 83 p 2907

[Text]

The: recently-formed Popular
Union of Sierra Leone Students

(PUSS) in the United States, has
recently ended a one-day sympo-

sium in Washington during which
‘economic and political issues in
Sierra Leone were widely discus-
sed. One speaker, Mr. Tejan
Macauley, observed that Sierra
Leone can hardly show evidence
of growth for the last 30 years in
which her considerable mining re-
sources had been exploited. He
said “blackmarketing has blos-
somed so that today the economy
is very much out of the control of,
the government”. He said to
change the economic policies of
the government was to change the
government itself.

Mr. Pious Foray, former editor
of the banned Tablet newspaper,
called for unity as a vehicle for
effective social change in Sierra
Leone adding that the APC gov-
ernment has remained in power
through the’ sheer exploitation of
the disunity of the people. ‘In
unity the aspirations of the people

CSO; 3400/473

become focused, their desires
assume purpose and their efforts
produce results,” he said. The
leader of the London-based Sierra
Leone Alliance Movement
(SLAM), Mr. Ambrose Ganda,
said participants at the symposium
cannot talk about change if they
do not think first of how to remove
those obstacles to change. “The
realistic view in this matter,” he
said, “is that the APC must be
‘overthrown by all means possi-
ble... and since it is clear that
(change) cannot be done by con-
stitutional means, we have to cre-
ate the means for ourselves.” The
symposium, also in a final resolu-
tion, condemned the pol i
lence in Pujehun and attacked the
government for acting with “bla-
tant irresponsibility” over such a
crucial issue. Other speakers at
the symposium included Mr. Hin-
dolo Trye, also of the banned
Tablet newspaper, Mr. Th
George, Mr. Abu Kamara.
Richard M’bayo and
Bamidele Thompson.

SIERRA LEONE



BENUE MILITARY GOVERNOR--Makurdi, 6 Jan (NAN)--The military governor of Benue,
Brig John Atom Kpera, arrived in Makurdi yesterday to (?assume his duties).

He was’ met at. the Makurdi airport by ‘the commander of the 3lst Airborne Brigade
of the Nigerian Army, Brig Sunday Adenihun; the state's head of civil service,
Paul Osayi; permanent secretaries; and heads of the state's parastatals. Also

at the airport were some members of the disbanned National Party of Nigeria (NAN).
In:a short address to newsmen, Brig Kpera urged all the people of the state,
irrespective of their ethnic and religious affiliations.to cooperate with him to
ensure speedy development of the state. Meanwhile, the commander of the

3lst Airborne Brigade, Nigerian Army, Makurdi, Brig Adenihun, yesterday confirmed
that the former Benue governor, Mr Aperaku, had not reported himself to the police
several hours after the expiration of the deadline he gave to all former political
appointees in the state to do so. He told the NEWS AGENCY OF NIGERIA (NAN) that
his brigade had declared Mr Aku as "wanted man" and that "necessary steps" were
being taken to ensure his arrest. The two deputy governors who served in the
state between October 1979 and 31 December 1983, Isa Odoma and Sule Iyaji, as
well as most of the former commissioners in the state during the period, have
already surrendered themselves to police. [Text] [AB060958 Lagos NAN in English
0930 GMI 6 Jan 84]

TWO FORMER LEGISLATORS’ PASSPORTS SEIZED--TIwo former legislators of the ousted
civilian government, Alhaji Jalo Waziri and Mallam Sidi Ali, have had their
passports seized by security officials at the Murtala Mohammed airport. Several
other former legislators whose names were not disclosed were also known to have
had their passports impounded on the orders of the Federal Military Government.
At the scene of the seizure today, reports say that two international passports
were recovered from Mallam Sidi Ali by security officials at the local terminal
of the Murtala Mohammed airport while awaiting a flight to Kano. He finally
complied with the orders of the security men who had earlier told him that they
were acting on instructions. Mallam Sidi said that he did not consider himself
a target of the military regime since he has been known to be one of the loudest
critics of the last administration. He told newsmen later that he welcomed

the military government because most of the men involved are men of intégrity
with a sense of mission to deliver the goods. He called on the present leaders
to take a radical posture and do away with half measures, adding that’ culprits
like the former inspector general of police should have been dismissed and not
retired. [Text] [AB061035 Lagos International Service in English 0930 GMT

6 Jan 84]

CSO: 3400/433

te

81


a —————TM

Notwithstanding the difficulties, it remains a matter of the utmost im-
portance to try to find a solution to the refugee problem. The reason for
this is twofold. In the first place, refugees place great financial pressure on
the host state and may also lead to numerous other socio-economic pro-
blems. In the second place, refugees may lead to political tension between
states. This is clearly illustrated by events in Southern Africa. Refugees in
some of South Africa's neighbouring states misuse their position to plan
subversive activities against South Africa, and this disturbs the relations
between these states and South Africa: There is little reason to believe that
an organization stich as the ANC will not continue to misuse refugee situa-
tions to protect itself. Allegations that South Africa is attacking refugee
camps will in all probability be made again in the future, with the aim of
reducing the possibility of South African attacks on terrorist bases in its
neighbouring states. These preventive and follow-up attacks, will,
however, continue as long as the ANC makes use of these tactics and as
long as the governments of South Africa's neighbouring states are unable
or unwilling to prevent ANC action of this kind.

REFERENCES
1, Sobel, L.A., (ed.), Refugees: A World Report, Facts on File, Inc., New York, 1979,'p.

1

2. Ibid., pp.1—2

3. ° Moussalli, M., “Who is a refugee", Refugees Magazine, September 1982, p.41.

4. Resolution 2011(LX1), Accepted on August 2, 1976 by the Economic and Social
Council of the United Nations. In Resolution $1/85 of 8 November 1976, the General
Assembly of the United Nations adopted the resolution of the Economic and Social
Council.

5. “The difference between a refugee and a displaced person is that the latter has fled his
home but not his country". The Times, 81/04/20.

6. Moussalli, M., op. cit., p.42

7. Ibid., p.48.

8. Organization of African Unity, Refugee Convention, Article 1

9. Sobel, L.A. op cit., p.2

10. Ibid.

M1. Ibid.

12. Speech delivered in Addis Ababa by Dr Peter Onu, Assitant Secretary General of the
OAU, on the occasion of Africa Refugee Day, 20 June 1982.

13. “Foreign Reports” in South African Journal, Vol 18, No 1, July 1982, pp. 64—65.

14. The Times, 81/04/20

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Beeld 82/08/26. :

18. RSA. The Report of the Commission into Security legislation, RP/1981, p.62.

19. “Lesotho: Haven for Southern African Refugees", News from UNHCR, 11 November
1982, p.2.

20. Ibid.

21. The Star 83/08/13.

22. The Sowetan, 88/08/16.

23. Beeld, 83/9/9.

24. Beeld, 81/01/24.

25. Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1980, South African Institute of Race Rela-
tions, Johannesburg, 1981, p.26.

26. Ibid.

27. Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1981, op cit, p.61.

28. News from UNCHR, op cit., p.2.

29. The Star, 81/02/16.

30. Ibid.

cso: 3400/478


NEW 5-YEAR PLAN OUTLINES DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 16 Dec 83 pp 7-12

[Text]

KENYA'S © fifth development plan
which was launched last week and
which outlines the country’s
development strategy for the period
1984 to 1988, is a fairly low key set of
projections in comparison with the
highly ambitious fourth development
plan which it is replacing. Most of the
targets projected in the fourth plan,
which covered the 1979/83 period,
r Tonaflot realised; while the»
‘econothic conditions of-the past .
iyears are believed to have forced the
Pectin’ to take a more realistic,
lapphaddht therariofal development:
‘strategy. . eee
The fourth plan was based on the
\. national .;output; figures - realised:
{duringithe: 1977 economic boom,and-
‘reflected: in: thei performance of..the+
:economy ins1978. But while the plan; for.
instasiee, .. projected. the aggregate,
growth: of the gross domestic preduct;
: for-the; four-year period at 6.3 percent,
‘the-growth rate fell from. 8.8 per cent-in:
1977-to;3.1 per.centin-1979.and further.
/ to 2.4 per cent in 1980. Mees
; +Rhp-reeovery experienced -in, 1981,
when the economy. grew. by.5.5:per cent:
could:-not..be, sustained ,during, 1982.
when the growth rate fell back to 3.3 pen
cent..The,most.significant, contri!
jcame fyom agriculture,which grew by.
‘44 pér cent; ‘while: therperformance:of
‘the secondary ‘sectors.such. as ‘mining
jand quarrying,manufacturing; building
‘and consteuction, electricity and: watér,
was:much worse:than! in--the:previous -
‘years: Trad: asi. ‘also deprdsbeds
‘recording-adecline of 4.4:per cent. Most
‘of “thezdecline:'in. these - séctors--was:
jattributedté the stiffémport restrictions:
that-avere: impesed::due*to the critical
foreign:.exchange: situation; while the

Bs

51

political .disturbances:of August, 1982,
‘also. disrupted. industrial’ and
commercial activities. :

The: growth: in the gdp for 1983 is
expected to be'the samevas in 1982,'with
agriculture ‘recording a:growth rate of
-about:4.5 per cent and ‘the sécondary
sectors continuing to grow more slowly.
.In particular,.it is feared that the growth
of the manufacturing sector will only be
two per cent, mainly due to effects of the
import restrictions. of 1982 and the
depressed domestic.and external demand
for products. The building and
construction sector remained depressed
because. of the: low. growth in
government development..expenditure
and.the continuing lack of -domestic
credit.; The decline: in‘: this. sector. is
expected to. be as high as three per cent
in 1983. .

Comparison; of the actuat: growth
rates during the 1976-83 periodwith the
target growth rates ‘shows: significant
shortfalls, both in the aggregate growth
rate: and.the: rate<of ‘growth-in major
production’ Sectorés ‘One . dmportant
ssector where: ‘growth .:rate .actually
exceeded the:plan target was.in finance,
instirance,:real estates .and business
services which is.reflected in the recent
rise in interest rates and the
establishment of new‘institutions and
branches: Minor sectors that showed-a
rise in. growthi. rate in- 1983:included
water and:. electricity -and« fishing
activities) ©: s.c0 8 * .

‘, dnvall, the growth in.gdp aggregate for
the: fourth . development Aplan ‘period
came to five per cent .as:compared with
the’ target .6:3 :per -cent.. On-:the other
hand, the-rate of population growth of
3.8 per -cent was higher. than the.
projected 3.5 per cent, bringing down

KENYA


SWAZILAND

BRIEFS

FOREIGN MINISTER, BELGIAN AMBASSADOR MEET--The Beligan ambassador to Swaziland,
Mr Louis de @lerck, today called on the minister for foreign affairs, Mr R.V..
Dlamini, and discussed matters of mutual interest between the two countries.
During their discussions, the Belgian ambassador presented the minister with
some documents regarding the proposed consulate between Swaziland and Belgium
from the Belgian Kingdom. Mr de Clerck also revealed that Tibiyo taka Ngwane
approached a Belgian company to make a feasibility study on meat production

in Swaziland. The Belgian company has already completed the feasibility study
and is now preparing a joint venture for an integrated agro-industrial proj-
ect. The Belgian ambassador also expressed his hopes that the Southern Afri-
can Development Coordination Conference meeting in Lusaka, in February, would
give him an opportunity to discuss the already mentioned projects. In reply,
the minister for foreign affairs said the opening of the Belgian consulate

in Swaziland would make for smooth coordination between the two countries.

The Belgian ambassador hopes to meet the 17 mathematics and science Belgian
teachers presently working in some of the country's schools. [Text] [MB101938
Mbabane Domestic Service in English 1600 GMT 10 Jan 84]

cso: 3400/511

93


MALI

BRIEFS

MALI-UPPER VOLTA BORDER DISPUTE--The border dispute between Upper Volta and
Mali has been referred to the International Court of Justice at The Hague,

and both countries have agreed to abide by the Court's decision, according

to sources in Holland. The two countries have asked the Court to establish
the border between Koro in southern Mali and Djibo in norther Upper Volta.

[Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2850]

csO: 3400/471



CAMEROON
STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES OF ECONOMY OUTLINED
Paris LE MONDE in French 20 Dec 83 p 21
[Article by Pierre Biarnes: "Large Cracks in Cameroon's Otherwise Solid

Foundations" ]

[Text] Although Cameroon's economy is still sub-Saharan Africa's most
prosperous economy, it has not escaped the effects of the international economic
crisis.

With an annual growth rate of some.7 percent for nearly a quarter of a century,
Cameroon's gross national product will near the $10 billion mark in 1984. The
annual cost of servicing its foreign debt represents barely 8 percent of the
value of its exports. With a population of almost 9 million, Cameroon is
self-sufficient in food and energy. Its agricultural export production has
long been fairly well developed and diversified: coffee, cocoa, timber,
cotton, bananas, palm oil, rubber, etc. Having more recently become an oil-
producing country--about 6 million tons in 1983--the many investors it attracts
consider it as the best risk in sub-Saharan Africa, or the least unfavorable
risk in the view of the most cautious: investors.

These achievements are to a great extent the result of more than 20 years of
political stability. Nor were they jeopardized by the few months of tension
caused by President Ahidjo's sudden resignation in November 1982 and the
subsequent replacement of most of his loyal supporters in top-level government
positions by men close to his successor, President Paul Biya. This shake-up
made it possible to form a more critical assessment of past governmental
actions, an assessment spotlighting a certain number of theretofore minimized
problems upon whose solution continued expansion depends, not to mention the
maintenance of civil peace which is essential to such expansion. These
problems involve mainly the inadequate attention paid to the effects of a
runaway increase in population, plus the unwieldiness of an ill-suited civil
service.

Cameroon's annual population growth of approximately 2.7 percent is such that
the annual increase in national per capita income is nearly cut in half and
thus reduced to about 3.5 percent. When compared with the situation in
neighboring countries, this is still a very good showing. Yet it is obviously
only an average which very poorly masks major inequalities and large areas of
stagnation or even recession, particularly in the cities. The urban
population is growing more and more rapidly and in a disorganized manner, and

33

———————


CUBAN YOUTH DELEGATION VISITS--A two-man Cuban youth delegation is on a 1-week
working visit to the country. The delegation, which is led by Manuel Morales,
a member of the National Committee’of the Young Communist League of Cuba, was
invited by the National Youth Organizing Commission. Speaking to newsmen on
his arrival in Accra today, Mr Morales, who is also the deputy director of
the National Committee for Camping in Cuba, hoped their visit would give them
the opportunity to learn a lot from Ghana and of meaningful interchange of
ideas to help advance the involvement of the Ghanaian youth in the revolu-
tion. [sentence as heard] The delegation is expected to hold talks with

the secretary for youth and sports, officials of the National Organizations
[as heard] Committee, and the greater Accra zonal coordinators of the Demo-
cratic Youth Leage of Ghana. [Text] [AB102105 Accra Domestic Service in
English 2000 GMI 10 Jan 84]

cso: 3400/516

45



GUINEA

BRIEFS

FRG AID DROPS--Following talks in Bonn on November 15, the West German govern-
ment has agreed to provide DM25m. in aid to Guinea under the 1983 development
aid budget. This is DM5m. less than Guinea received in 1982 and DM2m. less
than in 1981, Veronica Forrester reports from Bonn. When the West German gov-
ernment announced cuts in new aid allocations last year, the opposition Social
Democratic Party (SPD), criticised the inclusion of Guinea and nine other
least developed states in the list of countries scheduled for aid reductions.
The German government is reducing new aid allocations in 1983 and 1984 in
order to get over internal financial difficulties in the ministry for economic
cooperation. Under the 1983 aid programme for Guinea, DMl6m. has been set
aside to finance projects and DM9m. to support technical cooperation pro-
grammes. The largest allocation of DM12m. will be used to improve supplies of
drinking water in nine small provincial towns. Additional assistance is also
being given to the new telex system in Conakry for which DM17.5m. was re-
leased under the 1982 budget. Technical assistance is being given to improve
health facilities in rural areas and also carry out improvements to the Donka
hospital in Conakry. Following the establishment of a new ministry to deal
with small and medium-sized industrial and handicrafts firms, the German gov-
ernment has also promised technical assistance on questions of organisation.
Guinea has also asked for assistance to solve transport difficulties in the
capital Conakry and Bonn has agreed to examine this issue when more details
are available. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3461, 5 Dec 83

pp 2851-52}

EXILES CAN RETURN HOME--President Sekou Toure has said that Guineans who fled
the country and living abroad for various reasons were free to return home.

He told journalists in Conakry that he would immediately give them the spirit
and courage to return and present themselves to Guinea in order to participate
in the building of the nation, "There is therefore no contradiction between
them and me," said President Sekou Toure, "if they want to return home; the
contradiction is between them and their people. I have no grudges against any
of them; I only pity them because they fled from their country." The Guinean
leader said he had no enemies, "not even those who dragged me through the mud."
He said whoever went to Guinea with the will to participate in the construction
of the nation, will become his brother. "My real enemy," said the Guinean
leader, "is the man who--whether he is of the same father and mother as I--
praises me all the time but is against the Guinean people." [Text] [London
WEST AFRICA in English No 3462, 1926 Dec 83 p 2971]

CSO: 3400/482



GUINEA

REPORTAGE ON GUINEA BAUXITE COMPANY
Conakry HOROYA in French No 2997, 11-17 Dec 83 pp 8-11
[irticle by Ibrahima Sory Camara and Tamba Robert Millimono/

Zfext/ The Guinea Bauxite Company (CBG) is a living, dynamic reality which
calls to mind the wealth of our country's mineral resources and the possi-
bility of creating, maintaining and developing the bases for a fruitful,
egalitarian, and mutually advantageous international cooperation.

Though not the only bauxite mining company in Guinea, it is often cited asa
model of cooperation in the field of mineral resources development in so-
called developing countries. It is a matter of proven fact that those asso-
ciated in the CBG, that is, our country and its foreign partners, find it
worth their while, for each is satisfied with the way things were begun and
have been carried out up till now, and especially with the positive manner
in which the CBG is evolving.

That evolution aptly exemplifies the words of the Supreme Leader of the Re-
volution, Comrade President Ahmed Sekou Toure, that "liberty, equality, and
responsibility of partners in the attainment of common goals surely consti-
tute the firmest basis for that integrity without which no enterprise can be
jointly managed."

International cooperation, as we see it, is free and equal cooperation,
voluntarily entered into by two responsible entities in different nations,
for the purpose of enhancing their gains in the struggle to extend their
domination over nature and over adverse forces, so as to increase their ca-
pacity to find fitting solutions to problems affecting their future.

Hence the outgrowth of that cooperation, the CBG, has constantly given con-
crete embodiment to that philosophy and ideology of our Party-State, and, as
an example of cooperation, has opened the way to bright future prospects.

Before expanding on that aspect and its implications, let us briefly examine
the nature of the CBG as a complex of entities harmoniously integrated so as
to allow the project to become a reality which guarantees the associates’ in-
terests and today opens up favorable development prospects.



First course to end in 1984

The capital's Business Institute started the first course in this area of
specialization in 1982, The first technicians will graduate in 1984.

At this time, a total of 49 students are enrolled in the program, with 26
in the first year and the remaining 23 in the second. The 49, according
to the teaching. director of the ICM [Business Institute of Maputo],
represent 50 percent of the total number of students who originally matric-
ulated.

The reduction of the number of students during the 2 years is due to some
difficulties which are typically found in the first year, among which is
the lack of the predisposition and sensitivity of the students in relation
to the complexity and nature of the program.

"Most of the students were not prepared, on one hand, for this type of
course, and on the other hand, for the effort which this type of course
would demand," explained Director Rosario Fernandes.

Until now, successful student completion of the course has been 72 percent
of the total, that is in the first and second years. In specific terms,
our source said that in the first year, students passing represent 75 per-
cent, while in the second year, they represent 69 percent.

"Tt must be mentioned that when this course began, that is, in the first
year, 1982, the number of passing students registered at that time was 68
percent, which means that growth has occurred, although we feel that it
does not yet correspond to the indicators that are required, which should
be at least 80 percent," the director further.

Starting the course from scratch

Urged to comment upon whether the establishment of this course was based

on prévious experimentation, the ICM source mentioned the fact that, in
spite of the difficulties which became evident immediately, as was the

case in the lack of a teaching staff for this specialty, and even the
absence of material conditions, it has been possible "for us to advance to
our present situation. We have counted on support from the Eduardo Mondiane
University, which has granted us the use of its machines and teachers. For
training with machines, our students have to go to the university's training
center."

Professorial Training
Beira DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE in Portuguese 6 Dec 83 p 16
[Article by Jonas Cossa]

[Text] The final evaluation process for future teachers in secondary
education is underway at this moment throughout the country.

75


MINISTER BUNDU ON NEED TO REDUCE SOVIET FISHING MONOPOLY

London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 pp 2845-46

[Text]

The Sierra Leone Government
is anxious to reduce the Russian
fishing monopoly and was looking
for ways and means of how to do
it, according to the Minister of
Agriculture Dr. Abass Bundu.
who was attending an FAO meet-
ing in Rome, Italy. In an interview
with West Africa, Dr. ‘Bundu said
during the meeting he established
‘several contacts which he hoped
would in the future help to de-
velop his country’s agriculture
programme. He said he had leng-
thy discussions with US Secretary
for agriculture, Mr. John Block,
who expressed the US govern-
ment’s willingness to assist in Sier-
ra Leone's agriculture program-
me, mainly fisheries, agriculture
input, fertilisers etc. “There must
be an end to this Russian monopo-
ly, so assistance must be sought
from elsewhere,” said the minis-
ter.

