# Patent

## Title
Apparatus for, and method of, processing signals transmitted over a local area network

## Abstract

An aspect of the invention provides for recovering communicated information in a communication system. Recovering communicated information in a communication system may include generating a first digital signal from a received analog signal bearing communicated information, the first digital signal having a pre-cursor response and a post-cursor response. A second digital signal may be generated that limits a duration of at least a portion of the post-cursor response and a third digital signal may be generated that inhibits at least a portion of the pre-cursor response. A fourth digital signal that inhibits at least a portion of the post-cursor response and a fifth digital signal that limits a duration of at least a portion of the fourth signal may be generated in order to recover the communicated information. A sixth digital signal based on at least the third digital signal and the fifth digital signal may be generated.

## Background
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/482,699, filed Jan. 13, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,730, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/970,557, filed Nov. 14, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,178,198, issued Jan. 23, 2001. The above applications are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.


This invention relates to systems for, and methods of, providing for the transmission and reception of signals through unshielded twisted pairs of wires between a repeater and a plurality of clients. The invention particularly relates to systems for, and methods of, using digital techniques for enhancing the recovery, and the quality of such recovery, of the analog signals passing through the unshielded twisted pairs of wires to the client so that the information represented by such analog signals will be accurately recovered at the client.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In a hub-and-spoke network topology, a repeater resides on a hub. The repeater facilitates an exchange of data packets among a number of clients. A client can be a computer, a facsimile machine, another computer, etc. The repeater serves several ports where each port is connected to an individual one of the clients with a separate point-to-point link between the repeater and such client.
In a 100BASE-TX signalling protocol, unshielded twisted pairs of wires constitute the point-to-point link between the repeater and each of the clients. Each link consists of two pairs of unshielded twisted wires. One pair of the unshielded twisted wires provides for a transmission of data from the repeater to an individual one of the clients. The other pair of the unshielded twisted wires provides for a transmission of data from the individual one of the clients to the repeater.
When information is illustratively transmitted from the repeater to an individual one of the clients in a 100BASE-TX system, the information is originally in digital form. The digital information may represent individual ones of a plurality of analog levels. Specifically, in a 100BASE-TX System, the digital signals may represent analog levels of +1, 0 and −1.
The digital information at the repeater may be converted to analog form and then transmitted in analog form through the unshielded twisted pair of wires to the individual one of the clients. The transmitted signals are received in analog form at the individual one of the clients. The received signals are then processed to recover the transmitted information represented by the analog information.
The distance between the repeater and the individual one of the clients may be as great as one hundred meters. The unshielded twisted pair of wires coupling the repeater and the individual one of the clients produces a degradation in the characteristics of the signals as the signals pass through the unshielded twisted pair of wires. The amount of the degradation rapidly increases with increases in the length of the unshielded twisted pair of wires connected between the repeater and the individual one of the clients.
The degradation results in part from Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), signal attenuation, crosstalk, clock jitter and a number of other factors. Such degradation severely distorts the transmitted data signals. The degradation also results in part from the fact that the analog information transmitted from the repeater to the individual one of the clients is also received at the other clients connected to the repeater and is reflected back to the repeater, thereby affecting the characteristics of the signals transmitted from the repeater to the individual one of the clients.
Analog techniques have been used in the prior art to process the analog signals received at the individual one of the clients. These analog techniques have not been completely effective in eliminating the degradation or distortions in the signals received at the individual one of the clients. This has caused errors to be produced in the information received and processed at the individual one of the clients. This has been true even though the 100BASE-TX system provides substantially greater noise immunity than other types of systems and is able to handle smaller signal levels than other types of systems.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a system for, and method of, converting analog signals received at a client from a repeater to corresponding digital signals. The digital signals are processed to shift the times for the production of the digital signals so that the digital signals are produced at the zero crossings of clock signals having a particular frequency. The digital signals are also processed to determine at each instant the magnitude of the digital signals closest to the magnitude representing individual ones of a plurality of amplitude levels such as +1, 0 and −1 and to then convert such magnitude to such closest one of such amplitude levels. In this way, the information represented by the transmitted signals is accurately recovered at the client.
In one embodiment of the invention, digital signals provided by a repeater connected as by unshielded twisted pairs of wires to a plurality of clients are converted to analog signals. The analog signals become degraded during transmission through the wires. At the client, the degraded analog signals are converted to digital signals. Initially, the phases of the digital signals are coarsely adjusted to have the times assumed for a zero crossing of the digital signals coincide in time with the zero crossing of a clock signal. This phase adjustment is made by determining the polarity, and the polarity of any change, in the digital signals at the time assumed to be the zero crossings of the digital signal.
Subsequently the pre-cursor and post-cursor responses (resulting from the signal degradations) in the digital signals are respectively inhibited by a feed forward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer. A high pass filter and a tail canceller also inhibit the post-cursor response of the digital signals by limiting the time duration of the post-cursor response.
Phase adjustments are made in the resultant digital signals, after the inhibition in the pre-cursor and post-cursor responses, by determining the polarity, and the polarity of any change, in the digital signals at the times assumed to be the zero crossings of the digital signals. However, before any phase adjustments are made, a phase offset is provided in the digital signals to compensate for phase degradations produced in the signals passing through the unshielded twisted pairs of wires.
Although the invention is discussed in this application with reference to the 100BASE-TX system, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to the 100BASE-TX system. For example, the invention is applicable to any 100BASE-TX system. The invention is also applicable to other systems.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram, primarily in block form, of a system known in the prior art and including a repeater, a plurality of clients and a plurality of links (e.g., unshielded twisted pairs of wires) each connected between the repeater and an individual one of the clients;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram, primarily in block form, of a system known in the prior art for encoding information in digital form at the repeater, converting the digital information to analog information at the repeater, transmitting the analog information to a client, converting the analog information to digital information at the client and decoding the digital information at the client to recover the transmitted information;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing how digital bits of information are scrambled at the receiver in the prior art and how the scrambled bits are encoded at the repeater to a sequence of bits having a plurality of amplitude levels such as +1, 0, and −1;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram, primarily in block form, of a system known in the prior art for encoding information in digital form and transmitting the information in an analog form to a client and of a system included as one embodiment of the invention for digitally processing the analog signals received at the client to recover the encoded information;
