126187

JPRS-SSA-87-025

20 MARCH 1987

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

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JPRS-SSA-87-025

20 MARCH 1987

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

CONTENTS

ANGOLA

MPLA, Portuguese Communist Party Hold Talks

(Luanda Domestic Service, 21 Feb 87) 1

Angolan Plane Strays Into Namibian Airspace

(SAPA, 22 Feb 87) 3

Journalist Describes Sojourn With UNITA

(Antonio Duarte; 0 JORNAL, 3-9 Oct 86) 4

KUP Comments on Chevron Partial Withdrawal

(KUP in English to Southern and Central Africa,

28 Feb 87) 22

Briefs

Dos Santos Appoints Provincial Officials 23

Resolution Ratifying CEMA Accord Signed 23

Agreements Signed With Sweden 24

BURKINA

GHANA

Lisbon Paper Says Cuban Advisers Being Sent

(SEMANARIO, 20 Dec 86) 25

Militiamen Complete First Training Phase

(George Syndey Abugri; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 16 Jan 87) 26

Military Policing System for Militiamen

(Abdul Aziz; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 3 Feb 87) 27

Finance Ministry Lifts Retirement Benefit Ban

(PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 24 Jan 87) 28

- a -
Retirement Benefit Applications Permisible 28

TUC Reacts to Lifting 29

Soviet Embassy Workers Complain About Service Conditions

(PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC» 3 Feb'87). 30

Timber Industry's Role in Economic Recovery Plan

(K. Abaka Quansah; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 21 Jan 87) ... 31

Briefs

Government Orders Prisoner Release 33

Elubo Border Post 33

DPRK Vegetable Oil Investment 33

CDR Delegation for Luanda 34

GUINEA

KENYA

President's New Year Message

(Gen Lansana; HOROYA, 1 Jan 86) 35

National Armed Forces Conference Described

(Saliou Bälde; HOROYA, 23 Dec 86) .* 44

New Trade Policy Described

(Kaury Koundiano Interview; HOROYA, 1 Jan 87) 46

Briefs

Cultural Agreement With Cuba 49

Earnings Windfall Offers Breather for Economic Reform

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, Dec 86) 50

Controversy Surrounds Grain Marketing Policies

(Margaret Dolley; AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, Dec 86) 54

MOZAMBIQUE

People's Assembly Approves 1987 State Budget

(NOTICIAS, 7 Feb 87) 57

Budget Measures Detailed 57

Budget Reflects Recovery Measures 63

Chissano Addresses Inhaca Residents, Appeals for Unity

(Joaquim Alberto Chissano; NOTICIAS, 2 Feb 87) 65

Text of New Amnesty Law Published

(NOTICIAS, 2 Feb 87) 68

- b -
Cuamba Administrator Speaks to Former MNR Victims

(NOTICIAS, 2 Feb 87) •

Youth Flocking to SMO Centers

(NOTICIAS, 2 Feb 87) Il

Suadi Muslim Leader Lauds International Conference in Maputo

(Maneh al-Johani Interview; NOTICIAS, 12 Jan 87) 74

Danish Groups Finance Chamanculo Hospital Rehabilitation

(Ernesto Zucule; NOTICIAS, 13 Jan 87) 7&

Minister of Industry Discusses PRE Impact on Industry

(Antonio Branco Interview; NOTICIAS, 14 Feb 87) /»

New Pipes For Maputo Water Supply

(NOTICIAS, 2 Feb 86) 84

Briefs R,

Geology, Mines Institute for Tete

ZIMBABWE

HERALD Critical of U.S., UK Veto of Sanctions

(Editorial; THE HERALD, 23 Feb 87) ö/

Briefs „n

Youth Unemployment

SOUTH AFRICA

AFRIKANER/GOVERNMENT

Pik Botha Says 'Vendetta' Postponed by UN Vote

(SAPA, 21 Feb 87) 90

Pik Botha Warns Against Travel in Southern Africa

(SAPA, 27 Feb 87) •

91

Two More NP Members To Stand as Independents

(David Jackson; SUNDAY TIMES, 22 Feb 87) 92

Heunis Terms Independents 'Dividing Factor'

(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 1 Mar 87) 9J

Army Commander Calls SADF 'Credible Deterrent'

(Johannesburg Television Service, 26 Feb 87) 94

Briefs qs

Two More Quit National Party "

Finance Minister Submits Additional Budget 95

342 Granted Religious Objector Status in 1986 95

- c -
Deputy Defense on 'Revolutionary Onslaught1

96

Indemnities After Police Assaults 96

Parliament Adjourns for Campaigning 96

New Foreign Ministry Director General 96

P. W. Botha Stresses National Will 96

BLACKS

Boya Launches New Black Urban Councils Group

(SAPA, 28 Feb 87) 97

All Black Schools Reopened by DET

(SAPA, 27 Feb 87) 98

Alexandra Township Said Battleground Between SADF, 'Insurgents'

(Sipho Ngcobo; BUSINESS DAY, 13 Feb 87) 99

Ciskei Defends Industry Policy

(BUSINESS DAY, 11 Feb 87) 100

SABTA Criticizes Government White Paper on Transport

(ZB Molefe; CITY PRESS, 8 Feb 87) 101

Putco Cuts Services to Alexandra After Bus Attacks

(Craig Kotze, Zenaide Vendeiro; THE STAR, 12 Feb 87) ... 102

Briefs

ANC's Tambo Says Victory 'In Sight' 103

Tutu Condemns Apartheid Manifestations 103

SOCIOPOLITICAL/OTHER

Commentary Analyzes 'Watershed' Elections

(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 2 Mar 87) 104

Former NP MP Critical of Government, PFP

(SAPA, 27 Feb 87) 106

PFP's Andrew Challenges Heunis on Schools Issue

(SAPA, 27 Feb 87) 107

WEEKLY MAIL Examines NP Desertion by Academics

(Patrick Laurence; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 27 Feb 87) 108

PFP's Schwarz Warns Against Future Power Vacuum

(SAPA, 26 Feb 87) Ill

Consultants Discuss Labor Relations Bill

(Mike Beaumont, et al.; Johannesburg Television Service,

26 Feb 87) 112

- d -
Commentary Outlines Urgency of Housing Programs

(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 27 Feb 87) H4

Indian Incomes Higher Than Blacks, Coloreds

(SAPA, 27 Feb 87) 116

NUM, Mining Company Settle Wage Dispute

(SAPA, 26 Feb 87) 118

Briefs

143 Detained Under Security Act in 1986 119

/9986

e -
ANGOLA

MPLA, PORTUGUESE COMMUNIST PARTY HOLD TALKS

MB211457 Luanda Domestic Service in Portuguese 1200 GMT 21 Feb 87

[Text] Delegations of the MPLA-LABOR Party and the Portuguese Communist

Party [PCP] met in Luanda this morning to exchange views on the operation

of both parties. The Angolan party delegation was headed by Paulo Miguel Junior,

member of the MPLA-LABOR Party Central Committee. The Portuguese delegation

was headed by Carlos Costa, member of the political commission and the PCP

Central Committee Secretariat. At the meeting, the two delegations discussed

the international situation, especially the situation in southern Africa as a

result of racist South Africa's aggressiveness.

Comrade Paulo Miguel Junior said that the current international situation has

been characterized lately by increased aggressiveness from the most conservative

imperialist circles against the peaceful peoples of the so-called Third World.

[Begin Junior recording] At this time when you, Comrade Carlos Costa, are

paying yet another visit to our country, we are going to take the opportunity

to analyze the current international situation which has lately been characterized by increased aggressiveness from the most conservative imperialist circles

against the peaceful peoples of the so-called Third World and progressive forces

in general. These circles have created new pockets of tension and have

aggravated the traditional pockets of tension, which were generally created by

imperialism itself, [words indistinct] conflicts of low or high intensity. As

you, Comrade Costa, are aware, (?all this imperialist aggressiveness) falls

within the framework of the strategic philosophy of [word indistinct] which

seeks to recover some of the privileged positions which imperialism lost

throughout the world, secure world hegemony, and keep the peoples under its

control. Dear Comrade Costa, we are certain that we will pay special

attention to analyzing the tense situation in southern Africa. Despite^

condemnation by the international community, one of the most odious regimes

ever known to mankind lives on in southern Africa: the anachronistic Pretoria

regime, [end recording]

In turn, Carlos Costa, member of the PCP and the MPLA-LABOR Party.
[Begin Costa recording] Our meeting and our visit here are in the context

of our two parties' longstanding and very profound friendship, which was

forged in the hard struggle against the common enemy. In the past, this

enemy was the colonialist regime. Today, it is imperialism and its

aggressiveness. I would also like to stress that the PCP leadership

fully supports the MPLA-LABOR Party Central Committee, the MPLA-LABOR

Party executive organs, and Comrade Jose Eduardo dos Santos, chairman of

the MPLA-LABOR Party and president of the People's Republic of Angola.

I would also like to request from you, Comrade Junior, that you convey

greetings from our secretary general Comrade Alvaro Cunhal to the MPLA-LABOR

Party Central Committee and Comrade President Jose Eduardo dos Santos,

[end recording]

The PCP delegation arrived in Luanda yesterday from the Democratic Republic

of Sao Tome and Principe, in the framework of regular consultations between

the two parties, which have cooperated in a positive and encouraging manner.

/8309

CSO: 3400/142
ANGOLA

ANGOLAN PLANE STRAYS INTO NAMIBIAN AIRSPACE

MB231302 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1301 GMT 22 Feb 87

.[Text] Windhoek, Feb 23, SAPA—An Angolan jet fighter strayed into SWA/Namibian

air space in bad weather 11 days ago, the officer commanding Western Air

Command, Brig Karel van Heerden, said in Windhoek today.

But no action was taken as the pilot soon changed direction.

It was the first time that an aircraft of the Angolan Air Force had entered

the territory's air space.

Brig van Heerden said a squadron of probably four Angolan fighters had taken

off from the main air base in Southern Angola at Lubango on February 12.

It was customary for Angolan fighters on patrol missions to fly in pairs at

different levels.

The two high-flying aircraft providing top-cover were monitored on South

Africa Air Force [SAAF] radar, but mountainous terrain made it difficult to

spot the low-level ground attack pair which had probably been flying below

even the detection of the Angolan radar network.

One of the low-flying aircraft, probably a Soviet built MIG-23 or Sukhoi SU-22

delta-winged fighter, strayed over the Cunene River into SWA/Namibian air space,

but the aircraft abruptly changed direction and headed for home after the pilot

had apparently realised his error.

The SAAF did not take action as it had sufficient reason to believe that the

incident was not intended as an act of provocation, Brig van Heerden said.

The SWATF said at the beginning of the year that Angolan radar surveillance

now stretched as' far as the Etosha game reserve in SWA/Namibia which enabled

Angolan air bases to notify Angolan pilots flying within range of the net if

the SAAF should scramble its' fighters for action.

/8309

CSO: 3400/142
ANGOLA

JOURNALIST DESCRIBES SOJOURN WITH UNITA

Lisbon 0 JORNAL in Portuguese 3-9 Oct ob pp 12-19

[Article by Antonio Duarte: "UNITA»s Long March through the Jungles of Angola»]

[Text] No one can say for certain where Jamba is. It is where UNITA has set

up its "capital": headquarters for the war, but also the political and

administrative center for "liberated areas." Concluding his report that first

appeared last week, Antonio Duarte talks about life in Jamba and a week-long

700-km trip to reach the Cuito-Cuanavale front. A look from the inside of a

fratricidal war. Not only Cubans and the Russians are on the other side.

First and foremost, there are what Savimbi himself calls "MPLA patriots."

[Boxed material next eight paragraphs] Cristiano; Parents in Portugal, Wife in

Jamba, A Son He Hasn't Seen

I went along a street in the city of Mavinga, past houses in ruins and public

orange groves, to meet the commander of the local FALA garrison, Cristiano, 39,

from Portugal. A person who is talked about.

Lt Col Cristiano looked like he had just stepped out of a Latin American adventure movie. He had charisma. He received his military instruction from Jonas

Savimbi himself twelve years ago, when he enlisted in UNITA.

He made the "long march": "When I finally got there, I felt more committed to

fighting against the Cubans waging an unjust war against us."

Lt Col Cristiano is the son of Portuguese parents. His father is Cristiano

Lopes de Almeida, 79, who lives in Mangualde in Beira Alta.

His father married an Angolan woman in Moxico, and Cristiano had never been out

of Angola. He never knew Portugal, where his mother, Maria Perpetua, 55, and

two brothers, live.

Cristiano was born in Moxico. His father was a driver and owned trucks. "We

lived comfortably. After independence, everything got more complicated because

we belonged to UNITA. The family was divided. Until the country is liberated,

it is impossible to think about a happily reunited family. There can only be

happiness when there is peace."
But Cristiano does have some time to think about family happiness. He is married. His wife lives in Jamba.

He has just received word that he is a father: "I want to have a chance to see

my son as soon as possible. I would like for him to grow up in peace, for him

to be able to make a contribution to his country This is why we are trying

to free Angola from the Cuban and Soviet yoke."

The jungle was suffocating that night. The flames from the camp fires accented

the tension in the faces of the UNITA soldiers. Almost all of them were motionless.

We had stopped at a clearing and the vehicles were parked under the dark trees.

A tired radio was playing music broadcast by a Botswana radio station: Drive,

a melancholy song by the Cars.

Supper had been a low point, unlike other evenings when a supper stop was a

happy occasion.

I got back into the Ural captured from the Soviets. Its cab was pockmarked with

bullet holes. We started out again on the trip back from the Cuito-Cuanavale

front. We were a few kilometers from Mavinga, a city taken and retaken so many

times by the Angolan rebels.

Then Capt Jaime, sitting on the truck's huge spare tire and swaying like a pendulum, said, "I don't like this place."

Then he became pensive. A shadowy figure in the rear of the Ural. Stretched

out on a lumpy foam-rubber mattress, through the haze of the dark dust from the

road I heard him say, "There are skeletons everywhere here...."

The Last Battle for Mavinga

He began talking slowly. "We were in the jungle around Mavinga. There was a

slaughter here We had to do it Antiaircraft guns against the enemy

troops. You cannot imagine what it was like. I saw bodies blasted to pieces.

Antiaircraft guns are supposed to be for planes! It had to be.... This happened in the last battle for Mavinga. We sneaked up on them and fired on them

from the top of that hill (he pointed behind us in the darkness). It was almost a surprise attack. Nearly 1,000 dead, MPLA's and Cubans Angolans.

So many Angolans died. I saw their bodies...."

There was a long pause. Then he continued his story without emotion as if he

had suddenly remembered that he was a UNITA officer:

"The enemy was disorganized. There was tremendous confusion. It was already

dark. I penetrated enemy territory with my column to rejoin my battalion and

not a one of us was hit. A lot turned and ran, though. The enemy abandoned a

lot of materiel along the road. This Ural (he tapped the spare tire with his

fingers) was picked up here It was some fight! They were trying to re-take

Mavinga."

'How many casualties did UNITA suffer ?"
The reply came like a shot: "Over 400 dead."

A Cold Night

Geraldo Jaime, 35 years old, father of an 11-year-old girl named Lenny, is a

captain in the UNITA forces and one of 65 survivors of Savimbi's 1976 "long

march" into the interior of Angola. Before Angola's independence, Jaime had

studied four years in London. He spoke English, French and Portuguese

fluently.

Savimbi had assigned him to accompany three reporters on a trip into territory

controlled by UNITA.

We had left Jamba on a Tuesday night after Savimbi's speech at the Sixth UNITA

Congress.

With my knapsack on my back, I installed myself in the Soviet truck, whose motor was already running. They gave me a blanket and asked if I was comfortable.

Among boxes and crates two other reporters sat beside me: Olivier Baube, Johannesburg correspendent for LE POINT, a French magazine, and Dominique Aubert, a

Keystone photographer working for TIME.

Capt Jaime had just returned to Jamba from the front with a US television crew

(NBC) and a PARIS MATCH photographer. He had hardly any time to see his daughter in the "provisional capital."

But here he was, in a red beret, piling soldiers into the Ural. We left Jamba

at 22:30 hours headed for Cuito-Cuanavale.

Introductions were quickly made. Then it was time to sleep if we could. The

cold of the Southeastern night began to make itself felt and the truck's jolting made it even harder. The temperature was warm in the daytime, but quite

cold at night.

I put on my coat, wrapped up in the blanket and stretched out among the

luggage, foam mattresses and a worn-out Kalashnikov.

Lost

I remember midnight or an early morning hour. I no longer noticed how the

truck lurched along the sandy roads and trails made by UNITA.

I heard voices and realized that there were problems, but the soldiers were

talking in Umbundo. I went back to what passed for sleep. It was cold.

The motor was idling. The truck had stopped at yet another UNITA check point.

And another. And another....

Thursday, 7 am. The truck stops again in the jungle. It is now fully light.
Now I can see the faces of the others in the Ural. They say, "Good morning,"

and smile. Capt Jaime has gotten out and is standing under a tree with a radio

operator, preparing to send a message to Licua, UNITA's second largest city and

base in rebel territory.

"We should be there by now, but we have only gotten this far," the captain told

me in a tired voice. "We are lost. We did not see a marker. We lost over two

hours."

Now I realize what the problem was in the middle of the night.

Wave from Farmers

"Mike, papa, Charlie....Repetez." Information for Licua. Orders to leave.

I am looking at one of the passengers in the truck who was riding in the cab.

He was wearing a red T-shirt with UNITA on it in large white letters. "Together

we shall overcome" was written across the back.

Sousa Chipeio was introduced to me: he was a lieutenant in FALA, sort of a

public relations department for the rebel army. Good-humored, sarcastic.

"Did you sleep well?" he asked me.

"Not too bad, not too bad."

The terrain changed now, from the jungle to the Luengue River valley, where

Licua is located. Farmers were working the marshy ground along the river

banks. They waved.

We arrived in Licua at 9:30. There was a traffic signal at the "city's" main

intersection, just like in Jamba. And a contingent of policemen. Civilians

bustling about their daily work: farming, water transportation, carpentry,

mechanic's work. A school. A hospital.

Licua is the main logistics center in UNITA territory. Arms and munitions are

sent to the front from here.

Captured Weapons

At the entrance to the city, a large metal sign read "Logistics."

Downtown, the only building with masonry walls was the Logistics Administration.

A seemingly rather young Maj Ernesto welcomed us and took us right away to a

map showing the logistics center. Arrows indicated supply routes.

Requisitions for weapons and munitions are sent directly to UNITA's general

staff in Jamba, which forwards them to Licua.

According to Maj Ernesto, 75 percent of the weapons supplied from Licua come

from a permanent inventory of Soviet materiel captured from government troops.
He took us to see the armory of captured weapons. There were no new arms at

all. UNITA military officials are quite close-mouthed about non-captured

weapons.

When I tried to ask about the 25 percent of weapons that are not Soviet, Maj

Ernesto replied evasively, "Here we mostly have just captured weapons."

And there they were in the armory, cleaned and reconditioned in UNITA's weapons

facilities. Several models of machine guns, the AK-47 Kalashnikov, several

kinds of mortars and antiaircraft guns.

Everything is Destroyed, Everything is Converted

Recondition, re-work, convert and re-build. Paradox: Licua is a construction

site for building or converting everything into arms for destruction.

In the machine shops, welding shops and electrical shops (Licua has electric

power generators), many UNITA military men who fled the cities on the coast

and the Huambo Plateau have managed to ply their former trades again here,

working without pay, as they do throughout UNITA-controlled territory (see

section on Jamba).

Jaime, 42, a radiator welder, is from Huambo, where he had his own shop. UNITA

transferred him to a place where he was needed: Licua. His wife is in Jamba,

about 250 km away. He hasn't seen her for 2 years.

"In war time," he said smiling, "we all have to sacrifice for our country. I

will live my own life when the war is over. You'll see."

Goncalves Sandame, 11, came from Huambo with his parents. He is re-working a

Ural truck.

Soviet Trucks with South African Motors

The Urals are quite a story. I have heard it from a number of people.

According to UNITA, Moscow sells them to Luanda, equipped with a motor that

"overheats and burns 100 liters every 100 km...."

So UNITA changes out the gasoline motor for a Diesel motor by modifying the

truck and fuel supply system. Motors made in South Africa. And there you

have it: a more efficient all-terrain Ural.

Nearly all motor and automotive parts are available from Licua warehouses or

made there (screws of all kinds, metal parts, batteries).

Civilian professionals aid UNITA's army by working in shifts day and night.

Discipline. The secret of survival.

Discipline kept us in Licua till noon of the next day. The captain had gotten

a radio message that we were to stay in Licua "until further orders."
In contrast to what one would think of an army which Eduardo dos Santos, Angolan president, was still describing until quite recently as "armed bandits,"

military discipline and a Maoist posture are typical of the FALA army.

We slept in Licua. There was an electric light in my cabin, like in Jamba.

But there was no running water.

Radio Galo Negro

Only in the early morning hours did Party orders come. Capt Jaime and Lt

Sousa went to bed at 6 am after listening to the radio interminably.

It was 12;30 when we left for the North. Sousa was tired. He fell asleep in

the Ural's cab.

Another truck carrying soldiers escorted us from Licua on. A patrol truck.

Check points again. Next stop: Tluangundo. It was already dark. We walked

into the n'jango, a round receiving room, just as the 8 o'clock news in Portuguese began on Radio South Africa.

Listening to the news on the short-wave radio is almost an obsession for UNITA

men. Especially Radio Galo Negro, the rebel station, which broadcasts from

Jamba daily at set times.

War Close

We first felt close to the war in Luangundo. It was in fact right at hand.

Typical rural African architecture was blended with military architecture appropriate to a war zone: the huts were spaced farther apart and dug into the

sandy soil; small windows; field kitchens; silent guards everywhere.

At 21:30 hours, a hot meal for supper in the n'jango by the light of a fire.

Pasta with canned meat and Tassenberg, a South African red wine. We didn't

have lunch.

Since Paulo, the soldier-cook, brought no coffee, milk or tea — a luxury in

UNITA territory — Sousa opened a book and held it in the light of an oil lamp

made from a can of tinned meat.

It was "Eagle in the Sky" in English, a well-worn book by Wilbur Smith. A

story about an Israeli Mirage pilot on an African mission who has a dramatic

love affair in the midst of war.

The Day of the Retreat

Sousa, born 29 years ago in Benguela, was married. His wife worked in social

welfare in Jamba.

During the transition government set up after 25 April 1974, having already

enlisted in JURA, UNITA's youth wing, Sousa worked as a disc jockey for Radio

Clube de Benguela ("I played good music") for a year. One day the sound of

gunfire from the Kalashnikovs was louder.
"It was 8 February 1976, the day of UNITA's great strategic fall-back (retreat

to southern Angola). That was the day I left for the Army. My family had to

flee. My grandmother died in the war. She died from grief and exhaustion...."

When he was still young, Sousa began to sympathize with UNITA's cause. He explained without hesitation:

"First, because it was fighting for Angolan independence. The MPLA was fighting, too, but its leaders were abroad.... Second, for ideology; socialism —

liberation of the most exploited class and a chance to live for everyone; negritude — liberation and social and cultural expression for the oppressed

black majority (he paused to explain that negritude did not mean that Angola

was only for blacks). Third, for the political system: democracy — people

having the right to choose their leaders freely through the vote and to hold

meetings freely."

Now Lt Sousa Chipeio is an administrative political staff member wearing a red

UNITA T-shirt.

Supper was leisurely in Luangundo. The n'jango, with the fire in the middle,

invited one to relax and talk. But we had to leave that night for Mavinga, on

UNITA's southern front, before continuing on to Cuito-Cuanavale to the northwest. We all hurried.

The first showers of the oncoming rainy season fell on the way to Mavinga. A

season very suited to UNITA's military strategy and the best for the Chinesestyle guerrilla warfare chosen by UNITA.

Arrival in Mavinga at 5;30 in the morning. It was already light. Even so,

since we had only had a few hours of rest, we reporters would rather have

slept. We slept in an actual foxhole, a disguised dug-out hut that had been

under fire for two years.

A quick lunch and departure for Cuito-Cuanavale at 15.'00 hours. An hour later,

we had stopped at a bend in the Mavinga River after crossing the peaceful valley that at times had divided government troops from UNITA rebel lines. This

was the Mavinga Game Preserve.

Today this valley is under cultivation and is an important source of food for

the troops and the local people.

Ghost Town

On the other side is Mavinga, or what is left of Mavinga: Western-style homes

in ruins, with spacious orchards of fruit trees, what was once a CTT station,

its roof missing, the word "school" painted on a section of wall that had not

collapsed.

The only traffic on the wide, straight streets of Mavinga, lined with pleasant

orange trees, was UNITA military traffic from the garrison defending the "ghost

town."

10
A city that will not be habitable for many, many years. Capt Jaime told me,

"We can't leave the city along this road without a mine specialist. Everything

around here is mined."