Dr. Bundu said his talks with
FAO officials centred on post-
harvest loss reduction projects for
Sierra Leone including a’ long-
term project in establishing a post-

csO: 3400/471

graduate course in post-harvesting
at Njala. The minister said as a
means of improving agriculture
and as a matter of priority, his
government would give conces-
sions to investments in agriculture
like machinery, chemicals etc. He
said as part of his incentive pro-
gramme, he hopes to persuade far-
mers to form the National Asso-
ciation of Farmers, an association
that would serve as a pressure
group to government. “No matter
what we say, agriculture is impor-
tant; if this association is formed it
will be in direct contact with my
ministry and the pressure it would
exert on me, would make govern-
ment realise the extent to which
we must pay attention to impro-
ving agriculture.” the minister
said. Dr, Bundu said his govern
ment’s recent bill for rice importa~
tion was more than $35m. “We
can use part of this kind of money
to develop agricultural produce
fike cash crop which could in turn
be exported for much needed fore-
ign exchange,” the minister said. ,

85

SIERRA LEONE


DJIBOUTI

ACTIVITIES OF FRONTIER COMMANDO GROUP DESCRIBED
Paris LE MONDE in French 4-5 Dec 83 p 7

[Article by Jean-Claude Pomonti, LE MONDE special correspondent:
“Commandoes at the End of the World"]

[Text] On the shores of the Red Sea, squeezed between
Ethiopia and Somalia, the small territory of the Republic
of Djibouti is protected by Frontier Commando Groups
(GCF). These guards of the desert watch over the nomads
who camp in this forsaken area rich only in legend.

This African coast of the Red Sea, made of sand and basalt rock, windswept,
is a human desert as well. At Doumira, a peninsula shared by Ethiopia and
Djibouti, a ship and two light fishing vessels are docked at dawn in a creek
protected from the winds. The waters of the Bab-el Mandeb Straits are the
richest fishing waters on earth, but the Afars, who roam this area, are not
fishermen. Nor are they hunters. They leave the wealth of the sea to the
Djibouti Arabs who are of Yemenite origin. As for the gazelles, they fear-
lessly roam along beaches crowded with crabs and most beautiful seashells.

This is the end of the world! The airstrip consists of a cleared bit of land
bordered by rocks painted white. The pilot has determined the wind direction
from the flag hoisted on the Khor-Anghar post, manned by 17 members of the
GCF, the old goumiers of colonial times. He lands only after noting the
presence of the post vehicle on its way to the landing area. On the Djibouti
side, on the Red Sea, only one other post exists, held by 23 GCF, in Mouloule,
half an hour by road from Ethiopia and 1 hour from Khor-Anghar.

Mouloule looks like the creation of comic strip artist Hugo Pratt, an Italian
who has crisscrossed this area for quite some time in the search for a remote
country. The small post stands out, painted in white limestone with loose
stripes, on the shore of this calm desert sea, rich in mirages during the hot
time of the day and sand storms when the sea is restless. Close by, a few
wells with brackish water, unfit for human consumption, draw desert camel
drivers and their small goat herds. Four merchants have built warehouses
from lumber cast ashore by the sea not far from the post where a half a dozen
small desert trucks stop daily. Another small barrack, painted yellow and
somewhat more presentable, is their mosque.



JPRS-SSA-84-010

24 January 1984

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

ConTENTS

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Refugees, Their Implications for Southern: Africa.Examined
(N. Marais; ISSUP STRATEGIC REVIEW, Dec 83)....sseeseeeeese

Increased Population, Starvation Predicted
(Abdul Rahman Mohammed Babu; AFRICA NOW, Dec 83)...

ANGOLA

Departing Soviet Ambassador Grants Interview
(Vadim Luginov Interview; JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 16 Dec 83)....

Bulgaria CP Signs Cooperation Accord With MPLA
(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 18 Dec 83)......seeeeeeee see e ene eeeeee

Ruth Neto Delivers Speech: During Portuguese CP Congress
(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 17 Dec 83) ...eeeeeseeeececssecereseceee

National Bank Official on Economic Objectives, Past, Present
(WEST AFRICA, No 3460, 5 Dec 83)..eeeeeeseeceeeees se eeeeee

MPLA Labor Party Holds Conferences in All Provinces
(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 18 Dec 83) ...eeeeeecececsercecenenceees

Menongue Hospital Experiencing Difficulties
(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 18 Dec 83)...sseceeceeseceees eee eeeeees
FAPLA Recruiting inBengo Surpasses Expectations
(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 15 Dec 83)....+.eeee0

Briefs
Bulgarian CP Expresses Solidarity
Moxico People's Brigades
ADB Loan
Refugees in Zambia
Retaliation Measures Against Lisbon

-a- {III - NE& A=

22

23

25

27

120]


with cheap labour. The Africans, depended entirely on streams and rivers
for their water. Some of the rivers were seasonal and during dry periods,
Kenyans in the rural areas had to walk long distances with water containers
on their heads or backs, in search of water.

At independence Kenyans decided they must have clean water. Fundraising
meetings were held to raise the money for water projects and since then they
have not stopped.

Multi-million water projects have been launched and considering the existing
economic constraints and the demand for water and sanitation services, new
approaches have to be formulated.

The Government has invested millions of shillings on water projects.

Rural water supply has been progressing steady. The giant Kandara water
project initiated by the local people is an excellent example.

Since 1970, a programme was set up to provide water in the rural areas.
It has been done in various segments.

The Ministry of Agriculture estimates that by 1970, the Government had
provided water for about 3 million people in the rural areas and about 1.5
million in the urban areas.

The figure has increased since then and about six million people are now
getting water regularly.

cso: 3400/468

63



crusher. There the blocks are reduced to minute fragments or dust, which
is then taken to the drying ovens by an enormous bucket wheel. With its
traveling crane and pivoting buckets, the bucket wheel gulps bauxite at the
rate of 2,000 tons per hour and discharges it onto conveyor belts which
pring it to the drying ovens.’ The crushed bauxite*comes into three rotary
ovens, located alongside each other, which undertake to reduce the humidi-
ty of the ore to less than 6 percent. Each oven can treat treat 600 tons
of bauxite per hour. Hot air is led into the ovens, whose interior temper-
ature at times reaches 870°. The bauxite is then cooled to 120 deg. The
final step is loading into an ore ship, or storage.

Because of the vitality and dynamism of CBG and the Friguia Company, Com-
rade President Ahmed Sekou Toure, PDG secretary general, in speaking of
them before the 12th national -congress*of our Party-State, which has just
been held, particularly stressed that "despite’the world crisis which is
keenly felt by the aluminum industry and whose repercussions affect the
bauxite and alumina market, CBG and 'Frigula are among those rare firms in
the world to show a profit in 1980-83--and that notwithstanding a slight
drop in their sales." That indicates that throughout its development CGB
has effectively met its commitment. And that has led the government of
Guinea, as regards the Aye-Koye ‘project for production of bauxite and alu-
mina, to define a new strategy, which consists of taking advantage of the
infrastructures of the Boke Bauxite Company ‘and the Boke Development Author-
ity, as well as the Sangaredi deposits, to increase its interest to our
partners.

It should be stressed that at present 37 percent of the 50 percent quota of
B type shares are subscribed. The last board of directors' meeting, held
in Conakry in July, made it possible to define the modalities for conduct=
ing a new study.

And s0, committed to a common’ ‘task huge in #ts-dimensions, exalting in its
objectives, and original in its character which seeks to be profoundly hue
man, our country with its partners and friends have mitually demonstrated
faith and confidence. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that successful
pursuit of CBG's program is a duty for each of us. Total success is writ
on the horizon, as ‘the head’ of state had. occasion to say, and is commensur-
ate with the stability of Guinea's political structures, with their deeply
democratic character, and with the unity and enthusiasm of the Guinean peo-
ple.

The CBG thus has a mission. That is why ite managers and workers at all
levels are called upon for further mobilization, for more rational work

‘organization, and for greater perseverence in creative effort to assure
further progress by CBG and the entire Guinean nation.

6145
cso: 3419/282

49 ‘


ZCCM TO SHIP 80 PERCENT OF METALS THROUGH DAR ES SALAAM

Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 23 Dec 83 p 4

[Article by Brown Lenga]

cso:

[Text]

3400/483

Starting from next month the Zambia Consoli-
dated Copper Mines (ZCCM) will ship 80 percent of its
metals through Dar es Salaam, it was agreed here

yesterday.

"* A one-day meeting of:
the . Tanzania-Zambia '
transport . coordinating
committee decided that |
ZCCM~ would -send ;
38,000 tonnes of all;
metals through the port.

General manager of the.
Tanzania’. National Shipping
Company. (Nasaco). Mr |
Chriswell Simfukwe said after
the meeting the decision was |

. Made because: delegates were |
satisfied’ that there had been a |
major improvement - in the |
transport system -of Tazara,

| Zambia-Tanzama Road Ser-

i vices and Tanzania Harbours
Authority. 7 ‘

At. the moment, ZCCM is |
reportedly transporting 57 per |
cent of its metal through Dar
es Salaam port while the rest is
shipped’. through the South '
African port of East London. |

Last June ZCCM ferried |
32,550 tonnes of its products
through the Tanzanian port '
and 20,150 went through East i
London... i

In July, Dar es Salaam was |
allocated 32,500 tonnes while |
East London had: 21,700 ton-
nes. The following month Dar ‘
es Salaam received 28,000 ton- :
nes and East London had
18,200 tonnes.

‘azara, a source of concern
for Zambian importers and ex-

98

porters, had improved after
the acquisition of Gerinan-
made locomotives.

Tazara general manager
Major-General Charles Nyi-
renda complained two months

ago that ZCCM had been:

defying a Zambian directive to

transport’ its cargo through +

Dar es Salaam, thus making
Tazara non-profitable.

The ‘committee noted that
there -were ‘still delays in the
transfer of funds from Zambia
to clearing and forwarding

agents needed to maintain a |

smooth flow of cargo:

Mr Simfukwe appealed to
Zambian ‘importers and e>
porters to rectify the situation.

The meeting was attended by
representatives from Zambia
Railways, Tazara, the ZTRS,

. ‘Tanzania Harbours Authority,

Zambia Nationa! Clearing and |

Forwarding Company, Zam-

‘

bia Meta! Marketing Corpora- +

tion, ZCCM and Nasaco.

Others came from the banks |
‘of Zambia and Tanzania, the |

Zambian high commission,
the Zambia Copper Industry
Bureau Services based in Dares
Salaam and .an official from
the Tanzania high commission
in Lusaka.

Thé committee meets every
three months ‘to review per-
formance and problems in the
transport sector. It last met in
Lusaka last September.

ZAMBIA



ANGOLA

RUTH NETO DELIVERS SPEECH DURING PORTUGUESE CP CONGRESS
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 17 Dec 83 p 2

[Text] Through Ruth Neto, member, Central Committee, the MPLA-Labor Party on
Thursday reiterated. the readiness of the Angolan people to continue the
“road to the establishment of socialism in the fatherland of Agostinho Neto."

Ruth Neto, who directs the Angolan delegation to the Tenth Congress of the
Portuguese Communist Party, said that this position on the part of Angola is
unalterable in spite of pressures exerted by United States imperialism through
South Africa, its spearhead. '

“In its action against the African peoples, imperialism has concentrated

all of its potential in southern Africa, using its'most docile policeman,
the hateful racist regime of Pretoria which daily commits the most barbarous
acts of armed aggression against the frontline countries," she. remarked.

These acts of aggression, she continued, are perpetrated not only with the
objective of causing these peoples--especially the People's Republic of Angola
--to refrain from supporting the just struggle of the Namibian and South
African peoples, but also to force the RPA (People's Republic of Angola) to
deviate from the policy freely chosen by its people, which undoubtedly will
lead to the construction of socialism,

The MPLA-Labor Party leader was the third speaker among the invited guests
and reported that this policy, pursued by Pretoria on orders from the United
States, is also a part of international imperialism's strategy which is aimed
at endlessly postponing independence for Namibia which is unlawfully occupied
by South Africa,

Ruth Neto, who is also the top leader of the OMA (Organization of Angolan
Women), reiterated the Angolan's people rejection of the policy of "linkage,"
recalling the Angolan-Cuban declaration of 4 February 1982 and the speech by
the Angolan Chief of State Jose Eduardo dos Santos during the reception for
Javier Perez de Cuellar, UN secretary-general,in Luanda.

She noted that the Cuban internationalist troops will withdraw from Angola
only by virtue of a decision by the two sovereign countries (Angola and Cuba)
and that this will happen only when there are guarantees of nonaggression from
South Africa.

23


CC

The Soviet Union-demands the immediate withdrawal of the South African troops
who are occupying the southern part of Cunene Province, the cessation of all

the destabilizing action in Angola by international imperialism and by South
Africa, either directly or by utilizing the Angolan counter-revolution. The
USSR categorically rejects the attempt by the United States and South Africa

to link the question of Namibian independence to the presence of the Cuban mili-
tary contingent in Angola. The Soviet Union has vehemently and repeatedly
declared its full support for the Angolan-Cuban declaration of 4 February 1982,
regarding the presence of Cuban internationalist forces in the RPA.

The Soviet Union reiterates its unconditional support for the national liberation
struggle of the Namibian people, led by SWAPO, and declares that all the UN
decisions regarding Namibian independence, specifically Security Council Reso-
Jution 435/78, must be applied immediately.

The Soviet people, like all honest men in the world, are in solidarity with

the struggle of the South African people, led by the ANC, for their national
liberation, for the elimination of apartheid, an inhuman system of exploitation
and racist oppression.

It was not by chance that, a few days ago, the United Nations warned the inter-
national community that the threatened manufacture of nuclear weapons by South
Africa represents a serious threat to peace.

The imperialist circles, headed by the United States, are in collusion with
South Africa; they would not only like to develop South Africa's nuclear potential
put to install Cruise missiles in the country of "apartheid," which would be

a deadly threat to the: peoples of the continent.

In a series of resolutions recently approved, the United Nations strongly con-
demned theSouth African racists’ aspirations to create their own nuclear weapons
and to use them to blackmail the African countries. The organization also con-
demned the collusion of the United States and other Western countries, as well
as Isreal, with the "apartheid" regime.

[Question] Would you please assess relations between the RPA and the USSR in
all the different areas and the prospects and goals for their development?

[Answer] As you know, relations between the Soviet and Angolan peoples, between
the CPSU and the MPLA-Labor Party, were established long ago, during the period
of the Angolan people's struggle for their Liberation fromthe centuries-old
Portuguese colonial yoke.

The Soviet Union was among the first to recognize the independence of the People's
Republic of Angola, proclaimed on 11 November 1975, and diplomatic relations

were quickly established. The Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between

the USSR and the RPA,signed on 8 October 1976, became the basis for multilateral
cooperation between our countries.

Soviet-Angolan relations are developing in a dynamic manner in all areas. The
regular exchanges between the highest representatives of the CPSU and the MPLA-
Labor Party and of the governments of the two countries contribute greatly to
this development.

19


shops are in a sad state," the minister told the businessmen. Overdependence
on imported raw materials and hysterical price increases of goods were not
doing the economy any good apart from causing misery and enriching the few
greedy on a short term basis. He called on manufacturers to liaise with his
ministry on the pricing system and the methods of breaking away from the
foreign exchange constraint. Mr Subulwa warned that manufacturers who depend
on foreign exchange for raw materials would continue to operate below capac-
ity because for a long time Zambia would not have enough foreign exchange.--
ZANA [Text] [Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 23 Dec 83 p 7]

EEC PROVIDES ADDITIONAL LOAN~~The European Economic Community (EEC) has given
Zambia an additional K5.7 million loan for development projects, a spokesman
announced in Lusaka yesterday. This brings to K64 million total support from
the European Development Fund for Zambia's Lome II indicative programme. The
decision to increase Zambia's aid was taken after the mid-term review of
appropriations under the fifth European Development Fund of the Second Lome
convention. The interest rate for this special loan is one percent with repay-
ment to spread over 40 years and ten years deferral. Zambia has benefited
from a special loan of K64 million for the rehabilitation of Zambia's mining
industry and an allocation of about K20 million for regional projects of ad-
vantage to Zambia. [Text] [Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 24 Dec 83 p 7]

BELGIAN DEBT RESCHEDULING AGREEMENT~~Belgium has rescheduled about K6.4 million
Zambian debts arising from commercial contracts and financial credits, accord-
ing to a statement released by the Belgian embassy in Lusaka yesterday. The
rescheduling is contained in a bilateral agreement signed between Zambia and
Belgium in Brussels on December 1. The agreement is part of the implementa-
tion of the decision taken by the Paris Club in May for the rescheduling of
Zambian debts by a number of Western countries. The K6.4 million owed to
Belgium is now to be repaid over a period starting in December 1988 and ending
in June 1993. The Belgium government hopes the rescheduling will "support and
encourage the Zambian Government in its sincere efforts to tackle the economic
problems facing the country." [Text] [Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English

28 Dec 83 p 1]

REFUGEES ENTER NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCE--About 2,000 Angolan refugees running
away from the war-torn southern Angolan have crossed into Zambia at Chavuma
in the North-Western Province. Regional immigration officer, Mr Simon Sit-
wala, confirmed that there were 1,666 refugees at Chavuma and Zambezi by Mon-
day. The refugees are fleeing southern Angola where MPLA forces are fighting
South African-backed UNITA rebels of Jonas Savimbi. South African troops have
also invaded the country allegedly in pursuit of. SWAPO fighters. Mr Sitwala
said the Ministry of Home Affairs and the United Nations High Commission for
Refugees had been informed about the new influx of Angolans. Early this
month, about 300 refugees who crossed into Zambia were repatriated to Luanda.
Eight UBZ buses ferried the refugees from Mwinilunga through Solwezi to Lusaka
where they boarded a plane to the Angolan capital. More than 600 Angolans
were repatriated from the Ndola airport. They had entered Zambia through the
North-Western Province in November because of the fighting between the insur-
gents and MPLA troops. [Excerpt] [Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 29 Dec

83 p 1)

CSO: 3400/483 : END



ANGOLA

BRIEFS

BULGARTAN CP EXPRESSES SOLIDARITY-~A press announcement, distributed at the
end of the visit by Atanas Konstantinov, alternate member, PCB (Bulgarian
Communist Party), indicates that the Bulgarian Party is expressing its
solidarity to the Angolan people in the struggle against the “aggression and
barbarities perpetrated permanently by the racist regime of South Africa."
The announcement also notes that both parties expressed their solidarity
with the peoples of Namibia and South Africa, guided by their revolutionary
vanguards, SWAPO and ANC. This gesture of sympathy on the part of the MPLA-
PT [Labor Party] and the PCB was also addressed to all oppressed peoples of
Africa, Latin America, and Asta. It must be recalled that both delegations
signed an interparty cooperation agreement for 1983-1985 to establish bonds
of friendship, solidarity, and cooperation; the delegation was also received
by Lucio Lara, member, Political Bureau, and Central Committee secretary of
the MPLA-PT for organization. In addition to the talks, the Bulgarian
delegation also visited the commercial port of Luanda and other projects of
an economic nature in the provinces of Luanda, Bengo, and Huambo. [Text]
[Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 16 Dec 83.p 2] 5058

MOXICO PEOPLE'S BRIGADES--The first Popular Vigilante Brigades in the district
of Kapango were sworn in recently by Moxico Provincial Commissioner Maj

Joao Manuel Goncalves Lourenco. On that occasion, the coordinator of the
Moxico Provincial Committee of the MPLA-Labor Party also swore in the
officials who will supervise the operation of the Popular Vigilante Brigades
in that district. The chairman of the Regional Military Council alerted the
brigades now established as to the role they are to play during the phase

the country is currently going through, primarily in the action they will
have to fight against banditry and infiltration. The ceremony was also at~
tended by Chicassa Chambi, member, Party Central Committee, as well as members
of the JMPLA [Youth Movement of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of
Angola]-Party Youth, the government, as well as mass and social organizations.
[Text] [Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 17 Dec 83 p 2] 5058

ADB LOAN--The African Development Bank has lent the Angolan public telecom-
munications company EPTEL 30.24m. AUA (approximately US$39.7m.) to extend
and modernise the international telecommunications system (telephone and
telex). The programme will include the extension and modernisation of the
Cacuaco land station, the purchase of an international telex transit centre
and the extension of the telephone transit centre. The works, which will be
the responsibility of EPTEL itself, are scheduled to take three years,
starting in 1984. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3461, 12 Dec 83

p 2898]
31


CSO:

contribution of money, materials or
labour, and special area programmes,
such as the arid and semi-arid land
‘programmes, which are not always
available in all districts but are
responsible for a substantial flow of
resources into some rural development

rojects, and which are being
incorporated into the new district focus
strategy. .

It is anticipated that a new
mechanism - the district development
fund (DDF) - will be established under
which financial resources for rural
development will be‘channelled directly
from the treasury to the DDF of each
district. These monies will be under the
management of the DDCs for approved
projects and will not be tied to any
sector but will, instead, complement
those ministry allocations that are
insufficient for local district needs.

Under the new policy, the ministries
will continue to be, responsible. for

roposing and directing national policy
or their respective sectors of
development activities through their
contributions to the preparations of the
national development plan and through
special policy papers. They will also
carry out strategic planning as well as’
manage the multi-district and national
development projects.

To facilitate the implementation of
the’ rural development projects,-
procedures for obtaining supplies and
services are being amended to.provide
for greater flexibility in local
procurement. The. authority of the
district tender board (which will be
incorporated as a special purpose
committee of the DDC) is being
enhanced to allow it. initially to
adjudicate tenders for supplies -and
services to the tune of shs. 50,000 and
tenders for construction projects up to
shs; 2 million. This will shift much of the
responsibility for procurement of inputs
for most development programmes

: from the national to the district level.
Other special purpose committees that
will be incorporated under the DDCs
will include the. district agricultural
committees, the district education
boards, the district community
development committees and the joint
loan boards. Each DDC will be
empowered to establish such other
special -purpose committeés as it may

leem necessary or to merge or scrap
any of those existing.

Given the varied channels from which
development resources will flow, and
the distinct characteristics of many of
the sources, the responsibility for

3400/468

resource management at the district
level will become a very complex task
and the coordination of the DDC will
‘be particularly critical to the effective
management of those resources. It will
be necessary for 'the various ministries
to ‘strengthen the professional

* capabilities in their district staff and this

will require both the training of staff
members already in the districts and the
redeployment to the districts of some
senior technical and professional staff
from Nairobi and the provincial offices.
The redeployment of staff will
necessitate the upgrading of district job
group classifications and the
establishment of incentives to attract
people with the necessary qualifications
to district posts.

