[Article by John Osei-Kwame:

[Text] GHANAIAN BANKS. spurred on by the

government. are coming out from behind
their fortified walls. Hitherto, the commer-
cial banks seem virtually. to have put
shutters between themselves and the rural
communities, who matter most in the
country’s economic system. The bulk of
the. Ghanaian population, nearly 70 per
cent, live in the countryside; and contri-
bute about 63 per cent of the nation’s
export earni: The villages are the life-
line of the cities in terms of food supply.
The rural community, from all indications,
has remained for decades a potential reser-
voir of untapped financial resources des-
perately needed to develop Ghana.

Most Third World countries, having paid
lip service to the much abused and over-
used concept of “Even Development”,
later abandon it in midstream. The banks
have tended to follow suit in their rela~
tionship with the rural communities.

Since December 31st, 1981, Revolu-
tion the PNDC has embarked on a deliber-
ate policy in trying to reverse that imba-
lance which has characterised city-village
relations. One area in which it has chosen
to do so is the novel concept of “taking

banking to the farms in the shape of the-

special cheque or the Akuafo cheque
system”.

Replacing ‘“‘chits”

What does the special cheque system
seek to replace and do in the context of
redressing the existing financial inequality
which exists between town and country;
and what can the country hope to gain?

AKUAFO . CHECK SYSTEM AIMED AT REVERSING UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT
London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 pp 2811, 2812
5

"Banking on Farmers"]

The “Akuafo cheque”’ seeks to stop the
cheating of farmers and government that
had gone on in the past with the old system
of payment by ‘‘chitTM. The old chit system,
a promissory note, given to cocoa and
coffee farmers, for crop purchases on
behalf of the Ghana Cocoa Marketing
Board (GCMB) had often been nothing
but naked robbery of cocoa farmers by
unscrupulous GCMB agents and purchas-
ing clerks popularly known as “secretary
receivers”. These receivers in the heyday
of the chit system failed to honour these
chits for several months, even years. Often
they offered the familiar excuse of non-
availability of cash whilst‘at the same time
having used the funds advanced to them
for purchases for capital projects of their
own or sometimes turning themselves into
loan sharks. In some cases agents just
bolted with cash entrusted to them.

In the process the farmers received
shoddy treatment from these “tin gods”
who seemed accountable to no one but
themselves. Previous governments, and
the GCMB, had turned a blind eye to these
malpractices — top officials in the GCMB
were privy to the deeds of these clerks. The
end result for Ghana was a decline in cocoa
production and export earnings. The far-
mers who found themselves cheated and
disappointed shifted their resources and
energy towards the production of food
erops, notably corn,.yam, cassava and
plantain. There was ready market for the
foodstuffs — which might be described as
real ‘cash crops” compared with such
export-oriented “‘chit-crops” as cocoa.

With this as a backdrop, the Akuafo
cheque, while conveniently seeking to eli-
minate malpractices associated with the

55

GHANA



cso:

is that the soldiers might begin to side with
one group or another; some even see the
possibility of armed conflict breaking out.

But one conclusion is less open to
speculation. The internal difficulties cur-
tently on display could be to the advantage
of those traditional power brokers whose
dominance of the political scene for 23

3400/470

119

years has assured them of much back-
ground support. Captain Sankara under-
stands this danger only too well, and he has
called. many times for Unity of the Left. In
order to achieve this, he may have to stand
at an equal distance from all the political
tendencies bent on “‘factionalism”.. Which
will not be an easy task.



The emergency plan drawn up for 1983 gives priority to agriculture and live
stock raising, as well as to meeting the food needs of the population. But
will it be possible to apply it as long as. the war continues?

Whatever the case, the Angolans are less willing than ever to send the Cubans
home, even if it is in order to replace them, as some have suggested to them,
by African, Algerian or Tanzanian troops. They absolutely reject the American-
South African proposal of linking the independence of Namibia to the withdrawal
of the Cuban troops because, as President Dos Santos says, "the following de-
mand would then be to give the UNITA a place in the government and that is out
of the question."

The blockage of the situation in Namibia and the intensification of guerrilla
warfare. waged by the UNITA,.as well as the South African threat, can only
strengthen Angola's dependency on the socialist camp, which matches its mili-
tary aid with obvious political -- and even obvious economic --. conditions.

Within such a context, the nonalignment to which Angola claims to aspire is
practically an impossible wager.

11,464
CSO: 3419/241

21



NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[] are supplied by JPRS, Processing indicators such as [Text ]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source, Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

PROCUREMENT OF PUBLICATIONS

JPRS publications may be ordered from the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. In order-
ing, it is recommended that the JPRS number, title, date and
author, if applicable, of publication be cited.

Current JPRS publications are announced in Government Reports
Announcements issued semi-monthly by the National Technical
Information Service, and are listed in the Monthly Catalog of
U.S. Government Publications issued by the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.



[Text]

CSO:

CEMENT production at the
Tanga plant is expected to
resume in the ‘next four
weeks, it was learnt yesterday.

According to a Press release
issued through: the “In-
formation Services division
(MAELEZO), resumption of
production would however
depend on the supply of heavy
fuel oil required by the plant.

The plant’s kiln stopped
operating on Friday because
of lack of heavy oil, the
‘statement explained.

The factory consumes 130
cubic metres of the oil a day.
Daily supplies of oil had drop-
ped to 16 cubic metres, it said.

The shortfall is ‘said
to have been = .cau-
sed by lack of tyres
and tubes for trucks supposed
to haul the fuel to Tanga.

The statement warned that
unless the BP (T) and other
authorities gave the factory
the necessary support ‘to en-
sure. sufficients daily oil
deliveries, production stop-
page might take longer.

3400/487

115

TANGA PLANT'S CEMENT OUTPUT TO RESUME IN NEXT FOUR MONTHS

Dar es Salaam DAILY NEWS in English 28 Dec 83 p 1

It also called for the supply
of tubes and tyres to the tran-
porters. : ’

Quarry. operations at the.
factory would continue: to’
stockpile sufficient raw
materials before the kiln
resumes operation:

The Principal Secretary in

the Ministry of Water and
Energy, Ndugu Athuman
Janguo, said at the weekend
emergency measures had been
taken to.provide the needed
tyres and tubes.
; He explained that. the
measures followed a directive
by the Prime Minister's Office
that tyres and tubes be sup-
plied to enable tankers to
transport oil to the factory as
soon _as possible. .