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram, primarily in block form, of a system, including equalizers, for inclusion in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 to process digitally the analog signals received at the client and to produce signals representative of individual ones of the plurality of amplitude levels such as +1, 0 and −1;
FIG. 6 is a curve schematically illustrating the pulse response of a link (e.g. unshielded twisted pairs of wires) connected between the repeater and the client in the system shown in FIGS. 4 and 5;
FIG. 7 is a curve similar to that shown in FIG. 6 and illustrates the response of the system after an operation of a high pass filter included in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 in limiting the length of a tail in the cable response shown in FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a curve similar to that shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 and illustrates the response of the system after an operation of a tail canceller included in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 in limiting the length of the tail in the cable response shown in FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 shows curve illustrating the pattern of digital signals encoded at the repeater at the different amplitude levels such as +1, 0 and −1 and the pattern of the analog signals received at the client as a result of such encoding at the repeater;
FIG. 10 illustrates the adaptive thresholds for controlling whether the digital signals produced at each instant at the client represent individual ones of a plurality of amplitude levels such as +1, 0 and −1;
FIG. 11 shows different timing relationships between (a) a voltage assumed at the client to be at a zero crossing in the production of digital signals at the client and (b) a zero crossing of a clock signal at a particular frequency, these timing relationships being used to adjust the time at which the voltage is assumed to be at the zero crossing;
FIG. 12 illustrates the timing offset, made in the voltage assumed at the client to be at a zero crossing in the production of digital signals at the client, to compensate for the phase degradation produced during the passage of signals through the unshielded twisted pair of wires connected between the repeater and the client; and
FIG. 13 provides timing relationships similar to those shown in FIG. 11 but including the effects of the offset shown in FIG. 12.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The discussion in this specification may be considered to relate specifically to a 100BASE-TX system for the purposes of explanation and understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood that the concepts of this invention and the scope of the claims apply to other types of systems than the 100BASE-TX system. For example, the concept of this invention and the scope of the claims apply to any 100BASE-TX system. For example, the concepts of the invention and the scope of the claims also apply to other systems than 100BASE-TX systems.
FIG. 1 illustrates a system, generally indicated at 10, of the prior art. The system includes a repeater 12 and a plurality of clients 14, 16 and 18. The repeater 12 facilitates the exchange of data packets between the repeater and the clients 14, 16 and 18 and among the clients. Each of the clients 14, 16 and 18 may be a computer, a facsimile machine, another repeater or a number of other different types of equipment. The clients 14, 16 and 18 may be respectively connected to the repeater 12 as by cable or links 20, 22 and 24. The cables or links 20, 22 and 24 may be respectively connected to ports 26, 23 and 30 in the repeater 12.
Although the following discussion relates to the transfer of information from the repeater 12 to individual ones of the clients 14, 16 and 18, it will be appreciated that the information transfer may be from individual ones of the clients 14, 16 and 18 to the repeater 12 without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, a different number of clients than three (3) may be connected to the repeater 12 without departing from the scope of the invention
The cables or links 20, 22 and 24 may constitute pairs of unshielded twisted wires. Two pairs of such wires may be provided between the repeater 12 and each individual one of the clients 14, 16 and 18. One pair of such wires provides for a transmission of information from the repeater 12 to the individual one of the clients 14, 16 and 18. The other pair of such wires provides for the transmission of information from the individual one of the clients 14, 16 and 18 to the repeater 12.
In the prior art, each of the links 14, 16 and 18 severely distorts the transmitted data packets. The amount of the degradation rapidly increases with increases in the length of the link. The degradation results from Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), signal attenuation, crosstalk, clock jitter, etc. Therefore, an adaptor is provided to couple data reliably to and from the link. The adaptor provides the interface to a computer on one side (e.g., ISA, EISA, PCI, etc.) of the adaptor and to the links such as the link 20 on the other side of the adaptor. It can also include circuitry such as a transducer to transmit data to, and receive data from, a link such as the links 14, 16 and 18.
A transceiver generally indicated at 32 is shown in FIG. 2 and is known in the prior art with respect to most of the blocks shown in FIG. 2. The transceiver 32 includes a standard connector designated as a Media Independent Interface (MII) 34. The Media Independent Interface 34 may be a four (4)-bit wide data path in both the transmit and receive directions. Clocked at a suitable frequency such as 25 MHz, it results in a net throughput in both directions of data at a suitable rate such as 100 Mb/sec. It provides a symmetrical interface in both the transmit and receive directions and may have a total of forty (40) clock, data and control pins.
The input data passes through the Media Independent Interface 34 in FIG. 2 to a 4B5B Encoder 36. The input data is grouped into nibbles (or groups of four (4) bits each). Each 4-bit nibble is then encoded to produce a five (5)-bit symbol. The 4B5B encoding was originally provided to (1) maintain dc balanced codes—in other words, equal numbers of 1's and 0's, (2) introduce redundancy so that control information can be distinguished from data, and (3) provide sufficient transitions to facilitate clock recovery. A consequence of 4B5B encoding is that the data rate increases to a suitable rate such as 125 Mb/sec. and the coding efficiency is reduced to eighty percent (80%) because of this increase in data rate without a corresponding increase in the amount of data processed.
The 5B encoded symbols from the encoder 36 are introduced to a scrambler 38 in FIG. 2. The 5B encoded symbols are scrambled to ensure that the transmitted spectrum complies with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandates on EMI. The scrambler 38 may be a maximal-length Pseudo Noise (PN) sequence generator with a period of 2047 bits. It is generated by an 11-b linear feedback shift register (LFSR). The output bits from the scrambler 38 are generated recursively as X(n)=X(n−11)+X(n−9). The pseudo-random bit stream produced by the scrambler 38 is exclusive-or'd with the transmit datastream. Scrambling destroys the dc balance and transition properties of the 5B codes.
The scrambled bits are indicated schematically at 40 in FIG. 3. The scrambled bits 40 are encoded by an MLT-3 encoder 42 to produce bits indicated at 44 in FIG. 3. The scrambled bits 40 provide a binary 1 when a transition is to be made in the amplitude level between symbol values of +1, 0 and −1. If a scrambled bit is a 0, the amplitude level of the previous bit in the sequence 44 is retained. By controlling the transitions (not allowing a direct transition between states +1 and −1), MLT-3 signalling limits the maximum frequency to 31.25 MHz (Nyquist frequency is 62.5 MHz).