As an initial step towards the
implementation of. the district focus
‘strategy, the allocation for district cash
float funds has been increased from a
total of £1.3.million to £4.96! million.
The allocation for each district is
influenced by its distance from Nairobi:
and the level of both its recurrent and.
development expenditure, with some
districts like Mombasa being allocated
£346,000, up from its present allocation
of £10,000.

The treasury is providing facilities for
the districts to claim reimbursements
directly from the paymaster general
instead of submitting claims to the
various ministries and departments
through their provincial officials, as is
currently the case.’These facilities,
however, will only bé.available to those
districts whose general performance
and financial control. meet the
accounting standards set by -the
treasury. Each district will be separately
assessed by treasury officials and the
target is that all district’ treasuries
should have attained the. required
standard within nine months of the date
that they are assessed and graded.”

All rural development-oriented
ministries have been directed to prepare
forward budgets that will establish their
expenditure ceilings for district projects:
in each district. In the. meantime, the
executive committees - of :the -DDCs
proceed with design and costing.work'
on the high priority projects ‘in. ‘their:
districts. An estimates working: group!
from each ministry will meet during
February and March next year. to
incorporate the district project
proposals into their budgets’ for
submission to the ministry of finance.
During April through June,-.the
ministry budgets will be consolidated
into the national budget, for approval
by parliament. iT

55

OE ———————— NT


MAURITIUS

BRIEFS

CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM BILL DEFEATED--On Saturday 17 December, Parliament
defeated a government sponsored bill designed to amend the Constitution and
transform Mauritius into a republic within the British Commonwealth (LE MONDE
2-3 October 1983). Sir Aneerood Jugnauth's government failed to obtain the
three-fourths majority required for passage of this amendment. Among other
things, the bill called for creation of the offices of president and
vice-president of the republic. It was defeated through the abstention of the
opposition led by Paul Beranger whose proposed amendments to the government
bill had previously been rejected by the government. The opposition had
proposed transferring the prime minister's powers to the president of the
republic and eliminating the position of vice-president of the republic.
[Text] [Paris LE MONDE in French 20 Dec 83 p 5] 8041

CSO: 3419/250

73


ANGOLA

NATIONAL BANK OFFICIAL ON ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES, PAST, PRESENT
‘ London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 pp 2794-2795
[Text] A correspondent reports on reflections on economic

development by Sr. Mario Maximino of the National Bank of
Angola made at a Friedrich Ebert Foundation Round Table

held in Bonn last month.

ANGOLA’s young People’s Republic has
in the past eight years not only consolidated
itself, but has also become stronger, with-
standing vicissitudes such as the continuing
acts of war against it by South Africa.
Despite all the difficulties. national recon-
struction was the target for the first phase of
independence and restoring economic
machinery to 1973 production levels. The
long-term policy objective was to build a
socialist society with domestically-oriented
economic development and the just distribu-
tion of wealth. The state sector was to lead
and promote the reconstruction after near
paralysis at independence after war damage
and Portuguese flight.

‘The violent interruption of local economic
development by Portuguese colonialism did
not alter its essentially agricultural character.
About 80 per cent of the population were in
the predominantly subsistence agricultural
sector. This great mass of poor peasants with
small plots stand in profound contrast to the
large settler plantations on vast lands produc-
ing export crops. Only three per cent of the
total arable land was under cultivation, and
only some 56 per cent of plantations used
mechanical power.

‘The dubious industrialisation, with distor-
tions typical to colonial economies, mainly

concentrated on finishing Portuguese semi-"

products, and neglected local processing of
raw materials. The invasion by two foreign
armies in 1975 resulted in the Portuguese
flight and the following destruction of infras-
tructure:

25

— over 80 per cent of agricultural-plantations
were abandoned;

— 130 bridges on major and minor roads were
destroyed, as well as rail links;

— vehicle stock depleted and only one-fifth of
vehicle stock operational;

— the best fishing vessels taken away by their
owners;

— ‘economic and financial institutions destroyed
or paralysed;

— the national commercial network of 25,000
establishments entirely owned by Portuguese
traders paralysed after their flight.

Regarding human resources, over 85 per
cent of Angolans wefe illiterate at the time of
independence, and the other 15 per cent had
almost no experience in any field or of
modern techniques. The Portuguese had
simply barred Angolan nationals from even
intermediate posts, always promoting the
import of unemployed Portuguese labour
(illiterate as well as semi-illiterate) for all the
better-paid jobs. And after independence,
hostility from Portugal and its partners pre-
vented rapid development of productive
economic relations between them and the
young republic. This was the grave starting
point for independent Angola.

It was therefore decided that the state
would reactivate the most important aban-
doned units and hand the remainder over
either to co-operatives or private individuals,
or else close them down where unviable.
Foreign workers were also to be contracted
on a large-scale while training was provided
to compensate rapidly for a shortage of
national cadres. Angola also announced its


giving aid to revolutionary. movements. Given such a commitment, the agreements
that have been concluded between South Africa and Mozambique open up exciting
prospects. The Pretoria~Maputo accord shows the way. It followed through,

and with the support being offered by the Western world, it would provide a
pattern that could transform southern Africa.

csO: 3400/506

91


Considerable refugee problems have also been caused by wars. In

Africa, for example the war between Somalia and Ethiopia and the civil ;

war in Chad which later led to Libyan involvement. The insurgency wars
in Southern Africa have also resulted in considerable numbers of refugees,
especially in Zimbabwe, Angola and South West Africa (SWA)/Namibia.

It appears therefore, that refugee situations may have various causes
or a combination of causes. A fact that should not be overlooked, however,
is that refugees create a problem primarily for the state receiving them
(often reluctantly) and not so much for the state from which they flee. The
host state is often not in a position financially to support large numbers of
refugees, and this may easily give rise to internal instability within the host
state itself. This type of situation is found in Southern Africa, amongst
other places, and it is this region that will now be analysed in more depth.

5. REFUGEES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA WITH SPECIFIC
REFERENCE TO SOUTH AFRICA

Although this section concentrates mainly on refugees from South Africa,
it should be borne in mind that South Africa and South West Africa also
receive large numbers of refugees. As already mentioned, several thousand
Whites have come to South Africa from Zimbabwe, although only some of
them may be regarded as bona fide refugees as opposed to immigrants.
During the past few years refugees from Mozambique have continued to
come to South Africa. Two cases in particular, that of a pilot in the
Mozambican airforce and the chief of Mozambique's intelligence service,
enjoyed considerable publicity.

The conflict in the south of Angola between the ruling MPLA party
and UNITA, as well as the follow-up and preventive operations conducted
by the South African Defence Force in the area against SWAPO, has
caused inhabitants of the south of Angola to flee to South West Africa.
This may be attributed partly to the physical conflict and partly to the
absence of economic activity caused by the conflict. However, it is refugees
who leave South Africa and settle in neighbouring states that have the
greatest influence on the stability of the subcontinent.

5.1 The reasons why refugees leave South Africa

The most significant reason why refugees leave South Africa is probably
the internal racial policy. Although much progress has been made during
the past few years in attempts to provide greater political and economic
opportunities for Black people, the situation still exists in which the
political rights of Blacks are more limited and their socio-economic posi-
tion is generally weaker than that of Whites.

The result is that members of the Black population are very receptive
to utopian promises for the future. A revolutionary movement such as the
South Africa African National Congress is fully aware of this, and exploits
the situation. Several young Blacks are lured to neighbouring states by pro-
mises of overseas study and/or better working conditions. As soon as they
reach the neighbouring state, they are recruited by the ANC for military
training."” Some Blacks, however, leave South Africa with the precon-
ceived intention of undergoing military training, ‘The number of refugees
varies, but it is clear that considerably more Blacks left the country during
and after the 1976 Soweto riots than before. According to the South
African Police, about 5 000—6 000 Blacks left South Africa between 1976
and 1977'and about 20 men now leave South Africa monthly with a view to
undergoing military training.



MOZAMBIQUE

TRAINING COURSES UNDERWAY, PLANNED FOR FUTURE
National Railroad School

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 8 Dec 83 p 9

[Text] In November, the provincial first secretary of the party and gover~
nor of Inhambane, Jose Pascoal Zandamela, led a meeting marking the close
of the last school term at the National Railroad School.

At the closing session, the governor of Inhambane made a brief historical
summary of what the Railroad School was before and is today, Afterward,
teachers and students delivered messages in which they described the
difficulties they had encountered during the year. "In spite of everything,"
said one of the messages, "efforts are and will be developed in the complete
execution of the tasks of this school and the country.

Computer Training
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 3 Dec 83 p 8

[Article by Marcelino Silva]

[Text] At the Business Institute in Maputo, a training center for courses
in data processing will be set up, and classes should begin during the next
school year. According to information given to NOTICIAS by the education
director of this intermediate teaching establishment, Rosario Fernandes, the
center will be equipped with mini-computers and typewriters.

For the establishment of this project, it is hoped that the equipment needed
for the outfitting of this center will have been received froma European
country by the end of this year.

Keeping in mind that the installation of the equipment will require that the
facilities meet certain minimum conditions, some work is planned for the
conversion of several classrooms. This program, according to the same so
source, is almost completed, with the start-up of the construction work
expected soon,

With the installation of the center, the Business Institute of Maputo will
be able to offer its own facilities for data processing courses which began
in February, 1982.

74



out and clear your name." It said that Dr Tahir has always argued the importance
of developing a strong political culture which could only be built on public
accountability, probity and transparent honésty. It also said that besides the
discomfort and anxiety he was causing his family and friends, "his physical
attributes would make it impossible for him to hide for any length of time,

or escape from the country." [Text] [AB101139 Lagos NAN in English 1112 GMT

10 Jan: 84]

DIRECTORS FOR MAJOR COMPANIES--Lagos, 9 Jan (NAN)--The Federal Military Govern-
ment has reinstated the former managing director of the Nigerian National
Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Mr F.R.A. Marinho, to his former position, a
statement from Cabinet Office said in Lagos today. The statement further said
that Mr Lawrence Amu, who is currently holding the position of the managing
director of the NNPC, has been reverted to the substantive position he held as
the general manager of the Natfonal Electric Power Authority (NEPA) before his
appointment with the NNPC. The Federal Military Government has also appointed
Group Capt Bernard Nimfa Banfa as the new managing director of the Nigeria
Airways, while Alhaji Mohammed Bature would revert to the position he held

in the corporation prior to his appointment as the managing director.

All the appointments take immediate effect. [Text] [AB101155 Lagos NAN

in English 0931 GMT 10 Jan 84]

PUNCH CRITICIZES APPOINTMENT--The PUNCH in its editorial says it is completely
against the participation of the former secretary to the Federal Government
and head of service, Liman Ciroma, in the military administration. The paper
points out that his’personal status, particularly his business connections with
some of the discredited members of the former administration, will necessarily
make his choice counterproductive. It adds that to bring him back into
government at this point in time is a continuation of the old order. [Text]
[A4B101450 Lagos International Service in English 0830 GMT 10 Jan.84]

BENDEL GOVERNOR REINSTATES SECRETARIES-~Benin, 7 Jan (NAN)--The Bendel military
governor Brigadier Jeremiah Useni has ordered that local government secretaries
removed from their post by the last administration "for reasons other than
disciplinary" report to the acting head of service for clearance and posting.
In a broadcast to the people of the state today in Benin Brig. Useni also
announced the closure of the state electoral service commission and the
redeployment of its staff. The mtlitary governor urged local government to
aim at collecting enough revenue to pay their staff and depend less on the
staff government. The brigadier announced the reversal of his administration
to the 19 local government in the state as in'the first scheduled of the sus-
pended 1979 constitution. [sentence as received] He pledged the cooperation
of his administration with the traditional institutions adding that the tradi-
tional institutions adding that the traditional rulers will always be consulted
in matters affecting their institutions. The governor who described his mission
to the state as that of ensuring "the greatest good for the greatest number"
warned that his government would deal ruthlessly with hoarders adding that
there would be no room for indiscipline in the public service. [Text] [AB080927
Lagos NAN in English 0843 GMT 8 Jan 84]



tions Resolution giving the same status to “refugees” as to “displaced per-
sons” and describing both as “victims of man-made disasters”.”)

Although “displaced persons” are somtetimnes regarded as refugees
who have not left their state,” they are described in other cases as “persons
who, even though they do not ‘have a well founded fear of persecution,
nevertheless find themselves in what has been termed a ‘refugee-like situa-
tion’ ”; that is to say they have been obliged to leave their home country as
a result of coercion and are unable to return there as long as the situation
which led to their departure continues to prevail.

If refugees and “displaced persons” are put into the same category,
then all persons leaving the state in which they are settled, whether because
of well-founded or unfounded fears, will be able to insist on the rights en-
joyed by refugees. The result is that organizations such as the United Na-
tions do at present distinguish between true refugees and persons regarded
as “displaced”, and that people in the latter category cannot expect the
same rights as refugees.”

In conclusion, the definition of refugees accepted by the Organization
of African Unity is also given here, as it lays down certain clear guidelines
for the definition of the term refuge in terms of causes and results. “The
term ‘refugee’ shall also apply to every person who, owing to external ag-
gression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing
public order in either a part or the whole of his country of origin or na-
tionality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to
‘seek refuge in another place outside his country of origin or nationality”.®

3. INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
CONCERNED WITH REFUGEES

After World War I and the founding of the League of Nations, the first
High Commissioner for Refugees was appointed. He was put in charge of
the International Office for Refugees, and the International Labour
Organization was also involved in the refugee problem. One of the first
steps taken by the new High Commissioner was to provide refugees with so-
called Nansen passports, which enabled them to cross national borders in
search of a new home.” These institutions were the forerunners of the
United Nations’ refugee aid organizations.

3.1 The United Nations

The need for an international organization or agency to handle the pro-
blem of refugees clearly emerged once again prior to the Second World
War, and a conference held in France in 1938 to discuss this problem was

_ attended by 32 states. This conference resulted in the establishment of a
Permanent International Committee for Refugees, which was the forerun- .
ner of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
(UNRRA) which, amongst other things had to see to the welfare of the
roughly eight million refugees in Europe.

After UNRRA had concluded its activities, the United Nations foun-
ded an International Refugee Organization to attend to refugee matters on
an on-going basis. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR) was founded in 1951, with the express purpose of
protecting and supporting refugees throughout the world. The statute by
which the Office of the UNHCR was established described refugees as per-
sons found outside their state of origin or normal residence and who are
unwilling to return to the aforementioned state because of a well-founded
fear of persecution for reasons of political, religous, racial, national, or
social ties or convictions. As already mentioned, the United Nations has



On the other hand, the president of the Maputo Executive Council said that
the growth of the cooperative movement that is noted today justifies that
the greatest support possible be given to the accounting organization as a
way of defending cooperatives from the diversions which have occurred in
these establishments,

After remarking that consumer cooperatives constitute an advanced link in
the fight against intrigue and monopolication, and a model for the distri-
bution of products to the population, Alberto Massavanhane revealed that
more than 50 percent of Maputo's inhabitants are members of cooperatives.

Socialist Emulation next year

In order to permit efficient control of the accounting work in consumer
cooperatives, it was determined during the. closing ceremony that GOAM
brigades will make periodic visits to. the cooperatives.

Also decided upon was the introduction next year of the Socialist emulation
campaign in cooperatives at the city level in order to create the best
possible organization in the field of accounting.

As part of their course material, students studied Decree-Law 9/79, the
law of the cooperatives, and views on business, mathematics, operational
methods, cost planning, structural systems, fiscal legislation, and bank

functions, among others.

The course was organized by the Office for Provisioning of the city of
Maputo.

Foreign Trade Course

Beira DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE in Portuguese 5 Dec 83 p 1

[Text] "The specific nature of our work obliges us to study more. We have
to work in order to be experts, specialists," recommended the vice-minister
of foreign trade, Daniel Gabriel, to graduates of the many courses given
this year at the Staff Training School in Maputo. He spoke at a ceremony
organized recently to signal the end of the school year.

The exhortation made by the vice-minister came moments after he had
clarified and emphasized that "we have many complex tasks-to accomplish.
For this reason, we need to create our own ability to communicate with the

international market."

He also explained that it was for this reason that the ministry saw the
need, in 1981 to open the Staff Training School, which would benefit not
only its employees, but also workers in companies protected by it or
merely related to it.

It should be mentioned that during this year, 215 students enrolled in this
professional training center.

Of this number, only 141 continued their studies to the end, and of these,
only 96 passed exams in the various courses..specifically linked with foreign

trade.
78

12353
csO: 3442/97



SOMALIA

BRIEFS

ISRAELI MILITARY PRESENCE--An official of the Western Somali Liberation Front
(WSLF) has charged Ethiopia with collaborating with Israel in fighting the
"Arab freedom fighters." Omer Ahmed Ali, chairman of the foreign relations
office of that organization, charged that high Israeli and Ethiopian officials
met secretly to discuss the imminent resumption of diplomatic relations be-
tween the two countries. According to Omer Ahmed Ali, cornered “from the
south, east and north by the zeal of Arab freedom fighters," Ethiopia had
decided now "in order to impose its colonialism upon them, to call upon Israli
experience." "Some 3,000 Israeli experts, some of them claiming to be tourists
or businessmen, are in Ethiopia and supervise military training in the camps
in Hadha-Gala and Shinile in Dire-Dawa Province," he claimed. "Some 5,000
rebels who will be used to destablize the Sudanese regime are among the trainees."
It is believed in Mogadiscio diplomatic circles that Israeli involvement in
Ethiopia is the result of blackmail involving the fate of the black Jewish
communist (the Falashas) who live in Gondar, in Begemdir Province, which
borders the Sudan. The Falashas, who were very close to Haile Selassie, the
former Ethiopian emperor, are among the. communities which have been most per-
secuted by the current regime and fighting units of this community, according
to the same sources, have joined the Tiger Liberation Front. [Text] [Paris
AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French Nov 83 p 24] 5157

ETHIOPIAN DEFECTOR--The Soviet Union has military bases in the Dahlak Archi-
pelago near the Erythrean coast, dn the Red Sea, particularly in Noca Island,
said a defecting Ethiopian officer at a press conference in Mogadiscio. Capt
Alumu Bakele commanded the crew of an Ethiopian P-202 patrol boat which sought
asylum in Berbera port and was granted political asylum by the authorities.
The Ethiopian officer charged the Soviets and the East Germans with cooper~
ating with the junta in power in Addis Ababa on the "extermination of the
Ethiopian masses." He explained that for the past 2 years he had served in
Massaoua and that he wanted to quit in order not to continue to contribute an
“insufferable repression” in Ethiopia. He was able to escape from Assab with
his patrol boat in the course of naval exercises, he specified. Captain
Bakele, 32 years old, trained at the Livorno Naval Academy (Italy) from 1971
to 1975 and studied for 1 year at the Leningrad Naval Academy in 1981.

[Text] [Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French Nov 83 p 22] 5157

cso: 3419/230

89


constrained local borrowing, have
greatly affected the profitability and
viability of many IDB-assisted projects,
which have, in turn, found it
increasingly difficult to meet their
loan obligations. As a result, the arrears
position has worsened and IDB has.
found it necessary to make large
provisions for possible diminution of its
portfolio investment, which explains
why the accumulated loss at December
31, 1982, amounted to shs. 51.0 million.

To achieve its present level of
operations, the IDB has been able to
mobilise resources, mainly from
abroad, with the assistance of the
government. Considerable success has
been achieved in attracting foreign
funds and several lines of credit have
been negotiated with various external
lenders. In this respect, funds have been
obtained from IBRD, BADEA, ADB,
DEG, EIB, Exim Bank of India and
Switzerland. However, ‘most of these
lines of credit have been exhausted and
IDB has forwarded fresh applications
_to EIB, ADB and DEG for additional
lines of credit to avoid experiencing a
shortage of foreign currency resources
in 1984.

With regard to local resources, the
position is very serious, as the bank has
‘almost depleted its local currency funds.
The lack.of local resources has forced:
IDB to suspend the Medium Scale
‘Enterprises Scheme which had -been
started. in 1978 for the purpose of
‘promoting Kenyan entrepreneurs with
good projects mainly requiring local
currency funds. To improve the
situation, the bank is trying to mobilise
local resources from local financial
institutions and, to date, four
‘stitutions have expressed willingness
to lend a total of shs. 60 million, subject
to their being granted a “Letter of
Awareness” from the treasury. So far
the treasury has not granted such a
letter and in its absence IDB cannot
borrow from them for lack of security.
Attempts have also been made to
borrow from the NSSF but these efforts
have not been successful, since such
borrowing requires the approval of

3400/468

57

treasury which has so far not been
granted.

The other major source of local
resources is share capital. When the
bank was established in 1973, it had a
share capital of shs. 40 million. This was
subsequently increased to shs. 80
million in 1975, shs. 160 million in 1978
and shs. 240 million in 1979. At the
moment all the share capital is virtually
‘paid up. To improve the borrowing base”
of the bank, the board of directors has
‘recommended that the authorised share
‘capital of the bank be increased from
shs. 240 million to shs. 360 million but
the shareholders’ approval is still
awaited. It is critical, for the survival of
the bank, that the share capital be
increased as approved and
recommended by the board. This will
facilitate the external lenders (IBRD
and EIB) favourably to consider
additional lines of credit to IDB which
are needed urgently.

The IDB has. also made other

.proposals for improving the
performance of the bank where it feels
urgent attention is required. It has, for
instance, recommended that a
rehabilitation fund be established to
assist IDB’s_ projects with capital
structure problems to prevent them
from -collapsing. Such projects would
require soft funds to avoid heavy debt
servicing. The bank also feels that the
possibility of borrowing foreign
currency loans which have longer
moratorium’ and repayment periods,
coupled with low interest rates, should
be explored in conjuction with the
treasury. Such funds could be available

_from the Saudi Fund, Norad, SIFA,

USAID, etc. This would create a better

; margin for IDB’s operations as some of
_ the present sources are very expensive.