Efforts to contact officials
of the factory for comment on
whether oil supplies had
resumed were ‘not successful.

The factory, with a produc-
dion capacity of 1,600 tonnes
started operating at the end of
1980. It is a sul jary of the
Tanzania Saruji Corporation
(TSC).

TANZANIA


GHANA

BRIEFS

USSR TTI REACTIVATION AGREEMENT--Ghana and the Soviet Union yesterday
signed an agreement under which the Soviets will reactivate the power engi-
neering project at the Tema Technical Institute abandoned after the overthrow
of the First Republic. Two Soviet engineering experts are expected in the
country early next year to re-appraise the project. The secretary for
Education, Mr V. C. Dadson and Mr Michael Kh Saringulian, Economic
Counsellor of the Soviet Embassy in Ghana, signed the agreement. The
project when completed will offer courses in lathe turning, mechanical
fitting, electrical rewinding and installation and welding. The project is
sufficiently equipped to train skilled craftsmen under different programmes
to meet the requirements of over 500 industries in the country. It will
also produce spare parts for equipment in other educational institutions.
Speaking at the ceremony, Mr Dadson said his Ministry would rely heavily on
the project to produce large quantitites of basic tools and teaching aids
for junior and senior secondary schools. Replying, Mr Saringulian said
his country's policy towards Ghana had not changed and hoped the fruits

of this co-operation would be clearly seen. [By Charles Neequaye] [Text]
[Accra GHANAIAN TIMES in English 16 Dec 83 pp 1, 3]

BORDER DISPUTE SETTLEMENT TERMS--Chanaian and Togolese authorities have
agreed on settlement terms over the recent border dispute between farmers

on the two sides of the border at Honuta in the Volta Region. A conciliatory
mission of the two countries agreed at the week-end that the Togolese at
Hanyigba-Dodzi should traditionally pacify Togobe Heletutu X, Chief of
Achem-Kopeta on the Ghana side, who was arrested and maltreated by the
Togolese. While the mission agreed that the two factions should respect
each other's national boundaries, it said farmers from both sides could
harvest their crops on either side of the border. The farmers, it was
agreed should not concentrate on new farms in the disputed area until the
Ghana-Togo Joint Demarcation Commission completed its work. The two govern-
ments were also urged to ensure that the commission meets as early as possi-~
ble to avoid further clashes. The border dispute between Ghana and Togo
which started at Honuta in 1967 has claimed several lives. The latest of
such clashes occurred on November 1 when some farmers from both sides were
hospitalized. Addressing the people later, the Volta Regional Secretary,

Dr Austin Asamoah-Tutu, reminded them that repeated clashes would only worsen
the relation between Ghana and Togo.--GNA. [Text] [Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY
GRAPHIC in English 19 Dec 83 p 8]

64



In addition, Moscow apparently was not pleased with the new guidelines from
the Fourth FRELIMO Congress, primarily in foreign policy and agricultural
matters. Some ministers reportedly were directly called into question by
countries of the East, and Joao Ferreira, the new agricultural minister who
replaced Sergio Vieira, the current governor of Niassa, was mentioned as.an
example. The new minister chose to support small farms, to the detriment

of the large state farms which his predecessor encouraged, and in this he was
strongly supported by Bulgaria.

The fact that Machel's message to Andropov on the anniversary of the October
Revolution was scarcely mentioned by the Soviet media was interpreted as
a signal of Moscow's change toward Maputo. .

According to reports in Paris, after Jacinto Veloso's visit to France and
Edgar Pisani, the EEC commissioner, they will be very attentive to the .
situation. Reportedly, the recent cause of the USSR's change in attitude
toward Mozambique was Samora Machel's recent trip to Europe during which
the Mozambican president announced his country's intention to adhere to the
Lome Agreement and requested military aid from France and Great Britain.

O JORNAL asked Valentin Vdovine, the ambassador of the USSR in Lisbon and

former representative of his country to Maputo, to comment on this matter.
We had not received any response when the paper went to press.

9479
CSO: 3442/100

75



According to what was learned from official sources contacted by ANGOP, "on
16 November, in Bie province, 38 kilometers from the village of Gango, the
Angolan army destroyed an enemy camp and freed 20 civilians who had been
kidnapped from their villages.

A puppet was killed the same day in Huambo province, 37. kilometers from
Bimbe. The rest of the group retreated in disorder leaving behind a 60 mm
mortar, two loaders as well as ammunition and uniforms. During this
operation, Angolan troops freed 12 civilians the brigands had kidnapped.

On the same day, during a patrol in Kuanza Sul province, Angolan forces
liberated 72 civilians and recovered a weapon from the enemy 22 kilometers
from the village of S. Lucas. As they continued their patrol, two brigands
were killed, 606 civilians were freed, six weapons were recovered and
various documents seized about three kilometers further on. Later on,
another Angolan armed forces' patrol reportedly freed 15 civilians and
recovered one weapon and nine head of cattle in the area of Mussende.

Moreover, reports from Bie province indicate that three brigands were killed,
three weapons, 7,800 rounds of ammunition, five RPG-7 grenades, three
"dilagrama" explosive charges and three M~79 grenades were recovered also

on the 16th during a cleanup operation 42 kilometers. from Gango, in the
Calucinga vi lage of the Andulo township. Eighty civilians the enemy was
holding against their will were also freed. This action ended by destroying
completely the hideout of Pretoria's lackeys.

Finally, still on the 16th, Angolan forces fought a puppet group attempting
to fix up camp 37 kilometers from the village of Bimbe. One brigand was
killed, a 60 mm mortar, two loaders, several rounds of G-3 ammunition were
recovered and 12 civilians were freed."

UNITA Gives a Warning

UNITA, in turn, warns in a communique signed by its president: "When the
political, military and economic situation deteriorates and the nation is
not governed, thus permitting Cuban mercenaries to carry out a scorched
earth policy, it is distressing that the MPLA does not know how to get up
political courage to indicate the direction to be followed. It is even more
revolting when those who claim to lead a great nation that is close to
material and spiritual collapse are unfamiliar with its recent history.