Along the river, Capt Jaime reminded me again and advised me not to stray off

the main trails by the river.

"When the MPLA and the Cubans fled, they all abandoned the vehicles and most

of the materiel and ran for the jungle. Since they had to spend the night in

the jungle close to the river and the road, they mined the area around their

camps to defend themselves from any attacks by UNITA. So they could sleep

relaxed," he added with sarcasm.

Breakdown

The captain changed his sarcastic mood when the Soviet truck broke down in the

middle of the golden savannah with a transmission problem. The other truck

was too far ahead. Only later did they miss the Ural.

The radio operator contacted Mavinga for help. We had been on the road for

two and a half hours. It was getting dark.

The driver managed to get the truck to the edge of the jungle and hide it from

any searching eyes by parking it under a dense tree.

This was Rule No. 1: hide materiel. To keep animals away and ward off the

cold, two or three fires had to be made with dry wood gathered on the spot.

Then a wait with nothing to eat or drink. Everything was in the lead truck.

It would only turn around to come back two hours later, bringing bread, jam,

coffee and canned milk.

Now we had to wait for another truck to replace the Ural. Everyone used the

time to rest. They were all asleep, except the captain and Lucas, a private,

who took turns sitting on the hood of the Ural as the lookout.

Cubans

"Captain, you have only mentioned your daughter. Are you not married?"

This is the captain's story: "My wife was killed by the Cubans.... It's sad.

I barely have a family. I was living in Uige. I had already served with UNITA

in the Angolan interior. A cousin of mine in the MPLA betrayed us He went

and told that my family was pro-UNITA and that I was fighting for them. I was

not there when he betrayed us. They killed my parents, too, and a brother.

Then they burned our house down. I'll never forget 27 February 1977 in

Uige. ..."

Geraldo Jaime has two other brothers and his daughter, Lenny. He was born in

Lobito and admits that he would like to see the ocean and palm trees again. He

dreams of these memories: "When all of this is over, I will go back to Lobito.

On the coast is where I feel at home."

11
I hear a motor in the distance. I alert the captain. It must be the truck. A

soldier asks me for the lantern so he can run to the road with it to show them

where we are.

A brand new, white right-hand drive Mercedes arrives.

Annoyed, the captain said, "They sent us a white truck? How can we go to the

front in this? It will be seen immediately."

He decides to make the switch anyway. We'll cross that bridge when we come to

it.

Later, 5:15 in the morning. The captain awoke us: "We have to get out. This

truck can't go any further without being seen."

Devastated Countryside

Daybreak. We were in yet another military village of dugout huts. The n'jango

looked like a classroom in the round, with large chairs made of small tree

limbs for the "teachers" and a blackboard, clearly meant to present the

"lesson."

I was not far from wrong. The captain explained: "This is where the commanders

explain offensive tactics."

This is why the village was called a "tactical command post." These posts are

usually set up about 20 km from the front or a target site. When the front advances or the target is hit, the command post is "deactivated" for use as a

resting place or an overnight stopover for soldiers in transit.

Breakfast at 9 o'clock in the n'jango, where the reporters slept. Bread and

jam, tea, coffee and canned milk.

I went out to walk around a little. A soldier had found the wreckage of the

warheads of two MiG missiles, still bearing Russian markings, and picked them

up.

From here to the front, the land showed its wounds: remains of buried bombs,

the devastation of battle, burned-out trucks, decapitated trees....

Farther north, I saw the vast savannahs, brilliant yellow oceans of grass home

to pacacas, gazelles, and antelopes that darted away at the first sound of a

motor.

At sundown Saturday, a little antelope on the road froze when it saw us coming.

Oscar, the driver, stopped the truck, opened the door, aimed his Kalashnikov at

the motionless antelope and asked the captain, "Shall I kill it?"

We waited in suspense for the captain's answer.

Geraldo Jaime said once he went into a house where there were Cuban soldiers.

He killed five, emptying his "beautiful and beloved" Kalashnikov.

12
The captain looked at us with an enigmatic smile, then yelled to the driver

with the antelope in his sights, "OscarI Let it go!"

It was 22:30 hours when we finally arrived at an advance outpost on the CuitoCuanavale front.

Lt Col Gato welcomed us, leading us into yet another n'jango with a fire, but

this one was dug deeper and had no windows.

"It's a quiet night," he said, speaking to the reporters. He said that we were

16 km from the lines and that "the enemy had not attacked" for five days.

Gato seemed happy. He explained, "We feel good here at the front. We feel

good fighting for our cause. This is where the real men are."

The next day, Sunday, we were up by 7 o'clock, waiting for Brig Gen Ben,

UNITA's commander at the Cuito-Cuanavale front, who was to take us to the front

(see "A War at the 'Ends of the Earth'" in the 26 September issue of 0 JORNAL).

Eleven days went by and we covered nearly 2,000 km of dusty dirt roads and

trails in the Angolan interior.

Now we are back within a few hours of Jamba.

Capt. Jaime, who had just gone to sleep, wrapped up in his blanket, agitated by

events on the trip, groaned and awoke startled.

He had had a nightmare: "I dreamed that five Cubans were going to pull me

apart, piece by piece.... How strange."

Jamba; A State Within a State

Every time I asked them to show me the exact location of Jamba on the map of

Angola, I got different information, always evasive answers: "It's here

It's there The provisional capital of Savimbi's "country" is not shown

even on UNITA maps. But there is another Jamba, one that can be located northwest of the rebel capital in Canguela territory, between Capelongo and Salazar

Dam.

Allegedly for security reasons, UNITA's maps do not show the exact location of

the Jamba of the black rooster, the emblem on the rebel flag. A blank space is

left to UNITA's collective imagination: "It's here.... It's there....

But it does exist. It was built from nothing. Before, there were only elephants, lions, wolves, and a hunter's blind or two. It was a place at the

"ends of the earth," as the Portuguese called the vast, uninviting hunting

reserve in the Angolan southeast.

From 16,000 Inhabitants to 7,000

Jamba, a word meaning "powerful force" (i.e., elephant), was populated by UNITA

soldiers and their families, mainly from the southern coast and the Huambo Pla13
teau. It grew steadily, but the party recommended that the population be reduced to distribute more people in the countryside and UNITA's military infrastructure.

At UNITA's recent week-long Sixth Congress, which was held in Jamba, Jonas Savimbi severely criticized the movement's leaders for failing to "govern the

free territory" and distribute food to the people and soldiers.

He urged UNITA's military men to undertake "an effort to achieve self-sufficiency in food" and congratulated them on reducing Jamba's population from

16,000 inhabitants to 7,000.

Jamba is located in the extreme southeastern part of Angola, two hours by jeep

from Luiana on the Kuando River, the border with Zambia.

Clandestine Flights

Luiana is the normal landing site for aircraft that enter Angola clandestinely,

carrying war materiel, food and civilian supplies for UNITA and visitors, from

reporters to US senators.

I entered Angola by twin-engine plane, crossing the Namibian border (Caprivi

Strip). I had already flown 11 hours by jet and twin-engine plane through several African countries.

At UNITA's "border post" in Luiana, where I had to show my passport and fill

out a "police" form, they searched my baggage and clothes and asked me to take

a picture of a blank sheet of paper with my camera.

Then they offered me South African cold drinks and Angolan fried cakes.

I arrived in Jamba in the afternoon. It is a city of huts in the traditional

African style, with packed-dirt streets and a few sandy stretches in less solid

places, and electricity and running water in a good number of the "neighborhoods."

At the main square in Jamba, where roads from various places in UNITA territory

meet, I saw a traffic light on a pole with the letter T for traffic at the top,

waiting for cars to come by.

This traffic signal in Jamba was not a signal for much traffic, but it was a

symbol of organization.

The rebel capital is a paradigm of the society, its war-time economy and

UNITA's military goals.

Signs everywhere urged people to two campaigns: one against the Soviets and the

Cubans and the other against corruption and lack of organization.

A Society Without Money

No currency circulates in rebel-controlled territory, but there is a barter

system: the people work for the party and for their own self-sufficiency and

the party meets their remaining needs.

14
Example: A farmer barters sweet potatoes for salt or com for clothes, and

enjoys the freedom to travel, attend school, be treated in hospitals and use

means of transportation provided by UNITA.

Three commodities are basic to Jamba's survival: salt, sugar and lime. Salt

preserves food; sugar makes it palatable; and lime disinfects.

Every day quicklime is used at the countless pits used as latrines, which are

shielded by willows and covered by thatched roofs. Latrines with toilet paper,

clean and well maintained, serving small groups of residences.

Communism

One neighborhood in Jamba, designed like a tribal society, usually consists of

several huts arranged in a rectangular pattern. The n'jango, which 1 have mentioned often in my log, is a common meeting room located in the center.

The training battalion is lodged in a house with electricity, running water,

an indoor bathroom and a water heater. There are no doors: just a brightly

colored curtain flapping in the breeze. "There are no burglars m Jamba,

they told me.

Paradox: in Portugal UNITA is supported by conservative groups on the right

which are far removed, politically and ideologically, from the movement's

practices....

Even if only temporarily, as Jonas Savimbiclaims, UNITA's war-time society is

based, to a large extent, on the organization of Chinese communes ä la Mao Tse

Tung, i.e., Communism.

Everything is so organized, so planned, so programmed, that in some aspects of

this society I see indications of the bureaucracy that afflicts Marxist African

countries.

The paradox seems even sharper when Republican senators from the US make the

obligatory visit to Jamba.

Murals of Reagan

A large wall picture, hand-painted in color, shows Savimbi with President Reagan in the Oval Room of the White House. Another picture shows Savimbi shaking

hands with Caspar Weinberger over the caption, "President Savimbi Greeting US

Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger During the UNITA Delegation's Visit to

the UN in 1986."

At first glance, this adulation of Americans seems ingenuous and provincial,

but then one realizes that Savimbi staked everything on President Reagan's

official support of UNITA's cause. And he won. He was welcomed to the White

House with honors befitting a head of state, he got military support pushed

through by the Republican Party, and he escalated the Angolan conflict to a

struggle between the Soviets and the Americans on the international stage.

15
ÜNITA military strategists believe that a land conflict between the superpowers

will result in a mutual standoff which might be the first step to peace talks.

Militarism

The war is not seen in Jamba or the surrounding area. If it were not for reveille at 5 am, military training to the roll of drums, and military men everywhere, Jamba would be just another large village in a heavily militarized

African country.

Of course, militarization of UNITA is to be expected. Ihe country is at war.

But something more can be seen: a dominating military class.

To me, UNITA officials seem to be well trained, both militarily and culturally.

The officers assigned to assist and "protect" reporters in Jamba were undeniably capable professionally; Maj Quile, Capt Dias, Capt Lucas....

All spoke good Portuguese, English and French and did not hesitate to explain

things.... With the exception, of course, of the taboo subject of South

Africa. And now the Stingers.

Schools, a Hospital, Transportation

Jamba has open-air schools, passenger vans, a soccer field (there is always a

big game on Sunday), uniform shops (soldiers are not seen in torn or worn-out

uniforms) and a war materiel depot where I saw two Soviet tanks in good working

condition. They were captured in the battle for Mavinga.

The main civilian building in Jamba is the hospital, which receives support

from Medecins Sans Frontieres, which has sent medical equipment, religious

medical missions, and the Red Cross, which offered a radioscope.

The hospital sees 40-50 patients a day. Its main departments are pediatrics

(malaria and intestinal infections, the most common illnesses), obstetrics,

traumatology and an operating room (without ether or oxygen bottles).

Dr Afonso Raimundo, a graduate from the Lisbon School of Medicine (he worked

at the Santa Maria Hospital until 1983), who studied surgery in London, is the

secretary of health for the UNITA "government."

Data and Video

Jamba even has communications and data facilities, a photographic and video

studio, and a short-wave radio station (Radio Galo Negro), which broadcasts

twice a day (the broadcasting tower is powerful enough to be picked up at

times in Portugal).

Information is not going well for Savimbi. It was another sector that did not

escape the UNITA leader's criticism at the Sixth Congress.

"We are not going to put out propaganda," said Savimbi. "We are going to provide information. The Department of Information and Propaganda will drop the

propaganda."

16
There is food in abundance for everyone. But the diet is not very varied: game

meat, stews, dishes made with meal.

There were also young UNITA officers in my neighborhood who were back "on holiday" from their studies in Portugal. They were preparing their papers for the

Congress.

Drum Rolls

Jamba retires for the night at about 23:00 hours, after the evening drum rolls.

The streets and neighborhoods are lit up till sunrise. The MPLA could not help

but know Jamba's exact location, could not help but see it....

I asked Florencia, one of the few women in UNITA1s political and military

hierarchy, who had made the Long March and was Savimbi's publicity advisor: "I

don't understand why government forces don't try to attack a target as easy

and highly visible as Jamba is...."

Florencia responded drily: "Impossible. They would never get out of here

alive."

Daily Life of a UNITA Soldier

On the front, the soldiers arise at 4:00 am and retire at 21:00 hours. It is

still dark at 4:30, they are still in the dugouts after a quick breakfast.

Lunch at 11. Supper at 18:00 — under normal watch conditions. When the

shelling begins, no one eats. During the day, they are assigned to patrols:

artillery patrols, security patrols, water patrols). At night, there are

patrols only if there is moonlight.

A UNITA soldier. Always alert. Thinking only about fighting... Russians and

Cubans. We shall print parts of a revealing interview with a reporter from

0 JORNAL at the Cuito-Cuanavale front.

Miguel Chicamo Noe, 23, from Huambo. Bright and energetic, he doesn't hesitate

to repeat what he has been taught. An example of how UNITA guerrillas are

trained and "educated":

"Have you been wounded?"

"Yes, I have been wounded several times. The time that hurt the most was when

1 was shot" (points out a scar on his shoulder).

"What were your thoughts after you were wounded?"

"I didn't think about another thing but becoming even more committed to fighting the Russians and Cubans that have stolen our property."

"But aren't you also fighting your own fellow countrymen of the MPLA on the

other side? What do you think about that?"

"The issue of fighting the MPLA wouldn't have been such a big deal. But from

the moment the Cubans came into our country, the nature of the fight changed

17
altogether. If it weren't for Cubans here in our country, we would have found

another way to resolve our conflict. The Russians and the Cubans are behind

this war."

"How long have you been fighting for UNITA?"

"Since 1978. That was when the Cubans forced us out of our homes. I was really

naive when I enlisted in UNITA, but not so nai've that I didn't know what the

Cubans were doing here. They didn't come to free the Angolan people: they came

to fight us."

"Don't you think a good deal of this hatred for the Russians and the Cubans is

racist to some extent?"

"No. They are racist toward us. And we hate them."

"What did you think of the Russians and the Cubans before the war?"

"Before the war I had never heard of Russians or Cubans. I never knew they

existed. We found out about them later by reading books, but we didn't know

what they were like. Before they came here, I had no idea what a Russian even

looked like."

"What do you think about Russians, i.e., Soviets, now?"

"After what they have done to the Angolan people, I feel only rancor for them.

I want them to leave us in peace."

"Have you ever met a Cuban face to face?"

"Yes."

"What did you think in general?"

"I thought after I pulled the trigger. Once I stumbled across him, there was

nothing else to do but kill him."

"Do you feel the same way about an MPLA soldier?"

"Well, as far as an MPLA soldier is concerned, once he is taken prisoner,

that's a different matter. If he was captured instead of being killed, then

he must not be mistreated. Even Russians and Cubans, if they are captured and

not killed, must be treated according to regulations and taken to our capital,

Jamba, where higher authorities take over."

"What are your thoughts when you are in a foxhole, quietly waiting for something to happen?"

"When I am in the fixhole, all I think about is how to get the Russians and

Cubans out of our country, since they are the ones forcing us to live in the

jungle."

"While you are in the trenches, don't you read or listen to the radio or

cassettes?"

18
"While we are in the trenches we read our pamphlets."

"What pamphlets?"

"UNITA pamphlets."

"Don't you read anything else?"

"Well, some, but it has to be related to the struggle we are waging."

"What kind of books?"

"Different ones."

"War books?"

"Exactly."

"Have you read any?"

"Some...."

"Which ones?"

"Well, I don't remember the title. It was a book about what a people can do

when they are under the power of another country."

"Where did the story in that book take place?"

"I don't remember.... The interesting part was the point of it."

"You certainly speak Portuguese well. What do you think about Portugal?"

"Well, we don't think about Portugal very much. We speak Portuguese because

it was the Portuguese who colonized Angola. All our attention is focused on

getting the Russians and Cubans out. Then we will think about other things."

"You never take off your gun. What do their guns mean to UNITA soldiers?"

"A gun is a tool. It is the only way we have of resolving our conflict. If

it weren't for guns, UNITA wouldn't exist today."

"Do you like your gun?"

"I like my gun very much I"

"Have you ever taken it off?"

"I have never taken it off and I never will. Until the Cubans leave our country, I will never be able to take it off."

"What guns do you prefer?"

19
"I like the AK-47, the RPG-9, these machine guns (he gestures at his Kalashnikov), and 60-mm mortars, which I also know how to use."

"Have you written your family? Have you gotten any word from your parents?"

"Well, since we were first separated, I only know that they are in Huambo, but

we haven't heard anything and we haven't written."

"You aren't married?"

"No, I am single."

"Will you get married some day?"

"Well, at the moment I don't have any intentions of getting married, but I

think when the Angolan problem is resolved, then we can think about details

like that."

"Things happen to everyone; falling in love, having a relationship.... Didn't

this ever happen to you?"

"That may happen, but there is one overriding factor that has to come before

all my feelings. I can never think about feelings of love so long as anyone

is preventing peace in our country."

"How much longer do you think the war might go on?"

"Well, I don't know how long. We cannot say."

"What did you think about war before the Angolan conflict broke out?"

"Well, before the war, I focused all my attention on studying. Purely and

simply, I didn't think about anything but my studies."

"What does President Eduardo dos Santos mean to you?"

"What does he mean to me? Well, I don't think about Jose Eduardo dos Santos

at all. But at the end of the road we are now travelling, peace may be declared with him."

"Have you been to Jamba?"

"Yes, I have. It's the provisional capital of our country. Defending it is

our first duty, so that the enemy's attempts to take Mavinga and advance toward

Jamba will be thwarted."

"Have you ever been abroad?"

"Never."

"Even though you are not familiar with any other country, would you like to

live anywhere abroad?"

20
"Well, at the moment, we don't have any such ambition, because we have the allimportant mission of liberating our country."

"Don't you sometimes get tired of war?"

"Not at all. I never get tired of it and I never will. I am always ready to

fight."

"What do you dream about? Everybody has dreams...."

"Everything I dream about concerns the life I have led. I dream about what 1

have seen and what I have thought."

"What has been your most beautiful dream?"

"I have never had a beautiful dream."

"You only have nightmares? Really?"

"No But since I have never been happy, I have never had pleasant dreams.

With the foreign presence here in Angola, it is almost as if the Angolan

people's happiness has been displaced. Dreams depend on your experiences."

"Can you describe one of your dreams to me?"

"Sure. A dream I had right here was that FAPLA was mounting an offensive to

re-take Mavinga and attack Jamba. In the dream, our forces amassed, met the

column and wiped it out right here around Cuito...."

"This actually happened."

"It came true after my dream."

8844

CSO: 3442/36

21
ANGOLA

KUP COMMENTS ON CHEVRON PARTIAL WITHDRAWAL

MB280729 (Clandestine) KUP in English to Southern and Central Africa 0600 GMT

28 Feb 87

[Text] Free Land of Angola, 28 Feb (KUP)—The announced partial withdrawal

by Chevron's Cabinda Gulf subsidiary from Angola, could well signal the

beginning of more severe strains to the regime's already ailing economy.

Chevron has announced that it is to withdraw 10 per cent of its interests

from Cabinda Gulf, which it jointly runs with the Luanda regime. Texaco,

another American oil company operating in Angola, has also indicated its

intention to withdraw its interests from the country. The move comes after

the United States Government's advice to American companies operating in

Angola, that their presence was perpetuating Soviet and Cuban occupation of

Angola and therefore ran contrary to U.S. official policy.

There is no doubt that the repercussions of Chevron's departure will soon be

heavily felt by the MPLA regime. Oil accounts for 90 per cent of Angola's

foreign exchange earnings and helps to pay for the maintenance of Cuban troops

in the country and the purchase of Soviet armaments. The move is most likely

to raise the cost of maintaining the Cuban troops and other East Bloc forces

in Angola.

Already faced with low oil prices on the world market, the MPLA regime has

no other alternative means of diversification for the economy. Both diamond

mining and coffee production (the country's other potential major foreign

exchange earners) are now virtually unprofitable because of the intensification

of the war and UNITA's firm implantation in the north of the country.

The regime is caught in a situation of its own making. The winds of change

are strongly blowing in favour of a negotiated settlement in order to bring

about an end to the country's 11-year-old conflict which has cost so much in

terms of lives and property. It is a fact which the MPLA cannot afford to

ignore.

/8309

CSO: 3400/142

22
ANGOLA

BRIEFS

DOS SANTOS APPOINTS PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS—By a decree issued in Luanda yesterday evening, Comrade Jose Eduarde dos Santos, the president of the republic,

appointed Comrade Cristovao Domingos Francisco da Cunha to the post of

provincial commissioner of Luanda. Comrade Cristovao Domingos Francisco da

Cunha, who was previously Luanda's deputy provincial commissioner, was

relieved of that post yesterday by another presidential decree. By other

decrees, the Angolan head of state appointed Carlos Belo, deputy provincial

commissioner of Benguelaj Agostinho Pedro Ramos and Pedro Antonio Sebastiao,

deputy provincial commissioners of Malanje; (Luwete Dienza), deputy provincial

commissioner of Zaire; and Augusto Antonio Torcato, deputy provincial

commissioner of Cuanza Sul. [Text] [Luanda Domestic Service in Portuguese

0500 GMT 24 Feb 87] /83Ö9

RESOLUTION RATIFYING CEMA ACCORD SIGNED—In Luanda today, Comrade Jose Eduardo

dos Santos, president of the republic, signed a resolution from the People's

Assembly Standing Commission ratifying the agreement signed between Angola and

CEMA in Moscow in October 1976. Under the term of the agreement, bilateral

cooperation is to cover areas pointed out by the two sides in the fields of

economy, agriculture, prospecting and exploitation of mineral resources, [words

indistinct] foreign trade, and training of national cadres in fields of common

interest. A joint cooperation commission made up of representatives from the

People's Republic of Angola and CEMA has also been created by this agreement

to organize cooperation. The signing of the agreement was inspired by the

importance CEMA member-countries attach to intensifying trade and cooperation

with developing countries to contribute toward the development and strengthening of the national economies of these countries. The agreement also shows

the common determination of Angola and the CEMA member countries to achieve

multifaceted cooperation in the economic, scientific, and technical fields

based on the respect for state sovereignty, independence, and national

interests, as well as noninterference in internal affairs and complete mutual

rights and advantage. [Text] [Luanda Domestic Service in Portuguese 1200 GMT

1 Mar 87] /8309

23
AGREEMENTS SIGNED WITH SWEDEN—Talks between the State Secretariat for

Cooperation and the Swedish International Development Agency ended this

morning with the signing of a number of accords worth a total of 200 million

Swedish kronor, about $15 million. Carlos Fernandes, Angolan secretary of

state for cooperation, spoke on the occasion and enumerated the projects

which will benefit from the signing of these accords. [Begin Fernandes

recording] We have signed a cooperation accord on development for 1987-88, a

special accord on supplementary finance for the (Dembos) electrification

project, an accord providing support for the fishing school [words indistinct]

another one on emergency aid and one on the financing of services provided

by guest workers and consultants in the People's Republic of Angola, [end

recording] [Excerpt] [Luanda Domestic Service in Portuguese 1200 GMT

28 Feb 87] /8309

CSO: 3400/142

24
BURKINA

LISBON PAPER SAYS CUBAN ADVISERS BEING SENT

Lisbon SEMANARIO in Portuguese 20 Dec 86 p 64

[Text] Cuba is sending military advisors to Burkino Faso (Upper Volta). The

soldiers from Havana use the airport on the Cape Verde island of Sal as their

transit point, from which they embark with their compatriots who are being

sent to Luanda.

Thomas Sankara, head of Burkina Faso's government, was in Cuba in November,

having held a long meeting with the Cape Verdian President, Aristides Pereira,

at the same site where secret meetings between Angolans and South Africans

are usually held. Sankara, who came to power in a coup d'etat in August of

last year is the first of his country's leaders to attempt to free it from

French influence by seeking alliances with other nations outside the francophone area.

The territory which the French called Upper Volta has special importance, inasmuch as it can be termed the "border zone" between "white Africa" and black

Africa." Recently, the leader of the "Land of Incorruptible Men" got involved

in a border dispute with Mali, where social conditions are gradually going _

downhill. Sankara, who had attempted diplomatic relations with Ghana and with

Libya, will hold off on his contacts with Qadhdhafi, since the latter would

not favor an understanding between Burkina Faso and Cuba and other so-called

"progressista" African countries.