+ When it was established, the IDB had
a staff of 18 people in two departments.
With the increase in its level of
operations, the bank has developed to
{ ur departments with a total staff of

20 people, of whom 40 are professional
“staff. The bank values training highly

4nd has been training people both
'Mdcally and abroad to enhance their

professional skills and capabilities. TM@


CSO:

government spending in 1982/83
"brought ‘this’ figure down to 23,1 per
‘cent. ‘The’ fifth development * plan
‘provides ‘for a further cut in 1983/84,
‘followed by“ a-“gradual recovery ‘by
1987/88 to ‘approximately the level of
1982/83... °°" .
‘The deficit’ in’ Kenya’s balance of
‘paytiiehts as'a pércéntage of the gross
domestic’ product “is expected to fall
“from ‘tine ' pér' ceft ‘in 1982 to ‘five
per cent in 1988, with most of the
‘adjustmént: occufring ‘eatly in the plan
‘period. ‘To ‘meet the ‘balance of
‘payments’ requirements, the
Overnmient intends’ to finance much of
{ts “budget ‘deficit ‘through external
“bortowing. ‘By ‘exercising firm control,
over jts*budget deficit, the government
expects ‘toborrow ‘less from domestic

sources, leaving ’a’ growmng share of'the-

‘domestic resources during the coursé of
"the at the disposal of the private
HeeetOis Soo ee Den si

While the private’sector is responsible
‘for over-70" per cént of the ‘nation’s
‘oulptif, it réccivéd-onty'32 per cent of
‘the domestic bank “credit available‘in
11986/84 ‘and'46 ‘per “cent in 1981/82
financial years. It is the intention of the
government under the new -plan’ to
ensure that the'sector has access toa
“share of bank credit equal to its share.of,
. thé national output throughout the'plan’
«period. pee
Interest:.and principal payment: on:
government debt, both domestic and
external, in the 1983/84 financial-year,
will amount'to about 33 percent of the
total government’ -current revenue:
Sincé debt servicing has‘a first claim’on
government earnings, only 62 per cent
of the government revenue is available
to: finance “other -government
expenditures. Efforts ‘will. be~-made
-during: the plan‘: period’: to'’ reduce
“government borrowing as a'percentage
of both government revenues and the

gross domestic product. This,: together‘

with the: projected increase’ in’ revenue’
‘and cuts in-expenditure, is expected to

3400/468

lower the deficit from 20.3 per cent in
1983/84 to 15.0 per cent in the 1987/88
financial year - a fall of from 4.3 to 3.6
per cent in respect tothe gross dpmestic
product." - " ‘
During the-plan--period,: the’
governrhent.also expects-to strengthen:
the-forward budget-which is a critical
link between the development planand
the annual budgets which translate the
public: sector components of. the''plan
into constructive action.: This will’ be
gone in two’ ways; firstly, ‘by.
corporating the budgets of paragtatals |
to: the “ procéss: to.-ensure thatevagir
_plans’° for,-expanding’ ope 2
nerating and réfaining revenue, Ain
jrawing on’ government for furids aif
‘ fpan guaranteesare fully consiste!
the nation’s development strategy and
+ ihe government's allocation of its own
sources, and. een by devolving
‘Greate <initiqtives ja ifvingy ang -
_ Bmple setae econ Ree ee
t nd greater Eien acca
rand financial contro te Asis.
tinted the teased polit?
\aisrletqocus forsurnlsigs winent (sec:
8 y x : “
t 4 iat RET EE otés that’
{guecessful | development in. Kenya
-depghds: closely.-on-three.conditions: a
bus and growing international
¥),, adequate. flow-of external aid
ee “unavoidable. balance of
and budget deficits, and a
(ic “development- strategy
E ty implemented to ‘capitalise
Andepuild or.emerging opportunities.
‘Fhe- government: notes: that: there, are
signs that the. international economy is

CER RAEA LR ic
AR Bie ig soni en with
1a ie debts

53


ee

~~ Luginov added that the Americans are going to install their
missiles in the Indian Ocean; they also have their ships in the
Atlantic Ocean, not far off the coast of Angola. "It would not
surprise me if missiles with nuclear warheads appeared in South
Africa and Namibia," the diplomat concluded.

[Question] Comrade Ambassador, humanity is now facing a very real danger of
nuclear war, the third world war. In this light, how do you assess the emergence
of new factors which are beginning to form a picture of an inevitable nuclear
war, particularly the American decision to place Pershing and Cruise missiles
in Western Europe, the suspension of the Geneva discussions and the USSR response?

[Answer] Europe has been at peace for almost 40 years, longer than any other
period in modern history, which has been possible thanks to the coherent peace-
loving policy of the countries of the socialist community, to the efforts of

the peace-loving forces and to the realistic position of those Western countries
which have been guided by good sense. The approximate balance of military power,
including nuclear power, established between the member countries of the North
Atlantic Alliance and the signatories of the Warsaw Pact, really contributed

to security and stability, both in Europe and in the world.

Now the United States and the NATO countries in general have taken a step to
tip the balance in their favor. The nuclear missiles which are being installed

{ Near the borders of the Soviet Union and its allies are not in any way intended
to defend Western Europe, because no one is threatening it. The installation
of the U.S. missiles on European soil will not strengthen the security of Europe;
on the contrary, it will add to the very real danger that the United States
will plunge the peoples of Europe into a catastrophe.

The NATO leaders falsely declare that the Soviet SS-20 missiles are the "reason
for the critical situation” in Europe. These statements.are not true. The
Soviet SS-20 missiles did not upset the approximate balance of forces in Europe
and did not create the critical situation. For every two SS-20 missiles it
installed, the Soviet Union was at the same time removing three SS-4 and SS-5
missiles. Before placing the SS-20's, we had about 600 missiles deployed in
the west; now we have only 473. It is noted that the power of the SS-4 and

$S-5 charges is superior to that of the SS-20. Hence, in this period, the total
power of the entire nuclear charge has been reduced by almost half.

So it is not the SS-20's, but the new U.S. medium-range missiles which have
abruptly altered the strategic situation and increased the danger, creating
a critical situation on the European continent.

Washington persists in attempting to install its missiles in Europe because

the United States, at whatever cost, wants to give its nuclear strategic forces
the capability of inflicting the so-called “preemptive” strike; that is, a
strike which would deny the Soviet Union any possibility of a nuclear response
against the aggressor.

Under the present circumstances, when the parties have such huge reserves of

nuclear weapons and such diverse systems for their deployment--land, sea and
air--and with the respective guidance systems, this is impossible. In every

15


GHANA

BRIEFS

TAX RELIEF--The government has approved recommendations for tax relief on
wages increases due from the C25 daily minimum wage rationalisation exercise,
in order to lessen the burden on all workers. An official statement said 50
percent of the additional tax chargeable on the wage increases earned by
those whose new salaries did not exceed C10,800 per annum should be waived.
Those whose new annual salaries exceed C10,000 will have 33-1/3 percent of
the additional tax waived. The statement said the special concession is
restricted to wages and salaries payable in respect of the three-month period--
October, November and December--and should be computed in the form of a tax
credit relief. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83
p 2976]

CVC PROMISES LENIENCY-~The Citizens' Vetting Committee (CVC) has assured the
public that it will be lenient with those who voluntarily declare their true
earnings for tax assessment. The assurance was given when the committee de-
cided not to impose penalties on two transport owners who, after realising
their tax obligations, paid the actual taxes of their earnings. The two men,
Mr Nurdin Alhassan and Mr Alhassan Murtaria, both from Kumasi, became aware
of their actual tax obligations last year and voluntarily paid the appropri-
ate taxes covering 1977/78 and 1981/82 tax years. They were, however, ad-
vised, to declare their true incomes to the central revenue department every
year. The committee advised drivers and transport owners to pay the appro-
priate taxes before they were told to do so by the CVC. A statement said the
CVC had started compiling the names of all transport owners, just as it had
done to lawyers and doctors. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3462,
19-26 Dec 83 p 2976]

BORDER INITIATIVE--The chairman of the Ghana-Togo border demarcation commis-
sion, Mr Kwame Agyir, has emphasised that the commission is determined to work
hard to find a permanent solution to the border dispute between the two coun-
tries. Mr Agyir was speaking to a ceremony at which the Volta Regional Secre-
tary, Dr Asamoah Tutu, settled the border dispute between the people of the
Ashanti Kpoeta and Achim, both on the Ghana side of the border. He blamed the
present border disputes on the work of the colonial masters, and he called for
restraint and discipline until a solution is found to them. The Regional
Secretary explained that the move was.a step towards making peace with Ghana's
immediate neighbours on the Togo side. Several people have been injured in a
recent clash over land between the two actions on the opposite side of the
border. Dr Tutu hinted that the whole dispute will be settled within the next
two weeks at Hanuta within Ghana's territory. He, however, warned that the
reconciliatory move should not be used to renew smuggling activities in the
area. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83 p 2976]

44



For various reasons, total cost for infrastructure and mining installations
exceeded $300 million. Construction began 3 October 1969, and the first
bauxite shipments left in August 1973.

Today, CBG is in good health despite the world economic crisis which danger=~
ously disturbs normal national economic development, and we note with justi-
fiable satisfaction that the quota of 9 million metric tons of bauxite is
actually exported.

Construction Statistics

Number of nationals who participated in the project's completion: 5,250;

Number of foreigners who participated in the project's completion: 700;

Number of work-study hours: 1,100,000; performed in Guinea, 33,000,000;

Total freight tonnage transiting port of Kamsar: 380,000;

Total tonnage of equipment installed for plant: 29,000;

Quantity of concrete used: 115,000°m3;

Number of concrete blocks used: 2,000,000;

Number of piles driven: ‘660;

Total volume dredged: 4,800,000 m3;

Installed power, Kamsar and Sangaredi: diesel motors, 45,000 hp; alterna-
tors, 30,000 kw;

Total length, cables of all types: 650,000 m;

Total length,: piping of all types: 220,000 m.

Production Statistics

Production: 4,700,000 tons, gradually increased to 9,000,000 tons;

Guinean nationals employed in production: 1,250;

Foreigners employes in production: 300;

Yearly mineral ship traffic: 260 vessels of 35,000 tons each for a loading
rate of 9,000,000 tons;

Rail traffic: 6 daily trains, each loading 6,000 tons, or 36,000 tons daily,
for a yearly total of 9,000,000 tons.

Bauxite Extraction

Bauxite extraction is done at’Sangaredi. There occurs the first phase of
exploitation of the bauxite deposits, which consists of extracting the ore
from the ground. Two diesel powered drills bore shafts to a depth of 15 m
into the rock. Once a week, a Guinean technician fills them with explosive
charges whose firing frees about 135,000 tons of bauxite.

The second operation consists of loading the ore, which at this stage is in
the form of huge blocks, onto a 50-car train which takes them to the con-
version plant. Two 9 m3 shovels work round the clock to pick up the bauxite
and dump it into hopper cars for transit to the processing plant.

On arrival at Kamsar, the train is taken to a bascule lift which raises
each 75-ton car and tips it, thus dumping its load of bauxite into a huge



conquer economic independence, to guarantee that our country will be strong,
the Mozambican people will be rich--and this wealth only comes from hands,
from work."

He later said that the link between theory and. practice (which is the motto
of the school), counting on the support of the Cotton Company, permits the
preparation of the students for the main fight of the moment: the fight
against hunger.

The provincial first secreaary of the party and governor of Inhambane
further said that graduating students have a double task: to execute and
transmit their knowledge. "To transmit these basic techniques, simple
techniques for the population; to know how to undertake a small project in
a communal village, to channel a stream of water for the irrigation of a
garden plot," he affirmed.

He said in closing that a practical training period would be established,
and that the secret of a passing grade lies in this period.

Accounting Courses for Maputo Cooperatives
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 5 Dec 83 p 3

[Text] Seventy-four workers from consumer cooperatives and intercooperative
commissions in the city of Maputo finished a qualifying course in basic
accounting last Saturday. The closing session was directed by the president
of the Maputo Executive Council, Alberto Massavanhane.

Also present at the ceremony were: the director of support and control of
the city's executive council; the assistant director of GOAM [Office for
the Organization of Provisioning], Amos Junior Matsinhe; and the director
of the National Coordinating Commission for Consumer Cooperatives; as well
as staff and directors of the cooperative movement in the city.

Of the 74-workers who took the 3-month qualifying course, only 10 did not
pass because of their incompetence in the accounting material.

According to what was made public during the closing ceremony, the students
who did not pass the course will be assigned to their production units as
warehouse cashiers.

Students not to be diverted

The president of the Maputo Executive Council outlined important directions
for the sector, having observed that the students who obtained good marks
should be assigned exclusively to accounting jobs. Only in exceptional
cases, and after being authorized by the director of the department of
Consumer cooperatives of GOAM, can they be diverted from their jobs.

In this way, as Alberto Massavanhane emphasized, this seeks to permit
efficient organization in the financial management of the cooperative move-—
ment in the city of Maputo.

77


INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

INCREASED POPULATION, STARVATION PREDICTED

London AFRICA NOW in English Dec 83 pp 94-96

[Article by Abdul Rahman Mohammed Babu]

[Text]

A super crisis of unprecedented proportions
is imminently facing Africa: the crisis of
hunger and starvation. Nearly 150m people
will be affected in one way or another. In
September this year the World Bank issued
a report on Africa’s economic crisis which
was bad enough; but the October report of
the Food and Agricultural Organisation
(FAO) is worse.

Significantly though, both these reports
blame the impending crisis or disaster on
the African countries themselves as if these
world bodies do not share the blame. The
truth of the matter that both the World
Bank and the FAO are largely responsible
for what we are now going through.

It was the World Bank’s post-colonial
Three Year Development Plans which have
set most of the African countries on the
perilous course which has led them to where
they are today. It was the World Bank’s
economists who laid stress on the pro-
duction of the so-called ‘“‘cash crops”’ at the
expense of food crops; who made it easier
to secure credits for the production of tea
rather than rice; who have stimulated,
through their one-sided notions of “rural
developments,’’ a disproportionate and
unbalanced growth between the urban and
tural sectors which is one of the most
serious problems in the current devel-
opment efforts in Africa.

The FAO too, does not come out of this
blameless. It never had any consistent
policy on agriculture; it only had expert
opinion on agronomy, on “agricultural
economics,’’ on management, on_irri-
gation, and so on — all of which was

disjointed, eclectic, very often con-
tradictory and its long-term effects
disastrous.

The only legitimate blame that can be
laid on African countries is that the latter
have religiously followed the dictates of the
“‘experts’’ from these world bodies. All the
loans that were granted were conditional

upon strictly following what the experts had
to direct; some of them even supervised
locally the implementation of their policies.

The irony of the whole situation is that
before these international _‘‘experts’”
meddied in our economic affairs, Africa
was doing moderately well in food pro-
duction. We were self-sufficient in food in
the 1960s and growing steadily at about 7%
annually in agriculture as a whole; then
came the 1970s (after expert meddling) and
we began to receive food aid to the tune of
“5% of total world food aid. Hey presto,
Africa has now replaced Asia as the world
principal food aid recipient. We now
receive 50% of all cereal food aid — an
alarming proportion, especially when you
take into account the short period of
deterioration from the era of self-suf-
ficiency. The food situation is so bad that,
in the words of the World Food Council, it
“threatens the very survival of some
African nations. It undermines their
economic, social and political systems and
causes great human suffering.’”

The Economic Commission for Africa
(ECA) is equally alarmed by the state of
affairs (although it, too, cannot be
absolved from blame for towing the World
Bank line blindly) and they go as far as to
say that within 25 years, unless food
production in Africa is increased dram-
atically, the region faces unimaginable
poverty in which economic conditions
“would be characterised by a degradation
of the very essence of human dignity.””

During the 1980s, Africa’s population
will increase by about 150m and in the next
25 years from now, barring a nuclear war,
there'will be at least 400m extra mouths to
feed. That is why, to catch up with such an
increase, our food production must be
“dramatic.” This is at least a change from
the earlier advice when we were urged by
the World Bank and the uN and its other



the rate of growth of per capita gdp to
only 1.2 per cent as compared with the
targeted 2.8 per cent.

The growth rate targets for the fifth
development plan. .period. have been
fixed at modest levels, in view df .the
depression the economy has been going
through in recent years and the need to
contain external ‘financing. of the
balance of payments and to maintain
government deficits within . prudent
limits.

For agriculture, the growth rate has
been kept at the current 4.5: per cent
over the period 1984 to 1987, rising to
five per cent in 1988. Employment in
agriculture is expected to grow at about
four per cent a year and an
improvement in’ average labour
production of about one per cent a year
1s projected. Improved policies’ on
agricultural prices, marketing, credit
and land use are expected fo help raise
agricultural output, but on the other
hand it is projected that there will
.almost undoubtedly be a year or two of
poor rainfall,- resulting in low
agricultural output somewhere along
the line over the next five years. In view
of this, the plan projects an average
annual growth rate of 4.6 per cent asa
reasonable target to set.

In the manufacturing sector, the plan
projects that the process of recovery
should be well underway from 1984,
gathering strength in 1985. The growth
rate targets have been kept low for 1984
and 1985, especially given the fact that
real capital formation in mgnufacuring
has shown a sharp decline over the past
few years. But while this factor will
continue to have a depressing effect on

the manufacturing sector for some time’

into the future, it is projected that there
will be many positive factors - such asa
revival in domestic and external
demand, easing in foreign exchange
shortages, greater availability of credit
to the private sector, export incentives
and the reactivation of idle production
capacity - which should bring about
progressive recovery. _

The contribution of the government
sector to the gdp is expected to growata
lower rate than the overall gdp. This is
as a consequence of the decision to leave
‘a greater share of the national resources
to the private sector. The growth.rate
for the building and construction sector
is expected to show an improvement as
a result of easier availability of domestic
credit and foreign exchange, while the
finance, real estate and business services
sector is expected to show a slower

growth in view of the fact that interest
rates are not likely to rise further and
the growth of new institutions is not
likely to be maintained at the high level
of the recent past.

Changes in domestic price levels in
Kenya :have over the years.
corresponded quite closely to’ changes
in the international prices of tradéables,
as would be expected for a small and
highly open economy. This trend’ is
expected to be maintained, while it is
assumed that there will be no further
adjustment of the exchange rate over
the five-year périod. Kenya had to
devalue the shilling thrice.over the past
three years by a total of over 35 percent.

The country’s external terms of trade
are ‘expected to improve slightly,
especially following the fall in crude oil
prices towards the end of 1982, but they
will remain below the level of 1976. It.is
assumed that because of the lag between
import'orders and deliveries, only about
80-per cent, of the. 1982-fallin:the-price of
oil will be:effective for Kenya’s imports
in 1983, with the remainder expected to.
be reflected in 1984 imports. In view.of
this, the terms of trade are expectéd to
improve in two-successive years, 1983
and 1984,.and thereafter to resume'a
trend, of. gradual decline reflecting a
faster ‘rise in the prices of Kenya's
imports, , such’ as industrial supplies,’
machinery and. equipment, as opposed
to the prices of her exports, such as
coffee and tea. Due to this initial rise
and later fall in terms of trade, thé réal
per capita gdp growth over the five-year
petiod is expected to be roughly one per
cent.

To attain the projected higher rate of
production, ‘the economy. requires an
expanded capital base in the form.of
machinery and other capital equipment,
transport equipment, buildings and
other construction works, land
improvements and breeding and dairy
stock. It is estimated that to achieve the
projected ‘growth output, it’ will ‘be
necessary to have additional’ gross
:investment amounting to £4,819 million
in fixed capital over the five years. At
the same time, there will be an estimated
‘addition to stocks of finished and
intermediate goods worth about £270
million, bringing the total gross
investment requirement over this period
to £5,089 million.

In 1980/81, the total expenditure of:
government ministers as a proportion
of the gdp at market prices rose sharply
to an unprecedented level of about 29
per cent. Tight controls-imposed on

52



MOZAMBIQUE

Training Courses Underway, Planned for Future
(NOTICIAS, various dates; DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE,
6, 5 Dec 83) ..eeeececceecccecceccecesecescens

National Railroad School

Computer Training, by Marcelino Silva
Professorial Training, by Jonas Cossa
Agricultural Experts Trained

Accounting Courses for Maputo Cooperatives
Foreign Trade Course

NIGERIA
Briefs
Perez de Cuellar Visit 79
Soldiers Arrested for Harassment 79
Commentary on Foreign Policy 79
Appeal to Ex-Minister 79
Directors for Major Companies 80
PUNCH Criticizes Appointment 80
Bendel Governor Reinstates Secretaries 80
Benue Military Governor 81
Two Former Legislator's Passports Seized 81

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

Briefs
Fishing Agreement 82
SENEGAL
Nation Must Reportedly Limit Luxury Imports for Food
Sufficiency
(El Hadj Diop; TAKUSAAN, 2-4 Dec 83)....sccceccecececcece 83
SIERRA LEONE

Minister Bundu on Need To Reduce Soviet Fishing Monopoly
(WEST AFRICA, No 3460, 5 Dec 83)...csececsceveecececcvees 85

Opposition Symposium Calls for APC Overthrow
(WEST AFRICA, No 3461, 12 Dec 83) ce cecececccceveceeceees 86

Marampa Mining Company Workers Protest
(WEST AFRICA, No 3461, 12 Dec 83).sccesceeceeceevseeceecs 87

Briefs

Refugees in Liberia Advised To Leave 88



They were told to vacate the land at the beginning of next year or face
legal action. The notice to vacate the land was issued to the families on
July 7.after Marita Ogwora had filed a case with the local administration,
demanding that Aminga Gichana, Mr Ibrahim Mageto, Mr Siro Otieno and Mr
Mosoti Nyakenogo were occupying his land illegally. One of the victims,
Mr Nyakenogo,’ 63, who is blind, told the NATION yesterday that he didn't
know where to go next after the notice had expired. He said that he was
born and raised on that piece of land in 1920 and had several children all
of whom were born there. Mr Nyakenogo challenged the decision by the DC,
saying it favoured Mr Ogwora and said he would appeal against the decision
after obtaining a full judgment from the DC. [Text] [Nairobi DAILY NATION
in English 13 Dec 83 p 10]

MWICIGI LAMENTS SAVANNA WASTE--Seven million square kilometres of grazing
jand in the Savanna of Africa lie in waste due to the tsetse fly menace,

an Assistant Minister of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Mr G. N.
Mwicigi, said yesterday. "Due to tsetse fly, livestock production is
unevenly distributed," the Assistant Minister said when he opened the
tsetse control seminar for Eastern Africa at the International Laboratory
for Research Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Kabete. The four-day seminar is
organised by Desert Locust Control Organisation for Eastern Africa (DLCOEA).
He told delegates from Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania
and Uganda that they should discuss ways and means to control the fly.
Vector control, the Minister advised, was the only permanent solution to the
tsetse fly meance. [Text] [Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 6 Dec 83 p 10]

cso: 3400/468

69


Concerning the PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] Congress, Ruth Neto said
that the Angolan party, government, and people are proud of the constant
in-depth development of the bonds of friendship between the PCP and the
MPLA-Labor party "at a moment when both of us are involved in a fight without
truce against the common enemy of progress and social justice, that is,
international imperialism."