With or without AFRIQUE-ASIE," underscores UNITA, "which we had already
counted as part of the Soviet disinformation campaign, we want to remind

the MPLA, the Soviets, Cubans and all those associated with this repulsive
business of selling Angola to the Soviet bloc, of our political and legal.
reasons for taking this anti~imperialist struggle to its ultimate conclusion.
The Alvor Agreements between the FNLA, MPLA and UNITA on the Angolan side

and the MFA [Armed Forces Movement] representing Portugal as the colonial
power, legitimize the liberation movements that fought against Portugal in an
armed struggle. Portugal's representatives did not negotiate with any unarmed
movement, when there were 43 of these in 1974. It pains and it has always

11



IVORY COAST

BRIEFS

HOUPHOUET APPEALS TO LEBANESE-~President Houphouet-Boigny has denounced
"that small number of Lebanese who have yet to be cured of the malady of
fraudulent behaviour." Addressing representatives of the Lebanese World
Cultural Union, the President called on the Lebanese community to flush out
dishonest members of their community themselves. The President continued
by appealing to the Lebanese community to involve more Ivorians in their
businesses, at the managerial and staff levels. There are approximately
50,000 Lebanese living in Ivory Coast, controlling 145 industrial companies
in many sectors and dominating commerce, [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in
English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2849]

cso: 3400/459

70



"In good years, we used to harvest 400 kilos per hectare. Over
the past 10 years, with the worsening drought, the average yield
has dropped to 80 kilos. Last year we barely managed to gather
20 kilos. This year is going to be just as bad: if not worse,"
says the head of the National Rural Development Office (ONDR)
in Mao.

There was not enough rain for the grass, either. Of course, just
2 months after the last rains, the cattle herds which constitute
the principal wealth of these semi-nomadic tribes were still in
fine shape. But already the grass is scant around the few wells
scattered across the savannah where the migratory flocks and herds
must travel. The herds were afflicted last year by an epizootic
of cattle plague which destroyed anywhere from 6 to 20 percent
of the herds, according to which estimate you hear. This year,
they will be deprived once again of pasturage, particularly since
the Gorani nomads (Toubous) from the far north, and others from
the Bet (Borkou Ennedi Tibesti) have come down with their camels
and their sheep. And the influx of these refugees, most of whom
have brought nothing..at all with them, makes the survival of an
indigenous population already threatened by famine even more
problematical. How many people have fled the Bet? You hear
figures as high as 25,000, or almost a fourth of the population
of these regions. A good number of them have taken flight east-
ward toward the Sudan. Others, though, have made for these
semi-nomadic Hannenbous villages, which are only semi-permanent,
and ‘peopled by Muslims whose language is not so very different
from their own.

"There was fire from the sky that burned up what had been the
livelihood of my father and my grandfather before him:" Alafi
Hassan is a sharecropper on the Faya Largeaupalm. plantation. He
is the only one here who speaks a little Arabic. He speaks for
others, who stay a bit apart and out of sight.

"Those men from Fezzan (the Libyans) wanted our sons to fight the
war. So we slipped away by night. Some had their asses or camels
to ride, but the rest came on foot. We walked for about 2 months.
Others are still on the way. Some have died of thirst. The rest
managed to get back to the nomads." They have crossed the lines
of a front that no longer exists, and almost 1,000 of them are
camped here, 4 kilometers outside Mao, just below the little town
of Bila. They have built shanties of whatever they could sca-
venge, plus materials given them by the townspeople. Huts no
more than a meter wide and two long, a woven straw mat supported
on four poles. It is not enough to shelter them from the desert
winds or from the chilly nights, especially since most of them
sleep right on the sand. During the day, the men are away from
the camp. They trudge up to Mao to beg in the streets, asking
for food, for cooking pots. People do not turn them away, espe-
cially if they know they come from "down there."

28


NP's Challenge in Transvaal
Pretoria DIE BEELD in Afrikaans 29 Nov 83 p 8

(Editorial: "NP's Task"7

(Yext] After the lingering unrest and instability in the Transvaal National
Party /NP7 over the course of many years, a greater calm and a combative
spirit have set in in recent times--and the nicest fruit of it was the
magnificent contribution to the victory for yes made by our province. With
the preparation of a new organizational structure last week, the NP continued
its process of renewal, and it could not have come at a more exciting moment
in time than the beginning of the new constitutional system.

Part of the struggle has been won in the one province that holds the key to
South African politics. But in spite of the great purity discovered by the NP
after the Treurnicht faction broke away, there remains enormous work to be
done in persuading others.’ Is it not Transvaal that continues to produce
far-rightist groups, that is the source of so many smear and gossip stories
and where religion is misused horribly for political purposes? Is it not also
the heart of the leftist policy of one man, one voice in South Africa?

Against this background, work and more work is necessary. A large party like
the NP must not only set the tone with renewing thoughts, but must also
operate successfully on a grass roots level. And this means contact, a
readiness to listen and face problems, and a patient clarification of what

- exactly the new political developments in this country mean.

May the leadership of the NP in Transvaal thus show that it will help direct
politics much more easily in the direction of a peaceful solution. With
Soutpansberg and other tasks lying ahead, this will be a challenging time for
the NP with its new team.

Implications of Niehaus Case
Capétown DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 28 Nov 83 p 10

QGitorial: “High Treason’ -

[fext/ Treason touches on the most sensitive nerves of a people's existence.

For that reason, the high treason case in Johannesburg last week in which two

young Afrikaners were found guilty and sentenced for this’ serious crime should
attract special attention.

Unfortunately, treason is not unknown among Afrikaners. There was what
happened in the Second War of Independence /Ehe Second Anglo-Boer Wax/,
which some people today would rather sweep under the rug. Following that
war, a talented young man-came from one of the best-known Afrikaner families,

the Fischers, and became a leader of the South African Communist Party, with
its revolutionary intents.

99



ETHIOPIA

COMMENTATOR DISCUSSES COPWE'S PROGRESS IN FORMING VANGUARD PARTY
Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 23 Dec 83 pp 2, 4
[Article by Alemu Hailu]

[Text] Four years ago in December, the Commission for Organizing the Party
of the Working People of Ethiopia (COPWE) was set up thus marking a historic
milestone in the struggle of the people for lasting victory.

With the establishment of COPWE a new phase has been ushered in advancing the
National Democratic Revolution which is the most important step towards
creating the vanguard party.

The efforts to create a vanguard party are the most decisive elements for

the further consolidation and deepening of the revolutionary process. When
we assess the stage attained as a result of the bitter struggle waged during
the last ten years we realise that we have entered the final stage of creating
a vanguard Marxist-Leninist Party which is to become the leading and guiding
force in building socialisiv..