The signals from the MLT-3 encoder 42 are introduced to a digital-to-analog converter 46 and the resultant analog signals are passed through one of the links such as the link 20 in FIG. 1. The signals at the other end of the link such as the link 20 are then processed by an analog equalizer 47 and the resultant signals are introduced to an MLT-3 decoder 50. The MLT-3 decoder operates to decode the signals previously encoded by the MLT-3 encoder 42. The decoded signals then pass to a descrambler 52 which operates to descramble the signals previously scrambled by the scrambler 38. A 4B5B decoder then operates to decode to four (4) bits the five (5) bit encoding provided by the encoder 36. The signals in the four (4) bit format then pass to the Media Independent Interface 34.
The signals passing through the link such as the link 14 in FIG. 1 have not been converted in the prior art to the digital form such as provided as at 48 in FIG. 4 in the embodiment of this invention. Instead, the signals passing through the link such as the link 20 have been processed in the prior art in the analog form. This has prevented the distortions produced in the links such as the link 20 from being eliminated to the extent that they are eliminated when the signals are processed in the digital form as in the embodiment of this invention. Furthermore, as will be seen from the subsequent discussions, applicants use individual techniques in this invention to process the signals in the digital form. These individual techniques have not been provided in the prior art. These individual techniques cause the information represented by the digital signals to be recovered with an enhanced accuracy relative to that obtained in the prior art.
FIG. 4 illustrates a circuit diagram, primarily in block form, of applicants' invention when incorporated in the prior art system shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 4, the blocks common to the blocks shown in FIG. 2 are given the same numerical designations as the corresponding blocks shown in FIG. 2. However, additional blocks are shown in FIG. 4 and these are given individual identifications in FIG. 4. These include a transformer 60 between the digital-to-analog converter 46 and the link 20 and a transformer 62 between the link 20 and the analog-to-digital converter 48.
A block generally indicated at 64 and generically designated as an equalizer receives the output of the analog-to-digital converter 48 in FIG. 4. The equalizer 64 is shown in detail in FIG. 5 and will be described in detail subsequently. The digital signals from the analog-to-digital converter 48 are also introduced to a timing recovery stage 66, the output of which passes to the analog-to-digital converter 48 to control the operation of the converter. The operation of the timing recovery stage 66 is controlled by a clock signal generator 68 which generates clock signals at a particular frequency such as approximately 125 MHz. The operation of the clock signal generator 68 may be crystal controlled as at 70. In addition to receiving inputs from the analog-to-digital converter 48, the timing recovery stage 66 receives as an input the output from the equalizer 64. The output of the equalizer 64 also passes to the MLT-3 decoder 50 also shown in FIG. 2.
As previously indicated, the MLT-3 encoder 42 provides digital signals at a suitable frequency such as approximately 125 MHz. These signals are converted to analog signals by the converter 46. After being introduced to the transformer 60, the analog signals are passed through the link such as the link 20 to the transformer 62, which introduces the signals to the analog-to-digital converter 48.
FIG. 9 illustrates at 70 the signals produced by the MLT encoder 42. As will be seen, the signals from the encoder 42 have at each instant one of three (3) amplitude levels such as +1, 0 and −1 to represent information. FIG. 9 also illustrates at 72 the signals received at the analog-to-digital converter 48. As will be seen, there is a considerable degradation or distortion of the signals 72 relative to the signals 70. This degradation is produced in the link 20 and is also produced because of the interference provided by the signals in the links 22 and 24.
It is desirable for the converter 48 to sample the analog signals at the zero crossing and peak amplitude of the waveform 70. In this way, the converter 48 will provide an indication of the amplitude level of the encoded signals from the encoder 42. For example, if the converter 48 samples the analog signals in FIG. 9 at the times indicated at 74, 76 and 78, the converter will produce digital signals respectively representing the analog levels +1, 0 and −1. However, if the converter 48 samples the signals at a time indicated at 80 or at a time indicated at 82, the converter will produce digital signals which may not represent the proper one of the analog levels +1, 0 and −1. This may cause errors to be produced in the reproduction of the information represented by the digital signals produced by the converter 48.
The timing recovery stage 66 in FIG. 24 operates at a suitable frequency such as approximately 125 MHz to produce digital signals having amplitudes corresponding to the magnitudes of the analog signals 72 in FIG. 9 at the instants of conversion. The timing recovery stage 66 operates to adjust the times that the digital signals are produced by the converter 48 so that these signals occur at the zero crossings and the peak amplitudes of the waveform 70. In this way, the digital signals will be produced by the converter 48 at times such as the times 74, 76 and 78 in FIG. 9 rather than at times such as the times 80 and 82 in FIG. 9.
FIG. 10 illustrates how the timing recovery stage 66 initially operates to determine whether each digital conversion has an amplitude level representing +1, 0 or −1. For an analog voltage between −0.5 volts and +0.5 volts, the amplitude level of the digital conversion of this analog voltage is initially assumed to be 0. For an analog voltage with a positive value greater than +0.5 volts, the amplitude level of the digital conversion of the analog voltage initially is assumed to be +1. When the analog voltage has a negative value with an absolute magnitude greater than 0.5 volts, the amplitude level of the digital conversion of the analog voltage is initially assumed to be −1. These assumptions are made because of the considerable distortion in the characteristics of the signals 72 (FIG. 9) introduced to the converter 48 relative to the characteristics of the signals 70 produced by the encoder 42.
FIG. 11 indicates how phase adjustments are initially made for different operating conditions to have the time assumed by the converter 48 for the zero crossing of the digital voltage Vo coincide in time with the time for the zero crossing of the clock signals from the clock generator 68. FIG. 11 indicates four (4) different conditions in which phase adjustments are made in the time assumed by the converter 48 for the zero crossing of the digital voltage. For each of these four (4) conditions, the indication “0” represents the time at which the clock signal from the clock signal generator 68 crosses the zero line. Furthermore, for each of these four (4) operating conditions, Vo indicates the voltage which is actually produced by the analog-to-digital converter 48 at the time assumed by the converter to constitute the time at which a zero crossing occurs.
As will be seen in FIG. 4, the digital signals from the analog-to-digital converter 48 are shown as being introduced directly to the timing recovery stage 66. This occurs before the equalizer 64 becomes operative to determine whether each of the digital signals from the converter 48 has an amplitude level of +1, 0, or −1. The digital signals from the converter 48 are initially processed by the timing recovery stage 66 because no significant information is obtained from the operation of the equalizer 64 until a coarse adjustment has been provided by the timing recovery stage in the times for the production of the voltage Vo.
The first condition in FIG. 11 is designated as “+0 transition.” In this condition, the voltage Vo is positive as indicated by a “+” sign above and to the left of the “Vo” designation. Furthermore, the Vo voltage occurs before the “0” voltage indicating the time at which the clock signals from the generator 68 cross the zero line. As shown in the curve at the left in FIG. 11, the voltage decreases from Vo to the “0” line crossing. Under such conditions, the time for the production of the digital signals by the converter 48 would be moved to the right—or, from a time standpoint, delayed—in FIG. 11 to have the Vo indication coincide in time with the “0” indication.