12830/12859

CSO: 3442/75

25
MILITIAMEN COMPLETE FIRST TRAINING PHASE

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 16 Jan 87 p 5

[Article by George Syndey Abugri]

GHANA

[ Text ] THE first batch of Militiamen trained by the

Civil Defence Organization (CDO}in the Upper

,West Region have ended

their,first phase ofbasic

militia training at Wa.

The first phase lasted

two months and the militiamen numbering 30 went

through intensive physical

training, foot drill and political orientation.

With the completion of

the first phase of their

training programme, the

militiamen will now move

toTamale, in the Northern

Region, for the next phase

which will involve three

months training in weapon

handling.

Speaking- to the 'Graphic' at Wa the officer ineharge of the regional

CDO. WO I Gaspard Dunu

said, the CDO would demand the highest level of

moral discipline and revolutionary commitment

from the militiamen, who

will supplement police efforts in checking crimes as

burglary and sumuggling.

They will also act as civil

defence guards in their

Communities.

WO I Dunu who is also

Operational Assistant to

the Wa District Secretary,

said the first batch of militiamen had been selected

after ajthoVough screening

of all applicants to ensure

that criminals, misfits' and

other applicants with dubious character did not infiltrate the CDO.

Meanwhile, the regional

CDO has supplied the militiamen with knaki uniforms and boots. The uniforms bear special badges

for easy identification of

those on duty.

/13104

CSO: -3400/152

26
GHANA

MILITARY POLICING SYSTEM FOR MILITIAMEN

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 3 Feb 87 p 5

[Article by Abdul Aziz]

t Text ] A SYSTEM of military policing has been

introduced in the Civil Defence Organisation to protect the militia from importers and ensure discipline. - .' ''

Members of the CDO have therefore been

urged to be critical of people who entice them,

to molest their fellow countrymen.

Brigadier A. Tehn-Addy, Commander ot

the CDO who announced this in Accra at a

get-together for militiamen said the concept

of the CDO which is based on the model of

Asafo companies aims at guarding communities against armed robbers, thieves and dissidents. /

He advised militiamen that while carrying

out their sacrificial duties they should remember to comport themselves and set the

pace of the revolution by their good example.

Brigadier Tehn Addy advised the militiamen

to rededicate themselves and work harder to

achieve greater results.

Lt (rtd) J. K. Bambill, Operation Assistant

of the Accra District CDO in his address said

the CDO has contributed to environmental

protection in all forms. He said the public has

begun to appreciate their role and urged the

members to justify the creation and existence

of the CDO.

At the function prizes were distributed to

dedicated cadres who excelled themselves

during their duties.

Mrs Selina Taylor, Greater Accra Regional

Secretary chaired the function.

/13104

CSO: 3400/162

27
GHANA

FINANCE MINISTRY LIFTS RETIREMENT BENEFIT BAN

Retirement Benefit Applications Permisible

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 24 Jan 87 p 1

[Text] THE Ministry of

Finance has announced that following further

consultation with

all concerned parties it has been decided that the temporary freeze on

payment of endof- service benefits.

imposed by the ministry should be

lifted to enable

pending applications to be duly

processed while

the review of the

financial implications of the existing scheme and ongoing consultations continue.

Meanwhile in a separate development,

the PNDC Secretary

for the redesignated

Ministry of Mobilisation and Productivity, Mr W. H. Yeboah, has emphasised

that the new ministry

has full responsibility

for labour and industrial relations and the

Department of Labour will continue to

be a specialised department of the redesignated ministry, a

statement issued in

Accra yesterday said.

The statement

added, that the details and modalities

of the conversion are

being worked out by

a special Task Force.

28
TUC Reacts to Lifting

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 24 Jan 87 p 1

[Text]

THE Trades Union Congress (TUC) of Ghana, has

expressed sincere appreciation to the government

for the decision to lift the temporary freeze on

payment of end-of-service benefits, in spite of the

current financial position ofthe country.

A statement issued in Accra yesterday and signed bv

Mr A. K. Yankey, Secretary-General of the TUC. said

"On behalf of the TUC and ail workers. I would like to

express my sincere appreciation to the government for its

decision to lift the temporary freeze on payment of end ot

service benefit in spite of the precarious financial position

ofsome ofstate corporations, dependent on public funds .

The statement said the decision of the Ministry of

Finance is a clear vindication of "faith in consultation,

and dialogue as a means of resolving differences".

In this connection the TUC boss strongly warned

"those sections of labour which took unilateral action

while consultations were going on" and advised them to

exercise constraint in such matters.

The statement pointed

out that end-of-service awards benefit management staff more than

unionised workers. It cited

as an example that a

worker on a salary-of

C29.160.00 per annum will

earn C194.400.00 after 20

years at tour months pay

for each completed year of

service; whilst management personnel on

C174.960.00 per annum

will earn about two million

.cedis for the same length of

-service and on the same

formula for calculation

"I therefore wish, to appeal to all workers to patientlv analyse the existing

scheme, in order to enable

organised labour to make a

useful contribution in the

workers interest to the ongoing review of the scheme.

It will be recalled that at

the TUC executive board

meeting at Cape Coast in

December "last year, the issue of the freezing of payment of end-of-service benefits was discussed.

The Secretary-General

then asked the executive

board to allow him time to

consult with the ministries

concerned.

/13104

CS0: 3400/164

29
SOVIET EMBASSY WORKERS COMPLAIN ABOUT SERVICE CONDITIONS

GHANA

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 3 Feb 87 p 5

[Text] WORKERS ofthe Soviet

Embassy in Ghana have

complained about thepoor conditions of service at the embassy.

According to a section of

the workers, the embassy

pays the lowest salary

among all the foreign

missions in the country.

They also complained

that they are not given any

allowance, medical care,

and transportation by the.

embassy.

Oa procedures for employment, the workers said

the embassy usesits frontmen who contact the prospective employee.

. Such a person is neither

given a letter of employment nor a salary scale.

One gets to know how

much he'is paid only after

the first payment.

According to them, if

one complains he is asked

to quit since a new person

could be found.

The workers accussed

the embassy of taking

advantage of the scarcity

of job openings in the

country to exploit them.

When Mr Jyar Chthlekaev, the consul was contacted he agreed that the

salaries are low and that

no allowances are paid since they operate under Soviet laws.

He however^ pointed out

that they don't pay below

the minimum wage.

The Consul'said the embassy had written to Moscow for permission to increase salaries of workers.

He said drivers are paid

05,000, garden boy 03,600

and watchmen 03,000.

Mr Chthlekaev said all

workers receive medical

care from the embassy's

medical point and are also

allowed to use the embassy

duty free shop.

/13104

CS0: 3400/162

30
TIMBER INDUSTRY'S ROLE IN ECONOMIC RECOVERY PLAN

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 21 Jan 87 p 3

[Article by K. Abaka Quansah]

GHANA

[Text]

THE timber, indiistry

ranksthird after the cocoa and mining industries in terms of contributions to the nation's

export earnings. The,

general decline in all facets ofthe national economy since the 1970's

was reflected in returns

from the timber trade,

just asitwasreflected in

all the leading economic

indicators.

Production of round logs

declined from about two

million cubic metres to 550

thousand cubic metres

between 1973 and 1981. In

the circumstance^returns

from the timber trade also

declined from $130 million

to $20.4 millionin the same

period.- •'•',.

. ThedecMne in the timber industry can- be attrii

bated to a miscellany of

problems among which the

over-valued exchange rate

regime of the past fifteen

years stands out as th«

mostsignificant. ' Other reasons that- can

be= adduced for the decline,

in the timber industry incmdeinadequate provisionin the past of sufficient

foreign exchange for capital replacement and reha-'

bilitation o£ equipment;

poor stateof roads and

railing faciKties and inefft

ciencies at the ports causing great coststo exporters

andvessel owners.

'

; Under the recovery programme, the PNDC initiated a rehabilitation programme to arrest the decline in the- timber industry. The rehabilitation

programme, adequately

addressed the overvaluationsyndtome which

made hv cheaper to import

than to. export and therefore, directly or otherwise

pulverised aä the productivesectors-of the national

economy.

*The systematic adjustments ofthe exchangerate

of the cedi to the dollar,

and therefore to all the

convertible currencies

have enabled timber producers earn enough in local

currencies to meet their

local costs and to make

some profits.

Coupled with the exchange rate, adjustments

has been the export retention scheme, under which

timber exporters retain 20

per cent of their foreign

earnings in external accounts. The retention

scheme enables timber

producers to bring in the

equipment and spare

parts needed for increased

production.

External resources have

also been- sunk into the

timber industry for purposes of rehabilitation work.

The National Investment

Bank expended $20 million

on the industry under the

first-phase of the recovery

programme. A further $8

million was allocated by

the government, for

disbursement to timber,

producers;

The injection of resources . for rehabilitation; the

retention scheme and the

rehabilitation of roads: in

the timber producing areas

as, well as the rehabilitation of the Western railway line had salutary effects on the timber industry. V'

The graph- shows

the export volumesand. returns from the timber industry since 1980. Itshows

that export returns^ at $60

million in 1986, showed a

100 per cent increase over

the returns in 1985. With

respect to earnings from

the timber trade in 1982

and 1983, the 1986 export

earnings showed an increase of about 275 per

cent.

Export volumes have

also followed thetrend. At

390,000 cubic metres, the

volume of timber exported'

in 1986,showed an increase

of 1.40 per cent over the'

export volume in 1985, and

250 per cent over the volu*

me exported in 1981.

Although the figures for

returns and volumes of export in 1986 poles in comparison with the corresponding figures in 1973,

the feet remains that the'

decline in the timber industry has been arrested,

and a solid foundation laid

for increased production in

the years ahead.

The rejuvenation of the

timber industry remains

one of the basic realities

that attests to the appropriateness of the recovery

programme to finding lasting solutions to the problems that plagued the

national economy in the

immediate past.

31
TloniläA -. fixPoAT Vit-u.v>ei <y«H) HSTUHM-S , tq go — gfe

'Wim1'

3*0

3fo

3«re '

O-Cü'

xa-o

vSo

t»K5

t«i

yo-uo«<

\<\So >t\ >t^ 'S3 *T* >SS **4"-'..

Timber exports and returns between 1980 and 1986;

/13104

CSO: 3400/162

32
GHANA

BRIEFS

GOVERNMENT ORDERS PRISONER RELEASE—Following the broadcast of the Chairman of

the PNDC, Fit.-Lt. J. J. Rawlings on December 31, 1986, the government had

ordered the release of 340 prisoners on medical grounds. The reasons for the

release include old age and ill-health. Pregnant women and nursing mothers

are also included, an official statement issued in Accra said. Fifty of those

concerned will be released on licence and will report monthly to the Police,

because of the nature of their crimes which include stealing and smuggling.

Three of the prisoners who were discovered to have leprosy are to be sent to

the Ankaful Leprosarium, whilst one who is an alien will be deported. The

government has also ordered the release of the rest of the former Military

Intelligence personnel who, under the PNP, were directly involved in

harassment and assassination attempts. Other cases involving national

security are still under consideration by the PNDC, the statement added.

[Text] [Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 15 Jan 87 p 1] /13104

ELUBO BORDER POST—Construction work has begun on a C76 million complex border

post for the security agencies at Elubo on the Ghana-Cote d'lvoire border in

the Western Region. The work which involves the construction of offices and

warehouses is being undertaken by the Public Works Dpeartment (PWD) and is

aimed at facilitating the work of the security agencies. Elubo serves as the

entry point to Ghana from Cote d'lvoire and traffic to and from the

Trans-Africa highway. Mr Kofi Sekyi, Regional Engineer of the PWD who

disclosed this in an interview said the project forms part of the department's

effort to undertake viable commerical ventures. He said the department has

completed part of the concreting, and block work would soon follow. The

department, he added, is hastening to beat the deadline by the re-inforcement

of its workers drawn from Tarkwa, Axim and Takoradi. It would be recalled

that on a number of occasions when government officials visited the Elubo

entry point they complained about makeshift accommodations for security

personnel in the area. Currently, the Customs, Immigration, Health, Plant and

Quarantine Department workers work in wooden sheds and containers. [Text]

[Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 19 Jan 87 p 16] [Article by Fiifi

Mensah] /13104

DPRK VEGETABLE OIL INVESTMENT—The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea has

expressed interest in co-operating with Ghana in the area of agro-based

industries. Disclosing this during a courtesy call on the Secretary of

Industries, Science and Technology, Dr Francis Acquah at the week end, the

33
D.P.R.K. Ambassador, Mr Chang Tuho expressed his country's interest in a Joint

Venture ownership of Esiama Oil Mills in the Western Region for the production

of copra oil. Briefing the Ambassador on the priority areas, the Secretary

focused on Small Scale Industries processing agricultural produce, e.g.,

cassava, corn, plantain, cocoyam, and forest products like canes and bamboo.

Other areas mentioned were the establishment of Small-scale foundries to

support the production of simple agricultural implements like ploughs.

Present at the meeting were Mr Martin Amidu, Under Secretary for Industries,

Sciencer and Technology, Miss Victoria Oku, Chief Director, Administration of

the Ministry and Mr Cho Yongman, secretary, D.P.R.K. Embassy. [Text] [Accra

PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 19 Jan 87 p 3] /13104

CDR DELEGATION FOR LUANDA—-At the invitation of the Angolan Government, a two

member delegation led by Mr Kwabena Arane-Agyei, Brong-Ahafo Regional

Organising Assistant, left Accra for Luanda at the week-end to represent Ghana

at the First Conference of the Brigades of the Angolan Revolution. The other

member of the delegation is Ms. Rebecca Okai of the Accra District Civil

Defence Organisation. After the Conference, at which a solidarity message

from the Office of the Political Counsellor will be read, the delegation will

stay on to see how the Brigades of the Revolution, the equivalent of our CDRs,

operate. While in transit in Ethiopia, they will further study the operations

of the Ethiopian Defence Committees. [Text] [Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in

English 3 Feb 87 p 5] /13104

CSO: 3400/163

34
GUINEA

PRESIDENT'S NEW YEAR MESSAGE

Conakry HOROYA in French 1 Jan 87 pp 1-3

[Message to the nation by its president, Gen Lansana]

[Text] Ladies and gentlemen of Guinea!

Dear fellow countrymen!

On the threshold of the new year 1987, I address you at the moment when, wishing I could be with each one of you, I want to share the hopes of everyone, but

especially to renew with all of you the pact of conciliation with our common

plan for society.

It is traditional, on this occasion of the passage from one year to the next,

to solemnly mention future projections, thus to breathe a little dream into

minds made receptive by the euphoria of the holidays.

For my part, I want to deviate from that custom and challenge the unrealistic

promises.

Guinea needs the truth of change rather than dreams.

The Second Republic, from its very beginning, was defined as an era of national

energy, a constructive force in the service of freedom and responsibility for

its citizens.

In spite of many diversions which were insidious and of every kind or origin,

intended to alter the direction of government action, I am strengthened by the

undeniably positive achievements of the year 1986, which is now behind us.

It was a year filled with resolute and innovative deeds whose watermark is the

look of the new Guinean society.

My dear fellow countrymen!

Our vast reform program, which was outlined in my declaration of general policy

of 22 December 1985, had as its ultimate essential theme the surmounting first

of all the legacy taken over by the Second Republic.

35
Rather than hold forth on the defects of a past from which all Guineans are now

turning away, I am reminding you of the broad outlines of the reform program of

which the year 1986 was the first stage of its execution:

- Reform of the monetary and banking system and the rehabilitation of the national treasury;

- Restructuring the industrial and commercial sector by means of privatization;

- Relaunching agricultural production and promoting small and medium-size businesses;

- Administrative reform and decentralization of structures for development of

rural collectivities;

- Social reforms supported by a regenerated infrastructure for the purpose of

improving the citizens' social security benefits for education and, mainly, for

health.

As you know, accomplishing this jr^form program is a process which necessarily

goes beyond the limits of one year.

However, let us retrace together, without hiding the weaknesses, the list of

actions taken by the government over the past year.

First, the reform of the monetary and banking system which, making possible financial and monetary stabilization, formed the operational basis for the structural reforms needed by our economy and our institutions so they could emerge

from lethargy and gain in vigor.

Devaluation of the syli, changing the monetary symbol by creating the Guinean

franc, adjusting some prices, putting in place a private and semi-public banking system, reorganizing the Central Bank.

These measures generated an economic activity in which the private sector invested a good measure of its potential capacity for initiative and enterprise.

Thanks to an adequate volume of foreign currency, the Central Bank was able to

satisfy most import requests.

As for receeipts, fiscal resources were tripled thanks to the effect of devaluation, to the new customs tariff and the fiscal offensive that made it possible

to inventory and tax 173 privately-owned corporations and businesses.

Government expenditures were substantially reduced to approximately 5 billion

below the forecasts.

The Guinean franc, however, could not be totally safe from speculative attacks.

The acceleration of the monetary expansion recorded in the third quarter was

largely responsible for that fact.

36
You will recall that it was in exactly that period that the government, after

the bonuses were granted to the workers following upon devaluation, granted

large wage increases.

I know that the remuneration level for wage-earners is not yet adjusted to the

cost of living, but the government has to administer the development and therefore cannot safely concede an aggregate remuneration incompatible with our budgetary possibilities.

In other words, a substantial wage increase is in sight, but it will depend on

the level to which the number of Civil Service workers is reduced.

In 1987, new measures to reinforce the provisions which had already been tested

were announced, notably in bank credit and interest rates.

These measures will aim at better promotion of savings and productive investment, while budgetary policy will be more dynamic.

This is the price we will pay to be able to bring to completion the administrative reform whose basic sections are: getting rid of the fat from the Civil

Service, definition and organic formalization of government institutions with

a view to assuring an administration that is more cohesive and completely

turned toward development and, ultimately, decentralization.

Administrative reform will obviously be the great achievement of the Second Republic, the one that will endure, while endowing each agent of the administration with the meaning of the state and the public interest and well-being.

Similarly, the dynamic of the decentralized structures will give free reign to

the development of skills and resources at the district level.

The work accomplished in that sphere in 1986 is valuable less for the defunctionarization than for the solid, reliable and efficient institutional framework that was gradually put in place.

In 1987, the creativity of the decentralized collectivities is to experience a

new vigor.

They are at present being equipped with resources for facilities and development.

That is one of the achievements of 1986.

Our populace is valiant and in the rural development sector you can find exceptional efforts and the remarkable seriousness that accompanies small family

production throughout the nation.

This year's end saw an encouraging rice harvest. A study is in progress to determine the availability and competitiveness of the local rice, with a view to

encouraging its production.

Today, rice produced locally is more abundant and better priced than imported

rice on all of the nation's markets.

37
This proves that the Guinean peasantry, freed by the Second Republic from the

regressive shackles of the systems that extorted its product, is letting all of

its vitality explode in the service of its own greater welfare and that of the

nation.

The expansion of foodstuff production and the plantation economy deserves to

have the CMRN and government give more attention and support to promoting rural

activities. The means of supporting the modernization of that priority sector

will therefore be considerably reinforced in 1987.

Food self-sufficiency, to which we keenly aspire, will be attained at that

price.

Swept along on the breeze of urban daily life, many citizens lose sight of the

realities of the rural world.

Their minds are no longer on what all of us owe to rough labor, sometimes unrewarded by nature but always accomplished with perseverance by the great majority of our brothers and sisters who live in the countryside.

By raising the level of the prices of their products, by putting an end to

forced commercialization, the government has done more than encourage them, it

has brought about social justice.

In the commercial sector more precisely, all of the regional state-owned firms

have been abolished and liquidated.

Privatization of 15 national firms has begun. The emergence of private, politically healthy groups has enabled the Guineans to assume effectively the functions of distributing indispensable foodstuffs and medicines.

The Guinean Commerce Company is authorized to regulate the market for foodstuffs.

The distribution functions it carries are dependent on the circumstances.

They are to be taken over gradually by nationals.

The process of privatizing the industrial sector is being actively pursued.

Despite the apparent slowness, which is explained by the necessity of choosing

the best technical partners and protecting the national interests, the restructuring of our industry is firmly under way.

It is gradually transferring to private initiative those firms in whose management the government has been shown to be a poor producer.

The strength of our industrial sector will proceed from the great density of

the fabric of the small and medium-size businesses.

One sphere that the government has long identified as essential to our nation's

development.

38
Bringing the support system for private investment into harmony, effective mobilization of the lines of credit already negotiated for financing the projects

of small and medium-size businesses, professional training of the private developers are the main lines of government action in progress.

At the same time the government is implementing an institutional sorting out to

clarify the conditions for carrying out economic activity, and to create an environment that will encourage national and foreign private investment.

The Petroleum Code and the Mining Code have been drawn up and promulgated.

The Investment Code, the Public Markets Code, the Commerce Code, the Labor

Code, the Fishing Code and the Industry Code will also be drawn up and promulgated very soon.

Thus our country will have at its disposal an appropriate legal arsenal that

will confer more credit on our economic policy and grant the hoped-for guarantees to all who wish to conduct business.

In the area of public investment, the triennial program (1987-1989) will be

discussed and adopted by the government in the very near future.

That program will give priority to investments favoring the expansion of the

productive sectors, in particular agriculture and small and medium-size businesses.

It will also be oriented toward satisfying our population's basic needs in the

health and education fields.

In human resources, a series of actions has been started for the promotion of

professional training and contractual management of employment by social partners.

Moreover, extension of primary health care and preventive health care to a

larger population segment has constituted one of the importantmain lines of the

government program. \

The school infrastructure has benefited from a vigorous expansion.

School supplies and textbooks have been distributed in all of the country's

schools.

The objective of these actions is assuredly to make the education of young people qualifiable.

This is the place to emphasize the dynamic role the government expects to be

played, most particularly by the associations of parents of students, whose

support for our educational institutions will be an effective intermediary and

a useful contribution to the state by helping to meet its obligations.

The quality of the service benefits in the fields of energy, urban transportation and the media has also been greatly improved.

39
The National Conference on Sports has put in place structures appropriate for

making Guinean sports dynamic in the future.

The Guinean culture has benefited from initiatives that have set creativity

free.

It has become more effective because of the innovative spirit of the men and

women who are artisans.

As far as the hotel and tourism sector is concerned, the government remains

open to any proposal for investment. Toward that end, 1987 will see the establishment of appropriate structures which will make it possible to facilitate,

farther upstream, taking and carrying out adequate decisions in order to avoid

the inconveniences of a tourism run wild, and the anarchic proliferation of

bars and restaurants, in a dubious administrative position and failing to observe the required health standards.

Men and women of Guinea!

In foreign relations, the government of the Second Republic has deployed efforts that are supported, with the idea of establishing and promoting confident

relations of friendship and cooperation with all the states in the world, on

the bases of respect, friendship and reciprocity of interests.

It has worked to strengthen good-neighbor relations between the countries of

the subregion and to lay the foundations of south-to-south cooperation with the

African countries, by means of concrete action programs.

Visits of state, friendship and working visits were made. Several bilateral

and multilateral accords were concluded.

Mediation efforts undertaken yielded satisfactory results.

In this regard, the signing of the treaty of nonaggression and cooperation in

security between Sierra Leone, Liberia and our own country is an important factor in maintaining the subregional equilibrium so indispensable if our development objectives are to be realized.

The peaceful solution recently reached in permanently settling the conflict between Mali and Burkina Faso is a typical example of what is desirable in preventing confrontations between neighbor brother countries.

We look forward to it for the prestige of Africa.

Everywhere that the risks of fratricidal war may divert our peoples from their

fundamental preoccupation with development and security, faith in the charter of

the Organization of African Unity is to encourage restraint and dialogue.

The whole of Africa must in fact mobilize in unity for the highest objectives

and those most in harmony with the aspirations to freedom and dignity of all

peoples.

The peoples of South Africa and Namibia in the liberation movements are waging

a courageous fight against the universally dishonored system of apartheid,

40
which will require solidarity and a more vigorous commitment to their side on

the part of our country.

On this New Year's Eve 1987, our warm thoughts are with those freedom fighters

with the certainty that their cause, which is also ours, will triumph inevitably

and soon.

Concerning the Islamic community, we are hoping for a happy denouement to the

tragedy of the Palestinian people and we hope the tragic conflict between Iran

and Iraq will move toward a quick settlement.

My government militates for universal peace.

Peace is the most important factor in development.

But peace is also a product of justice between the nations of the North and

those of the South, through the re-establishment of international order.

International order in the economy, in communication, in science and technology

as requirements for humanity's interdependent destiny.

We have sought precisely to diversify cooperation with the industrialized nations.

The accent has thus been placed on cooperation directed toward development, and

not solely toward commerce.

We have also taken into account the necessity of mobilizing private foreign aid

as a complement to public aid.