In a nationwide radio and television address announcing the formation of COPWE
on December 17, 1979, Comrade Chairman Mengistu Haile-Mariam underscored:

"The time will not be far when we will also score victory in the founding of
the party of the working people as we go on strengthening and consolidating the
popular gains attained through political, military, economic and cultural
development."

The coming into being of a Marxist-Leninist Party is of paramount significance
since it is a guarantee for the accomplishment of the historic task of the
overall development of the country under the supremacy of the working people.
With the forthcoming tenth anniversary celebrations of Revolution Day, the
time is indeed approaching for creating the vanguard party--a party which will
be capable of giving correct leadership to the class struggle of the working
people for final victory.

The victories so far scored since COPWE embarked on the process of creating
a revolutionary vanguard party have been encouraging. The Commission has
been actively engaged in laying its organizational structure from national to
basic unit level by way of organising and strengthening mass and professional

35



GHANA

CALL FOR INCORPORATION OF ALL ORGANIZED LABOR INTO TUC
Accra GHANAIAN TIMES in English 19 Dec 83 p 8

{Article by Robert Bentii Kumasi]

v

5
[Text] The Trades Union Congress (TUC) has been urged to widen its mem-
bership to embrace such bodies as farmers, fishermen, artisans, civil ser-
vants and all organized labour group in the country. [as published]

Making the call at the closing session of the third quadriennial congress
of the TUC at the UST here at the week-end, Mr Ebo Tawiah, a member of the
PNDC, stressed that there was the need for a strong and broadbased repre-
sentative labour movement at this period when the nation was passing through
serious crisis.

As a light of the masses he noted there was the need for workers to expand
their horizon by the TUC looking further afield and giving recognition to
such bodies as farmers, fishermen and artisans.

The PNDC member stated that workers had a vital role to-play.in upholding
and sustaining production to ensure that the country was salvaged from its
declining state.

Declaring that the present system sought, among others, to change the old
order for a new one he called on the TUC to do everything to raise the
image of the producers of the nation's wealth.

"There is the need to get into constant consultation and not to sit down to
ask why is this so," he stated.

Mr Ebo Tawiah cautioned workers against apathy and stressed the need for
sacrifices, suffering and true service to be paramount, pointing out that
the mentality of confrontation should give way to the guiding principle of
consultation and discussion,

Congratulating the TUC for the success of the congress, the PNDC member
stressed that the movement should not commit the mistakes of the past by
expecting the leadership to do everything for them.

60.



What makes the situation still worse is that other regions tra-
ditionally major grain producers, such as Guera, in Central Chad,
are hard-hit as well by a drought that bids fair to be as devasta-
ting as that of 1973. The crops were blasted where they stood
and it was impossible, owing to the absence of flooded fields, to
transplant enough "berbere," the sorghum that ripens in the middle
of the dry season and is an indispensable staple pending the mil-
let harvest the following year.

I Chad really facing the spectre of famine? "You seldom see peo-
ple dying of hunger. In the villages, people stick together, and
don't let anybody die of outright starvation. They share what
there is. And when everything is gone, the people go away," says
Fr Claude, an Arabic-speaking Jesuit who has lived in Chad for 25
years. After a tour of the North he thinks that "the situation

is far graver than we. had feared." The only way to avoid mass
emigration of the country people to the capital is through inter-
national aid.

Late in September, a World Food Program (WER) mission distributed
food in the village of N'Tiema. "Each 50-kilo sack was shared by
12 people. For the refugees, we allotted a sack for every five
people," says the village chief.'"That's far too little. It
would take at least 10 kilos per person per month for 3 months

in order to counteract the effects of malnutrition. "The chil-
dren are increasingly hurt. There is no more milk, because the
cows are lean. They have nothing to eat now except a little
"white-man's corn.'" Even though, according to the Doctors °
Without Borders Teams that provide Chad with most of its basic
medical services, cases of grave malnutrition are still isola-
ted, the nutritional status of the children is nevertheless

cause for concern. In the Northwest. Kanem region and in the
Waddai region in the Northeast, between 20 and 30 percent of them
show symptoms of malnutrition. Their weight ranges between 70
and 80 percent of what it should be.

The grain shortage in Chad this year will be more than 130,000
tons. Additional international aid in the amount of some 57,000
tons is vitally needed in the short term. That will be added to
currently available stocks of 29,000 tons. That will be barely
enough to cover the most urgent requirements for the 1983-1984
farm year. How can we organize this emergency relief? How can
we make sure the supplies actually reach the hungry?

Hisisein Habré's government has given the FAO,WFD, the UN Disaster
Relief Organization (UNDRO), and unicer a free hand as a joint
action committee to take over emergency relief operations.

"This. system makes it possible to distribute the food to the peo-
ple who really need it and for whom it is meant," says Mr Wali

Sha Wali, coérdinator of United States missions in Chad. "We can
follow every ‘sack of grain every step of the way." Even so, the
problems are still hair-raising. First of all is the mind-bog-
gling problem of calculating precise needs, region by region. It's

31



cso:

3400/459

and politically difficult policy reform programme is not
given strong support, the incentives for other countries to
consider such programmes will be weakened, as will
donor credibility”.

The proposal to the donors was for quick-disbursement
programme aid. The projects given priority in the PNDC
recovery programme were described as those which earn
or save foreign exchange; ease infrastructural constraints
(rail and port facilities are an obvious example); generate

" government revenue; complement or provide linkages to

other projects; and increase the availability of essential
consumer goods. .

The total shortfall in external financing of the three-
year programme was put at $700m. This Paris meeting
therefore, set the ball rolling with pledges of over $150m.
for 1984. Having agreed to hold similar meetings in
1984-85, donors will also be looking forward to meeting
shortfalls in the second and third programme-years of over
$240m. and $300m. The long-term perspective is simple,
verging on platitude and truism: if external funding and
exports rise.as required, the shortfall will decline to some
$134m. in 1990, with the IMF optimistically speaking of a
long-term solution to balance of payments problems. And
of course, if the foregoing does not occur, then the foreign
exchange shortfalls will have increased substantially by
1990.

These figures point directly to the alternative scenarios
whose conditionalities are determined much more inter-
nationally than locally. Far example, the IMF representa-
tive noted that Ghana had satisfied all performance
criteria in 1983, and could expect balance of payments
“viability” within five years, but only if the “adjustment
effort” was sustained and reinforced as necessary.
Another warning note was that the benefits of the
devaluation could be undercut by large price increases,
and shortages of fuel and other essential consumer goods.
Already, the energy shortage due to low water levels in
the Volta Lake have hindered production and recovery
efforts. And the programme requires for the 1984-85
period food imports of $360m. and essential consumer
goods worth $175m.