Ruth Neto also said that the MPLA-Labor Party is convinced that the PCP
"at this congress will manage to strengthen the tactics and strategy necessary
for the consolidation of the gains that have been achieved."

The representative of the MPLA-Labor Party Central Committee to the Tenth
Congress of the PCP on the other hand condemned the recent United States
aggression against the Island of Grenada and reaffirmed the support of the
Angolan people "for the other peoples who, in Africa, Asia, and Latin America,
are fighting a struggle without truce for their dignity, for peace and social
justice."

We recall that the PCP Congress takes place from 15 to 18 December in the
city of Porto with the participation of about 2,000 delegates. About 40
communist and friendly parties are attending the work of the congress, chaired
by Alvaro Cunhal, secretary-general of the PCP Central Committee.

5058
cso: 3442/110



FINANCIAL AID FROM CANADA--Kenya gets a lion's share of the Canadian aid in
Africa and receives Sh420 million every year, the Canadian High Commissioner
to Kenya, Mr David Miles Miller, said yesterday. Mr Miller said compared to
the rest of African countries, Kenya benefits from the largest proportion of
aid through the Canadian programme. The High Commissioner, who called on the
Minister for Agriculture and Livestock Development, Mr William Odongo Omamo,
said the money meets costs of scholarships, energy, agriculture and rural
programmes. The envoy said Canadian involvement in wheat research in the
country had led to the growing of the crop in marginal lands like the Mara.
He said 10 honey refining stations had been established in rural areas with
Canadian assistance. Mr Omamo praised the excellent relations between the
two countries. Saying that his Ministry benefited directly from Canadian
assistance, Mr Omamo revealed that Sh48.4 million had been spent:on the Wheat
and Oil Seeds Research Project at Njoro in the last five years. On bee-
keeping, the Minister said the country was becoming self-sufficient in honey.
"Canada has increased the population of bees by providing Sh20 million and
training six Kenyans in bee-keeping". Mr Omamo cited agro-forestry and
livestock, as special areas where Canadian assistance would be needed.

The Minister singled out tick-borne diseases as the major problem. He said
what was needed was a sufficient number of dips and compulsory dipping.

Mr Miller said the donor countries like Canada were pleased with the pro-
posed district focus. The annual review of Canadian aid to Kenya will be
done in February, he said. [Text] [Nairobi DAILY NATION in English

16 Dec 83 p 10]

FARMERS LEAVE UNION--More than 700 farmers belonging to Ndumberi Coffee
Society, have resolved to dissociate themselves from Kiambu Coffee Growers
Co-operative Union. In a memorandum, the members accused the union of gross
mismanagement and inefficiency. The members noted that the union was
founded by ten coffee societies to ensure centralised administration, better
marketing, maintenance and establishment of coffee factories and to provide
farmers with fertilisers and insecticides at a minimum cost. They however
complained yesterday that none of these services were available although

the union continued to deduct exorbitant fees from farmers. At a meeting

at Ndumberi chief's camp, the members charged that out of the ten coffee
societies who founded the union, five have pulled out. They added that it
was their turn, They noted that the cost of getting one kilogramme of coffee
to the factory was Sh3.60; they received Sh2.70 from the union yet it
received $h5.00 from KPCU (Kenya Planters Co-operative Union). The union
administration was accused of negligence, nepotism and favouritism in alloca-
tion of loans. The members said that several tons of coffee berries were
rotting in the factories because they had not been collected for a long
time. In their 21 point memorandum, the farmers also complained that they
have not received any dividends although they had been promised for so long.
They requested KPCU and the manager of Ndumberi Coffee Factory not to make
any payments to the union until the matter has been clarified.--KNA [Text]
[Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 16 Dec 83 p 8]

FINANCIAL AID FROM SWEDEN--Kenya will be receiving Sh20 million from Sweden

every year for various projects, the Swedish Ambassador to Kenya, Mr [name
illegible] Faltheim, said yesterday. Speaking at Sunflower Nurses School

67


KENYA

TECHNICAL TEAM SENT TO WORK IN ZIMBABWE
Nairobi THE KENYA TIMES in English 16 Dec 83 p 3

[Text] Kenya is ready to assist the newly independent state. of Zimbabwe in
the technical field so that they can be self-reliant. in future, the KP and
TC who are leaving today for Zimbabwe to work tions, Mr. Kipng'eno arap
Ng'eny, has said. [as published]

Speaking on the occasion of a farewell party organised for 26 technicians
from the KP and TC who are leaving today for Zimbabwe to work in the
Zimbabwe Posts and Telecommunications Corporation on a two-year secondment,
Ng'eny called on them'to be good ambassadors while there.

He called onthe technicians to continue working as they have been doing in
Kenya and not to behave as if they were expatriates "but rather as workers".

He said the technicians should be friendly to their Zimbabwean colleagues
and pass on to them the knowledge they have so that when they leave those
understudying them will have acquired the needed knowledge.

He said that their secondment to Zimbabwe was a true sign of African brother-
hood and cooperation.

Also at the ceremony was the Zimbabwe high commissioner to Kenya, Mr.
E. R. M. Garwe, who paid glowing tribute to President Moi for sacrificing

the 26 skilled workers to assist his country.

He said that the Zimbabwean /Uhuru/ [in italics] struggle was the same as
Kenya's and like Kenya soon after independence was facing as acute shortage
of skilled manpower because the former racists government never trained
blacks for skilled jobs.

"These are artificial problems created by our colonial masters problems we
will overcome by recruiting skilled personnel from Third World countries
who suffered the same problems and who will be willing to provide their
expertise," he said. [as published]

The Zimbabwe government had earlier on in the year sent an urgent request
to Kenya for technicians to man their telecommunications equipment following



eee

Hence, following the fifth round of discussions on the limitation and reduc-
tion of strategic weapons, no date has been set to resume discussions, because
the general strategic situation has been altered as a result of the deployment
of the North American missiles in Europe, and the Soviet Union needs to re-
examine all the issues related to the principal topic of these negotiations.

Meanwhile, the Soviet Union's pledge to refrain from initiating the first nuclear
strike, a commitment assumed outside of the framework of the Geneva discussions,
remains in effect. Naturally, the Soviet Union would not like to think that

the situation which has been created is irreversible. If the NATO countries
were disposed to return to the situation existing before the installation of

the U.S. missiles in Europe, then ‘the Soviet Union would be prepared to do the
same,

The Soviet Union continues to advocate the most radical solution to the problem
of nuclear weapons. It supports the initiative to free Europe of all nuclear
weapons, both medium-range and tactical. The Soviet Union firmly declares that
itwill remain faithful to the principle of containment of the arms race,
particularly the nuclear arms race, the reduction and ultimately the elimination
of the threat of nuclear warfare. It willdo everythng possible to prevent the
liquidation of mankind in a nuclear catastrophe. The Soviet Union will continue
to make every effort to achieve these noble goals.

[Question] Comrade Ambassador, what do you think of the philosophy advanced

in the United States that the installation of the new nuclear missiles in Western
Europe is of political, geographic and military concern only to NATO and the
Warsaw Pact countries?

[Answer] Such declarations are untrue.

The large-scale military preparations of the United States represent the greatest
danger, not only for the socialist countries but also for the other peace-loving
states and peoples. With no foundation whatever, the U.S. Government declares,
as if there were no limits or standards in international relations, that various
regions of the world are "North American security zones," involving itself in

the internal affairs of sovereign states everywhere.

The methods employed in this interference vary, but they are invariably insolent
and aggressive; whether it is the open armed aggression and overthrow of the
legitimate government of Grenada by the U.S. army or the unmerciful undeclared

war against the Lebanese people, under cover of the banner of the so-called
multinational forces, or the criminal attacks against Angola and Nicaragua,
organized by the United States and carried out by its so-called "strategic allies,"
such as South Africa, gangs of mercenaries, its satellites and lackeys. The
United States creates foci of aggression and conflict. In addition, the United
States is’attempting to enlarge NATO's sphere of action.

The U.S. Pershing and Cruise missiles to be deployed in Europe are not aimed
solely at the socialist countries. They are capable of reaching the Mediterran-
ean and Middle Eastern regions. Creating tension in Europe, the United States
is also creating a threat to the Middle East and the Mediterranean. The Soviet

17



this as a result of the rural exodus much more than the creation of new jobs.
In addition, unemployment is now producing increased banditry.

Oil Bonanza's Limits .

This overall situation should have long ago prompted a. major effort to
increase and improve social welfare facilities and services, especially in
urban areas. But it was only very belatedly--the 1981-1986 plan--that the
government began to concern itself seriously with this need. For instance,
it was even only in the past few months that a decision was finally made to
build modern hospitals as replacements for the abominable "death houses" in
Yaounde and Douala, facilities inherited from the colonial era and which
have steadily deteriorated ever since.

In this field, as in many others, the change of government raised numerous
expectations. It is evident, however, that such hopes cannot all be realized

overnight. ‘

Tensions could arise, particularly in business or industrial firms, several
of which have even already been hit by sporadic strikes.

Yet President Biya does appear to have accurately ‘gauged the danger. His
willingness to quickly explain to his fellow countrymen. that it will not

be possible to do everything simultaneously is'certainly one of the major
reasons for his decision to delay no longer in putting an end to the term

of office he inherited from his predecessor, a term normally scheduled to end
in the spring of 1985. Biya will run as a candidate in an election to be held
in mid-January 1984. Victory in this election will give him that indisputable
authority permitting him to speak to his fellow citizens in the harsh
language of truth.

Such full disclosure of the true state of all Cameroonian affairs, and not
merely the most pleasant, is highly necessary in that the mantle of secrecy
maintained thus far over oil production--income from which is not. always fully
and accurately accounted for in foreign trade statistics and, above all, is not
included in the budget--has gradually created the impression that a veritable
bonanza--used up to now to defray excessive or unacknowledgeable expenses--
was within everyone's reach if only better management practices were to
prevail. All is not erroneous in this version of the situation:

construction of the new official presidential. residence, huge purchases of
military equipment, pouring funds into large virtually bankrupt state-owned
companies in an effort to keep them afloat, etc.

Actually, after having increased rapidly, Cameroonian oil production is now
becoming stabilized because of the slump in the market, a decline that has
caused a very serious slowdown in new oil operations and exploration. At the
same time, the world economic crisis is having an impact on traditional
agricultural exports whose world prices-~in current francs--are falling while,
conversely, the cost of imported manufactured goods continues to rise.



NEW POLICY TO FOCUS ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 16 Dec 83. pp 15, 17

[Text]

THE Kenya government is. finally
implerfenting the district focus policy
under which districts will become the
operation. centres for all the Planning
and implementation of rural
development programmes. Preparations
for the programme, ordered - by
President Moi late last year, have been
going on since June and implementation
begins in January next year.

: The objective of the new policy is to
broaden the base of rural development
efforts by encouraging local initiative
that will complement the role of
development-oriented ministries,
thereby improving the productivity of
development work by increasing
effectiveness in the identification of
problems, mobilisation of resources
and project implementation.

The district development committees
(DDCs) will become the foundation of
the new decentralised . development’
strategy and will be responsible for the
identification of district-wide needs and
opportunities, the ‘establishment. of
project priorities, the coordination and
supervision of the development projects
‘and the development and preparation

-of the district development plan. Each

district, through the DDC, will be
responsible for its own rural
development planning and coordination,
project implementation, management
of development resources, and local
procurement of goods arid services.
‘The role of the various departments at
district level will expand from the
current focus on direct provision of
development and recurrent services to a
much broader mandate of ensuring that
the work of their respective ministries is
integrated with other development
activities in the district under the

direction of the district commissioner,

who will be the chief executive officer for
rural development activities in each
district.

The mandate for identifying,
planning and coordinating development
programes at the district level will cover
all projects, be they government- or
foreign donor-sponsored, or those
initiated through self-help efforts or by
the various local authorities. Long-term
planning will involve the identification
and analysis of local development needs
and establishment of development
priorities which will form the basis for
the preparation of the - district
development plans. So, ‘while in the
past district: development plans were
merely unconstrained lists of all
projects wanted in the district, they will
in future focus on establishing priorities
and using those priorities to identify
projects that can be. funded with the
resources available.

The principal source of. funds for.
the district rural development
programme will come from individual
ministries, which will designate. a
portion of their annual development
budgets for this purpose. The funds will
be made available through the DDCs
for use in approved projects that fall
within the guidelines and funding
ceilings established by the various
ministries concerned. Development
projects that are not specific to a.
particular district but cut across several
districts will be coordinated by the
ministry headquarters in Nairobi, or
through provincial headquarters where
possible, but’ in conjunction with the
DDCs of the districts involved. Other
sources of funds will include the self-help

(or Harambee) movement in forms of _

54

KENYA



During the discussions in’ Moscow in May 1983, Comrade Yuriy Andropov, secretary
general of the CPSU Central Committee and chairman of the presidium of the USSR
Supreme Soviet, and Comrade Jose Eduardo dos Santos, president of the MPLA-
Labor Party and of the People's Republic of Angola, voiced their satisfaction
at the continued strengthening of the cooperation between the USSR and Angola
in various areas and advocated the further development of ties and contacts

in political, economic, cultural and other areas.

In particular, it was declared that "the leaders of the RPA and the USSR attribute
great importance to the implementation of the Economic and Technical Cooperation
Program, as well as the Trade Program, established for 1981-1985, with prospects
for their extension to 1990, and they have voiced their readiness to work for
their success." The accords and agreements reached during the visit by Comrade
President Jose Eduardo dos Santos to the USSR are being implemented very suc-
cessfully.

Some examples: on the eve of the 66th anniversary of the great October Socialist
Revolution, trains began to move again over the railroad bridge in Namibe Province.
This bridge, which the racist South Africans had destroyed in 1982, was rebuilt
through the selfless efforts of the Soviet and Angolan bridge builders, working
together. Naturally, we are very pleased by the name given to it: the Soviet-
Angolan Friendship Bridge.

On 10 December, the anniversary of the founding of the MPLA-Labor Party, Soviet
builders finished construction of two large fuel storage depots in the cities

of Malanje and Porto Amboim,. which will greatly ease the situation in the trans-
portation of various cargo in these regions.

In Luandg the ordinary session of the Soviet-Angolan commission for the fishing
industry is about to finish drafting a long-range cooperation plan to create a
modern industrial fishing complex in Angola, capable of meeting the people's
needs for fish products,

The session of the Soviet-Angolan Joint Commission is actively preparing for
economic and technical cooperation and trade. The session will undoubtedly
approve new decisions, specificaly aimed at dynamizing Soviet assistance in
solving important problems in the rebuilding ofthe Angolan economy.

Cooperation is developing between the CPSU and the MPLA-Labor Party and between
our countries' social organizations and educational, cultural and health institu-
tions. It has already become a tradition to have "Soviet Union Days" in Angola.
Such days were celebrated this year during the commemoration of the anniversary
of the great October Revolution and the proclamation of the RPA. “Angolan
culture days" have been promoted in the USSR.

We would like to voice our acknowledgement to the MPLA-Labor party Central Com-
mittee, to the party provincial and municipal committees, to the social organi-
zations, work collectives, educational establishments and the communications
media for their active participation in the great work of consolidating the
fraternal relations of friendship and cooperation between Angola and the Soviet
Union.



SIERRA LEONE

MARAMPA MINING COMPANY WORKERS PROTEST
London WEST AFRICA in English No 3461, 12 Dec 83 p 2906

[Text] The peace and quiet of the Marampa Iron Ore Mining Company was. recent-
ly shattered when workers at the mines arrested and paraded their administra-
tive manager, Mr Ian Gordon, to the centre of Lunsar town where he was stripped
naked and presented to the Lunsar public as a "thief of workers" money,"
writes a special correspondent in Lunsar.

The workers had wanted to take Mr Gordon to the Shell filling station where he
would have been lashed on his bare back but for the intervention of the para~
mount chief, Bai Koblo Queen the Second, and the police, he might have been
beaten to death.

The grievances of the workers were said to include their total dissatisfaction
with the administration of Mr Gordon, the Chief Security Officer, Sallu
Bangura, and the Senior Supervisor, Mr Koroma. They claimed that these offi-
cers were always working against their interest. The workers accused the
accounts section of tampering with their salaries and overtime pay and said
they would only get back to work provided the three officers were not allowed
to return to the mines and should be suspended from office, immediately. At
a meeting with the protesters, the Managing Director, Mr Abdul Khanu, pro-
tested that the workers had "flagrantly violated" the Joint Industrial Council
Trade Agreement which requires workers to put in 21 days notice before taking
strike action. Professor Kanu further said "that he was most unhappy about
the manner in which his Administrative Manager was treated." Mr Gordon has
now cleared out of the mines and he is back in Freetown. It has really been
a sad episode for those concerned with the interest of the newly activated
mines and there are those who believe the whole thing was perfectly timed in
order to get rid of Mr Gordon, who is the most qualified Sierra Leonean on

the staff of the company.

Meanwhile, the Chamber of Mines had strongly protested at the treatment of

Mr Ivan Gordon. A delegation from the Chamber headed by their president,

Mr D.J.S. Fraser, who is also resident director and consultant of the Sierra
Rutile Company has called on the Minister for Mines, Mr Hassan Gbassay Khanu,
to lodge a protest to cabinet and to ask for among other things, Mr Gordon's
protection and an immediate investigation into the affair. It is strongly
rumoured in Freetown that Mr Gordon, who did not see eye-to-eye with a senior
African director of the board, may have been the victim of a carefully-planned
plot of which the said director may have had. foreknowledge, to humiliate the
administrative manager and call for his removal from the mine.

csO: 3400/473 87


The List of Chiefs

The sunset here is full of grandeur. The red and gold ball, as though
exhausted by its slow daily route, hastens to disappear behind a mountain
chain which stands out sharply. Having beaten down the earth for 12 hours,
the sun gives it back for a few rich minutes its clear and luminous colors.
If the wind dies down, this is the moment for peace and reconciliation. It
is the time when the people of this corner of Africa “graze” on the khat, a
grass which one must chew at length. Man and inhospitable nature tolerate
each other.

A few Afars are found in the lowlands of Ethiopia in Wollo and the Assab port
area. In Djibouti they are a small minority in the city but are spread out
to the west and north of the territory. The list of their chiefs--the
"okals"--acknowledged by the authorities is posted at the military post in
Mouloule. In the Obock district, the northern area of Djibouti, there are
five within the borders and, counting the sultan of Rahaita, a small
Ethiopian village about a half an hour down the road from Doumira, they
number six “on the outside,” but their authority extends to the nomads along
the border. One of the sons of the Lahassa “okal," in the Obock district, is
the current Djibouti minister of public works.

Nothing seems to affect the ancestral rhythm of life. Here and there one can
see a few huts shaped like hemispheres which the nomads dismantle and fold in
order to load them on their dromedaries. Mouloule and Khor-Anghar are con-
nected to the rest of the world only through military radio. . The former

has potable water delivered from a tanker truck once every 3 days; the
latter, three times monthly. At dawn the commandoes play volleyball. The
rest of the time they guard and patrol. Once weekly they go to the fire
practice range.

The 'Big Chill’

As the guardians of peace in the desert, most frequently they are merely the
spectators of a world which rolls in front of their eyes in misleading
silence. At night, offshore the lights of ships and freighters gradually
slide or crisscross. The powerful four-beat lighthouse of Perim Island, not
far from the Aden shore, hints at a more worrisome reality. It is said that
this island has been turned into a real fortress by the Soviets and no one
dares approach it. It controls the straits. The master sergeant who com-
mands the Mouloule post claims that "the Soviets are everywhere, in Perim,
Aden and the Ethiopian port of Assab, the Dalhak Islands and outside the
Massaouah port, on the Erythrean coast.”

Since strategic considerations are no concern of the frontier commandoes,
their routine is interrupted by minor incidents only, such as a small air-
plane from the Djibouti air club which crashed on the virtually unusable
landing strip in Mouloule, or a cargo vessel which shipwrecked in Doumira Bay
with the intention, it is said, of settling its accounts with an intransigent
insurance company. The daily routine of the post commander consists of main-
taining good relations with the Afar notables. The last serious incident was

41


SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

BRIEFS

FISHING AGREEMENT-~The ministers of fishing of the EEC have given the green
light to Luxembourg following the conclusion of a fishing agreement with Sao
Tome and Principe, which will allow 27 French tuna fishing boats to operate
in the vicinity of these islands. In exchange for this freedom of access,
the EEC will pay a fee of 180,000 ECU (1 ECU = $0.90) annually to Sao Tome
and Principe for investments in the fishing sector. Furthermore, the ship
owners will pay a fee of 20 ECU per ton of tuna caught. [Text] [Paris
AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French Nov 83 p 17} 5157

cso: 3419/230



of marine equipment users in the port of Mombasa and throughout the coastal
area of the country.