The government of the Second Republic intends to assure private investors that

it will be totally available to cooperate with them in the well-understood interest of both parties. I am eager in the name of my government to express my

profound gratitude to the countries which are our friends as well as to the international organizations for the considerable assistance they willingly gave us

in implementing the national recovery program.

Men and women of Guinea, dear fellow countrymen,

We have accomplished an important task, but it still negligible in comparison

with what remains to be done.

That is why I urge you to make the effort: the effort to understand, the effort

to convert attitudes, sacrificial efforts in order to bring about the change.

It is indispensable that what has been started should be carried through to the

end. This will be the price of our ending up by building a dynamic and viable

economy.

We will not let ourselves be distracted by provocateurs who haven't enough work

to keep them busy.

The state is putting in place a policy that will encourage the stimulation and

promotion of the citizens' enterprising spirit.

41
Retired civil servants or those who agree to leave voluntarily to enter the

private sector must be helped to facilitate their becoming private producers.

This demands daring and imaginative initiatives on the government's part in a

situation where financial resources are limited.

In this regard, the recent institution of the bureau to aid the conversion of

civil service agents legitimizes hopes for rapid social promotion of these new

producers.

The state also watches over the fate of university young people who are looking

for employment.

I am asking for your patience, because when all is said and done, the sacrifice

made by their elders is destined to create for them a more attractive and more

secure life. To the teaching profession, which has the virtue of patience and

effort in performing work that is delicate and of profound social impact, I extend strong encouragement.

Improving its working conditions and emphasizing the value of its means of

livelihood has been given special attention by the CMRN and the government.

As for the armed forces, I can never emphasize enough their historic responsibility in the conduct of this country's public affairs in this delicate phase.

That is why, repeating my appeal at their recent meeting, I am asking them to

reinforce their cohesion in a disciplined and orderly fashion, with the elevated sense of patriotism that is theirs by right.

My dear fellow countrymen,

The contemporary world is a universe full of contrasts and challenges. Ecological, economic and cultural contrasts. The challenges of disease, ignorance

and just plain under-development.

Our country finds itself confronted with most of these challenges because of

its weak development.

To change that state of affairs and improve our people's living conditions, our

recovery policy rests on the following strong points:

- A young, intelligent and enterprising populace.

- Rich soil.

However, no recovery policy will be effective unless we master our weak points:

- Ethnocentrism, regionalism and resistance to work.

Many managerial personnel still insidiously perpetuate ethnocentrism and regionalism.

They make it a criterion for evaluating men and deeds as privileged.

42
Because they do so, prejudices that are just as unhealthy as they are dangerous

crystallize, to the great detriment of the national ideal.

But the Guinean nation is an evolution whose irreversible process will be accelerated by the state that is its antecedent.

It is therefore by its choices and its objective acts, banishing all references

to ethnic groups or regions, taking nothing into consideration except the interest of the country, that the state can promote the opening out and strengthening of the national spirit.

National unity must not be a pious vow, but a reality reflected in our daily conduct by our conscious will.

It is not enough to denounce ethnocentrism and regionalism.

Energetic measures are in sight to root them out permanently from minds and behavior .

I invite each of you to meditate on the important national question.

I appeal to your sense of responsibility and your undeniable potential for good

will and initiative.

Together, I am sure, we can bring our country out of the present difficulties

to make it a prosperous nation, a land of freedom and justice.

Men and women of Guinea,

On the threshold of the new year, I express for each of you, for your families,

for all of our people, my best wishes for health, individual and collective

happiness and success in our common undertaking.

Vive la Republic!

8946

CSO: 3419/73

43
GUINEA

NATIONAL ARMED FORCES CONFERENCE DESCRIBED

Conakry HOROYA in French 23 Dec 86 p 1

[Article by Saliou Bälde]

[Text] The National Conference of the Armed Forces of Guinea opened its sessions on 17 Dec at 1000 in the 2 October room in the Palace of the People in

Conakry. It was chaired by a delegation from the Military Committee for National Recovery, headed by Maj Kerfalia Camara, minister and permanent secretary of the CMRN.

The delegation also included Lt Col Sory Doumbouya, CMRN member and defense

minister; Commander Jean Traore, CMRN member and foreign affairs minister; Cap

Gbago Zoumanigui, CMRN member and secretary of state for fishing; Commander

Alpha Oumar Barrou Diallo, CMRN member and minister of the interior and decentralization; Commander Babacar N'Diaye, CMRN member and secretary of state for

transportation; Commander Abou Camara, CMRN member and chief of the combined

staff; and Lt Col Karifa Kourouma, the governor of the province of Conakry.

The meeting, the second one of its kind since the Armed Forces of Guinea took

over the destinies of this country which Gen Lansana Conte runs with perceptiveness, mastery and wisdom, is of primary importance.

It will in fact enable Army officers to take stock of the situation by objectively evaluating the road that has been followed since 3 April 1984, so that

they may be better able to prepare for the next stage.

What is involved, therefore, is reviewing the situation by diagnosing the sector's situation.

And since any review necessarily includes objective analysis and evaluation of

the facts of the situation, the present conference will review all aspects of

life and the operation of the National Army. Thus, the participants will exchange ideas and points of view on the actions laid down, the paths followed,

the existing structures, the.methods and means utilized until now.

For this purpose, it is well that the conference has been the object of meticulous, methodical preparation in all of the various military zones represented

at these meetings.

44
We also recall that from 16 to 30 November inclusive, Maj Abou Camara, the chief

of the combined staffs, traversed the length and breadth of the country. He established contact with all of the garrisons and all of the tactical sub-units in

the interior. He met with officers, non-commissioned officers and enlisted men

to ask them about the objective realities of the Armed Forces which are on all

fronts, to identify the problems, define their outlines and appraise their dimensions, so that the conference can deliberate in full knowledge of the facts.

8946

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45
GUINEA

NEW TRADE POLICY DESCRIBED

Conakry HOROYA in French 1 Jan 87 p 8

[Interview with Kaury Koundiano, secretary of state for Commerce, conducted by

Saliou Sampil; date and place not given]

[Excerpts] Our reporter met with Kaury Kondiano, the secretary of state for

commerce, who takes stock of the situation below.

[Question] Your Excellency, in December 1985 you took over the Secretariat of

State for Commerce. You adopted a new orientation different from the former

structure. Can you give us the broad outlines?

a. At the human level.

b. Structure.

c. Objectives.

First, as concerns the people.

[Answer] Our first task was to define and put in place new, more modern structures for the new Department of Commerce and to staff them with qualified men

to get them started; this was done in accordance with the directives of the

president of the Republic, Gen Lansana Conte, as to choosing men to run our administrations. We are presently counting on a new team of young motivated managers, full of dynamism and conscious of the enormous responsibility they have

assumed for the entire nation.

Within the framework of the measures designed to create the foundations of a

liberal economy, the new Department of Commerce wants to establish itself as

the driving force, the coordinator and regulator of the commerce sector, so as

to make it possible effectively to. take decisions for gradual liberalization of

the market, resulting in a real development of participation by the private

sector. At the same time, it wants to enable our populace to take maximum advantage of its economic resources in this new context.

The secretary of state for commerce will encourage a loyal and effective competition in order to furnish the population the widest possible range of products

and services at the lowest prices.

46
One of the main objectives of our new trade policy will be :

- First of all, to lighten the constraints in order to ^«r^^^^/^articuthe economy to finance its foreign currency operations, with the aid *» Particu

J« of more active development and diversification of exports, a reduction in

the cost of imports, implantation of rational trade practices, to simplifica

tion! harmonization and establishment of adequate foreign trade procedures.

- And in the second place, to improve the purchasing power of the low^-income

social classes, to facilitate distribution of income in their favor, especially

hv instituting a dynamic price policy in accord with the government's fundamental choice! aLed at creating a liberal economy and one oriented toward encouraging national production and investment in priority activities, while controlling inflation.

Participation by Private Operators

rQuestion] Foreign trade has become one of our principal preoccupations. Important reforms are provided for. Can you, Your Excellency, define the priority directions for us?

a. Revision of the export policy.

b. Promotion of non-traditional exports.

c. Creation of a center for commercial information and documentation.

d. Simplification of commercial procedures.

[Answer] a. Exports will no longer be a government monopoly. The secretary

of state for commerce expects active participation by private operators. On

this subject, the secretary of state for commerce will study the most effective

way to establish the necessary incentives to private exporters, as well as the

organizing of a new framework enabling economic operators to have access the

Sernational market, maintaining observance of the new legislation and the

monetary balances of the national economy.

But we will also supervise the observance of the standards of quality in our

export products. For example, for coffee, we are faithful to the standards established by the OIC.

implementing the new export policy will require ef forts ^ ^^M

nrofliability cannot be left totally to chance connected with international

Price fluctuations. One sure safeguard, though it is a partial one, must be

proposed to those producers desirous of participating in the export promotion

program.

I hasten to tell you that our export policy will be adapted to the structural

changes in international trade.

b Our general program for promoting exports, revising and restructuring the

potential exportation will have as its main objective increasing and diversifying exports to increase and stabilize our country's export revenues.

47
Making Services Dynamic

I should like to be more precise by saying that the secretariat of state for

commerce will identify and establish a list of non-traditional products having

a potential for exportation. We will study the tariff and nontariff barriers

the Guinean non-traditional products have to face, especially on the markets of

Africa and Europe.

The new export activities to be undertaken, either mainly by the private sector

or public or semi-public firms, will be supported by the most adequate mechanisms and instruments in each case.

We are very much counting on the dynamism and efficacy of our Guinean exports.

c. Creation of a center for trade information and documentation is part of the

new policy. The secretariat of state for commerce will put in place mechanisms

for commercial information which are indispensable for seeing foreign trade activities through, especially those meant to assist and inform private operators.

Thus, a center for trade information and documentation will be created within

the secretariat of state for commerce. Its mission will be to collect, analyze

and dissemulate all commercial information. It will be in a position to furnish lists of supplies, buyers, product specifications, latest price quotations, payment conditions, delivery and quality control, cost of services and

especially of fees, types of contracts, a general survey of the markets and

their trends, etc.

d. Simplification of trade procedures must accompany every effort at administrive radicalization.

Simple, Harmonious Procedures

The reorganization of our services, notably those of Foreign Trade, will be accompanied by establishment, simplification and harmonization of Foreign Trade

procedures and documents.

Implementing the measures to simplify trade will be done by a National Committee for Simplification of Trade, which will be created with the participation

of the Chamber of Commerce and any other concerned private sector organization, and with the direct technical assistance of the CNUCED.

Within the framework of simplification of trade procedures and in-depth reor^-

ganization of the services responsible for foreign trade as indicated above,

we envisage concentrating all foreign trade procedures in the same service.

Finally, all these rationalization efforts can be no more than incomplete if

they are not accompanied by information from the services of the new department of commerce with the installation of the CNUCED's SYDONIA system, to

which the services of Customs, the Central Bank, the Statistical Services and

the Various Contributions services are going to belong, which will facilitate

relations between these services and the department of commerce.

8946

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48
GUINEA

BRIEFS

CULTURAL AGREEMENT WITH CUBA--On Saturday 27 December Edouard Benjamin, minister of planning and cooperation, and His Excellency Silvio Ribera, Cuba's ambassador to Guinea, officially signed a cultural and educational exchange protocol. The ceremony took place at the Palace of the Nations, in the presence

of high-ranking personages. On the Guinean side there were Zainoul Abidine

Sanoussi, minister of information and culture; Mamadou Bobo Camara, general director of international cooperation; and several government officials. On the

Cuban side, Ambassador Silvio Rivera was accompanied by close associates. In

its broad outlines, the protocol that was signed deals with middle, university

and post-graduate education of Guineans in Cuba, in the arts field. It will

make possible the exchange of specialists in music between the two countries.

It also defines the framework of the cooperation between the national Jose

Marti Library and Guinea's national library, and of the cooperation between

both countries' cinematographic institutions. On a more general plane, the

protocol aims at cooperation in the information sphere by means of the exchange

of specialized publications. [Excerpts] [Conakry HOROYA in French 1 Jan 87

p 5] 3946

CSO: 3419/73

49
EARNINGS WINDFALL OFFERS BREATHER FOR ECONOMIC REFORM

KENYA

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST 'Special Report' in English Dec 86 pp 2-4

[Text]

"THE ECONOMY is still on course" is the

bullish message from Kenya's Finance

Minister George Saitoti. "We should see

real growth in GDP of 5-6 per cent in 1987,"

he told AED in an interview - "subject to all

the usual uncertainties."

These "uncertainties" - world commodity prices, the rains, global trading levels -

are one side of the equation facing Kenya

at a delicate stage in its economic development. Saitoti well understands the

uncertainties that govern too much of

Kenya's economic well-being. Planned

growth could have been higher in 1987, he

told AED, but the government did not wish

to go for maximum expansion. "High prices

won't last for ever," Saitoti points out,

referring to the windfall gains from coffee,

which is estimated to have earned

KSh 8,200 million ($510 million) this year,

up from KSh 4,000 million ($249 million) in

1985 (see page 10). With a realism that

reassures Kenya's aid supporters, Saitoti

says the government is striving to ensure

that when the prices do fall the economy

"lands on a cushion not on cement."

The other side of the equation is reforming the inherent weaknesses in the economy's structure now impeding per capita

growth.

Solving equations is the forte of the

six-foot-plus half-Masai half-Kikuyu former

mathematics professor, who took over the

Finance Ministry in October 1983. It is a

task he shares with veteran politican

Robert Ouko who, since August 1985, has

taken on Saitoti's former planning responsibilities in a new separate ministry.

Their task is to take advantage of the

breathing space that export earnings and

growth figures this year - and hopefully

next - provide to get things moving. The

basic problem can be simply put: "We

must really ensure that the Kenyan economy g rows faster than population," Saitoti

says, and government has a particular role

by helping to create jobs faster at less cost,

he adds.

Agriculture, as elsewhere in Africa, remains the key to these goals. Kenya's

population growth rate of around 4 per cent

a year and the potential for significant

expansion in cultivated area being restricted to dry marginal lands combine to

present planners with real problems for the

future.

This year's maize surplus shows what

can be done, and Kenya's farmers are

more responsive than most to producer

price incentives. Strides are also being

made in the development and distribution

of locally generated high-yielding dry-land

grains, which should further boost productivity and gross output.

The experience of the past two years has

shown, however, that institutional rigidities,

as well as the weather, govern Kenya's

farming fortunes. Movement is at last being

seen on liberalising the stranglehold the

National Cereals & Produce Board (NCPB)

has had on the grain sector. No other issue

has so symbolised the reforms that many -

including such crucial determiners of

Kenya's financial fortunes as the World

Bank - believe are vital if growth rates are

to be accelerated, but on which the government has felt compelled to move slowly

to protect wide-ranging national interests.

The government, Saitoti points out, is

now making the short and medium-term

steps towards the "long-term goal of liberalisation of grain trading." But, explaining

some of the government's caution, he

insists Kenya cannot "just open our doors."

With Kenya's neighbours suffering food

deficits, the government is afraid of seepageout of the country. "The issue of maize

marketing is very important, but you cannot

just rush into it, because of the fear of

50
Balance of payments

(S million)

Merchandise exports (fob)

Services and income

Merchandise imports (fob)

Services and income

Balance of goods and services

Net transfers

Balance on current account

Direct investment

Other long-term capital

Other short-term capital

Net errors and omissions

Overall balance

Current account deficit as % of GDP

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

1,261.4 1,072.3 933.7 925.2 1.033.9 942.1

799.8 671.9 631.9 567.7 586.7 571.3

2.344.8 -1,881.3 -1,494.6 -1,204.0 -1,348.8 -1.289.0

-749.8 -678.9 -653.9 -534.2 -611.4 -580.8

1,033.4 -816.0 -582.9 -245.3 -339.6 -356.4

146.0 93.1 64.8 111.8 144.4 145.9

-887.4 -722.9 -518.0 -133.5 -195.2 -210.6

77.9 60.3 86.1 54.5 60.0 77.1

300.9 2264 161.3 145.3 135.1 24.7

127.0 119.1 51.9 36.9 50.9 7.7

9.3 -33.7 96.5 -5.6 21.0 57.0

-371.5 -350.8 -122.2 97.6 71.9 -44.1

72.5

Source; IMF

turning food surpluses into food deficits,"

Saitoti claims.

The situation on grain trading typifies the

dilemma at the heart of the development

equation. Kenya's planners - as this year's

ail-important sessional paper number 1

amply demonstrated - know the direction

in which they are moving. What is less clear

is how quickly they are prepared to take the

multitude ol short-term steps likely to characterise Kenya's approach to structural

reform.

"The paper makes all the right noises,

provides an overall framework, but no

agenda and no timescale," complains one

donor. "We were hoping the budget would

carry it further but we were disappointed."

Many in business argue that the time for

caution has passed and that- with productivity levels stagnant or falling, population

pressure growing daily and overseas investment at best hesitant - urgent action is

vital.

Industrialists have been waiting impatiently since 1983 for price controls to be

liberalised. Saitoti again promises that legislation is being prepared, following redefinition of the formula for controls. At the

same time, the list of products covered has

been purged of non-essential items. "In the

long run, we want to ensure that most

prices will be determined by market

forces." he says. What worries manufacturers is how long "the long run" is.

Saitoti also insists that the export compensation scheme, heavily criticised for

bureaucratic delays, is working well. The

70.8 8.3 2.3 3.5

volume of claims has been running far

higher than the KSh 2 million ($124,000) a

month the government had expected. Processing has been speeded up, although it

is still a major source of complaint, buf the

government must ensure that only bona

fide claims are paid, he says. The scheme

has recently been given a 20 per cent

boost and the government "must give it a

chance before contemplating any

changes."

Saitoti says the government has done

sales tax on machinery. All of which is

designed to make the cost of manufacturing cheaper," he points out; he stresses

that the government will maintain an exchange rate "which works in a way which

complements the incentives."

Balancing the incentives to exporters -

and Saitoti emphasises the potential

offered by the Preferential Trade Area for

East & Southern Africa (PTA) - are modifications to the import regime, which will

continue to provide some degree ol protection to local manufacturers. "We expect

our industries to be run efficiently and to be

open to competition. But Kenya's infant

industries must be nurtured. We cannot

just open up the doors, they need some

degree of protectionism."

Industry, along with agriculture, are the

sectors the government hopes will absorb

Kenya's growing labour force and ensure

per capita growth. Incentives to help industry take its share of this onerous burden

are clearly at the forefront of Saitoti's mind.

And, with an eye on the need for job

creation, more emphasis is being given to

3.6

51
the development of the intormal sector - or

"jua kali" as it is called, after the hot sun

under which most of its members work.

The government is trying to find ways

that the sector can get access to the

finance -in particular, commercial borrowing - it needs to expand. Saitoti points to

the scheme being put together by the

government and Kenya Commercial Bank

which will make guarantees available to

would-be borrowers without collateral on

loans totalling up to KSh 20 million

($1.2 million) over the next three years. A

number of donors are showing interest in

the scheme.

Job creation is vital for a government

under growing political pressure from families whose living standards are falling as

their members fail to find work or shambas

to cultivate. Although it is recognised that

the good times cannot last, this year's

coffee windfall has created some optimism

that economic growth can be kept ahead

of population. "We are optimistic that as

coffee earnings go down manufacturing

will be going up and be able to export

much more," Saitoti says. Tourism has also

done well, he points out.

As evidence of the government's ability

to deal with pressing economic problems,

Saitoti cites the speed with which it moved

to restore confidence after the recent

series of banking scandals. "The banking

sector is now stabilised," he says. Other

sources question whether the government

should not have acted earlier. They point

out that more than a year elapsed between

Rural Urban Credit Finance running into

difficulties and the latest series of collapses in mid-1986.

Also worrying is the excess liquidity

towards which a weakening of confidence

in the smaller financial institutions has

contributed, particularly at a time when

little in the way of big projects or purchases

is on the cards to mop up the high coffee

revenues. Most of the increase in

financing is going to the parastatal sector.

Hints that a cut in the rather high interest

rates may be on the way have made the

bigger banks cautious about accepting all

the funds swinging in their direction.

Reform of the financial sector and in

particular capital markets has been in the

offing for some considerable time. A paper

has been prepared by Washington-based

International Finance Corporation (IFC),

but the government has moved slowly to

broaden the debate on what measures

should be undertaken. While many believe

the present nature of the economy permits

only limited initatives to be made, the

chronic need to match potential borrowers

with a ready pool of domestic savers

suggests the need for urgent action if a

ready engine for sustaining economic

growth is not to be badly underutilised.

The government is also looking at the

foreign investment protection act - specifically the clauses on repayment of capital -

to see if something can be done to stimulate external flows. Again, moves here

have had to be balanced with domestic

political factors, leading to a number of -

for investors - worrying statements about

restricting foreign participation (see page

21).

While the government grapples with the

need for structural reform, the former

Nairobi university mathematics professor's

main task will be to ensure that the sums

add up. Any professional aversion to calculations that fail to provide the right

answer can be eased for the time being.

Most of the numbers add up to healthy

surpluses, while the budget deficit for

1986/87 will be 4 per cent of GDP or less,

Saitoti says. Observers in Nairobi fear,

however, that the deficit could climb to 5-7

per cent. "The government is coming

under a lot of pressure to spend because

of its windfall. It won't live with its forecast,"

predicts one donor.

Revenue prospects are thought to be

broadly realistic, but there is concern about transfers to parastatals. These have

virtually doubled in the latest budget -

notably with outlays on the NCPB storage

programme and development of the government tea zones, as well as improvements in pay and conditions for the military.

A "substantial" inflow of grants - between KSh 2,000 million-3,000 million

($124 million-186 million) - is expected,

while no large projects require funding in

1987, now that the contracts for the Turkwel Gorge hydroelectric scheme have

been let. "We are going slow on large

projects," Saitoti says, "the emphasis is on

consolidation, rehabilitation and maintenance. " No commercial borrowing for balance of payments or for government investment is expected.

The debt service ratio has been reduced

to an estimated 25 per cent in 1986, from its

1984 peak of 31 per cent. Despite much

heavier import flows for industrial and

agricultural inputs, foreign exchange re52
serves are expected to remain above

KSh 5,600 million ($348 million), and a

modest surplus on the balance of payments is expected this year, with economists predicting a figure of between

KSh 1,700 million-2,000 million ($106 million-124 million).

Not far below the surface of the government's relationship with its donors are

signs of the strain that linger in the aftermath of the Turkwel affair. The government

has stated its desire for more flexibility in

funding and for 100 per cent finance for

certain projects, as well as its wish for more

aid in the form of balance of payments and

budgetary support. Following the Paris

consultative group meeting in April - at

which the government's budget rationalisation programme received a somewhat

cool reception because of its perceived

generalities - donors have given the government a year to come up with an action

programme listing its priorities for each

sector as well as proposals to fund them

fully.

Nevertheless, all in all Kenya "should be

doing quite well in 1987," Saitoti says. It is

the longer term on which concern and

attention is now fixed.

Balance of trade

(KSh million)

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

Exports

Coffee

Tea

Petroleum products

10,314

2,164

1,160

3,296

10,647

2,197

1,225

3,394

11,372

2,893

1,551

3,016

13,044

3,202

2,469

2,731

15,533

4,072

3,789

2,852

16,047

4,613

3,828

2,385

Imports

Crude petroleum

19,181

5,634

18,507

6,255

18,118

6,162

18,112

5,502

21,944

5,848

24,023

6,986

Trade balance -8,867 -7,860 -6,746 -5,068 -6,411 -7,976

Source: IMF

/12828

CS0: 3400/126

53
KENYA

CONTROVERSY SURROUNDS GRAIN MARKETING POLICIES

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST 'Special Report' in English Dec 86 pp 6, 8

[Article by Margaret Dolley]

[Text] DOMESTIC food production — notably

that of Kenya's most popular staple, white

maize — has emerged as one of the most

contentious issues in the 1980s, as well as

the repository of some of the planners'

more ambitious hopes about coping with

the imminent population explosion.

In many respects, performance has

been impressive, culminating in a record

maize harvest of 27 million 60-kilo bags in

1985/86. This was more than double the

previous year's disastrous drought-hit

crop, which necessitated substantial imports, and has even left enough over for

some exports to neighbouring countries.

Wheat's success has been more moderate; output rose in 1985 to some 193,500

tonnes from 135,400 in 1984, but is still

below 1981-83 levels and failing to keep

pace with the growing urban taste for

bread. As a result, wheat imports actually

rose 2.5 per cent last year.

For both grains, at least as good a

performance is in view for 1986/87; about

500,000 more bags of maize are expected

to be marketed through official channels.

However, marketing and storage policies

have aroused intense criticism from both

donors and the general public. Farmers,

too, complain of centralised control that

makes their own planning difficult, as well

as payment delays that can stretch into

months.