If the Vo voltage should be negative with the same shape of curve as shown in the “0−” transition in FIG. 11, the Vo voltage would be below and to the right of the “0” indication. Under such circumstances, the time for the production of the digital signals by the converter 48 would be moved to the left—or, from a time standpoint, advanced—in FIG. 11 to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
The condition second from the left in FIG. 11 is designated as “−0transition.” In that condition, Vo is below the “0” indication from a voltage standpoint and occurs to the left—or, from a time standpoint, before—the “0” indication. Furthermore, the Vo voltage is negative as indicated by a “−” sign to the left and below the “0” and “Vo” indications. Under such circumstances, the voltage Vo is moved to the right—or, from a time standpoint, delayed—to have the Vo indication coincide in time with the “0” indication.
If the Vo indication should be positive with the same shape of curve as shown in the “−0” transition in FIG. 11, the Vo voltage would be above and to the right of the “0” indication. Under such circumstances, the production of the voltage Vo would be moved to the left by the converter 48—or, from a time standpoint, advanced—in FIG. 11 to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
The third condition in FIG. 11 is designated as a “0+” transition. In that condition, the “0” indication is below and to the left—or, from a time standpoint, before—the Vo indication. In other words, Vo is positive relative to the “0” indication. This is indicated by a “+” sign above and to the right of the Vo indication. Under such circumstances, the production of the Vo indication would be moved to the left—or, from a time standpoint, advanced—in FIG. 11 to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
If the Vo indication should be negative with the same shape of curve as shown in the “−0” transition in FIG. 11, the Vo voltage would be below and to the left of the “0” indication. Under such circumstances, the time for the production of the digital signals by the converter 48 would be moved to the right—or, from a time standpoint, delayed—in FIG. 11 to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
The fourth condition in FIG. 11 is designated as a “0−” transition. In that condition, the “0” indication is above and to the left—or, from a time standpoint, before—the Vo indication. In other words, Vo is negative relative to the “0” indication. This is indicated by a “−” sign below and to the right of the Vo indication. Under such circumstances, the timing of the Vo indication would be moved to the left—or, from a time standpoint, advanced—in FIG. 11 to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
If the Vo indication should be positive with the same shape of curve as shown in the “0−” transition in FIG. 11, the Vo voltage should be above and to the left of the “0” indication. Under such circumstances, the production of the digital signals by the converter would be moved to the right—or, from a time standpoint, delayed—in FIG. 11 to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
After the time of the Vo indication has been adjusted as shown in FIG. 11 and discussed above to have it coincide in time with the “0” indication, the digital signals from the analog-to-digital converter 48 are introduced to the equalizer 64 in FIG. 4. The equalizer 64 is shown in detail in FIG. 5. In FIG. 5, the signals from the analog-to-digital converter 48 are introduced to a high pass filter 100. The signals from the high pass filter 100 in turn pass to a feed forward equalizer 102. A feed forward equalizer such as the equalizer 100 is known in the prior art. The signals from the feed forward equalizer 102 are introduced to an adder 104 which also receives signals from an adder 106.
The adder 106 receives the outputs from a decision feedback equalizer 108 and from a tail canceller 110. A decision feedback analyzer such as the equalizer 102 is known in the prior art. The signals from the decision feedback equalizer 108 are also introduced to the tail canceller 110. Signals are introduced to the decision feedback equalizer 108 from a quantizer 112. The quantizer 112 receives the output from the adder 104. The quantizer 112 (also known as a slicer) is known in the art.
A feed forward equalizer, a decision feedback equalizer and a slicer are shown in FIG. 7 and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,741, issued to Henry Samueli, Mark Berman and Fan Lu on Feb. 18, 1997, for an “Ethernet System” and assigned of record to the assignee of record of this application. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,741 if any additional disclosure is necessary to complete the disclosure of the feed forward equalizer 102, the decision feedback equalizer 108, the quantizer 112 and the adder 104 in this application.
As will be seen in FIG. 6, a composite signal generally indicated at 120 is shown as being comprised of a left portion 122 and a right portion 124. Each of the portions 122 and 124 has distortions. The distortions in the left portion 122 may be considered as a pre-cursor response. The distortions in the right portion 124 may be considered as a post-cursor response. The distortions result in part from the fact that the digital signals representing information or data develop tails as they travel through the unshielded twisted pairs of wires defined as the links 20, 22 and 24. The distortions also result in part from the reflections from the links 20, 22 and 24 to the repeater 12 in FIG. 1.
The feed forward equalizer 102 may be considered to correct for distortions (or pre-cursor responses) in the portion 122 of the composite signal 120. The decision feedback equalizer 124 may be considered to correct for distortions (or post-cursor responses) in the portion 124 of the composite signal 120. As will be seen in FIG. 6, the distortions (or post-cursor response) in the portion 124 of the composite signal 120 result in a tail 126. This tail extends for a considerable period of time as indicated by the number of taps along the horizontal axis in FIG. 6. If corrections had to be provided for as many as fifty (50) taps to eliminate or significantly reduce the tail 126, this would unduly complicate the construction of the decision feedback equalizer 64 in FIG. 4.
To simplify the construction of the equalizer 64 in FIG. 4, the high pass filter 100 and the tail canceller 110 are included in the embodiment of the equalizer as shown in FIG. 5. The high pass filter 100 operates to block the passage of the low frequency signals which constitute a significant portion of the tail 126. As a result of the operation of the high pass filter 100, the length of the tail 126 is significantly reduced as indicated at 128 in FIG. 7. As will be seen schematically by a comparison of FIGS. 6 and 7, the number of taps is reduced from approximately fifty (50) in FIG. 6 to approximately (twenty) 20 in FIG. 7 because of the inclusion of the high pass filter 100 in FIG. 5.
The tail canceller 110 reduces the number of taps required in the decision feedback equalizer. This may be seen from FIG. 8, which illustrates the tail on an enlarged schematic basis. As shown in FIG. 8, the tail decays substantially on an exponential basis from a position 130 which is the last tap of the decision feedback equalizer. This exponential decay is predictable. The tail canceller 110 accurately predicts the shape of this exponential decay and provides a cancellation of this exponential decay The tail canceller 110 may constitute a first order recursive filter.
The output from the equalizer 64 in FIG. 4 is obtained from the quantizer 112 in FIG. 5. The quantizer 112 provides a plurality (e.g. 3) of progressive amplitude values and determines the particular one of the three (3) amplitude values closest to the output from the adder 104 for each of the digital signals produced by the converter 48. The quantizer 112 provides this output on a line 114 for each of the digital signals to indicate the data or information represented by such digital signals. In this way, the equalizer 64 in FIG. 4 restores the analog levels of the digital signals to the analog levels of these digital signals at the repeater 12 even with the distortions produced in these signals as they pass through the unshielded twisted pairs of wires defining the link such as the link 14.
The signals from the quantizer 112 in FIG. 5 are introduced to the timing recovery stage 66 in FIG. 4. The timing recovery stage provides a fine regulation of the time at which the analog-to-digital converter 42 produces the voltage Vo. As a first step in this regulation, the timing recovery stage 66 determines the amount of offset produced in the voltage Vo as a result of the distortion produced in the unshielded twisted pairs of wires constituting the link such as the link 20.