"Today, Seacom is one of the leading marine electronics engineering com-
panies and has particular expertise in marine radar installation by using
locai facilities in the port of Mombasa," Mr Kasera says.

He adds that his company also acts as an agent for the manufacturers of |
marine equipment in Europe, the United States and Japan. Seacom therefore
enjoys access to the full technological and scientific resources of marine
equipment manufacturers in the world. The manufactures provide free courses
for Seacom's engineers. One technician of the company has already gained
from these free training programmes abroad. Three more are to get similar
training in Japan and Europe next year.

Mr Julius Rakewa recently returned from UK where he attended a course on
gyrocompass arranged by S. G. Brown at Watford, England.

“We are arranging for three more engineers to attend courses in Japan and
West Germany. These are some of the countries which we represent locally,"
Mr Kasera said.

The company has a workshop on Abdul Nasser Road in Mombasa. “This is where
the company repairs VHF equipment, radios, public address systems, conference
and simultaneous interpretation systems, alarm and detection devices, radio
and television, PABX and PAX systems, citizen band radios, and mobile radio
telephone installations.

Mr Kasera says that his company is headed by Kenyans. He says that his
company is very grateful to the Government. .

CSO: 3400/468

59


SENEGAL

NATION MUST REPORTEDLY LIMIT: LUXURY IMPORTS FOR FOOD SUFFICIENCY
Dakar TAKUSAAN in French 2-4 Dec 83, p4

[Article by El Hadj Diop "Food Deficit: A Real Policy of Self-Sufficiency
Requires Limiting Luxury Imports"]

[Excerpts] For the second time since August, Sengal has appealed for
international food aid. Following a poor rainy season, the grain deficit
has risen to 300,000 tons. With a good rainy season, about 1 million tons
of grain are harvested. This year, the average rainfall was 110 mm in the
wettest zones, and only a 10 mm in the dryest areas. In some areas, the
rain came earlier than predicted and then stopped, forcing the peasants

to plant new seed two or three times.

According to an FAO [Food and Agriculture Organization] report, Senegal is
probably "the one Sahelian country where the grain problem--characterized
by a substantial deficit (230 to’ 570 thousand tons per year) during the last
10 years--is most severe."

Incontestably, the point has been reached where no real progress can be made .
without effective mobilization of material and human resources.

The plight of rural Senegal is tragic. It has become a commonplace to say so.
Despite all the speeches on the priority that must be given to the needs of
“our brave peasants," an analysis of the Sixth Plan clearly shows that the
government has given marked preference to the urban sector. In fact, only
23.8 percent of all investment capital is dedicated to the primary sector,
while one of the stated objectives of this plan, as well as of the economic
and financial recovery plan, is to reduce the inequalities between the rural
and urban sectors.

It is true that exogenous factors are in part responsible for the situation

we are facing today: these scapegoat-factors are called "climatic conditions,
"dire international economic crisis," "the very low price of agricultural
products," etc.... All those are glib explanations. The flood of words

serve no useful purpose. What is needed is action, immediate action. There
are possiblities we must not fail to exploit (notably the inestimable potential
of the Casamance and the River).

83


ANGOLA

MENONGUE HOSPITAL EXPERIENCING DIFFICULTIES
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 18 Dec 83 p 2

[Text] The Menongue Regional Hospital is currently having difficulties as a
result of a shortage of beds and bedding, mattresses, and heavy vehicles to
transport various hospital equipment.

According to the Health Ministry's Provincial Delegate for Kuando-Kubango
Damiao Santana Paulo, an effort has been made in recent days to restore the
hospital which, under normal conditions, has a capacity for about 500 patients.

He added that the pressing need for separating patients with infectious~
contagious diseases presupposes progress in work and repair on the building
currently being done under the supervision of the Secretariat of State for
Social Affairs; this will to a great extent solve the problem of the influx
of patients registered at the Regional Hospital at this time.

By way of main epidemics, the health delegate mentioned dysentery, cough, and
anemia, noting that there are no difficulties in the city concerning medica-
tions, medical and paramedical personnel; there are also six stations operated
by health agents.

Patient food was termed regular in spite of inadequacies in supplies through
domestic trade; a farm cooperative, which will supply the hospital with
horticultural products, is to he estahlished shortly.

Talking about the polio vaccination drive, Damiao Paulo said that about 2,000
children have been vaccinated in the townships of Menongue, Mankone, and
Cuito Cuanavale.

In conclusion, the official remarked that regular supply of water and electric
power to the hospital constitutes a problem that also deserves fast solution.

5058
CsO; 3442/109



41 Political and/or religious convictions

One of the characteristics revealed by virtually all communities’ whether
modern or traditional, is the inability to show a high degree of tolerance
towards groups or individuals with entirely different political and/or
religious value systems. This often means that large numbers of people
decide rather to flee (or to emigrate) than to be exposed to direct or in-
direct persecution and discrimination.

At the beginning of the century, for example, more than one million
people fled the Soviet Union because of uncertainty, amongst other
reasons, about the political and religous direction to be followed by the
new government. In Africa, thousands of people fled Uganda in an at-
tempt to escape the authoritarian régime of Amin, a regime that also at-
tempted to destroy the religious groups in Uganda. The past decade has
also seen a number of refugee situations arising from political motives in
Southern Africa. The ending of Portuguese colonial rule in Mozambique
and Angola in 1975, for example, led 350 000 people to flee to Portugal.
Roughly 90% of these were Whites," and one of the reasons they left
Mozambique and Angola was the fact that the new governments, politi-
cally speaking, differed radically from their own values.

This was also one of the primary considerations of the thousands of
people who fled East Germany and other Eastern European states after the

. Second World: War, when it became clear that these states were to be
changed into communist societies.

There has also been a large exodus of Whites from Zimbabwe to
South Africa during the past few years. A large percentage of these people
may be regarded as refugees, as they left Zimbabwe out of fear of the
government, which was made up-mainly of parties which, until recently,
were still involved in a bush war with the former Smith and Muzorewa
governments.

Religious persecution leading to a refugee situation was seen par-
ticularly during the 1970s in South-East Asia. The governments in both
North Korea and the former North Vietnam forced thousands of religious
adherents to flee, so that communist societies could be formed without the
nuisance of a critical church. The same pattern is repeating itself at pre-
sent in Kampuchea (formerly Cambodia).

4,2 Ethnic and national ties

Probably the best known example of a refugee situation brought about as a
result of ethnic persecution was that of the Jews who had to flee Nazi Ger-
many because of the fascist attempt to establish a purely Aryan nation.
Anti-semitism, which has far more of an ethnic than a religious founda-
tion, is actually found in all fascist states, and Jewish refugees thus in-
evitably accompany fascism.

The fact that the borders of several African states were laid down by
colonial powers with no consideration for ethnic distribution, has given rise
to several refugee situations in Africa as a result of persecution based on
ethnic and national ties. The civil war in Nigeria and the resulting exodus
of Biafrans to neighbouring states is just one example of a relatively com-
mon phenomenon in Africa. There was also ethnic persecution in Ruanda
and Burundi, with the result that Zaire is still saddled with roughly 33 000
refugees from these states."

Although the Palestinian refugee situation also has political and
military causes, the ethnic and national connections of these people may
be given as a reason why they do not wish to be under Israeli rule. The ex-
tent of this particular problem becomes clear if it is remembered that there
are about 1,5 million Palestinian refugees at present.'*)



DJIBOUTI

BRIEFS

ETHIOPIAN REFUGEES--A group of 284 Ethiopian refugees left Ali Sabieh by
train for Chinileah in Ethiopia, where a receiving center had been organized.
More than 500 refugees have been repatriated and some 2,000 others have re-
turned to their country voluntarily. [Text] [Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French

Nov 83 p 22] 5157

cso: 3419/230

43


ns

since broadened its definition of refugees so that many more people are
now entitled to international aid and protection."

The objectives of the UNHCR are threefold, namely (i) to provide
legal protection for refugees, (ii) to find permanent solutions for the causes
and results of refugee situations, and (iii) to provide interim assistance for
refugees in emergency situations. In the early years of the organization, the
aid programme concentrated on Western Europe, but the emphasis since
then has shifted to refugees in Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia.

It is an interesting fact that UNHCR is not responsible for the Palesti-
nian refugees. This group of refugees, found mainly in Jordan, Lebanon
and the Gaza Strip are given aid by a special United Nations agency, the
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the
Near East (UNRWA).

3.2 The Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Since its inception, the OAU has experienced considerable financial pro-
blems. Amongst other things, this meant that several Bureaux and Com-
missariats forming part of the OAU could not function in practice. An ex-
ample is the OAU's Bureau for Refugees which has only in the past few
years made any real contribution towards solving Africa's refugee pro-
blems. The most important. reason why this Bureau has now started to
function is that financial contributions have been received from states such
as the Federal Republic of Germany and some Arab states.

The OAU and its Bureau for Refugees regard the presence of refugees
in Africa as a direct result of colonialism and the struggle against col-
onialism and imperialism, although ethnic conflicts are also recognized as
a cause of some refugee problems." The OAU is supported in this view by
UNHCR and the World Council of Churches, for example.

The importance attached at present to the refugee problem in Africa
is evident from the number of conferences organized during the past few
years by the OAU and its Bureau for Refugees. In May 1979, for example,
a conference was held in Tanzania under the supervision of UNHCR, and
an “International Conference on Assistance to Refugees in Africa”
(ICARA) was held during 1981. At this conference, held in Geneva,
roughly $560 million (US dollars) was promised to the OAU to aid refugees
in Africa, An “Africa Refugee Day” was proclaimed during June 1982 to
coincide with the 25th anniversary of UNHCR's involvement in the refugee
problem in Africa. Arrangements were also made during 1982 for a con-
ference to be held in 1983, with a view to bringing together all interna-
tional and national volunteer agencies concerned with the refugee problem
in Africa, The Economic Commission for Africa, UNHCR, UNESCO and
a number of other organizations and agencies will atempt to draft a coor-
dinated strategy for dealing with the problems brought about by the
roughly five million refugees in Africa.

4. THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF REFUGEE SITUATIONS

In the given definitions of the concept refugee, it is evident that refugees
are apparently the result of the political and/or religious convictions of in-
dividuals or groups; ethnic and/or national ties; external aggression
and/or occupation; and economic conditions. On the basis of these find-
ings it is possible to analyse the nature and causes of various refugee situa-
tions.



CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

INCREASED INFLUX OF CHADIAN REFUGEES SEEN
Paris AFRIQUE DEFENSE in French Nov 83 p 18

[Text] The increased clashes between the forces of Hissein Habre and rebel
elements in the south of Chad brought in several thousand refugees by the end
of September. The tension was particularly high in August, when the FANT
{Armed Forces of Northern Chad] patrols of President Hissein Habre clashed at
various points in the southern part of Chad with armed groups supporting the
old president Goukouni Waddeye, who had infiltrated the area or else were
part of the forces of the southern leader, Col Abdelkader Kamougue. These
confrontations left several dozen dead in the rebel ranks, reliable Bangui
sources claimed. ‘The FANT, the same sources said, controlled most of the
main cities or settlements in the south of Chad, such as Moundou, Doba, Sahr,
Moisala and others, as well as the Sahr-Maro axis which leads to the Chad-CAR
border. However, the Chadian government forces were finding it extremely
difficult to retain their control over the countryside and the villages,
which led to certain reprisals on the part of FANT elements against certain
villages accused of “consorting with the enemy" and the chronic insecurity
which prevails in the southern zone.

The drift of the population toward the CAR, however, was definitely slowed
down as a result of the willingness of the authorities to cooperate with
Habre's regime in his fight against the rebellion. Chadian citizens who were
seeking refuge on CAR territory were turned back.

Furthermore, some forces in charge of guarding the Chad-CAR border, several
hundred kilometers long, were reinforced in order to improve control over the
area and dissuade potential opponents of Habre's regime from launching mili-
tary operations in the south of Chad from the CAR. The question of the pos-
sibility of breaching the border between Chad and the CAR was the main topic
of a discussion which Lt Col Christophe Grelombe, minister of the interior,
had with Mr Habre in Ndjamena.

What made Ndjamena's concern in this matter even more legitimate was that the
army intercepted less than 2 months ago in Birao, in the extreme north of the
country, some 30 Chadian troops, members of the Revolutionary Democratic
Council (RDC) hostile to Habre's regime. This group had come from the east-
ern part of Chad with its weapons and, after crossing the Sudan, was trying
in all likelihood to reach the south of Chad. Toward the end of September
these RDC troops were being expelled toward the Congo and were within the
territory covered by the High Commission for Refugees. Some 30 opponents of

37


case, reprisal would inevitably follow. Thus, only the reckless or the sui-
cidal would venture such a nuclear strike.

In the face of such a threat, the Soviet Union and the other socialist countries
cannot remain with their hands folded. In their meeting in Moscow, on 28 June
1983, the highest leaders of the parties and governments of seven socialist
countries declared that under no circumstances would they permit the NATO alliance
to gain military superiority over the member nations of the Warsaw Pact organi-
zation.

After minutely examining all sides of the situation created, the Soviet leaders
made the following decisions, which were announced in the statement by Comrade
Yuriy Andropov, published this 24 November.

"First: Considering that the United States, by its actions, has thwarted the
possibility of arriving at a mutually acceptable agreement in the discussion

of a nuclear arms limitation in Europe, and that, under the circumstances, to
continue the discussion would only serve to cover for the actions of the United
States and some other NATO countries, which undermine European and international
security, the Soviet Union finds it impossible to continue to take part in those
discussions.

"Second: The unilateral commitments assumed by the Soviet Union. aimed at creating
more favorable conditions for successful discusions are revoked, thus lifting

the moratorium on the deployment of Soviet medium-range nuclear weapons in the
European part of the USSR.

"Third: In coordination with the governments of the GDR and the Czechoslovak
Socialist Republic, the preparations recently initiated, as announced, to install
longer-range tactical-operational missiles in these countries will be accelerated.

"Fourth: Considering that, by installing its missiles in Europe, the United
States has increased the nuclear danger to the Soviet Union, in view of this
circumstance, the corresponding Soviet means will be deployed, in oceanic and
maritime regions. These means will be of a nature to meet the danger which
the U.S. missiles to be deployed in Europe have created for us and our allies."

In addition to the measures mentioned, otherswill, without a shadow of a doubt,
be adopted to insure the security of the USSR and the other countries of the
socialist community, so the military balance will not be upset. The United
States will not achieve superiority.

The situation created by the breakdown of the Geneva discussions is the responsi-
bility of the United States and of the countries which gave the "green light"

to the installation of the U.S. missiles on European territory, primarily the FRG,
Great Britain and Italy, and also governments of the NATO member nations which,
although missiles were not installed in their territory, have supported the

U.S. positions, thus contributing to the breakdown of the Geneva discussions.

It must be emphasized that the installation of the U.S. medium-range missiles
in Europe make them strategic weapons against the USSR; thus the initiation
of this deploymentmust also have consequences for the discussions on strategic
armaments; theNorth Americans have the same intransigent attitude with respect
to the limitation and reduction of strategic weapons.

16



agencies to arrest our population growth —
a very negative approach indeed.

In Africa the birth control solution does
not yet make any sense because everybody
knows that our problem is not over-pop-
ulation, but under-population. We have
enormous resources to sustain a further
growth by more than fourfold if we want
to. The myth of population ‘‘explosion”’
has been exploded by the fact that, whereas
Africa with the lowest population density in
the world is threatened by starvation,
Europe with the highest density in the world
has more than enough to feed itself.

In other words, our problem is that of
under-production of food not over-
population. To achieve a ‘‘dramatic
increase” in food production a number of
recommendations have been put forward
by the same ‘“‘experts’? whose earlier
recommendations have led to the present
crisis. The recommendations are loaded
with ideology, mostly reflecting the
ideology of the present occupants of the
White House in Washington, They smack
of the “‘supply-side’’ economics, with price
incentives and free-market as the main
factor. The so-called “‘success”’ stories of
free-market agriculture outside South
Africa and Zimbabwe are said to be
Malawi, Kenya.and the Ivory Coast, and
the dismal failures of ‘‘planned”’
agriculture are projected as Tanzania,
Zambia, Ethiopia and so on.

Strictly speaking, both camps, the free
market and ‘planned’? economies in
Africa, suffer from more or less the same
problem: how to vitalise the economy as a
whole. In the early days of independence
and with the enthusiasm that it brought,
‘our economies were on the way to a steady
if modest “boom.” But they were soon
stalemated as a result of the exposure of the
peasants to the vagaries of the so-called
world market — they were, of course,
robbed left, right and centre, both by our
“trading partners’? and by their local
representatives and apologists, the bur-
eaucrats. The peasants lost the enthusiasm
for production and gradually retreated to
subsistence farming, leaving the towns to
depend more and more on imported food
either through begging, buying or
borrowing and at considerable loss in
prestige and hard currency.

Our economies in the meantime were
getting more and more messed up, first by
perpetuating and consolidating the colonial
structures; secondly, by diverting massive
resources to unproductive capital projects
and other non-urgent expenditures; and,
thirdly, by relying more and more on
borrowed money from overseas to pay for
practically all our economic activity at
home. The idea of ‘‘self-reliance’’ was
regarded as impractical and idealistic, or
one paid only lip-service to it to appease the

“donors.””

The result was a more severe and vicious
extraction of wealth from our countries

through profits, fees, business em-
bezzlements of one kind or another, interest
payments, etc to our “‘trading partners’’
and moneylenders, leaving behind a messy,
lopsided economy in which the only active
and developing aspect is the growth of
bureaucracy and not a penny for internal
accumulation of capital.

A. disastrous policy of “rural dev-
elopment” was then resorted to, echoing
the earlier cold-war dreams of Rostow and
Arthus Lewis and fuelled by the World
Bank’s funding. The policy was a failure.
For you will be only heading for trouble if
you try to isolate the rural area from the
overall national development. Rural and
urban development are not mutually
exclusive, rather they are, by the very
nature of their condition, knitted together
to reinforce each other. .

The same advocates of the ‘‘rural dev-
elopment”’ thesis now tell us that, by giving
price incentives to the peasants, more and
better food ‘will be produced; that, as a
result, rural areas will be activated thereby
stemming the tide of urban migration. Once
again, this is a faulty and one-sided way of
tackling the problem, but already many of
our countries have accepted it quite blindly.

Who will pay for this incentive? If you
make urban workers pay more for their
food, in addition to other costs of urban
life, then industrial products will eventually
be expensive as the workers will inevitably
struggle for higher wages. The rise in the
cost of raw materials from the rural area
will also increase costs and will be reflected
in the products. What the peasants may
gain from increased prices of their com-
modities they will loose in the increased
price of industrial goods essential for
improving their economic and social well-
being.

But in this silly merry-go-round the
country as a whole will suffer by ultimately
creating disincentive on both sides of the
productive activity, that is industry and
agriculture. Developing countries simply
cannot afford the wastes that are entailed in
unbridled market economies and their
brutal competition.

Correcting the imbalance in the process
of economic development is not done either
by adding or reducing weight on one or the
other side of the scale. This is simplistic and
has no relation to how the real world
behaves; that is why the thesis of rural
development has failed wherever it was
tried. Experience has proved that this
approach undermines both sides of the
productive sector, ultimately putting the
economy on a downward spiral both in
industry and agriculture.

Economic development is not about
“welfare” either; the latter is the outcome
of development; you cannot have-welfare
out of nothing or on borrowed money.
Development, whether socialist or
capitalist, is. first and foremost about
production; about establishing essential

11


SOMALIA
Briefs
Israeli Military Presence
Ethiopian Defector

SOUTH AFRICA

(Johannesburg International Service, 3 Jan 84)......eeeeeee

Freedom Party Chairman Urges Executive Meeting

(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 10 Jan 84)...+.-sseeeeeeeee

SWAZILAND

Briefs
Foreign Minister, Belgian Ambassador Meet

UPPER VOLTA

Drought Problems, Food Supplies Reported
(WEST AFRICA, No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83)...ssesecesereeeceeee

Briefs
France, CRTIO Aid Agreement

ZAMBIA

Government Should Consider Increasing Trade-With South Africa
(DAILY MAIL, 29 Dec 83)..ceeeeeeeeeces

ZCCM To Ship 80 Percent of Metals Through Dar es Salaam
(Brown Lenga; TIMES OF ZAMBIA, 23 Dec 83)..