A slightly uneasy accommodation does

finally seem to have been reached with

donors, led by the World Bank, which

approved $60 million in agricultural credits

in mid-1986. Previously, all structural

adjustment lending had been on ice since

1983, largely because of a dispute over

implementation of a study on the operations of the loss-making, governmentowned National Cereals & Produce Board

(NCPB), commissioned from the UK's

Booker Agriculture International (BAI) that

year with bank money.

The study was aimed at enabling Kenya

to maintain the politically imperative selfsufficiency in maize while at the same time

liberalising marketing to allow much greater private-sector participation.

Almost as soon as its recommendations

on maize and wheat marketing had been

digested, however, the whole sector was

thrown into disarray — first by severe

drought and then by last year's maize glut,

which enabled major policy decisions to

be, at any rate temporarily, shelved.

But now, with the swings in weather

hopefully stabilised for the time being, all

eyes will be on what happens when NCPB

makes its main purchases between

November 1986-March 1987, as well as

the outcome of a new follow-up study on

streamlining the board. The report — to be

carried out by Italy's Technosynesis in

conjunction with Coopers & Lybrand

(Kenya) — is this time financed to the tune

of ECU 400,000 ($414,520) by the EEC, as

part of an agricultural policy review prior to

committing Kenya's share of Lome 3 funds.

Kenyan planners have argued that

54
several of the BAI study's key recommendations have already been implemented, and question the need for what

they see as essentially old ground to be

worked again. For example, they point out

that two key demands were met last season, when farmers were allowed to bypass

NCPB and sell directly to millers and

inter-regional barriers on grain movement

by private traders were lifted. Donors, on

the other hand, retort that legislation to this

effect has not yet been gazetted and the

moves could thus be one-off responses to

the recent glut.

Nor are they convinced that the government has got to grips with the problems

they perceive as being at the heart of the

board's operations. Other proposals are

aimed at making NCPB's powers into

much more regulatory ones; decentralising it into field management units and

ending its operations at the primary

marketing level, so that it would act rather

as a buyer and seller of last resort; ending

its involvement in wheat trading; replacing

much of the financing provided by bodies

such as the Agricultural Finance Corporation with commercial bank funds; removing

all elements of subsidy to pass the full

costs of trading on to the consumer, and

contracting out to approved traders and

millers the holding of part of the national

maize reserve, thus separating NCPB's

functions as a market trader from its responsibility for food security.

This last issue is proving one of the most

acrimonious. Both the World Bank and the

EEC are unhappy that the government,

through NCPB, has chosen this time to

embark on a major programme to construct new storage facilities — thereby

implicitly strengthening the board's powers in this area just as the rationale for them

is being reassessed.

Up to 20 per cent of the 5 million-bag

surplus left over after the 1985/86 glut has

been sold to neighbouring countries, either

commercially or under the auspices of

bodies such as the UN World Food Programme and Band Aid. But with the world

market saturated the government has

been understandably reluctant to dispose

of too much of its surplus, and is also wary

about again being forced to import yellow

maize, which proved highly unpopular last

time.

While speedy action clearly needs to be

taken about the maize stocks piling up on

pallets throughout Kenya, protected only

by tarpaulin covers, the sense of exasperation among planners trying to deal with this

thorny issue is mounting. "We get criticised

all round when there's shortage, and when

we try to do something about it we still get

criticised," one source complained.

But, in addition to its implications for any

NCPB restructuring, what worries the bank

and EEC about the storage programme is

its expense. They see this — along with

development of the Nyayo tea zones — as

potentially fuelling the budget deficit in

1986/87. More than the equivalent of

KSh 240 million ($14.9 million) is budgeted

to be spent during the year on increasing

storage capacity from 10 million to 18

million bags; sources estimate that up to

KSh 200 million ($12.4 million) will come

from donors — notably Italy, Japan, Denmark and Australia—but much of it as loans

that will have eventually to be repaid.

Several other steps have alreadv been

taken, however, towards trying to attain the

government's goal of broad food selfsufficiency by 2000. A 4.7 per cent annual

growth in maize output is envisaged, to 4.4

million tonnes, compared with an average

2.1 million between 1981-84. Wheat production is planned to reach 1 million tonnes

by 2000, but still higher demand will mean

an increase in imports to 600,000 tonnes,

even if consumers can be persuaded to

accept up to 15-20 per cent of flour made

from semi-arid crops — such as sorghum

— as substitutes in their bread.

The doubling of food output to cope with

a 75 per cent rise in population is expected

to come from a marginally smaller land

area—as a result of government decisions

to throw its full weight behind intensification of cash crop production, and to shelve

costly irrigation schemes that might have

increased potential cultivable area. Improved husbandry and agricultural research will thus be as crucial as streamlined marketing.

Heartening strides have already been

taken in this direction, notably through

steady increases in producer prices and a

30-40 per cent increase in fertiliser application which is put down to greatly improved

distributor effectiveness following last

year's removal of subsidies on sales and

should have a significant impact on output

from 1986/87 on. The recent 30 per cent

reduction in prices and abolition of the

KSh 100 ($6.20) a tonne port tax should

help sustain the improvement.

55
Kenya Seed Company (KSC) also reports increased sales of grain seeds,

building on last year's 20,000 tonnes.

Marketing manager Edwin Koske identifies

the company's major problems as educating smaller farmers to use certified seed

rather than their own stock where — notably for wheat, a self-fertilising crop —

there is a short-term cost advantage but

germination rates are very low.

Over and above this, KSC's priority is to

build seed stores in strategic areas; the

company was very proud that it was able to

supply as much as 18,000 tonnes in

drought-hit 1984/85, but would feel more

comfortable if it was able to retain the

equivalent of 30 per cent of annual sales as

carryover stocks. The main constraint is

the very hefty capital investment required,

since some strains have to be kept for

seven-10 years. KSC has made representations to government but, although

everyone supports the idea, funds do not

seem to be forthcoming at present.

The need for a massive injection ot tunas

into development of more generalised

agricultural research has, however, found

broader consensus between government

and donors. Up for study at the moment is

the creation of a Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, as a parastatal at arms'

length from the Agriculture Ministry.

No major innovations in research have

been made since hybrid maize was developed in the mid-1970s and key areas to

be improved include fertiliser use, soil and

water management and wheat, as well as

cultivation of beans and livestock. Total

running cost over a five-year period is

estimated at about KSh 2,000 million ($124

million), of which the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and the

World Bank have expressed interest in

putting up $40 million and $20 million

respectively and the EEC may put in $10

million-20 million.

Marketed agricultural production

('000 tonnes)

Maize

Wheat

Rice (paddy)

Cotton

Sugar canef

Coffee

Tea

Sisal

Pyrethrumft

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985*

427.9 571.3 636.0 560.6 582.9

203.4 234.7 242.3 135.4 193.5

38.7 38.6 36.6 36.4 39.5

25.5 24.3 25.8 22.8 38.0

3.8 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.5

90.7 88.4 95.3 118.5 96.6

90.9 95.6 119.3 116.2 147.1

41.3 50.0 49.7 51.4 45.0

241.0 258.0 87.0 34.0 50.0

* provisional

t million tonnes

ft extract equivalent, tonnes

Source: Economic Survey, 1986

/12828

CSO: 3400/126

56
MOZAMBIQUE

PEOPLE' S ASSEMBLY APPROVES 1987 STATE BUDGET

Budget Measures Detailed

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 7 Feb 87 p 3

[Text] With regard to budget and fiscal policy, the rationalization and maximum containment of state expenditures have first priority, to counter the

growing state deficit and its negative repercussions in all areas.

Decisive action is required in 1987, concentrated on the following aspectst

— Rigorous fixation of limits on expenditures in each sector, particularly on

wages, along with more responsible spending in each sector.

~ More flexibility in the execution of the budget for each sector, which will

make it possible to achieve the desired containment of expenditures by allowing

each of the state agencies and institutions to seek appropriate and effective

ways to regulate their expenditures.

— Adoption of a strict policy for personnel management, including»

[a] A reduction in force wherever possible;

[VJ Effective measures to combat absenteeism in each work place;

[c] Introduction of some immediate improvements in the wage scales and the

average salaries in each sector, based on the economies effected, giving priority to the situation of the cadres.

— Introduction of a strict austerity policy with regard to expenditures on

materials and services, freeing up resources necessary for other activities in

the same sectors.

~ Harsh penalties in all cases of mismanagement of public funds, specifically

by making expenditures or assuming commitments which are not guaranteed coverage

in the budget.

— Introduction of new mechanisms for budget management which will serve as an

incentive to effect savings, specifically by allowing these savings to be used

to attend to the priorities in the sector in which they are effected.

57
—Gradual introduction of administrative and financial autonomy in all cases

where this may be an effective way of tying the levels of expenditures of the

agency or institution to the results of the respective activity.

— Priority, in all cases, to qualitative growth through more rational management of the limited material and financial resources available.

Considering the war situation imposed on us, we are required to concentrate

a very significant part of the resources of the state on the Defense and Security sectors, with greater sacrifice required of the other areas, whose balanced

development cannot be assured until the serious economic and financial imbalances confronting us have been overcome.

Complementary Measures

To minimize the effects of this situation and to promote the improvement of

government activities in the social areas, particularly health and education,

complementary measures are required, namelyt

— The elimination of the idea of gratuitousness that has been associated up to

now with the functioning of the Health and Education services.

~ Consequently, the introduction of fees for certain services.

— The redistribution of resources within each sector, transferring them from

areas or activities currently affected by the general situation in the country

to programs with better prospects of being effectively implemented.

In the area of state revenues, it is imperative to halt the erosion which, in

relative and absolute terms, has been observed recently.

The current tax system, whose bases were approved by the People's Assembly in

1978, was conceived for a situation of normal development of the national

economy, characterized by overall economic and financial equilibrium and

relatively stable wages and prices.

The current status of the nation's economy calls for a reformulation of the

bases for the tax policy, bringing them into line with the particular economic

situation which we must confront.

With regard to administrative reform and management policy, real and measurable results must come to be used as a general criterion for the assessment of

the work performed at the various levels. To this end, it is necessary to

redefine the proper areas of competence for the various government agencies

which intervene in the economic and social process, as well as to give greater

management authority to the various economic agents, particularly the companies.

The purpose and basic idea of the combination of economic and financial measures

to be implemented is to enable the Mozambican citizens, regardless of their

social position, race or religion, to make their own contribution to the

Economic Recovery Program. These measures will being about a substantial change

58
only if all the Mozambican people engage in its implementation with confidence

and assurance that we will also win this economic battle.

Tight Credit

Indiscriminate borrowing and the failure to honor the responsibilities assumed

with the bank require radical corrective measures.

Prominent among the approved measures are those which will make the use of credit

more difficult and selective, establishing general and sectoral bases for the

amount of credit to be granted.

Interest rates, both on deposits (passive operations) and loans, will be substantially increased, to bring them into line with the rate of inflation.

It is necessary to create an awareness that the metical is a scarce resource and

must be used with discretion, doing away once and for all with the idea of banks

as institutions that must provide subsidies. The banks have their own criteria

for lending money and they must be guaranteed an assured return on the credit

granted.

Also, currency emissions will be rigorously restricted, to gradually reduce the

excessive amount of currency in the hands of the public.

Qualitative Change in Tax System

Several important measures have already been approved or are in an advanced

stage of preparation, to bring about a qualitative change in the tax system.

This change is dictated by the country's present situation.

Among these measures, we notet

— A qualitative change in the tax system, with indirect taxes constituting the

principal source of revenues for the state.

— A redefinition of the National Reconstruction Tax, as the minimum contribution of each citizen to the Public Treasury.

~ A general revision of the Income Tax Code, with the following noteworthy

changest

[a] State companies will be subject to the general system of profit taxes.

[b] Creation of a specific tax on the activities of production and service cooperatives.

[cl Creation of a proportional tax on income from wages and the consequent redefinition of the complementary tax, which will apply, progressively, to the

overall income of the individual.

[d] General tax exemption for civil servants, who will be subject only to the

National Reconstruction Tax.

59
The increase in indirect taxes is not necessarily prejudicial to the principle of fiscal justice, bearing in mind the selective excise taxes on certain

consumer products.

On the other hand, the general increase in taxes on the transfer of merchandise,

also planned, should be accompanied by a rationalization of the current distribution and marketing channels (making them more workable and following the

principle of bringing the producer together with the consumer) and a revision

of some profit margins for the wholesalers, to minimize their effect on consumer prices.

The qualitative change in the tax system is dictated by the country's present

situation, and the purpose ist

— to permit greater efficiency in collecting state revenues;

— to bring the general level of state revenues into line with the real levels

of economic activity and of prices;

— indirectly, to curb the activity of the speculators.

Price Formation

The state will intervene in the formation of prices, to permit overall financial equilibrium and bring the price policy into line with the changes introduced in fiscal policy.

The goals of the state intervention in price formation are as follows«

— to fix retail prices for essential consumer products;

—to fix prices paid to the producer for the principal agricultural products;

—to define general and specific criteria to permit companies, within certain

limits, to set their own prices;

—to pursue the limited practice of free market prices.

The combination of economic and financial measures to be implemented will

require the overall adjustment of prices and a revision of the profit margin

for wholesalers.

In any case, the state should pursue the struggle against speculation by administrative means, but it is, above all, through economic means that this combat

will be successful and, insofar as possible, will concentrate the exaggerated

profits that now go to the speculators in the hands of the government.

Public Accounts

The People's Assembly, in its first session, approved the General State Budget

for 1987. Following are the overall figures for receipts and expenditures

and their distribution.

60
a) Receipts t

1

'

000 *icals)

Central Budget 5?'5?'iÜüi

Provincial budgets SS^Sö

b) Expenditures

Central Budget S'JS'SS

Provincial budgets it>,w,wu

85,852,000

The distribution of receipts in the 1987 State Budget, by source, is as

follows»

a) Central Budget

iaies taxes _ rtn _„

Customs duties o ooc Ann

Other charges and taxes by the government 2»325,000

Receipts other than taxes _

3

Ji£2i»/22.

52,218,500

b) Provincial budgets

Tax receipts 2,o^'nnn

Receipts other than taxes —953,QUO

3,363,500

The Council of Ministers will take the necessary steps to ensure the collection

of the fixed revenues, as well as the captation and channeling of other special

revenues for the State Budget.

To finance the budget deficit where the mobilization of other resources is inadequate, the government is authorized to negotiate the necessary loan with the

Bank of Mozambique; the Council of Ministers will be responsible for establishing the respective conditions.

Distribution of Expenditures

Category C

1

'

000 *icals)

Civil Service salaries 15,145,200

Goods and services ll'39«'SI!

Defense and Security 2!'?1J'2X

Debt service 5,7iu,ouu

Price subsidies *'®°°'nnn

Financing of the deficits of the state companies 1MJJJJ

Others 2,720,000

85,582,000

61
The Finance Ministry will regulate the allocation and utilization of the

fund destined to help finance the programmed deficits of the state economic

units and other subventions in the state economic sector.

The limits and authorized expenditures for each provincial budget«

a) Wage fund (1,000 meticals)

Province

Cabo Delgado 925,100

Gaza 988,400

Inhambane 853,700

Manica 695,000

Maputo (city) 1,782,400

Maputo (province) 578,800

Nampula 1,582,900

Niassa 568,500

Sofala 1,217,400

Tete 771,600

Zambezia 1,528,500

11,492,300

b) Other current expenses

Province

Cabo Delgado 553,700

Gaza 319,200

Inhambane 225,400

Manica 396,500

Maputo (city) 1,054,400

Maputo (province) 281,700

Nampula 619,000

Niassa 185,000

Sofala 719,800

Tete 306,500

Zambezia 389,100

5,050,300

Distribution of the subsidies from the central budget to each provincial budget

is as followsi

Cabo Delgado 1,268,500

Gaza 1,079,900

Inhambane 87 8,200

Manica 897,500

Maputo (city) 2,053,800

Maputo (provinee) 760,900

Nampula 1,709,100

Niassa 536,200

Sofala 1,513,800

Tete

Zambezia

921,500

1,554,700

13,179,100

62
Budget Reflects Recovery Measures

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 7 Feb 87 p 1

TTextl The receipts of the State Budget for 1987 have been fixed at 55,852 million meticals and expenditures at 85,852 million meticals, registering a deficit

of 30 million meticals. Of these amounts, the receipts were established at

52,218.5 million meticals for the Central Budget and 3,363.5 million meticals

for the provincial budgets. In the plan for expenditures, they are shown at

68,039.4 million meticals for the Central Budget and 16,542.6 million meticals

for the provincial budgets. By 31 March 1987, the Council of Ministers will

approve the allocation of investments for the year, duly reconciled with the

relevant indicators of the Central State Plan and the objectives of the Economic

Recovery Program |_PRCJ •

The State Budget for 1987 reflects the economic and financial measures prepared by the government within the PRC, the objective of which is to reactivate

production and gradually reduce the existing financial imbalances. The budget

also reflects a concern to introduce changes in the mechanisms of management,

so as to make economic management more flexible and workable.

The deterioration of the people's living standard, the decline in the purchasing power of the national currency and the immobility of the economic agents,

as well as the accentuated dependence on other countries to solve the simplest

problemsi these are factors which dictate vigorous measures, if we are to correct the complex distortions in the nation's economy.

Reactivation of Production

The shortages which we are experiencing will only begin to be overcome when

the production of goods and services rises steadily. The reactivation of production must begin in the rural area, so the latter will supply the foodstuffs

for the citizens and the raw materials needed in industry. This is a basic

objective; it will move the center of gravity to the rural area, to which more

resources must be allocated, with a temporary reduction of supplies to the

cities.

In this regard, the Central State Plan for 1987 gives priority to the reactivation of agricultural production, particularly the family sector, to reestablish

a balance between the countryside and the city; that is, a balance between

agriculture and industry, which is of primary importance.

The Central State Plan also determines that priority be given to the port-railway system, the revitalization of which is extremely important, both politically

and economically.

Thus, a combination of important actions has been established for the reactivation of production, but their effects will not begin to be felt until 1988.

Hence 1987 is basically a year of transition, of creating the necessary conditions as they pertain to supplies for industry and for the 1987/1988 agricultural campaign. The 1987 Central State Plan also notes the need for greater

use of the financial instruments for the management and control of the economy

63
and calls for the adoption of strict measures in some areas, for the gradual

restoration of overall financial balance and in anticipation of the reactivation of production.

Gradual Reduction of Imbalance

Starting in 1982, owing to the decline in production and to the increase in

expenditures, the accumulated budget deficits of the state and the state

companies were accentuated, reaching the massive sum of about 20 million

contos by 1986.

This situation created severe pressure on prices, which, in the parallel market, have reached intolerable levels, despite the measures to combat speculation. Real wages are deteriorating sharply and an increasingly larger portion

of the family budget goes to acquire minimum quantities of essential products

on the parallel market. Although individual wages are low, the national payroll has reached a size which the economy cannot support.

The number of workers in the state apparatus and in the companies, compared

with the present levels of production, reveals a sharp drop in productivity.

This decline is more the result of objective conditions (shortages of raw

materials and parts, inadequate technical training and obsolete equipment,

among others) than of the subjective and individual attitude of the worker,

whose spirit of discipline and dedication exemplifies the determination of our

people to win the economic battle.

The situation described above has gradually come to mean that, in many work

places, particularly in the state apparatus and in some well identified companies, there are far more employees than would seem reasonable, considering

the services rendered and the output achieved. Now, more than ever, it is

urgent to relocate the surplus manpower in more productive activities.

The existing distortions in the nation's economy call for courage and coolness

in adopting energetic measures, specifically with regard to monetary and

credit policies and administrative and management reforms.

6362

CSOl 3442/98

64
MOZAMBIQUE

CHISSANO ADDRESSES INHACA RESIDENTS, APPEALS FOR UNITY

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 2 Feb 87 p 1

[[Report on address by Joaquim Alberto Chissano, president of Mozambique, in

Inhaca on 1 February 1987]

[Text] Joaquim Alberto Chissano, president of the FRELIMO Party and of the

People's Republic of Mozambique, yesterday pointed to the unity and determination of the Mozambicans to stand behind their government as the principal force

in overcoming the difficult situation in which our people find themselves.

The chief of state so stated in address to the residents of Inhaca, marking

the beginning of a series of working visits which the highest leader of the

Mozambican revolution will pay this week to various sectors of the capital in

this, his first program of visits inside the country.

In a didactic and objective manner, speaking freely, sometimes in Portuguese

and sometimes in the Tzonga dialect, President Chissano went deeply into the

many problems that have been confronting our society from the first days of

national independence.

The issue of national unity could be considered the cornerstone of the address

by the chief of state, who reiterated that unity was the weapon that won

national independence for the Mozambican people, under FRELIMO*s leadership.

President Chissano urged the people of that beautiful island, about 15 miles

from the capital, to understand precisely how big this country—their country—

is and to understand precisely the size of the problems it faces.

"You give us the courage that enables us to go forward with determination to

overcome all the problems confronting us. Without your conscientious support

and certainty of a better future, there would be no party and no government,"

said the chief of state, in an explicit allusion to the determination and

fighting force which have always characterized our people.

Discussing the economic recovery measures recently announced by our government, President Chissano made a point of stressing that our situation is really

bad, calling, once again, for tightening our belts, in the certainty that

tomorrow will be better for everyone.

In an address filled with specific examples from our daily life, the highest

leader of the Mozambican nation pointed dispassionately to the multiplicity of

problems and shortages that still afflict our society; he urged the audience

65
to maintain an accurate picture of our reality, so we will not delude ourselves with vain hopes of magical solutions.

In this regard, the chief of state was even more direct when he declared that,

in his capacity as president of the republic, it would be much easier for him

to offer a series of promises, to delude the people.

"I did not come here to make any promises; quite the contrary, I came to listen to your problems, which are the problems of all the Mozambican people, so

that, together, we can arrive at the solutions which are best suited to our

circumstances," the president pointed out.

Masters

Addressing the huge crowd gathered there, in a clear call to patriotism, the

chief of state saidt "You are the masters of the land, of this country; you

are the masters of the government. We do not want to live forever with these

problems. We must have courage now, so that, years from^now, we will be able

to see the results of our efforts and our determination."

Bringing up the destabilizing actions of the racist Pretoria regime against

our country's independence, Chissano declared that "despite the murderous

war waged against us by the armed bandits, it is certain that, in all the 11

years of our independence, our enemy has not been able to destroy the government, or FRELIMO, because this government and the FRELIMO Party are the Mozambican people."

President Chissano added that, by creating the armed bands and infiltrating

them into our society, the enemy sought to lead the people to rebel against

their party and government.

"When we attempt to produce, the armed bandits burn our store houses, they

kill our livestock—all this to create widespread famine in our country,

forcing us to live off charity," President Chissano said in his address to the

residents of Inhaca, an address which lasted for about 90 minutes.

The economic recovery program recently approved by the government was noted by

the chief of state as the only path to take to lead us gradually our of our

current state of poverty.

"It is better to eat a little food every day, in the certainty that tomorrow

will be better, than to stuff ourselves one day, only to go hungry later.

Our economy is substandard and the measures which we have taken are aimed to

halt this progressive deterioratinn, to begin the process of recovery and

gradual growth," the chief of state said at one point.

Growth Takes Time

Turning to some of the problems voiced by the local residents, which do not

differ basically from those of most of the Mozambican people, President

Chissano gained that growth is a long process; it does not happen overnight.

66
"Back in 1974, during the transition period, I explained to you in this very

spot that our problems would not be solved from one day to the next. The

situation is difficult and even the efforts which have already been exerted

since the proclamation of our independence have not been sufficient to do

away with hunger, to provide housing for everyone or to buy the tractors

which we need for our farms."

In this regard, the chief of state recalled that, during his first visit to

Inhaca, in 1974, the population stood at a little more than 3,000, but today

it has already exceeded 6,000 inhabitants.

The wealth of fauna on this island, as well as the need for its conservation

and preservation, was another issue to which the Mozambican chief of state

referred in his address to the people of Inhaca.

He stressed that the particular and legitimate problems of the people must be

reconciled, thoughtfully and correctly, with the interests of the country as

a whole—in this particular case [i.e., of the wildlife], in the interest of

science itself.

Break the Isolation

In his first official visit to this locality of the city of Maputo, the principal message left by the president of the republic was the need to break out

of the isolation that has, to some extent, characterized the relationship

between the city structures and this island part of the city.

Basically, most of the problems pointed out either by the residents or the

local party and government structures are explained by the somewhat generalized view of Inhaca as "not a part" of greater Maputo, except administratively.

Delayed shipments of supplies and the lack of regular transport to and from

Inhaca were among the problems noted. If there is no truck, nothing reaches

Inhaca.

During yesterday's visit by the chief of state to the island, it became very

clear that many of the officials who accompanied him had never set foot on

that parcel of our land, even though it is so close by.