FIG. 12 illustrates the voltage Vo at 140 and illustrates at 142 the “0” indication corresponding to the time at which the clock signal provided by the generator 68 crosses the zero axis. FIG. 12 also illustrates at 144 the shift in phase of the voltage Vo as a result of the offset produced by the unshielded twisted pair of wires constituting the link such as the link 20. This voltage with the shifted phase is designated as Zo=Vo—Voff where Voff is the offset voltage resulting from the phase distortion or degradation produced by the unshielded twisted pair of wires constituting the link such as the link 20.
FIG. 13 provides a number of schematic representations similar to those shown in FIG. 11 and discussed above. However, many of the representations include a consideration of the offset voltage Vo discussed in the previous paragraph and shown in FIG. 12. The first condition shown in FIG. 13 is designated as a, “+0” transition. In this transition, Vo−Voff has a value greater than 0. Furthermore, Vo−Voff has a positive value as indicated by the “+” sign above and to the left of Vo. Under such circumstances, Vo is shifted to the right—or, from a time standpoint, is delayed—so that Vo—Voff will correspond in time to the zero crossing of the clock signals from the generator 68.
If Vo−Voff should be negative with the same shape of curve as shown in the “+0” transition in FIG. 13, the Vo−Voff indication would be below and to the right of the “0” indication. Under such circumstances, the time for the production of the digital signals by the converter 48 would be moved to the left—or, from a time standpoint, advanced—in FIG. 13 to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
The second condition in FIG. 13 is designated as a “−0” transition. In this transition, Vo+Voff is less than 0. Voff is added to Vo in this transition because Vo is negative and the delay represented by Voff advances Vo toward a value of 0. In this transition, the “0” indication is above and to the right of the Vo indication. This is indicated by a “−” sign below and to the left of the Vo indication. Under such circumstances, the timing of the Vo indication would be moved to the right—or, from a time standpoint, delayed—in FIG. 13 to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
If Vo+Voff should be greater than 0 with the same shape of curve as shown in the “−0” transition in FIG. 13, the Vo+Voff voltage would be above and to the right of the “0” indication in FIG. 13. Under such circumstances, the Vo would be moved to the left—or, from a time standpoint, advanced—in FIG. 13 to have Vo+Voff coincide in time with the “0” indication.
The third condition in FIG. 13 is designated as a “+0−” transition. In this transition, Vo−Voff is greater than 0. Furthermore, the transition is from a + value to a value of 0 and then to a − value. (This is why it is designated as “+0−”.) Under such circumstances, Vo is moved to the right—or, from a time standpoint, delayed—in FIG. 13 to have V0 coincide in time with the “0” indication.
If Vo−Voff should be less than 0 with the same shape of curve as shown in the “+0−” transition in FIG. 13, the Vo−Voff indication would be below and to the right of the “0” indication. Under such circumstances, the Vo indication would be moved to the left—or, from a time standpoint, advanced—to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
The fourth condition in FIG. 13 is designated as a “−0+” transition. In this transition, Vo+Voff is less than 0. Voff is added to Vo in this transition because Vo is negative and the delay represented by Voff advances Vo toward a value of 0. Furthermore, the transition is from a − value to a value of 0 and then to a + value. (This is why it is designated as “0+”.) Under such circumstances, Vo is moved to the right—or, from a time standpoint, delayed—to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
If Vo+Voff should be greater than 0 with the same shape of curve as shown in the “−0+” transition in FIG. 13, the Vo+Voff indication would be above and to the right of the “0” indication. Under such circumstances, the Vo indication would be moved to the left—or, from a time standpoint, advanced—to have Vo coincide in time with the “0” indication.
The fifth (5th) condition in FIG. 13 is designated as a “00−” transition. (This results from the fact that the first two (2) positions in this transition have values of 0 or values close to 0 and the third position in this transition is negative). The voltage Vo is between the two (2) zero (0) indications and has a value greater than the two (2) zero (0) indications. Under such circumstances, the Vo voltage is moved to the right—or, from a time standpoint, is delayed—to have the Vo voltage correspond in time with the second of the two zero (0) indications.
If Vo should be less than the two 0 indications with the same shape of curve as shown in the “00−” transition in FIG. 13, the Vo voltage should be below and to the right of the second of the two zero (0) indications. Under such circumstances, the Vo voltage is moved to the left—or, from a time standpoint, advanced—in FIG. 13 to have the Vo voltage correspond in time with the second of the two zero (0) indications.
The sixth condition in FIG. 13 is designated as a “00+” transition. (This results from the fact that the first two (2) positions in this transition have values of 0 or values close to 0 and the third position in this transition is positive.) The voltage Vo is between the two zero (0) indications and has a value less than the two zero (0) indications. Under such circumstances, the Vo voltage is moved to the right—or, from a time standpoint, delayed—to have the Vo voltage correspond in time with the second of the two zero (0) indications.
If Vo should be greater than the two zero (0) indications, with the same shape of curve as shown in the “00+” transition in FIG. 13, the Vo voltage would be above and to the right of the second of the two zero (0) indications. Under such circumstances, the Vo voltage is moved to the left—or, from a time standpoint, advanced—to have the Vo voltage correspond in time with the second of the two zero (0) conditions.
The system and method of this invention have certain important advantages. They provide a conversion of the received analog signals to digital signals. They provide for a processing of the digital signals by the timing recovery stage 66 to have the digital conversions occur at the zero crossings of a reference clock signal generated by the generator 68. In this way, the analog signals can be sampled digitally at the times at which the amplitudes of the analog signals represent individual ones of analog levels +1, 0 and −1. This processing of the digital signals by the timing recovery stage 66 initially provides a coarse regulation of the time for the digital conversions by the converter 48.
Subsequently the equalizer 64 operates upon the digital signals from the converter 48 to determine whether the amplitudes of the digital signals have analog values of +1, 0 or −1. The operation of the equalizer 64 to determine the amplitudes of the digital signal is facilitated by the inclusion of the high pass filter 100 and the canceller 112 to limit the length of the tail in the digital signals. The timing recovery stage 66 then provides a fine regulation of the signals from the equalizer 64 to have the digital processing by the converter 48 occur at the zero crossings of the clock signals from the clock signal generator 68.
Although this invention has been disclosed and illustrated with reference to particular embodiments, the principles involved are susceptible for use in numerous other embodiments which will be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art. The invention is, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method for recovering communicated information in a communication system, the method comprising:
generating a first digital signal from a received analog signal bearing the communicated information, said first digital signal having a pre-cursor response and a post-cursor response;
generating a second digital signal that limits a duration of at least a portion of said post-cursor response;
generating a third digital signal that inhibits at least a portion of said pre-cursor response;
generating a fourth digital signal that inhibits said at least a portion of said post-cursor response; and
generating a fifth digital signal that limits a duration of at least a portion of said fourth generated signal in order to recover the communicated information.