Therefore, one scenario shows Ghana proceeding on an
export-led structural adjustment, increasingly dependent
both on aid flows from industrialised countries and
successful political and administrative domestic manage-
ment. The other scenario shows Ghana striving valiantly
but vainly to rehabitate its neo-colonial economy with
inadequate foreign assistance while containing increasing
social problems as aspirations fall ever shorter away from
practical possibilities. For example, only 4.7 per cent of
the total investment under the recovery programme will
go into the social sector, specifically health and education.

It is obvious that the PNDC has scored a real success in
the eyes of the bilateral and multilateral partners, and that
more aid will be forthcoming than for about 10 years.
However, there is reason to speculate on the nature of
external assistance as the “politically difficult” aspects of
the recovery programme become clearer. There are, after
all, conflicting assessments of the social costs of economic !
programmes.

63



There were others who were credulous and scatterbrained, even people who
thought that they were acting out of the most noble considerations.
Quisling, the modern personification of treason, indeed thought ‘that he was
acting with the most noble Norwegian motives. 7

Criticism of the government and society is, moreover, not unknown in
Afrikaner society, but there comes a stage at which the line between loyal
opposition and treason can be crossed and the nation's security laws
transgressed. . °

This happened in the case of Carl Niehaus and his girlfriend. According to’
the trial judge, Niehaus favored a socialist state if the present system
were to be overthrown; he was not only against "apartheid," but against the
capitalist system. He excused violence in order to achieve his goal. <"

For most democratically inclined Afrikaners, it is incomprehensible that
anyone can support the aims and politics of violence of the ANC, permeated
with Commumism as it is. Are not the lessons of African "socialism" clear:
enough then? And are not the dismal uniformity, the centralized oppression,’
the labor camps, the food lines and the state of being left behind economical-
ly in communist states then precisely an example of what should not be
strived for? ‘

Such considerations obviously do not always convince even certain young
Afrikaners who are concerned about the South African system.

Thus the sentencing of Niehaus and his girlfriend, justified under the cir-
cumstances, must not be merely accepted and forgotten, even though it is
belieyed that they were extremely deluded and even if their aims and methods
are most strongly being condemned,

It also means that South Africans who want to continue to uphold civilized
norms will have to exert themselyes towards even greater success on behalf
of a more just system for everyone here. It is based on such considerations
that the prime minister recently said that South Africa must make “nore
beautiful music" than the communists.

New PFP Policy
Bloemfontein DIE VOLKSBLAD in Afrikaans 21 Nov 83 p 10

{Editorial: "Turnabout"]

[Text] The turnabout by the Progressive Federal Party (BEB) away from its
sterile policy of boycotts towards "constructive participation" in the new -
constitutional system has to do with survival and not with a change in inclin-
ation. The most significant fact to surface at the federal congress

of the PFP is that the top leadership is in the hands of the party's leftist
power circle to a much greater extent than before.

“100



ZAMBIA

BRIEFS

KAUNDA MEETS SWEDISH DELEGATION--His Excellency the President, Dr Kaunda,
yesterday received a 5-man delegation from Sweden comprising two members of
parliament and two Foreign Ministry officials led by Swedish Ambassador to
Zambia (Sweker Akesson) at (Chichela Lodge) at (Mpuwo) in the Luangwa nation-
al game park. The president said during the meeting that Zambia valued the
relationship existing between the two countries and described them as first
class, based on deep-rooted principles, and praised Sweden for her assistance
to the liberation movements in Southern Africa. Dr Kaunda said Zambia valued
the friendship with Sweden because of that country's foreign policy, which
is based on respect for humanity, and tiepointed out that Sweden's example of
outstanding foreign policy had helped to influence other Scandinavian coun-
tries of (?NATO) and other groups to change their foreign policy for the bet-
ter. He said that he was still awaiting the visit to Zambia by the Swedish
king and queen who had been invited sometime back. [Text] [MB090935 Lusaka
Domestic Service in English 0600 GMT 9 Jan 84]

cso: 3400/493 END


Effective action against soil erosion was introduced several years ago in
recognition of the need for rehabilitating badly needed land and to arrest
the further deterioration of land rasources. The Soil and Water Conservation
Department now carries out its activities with the help of 258 junior and 38
degree-holding experts. In addition the department enjoys the services of 6
expatriate advisors and oné associate expert provided by FAO and the Univer-
sity of Bern, Switzerland,

The department is assisted financially and materially by international organi-
zations including the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Develop-
ment Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

The United Nations Fund for Capital Development has provided equipment,
vehicles and machinery worth 1.9 million dollars. In the meantime, the EEC
and the Ethiopian government have signed a three-year agreement for the
rehabilitation of forest, grazing and farmlands in Eritrea, Tigrai and Gondar
regions. Similar arrangement has been reached with the government of Austra-
lia for the Gamo Goffa and southern Shoa regions, the report concluded.

cs0: 3400/490

41



MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

HIPPOS TRAMPLE CORN CROPS--The fields sowed in corn and sweet potato in the
"Julius Nyerere" and "Agostinho Neto" communal villages are being damaged by
the hippopotami of the Munhuane River in Gaza Province. ‘The hunters of the
city of Xai-Xai and the "Agostinho Neto" communal village have been
combatting the hippopotami which, because of the lack of.water in the river,
have been walking on the banks, ruining the people's farms. [Maputo
DOMINGO in Portuguese 20 Nov 83 p 1] 8711

cs0: | 3442/76

83



aid from abroad, In this country, which for several years has
suffered from chronic food shortages, the situation looks just
as serious as in 1972 and 1973, says UNICEF, citing the typical
example of the little town of Korem in the Wollo district, which
has 7,000 citizens and now shelters 60,000 refugees.

In the upland heart of Nigeria, the most populatious nation on the
continent, 600,000 people are stricken by the drought, according
to the governor of the county, with the drastic decline in crop
yields affecting more than a million hectares of farmland. Sene-
gal has just announced that, in the aftermath of the worst grain
harvests of recent years, "the foad situation is critical;" to
quote Rural Development Minister Amadou Bator Diop. Senegal es-
timates that the 1982-1983 grain crop will come to 515,000: tons,
as compared with 650,000 tons in preceding years, while the na-
tionts requirements for 1983 had been calculated at 1.2 million
tons. In November, Mr Diop reckoned that. 20 percent of the beef
cattle had succumbed to the effects.of the drought.