Accompanying the chief of state on this first visit were Alberto Massavanhane,

president of the Executive Council of the city of Maputo, and the members of

his cabinet; Foreign Affairs Minister Pascoal Mocumi; Julio Carrilho, minister

of construction and water; Manuel Antonio, minister of the interior; and

Tenreiro de Almeida, secretary of state for fishing.

5362

CSOi 3442/89

67
MOZAMBIQUE

TEXT OF NEW AMNESTY LAW PUBLISHED

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 2 Feb 87 p 1

[Text] The Permanent Commission of the People's Assembly has approved ^

Law No 6/17, of January 1987, which grants amnesty and pardon for crimes and

sentences of citizens who are now in prison or who would have been sentenced

in trials pending on the date the law goes into effect. The law states that

tSis act of SeSency is in celebration of the patriotic engagement demonstrated

by the Mozambican people in 1986 and reflects the noble traditions of the

FRELIMO party and our revolution, to enable the citizens who are the beneficiaries of the clemency to become involved with renewed vigor in productive

tasks, in the process of economic recovery. Following is the text of

Law No 6/87.

The realization of the Second General Elections constituted a supreme moment

of patriotic affirmation, in the exercise of popular democracy and in the

consolidation of national unity.

Enthusiastically, from Rovuma to Maputo, the Mozambican people were able to

make a considered choice of their best representatives, those who have

always acted in the interests of the workers and in the stubborn defense of

the revolutionary conquests.

The success of the elections was the result of proper mobilization and the^

intense engagement of all the people, of thousands of workers, of the party

and government structures, of the mass democratic organizations, of the Mozambican Armed Forces (FPLM) and of the other Defense and Security forces, which,

surmounting the problems, ensured that the popular will could be freely manifested in the consolidation of national independence and of the revolution.

The electoral process culminated in the convening of the First Session of the

People's Assembly, which was held from 13 to 19 January and in which the

highest governing body in our country proceeded to validate the Second General

Elections.

In its first session, the People's Assembly reached decisions of importance for

our lives and for the building of a better future. Although they call for

hard work and sacrifice, the economic recovery measures Wl" ~

8

/^J^"

ment of the living conditions of the people. The measures offer us a prospect

68
of the development of the society of peace, progress and well-being which we

are working to build.

Hence it is important to celebrate the patriotic engagement of the Mozambican

people in 1986 with an act of clemency which, reflecting the noble traditions

of our FRELIMO Party and of our revolution, will enable citizens who are the

beneficiaries of that clemency to engage with renewed vigor in productive

tasks, in the process of economic recovery.

Therefore, as provided in Article 44, Line 1, and in Article 51 of the

Constitution, the Permanent Commission of the People's Assembly determinest

Article 1.

Amnesty shall be granted fori

1. Fraudulent crimes stipulated in Titles 4 and 5 of the Penal Code, punishable

by imprisonment, with or without a fine.

2. Crimes resulting in bodily injury or impairment and like accidental transgressions, except those committed in a state of intoxication while operating

a motor vehicle or because of it.

Article 2.

1. Pardon.

a. Prison sentences of up to 2 years will be pardoned.

b. One year of a sentence for a longer term will be pardoned, if the prisoner

has already benefited from a previous commutation.

c. Half of the sentence for a longer term will be pardoned if the prisoner

has not benefited from a prior commutation.

2. Pardon is applicable to all decisions, even in cases which have not been

prosecuted in court.

Article 3.

1. The pardon provided in the present law obeys the following requirements!

a. Prisoners who have been convicted of repeated or successive crimes will

bear no increased burden of responsibility, nor will recidivist delinquents,

vagrants and the like.

b. Pardon shall be granted to prisoners who have demonstrated repentance, who

have a record of good prison conduct and who are presumed to have abjured

crime, as certified in a sworn statement from the director of the penal

establishment in which the sentence is being served.

2. Said pardon is granted on condition that, if the beneficiary commits any

criminal act within 5 years following his release, he will serve out

69
the sentence for which he was pardoned, in addition to the sentence for the

supervening crime.

Article 4.

1. The terms of the present law do not relieve the individual of civil

liability for his act.

2 Civil liability may be claimed on initiative of the complainant by means

of a simple petition to the court, in pending cases. In these cases,normal

procedures will be followed for criminal prosecution, only for the purpose of

evaluating the complainant's claim to compensatory damages.

3 On the initiative of the complainant, the legal briefs in preparation for

trial will be completed only for the purpose of establishing the evidence«,

namely, the facts, the agents, the victims, the complainants and the moral

Ü5 material damages. When said briefs are completed, they shall be forwarded

to the court, in pursuance of the terms established in Article 4, No I.

4. If the briefs do not provide sufficient facts in evidence, these may

be requested or brought forward or the necessary action may be taken to obtain

them.

5. Decisions offered in the trials with reference to the preceding numbers in

no case constitute a judgment; the complainant must take his suit to the

competent civil court.

Article 5.

The benefits of this law extend to defendants who would have been sentenced

in trials pending on the date this law goes into effect.

Article 6.

1. This law does not apply to prison sentences for crimes against the security

of the people and the people's state, as stipulated in Law No 2/79, of

1 March [1979].

2. Nor does it apply to prison sentences for crimes stipulated in decree laws

No 181/74, of 2 May [1974] and 16/75, of 12 February [1975] or in laws No 4/78,

of 28 March [1978]. No 1/79, of 11 January [1979], No 1/81, of 2 April [1981J,

No 5/82, of 9 June [1982], and No 8/82, of 23 June ]1982].

Article 7.

This law is immediately in force.

Approved by the Permanent Commission of the People's Assembly.

Marcelino dos Santos, president of the People's Assembly.

So published.

Joaquim Alberto Chissano, President of the Republic.

6362

CSOi 3442/89

70
MOZAMBIQUE

CUAMBA ADMINISTRATOR SPEAKS TO FORMER MNR VICTIMS

Laputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 2 Feb 87 p 2

[Text] Eliado Jossias Mussengue, administrator of Cuamba District, paid

a 4-day visit to the locale of Mitetere, where he met with 316 individuals

recently released from bandit captivity by our Armed Forces.

During the meeting, the first district secretary of the party in Cuamba was

told about the difficult situation faced by the newly liberated peasants.

At that time, Mussengue assessed the circumstances and needs of the recently

liberated residents. He recommended that they enrol their children so they

would be attending classes during the school year and that they engage more

diligently in agricultural production, particularly of sweet potatoes, manioc

and other drought-resistant crops, to deal with the famine which Niassa

Province is experiencing.

The Cuamba administrator also noted that it is urgent to rebuild the villages

there, to bring that area of the district back to life.

The 316 individuals were liberated from the armed bandits on 29 December,

when our Armed Forces attacked what was thought to be the bandits' principal

camp in Cuamba District, in an operation which also resulted in the death of

eight terrorists and the recovery of various belongings stolen from the

people, including typewriters and sewing machines, medicines and household

utensils.

Meanwhile, according to recent reports from Cuamba, the search-and-destroy

offensive is continuing against the bandits, who are now in retreat.

According to the same reports, the military operation in progress there has

already liberated about 2,000 people who were living with the armed bandits

against their will.

These included old people, women and young children, all completely demoralized,

naked, malnourished and suffering from serious ailments.

A local source said the district structures were concerned about the shortage of

means to provide minimal support to the people who are being liberated as our

military offensive in pursuit of the criminals continues in the jungle.

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71
MOZAMBIQUE

YOUTH FLOCKING TO SMO CENTERS

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 2 Feb 87 p 2

["Text! In recent days, youths covered in the present campaign have been

flockin* to the registration posts created in Maputo Province for the SMO

[C^pulfory Military Service]" Registration officials whom we «»*»?•«

reported that although, in the beginning, there was a poor showing of individuals eligible for service, now the number of young people of military age

who are reporting to the registration posts is increasing by the day.

Although the recruitment of the young people is considered generally satisfactory, some posts are still reporting poor complisince by citizens covered

in the present nationwide campaign, which began on 2 January.

According to some registration agents, although the number is increasing, it

is still not satisfactory.

The speakers noted the urgent need for a broader effort to fg£* «

d

mobilize the youth, as the only way to achieve the goals set for this SMO

registration campaign.

In their opinion, "some of the young people are afraid to register because they

think this means they will be called up immediately."

»This mistaken idea, which unfortunately is held by some of the young people,

n.« onlv bTdlaDellid by an intensive mobilization, educational and conscious-

° £Lw i?f£rt regarding compulsory military service," said Justino

^I^I^I^iS^SS".? Post N0y7, serving the Machava Administration,

when queried by this newspaper.

Asked about the prospects for overcoming this situation, Justino Junior said

Sr^oSxe £ serins ^^^f^^lZlt^£" ""

consciousness of citizens or military age, w "«=/

importance of this campaign.

u ***** i-h*t the current flow of individuals to Post 7, for example, is the

Le^fte resulfof^efforts of the above-mentioned political structures

in each of the residential areas.

72
Francisco dos Santos Miquitaio, chief of the Recruitment Center of Urban

District No 8, said that although the registration is still not everything

that could be desired, the SMO campaign can be considered satisfactory,

considering how difficult it is for the young people to obtain the photographs required in this campaign, as well as other essential documents needed

for their inscription.

"But we have hopes that the current campaign will be a success, because we

have learned from previous campaigns that citizens eligible for military

service only report in large numbers when the campaign is nearing its end.

Unfortunately, this makes it difficult for us, because we are forced to

work without rest in the final days of the campaign," lamented the chief

of the recruitment center in Urban District No 8, which serves the city of

Matola, Maputo Province.

From what our reporter could learn, both in Matola and Machava, the numbers

of youths registered to date do not represent all the residential areas

included in these two urban districts in Maputo Province.

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MOZAMBIQUE

SAUDI MUSLIM LEADER LAUDS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN MAPUTO

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 12 Jan 87 p 2

[Report on interview with Maneh al-Johani, secretary general of the World

Assembly of Muslim Youth; in Maputo on 10 January 1987]

[Text] "The main objective of this conference is, in my opinion, to enable

the young Muslims of southern Africa to get to know each other better and to

exchange information among themselves concerning their national realities,

religious convictions, and social and educational matters." That is what our

reporters were told by the secretary general of the World Assembly of Muslim

Youth (WAMY), Dr Maneh al-Johani, during an interview on Saturday afternoon.

Al-Johani did not take part in all the work of this fifth international

congress, which was held in Maputo, but he received excellent impressions of

the high level of the debates held by the young people of southern Africa.

Al-Johani also said that the political changes that have occurred in this part

of the continent have also enabled Islamism to express itself with religious

conviction that is worldwide in scope [remainder of sentence missing].

Although this is the first time he has been in Mozambique and does not speak

Portuguese, the religious leader of Muslim young people said he could see that

Mozambican Muslim young people show a high degree of commitment in their

activities.

Asked whether he did not consider the need for patriotic affirmation as a form

of expression and political choice incompatible with religious faith, alJohani said that the most important thing is respect for the convictions of

the people and that he considers the Mozambican Government's approach to

Islamism to be a wise one.

"It is not a matter of antagonism but of a mutually beneficial approach," he

said, adding that for Mozambican Muslim young people, that freedom "will lead

them to have an even greater respect for the institutions of government and to

work even harder for the country's benefit." He emphasized: "We are very

appreciative of this attitude of cooperation on the part of the Mozambican

Government."

74
In his opinion, education and religion were the two major topics discussed at

this fifth international conference. Transmitting its experiences to the rest

of the world's Muslim young people is the next step. He said: "If that is

done, it will be a very good thing."

The level of understanding among young people from different countries in this

part of the continent who share the Islamic faith was considered very good.

Al-Johani told us: "Any government in the world must be concerned about its

young people and allow them a free hand so that young people can develop and,

in that way, develop their country."

Asked whether he would not like to visit the northern part of our country,

where Islam is strongest, al-Johani said he would like to but is unable to do

so, at least during this trip, which is his first to Mozambique, because of

his numerous international responsibilities.

He said, however, that he had been informed of the existence of such

disastrous situations as drought and flooding in certain parts of our country

and expressed a willingness to provide help in whatever form necessary—food,

clothing, and so on—within the limits of his organization's capability.

Al-Johani, 45, is of Saudi origin. He is married and is the father of five

boys and four girls. He teaches English linguistics at King Saud University

in Riyadh. He is also secretary general of the WAMY, as we said above.

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MOZAMBIQUE

DANISH GROUPS FINANCE CHAMANCULO HOSPITAL REHABILITATION

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 13 Jan 87 p 2

[Article by Ernesto Zucule]

[Text] A project for rehabilitating the Chamanculo General Hospital, which is

one of the oldest hospital facilities in the country's capital, has been

underway for 3 months. It is being carried out by HIDROMOC [State Hydraulics

Enterprise]. The construction work, which will cost thousands of contos in

meticals, will include the installation of new pumping systems, an overhaul of

the drains, complete replacement of the plumbing system and sanitary fixtures,

and a general painting of all the facilities. The work should be completed by

the end of June this year, according to Andre Mapanzene, general manager of

the State Hydraulics Enterprise.

The project was financed by two Danish organizations—the Danish Association

for International Aid and the WU of Denmark—which have taken responsibility

for sending to HIDROMOC, as a gift, all the necessary equipment and

construction materials: water lifting pumps, sanitary fixtures, mosquito nets,

paint and brushes, pipe for the plumbing system, and all other materials which

the enterprise carrying out the project is unable to manufacture or to

purchase easily on the domestic market.

One of the most important phases of the project—one having to do with the

installation of new water tanks and general replacement of the pipes in the

plumbing system (which is now very old and, in some places, clogged by

corrosion)—is half completed, and it should be possible within 3 months to

begin supplying water to one of the hospital's most critical sections, the

maternity unit. Incidentally, all the work began in that unit, where new

mothers have only the water brought in by their relatives.

According to information from the Directorate of the Chamanculo General

Hospital, the water problem has been making itself felt for 5 years and has

grown worse recently due to the steady deterioration of the plumbing system

and the absence of the minimum pressure needed to supply water to a number of

essential units. The source said that the stomatology unit and other

departments have been closed because of the lack of water. Although the same

thing has not yet happened to the maternity unit—chiefly because relatives of

76
the new mothers always bring some water (the potability of which must in some

cases be doubted)—the fact is that "the situation is one of the most

difficult we are facing at the moment," the same source added.

To alleviate the serious situation in the maternity unit, which, since it

cannot handle 50 cases a day (its nominal capacity), is often called upon to

treat urgent cases from other, smaller hospitals, the work of replacing the

plumbing and installing new sanitary fixtures is scheduled for completion

within 3 months, according to the technical team working on the site.

Project and its Origin

The execution of this project by HIDR0M0C is the result of a contract signed

with the health authorities and the financing agencies. It all began in the

middle of last year, when HIDR0M0C was visited by experts from DANIDA [Danish

International Development Authority], with which it has ties of cooperation.

When they returned to their country, they offered to provide HIDR0M0C * with

financing to improve conditions in the hospital, and eventually they agreed to

defray the cost of a general rehabilitation project including the installation

of new sanitary fixtures, painting, the replacement of mosquito nets, and

other matters.

The materials were shipped last December for starting this project, which,

although long yearned for, was still far from being carried out because of the

serious economic difficulties being faced by the country.

Successful completion of this project will mark HIDROMOC's first venture

beyond the water supply projects for consumption and irrigation which

constitute its normal field of activity and its specialty.

Some Innovations and Technical Data

The major new feature to be introduced in the water supply system will be the

automatic pumping system, which is thought to be the only such system ever

installed in a hospital in our country. According to HIDROMOC's management,

the intention is to completely renovate the look of one of the capital's

oldest hospitals, some of whose buildings date back to the 1940's and 1950's.

Some parts of it, such as the pipes and fixtures in its plumbing system, have

never been replaced.

Two water tanks with a total capacity of 40,000 liters have now been

installed, and preparations are being made to install the lifting pumps, which

will provide a pressure system making it possible to distribute that important

liquid throughout the hospital, which by now has expanded to cover an area of

approximately 1,200 square meters.

Meanwhile, small civil construction projects are being carried out, along with

replacement of the entire plumbing system and the installation of sanitary

fixtures.

77
Inside the hospital itself, a small storage area has been set aside to hold

the material received from Denmark for carrying out the project. Whatever is

left over after the work is completed will belong to the hospital.

Under the terms of the agreement signed between the financial backers and the

enterprise responsible for carrying out the project, health authorities will

be responsible only for paying the wages of the technicians and all the

manpower employed in doing the work.

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MOZAMBIQUE

MINISTER OF INDUSTRY DISCUSSES PRE IMPACT ON INDUSTRY

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 14 Feb 87 p 3

[[Text of interview with Antonio Branco, minister of industry and power« by

NOTICIAS, date and place not given]

[[Text] Antonio Branco, Mozambican minister of industry and power, said the

government would not look with indifference on the layoffs of company workers

because of the reorganization of the labor force, which is included in the new

Economic Recovery Program [PRE] measures in effect in the country. According

to the minister, the government will always seek out proper employment for this

force at the first opportunity and will try to mobilize other support, particularly in the international community, to place these individuals in various

sectors of activity.

In the interview granted to this newspaper, Minister Antonio Branco said, however, that it is not the government's responsibility to rehire all the individuals affected by the reorganization measures, but he added that "the state is

going to assist these companies, in coordination with others, to relocate these

workers."

During the interview, Antonio Branco brought up many other issues relating to

the impact of the economic recovery measures on the industrial area. Following is the text of the interview.

NOTICIASt Mr Minister, it has been said that one of the basic objectives of the

new price policy is to bring the profitability of most of the companies up to

the present levels of utilization of capacity, productivity and management.

If such an objective is achieved, won't it tend to perpetuate the present

levels—generally low—of management and productivity?

Minister of industry and power« As has been said many times, in this phase the

objective of these measures is to stanch the hemorrhage of the economy, to

bolster the sagging economic activity, particularly industrial activity, with a

view to gradually bringing up the levels of industrial production and productivity.

To ensure this, it is necessary to consider a combination of policy measures in

several areas. It will not be through the price policy alone, but also through

other sectoral policies, namely, the credit policy, the regularization of manpower and wages, tax measures and others, such as the trade policy, the new

79
mechanisms for economic management and so on. So it is the application of

these measures in combination that will enable us to curb the current declining

trend in productivity and to begin gradually to restore that productivity.

Basically, these measures should show results at three levelsi

—In improved management of the companies;

—In incresed production and productivity;

—Greater profitability of the companies.

It is in this context that we are going to look at how the price policy works.

It works as followsi the merchandise will be sold at prices that take into

consideration the real costs [of production]. The price measures will make

the price policy in effect up to now more flexible. In other words, the number of products whose price is set by the state, specifically by the Council

of Ministers and the National Wage and Price Council, will be limited to strategic products to supply to the people, basic materials for commercial agricultural production and some products and services which are essential to the

economy, namely in the area of transportation, energy, water and so on.

Together, these products and services constitute the basic group which will

determine the elevation of price levels. With regard to the others, in the

recent measures, it was decided to make these prices conditional; that is,

the prices will be established at the level of the production sectors, by the

companies, according to standards that the government will publish soon, so as

to allow the managers to bring prices up to production costs at normal levels

of productivity.

Naturally, the company managers will have other mechanisms to encourage

increased productivity. I should note that the managers will have greater

authority, within the framework of the wage policy, to remunerate the most

productive and skilled work crews and workers.

It is true that the managers will also have greater ability to adjust their

manpower to the real needs of the companies. This will have an effect both on

productivity and on costs.

One point which will also foster better management is that it will no longer be

easy to obtain credit. Credit will be granted based on the profitability of

the companies; it will no longer be used to subsidize companies which are running up deficits. This means that the managers will also try to ensure, on one

hand, that they have some working capital, because credit will be more expensive

and the managers know that the bank will be much stricter in granting credit.

Naturally, all this depends on the levels of supplies to the companies themselves. For this reason, in conjunction with these measures, the state is

taking action to mobilize additional support for the Mozambican economy from

the international community and even internally, through the mechanism of high

prices to the producers, to stimulate increased agrarian production. The

currency devaluation measure itself will add to the profitability of companies

80
which export. Also, the increased exports will make it possible to purchase

more supplies for industrial units.

In cases where this is impossible, the company managers have mechanisms that

will enable them to reduce costs, to bring their costs into line with the level

of activity of their companies. Also, given the serious situation confronting

the country, the state will, in some cases, continue to consider the possibility

of granting subsidies—not through bank credit, but through the state budget,

which includes a sum, albeit limited, for this purpose. The purpose of this is

to support companies which it is important to keep in operation and which,

even by exhausting all their resources, cannot do so.

Price Increase

NOTICIASi Couldn't it happen, on the other hand, that the new burdens will

force companies, in many cases, to charge prices that the market cannot bear?

What will happen in these cases?

Ministen It is important for the companies to earn receipts to provide them

with working capital, and this will obviously lead the companies to raise their

prices.

Naturally, the state is establishing some standards; it is going to define

rules to prevent the companies from raising prices indiscriminately. In the

second place, the state is always going to check these prices against the going

prices for similar products in the region—in Malawi, Zimbabwe, Tanzania—to

ascertain if the product is maintaining its competitivity in the region. This

is one element which we will use to control and correct prices on the domestic

market.

As you know, the big issue is not the increase in the official prices. The

big problem is how to act so as to reduce the weight of the black market and,

to this extent, even to reduce the quantity of goods that are diverted to that

market, so that people will be able to obtain them on the legal market} even

if it is at a higher price, it will still be less than the black market price.

Although it is significant in itself, the price increase is linked to measures

that have already been taken and others that will be introduced to act against

the parallel market. Naturally, however, Mozambican industry, which is dependent on imports, will have higher costs, given the need to establish a more

correct currency parity.

Industry Not Put on Hold

NOTICIASi The Economic Recovery Program places major emphasis on development

of the rural economy. Does this mean the industrial sector will have to mark

time? And if so, what will this waiting mean in terms of the profitability of

the companies in this sector?

Minister» In fact, the basic objective of the PRE is the development of the

rural economy, the vitalization of rural marketing, support and added assistance

to the family sector and for agricultural products for export. This is not

81
incompatible or inconsistent with the need to bring up production levels in

the nation's industry.

For the relaunching of agricultural production in the family, cooperative,

private or state sectors, it is vital that the state be in a position to place

merchandise and [manufactured] products in rural areas, for sale or barter, to

encourage the production and marketing of agricultural products.

Well, these products for barter are obtained two wayst importation and domestic

industry. In this context, the government is going to set up anAgricultural

Marketing Fund this year. A certain amount of merchandise will be allocated for

sale in rural areas so as to achieve higher levels of agricultural production

than we have had up to now. In this regard, the PRE and the PEC/87 [State

Central Plan/87] provide for levels of supplies of materials for industry,

giving priority to light manufacturing and food industries, consumer goods for

barter, as well as farm implements and other complementary manufactured products. Some growth is also planned for industrial production in 1987, which

illustrates that the two goals are not incompatible, but complementary.

Reduction of Labor Force

NOTICIASi Is it foreseen that many companies will close their doors as a result

of the new economic measures? In that case, are there any plans for relocating

the workers who will be laid off?

Ministen What is happening now is that manufacturing companies have already

shut down. We had a situation, particularly in 1984 and 1985, when a significant number of workers quit their companies because there was little prospect of

any activity in these companies and they were having difficulty meeting their

payrolls, etc. So it happens that, even in 1986, there was a reduction of the

labor force compared to 1983. Naturally, the new economic measures will require

a reorganization of other companies and, for some of them, this will mean a

manpower readjustment.

The Labor Law itself and the regulations which have come out now provide for

prbceding in this manner. Some companies will have reductions in their labor

force. In this case, there are mechanisms provided by law, such as prior

notice, severance pay and so on. As long as there is no significant reduction

in staff, this process usually take place without major social problems.

When the reorganization of the companies involves a larger number of layoffs,

the government is aware of this and will not view the dismissal of large numbers

of workers with indifference. It will try to assist these companies, in coordination with others, in relocating these workers. We already have such a caset

Quimica Geral, which had to reduce its labor force and when these workers were

laid off, they were all absorbed by other companies. There are always immediate needs for industrial workers and an attempt will be made to place them in

industry first. Others may prefer to return to their places of origin or move

into another type of activity, namely in the agricultural sector.

The state will always try to absorb these workers, as a first possibility.

Naturally, it cannot assume responsibility for rehiring everyone. What the

82
State is attempting to do is to mobilize support, from the international

community as well, particularly for agricultural activity, to create employment opportunities in the agricultural sector in Maputo and other provinces

of the country.

Prospects for Industry

NOTICIASt What, generally speaking, are the prospects for the industrial

sector with regard to the PRE? What measures are being taken or will be taken

to meet the objectives of the PRE?