2. The method according to claim 1, comprising generating a sixth digital signal based on at least said third digital signal and said fifth digital signal.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said generating said sixth digital signal comprises combining at least said third digital signal, said fourth digital signal and said fifth digital signal to create said sixth digital signal.

4. The method according to claim 3, comprising quantizing individual digitized components of said sixth digital signal to recreate at least an approximated signal representing said recovered communicated information.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said quantizing comprises restoring a signal level of each of said digitized components of said sixth digital signal to a corresponding analog signal level representing said recovered communicated information.

6. The method according to claim 1, comprising regulating a time at which each one of a digital sample of said digitized received signal is deemed to have a zero crossing voltage v0.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said regulating comprises determining an offset voltage between said zero crossing voltage v0 and an actual voltage of an analog sample corresponding to said each one of said digital sample of said digitized received signal.

8. The method according to claim 7, comprising adjusting a time at which said each one of said digital sample of said digitized received signal is deemed to have said zero crossing voltage v0, based on said determined offset voltage.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said generation of said second digital signal comprises bandwidth-limiting said at least a portion of said post-cursor response.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said generation of said third digital signal that inhibits said at least a portion of said pre-cursor response comprises equalizing said at least a portion of said pre-cursor response.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said generation of said fourth digital signal comprises equalizing said at least a portion of said post-cursor response.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein said generation of said fifth digital signal comprises tail cancelling at least a portion of said fourth generated signal in order to recover the communicated information.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said tail cancelling at least a portion of said fourth generated signal comprises:
predicting an exponential decay characteristic of said post-cursor response; and
canceling said predicted exponential decay characteristic of said post-cursor response.