BOZ Economist Predicts Bright Future for Small-Scale
Sector
(DAILY MAIL, 29 Dec 83) ..ceeescesscccccecevecccccseeeenes

Indeco Group's Profit in 1983 Less Than in 1982
(TIMES OF ZAMBIA, 23 Dec 83)..... se eeeeeee

Briefs
GDR Cultural, Scientific Agreement
Revokation of Malawian Refugees’ Orders
Economic Prospects 'Gloomy'
EEC Provides Additional Loan
Belgian Debt Rescheduling Agreement

Johannesburg Radio Hails Mozambique Cooperation Agreement
Refugees Enter North-Western Province

89

93

94

95

96

98

99

100

101
101
101
102
102
102


for its contribution towards national development and the welfare of the
local people. He also commended /wananchi/ for their contribution through
/harambee/ [in italics] spirit.--KNA [Text] [Nairobi THE KENYA TIMES in

English 15 Dec 83 p 7]

ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH ROK--The Republic of Korea provided the Republic of
‘Kenya with power tillers and motor vehicles free of charge in 1977 and has
since been offering economic and technological assistance for the develop-
ment of automobile, electronic and marine industries. The volume of trade
between the two countries has increased every year and in 1982 it reached a
total of US $23 million, which is three times the amount of 1977. Korea's
exports to Kenya consist mostly of fertilisers, tyres, textiles, iron and
steel products and electronics while imports are mostly heavy fuel oil,
coffee and animal hides. Presently three major companies have representa-—
tives in Kenya: the Hyundai Group, the Daewoo Group and the Sunkyong Group.
To boost Kenyan-Korean trade, a number of Korean firms have been participating
in the periodic Nairobi International Shows since 1971. Kenyan businessmen
are invited to take part in SITRA, an annual international trade fair in
Seoul. The Korean Government plana to encourage Korean business firms to
participate in the implementation of long-term economic development plans of
Kenya in the belief that Korea's experience of having successfully carried
out a series of similar plans over the past two decades can be profitably
adapted to Kenyan development. [Text] [Nairobi THE KENYA TIMES in English
12 Dec 83 p 41]

HIGH PYRETHRUM PRICES~-It appears that Kenya's effort to sell pyrethrum to
the US Defence Department has come to an impasse. Neither the nation's. repre-
sentatives here, nor an American Congressman interested in the trade have
been able to convince the Defence Agency that it should buy the insecticide
for the US strategic materials stockpile. As one US official put it, the
deal "will never happen." Kenya is the largest exporter of pyrethrum in

the world. But skyrocketing prices for the crop, the availability of cheaper
synthetic substitutes and the sluggish world economy have left the nation with
few customers and a surplus of pyrethrum now equivalent to two years' har-
vest. Congressman William Alexander (Democrat of Arkansas) had hoped to
arrange a bartering agreement by which Kenya would supply pyrethrum in
return for US rice, according to an official close to the sales talks. Mr
Alexander's state is a major producer of rice. But that proposal has appar-
ently collapsed in the face of the Defence Department's lack of interest.
Earlier this year, a US Department of Agriculture official laid Kenya's
problems with disposing of its. pyrethrum stocks at the door of pyrethrum
prices. "Unless the Kenyan Government drastically reduces its asking price"
it will have a "hard time selling the crop", he said. The official said

that themarket for pyrethrum in the US and elsewhere plunged a few years

ago after prices charged for the commodity went "sky high". While the high
prices benefited growers in Kenya and other pyrethrum-exporting countries in
the short run, the prices also stimulated development of synthetic substi-
tutes for the insecticide. These substitutes eventually "captured" much

of the market originally dominated by pyrethrum, the agriculture official
said. [Text] [Nairobi SUNDAY NATION in English 11 Dec 83 p 20]



The CPSU and the MPLA-Labor Party and the governments of the USSR and the RPA
join ranks with those who are in favor of the further intensification of the
struggle of all the progressive, peace-loving and national liberation forces
for the mitigation of the threat of war, cessation of the arms race and the

consolidation of peace and security.

6362
C80: 3442/113

21



Another category of refugees is those who attempt to evade their na-
tional military service. This group consists exclusively of White men, since
it.is only they who undergo compulsory military training. There are no
reliable statistics of the exact number of these refugees, but it is interesting
to note that there are a number of organizations in existence that support
these people, for example, the Committe on South African War Resistance
and the South African Military Refugee Aid Fund. Men who flee to avoid
doing their military service, usually apply for political asylum.

5.2 States that receive South African refugees

‘Whereas the majority of Whites flee to the United States of America, Bri-
tain, Holland and Australia, most Black refugees flock to South Africa's
immediate neighbouring states such as Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana and,
to a lesser extent Mozambique and Zimbabwe.

5.3 Lesotho

This state is host at present to about 11 500 refugees from South Africa,
and an average of 30 to 35 people arrive every month.” Lesotho's attitude
in the past was that all “genuine” refugees were welcome in Lesotho, and
that the government “... would never tarnish its well known record by
handing back South African refugees” .?

During 1983, the government of Lesotho maintained that South
Africa was using economic pressure in an attempt to force Lesotho to expel
all refugees, regardless of their ties with the ANC.) Notwithstanding
Lesotho's official policy of accepting all true refugees from South Africa,
there are indications that this state will limit the freedom of political
refugees from South Africa.) These indications were manifested in
Lesotho’s actions in September 1983.

On 29 August 1983, the chief of the East and Southern African divi-
sion of the office of the United Nations’ High Commisioner for Refugees,
Mr Dessolegh Chefeka, held talks in Lesotho with government officials and
various Western diplomats. The talks took place as result of South Africa's
apppeal to Lesotho that all ANC political refugees be removed from
Lesotho. Talks also took place between the Foreign Affairs Ministers of
South Africa and Lesotho, after which Lesotho decided to remove 24 ANC
political refugees to other states, with the help of the High Commissioner
for Refugees of the United Nations.”

5.2.2 Swaziland

Although Swaziland is less eager than Lesotho to receive South African
refugees, there are an estimated 4 000 refugees from South Africa in this
state at present.) During the past few months, Swaziland has begun to
take steps to ensure that refugees do not misuse their rights by acting as in-
surgents against South Africa, and has passed an act prohibiting refugees
from possessing any weapons.

5.2.3 Botswana

This state, which served for years as a haven for refugees from Zimbabwe,

| accomodates at least 1 500 refugees from South Africa at present. The
government of Botswana recently decided that all refugees were to move
from Gaborone to Dukwe in north-western Botswana. Botswana recently
extradited four refugees to South Africa because they refused to remain in

| refugee camps after being ordered not to return to Gaborone or Fran-

cistown.*) However, the Botswana government gave the assurance after-

wards that it would continue to provide political asylum to South African
refugees.) .

| —————————————————————


cso:

desire for co-operation with all countries on
the basis of mutual advantage, while the
private sector (local and foreign) was to be
protected and encouraged as long as they
acted in the interests of the national eco-
nomy.

An initial balance sheet of the first few
years showed:

— the acquisition after enormous effort of over
11,000 mainly good vehicles;

— over 60 out of 130 destroyed bridges were
repaired by 1978:

— oil production, in steady decline owing to
decreased investment after the 1974 coup in
Portugal, was stabilised through agreements
between oil companies and the government
in 1978, and positive effects began to be felt
in 1983;

— diamond production, second major foreign
exchange earner after oil, was restored in
1977, and had risen by 1980 was twice the
1978 figure:

— installed production capacity was functioning
at 40 per cent in 1977 and at about 60 per

cent by 1980: . _————
— progress was made in domestic distribution.

wholesale and retail. in urban areas, but
deficiencies continue in rural areas to this
day for obvious reasons;

— external trade has been essentially resur-
rected although problems remain: by 1979,
the quantity of fish unloaded was already
some 75 per cent greater than in 1977:

Less significant resuilts were achieved in
agriculture and livestock production. How-
ever. the inherited structure of Portuguese
colonialism. aggravated by acts of war and
banditry, left the peasantry unable to pro-
duce sufficient marketable surpluses there-
fore requiring food imports. Thus real
achievements of economic rehabilitation
were recorded, but nevertheless came up
against the international economic crisis and
the continuing aggression from South Africa,
slowing down the rate of economic recovery,
and aggravating inherent distortions in the
economy.

While in 1980 the GDP reached a record
high of 108.5m. kwanzas — essentially due to
oil production of 49.6m. barrels and export
revenue of over 50,000m. kwanzas — falling
Oil prices and production (only 47m. barrels
in 1981-82) led to a $243m. trade deficit in
1981 when initial projections were of a
$400m. surplus after the 1980 surplus of
$140m. The government deficit also in-
creased sharply despite import cutbacks of 8
per cent in 1981 and 32 per cent in 1982,
resulting in record deficits for those years of
$615m. and $206m. and treasury problems as
from late 1981. This budget deficit was
accentuated by falling tax revenue from
mining, a rise in money supply of over 20 per
cent annually leading to greater disequilib-
rium of incomes and expenditure, and to
rising inflation.

South African and UNITA banditry parti-
cularly affected agriculture and the move-
ment of people and goods (some 581,000
people were displaced after the 1981 invasion

26

3400/471

by South Africa). Peasants were also dep-
tived of essential goods through war insecur-
ity and reduced material raw imports. There
was also prolonged drought affecting some
263,000 people directly. Finally, foreign ex-
change constraints after mid-1981 prevented
massive food imports to compensate domes-
tic shortfalls

An emergency economic plan was decided
from 1983 in response to the crisis. An
austerity programme identified priority areas
for urgent mobilisation and allocation of
human, technical and financial resources.
Investment programmes were revised and
generally redirected to favour agriculture,
fisheries and mining.

The medium-term goal of current policy is
small-scale agricultural and livestock produc-
tion to increase rapidly local food production
and reduce such imports, enabling a greater
flow of essential supplies to the rural popula-
tion. Simultaneously, exports must be in-
creased. especially oil and derived products,
gas. diamonds and coffee, and heavy invest-
ment has been made to this end.

The new orientation of economic policy
aims also at improving the efficiency of big
private companies. to control external debts
and sustain increased imports. Legislation ih
1979 encouraged foreign investment, not
only in the oil sector. but also in private and
joint ventures in all sectors apart from
banking insurance, posts and telecom-
munications, and war materials.

The Angolan government has felt it ob-
vious that only the state, taking under its
wing the most strategic companies and using
centralised management of the most impor-
tant economic resources, could conduct bal-
anced economic reconstruction. Apart from
five centuries of colonialism and now almost
20 years of war, there were at independence
no Angolan traders, industrialists, fishermen,
farmers and so on apart from family units.
Entrepreneurial and managerial ability was
also obviously non-existent. What sprang up
immediately after 1975 tended to conform to
speculative and parasitic activities inherited
from the Portuguese. The state allowed some
foreign capital participation within para-
meters, but tried to avoid large-scale
penetration recognising its price of strong
external dependence.

The Angolan government has said that
were it not for South African military and
economic aggression, Angola would certainly
have overcome by now the most difficult
years of its independence. It recognised its
past mistakes, and did not preclude future
ones. But it expressed confidence in its
capacity to deal with economic problems,
and cadre-training and foreign technical
manpower had enabled the shortage of
skilled manpower to be obviated. The gov-
emment was aware of the short-term con-
straints on growth rates, but emphasised the
need for peace in order to achieve faster
growth and broader development.



UPPER VOLTA

BRIEFS

FRANCE, CRTO AID AGREEMENT--On 5 January 1984, a loan agreement sponsored by
the Aid and Cooperation Fund was signed between the French Government and

the Ouagadougou Regional Center for Remote~Sensing, CRTO.. The agreement was
signed by Jean-Pierre Ouedraogo, director general of the center, on behalf
of the chairman of the regional management committee of the CRTO and Jean
(Mulao), head of the French cooperation mission, on behalf of the minister
delegate to the minister for external relations in change of cooperation a
and development. This loan agreement for 2,7 million francs, that is 135
million CFA francs, represents the third installment of the financial support
given by the fund toward the training and assistance’ to users of the Ouagadougou
Center for Remote-Sensing. The French ministry in charge of cooperation and
development had tn 1981 given a first installment of 2.3 million francs, that
is 115 million CFA francs, while in 1982 it gave tut a second installment of
2.5 million francs, that ts 125 million CFA francs. [Excerpt] [AB101515
Ouagadougou Domestic Service in French 2000 GMT 9 Jan 84]

cso: 3419/310

95


SIERRA LEONE

BRIEFS

REFUGEES IN LIBERIA ADVISED TO LEAVE--The Liberian Minister of National Defence
has strongly advised all Sierra Leoneans, claiming to be refugees living on
the Liberian-Sierra Leonean border, to return to their respective towns and
villages in Sierra Leone. A special announcement from the Ministry of Defence
signed by Army Chief of Staff, Lt-Gen. Henry Dunbar, said the situation in the
Pujehun district has returned to normal with the Sierra Leone army in full con-
trol. The announcement added that it was in the interest of those Sierra
Leoneans claiming to be refugees to return to their respective towns. He
called on all Sierra Leonean refugees still living on the Liberian border to
cooperate and depart immediately. The announcement further warned that anyone
harbouring Sierra Leonean refugees in Liberia or assisting them to cross into
the country illegally will be doing so against the law of the country and thus
bear the full penalty of the law. The Minister of Defence views this matter
with utmost importance and requests the cooperation of all parties concerned,
the announcement concluded. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3461,

12 Dec 83 p 2906]

cso: 3400/473



5.2.4 Other states in Southern Africa

Both Zimbabwe and Mozambique receive South African refugees and both
have stated in the past that they will not yield to South African pressure to
hand refugees over.*”) The “Soloman Mahlangu Freedom School” is under
construction in Tanzania. This school, catering specifically for refugees
with ANC connections, will be able to accommodate about 900 students.”

6. THE RESULTS OF ACCOMMODATING REFUGEES

The states that take in South African refugees can generally not afford it
financially. Although these states receive financial aid from UNHCR,
amongst other organizations, (Lesotho received about R2 million during
1980 and Zimbabwe 80 000 US Dollars during 1982), it nevertheless puts
considerable pressure on the economies of states which are not able to
create sufficient job opportunities for their own people.

The refugees are often also “... difficult in demanding preferential
treatment and therby arousing often justifiable resentment from the local
inhabitants”. In a state such as Lesotho, where the emphasis falls on the
full integration of refugees with the population, rather than on keeping
them in isolation, considerable problems arise in respect of housing,
educational, and job opportunities.

In Botswana, where there is an attempt to keep refugees in separate

camps, it is found that these people have a tendency towards criminal ac- |

tivities,’ and they also have to be provided with food and housing. The
question of how to accommodate refugees is further complicated by the
fact that many of them are involved in activities to undermine South
Africa’s security. Although some states, such as Swaziland, prohibit
refugees from becoming involved in any political activities, all these host
states run the risk that South Africa will conduct military operations
against political activists sheltering amongst refugees. The recent opera-
tion against ANC quarters in Lesotho proved that ANC members have set-
tled amongst other refugees, possibly with the express purpose of deterring
South African military activity.

While there is great pressure on these states, on the one hand, to
shelter refugees for humanitarian amongst other reasons, there are on the
other hand problems in that the refugees are sometimes political activists;
that the ANC is constantly trying to enlist recruits from their ranks; that
they are susceptible to political indoctrination; and that their presence
may easily lead to tense relations with the Republic of South Africa. South
Africa has already warned Lesotho that unless that state prevents organiza-
tions such as the ANC from penetrating South African territory, South
Africa will have to take measures that will adversely affect migrant
labourers from Lesotho. South Africa has also begun to exercise strict
customs control at border posts with Lesotho, as it is suspected that so-
called “refugees” in Lesotho are using this border to smuggle weapons into
South Africa for use in ANC acts of terror. This is affecting Lesotho's
economy, as imports and exports are considerably delayed.

7. CONCLUSIONS

Because of the divergent nature of the causes of refugee problems, there is
no simple solution. Although institutions such as the UNHCR do excellent
humanitarian work, this organization, as well as the OAU’s Bureau for
Refugees, deals with the results rather than the causes of refugee situa-
tions. International action could doubtless help to reduce refugee pro-
blems, but it is doubtful whether this matter will ever be fully solved, as the
causes very often lie in internal political and socio-economic conditions.



UPPER VOLTA

DROUGHT PROBLEMS, FOOD SUPPLIES REPORTED
London WEST AFRICA in English No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83 p 2970

[Text] ‘Affected in places by the drought which has stricken the whole of West

Africa, Upper Volta is expecting a “poor, but not catastrophic” harvest
this year, according to economic sources in Ouagadougou. However, the
food situation could be very serious in some regions due to the problem
of supplying them and regional disparities in rainfall.

Rainfall this year was about 30 per cent lower overall than the average
for the last ten years. But the northern and western areas bordering on
Mali and Niger have been worse hit by drought, in some cases receiving
just 50 per‘cent of the ten-year average. Cereal production will therefore
be low and grazing land poor. .

Nationally, the production of millet and sorghum is expected to reach
1.16m. tonnes, lower than the last two years but considered “sufficient
overall” by knowledgeable sources in Ouagadougou. Although there will
be shortages, the new government has not immediately appealed for
massive international aid, as in past years, but has formed a solidarity
fund to which all Voltaics are invited to contribute cash or cereals.

The European Development Fund, under an earlier agreement, is to
finance 30,000 tonnes of base cereals to the National Cereals Office
stock, which is currently some 17,000 tonnes. Another 6,000 has been
asked of the EDF, 4-5,000 tonnes from the US and 3,000 from Japan.
The overall cereals deficit has been difficult to even the government to
calculate. It was first estimated at 409,000 tonnes, then 240,000, and
finally 117,000 tonnes.

The major task for the new regime will probably be the supply of
foodstuffs to the rural areas, such as the Yatenga, near the Mali border,
and the Kouroumba, near Niger. The large population in these areas is
mostly in isolated settlements.

‘Another problem may be the attitude of traders to the revolutionary
authorities; if the official prices are low and enforced, traders might
simply refuse to distribute, some sources fear. In theory, the Committee
for the Defence of the Revolution now fulfill the intermediate role
between OFNACER and the consumer.

cso: 3400/484



BOZ ECONOMIST PREDICTS BRIGHT FUTURE FOR SMALL-SCALE SECTOR

Lusaka DAILY MAIL in English 29 Dec 83 p 3

[Text]

cso:

3400/483

A BANK of Zambia
economist has predicted
a bright future of sustai-
ned growth and develop-
ment for the small scale
sector once the Central

- Bank’s credit guarantee

department becomes
operational,

hopefully
:mext year.

Under the scheme, the bank
ishall be guaranteeing loans not
jonly to small scale industries”
‘ but also to small farmers.

It shall also operate an
export guarantee scheme and
shall refinance loans granted
to small scale industries and
small scale farmers. :

Inan afticle published in the
latest issue of Zambanker, the
house journal of the BOZ, the
economist, Mr.. Felix. Kani,
says that the only way the flow
of credit can be increased to
‘the small scale sector is
|through the implementation of
‘the proposed credit guarantee
‘scheme, .
| ‘The scheme -has been
|formulated by the BOZ, discu-

ssed with all banks, including

| the Development Bank of Za-
| mbia (DBZ). Their preliminary
[reaction welcomed the. prin-
‘ciple behind the’ introduction
‘of the scheme.

Mr Kani says that further
small farmers. By refinancing
such loans, liquidity problems
of banks shall, to a certain
extent, be minimised because
under the scheme, banks can
borrow from. the BOZ for on-

99

lending to this‘sector. :

Once this has been imple-
mented,, credit can ‘be expe-
cted to start flowing in relati-
vely adequate measures and
the small scale sector may be
set on the path ‘to sustained
growth and development... .

“Therefore, it is only desi-
rable to present to Parliament
the Bank, of Zambia amend-
ment Bill for enactment by the
‘end of this year or by the
beginning of next year. All is
set.

‘The small scale sector is
ready, the banks are ready,
Bank of Zambia too is more
than ready. The sky is there-
fore the limit for the ‘small
scale sector in 1984 and the
years to come,”’ says Mr Kani.
discussions have been held
with banks and their reaction
will be taken into account
when finalising the scheme for
publication.

“It is hoped that the govern-
ment will present a Bill to
amend the Bank of Zambia Act
so that the Bank can be empo-
wered to operate the scheme.
The Small Scale Industries De-
partment at the Bank of
Zambia has been renamed
Credit Guarantee Department
because it sifall undertake the
functions of guaranteeing
loans not only to small scale
industries but also to. small
scale agriculture says Mr

, Kani.

It. shall also’ operate an
export guarantee scheme and
shall refinance loans granted
to Small Scale Industries and

ZAMBIA


KENYA

NATIONAL WATER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM LAUNCHED
Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 12 Dec 83 p 13
[Article by Gichuru Njihia]

[Text] Water development has been taken seriously right from independence
because it was needed everywhere. The Government launched the "Watering the

nation programme".

Since water was'important factor in national development, the Government had
to plan carefully. Huge amounts of money were allocated for water programmes.
Wananchi had to play their part and many fund-raising meetings were held to
compliment government efforts to supply water to the nation.

As the Minister for Water Development, Jeremiah Nyagah has said many times
the government is determined to ensure that all wananchi have access to
clean water. President Daniel arap Moi has done a great deal in the effort
to take clean piped water to the wananchi.

The basic goal of the national water development policy is to provide clean
piped water for human and livestock consumption by the year 2000. The
Government has been observing the principles of the International Drinking
Water Supply and Sanitation Decade which started in 1981 and ends in 1990.
The government established an action committee comprising of representa-
tives of various ministries in order to formulate policies, strategies
and programmes for the decades.

The objectives for the 1990 are complete coverage in all designated urban
areas and 75 per cent of the rural areas. For sanitation, the target is 90
per cent of the towns and 50 per cent for the rural areas.

Currently, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development in the latest
economic survey, says that only 75 per cent of the urban and 15 per cent of
the rural population are adequately supplied with water.

This is. no mean achievement by the Government considering that at indepen-
dence, very few urban centres had plamned sanitation.