Minister» The industrial sector must first curb the declining production

observed since 1981. This decline was practically halted in 1986 and it is

vital that this effort be continued in the next few years. Thus, the program

has various types of measures and the state, through this ministry, is responsible for carrying out the reorganization of the companies, promoting better

management. To this end, the state is creating mechanisms which will give the

companies greater autonomy, greater responsibility, including greater incenrtives to the companies in terms of their receipts. In the context of the PEC,

and within the general lines of the PRE, priority has been given to some areas

of industry which I mentioned earlier, such as the food industry and light

manufacturing» specifically, textiles, clothing, shoes, oils, soaps, farm

implements and metal and plastic household utensils. We are talking about

bicycles, pastas, flours and such complementary products as glass containers,

paper and cartons, which will merit greater priority, independent of the support to other areas.

Although there are still many problems in ensuring the availability of materials for the operation of these companies, there has been a concentrated

effort to give priority to these sectors of light industry. It is possible

that, with the measures now introduced and with improved management, we will

begin to see a slight recovery of industrial production. The basic objective

is to achieve major growth in the next phase.

Another important point, within the context of the PRC, is that the leading

companies and sectors in industry give particular attention to investments in

the rehabilitation, replacement, maintenance and modernization of equipment, to

improve productivity and to extend the useful life of the existing industrial

units. This is a crucial point. Along with this, and basic to the success of

the program, are the activities pertaining to the professinnal training of

technical cadres and workers in the industrial sector. Steps are being taken

to intensify the efforts in this area so that, at short and medium range, we

will see a growth in industrial activity.

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MOZAMBIQUE

NEW PIPES FOR MAPUTO WATER SUPPLY

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 2 Feb 87 p 2

[Text] The Maputo Water Supply Company is carrying out a rehabilitation

program, consisting in reinforcing and replacing old pipes at various points

in the nation's capital. According to Pascoal Vas, director of the company s

Department of Operations, the primary objective of this project is to increase

the water pressure and improve the water supply to the residents of various

areas in the city of Maputo. In the first phase, about 65,000 customers will

benefit from the project.

The work now in progress consists in reinforcing the galvanized cast iron

pipes, most of which are now encrusted, reducing their diameter and causing

ruptures.

According to the director of operations for the city's water supply company,

the project was begun in December 1986, starting with the reinforcement of the

pipes installed in Julius Nyerere and Karl Marx avenues and Rua da Resistancia.

Pascoal Vaz reported that a 150-millimeter pipe had already been set in place

along Avenida Emilia Dausse, which permitted the laying of more branch lines

at the intersections of this avenue. This work resulted in increased water

pressure and hence improved the water supply to that area of Maputo.

Areas to Benefit

In this first phase, new pipe will be laid along Avenida Eduardo Mondlane

[froi^J the intersection with Avenida Vladimir Lenine to the zone of the Coop

district.

When the pipe is in place, it will be possible to increase the pressure in the

galvanized conduits already existing in the areas around these two avenues

and in the other pipes with a smaller diameter.

This newspaper has learned that Hulene District will also benefit from the

placement of a pipe with a larger diameter, since that residential area is now

served only by a branch line, originally planned to supply water to a commercial establishment, At this time, the water supply is inadequate in that

area, because the branch line cannot withstand very much pressure.

84
The installation of this new pipe will mean water for the residents of

Hulene District.

Triunfo and Costa do Sol districts will also benefit from the program, alleviating the water shortage in those zones of Maputo. With particular regard

fo Triunfo, the district has been served by a well, which is now silted up.

This well formerly served as an auxiliary water supply for the regular system.

In Maxaquene District, the pipe will be reinforced, so as to regulate the

variations in pressure which occur in several areas of the district, thus

benefiting a large number of residents.

The city of Matola is not included in this program, because the problem of

pipes and pressure has been alleviated there; it is now grappling with the

problem of hours of distribution, because this is generally a short period.

Project Essential

Queried about the existing materials and conditions for completion of the

project, the Maputo Water Company's operations director complainedt "One of

the principal problems—our Achilles' heel—is the lack of materials and parts,

which are imported and which we are receiving irregularly and in very small

quantities from EQUITEC [industrial Equipment and Supply]. As a result, our

work is constantly interrupted."

He added that the company is mainly confronted with the shortage of bolts for

the rings at the pipe joints.

There is a shortage of bolts, sheet metal and tools, which must also be

imported. This has meant that the work has often been performed with tools

invented by the workers themselves, which jeopardizes the quality and security

of the repairs. Although the workers are skilled, they are more productive

when they work with conventional and standard materials and tools.

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MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

GEOLOGY, MINES INSTITUTE FOR TETE—The Institute of Geology and Mines, for the

training of cadres in the sector, will be inaugurated next year in Tete

Province, it was announced by John Katchamila, minister of mineral resources,

during the opening session of his ministry's National Coordination Council,

which began on Wednesday in the nation's capital. Sources in the ministry

argue that the Institute will contribute largely to improving the knowledge

of the existing workers in this branch and will also train new entrants. As

noted in the opening session, up to now most of the cadres in this sector have

received their basic, intermediate or higher-level training abroad. According

to ministry sources, it is planned to select some of these cadres who have

returned to Mozambique to form the Institute's body of instructors. International cooperation is not ruled out, as evidenced by the fact that some contracts are under negotiation, both to finance the execution of some projects

and to hire skilled manpower to ensure the full realization of the activities

of the ministry. According to some participants in the meeting, the choice

of Tete Province for the Institute of Geology and Mines is of particular

interest, considering the mineral potential of the province. |_TextJ [Maputo

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ZIMBABWE

HERALD CRITICAL OF U.S., UK VETO OF SANCTIONS

MB271123 Harare THE HERALD in English 23 Feb 87 p 6

[Editorial: "Veto Sabotage"]

[Text] The irresponsible manner in which some Western countries have continued

to flaunt their power in the Security Council of the United Nations does not

augur well for world peace and stability.

Small wonder then that each time a veto is cast to kill a resolution on a matter

of crucial significance to mankind, the rest of the progressive world has

reacted with shock and disbelief.

The latest irrational use of the veto was demonstrated by the United States

and Britain on Friday over a resolution by a group of Non-Aligned countries

led by Zimbabwe, which is current chairman of the NAM [Non-Aligned Movement],

to introduce mandatory sanctions against South Africa.

The U.S. veto lays bare the continuing division between the Reagan administration, which has always opposed any punitive action against Pretoria, and the

American masses who see sanctions as a means to force an end to apartheid.

The British veto confirms that Margaret Thatcher's blind support for the racists

in Pretoria has not changed, while the Federal Republic of Germany, by voting

against the resolution, made known its ardent desire to protect its capitalist

interests in the land of apartheid, and in Namibia, indefinitely.

The decision taken by France and Japan, the other industrial powers, to sit

on the fence over an issue of such importance by abstaining from voting, should

not be allowed to deceive anyone. It is merely a tactical move whereby the two

countries have reserved the right to deal with the boers as they please.

But we take our hats off to Italy which, by voting for the resolution, has stood

up to be counted with those other countries which want to see a speedy solution

to the South African crisis and forestall a bloodbath.

Thus the actions of the other Western countries over the sanctions issue—

whether intended against the Non-Aligned Movement or against sanctions—reveal

the blatant hypocrisy of these same countries which claim to favour peaceful

change in South Africa above violence.

87
They can therefore be lumped with the enemy at whose hands not only blacks

in South Africa itself have suffered, but all of us in the Frontline States

as well.

Even more disturbing is the fact that the veto and the other measures which

we consider to be complementary to it, have come at a time when P.W. Botha,

the apartheid president, has slammed the door in the face of blacks saying

he sees no role for them in parliament on government.

Worse still, the veto was cast at a time when the boers are preparing for an

all-white election, so nothing could be a bigger morale booster for Botha

and his cronies.

For the rest of the progressive world the alternative now is to intensify the

liberation struggle in South Africa and Namibia alongside whatever sanctions

are in force.

As for the UN, it might do well to ask itself what purpose it thinks it is

serving by allowing the vetoing in its Security Council of peaceful measures

intended to end some of the root causes of conflict in the world.

/8309

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88
ZIMBABWE

BRIEFS

YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT—The minister of youth, sport, and culture, Comrade

David Karimanzira, says the government is concerned with great unemployment

in the country and has adopted a variety of measures to tackle the problem.

Speaking at the official launching of a youth project in Mashonaland East

yesterday, Comrade Karimanzira said 65 percent of Zimbabwe's population is

made up of young people below the age of 30, most of whom are unemployed.

In Mashonaland East Province alone, there were more than 160,000 young

people, of whom 70,000 were unemployed. [Summary] [Harare Domestic Service

in English 0600 GMT 27 Feb 87 MB] /8309

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89
SOUTH AFRICA

PIK BOTHA SAYS 'VENDETTA' POSTPONED BY UN VOTE

MB210435 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0243 GMT 21 Feb 87

[Text] Pretoria, 21 February, SAPA—The minister of foreign affairs, Mr

Pik Botha, said early today that the vote in the UN Security Council last

night on a resolution which would have imposed sanctions against South Africa

had run its course (verloop) as had been expected—except for the vote that

had been brought out by Italy.

Mr Botha, in response to enquiries regarding the vote, said he was convinced

that there were thousands of South Africans of Italian descent, who, like

himself, were astonished by the fact that Italy had voted in favour of the

proposed sanctions. Mr Botha said he would, obviously, contact his Italian

Government.

The minister said the international vendetta against South Africa had only

been temporarily averted (afgeweer) by the vetoes which had been exercised

by the United Kingdom and the United States. He expected that new plans were

already being formulated to instigate world-wide sanctions against South Africa

and that SWA/Namibia would possibly be used in an endeavour to bring this

about.

Mr Botha said the strongest attempt to counteract the onslaught of sanctions

was a united voice of all moderate South Africans who in no uncertain terms

must let the world know that South Africans themselves, would decide about

their futures, and that they would not be prescribed to, especially by countries where there were no indications of a semblance of democracy.

/12232

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90
SOUTH AFRICA

PIK BOTHA WARNS AGAINST TRAVEL IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

MB271305 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1303 GMT 27 Feb 87

[Text] Pretoria, Feb 27, SAPA—South Africans visiting southern African

countries were warned today that the issue of visas by these countries was

not guarantee that they would not be arrested or held on suspicion of

espionage, the minister of foreign affairs, Mr Pik Botha said today.

In a statement released by his office in Cape Town, Mr Botha said that with

the exception of Malawi, Lesotho and Swaziland, he recommended that visitors

to other countries conduct themselves in the following manner:

—Tourists should only go on organised tours or in largish groups. The travel

agents who organize such tours must possess official recognition from the

government of the country being visited that they are trusted to have only

bona fida holidaymakers included on the tours.

—South African businessmen, or those carrying out any work of any nature,

must establish beforehand through the company in the country concerned from

the relevant government body that their visit is known of and that there is

no suspicion against the visitor.

—Visitors to family or friends must ask their relatives to supply their full

particulars to the relevant authorities and establish that there are no

objections or suspicions against them.

—All visitors must declare such equipment as cameras, video cameras, radios

and taperecorders; and they must ensure that they take no equipment which

could in any way arouse suspicions that the owner was engaged in espionage.

This includes unusual watches, fountain pens or similar items.

—Under no circumstances must firearms or ammunition be taken unless the

relevant permits have been secured in advance from the authorities.

—Visitors must also avoid taking photographs or video recordings of structures

such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams, airports, railway stations, factories,

mines, etc., which might give rise to suspicion that it is being done for

espionage. If a visitor is in doubt he should not take the photograph,

Mr Botha said.

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SOUTH AFRICA

TWO MORE NP MEMBERS TO STAND AS INDEPENDENTS

MB230857 Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 22 Feb 87 p 2

[By David Jackson] x

[Text] Another two dissatisfied National Party members have announced their

intention to stand as Independents in the May election.

Dr Johan Blignaut, a 37~year-old Richard's Bay veterinarian is to stand

against Mr Willie Heine, the current National Party MP xn the Unfolozi constitutency, on a "reformist" platform, although he has no association with

Mr Wynand Malan and Dr Denis Worrall, also National Party dissidents.

And in Cape Town, Mr Terry Theunissen is to stand in the Claremont constituency, currently held by PFP member Mr Jan van Eck.

So far four independents have announced they will be standing in the May

election. A fifth, Mr Horace van Rensburg, of Bryanston, is expected to

announce his candidacy soon.

PFP Secretary-General Robin Carlisle announced at the weekend that the PFP

would not be prepared to stand back for independent candidates in constituencies where PFP nominations had already been made.

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92
SOUTH AFRICA

HEUNIS TERMS INDEPENDENTS 'DIVIDING FACTOR'

MB011929 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 1915 GMT 1 Mar 87

[Text] The leader of the NP in the Cape, Mr Chris Heunis says the fact that

independent candidates, without any apparent association, are standing in the

general election, does not promote their stated objectives. Mr Heunis, who

is also minister of constitutional development and planning, was commenting

on the announcement that a businesswoman and former academic, Dr Esther Lategan,

is to stand as an independent candidate at Stellenbosch against Mr Piet Marais

of the NP. Dr Lategan is the daughter of former NP Mp for Paarl, Mr Wynand Malan.

Mr Heunis said that the NP's point of view was that the general election dealt

basically with reform. The party's mandate included a request to continue

reform within the possibilities of South Africa realities. He said that,

individually and jointly, the independent candidates represent a dividing

factor in the process of reform and in reformist ranks. Therefore, their

actions raised serious questions.

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93
SOUTH AFRICA

ARMY COMMANDER CALLS SADF 'CREDIBLE DETERRENT'

MB261734 Johannesburg Television Service in Afrikaans 1600 GMT 26 Feb 87

[Text] The chief of the army, General Jannie Geldenhuys, says there is false

view of the country's security situation. Speaking during a British-,

South Africa Trade Organization luncheon today in Johannesburg, he said there

are those who think that the collapse of the country was imminent.

General Geldenhuys said these views urgently need to be corrected. He said

the army is capable of protecting South Africa.

[Begin Geldenhuys video recording] There is always the potential threat of a

military adventure from outside across our borders, but we do not see such an

event happening at present or within the foreseeable future. There are many

important reasons for this. One of the reasons is that in the SADF and

the security forces in general we have a very credible deterrent. We must

retain that deterrent or the threat will increase. We are planning to have

a strong defense force without substantial demands on the country's finances,

[end video recording]

/8309

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94
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

TWO MORE QUIT NATIONAL PARTY—Two more Stellenbosch academics have resigned from

the National Party. Professor Julius Jeppe and Professor (Hennie Skutters) say

they have resigned from the party in support of independents Denis Worrall and

Wynand Malan. Their decision follows the success of Dr Worrall's address in the

Stellenbosch town hall on Thursday night. The two joint fellow Stellenbosch

academic and long standing member of the National Party, Sample Terreblanche,

who left over a week ago. [Text] [Umtata Capital Radio in English 1600 GMT

28 Feb 87] /8309

FINANCE MINISTER SUBMITS ADDITIONAL BUDGET—The minister of finance,

Mr Barend du Plessis, submitted an additional budget of nearly 2 billion rands

in parliament in Cape Town this afternoon. Speaking during a joint session

of the three houses of parliament, Mr du Plessis said that about 696.5 million

rands of the amount had been spent on the stimulation package announced in the

main budget last year. One hundred and three million rands had been allocated

for the transfer of the railway police to the South African police. However,

the 2 percent cut in the expenditure of certain services announced last year,

which had amounted to 561 million rands, had been added. This brought the

total amount of the adjusted additional budget to 1,709.5 million rands.

[Text] [Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 1600 GMT 19 Feb 87] /8309

342 GRANTED RELIGIOUS OBJECTOR STATUS IN 1986—Höuse of Assembly, February 26,

SAPA—A total of 340 national servicemen applied for, and 342 were granted,

[figures as received] the status of religious objectors in 1986, the

minister of manpower, Mr Pietie du Plessis, said today in written reply to a

question from Mr Graham Mclntosh (PFP Pietermaritzburg North). The majority

of them—228—were Jehovah's Witnesses. One belonged to the "Border of the

Sublian Faithists," Mr du Plessis said, and one did not belong to any church.

[Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English 1154 GMT 26 Feb 87] /8309

95
DEPUTY DEFENSE ON 'REVOLUTIONARY ONSLAUGHT'—The deputy minister of defense,

Mr Wynand Breytenbach, says the government is committed to negotiating a new

dispensation for South Africa. Addressing the Organization of Thinking Students

at Free State University in Bloemfontein, he said the claim that violence was

necessary to speed up the process was invalid. He said the ANC and other organizations had rejected peaceful negotiation and power sharing by advocating violence and intimidation. Mr Breytenbach emphasized that while South Africa was

not involved in a revolutionary war, there was a revolutionary onslaught on all

power bases in the country. This onslaught had intensified and South Africa

dared not follow the path of Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Angola, or Mozambique.

Mr Breytenbach said the state of emergency was part of the process of reform

because prosperity was impossible without stability. [Text] [Johannesburg

Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 26 Feb 87 MB] /12232

INDEMNITIES AFTER POLICE ASSAULTS—Parliament, 20 February, SAPA—Members of

the public were paid a total of Rl,209,780 as a result of assaults by police,

the minister of law and order, Mr Adriaan Vlok, said today. Replying to a

qeustion by Mr Tian van der Merwe (PFP Green Point), he said the amount was

paid in respect of 124 complaints from shooting accidents and injuries sustained from police dogs. There were 79 compalints of wrongful arrest and

resulted in the policy paying out R196.723. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in

English 1522 GMT 20 Feb 87 MB] /12232

PARLIAMENT ADJOURNS FOR CAMPAIGNING—Parliament adjourns today for an 11-week

break to enable the House of Assembly to hold a general election. A number of

members of Parliament have left for their various constituencies to begin their

election campaigns in earnest. The House of Representatives and the House of

Delegates completed their business last week. At least 26 MP's took their seats

in Parliament for the last time today because they are not available for reelection. At least six constituencies are vacant after the retirement of several

cabinet ministers last year. [Text] [Johannesburg Television Service in

English 1600 GMT 23 Feb 87 MB] /12232

NEW FOREIGN MINISTRY DIRECTOR GENERAL—A deputy director general of foreign

affairs, Nel van Heerden, has been appointed director general. Mr van Heerden

replaces Rae Killen, who had been appointed ambassador to London. Mr van

Heerden has done service in Japan, the Republic of China, Iran, the United

states, and West Germany. [Text] [Umtata Capital Radio in English 1400 GMT

25 Feb 87 MB] /12232

P.W. BOTHA STRESSES NATIONAL WILL—The state president today awarded two new

orders, the Order of the Southern Cross and the Order of Excellent Service, to

36 prominent South Africans in Cape Town. Bishop [Saack Mokwena, cofounder of

the United Christian Conciliation Party, is the first blackman to be awarded

the Order of Excellent Service. [Begin Botha video recording, in English] I

am convinced that the Republic of South Africa has the ability and the resources

to overcome any adversity which now face and which may face us in the future.

We can do this by fostering and developing a national will and by utilizing our

human and natural resources in a way that will make South Africa self-sufficient in as many areas as possible. The recipients of these high honors and

thousands of others.in our country having their various ways proof in this to be

possible, [sentence as received] [End video recording] [Excerpt] [Johannesburg

Television Service in Afrikaans 1800 GMT 25 Feb 87 MB] /12232

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96
SOUTH AFRICA

BOYA LAUNCHES NEW BLACK URBAN COUNCILS GROUP

MB281647 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1644 GMT 28 Feb 87

[Text] Johannesburg, Feb [no day] SAPA--The Urban Councils Association of

South Africa has failed to bring its councillors closer to the black community,

newly elected president of the United Municipalities of South Africa [UMSA],

Mr Tom Boya said at UMSA's inauguration today.

Mr Tom Boya, who is also the mayor of Davyton, told over 200 councillors from

26 councils in South Africa the establishment of UMSA had stemmed from the

councils involvement in black local authorities.

"While we agree with the radical organizations that we as blacks must be

represented at the highest level of government, we cannot accept it is wrong

to make use of the existing system of black municipalities. It is the only

system of government at local level which can be relied upon to serve the

immediate local needs of any community," Mr Boya said.

Mr Boya added UMSA would not condone violence and would champion the cause of

moderation in pursuit of liberation for all people of South Africa.

"Various radical organizations have maintained our participation in black

local government equals collaboration. We at UMSA condemn such propaganda.

Collaboration can only take place at councils which are weak enough to be

manipulated by the government," stated Mr Boya.

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97
SOUTH AFRICA

ALL BLACK SCHOOLS REOPENED BY DET

MB271458 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1455 GMT 27 Feb 87

[Text] Pretoria Feb 27 SAPA—All black schools which were closed during the

unrest last year have been reopened, Department of Education and Training

liaison officer, Mr Peter Mündel1, said today.

The last two were reopened last Monday at Duncan Village, in the eastern, Cape,

he said.

Some 73 schools, including 10 in Soweto and two in Katlehong, were closed after

a spate of boycotts.

The Department of Education and Training (DET) has gradually been reopening

them since the present academic term began on January 7.

However, no pupil from Soweto has yet been given government approval to enrol

at a high school in the Indian township of Lenasia.

The delay in processing applications has aroused controversy in the Indian and

African communities.

Transvaal Indian Congress yesterday published a full-page advertisement in a

Lenasia newspaper calling for schools to be opened to all.

The advertisement was signed by 41 organisations, representing a broad spectrum

of political, religious, welfare, labour, youth and sports organisations.

The advertisement said the House of Delegates, which controls Indian schools,

had claimed its schools were open to all.

This year, about 300 African pupils had applied for admission to high schools

in Indian townships.

Mr A.k. Singh, executive director in the Department of Education and Culture

in the House of Delegates, has pointed out that the Indian education minister

has approved "in principle" the admission to black pupils to Indian schools.

However, such admissions would be governed by "availability of accommodation."

He claimed some Africans had been admitted, but declined to say to which schools.

/8309

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SOUTH AFRICA

ALEXANDRA TOWNSHIP SAID BATTLEGROUND BETWEEN SADF, 'INSURGENTS'

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 13 Feb 87 p 3

1 [Article by Sipho Ngcobo]

[Text] SUSPECTED trained insurgents and the SA security forces

are engaged in a deadly cat and

mouse game to control one of

South Africa's oldest townships,

Alexandra, north of Johannesburg. With one white businessman already murdered in the crossfire,

industrial and commercial concerns bordering this area share the

thought uppermost in township

residents' minds — where will the

Soviet-armed group strike next?

The killing of Portuguese shopowner Jos6 Manuel Alves Coelhoe

has shocked the white business

community of Wynberg, an industrial area bordering on Alexandra.

A tense atmosphere hangs over

this area since the death of Coelhoe, who was gunned down with a

Scorpion machine-pistol in daylight by two men while busy at his

shop, Ace Fast Foods.

Members of the SADF have on

several occasions narrowly escaped death when unidentified people fired shots at them.

In the first attack on December

15 last year, a man brandishing a

Scorpion fired 14 shots at an SADF

patrol vehicle, seriously wounding

army Corporal Gary David Orwin.

Another member of the SADF

shot and wounded with a Scorpion

was Corporal A Pearce. |

The attack on Pearce took place

on New Year's Day.

A municipal policeman was

wounded by a Scorpion in an exchange of fire on January 10.

Ace Fast Foods is now deserted.

Other business-owners in the

area would also either not talk or

expressed fear and concern about

the situation.

Police do not believe the attackers are trained guerrillas. They

think the armed men are just ordinary criminals, thugs.

But the whispers in shebeens are

that these are trained insurgents

who have set up a base in Alex.

G SOPHIE TEMA reports that an

increasing number of attacks on

bus drivers forced Putco to withdraw its services from Alexandra

from Monday this week.

Pat Rogers, executive public relations officer for the company,

confirmed yesterday that Putco

had pulled its services out of the

area except between 3.30am and

8.30am every day.

/12828

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99
SOUTH AFRICA

CISKEI DEFENDS INDUSTRY POLICY

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 11 Feb 87 p 4

r Text 1 SUGGESTIONS that Ciskei's indus- 1

trial growth is in danger of faltering have been discounted by a .

spokesman for the Ciskei People's

Development Bank (CPDB).

Reacting to Press reports on a

study by researchers at Rhodes

University, CPDB MD Cecil Vanda

said there was no danger Ciskei s

industrial development policy

would bankrupt the country.

In a statement yesterday, Vanda

said concern over the cost of concessions had been the major reason

the Ciskei government switched, in

1985, to a tax-free investment in-.'.„..

centive system.

He said the amount of R96m quoted as last year's cost of concessions was grossly exaggerated.

The actual amount was nevertheless considerable and Ciskei had

been aware for some time it could

not sustain the required growth on

1 this basis, he said.

For this reason the tax-free incentive system was introduced to

. encourage investment.

"One aspect that does need clarification, however, is the comment

on the apparent lack of success of

this system.

"Since the introduction of the

system in April 1985, 75% of the

investment applications approved

by the CPDB have been from companies opting for the 'no company

tax* route.