. bens a PG ED ee ue :
Still in West Africa, Ghana has informed Benin and Togo,that,: be-
cause of the drought, it would be forced to cut back on the elec-
tricity it could supply them. Accra authorities have also warned
Ghana's people that the country must get used to long periods
without electricity "until the next rains" (due in July 1984), be-
cause the water level in the Volta River has dropped to the. low-
est mark ever recorded. In Ivory Coast, daily cutoffs of elec-
tricity -- averaging 2 hours apiece -- have already been intro-
duced, owing to the low water levels in the country's reservoirs.
As for Lake Chad, it is at its lowest. level in 150 years.

Brushfires, fanned by dry winds, are ravaging Ivory Coast and
Ghana. Bovine plage has already reportedly spread to the Sahel,
where the manioc harvest has been damaged by a disease carried

by insects. "We are living through the worst of the 14~year:-Sahél
drought right now," said Mr Alioune Blondin Beye, Mali's foreign
minister, last week. Rough.estimates put the grain shortfall in
the West African Sahel states at 1 million tons. The Cape Verde
Islands, which have been afflicted with endemic drought for the
past 10 years, are harder-hit than in the past, since the already
scant bean harvest and the millet crop this year barely amount to
half those of 1982.

6182
CSO: 3419/292



Workers, New Management Seek Legal Backing for GTP
(Kojo Owusu; WEST AFRICA, No 3461, 12 Dec 83) .esseceeses

Akuafo Check System Aimed at Reversing Uneven Development
(John Osei-Kwame; WEST AFRICA, No 3460, 5 Dec 83) .......

Article Calls for Redefinition of PDC Concept
(Edith Adugu; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 17 Dec 83) .......5

Botchwey Reports No Increase in Petroleum Prices
(PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 19 Dec 83) .ecsecsceseceeesceece

Call for Incorporation of All Organized Labor Into TUC
(Robert Bentii Kumasi; GHANAIAN TIMES, 19 Dec 83) .......

Donors Endorse PNDC's Recovery Program >
(Editorial; WEST AFRICA, No 3460, 5 Dec 83) ..ccccceseees

Briefs
USSR TTI Reactivation Agreement
Border Dispute Settlement Terms
Tribunals Sabotaged
New Soldier Mentality
Export Credit
Area Councils
EEC Plant Medicine Grant
Border Malpractices
PBL Credit Line
Exhorbitant Petrol Prices
Manganese Mine Loan
VALCO Lays Off Workers

GUINEA-BISSAU

Political Reforms Earn French, World Bank Aid
(DIARIO DE LISBOA, 9 Dec 83) ..ccsscecccccceccccccesveces

IVORY COAST

Briefs
Houphouet Appeals to Lebanese

LIBERIA

Troubled Situation Generates Insecurity, Slows Timetable
(WEST AFRICA, No 3461, 12 Dec 83) ssccccscceccccscscceces

Briefs
Stringent Measures to Relieve Economy
Oil Exploration Begins

53

55

57

58

60

62

64
64
65
65
65
66
66
66
66
67
67
67

68

70

7

73
73



ETHIOPIA

COPWE STRESSES GREATER PARTICIPATION FROM REVOLUTIONARIES
Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 25 Dec 83 pl

[Text] Dessie (ENA)--The three-member team led by Comrade Tessema Belai,
COPWE Central Committee member and COPWE representative for Wollo region
held discussions with office bearers of mass organizations and discussion
forums during its work tour to three districts of the region last week.

The discussions centered on the activities undertaken in the political,
economic and social fields of endeavour.

Among the topics of discussion topping high on the agenda were: the
formation of the Ethiopian working people's party, the construction of a
socialist economy and the national military service and the wiping out of
illiteracy from urban areas before the tenth anniversary celebrations of
the Popular Revolution.

The participants resolved to fight against harmful and decadent culture,
strengthen mass organizations while at the same time broadly disseminating
Marxism-Leninism, they also pledged to boost production.

Comrade Tessema Belai said on the occasion that active participation of all
revolutionaries is vital in order to enable the revolution achieve its goal.

Comrade Tessema also emphasized that organizational and ideological activities
must further be strengthened at this crucial stage when the times for the
formation of the party of the Ethiopian working people is fast approaching.

cso: 3400/490

38



A loan agreement for 2.2 million francs (35,200 contos) will be used for
agricultural research in the Tombali region, the "breadbasket of the
country" in the south. A French loan of 3.5 million francs (56,000 contos)
will be used for highway connections, Bissau-Quinhamel-Biombo and Bissau-
Prabis, both in the capital region.

9479
CSO: 3442/100

69



affected, the Dynamizing Groups assumed a number of state tasks. Becoming a
parallel authority, they resolved problems of a political, economic, social
and administrative nature.

As we structured our state apparatus, many of the tasks of the Dynamizing
Groups naturally passed to the state organs. It was the task of the party
cells, in turn, to develop work methods and the particular duties of the
Dynamizing Groups. When they noted that error, or because they were
criticized, the cells sometimes fell into immobility. It was not always easy
for them to find the new road, to identify the best way to operate.

The experience of those years shows that the cell is the decisive level of
party work. It is in the cell where our plans really have success or fail.
For that reason, it is essential to guarantee a correct and dynamic operation
of those cells,

The fundamental question that was at the basis of the hesitation and,
sometimes, immobility at the beginning of their action lies in the difficulty
of the cells to gain the leading role.

The function of leading requires capability. In the new phase of the
revolution, it means increasing the capability of management of economic tasks.

This qualitative transformation was also made difficult by the fact that
when we introduced planning, it was not possible to involve the rank-and-file
in the process of its preparation. The plan appeared with a complexity
that was above the level of the cell and for that reason, the latter was
incapable of assuming it. The consequent impossibility of intervening in the
main aspects of the workers’ lives prevented the cell from gaining the leading
role. -The cell limited itself to mobilization, repeating watchwords and
exhortations detached from the solution of the concrete problems of the

masses.

As the process of revitalization, the cells have to assume their essential

tasks. They must understand that it is important for the worker to have an
awareness of the activity in which he engages, of its social significance,

and of the purpose of his work.

The cells fit into the role of the enterprise to which they belong in the
general context of the country's production.