As for the rural areas, the colonial settlers cared about only their home-
steads and their livestock but not for the Africans who provided the farms

62



in Huruma, Nairobi where he was guest of honour at the parents day occasion,
Mr Faltheim praised the director of Faith Homes of Kenya, Mr. Nilsson Fride
for the good work in maintaining the Homes. The ceremony: was also attended
by Mr Andrew Ngumba, area MP and Assistant Minister for Lands and Settlement.
[Text] [Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 3 Dec 83 p 1]

NYANZA PROVINCE MAIZE CROP INCREASE--Nyanza Province produced more than two
million bags of maize last year, the Provincial Commissioner, Mr Francis f
Cherogony, said yesterday. Addressing thousands of wananchi who had
gathered at Moi Stadium, Kisumu to celebrate and hear the President's
Jamhuri Day message, Mr Cherogony said the maize was more than enough for
consumption in the province. At the time of independence, the province
produced only 8,000 bags of maize. On education, Mr Cherogony said primary
schools in the province had increased to 2,480 while secondary schools

had increased to 448. Mr Cherogony said the province had 500 tarmac. roads
and classified roads running to 8,000 kilometres, with 1,000km of access
roads. He appealed to the business community to invest in Kisumu because
the town had all the required facilities. He also appealed to Nyanza
people, staying outside the province to pay regular visits so as to help
their parents in the rural areas. Also present at the occasion, were the
Kisumu Mayor, Councillor Nicholas Omolo and the Kisumu County Council chair-
man, Coun. Festo Nyandiga. In Kisii, leaders were asked to shun clannism
and sectionalism if more development was to be achieved. [Excerpt]

[Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 13 Dec 83 p 3]

HUNDREDS TO GET LAND-~All the 900-plus members of Nairobi's. Embakasi’ Ranching
Company Ltd, are to be settled on their 14,000-acre land before the end ‘of
next year. Over 2,000 shareholders have already been allocated a 1/4-acre
residential plot each, the chairman, Mr Godfrey Muhuri Muchiri, said yester-
day. He urged all members who had not cleared the outstanding Sh3,500 debt
on every share to do so immediately so they could get the plot to build
houses. Mr Muchiri, who is the MP for Embakasi, also told hundreds of
members at their ranch that the board of directors had bought two pieces

of land--one at Langata and the other at Athi River--of 1,060 acres at a
cost of some Sh7.2 m. He said the board had got title deeds for the plots
although some Shl.2m was still outstanding. Mr Muchiri was addressing the
shareholders during their seventh annual general meeting at their farm
opposite Dandora's Ruai Primary School. Members resolved to contribute
Sh100,000 from the company's coffee towards a Harambee funds drive for the
construction of schools in the area. The Harambee is scheduled for
February 5 next year. Mr Shah Sureshchandra, the company's auditors, read
accounts for 1982. The meeting resolved to retain the auditors for future
accounts. The auditor said as at December 31, 1982, the company had
incurred a loss of Sh142,177 which was an improvement on the previous
year's. He said net assets as per the same period stood at Sh12,187,281.
[Text] [Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 5 Dec 83 p 20]

FAMILIES MUST VACATE . LAND--More than 300 families in West Kitutu Loca-
tion, in Kisii District, have been ordered by the DC, Mr Maurice Makhanu,
to vacate their 28-acre piece of land within eight days. Issuing the
order, the DC said the families have been living on the land unlawfully.

68



——————————————_———___—_~~ &#&#€8}3}=— hh.

cso:

productive forces take the economy to
higher levels of development.

This continual movement forward and
higher is achieved, not through onesided
“rural development’ but through pro-
portional development in which all the
sectors are put into action simultaneously.
This is the strategy of stimulating the
internal dynamic of the national economy.
The essential sectors which must be brought
into play are:

@ Agriculture and industry

@ The sub-sectors within agriculture

@ The sub-sectors within industry

@ Production and transport

@ Material production and social welfare
@ Consumption and accumulation

@ Population growth and output and

@ Various regions.

These are mutually dependent sectors
and must reinforce each other in a regulated
and proportional way.

The key link in each of the sectors and
subsectors must be identified and given its
proper leading role. For instance, in
agriculture the key link is food; once there
is sufficient food for all, then both peasants
and workers can engage in other activities,
that is, economic (creating new value), cul-
tural (literacy, high education, technical
training, etc) and social (better housing,
beer health, better treatment facilities,
etc).

In industry, the key link is the production
of steel without which no serious indus-

3400/465

13

trialisation can take place; and without
industry no serious agriculture is possible
either, nor transport development which is
the fourth material production sector (after
food, clothing and shelter). An efficient
transport system is essential for the supply
of raw materials, processed materials and
fuel in good time to ensure both continuous
production and to carry the products from
points of production to points of con-
sumption, again in good time.

While agriculture remains the foundation
of national economy, nevertheless, industry
continues to play a leading role. The World
Bank and FAO critics of African economies
allege that one of the reasons for our
current crisis is our emphasis on building
steel industries — where this is so (outside
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Egypt, Algeria
and Nigeria) we are not told.

If we can learn anything from history it is
that, in order for development to take
place, it must necessarily take the following
order: agriculture, light industry and heavy
industry, each one of them supporting and
being supported by the other.

This is the route to real self-reliance. It is
the route that will transform us from being
nations of beggers — in the words of the
ECA, ‘‘characterised by a degradation of the
very essence of human dignity” — to nat-
ions of abundance; it is the route that will
assert rather than endanger our sovereignty.
It is the route to restore our national dignity
and esteem @

————


ZAMBIA

GOVERNMENT SHOULD CONSIDER INCREASING TRADE WITH SOUTH AFRICA
Lusaka DAILY MAIL in English 29 Dec 83 p 1

[Text] The Government should review the present policy on imports and con-
sider increasing trade with South Africa to reducé queues of essential com-
modities, Mineworkers Union of Zambia (MUZ) chairman, Mr Timothy Walamba said

in Kitwe yesterday.

Mr Walamba also called on the Party and its government to stop protecting
local industries which had let the nation down despite receiving assistance

for many years.

Opening a quarterly MUZ Supreme Council meeting at Katilungu House, Mr Walam-
ba said goods must now be. bought from the nearest and cheapest sources.

The meeting was attended for the first time by newly elected members of Par-
liament representing mine areas. Mr David Nkhata (Kantanshi), Mr Joel Mvula
(Nkana) and Mr Leonard Mpundu (Roan).

He said that there was a serious shortage of essential commodities in the
country because parastatal and private manufacturing companies had failed to
satisfy demand.

While it was true that some of the country's economic problems were beyond
its control "it is also true that in the majority of cases they are of our
own making."

"We are a landlocked country and shall remain so forever. Much as we have to
help our brothers and sisters still under racist regimes, this should not be
at the expense of our own people," Mr Walamba said. .

There was no need to continue with protectioninst policies which did not
benefit the common man who was at the centre of all activities.

He said the mining industry, too, would continue to be Zambia's nucleus of
economic well being and must therefore be allowed to continue importing
machinery and spare parts using the cheapest and shortest routes.

"TI am aware of the good intention in this policy of protecting. our local
industries and progressive disengagement in trade with the racists. But in

96



measures in response reflect our zealous concern not only for our own security
but for the security of our allies and friends.

The new military programs underway by the United States are inextricably linked
to a range of concepts and strategic doctrines: "disarming first nuclear strike,
"limited nuclear war," " lengthy nuclear conflict," etc. All these aggressive
doctrines, which threaten the general peace, start from the principle that it

is supposedly possible, py launching the first strike, to emerge the victor

in a nuclear war.

"

The Soviet Union takes as its first premise that any idea of launching a nuclear
war and coming out the victor is insane. If there were a nuclear war, there
couldbe no winners. It would inevitably lead to the death of entire nations

and incalculable destruction. It would have catastrophic consequences for civili-
zation and for life on earth itself.

The USSR and the other member nations of the Warsaw Pact advocate an international
agreement not to install nuclear weapons in countries which do not have them
today; in countries where they are already installed, they should not be increased.
The dange of turning local conflicts into an armed world confrontation is largely
owing to the attempts to involve, directly or indirectly, the states of Africa,
Latin America and Oceania in political-military alliances and to extend the

NATO sphere of action to them. The members of the Warsaw Pact affirm that they

do not intend to broaden the sphere of action of their alliance and urge the

NATO members to reject the extension of their bloc's zone of action to any

regions of the world.

[Question] As ambassador in Angola, how do you assess the situation in southern
Africa and, in light of this, the world tension which is developing with regard
to it?

[Answer] The situation in southern Africa is still difficult; the tension here
constitutes a threat to international peace.

The situation in Angola and surrounding it was examined during the visit by
Comrade Jose Eduardo dos Santos, president of the MPLA-Labor Party and of the
People's Republic of Angola, to the USSR in May of this year and in his conver-
sations with Comrade Yuriy Andropov, secretary general of the CPSU Central
Committee and chairman of the presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet. As you
know, it was established that the source of tension in this region is South
Africa, whose policy of apartheid, racism and colonialism has culminated in
its interference in the internal affairs of its neighbor sovereign states and
in the practice of destabilization, either by its own armed forces or through
support to puppet groups and divisionsists. The support given to the Pretoria
regime by the United States and other NATO member countries, as well as Israel,
has contributed decisively to the achievement of Pretoria's objectives.

The Soviet Union declares its solidarity with the Front Line countries and,
particularly, with the People's Republic of Angola in its selfless efforts to
free all of southern Africa.



What is the GBC?

In October 1963 an agreement was signed between the Republic of Guinea and
Harvey Aluminum Company of Delaware which created a joint venture, the Gui-
nea Bauxite Company, for the purpose of mining the bauxite deposits of the
Boke region. During the next few years negotiations between Guinea, Harvey
Aluminum of Delaware, and certain major aluminum producers led the latter
to participate in the project by buying shares in Halco Mining, Inc. (for-
merly Harvey Aluminum of Delaware). Thus the CBG was constituted with the
following participations:

The Popular Revolutionary Republic of Guinea 4g %

Halco ‘ 51%
Distributed as follows:
Alcan Aluminum Ltd 27%
Aluminum Company of America : 27%
Martin Marietta Aluminum 20 %
Vereinigte Aluminium Werke 10 %
Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann 10%
Montedison 6%

Participation of major aluminum producers in the Boke project is explained
by their long standing interest in Guinea, which happens to be one of the
first ranking countries in terms of potential pauxite production. Guinean
pauxite, moreover, is one of the world's best since its aluminum oxide con-
tent can exceed 65 percent.

In that context, and while remaining true to its policy of national inde-
pendence, our country has taken charge of pbuilding the project's infrastruc-
ture, to consist of the ore port, the town of Kamsar, and the Sangaredi-
Kamsar railroad. Decree no 425/PRG of 31 December 1965 consequently estab-
lished a Guinean public corporation, endowed with financial autonomy and
legal personality, and known as OFAB Boke Development Authority/ - The Gui-
nea Bauxite Company, for its part, concurrently took charge of carrying out
the mining project. In addition to the town of Sangaredi and: installations
for unloading, crushing, screening, intermediate storage, and loading of
ore on ships, this includes such related installations as housing, work~
shops, and power stations.

Total cost of all installations for the infrastructure and mining project
was originally estimated at $185 million. Total infrastructure cost was
estimated at $84 million, of which $64.6 million was to be provided by the
IBRD and the balance by the US Agency for International Development. Loans
were granted in September 1968. An additional loan was approved by the
World Bank in May 1971 in view of the fact that Halco and Guinea had agreed
to increase the project's annual capacity from 4.76 million metric tons, as
originally planned, to 9 million. The mining project was financed by a com-
pination of capital and loans provided by private sources.

47



SOUTH AFRICA

FREEDOM PARTY CHAIRMAN URGES EXECUTIVE MEETING
MB101450 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 1115 GMT 10 Jan 84

[Text] The national chairman of the Freedom Party, Mr (Kiwitz), has called on
the party leader, Mr (Julies) to convene an executive meeting of provincial
leaders as soon as possible so that the party may put its house in order, as he
expresses it.

Mr (Kiwitz) said in an interview that with the numerous resignations of senior
office bearers, who subsequently joined the Labor Party, the Freedom Party was
nearing its end. If his call did not receive the urgent attention it deserved,
he would have no choice but to resign as well.

Mr (Julies) has said in response to this that he originally intended to call a
national executive meeting for the 2lst of this month, but later felt that this
would be a waste of time. He said that he had now set aside the 18th of next
month for the party's annual congress. This is the second attempt to hold the
congress. The Transvaal was to have organized the first gathering, but post-
poned it after urging the party leadership to put its affairs in order.

Mr (Julies) said that an election in May, as requested by the Labor Party,

was impracticable. He had suggested instead to the minister of constitutional
development and planning, Mr Heunis, that there should be an election for mem-
bers of the colored house of representatives during the last quarter of this

year.

CSO: 3400/506



Carlos Tati suggested that a mobilization effort be conducted in national
languages where Portuguese is used frequently as a language of daily communi-
cation. A proposal has already heen submitted and it is being studied jointly
with the provincial JMPLA, he said,

5058
CSO; 3442/109



ANGOLA

DEPARTING SOVIET AMBASSADOR GRANTS INTERVIEW
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 16 Dec 83 p 12

[Text of interview with Vadim Luginov. departing Soviet ambassador to Angola,
by Andre Passy, date and place not specified]

[Text] The Soviet ambassador accredited in the People's
Republic of Angola [RPA] has ended his diplomatic mission.
Before departing, he granted an interview to the Angolan news
agency ANGOP, in which he declared: "I am leaving this coun-
try after 5 and 1/2 years, very pleased with the revolutionary
achievements of the Angolan people."

c Vadim Luginov acknowledged that "these years have not been
easy for the people of Angola. Unfortunately, after they had
won their independence, they had to face the imperialist and
racist forces that wanted to force them to abandon their path
to socialism." The diplomat concluded: "But the imperialists
have not managed to break the will of the Angolan people,
guided by the MPLA-Labor Party, led by the late beloved
President Agostinho Neto and his worthy successor, President
Jose Eduardo dos Santos. As they say in Angola, the struggle
continues and victory is certain. We Soviets are and will con-
tinue to be the unconditional friends of the Angolan people."

The ambassador also agreed to respond to questions pertaining
to the problem of the nuclear weapons which the U.S. Government
has irresponsibly placed in Western Europe, causing an abrupt
change in the international situation, which was already tense
"per se."

The ambassador explained that the Americans and their allies must
not feel that they are in a position of superiority, because this
could lead them to make the first strike.

He condemned the suicidal policy conducted by the Western coun-
tries which allowed nuclear weapons to be deployed on their
territory, noting that the buttons controlling these missiles
are not even in these countries, but in the United States, which,
with the USSR are the only states in the world which have anti-
missile defense systems.



KENYA

LOCAL COMPANY SUPPLYING TECHNOLOGY
Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 6 Dec 83 p 13
[Article by Patrick Ngugi]

[Text] Seacom Marine Electronics Engineering Ltd. one of the leading com-
panies involved in professional electronics engineering in Mombasa, has
just opened a branch in Nairobi.

According to its managing director, Mr I, Kasera, various organisations in
Nairobi, which are interested in marine engineering, will not need to send
their queries all the way to Mombasa and they will no longer have to wait
for weeks for replies. Their queries will be answered and many problems
solved in Nairobi. The Nairobi branch is on the first floor of the
Reinsurance Plaza.

Mr Kasera, who was interviewed in his 14th floor office in Bima Towers,
Mombasa, said that many organisations in Nairobi with simple problems had
difficulty getting someone in Mombasa to attend to their problems.

But sometimes it was quite expensive because of the high charges on the
long distance telephone calls and delays inthe mail. With the opening of
the Nairobi office, enquiries will be made cheaply and answered promptly.

The principal activities are radio commumications--Very High Frequency. (VHF),
marine electronics, radar, echo~sounder.and gyrocompass. Other. important
activities include installation and servicing of antenna system, electronic
instrumentation, security and access control.

The company also supplies electronic communication equipment for radio and
television, ship-to-shore and point-to-point, HF and VHF equipment. Its
activities are organised in two divisions and these are marine and commer-
cial.

Seacom's marine business is conducted in the port by its experienced marine
electronics engineers. According to Mr Kasera, a wide range of marine

equipment is serviced and maintained.

These equipment include marine radar, echo-sounders, direction finders,
gyrocompass, auto-pilot, VHF and HF. The company has supplied the needs

58



INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

REFUGEES, THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA EXAMINED
Pretoria ISSUP STRATEGIC REVIEW in English Dec 83 pp 20-30
[Article by N. Marais, Institute for Strategic Studies, University of Pretoria]

[Text]
1 INTRODUCTION

The 20th century is universally regarded as the century of political
persecution and intolerance, but these phenomena, together with the
refugee question usually associated with them, are certainly not unknown
in history. In 1924, Columbus discovered the New World, a region that for
the next five centuries was to serve as a haven for thousands of political and
religious refugees, and in the same year Spain expelled thousands of Jews
and Moors.”

Seen only in terms of numbers, however, the history of refugees is .
dominated by the 20th century. During the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917,
roughly 1,5 million Russians became refugees: thousands of Greeks and
Armenians fled Turkey in the 1920s, and in the 1930s the majority of Jews
had to flee Nazi Germany. It is estimated that the two World Wars
resulted in about 70 million refugees in Europe alone.”

Nor did the end of the Second World War mean the end of the
refugee problem. Immediately after the war, large numbers of people fled
East Germany for West Germany, while the division of India in 1947 and
the establishment of the state of Israel in 1949 caused similar problems.
Communist takeovers in China, North Korea and Vietnam created literal-
ly millions of refugees in Asia. The decolonization of Africa had similar
results for that continent.

An attempt will be made to define the term refugee and to determine
the causes and results of this phenomenon. Organizations concerned with
this matter will also be looked at briefly, while the latter part of this article
deals specifically with refugees in South Africa.

2. DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT

One of the first official definitions of the term refugee since the Second
World War is found in the 1951 Refugee Convention. According to this
Convention, a refugee is defined as a person “who is outside his former
home country owing to well founded fear of persecution for reasons of
race, religion, nationality or political opinion”.® The problem with this
definition is that “well founded fear” is a subjective matter. The question
of who is entitled to be known as a refugee is complicated by a United Na-


SOUTH AFRICA

JOHANNESBURG RADIO HAILS MOZAMBIQUE COOPERATION AGREEMENT
MB101640 Johannesburg International Service in English 1500 GMT 3 Jan 84
[Station commentary: "A Pattern for Southern Africa'']

[Text] The cooperation agreements that have been announced between South
Africa and Mozambique could signal a brekkthrough that goes beyond improved
relations between the two countries, with implications for the whole of
southern Africa. The regional significance lies at two levels. Firstly,

the agreements are the manifestation of the renewed drive in which leading
Western countries are actively participating to help establish and strengthen
a grouping of moderate states devoted to the stability and economic progress
of the region. Secondly, they provide the outlines of a pattern for achieving
those goals of development and stability.

Mozambique has for some time been making more friendly approaches to the West.
Under the combined pressures of economic disintegration and revolutionary
internal opposition, Marxist radicalism has slowly been making way for pol-
icies of rapproachement with states able and willing to help where the Soviet
(?mentors) have failed. In response, the United States and Portugal have been
especially active in renewing contacts, and Washington recently healed the
diplomatic breach by appointing a new ambassador in Maputo. For the United
States, Mozambique is a potential starting point for achieving its southern
African objective of a bloc of stable, viable countries capable of withstand-
ing Soviet pressures. At the center of its strategy, administration spokesmen
have pointed out, is an acceptance by the countries of two fundamental prin-
ciples: that violence and subversion across borders cannot be tolerated; and
that development depends on actively seeking cooperation across those borders.
That, again, requires the close involvement of South Africa.

It is at this point that South Africa's own objectives in southern Africa coin-
cide precisely with those of the United States. Pretoria has repeatedly stated
that it seeks a cooperative dispensation with its neighbors, and that it is pre-
pared to apply its own considerable resources to that development. It has
spelled out the advantages of cooperation, and projects which benefit all
parties. Cahora Bassa is a striking example.

But it has also pointed out that such a dispensation can only come about if all
adhere to a policy of good neighborliness and refrain from activities such as



Timid Civil Service

Admittedly, Cameroon's fundamentally sound economic and financial condition
enables it to cope with this combination of difficulties more effectively
than some other countries. It could cope even more readily, however, if

its civil: service was more development minded. But this is quite far from
being the case. Cameroonian civil servants are traditionally very suspicious
of economic operators, particularly if they are foreign. They are unduly
timid, especially in using funds allocated to their departments or agencies.
They are fussy and nitpicking but without necessarily always being indifferent
to bribery: The latter helps smugglers at the expense of Cameroonian tax
authorities and regular business firms. A case in point: the textile industry
is subject to unfair competition from clandestine imports from neighboring
Nigeria. This civil service unquestionably constitutes a major impediment to
the investments the government zealously seeks.

President Biya and his close associates are now fully aware of all these
problems. Nevertheless, the very large number of personnel changes they
have had to make throughout the civil service these past few months to more
firmly establish their authority, have had, for the time being; primarily
a paralyzing effect that has, paradoxically, accentuated rather than
corrected most of these deficiencies.

It is no surprise, therefore, that when business leaders are asked these days

about their intentions, they tend to answer with a terse "wait and see,"
even though they remain confident about the future.

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35


both cases we have either killed the industries which we intended to protect
or we are following a policy without the full support of the people," he
said.

Although local manufacturers of goods were being protected, they had not
reciprocated by putting out cheaper goods.

"I know I am going to be called names by those who pretend to be patriots

and yet they are political flyweights and counter revolutionaries. I am
merely expressing the wishes of those I lead because ideologies are for poli-
ticians and can never feed the nation," Mr Walamba said.

While it was appreciated that the party and its government had done a lot for
the country, "none of us is going to be proud of these achievements when our
children go to school without shoes because they are not available in the
shops even.when we can afford them."

"Indeed who is going to be proud of our hospitals when our sick children are
going to sleep on filthy hospital beds because there is a shortage of soap in
the country?" Mr Walamba asked.

The MUZ chairman also called onthe MPs to work hand-in-hand with the union in
ensuring that conditions of service were improved.

Miners had in the past been let down by MPs who had failed to represent them
but instead preoccupied themselves with personal businesses.

Addressing the miners, Mr Nkhata pledged that he would continue to support
demands by miners to have a public holiday declared in memory of miners who
perished in the Mufulira mine disaster.

Mr Nkhata who is a former miner, said that it pained him to see miners going
for work on public holidays, for no extra pay while other workers stayed at
home.

Mr Mvula said that he would fight the tendency of asking the common man to
tighten his belt while leaders were "loosening theirs."

He said he would work for social justice because he believed that leaders
who were afraid of trade unions and the Press were men and women who had com—
mitted crimes against the people.

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97


Habre's regime had already sought shelter in the CAR last June. Consisting
mostly of southern officers close to Colonel Kamougue, this group was quickly
thrown back toward Brazzaville. Shortly afterwards, several of these south-
ern officers had been able to reach the northern part of Chad via Libya, it
was learned in Bangui.

By the end of September the authorities had detained in Bangui a formerly
close collaborator of Hissein Habre, now a dissident, Ousmane Gam. In May
1983 he had escaped from the Guereda Jail, in the eastern part of Chad, where
he had been interned for nearly 2 years. Arriving in the CAR, Ousmane Gam,
some 40 years old, asked the country's leaders for political asylum. They
refused and jailed him in the Bangui security center. Ousmane Gam, who could
be the object of an official extradition request, may be charged by Chad with

criminal activities.

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