14. A method for recovering communicated information in a communication system, the method comprising:
digitizing a received analog signal comprising the communicated information;
bandwidth-limiting at least a portion of said digitized analog signal to create a first bandwidth-limited signal;
equalizing at least a portion of said first bandwidth-limited signal to create a first equalized signal;
quantizing at least said first equalized signal to create a hard decision signal; equalizing said hard decision signal to create a second equalized signal; and
tail cancelling at least a portion of said second equalized signal in order to recover the communicated information.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein said bandwidth-limiting at least a portion of said digitized analog signal to create a first bandwidth-limited signal comprises bandwidth-limiting a post-cursor response portion of said digitized analog signal.

16. The method according to claim 14, wherein said tail cancelling said at least a portion of said second equalized signal to comprises cancelling at least a portion of said second equalized signal.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said tail cancelling at least a portion of said second equalized signal comprises:
predicting an exponential decay characteristic of second equalized signal; and
canceling said predicted exponential decay characteristic of said second equalized signal.

18. The method according to claim 14, comprising combining at least said first equalized signal, said second equalized signal and said tail cancelled at least a portion of said second equalized signal to generate an intermediate output signal.

19. The method according to claim 18, comprising quantizing individual digitized components of said intermediate output signal to recreate at least an approximated signal representing said recovered communicated information.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein said quantizing comprises restoring a signal level of each of said digitized components of said intermediate output signal to a corresponding analog signal level representing said recovered communicated information.

21. The method according to claim 14, comprising regulating a time at which each one of a digital sample of said digitized received signal is deemed to have a zero crossing voltage v0.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein said regulating comprises determining an offset voltage between said zero crossing voltage v0 and an actual voltage of an analog sample corresponding to said each one of said digital sample of said digitized received signal.

23. The method according to claim 22, comprising adjusting a time at which said each one of said digital sample of said digitized received signal is deemed to have said zero crossing voltage v0, based on said determined offset voltage.

24. A system of recovering communicated information in a communication system, the system comprising:
at least one analog-to-digital converter that generates a first digital signal from a received analog signal bearing the communicated information, said first digital signal having a pre-cursor response and a post-cursor response;
at least one bandwidth-limiter that limits a duration of at least a portion of said post-cursor response to generate a second digital signal;
at least one equalizer that inhibits at least a portion of said pre-cursor response to generate a third digital signal;
said at least one equalizer inhibits said at least a portion of said post-cursor response to generate a fourth digital signal; and
at least one limiter that limits a duration of at least a portion of said fourth generated signal to generate a fifth digital signal in order to recover the communicated information.

25. The system of claim 24, comprising at least one generator for generating a sixth digital signal based on at least said third digital signal and said fifth digital signal.

26. The system according to claim 25, wherein said at least one generator for generating said sixth digital signal comprises at least one combiner for combining at least said third digital signal, said fourth digital signal and said fifth digital signal to create said sixth digital signal.

27. The system according to claim 26, comprising at least one quantizer for quantizing individual digitized components of said sixth digital signal to recreate at least an approximated signal representing said recovered communicated information.

28. The system according to claim 27, wherein said at least one quantizer comprises a restorer for restoring a signal level of each of said digitized components of said sixth digital signal to a corresponding analog signal level representing said recovered communicated information.

29. The system according to claim 24, comprising a regulator for regulating a time at which each one of a digital sample of said digitized received signal is deemed to have a zero crossing voltage v0.

30. The system according to claim 29, wherein said regulator comprises a voltage determinator for determining an offset voltage between said zero crossing voltage v0 and an actual voltage of an analog sample corresponding to said each one of said digital sample of said digitized received signal.

31. The system according to claim 30, comprising an adjuster for adjusting a time at which said each one of said digital sample of said digitized received signal is deemed to have said zero crossing voltage v0, based on said determined offset voltage.

32. The system according to claim 24, wherein said at least one bandwidth limiter that limits said duration of said at least a portion of said post-cursor response further bandwidth-limits said at least a portion of said post-cursor response.

33. The system according to claim 24, wherein said at least one equalizer that inhibits said at least a portion of said pre-cursor response of said third generated digital signal further equalizes said at least a portion of said pre-cursor response.

34. The system according to claim 24, wherein said at least one equalizer for equalizing said fourth generated digital signal further equalizes said at least a portion of said post-cursor response.

35. The system according to claim 24, wherein said at least one limiter that generates said fifth generated digital signal tail cancels at least a portion of said fourth generated signal in order to recover the communicated information.

36. The system according to claim 35, wherein said at least one limiter that tail cancels said at least a portion of said fourth generated signal comprises:
a predictor for predicting an exponential decay characteristic of said post-cursor response; and
a canceller for canceling said predicted exponential decay characteristic of said post-cursor response.