8711
cso: 3442/76

78



075089

JPRS-SSA-84-009

20 January 1984

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

"DPeimoron SATEEN AY
[Approved io: pune seleanal |

iggg03i9 133?

DTIC QUALITY INSPECTED 2

FBIS| FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

REPRODUCED BY |

NATIONAL TECHNICAL ;
INFORMATION SERVICE b

US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
‘SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161
130

Ab7



(Editorial:

"Call-up"]

[Text] THERE’S going to be a lot of heartburning

among'some immigrants because of the pro-
posed law under which they will be called up
after five years in the country, or lose their
permanent residence.

The argument of these immigrants is that they
came to South Africa because South Africa
offered them jobs or because it advertised
the potentials of the country.

If they had known they had ‘to serve in our
forces, they would not have settled here.

Others say that they may still be called up by
their countries of origin.

They cannot be expected to be subject to the
call-up in South Africa as well.

The counter-argument is that by taking out
permanent residence, they have shown their
willingness to make South Africa their home.

Not only that. They are benefitting from the
opportunities South Africa offers them.

Why should they earn a good living here — in
many instances, a living that is far more sub-
stantial than the one they had in their home
countries — and not share the burden of de-
fending the country?

Put another way:

Why should South Africans have to undergo

the rigours of two years in the forces while
they are able to escape military service?

As the Minister of Internal Affairs, Mr FW de
Klerk, and the Minister of Defence, General
Magnus Malan, point out in a joint state-
ment, immigrants liable for conscription
evade military service without fear of losing
permanent residence by indicating, -when

Tegistering, that they do no want to become.

South African citizens.
This is causing increasing . dissatisfaction
among South African national servicemen

SOUTH AFRICA

PROPOSED MILITARY CALL-UP OF IMMIGRANTS EXAMINED

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 24 Dec 83 p 6

and other citizens, who are demanding that
there should be equal treatment between
South Africans and resident immigrants.

The Ministers state that an untenable situation
has been reached “because young immi-
grants who may not legally be subjected -to
military service advertise this fact and even
confront those performing military service
with their so-called favoured position.”

Young immigrants also progress unhindered in
their studies and careers, and “so build up a
lead over those who have to do national ser-
vice.”

Job preference also goes to those not doing
military service.

These are valid points.

Children of immigrants can go through school
knowing they won't be called up, that they
don’t have to make any sacrifices with regard
to university education, and that they will get
jobs from employers who are unpatriotic
enough to rule out youngsters who have to go
into the army and then have to serve camps
for years afterwards. :

There are, of course, immigrants who volun-
teer for military service. They too, will be
only too happy to see that the immigrants
who evade service are no longer able to do

s0.

In terms of the proposed legislation, the
period for qualification for citizenship will be
extended from two to five years.

All immigrants between the ages of 15 and 25
who do not wish to become South African
citizens after the five-year period will auto-
matically forfeit their permanent residence

tights. .



CHAD

Conditions of Near-Famine, Insecurity Noted
(André Vermont; LIBERATION, 2 Dec 83) ..

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

Briefs
Reduced Spanish Aid

ETHIOPIA

REYA Executive Bodies Hold Meetings
(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 25 Dec 83) ....

Commentator Discusses COPWE's Progress in Forming Vanguard Party
(Alemu Hailu; THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 23 Dec 83) ..

COPWE Stresses Greater Participation From Revolutionaries
(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 25 Dec 83) ...

Two Water Organizations Exchange Views
(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 23 Dec 83) ...

Reforestation Measures for Water, Soil Conservation Underway
(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 25 Dec 83) ...

School Sets Example for Labor Education, Praised
(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 24 Dec 83) ...

Briefs
UK, ROK Donate Vehicles

GABON

Briefs
Ban on Opposition Conference

GAMBIA

Clergyman Examines Nation's Leaders' Responsibilities
(WEST AFRICA, No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83) ..sccceeceececcscesces

President's Offices Replies to Criticism of Civil Service
(WEST AFRICA, No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83) ..csececcacceveveevres

GHANA

Market Women Featured as Potential Political Force
(Patrick Quarcoo; WEST AFRICA, No 3461, 12 Dec 83) ...eeeee

-b-

27

33

34

35

38

39

40

42

45

46

47

49

51



All immigrants who complete the five-year | However, the Government has rightly made a

‘period will automatically become South Afri- stand because of the iniquitous situation that
can citizens unless they declare timeously has developed.

that they do not wish to do so. Now immigrants with permanent residence
The new law will make it harder to attract. . will have to‘ make. the ‘same sacrifices: as
settlers from overseas, since people who con- South African citizens.

template emigrating to South Africa may

think twice when they know they will be Amd that is as it should be.
liable to conscription. for if the country is worth .
Other immigrants may choose to leave rather living in, it is worth fighting
than face the prospect of being called up. for.

cso: 3400/463

105



BRIEFS

RESTORATION OF PRAIA PORT-~The first phase of the renovation of the port of
the city of Praia will begin in January 1984, The ANOP which provided this
report said that the adjudication contract for the first two phases was
signed last Tuesday in the Cape Verdian capital. A $12 million contract
was awarded to SOMAGUE, the Portuguese firm, and the contract was signed in
the presence of Herculano Viera Vieira, Cape Verdian minister of transporta-
tion, and Tito Ramos, Cape Verdian minister of housing and public works, and
Baptisa Martins, the Portuguese ambassador to Cape Verde. A source from the
Cape Verdian ministry of transportation told ANOP that this amount will be
adjusted in accordance with the exchange rate of the currency used to
estimate project costs. The third phase of construction of the port of Praia
which will cost $2 million was adjudicated to an English firm, said the same
source. In addition, project supervision was awarded to a French consortium
which will receive around $850,000.00 for this purpose. As for the costs

of the second and third phases of the work, designated as contracts "A" and
"B," more than 50 percent of the costs of phase "A" adjudicated to SOMAGUE
will be paid for by the Cape Verdian government. For this purpose, the
executive branch of Praia borrowed $10 million from the BADEA [Arab Bank for
African Economic Development] and $7 million from the World Bank. [Text]
[Beira DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE in Portuguese 5 Dec 83 p 5] 9479

cso: 3442/100

26



in the course of pursuing a local initiative--the sensitivity of which those
responsible had not thoroughly considered--the policemen who were so savagely
attacked had been sent Tuesday into the sacred woods of Diabir in total ignorance
of the traditional taboos and, what is more, at a moment that was very inopportune
due to the trial. then taking place in Dakar.