"While many of these companies

are small, this is to be expected as

larger groups tend to be more cautious in following a policy which is

something of an innovation in an

African context. However, there

are already signs of growing confidence from larger investors.

/12828

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100
SOUTH AFRICA

SABTA CRITICIZES GOVERNMENT WHITE PAPER ON TRANSPORT

Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 8 Feb 87 p 2

[Article by ZB Molefe]

[Text]

A MAJOR row has broken i

out between the govern- \

ment and the Southern ' Africa Black Taxi Association over the long-awaited

White Paper on transport

released this week.

Speaking hours after the >

White Paper was tabled in :

Parliament, Sabta boss

James Ngcoya said: "The

government has betrayed

' the black taxi industry. As

a result, the taximan no

longer has any faith in the .

government. It is time for :

responsible black leaders

to cut all ties with the

. Botha administration.

"The government continually finds difficulty in j

getting recognised black '

leaders to talk to it," said

Ngcoya.

"The reason is now obvious. The government simply cannot be trusted.,

Sabta, like the rest of the

black community, must

look to furthering its interests away from the government."

The only area in the

White Paper which could

be supported by Sabta was

that pirate taxis be legalised and freed from harassment by the law, said

Ngcoya.

He conceded that the

government had accepted

Sabta's crucial recommendation on pirate taxis, but

"for the rest, our ideas

have been summarily rejected, even where we were

absolutely certain agreement had been reached."

The inescapable conclusion of the White Paper,

said Ngcoya, was that the

government wanted to see

the black taxi industry

weakened.

"The government is happy to see small black businesses which know their

place, but a large and influential black grouping is not

part of that script."

Ngcoya also referred to

the 1983 Welgemoed

Commission findings

which recommended that

township taxis be phased

out.

"It is now clear that we

; have never really left the

era of the Welgemoed

Commission. The aim of

the government is still to

nullify the taxi industry. It

: is determined to see it fragmented," said Ngcoya.

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101
SOUTH AFRICA

PUTCO CUTS SERVICES TO ALEXANDRA AFTER BUS ATTACKS

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 12 Feb 87 p 1

[Article by Craig Kotze and Zenaide Vendeiro]

[Text] Putco has announced that its

services in Alexandra township

are being partially and temporarily withdrawn because of a

wave of armed attacks on its

buses and drivers.

The police today appealed to

Alexandra residents to provide

information and said they had

already opened 34 dockets after

attacks on bus drivers.

A police spokesman confirmed that Putco had given

them a list of 41 robberies and

attacks on drivers.

Putco spokesman Mr Steve

Mashile said yesterday most

services would terminate on the

outskirts of the township but

buses would enter between

3.30 am and 8.30 am when most

passengers used season tickets

and there was little cash to

tempt robbers.

Mr Mashile said the decision

to withdraw temporarily from

Alexandra was due to "the recurring and escalating rate of

attacks on our drivers by robbers, particularly at the No 2

Square bus rank".

'-'"■■' There had been 41 attacks on

drivers wince services in the

township resumed on November

17 last year.

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FURTHER ATTACKS

One driver was shot and

seriously injured, others had

been assaulted, stabbed, threatened with firearms and had

petrol bombs thrown into the

cabs.

Further attacks occurred last

weekend, he said.

All the attacks had been reported to the police but no arrests made, he said.

"We cannot continue exposing

our drivers to such dangers," Mr

Mashile said. "We are pleading

with the community of Alexandra, who have been patient and

sympathetic with the company,

to assist in stopping these criminal elements within the township so that normal services can

be resumed as soon as possible."

Mr Mashile said Putco regretted the inconvenience to passengers and asked for their under-,

standing.

• Police are also still looking

for a group of men on the loose

in Alexandra with a Soviet Scorpion machine-pistol and linked

to at least four attacks since December 14.

Over the last year there has

been a rash of car and vehicle

hijackings in and near Alexandra.

However, the police say such

attacks have declined dramatically.

102
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

ANC'S TAMBO SAYS VICTORY »IN SIGHT*—ANC President Oliver Tambo has said

Western powers still support apartheid, but the victory of the South African

liberators is in sight. Comrade Tambo said black South Africans were engaged

in a struggle to end a practice which gave birth to the ideas of racial

discrimination, oppression, domination, and exploitation. The ANC leader said

South Africa has drawn on the great [words indistinct] which the leaders

have achieved from their masters in Europe and the United States. Comrade Tambo

said the cause for which blacks are paying the supreme sacrifice daily and

for which Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Goba Mbeki, and others have been

imprisoned for life has significance which extends beyond the borders of

South Africa. [Text] [Lusaka Domestic Service in English 0600 GMT 2 Mar 87] /8309

TUTU CONDEMNS APARTHEID MANIFESTATIONS—Cape Town Feb 26 SAPA--If apartheid is

dead, "It is one of the most Viciously active corpses around," Archbishop

Desmond Tutu said in Cape Town today. He was reacting to the government's

refusal to allow the daughters of a black Malawiatt priest to enrol at

Rhenish primary school in Stellenbosch. "Whoever said apartheid is dead. If

it is dead it is one of the most viciously active corpses around," Archbishop

Tutu said. "First of all you get children stopped from participating in

sports events because of race, and now children are being stopped from

attending schools. "Again, because the most important thing about these

children is not that they are human beings, but they are human beings of certain

colour. "When will we ever learn," Archbishop Tutu asked? [Text] [Johannesburg

SAPA in English 1735 GMT 26 Feb 87] /8309

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103
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY ANALYZES 'WATERSHED' ELECTIONS

MB020520 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 2 Mar 87

[Station Commentary]

[Text] The first election meetings have been held and the first of the

election manifestoes published. With parliament now in recess, and nomination

day set for the end of this month, political parties and candidates will soon

be in top gear for the general election for the House of Assembly on May the 6th.

It will be just 6 years and one week since the last general election for the

Assembly. After such a period of time, there is need for renewal, for reinvigoration, of the political body. This need has been highlighted by the large number

of members of parliament who have retired from the Assembly this year.

In the past 6 years, too, many thousands of young South Africans have reached

voting age—18 years—and their right to share in the democratic process also

needs to be acknowledged.

It is common cause that the election on May the 6th will be one of the most

crucial in the young history of South Africa. It would perhaps not be going too

far to call it a watershed election. Political parties and candidates differ

on the course the country should take into the future but there is agreement on

the necessity that the future direction of South Africa must be clearly signposted.

The state president—as is his prerogative as leader of the governing party—has

decided on a general election in order to ask for a mandate. Among other issues,

the mandate being sought differs from that which he obtained in the election

6 years ago in that—unlike the position in 1981—the state president is asking

the white electorate to endorse the participation of black communities in

political decisionmaking (without domination by one group over another).

Leaders of other political parties will be seeking endorsement of other mandates

from the voters.

The question of the future political dispensation for black communities cannot

be divorced from other vital issues such as constitutional reform in general,

national security and external pressures on South Africa; and the voters

will be called upon to consider all these issues and vote accordingly.

104
Insofar as the political dispensation of blacks is concerned, all parties

are agreed that negotiations with black leaders will be imperative after the

election. What the electorate will have to decide is which political partyit wishes to entrust with the responsibility of negotiating with black leaders.

So crucial is the decision that the electorate has to take as to which

policies to support that there is no place in the election campaign now being

conducted for emotional rhetoric and petty political points-scoring. Candidates

owe it to the future of South Africa to allow voters to make their critical

decision in a calm and rational climate.

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105
SOUTH AFRICA

FORMER NP MP CRITICAL OF GOVERNMENT, PFP

MB270527 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0149 GMT 27 Feb 87

[Text] Johannesburg Feb 26 SAPA-The nation's and the worlds attention is

going to be fixed on the outcome in Randburg in the forthcoming House of

Assembly general election, said NP defector, Mr Wynand Malan, in a letter

to voters! "We've all heard a lot of talk about reform-but we've seen very

little action," wrote Mr Malan.

Mr Malan added that the political initiatives of the National Party had come

to a halt. "While government leaders are either unable or unwilling to define

clear, achievable goals, the press is muzzled and 'security actxons are

conducted arbitrarily»" he said.

»On the other hand, the PFP seems to have very little appreciation of the

realities of the present situation. Its political strategies are naive and

outdated," he commented.

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106
SOUTH AFRICA

PFP'S ANDREW CHALLENGES HEUNIS ON SCHOOLS ISSUE

MB270858 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0823 GMT 27 Feb 87

[Text] Cape Town Feb 27 SAPA—The Progressive Federal Party (PFP) last night

challenged the minister of constitutional development and planning,

Mr Chris Heunis, to say publicly whether he supported the application by the

Rhenish primary school committee in his constituency to admit two black

children from Malawi.

"Mr Heunis should come clean and stop trying to run away from the apartheid

policies that he has helped create simply because they are now embarrassing

to him," the chairman of the PFP's federal executive, Mr Ken Andrew, said in a

statement.

But Mr Heunis dismissed the challenge and said: "I am not prepared to say

anything further on the matter." Mr Heunis did, however, say ye wanted to

point out that the application to admit the two pupils to the school did not

come from the father and he referred to a statement on Wednesday by the

Rev Jonathan Kamwana, the father of the children.

In another development yesterday, Mr Heunis refused to answer four questions

put to him by a Cape Town morning newspaper. A spokesman for his office said

the minister had nothing more to say on the matter.

In his statement, Mr Andrew said Mr Heunis' statement over the admission of

the two black pupils to the Rhenish primary school was "in sharp contrast with

the howls of alleged disgust of his colleagues at the decision of Menlo Park

high school to refuse to allow a black schoolboy to run on their athletics

track.' "The plain fact is that the 1983 tricameral constitution of Mr Heunis'

making specifies both schools and school sports as own affairs, that is they are

apartheid-based, whites-only activities. The contrasting reaction to these

two recent events typifies the hypocrisy and double-talk of the National Party.

Reform, to the extent that it ever existed, has ground to a halt as a timid

and panicking National Party tried to be all things to all men to stop the

rapid disintegration of its support. Mr Heunis should answer one question

publicly: does he support the request of the Rhenish school committee that

the two black children be admitted or not?" Mr Andrew said.

/8309

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SOUTH AFRICA

WEEKLY MAIL EXAMINES NP DESERTION BY ACADEMICS

MB280603 Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 27 Feb 87 p 7

[By Patrick Laurence]

[Text] One of the clear signs of the imminent collapse of an ancient regime

is the desertion of intellectuals, Professor Crane Brinton writes in his

ANATOMY OF REVOLUTION.

Seen in that context the resignation from the National Party of Professor

Sampie Terreblanche of the University of Stellenbosch—and the raised voices

of discontent in the Afrikaans universities—raise an interesting question.

Do they portend the desertion of the intellectuals and the consequent fall of

the National Party government after its nearly 40 years of unbroke rule?

One who thinks not is Professor Willem Kleynhans, one of 13 Afrikaans lecturers

who aroused the wrath of the NP in 1956 by protesting publicly against the

removal of coloured voters from the common roll.

At the time the English language press heralded the dissent of the 13 as a sign

of a major shift in opinion, of a deep-rooted intellectual rebellion against

the Afrikaner establishment.

It was not. The dissenters were hounded and then ostracised and isolated by

the establishment.

"We achieved nothing," Kleynhans says, adding of the present rebels: "They

will achieve nothing. It (their rebellion) is stillborn. It amounts to

nothing."

Kleynhans checks his racing mind and adds a minor qualification. It may lead

to a few more votes against the NP in the pending election. But no more than

that.

It will certainly not result in the defeat of Chris Heunis, Cape leader of

the NP and a contender to succeed President P.W. Botha, in the pending

election. Heunis, of course, is being challenged by former ambassador

Denis Worrall, who is being backed by the university rebels.

108
But against Kleynhans' assessment is that of Professor Marinus Wiechers, of

the University of South Africa. He sees the rebellion as the beginning of

the gradual disintegration of the NP.

Dissent by reform-minded men at the Afrikaans universities should not be

exaggerated, in spite of the headline treatment it has attached in the press.

So far only a handful of academics have protested publicly against the slow

pace of reform pursued by the Botha regime—at Stellenbosch University, five

at the University of the Orange Free State and on ly a couple in the

Transvaal, one of them the retired history professor, Floors van Jaarsveld.

It is not the first time Stellenbosch academics have rebelled. During the

era of Verwoerd there was a rebellion against his refusal to allow white

capital to develop the "black homelands." But it came to naught in his

lifetime.

Of the current dissenters only three have resigned from the NP. The rest have

either long ago broken ties with the NP or, alternatively, believe the best

way to ensure reform is to work for it within the NP.

One of the most vocal reformists among them, Professor W.P. Esterhuyse of the

University of Stellenbosch, has decided to remain within the NP. "I have

serious criticisms of the NP but I do not write it off," Esterhuyse proclaims.

His statement is particularly interesting because he is a prominent member of

the Broederbond. [Afrikaner Brotherhood] Further, judging from his address to

a student meeting at Stellenbosch, Esterhuyse is a supporter of the view expressed in a working document sent to Broeders that Afrikaner survival can be

reconciled with a government in which the majority are blacks.

Esterhuyse is not a lone voice. Some of his peers share his view that the NP

can still serve as a vehicle for fundamental (by NP criteria) reform.

Van Jaarsveld is not exactly a new face among the dissenters. He was tarred

and feathered by zealots of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging nearly a decade

ago for his revisionist views on the Day of the Convent. The AWB charged

him with trying to "desanctify" the day.

Against the rebellion of ultrarightists, Afrikaner dissent on the NP's Left is

unimpressive. There is nothing to match the breakaway of 17 MPs on the party's

rightwing in 1982 and the subsequent formation of the Conservative Party.

The immediate threat to the NP from ultra-rightists seems more dangerous than

verlige [liberal] dissent on its Left.

The ultra-rightist split was accompanied by a desertion from the NP of

intellectuals of the radical Right. The South African Bureau of Racial Affairs,

under the leadership of Professor Carel Boshoff, broke with the NP over the

1984 tri-cameral constitution.

109
But the challenge of verligte Afrikaner dissent may be more substantial in

the longer run. Much will depend on how the independent candidates, Worrall

and Wynand Malan, fare in the May election»

If they do well, they may serve as the catalysts for a fundamental relignment

of the white party political loyalties by attracting tens of thousands of

members or potential members away from the NP. That, in turn, may have

far-reaching consequences for the 1989 election which the government is

constitutionally bound to hold.

But a lot may happen between now and then: P.W. Botha may retire and the

NP—perhaps encouraged by the muted voices of the ultra-right or,

alternatively, spurred by renewed rebellion in the black townships—may move

sharply to the Left to capture the ground held by the Worrall/Malan axis.

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SOUTH AFRICA

PFP'S SCHWARZ WARNS AGAINST. FUTURE POWER VACUUM

MB270525 Johannesburg' SAPA in English. 2241 GMT 26 Feb 87

[Text] Johannesburg Feb 26 SAPA—'No one should use violence as a substitute

for words where they are insufficiently persuasive to convince others of their

cause, Mr Harry Schwarz, the Progressive Federal Party MP for Yeoville, said

tonight. Speaking at a meeting of school prefects in Johannesburg, Mr Schwarz

said: "I am committed to negotiation, I abhor violence. Every person, whatever

his political view, is entitled not only to put his view but should not be in

fear of the lives of his family or himself or for his property."

He said apartheid had no future, but the question of it going was not in issue—

only the method. "The change which is needed is to create a just society, to

one in which democratic institutions exist, where individual rights are

adequately protected, where people can go about their lives in peace and

without fear, where neither minorities nor majorities will, or can be,

oppressed," Mr Schwarz said.

He said there was too much in South African society of a purely destructive

nature and a desire to remove and abolish without thought of what is to be

replaced. The country would one day find itself with an "unacceptable system

gone and a vacuum in its place. If there is a vacuum one can be sure it

will be filled by forces neither democratic or liberal, but autocratic and

power-seeking to impose political and economic systems neither wanted nor

desirable," Mr Schwarz said.

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SOUTH AFRICA

CONSULTANTS DISCUSS LABOR RELATIONS BILL

MB262001 Johannesburg Television Service in English 1800 GMT 26 Feb 87

[Panel discussion with labor relations consultants Mike Beaumont and Gavin Brown,

and attorney John Bland moderated by John Bishop on the "Network" program;

introduced by Gillan van Houten—live]

[Excerpts] [Van Houten] The largest retail strike in the history of South

Africa ended yesterday. The dispute between the Commercial Catering and

Allied Workers» Union and the OK Bazaars has highlighted the increasing

importance of a workable and coherent labor policy for this country. A

labor relations amendment bill has been drafted by the Department of Manpower

to address this question.

[John Bishop] Industrial court cases are often used for tactical purposes

rather than with the aim of completing and winning cases. In order to keep pace

with the developments in the labor relations amendment bill to adapt the

existing dispute-settling machinery and procedures. Comment on the bill has

resulted in several proposed amendments. These relate to the handling of

disputes. Existing legislation empowers industrial courts and conciliation

boards to settle disputes.

[Beaumont] The Labor Relations Act intends to deal with the framework within

which parties will interact with one another, that is how to regulate that

relationship. This is intended to be done by what is known as unfair labor

practices. Secondly, if they are unable to resolve their differences or

formulate relationships, how are you going to get out of the ensuing

difficulty? Now, the unfair labor practice jurisdiction definition has been

around for some time, extremely wide and extremely difficult to interpret,

and as a result rights and obligations of parties are unclear.

[Bland] Labor relations and labor law are very dynamic things and the courts

need to be able to be flexible to deal with those. If we define unfair labor

practices at this moment in time we freeze the situation and don t allow that

dynamism and flexibility which I think are essential.

[Beaumont] I think one of the problems that has arisen is that the court has

not always been consistent in its interpretations. What this proposed bill

does do is to codefy existing areas, particularly that dealing with unfaxr

dismissals, and set out very succinctly what is expected of the parties.

112
[Bland] Since 1979 there has been an industrial court. But there has been

a lot of complaint that there was no court to which the people could appeal

from decisions of the industrial court. I think one of the purposes of the

amendment is to establish an appeal court—a higher court than the industrial

court itself. That is why this special court has been established.

[Brown] I think I would give my qualified support to the idea of a special

labor court. I think the thing that would concern me is that, as I read

the amendment, it is going to be peopled by Supreme Court judges.

[Beaumont] Part of the dispute settling mechanism investigates what steps

the parties have taken to resolve the disputes themselves. I think what

the act is intending to do is to encourage the parties to go through those

steps themselves. I see that as a positive development.

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SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY OUTLINES URGENCY OF HOUSING PROGRAMS

MB270544 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 27 Feb 87

[Station commentary]

rTextl The awesome challenge of ensuring enough housing for huge numbers of

people-one of the most urgent with which South Africa ±a faced-ifl w^°

receiving attention on a global scale. At that level it is downright alarming.

In a report just released the ILO states that a quarter of the world's population is badly housed or not housed at all. Some 100 million people have no

shelter and sleep on pavements and in other open spaces. The report notes that

in Africa the majority of urban dwellers live in precarious shelters or none

a? all and the youngfare especially badly. Calling for 1987 to be declared

the International Year of Housing, the ILO warns that if present trends

continue, matters will worsen.

It is to prevent just such a situation that South Africa has been engaged in

developing a comprehensive housing program to accommodate the rapidly

accelerating urbanization of the country. The importance of the program is

emphasized by the results of failures elsewhere in the ^^f"^^ ***

economic misery among the rootless mass and endemic political strife. Now,

after several years of investigation and planning from countless sources, the

program is more or less in place and ready to take off.

The first requirement is to deal with an accumulated shortage of 330,000 houses

for Sacks and clear up slum areas that have emerged in the last 20 years or so.

The kind of response to which this has given rise is illustrated by the

projects being carried out for upgrading, redeveloping, and laying out new

townships in existing black, colored, and Indian areas. There are now

1,800 such projects under way at a total cost of 1,000 million rands. The

longer term program makes provision for a variety of approaches, depending

on the needs and means of the people concerned.

From the work of a host of official and unofficial bodies-the Urban Foundation

prominent Long them-has emerged an imposing set of appropriate tec^nologies

for assisting newcomers to the urban environment. They include various site

and-service Schemes, shell housing and core housing and the P^ision of

building materials and plans for people to construct and S *

1

]?^ ***xr

own houses. Such schemes also include training and building skills which can

later be put to profitable use.

114
At the other end of the spectrum are the groups which are relatively well

established financially. Their members choose to acquire more expensive

housing, 20,000 rands or more, and have had no difficulty in negotiating

building society loans, since various problems were cleared out of the way.

Township developers are reported to be experiencing strong demand from

blacks in this category, receiving assistance from their employers.

Finally, there is a large middle group for which the South African Housing

Trust was established 2 months ago. The trust is a combined initiative of

government and private sector to make up to 2,000 million rands available

in the next few years to enable a black man to build his own house up to a

value of 20,000 rands. The backers of the trust are determined that,

provided problems such as the acute shortage of land for township development

are resolved, their project should make a substantial contribution to relieving

the housing crisis in this country.

The target is simple: by the turn of the century provision will have to be

made for at least 20 million people to be able to house themselves. The cost

of failure is also clear* It may be seen all over the Third World.

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SOUTH AFRICA

INDIAN INCOMES HIGHER THAN BLACKS, COLOREDS

MB271017 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1003 GMT 27 Feb 87

TTextl Johannesburg Feb 27 SÄPA-Ä bureau of Market Research survey of income

andelenditurt patterns among black, coloured atid ^ZZtlTlZ blacks

metropolitan areas, showed that the average income per £^£ g f*f*

was highest in Soweto (average R9,624 a year) followed by Pretoria (R9,J^;

and the east and west rattd (R8,628).

The survey, the results of which have just been released shows that the

average black household income was the lowest in Bloemfontein (R5.611),

followed by Kimberley (R6,l02) and Port Elizabeth (R6,518).

The average income per head in 1985 was the highest ^^PreJorL^Rl^S).

(Rl,756), followed by the east and west rand (R.615) and Pretoria Ul.su:>;.

The average salary of a black man living on the east and west rand was

R6,519. For those in Soweto it was R6,512 and for men xn the Vaal Triangle

it was R6,177.

In 1985 women living in Soweto had the highest average earnings (R4,292),

followed by those in Pietermaritzburg (R,075) and Durban (R4,022).

An analvsis of expenditure patterns showed that black multiple households spent

^oTlZ-tilrä oTtheir cash Income on food. More than a third of this amount

fas spent on meat and meat products. Beef, poultry, mutton and lamb are the

meat products bought most often.

A comparison over several years shows that ^^^J*^^ '''**

amounts on their personal appearance, via such items as visits to the

hairdresser.

The survey also revealed that malt beer is the most popular alcoholic drink.

Average household income among Indians was highest in ^nnesburg (R18,397)

compared with R14,217 in Pietermaritzburg and Rl3,992 xn Durban.

116
Indians in Johannesburg spend relatively more on clothing and footwear»

medical and dental services, income tax, servants and holidays.

The income and expenditure pattern surveys among coloureds in the Cape

Peninsula, Port Elizabeth and Johannesburg showed that average income per

household was R12,249 in Johannesburg, RIO,358 in the Cape Peninsula and

R9,627 in Port Elizabeth.

Income per person was 14 per cent higher in Johannesburg than in the

Cape Peninsula and 43 per cent higher than in Port Elizabeth.

Coloured men earned R12,412 on average in Johannesburg, R7,488 in Port Elizabeth

and R6,584 in the Cape Peninsula.

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SOUTH AFRICA

MJM, MINING COMPANY SETTLE WAGE DISPUTE

MB261700 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1441 GMT 26 Feb 87

rText] Johannesburg Feb 26 SÄPA—A deadlock wage dispute between the

National Union of Mineworkers and RIO Tinto Zincs Phalaborwa Mining Company

was successfully resolved this week.

NUM's press officer, Mr Marcel Golding, said the two parties reached a

settlement on wages and conditions of employment in a conciliation board meeting

on Monday.

Wage negotiations between the union and the company deadlocked in November

last year.

Mr Golding said the agreement included a wage increase of 21 to 27 percent,

an increase in shift allowances and May day as a paid holiday.

The company also agreed to negotiate with the union on danger pay for miners

exposed to vermiculite, one of the mine's products.

A survey would be conducted to investigate the relationship between inhaling

vermiculite and chest diseases, Mr Golding said.

The mine will also allow two worker representatives to sit on the board of

the company pension fund.

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SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

143 DETAINED UNDER SECURITY ACT IN 1986—House of Assembly, February 26 SAPA--A

total of 143 people were detained last year under Section 31 (1) of the

Internal Security Act, the minister of justice, Mr Kobie Coetsee, said today

in written reply to a question from Mrs Helen Suzman (PFP Houghton). A total

of 48 were being held on January 31 this year. The shortest period that a

person was held for last year before being released was seven days; the longest

six months. One person still in detention on January 31 had been held for

10 months and 28 days. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English 1150 GMT

26 Feb 87] /8309

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