37. A system for recovering communicated information in a communication system, the system comprising:
at least one digitizer for digitizing a received analog signal comprising the communicated information;
at least one bandwidth-limiter for bandwidth-limiting at least a portion of said digitized analog signal to create a first bandwidth-limited signal;
at least one feed forward equalizer for equalizing at least a portion of said first bandwidth-limited signal to create a first equalized signal;
at least one quantizer for quantizing at least said first equalized signal to create a hard decision signal;
at least one feedback equalizer for equalizing said hard decision signal to create a second equalized signal; and
at least one tail canceller for tail cancelling at least a portion of said second equalized signal in order to recover the communicated information.

38. The system according to claim 37, wherein said at least one bandwidth-limiter for bandwidth-limiting at least a portion of said digitized analog signal to create a first bandwidth-limited signal comprises bandwidth-limiting a post-cursor response portion of said digitized analog signal.

39. The system according to claim 37, wherein said at least one tail canceller for tail cancelling said at least a portion of said second equalized signal comprises cancelling at least a portion of said second equalized signal.

40. The system according to claim 39, wherein said at least one tail canceller for cancelling at least a portion of said second equalized signal comprises:
a predictor for predicting an exponential decay characteristic of said second equalized signal; and
a canceller for canceling said predicted exponential decay characteristic of said second equalized signal.

41. The system according to claim 37, comprising at least one combiner for combining at least said first equalized signal, said second equalized signal and said tail cancelled at least a portion of said second equalized signal to generate an intermediate output signal.

42. The system according to claim 41, comprising at least one quantizer for quantizing individual digitized components of said intermediate output signal to recreate at least an approximated signal representing said recovered communicated information.

43. The system according to claim 42, wherein said at least one quantizer comprises a restorer for restoring a signal level of each of said digitized components of said intermediate output signal to a corresponding analog signal level representing said recovered communicated information.

44. The system according to claim 37, comprising at least one regulator for regulating a time at which each one of a digital sample of said digitized received signal is deemed to have a zero crossing voltage v0.

45. The system according to claim 43, wherein said at least one regulator comprises a voltage determinator for determining an offset voltage between said zero crossing voltage v0 and an actual voltage of an analog sample corresponding to said each one of said digital sample of said digitized received signal.

46. The system according to claim 37, comprising an adjuster for adjusting a time at which said each one of said digital sample of said digitized received signal is deemed to have said zero crossing voltage v0, based on said determined offset voltage.

47. A method for recovering communicated information in a communication system, the method comprising:
generating a first digital signal from a received analog signal bearing the communicated information, said first digital signal having a pre-cursor response and a post-cursor response;
generating a second digital signal that limits a duration of at least a portion of said post-cursor response;
generating a third digital signal that inhibits at least a portion of said pre-cursor response;
generating a fourth digital signal that inhibits said at least a portion of said post-cursor response; and
generating a fifth digital signal that limits a duration of at least a portion of said fourth generated signal in order to recover the communicated information, wherein said generation of said fifth digital signal comprises tail cancelling at least a portion of said fourth generated signal in order to recover the communicated information.

48. The method according to claim 47, wherein said tail cancelling at least a portion of said fourth generated signal comprises:
predicting an exponential decay characteristic of said post-cursor response; and
canceling said predicted exponential decay characteristic of said post-cursor response.

49. A method for recovering communicated information in a communication system, the method comprising:
digitizing a received analog signal comprising the communicated information;
bandwidth-limiting at least a portion of said digitized analog signal to create a first bandwidth-limited signal;
equalizing at least a portion of said first bandwidth-limited signal to create a first equalized signal;
quantizing at least said first equalized signal to create a hard decision signal;
equalizing said hard decision signal to create a second equalized signal; and
tail cancelling at least a portion of said second equalized signal in order to recover the communicated information, wherein said tail cancelling at least a portion of said second equalized signal comprises:
predicting an exponential decay characteristic of said second equalized signal; and
canceling said predicted exponential decay characteristic of said second equalized signal.

50. A system of recovering communicated information in a communication system, the system comprising:
at least one analog-to-digital converter that generates a first digital signal from a received analog signal bearing the communicated information, said first digital signal having a pre-cursor response and a post-cursor response;
at least one bandwidth-limiter that limits a duration of at least a portion of said post-cursor response to generate a second digital signal;
at least one equalizer that inhibits at least a portion of said pre-cursor response to generate a third digital signal;
said at least one equalizer inhibits said at least a portion of said post-cursor response to generate a fourth digital signal; and
at least one limiter that limits a duration of at least a portion of said fourth generated signal to generate a fifth digital signal in order to recover the communicated information, wherein said at least one limiter that generates said fifth generated digital signal tail cancels at least a portion of said fourth generated signal in order to recover the communicated information.

51. The system according to claim 50, wherein said at least one limiter that tail cancels said at least a portion of said fourth generated signal comprises:
a predictor for predicting an exponential decay characteristic of said post-cursor response; and
a canceller for canceling said predicted exponential decay characteristic of said post-cursor response.

52. A system for recovering communicated information in a communication system, the system comprising:
at least one digitizer for digitizing a received analog signal comprising the communicated information;
at least one bandwidth-limiter for bandwidth-limiting at least a portion of said digitized analog signal to create a first bandwidth-limited signal;
at least one feed forward equalizer for equalizing at least a portion of said first bandwidth-limited signal to create a first equalized signal;
at least one quantizer for quantizing at least said first equalized signal to create a hard decision signal;
at least one feedback equalizer for equalizing said hard decision signal to create a second equalized signal; and
at least one tail canceller for tail cancelling at least a portion of said second equalized signal in order to recover the communicated information, wherein said at least one tail canceller for cancelling at least a portion of said second equalized signal comprises:
a predictor for predicting an exponential decay characteristic of said second equalized signal; and
a canceller for canceling said predicted exponential decay characteristic of said second equalized signal.