The Diolas of Basse Casamance are becoming increasingly bitter about the
“wolofization" being progressively imposed on their region by the tens of
thousands of Senegalese from the central region of the country who, driven out
by the drought, have for the last 30 years been seeking refuge in the woodlands
of Casamance, burning them and turning them into peanut fields, while at the
same time Islam is gradually supplanting the traditional animist religion and
the Catholicism inherited from the old Portuguese colonists.* Confronted with
this wave of nationalism, Senegal's leaders appear to be singularly helpless.

*Basse Casamance (a region located between Gambia, the vicinity of Ziguinchor,
Guinea-Bissau and the Atlantic Ocean), as opposed to the whole of Casamance (the
entire southern administrative region of the country), only became a part of
Senegal in 1866, when Portugal ceded it to France in exchange for fishing rights
at Terre-Neuve.

9516
CSO: 3419/259

85



communique, as of 29 November 1983, 198 members of Mozambican and Zimbabwean
troops were killed, another 366 were wounded and evacuated in "Antonov-26"
planes. Moreover, three officers and seven sergeants were among the 49
captured ‘by the guerrillas in this counteroffensive. In turn, 29 members of
the Mozambican liberation movement were killed and 35 wounded.

Sabotage

The situation in southern Mozambique is deemed very serious where the
Chicuacuala railroad linking the port of Maputo with Zimbabwe is considered
practically closed by the Harare authorities. This railroad was attacked
and damaged in some places two or three times a week habitually; however,
lately, it has been sabotaged every day.

The railroad linking Zimbabwe with the Mozambican port of Beira is another
favored target of the resistance’ fighters. However, Zimbabwean authorities
say the attacks against this railroad have decreased since several contingents
of soldiers from Harare were sent to Mozambique to protect this railroad, the
highway and pipeline linking Beira with the Zimbabwean border.

In other news, since 28 October 1983, the electric power lines from the
Cabora Bassa Dam to the Apollo transformer station in South Africa have been
paralyzed, sabotaged by the guerrillas. The resistance fighters destroyed
three support poles for these lines and stated that the entire area was
under their control, thus it would be impossible to repair.

The latest report from Paulo Barbosa mentions that two Soviets in the
control of the resistance died of illness. He recalled that 21 August 1983,
resistance fighters attacked the Tantalite mines in Morrua, Zambezia
Province, killing two Soviets and capturing 24 more, held as hostages since

then.

9479
cso: 3442/100

80



ANGOLA

PORTUGUESE PRESS CONTINUES TO REPORT ON CIVIL WAR

UNITA Victories Threaten Regime
Lisbon 0 DIABO in Portuguese 29 Nov 83 p 20

[Text] The penetration into Andulo by UNITA guerrillas, reported last
Saturday, must be considered the most important military event of the
Angolan civil war to have occurred within the last 2 weeks. The war's
developments seem to threaten Luanda's Marxist regime more and more. Andulo,
one of Angola's newest cities, is located approximately 80 kilometers from
Bie (formerly Silva Porto), the capital of the province with the same name.

Significantly, however, the indications of that development and the risks

it entails to the MPLA were reported to us by Manual Dionisio, the ANOP
[Portuguese News Agency] correspondent in Luanda, and not by some communique
from the movement led by Jonas Savimbi. According to Dionisio, "the Benguel
railroad that runs across Angola from the coast to its eastern border has
never been 100 percent operational since independence. Now, however, the
acts of sabotage also extend to the Malanje railroad in the north and the
Mocamedes railroad in the south." The same correspondent confirms that
overland civilian traffic on the main roads is "systematically ambushed" and
“often roads are mined and important bridges destroyed."

This same report from Luanda--consequently, subject to the strict control
the MPLA exercises over all types of media--draws an extremely pessimistic
picture of the civil war's repercussions on socio-economic life in the
People's Republic of Angola. Except for oil, which is in North American
hands, Angola's entire economy is in chaos. Coffee production, for example,
decreased from 230,000 tons annually recorded prior to independence to about
10,000 tons annually. The foreign debt has grown five fold when compared
with 1979. The civil war, which not only prevents the cultivation of land,
destroys the system for distributing goods and services and causes people to
flee, also consumes more than 50 percent of the government's budget.

Moreover, this impartial report on the Angolan situation confirms "the state of
war" existing in most of the nation's provinces. UNITA.has repeatedly
proclaimed this and it has warned all foreigners to leave those provinces.
Spain seems to be the first nation to heed this warning. It has reportedly
warned Spaniards who work or preach in Angola of the risks they run by



@s0:

A-comparison of income
in the Gambian civil service >

Civil Service wages 1964-65 "1979-80 1980-81 1981-62 1962-83 1983-84
Lowest Wage (Daily) (1) 1.42 350 450 5.20 6.20 | 5:20
Highest Wage (Daily) (2) 3.29 635 650° 750 750 . 7.50
Civil Service salaries 1964-65 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 1983-04
Lowest Salary (Yearly) © 480 - 1,200 1,644 1,644 - 1,844 1,844
Highest Salary (Yearly) 12,500 16,080 16,080 16,080 17,700. -17,700
Ratio of Highest to me

Lowest Salary 26.0 1334 98 98° (260° 79.4.

tion cases’ involving fraud and misappro-
priation’ of funds, which have been dealt
with recently in the courts. Secondly.-if
government was not positive or prepared
to “curb the misuse of public funds without
fear or favour", why did the government
go to the extent of establishing special
criminal courts to try cases of fraud or
create an evaluation of assets and prop-
erties commission? Can your correspon-
dent name one developing country where
embezzlement or abuse of LPOS does not
take place?

The point made that “Public financial
management requires professional training
and responsibilities” is well taken-and I.can
assure you that the government has riot lost

3400/492

50

sight of this fact. ‘Appropriate ‘management

-training programmes are being established,

particularly the ‘training -of -government
“accountants and.auditors,.and the National
_Management Institute, built .and-equipped
with World :Bank -funds, -will commence
training in January 1984,
your correspondent will'encour-
age this effort-which is designed to ensure
better public sector-management and the
appointment of “the right: man inthe right
place?” ~

“Yours faithfully,

“M. K. Jallow

for Secretary General, President’ + Office,
‘Banjul.



Or else, the government must take advantage of the peace that has now heen re~
stored to implement a true development policy that. will silence the resentment
of a population. which feels neglected.

In that case, the government should make sure that one region is not’ privileged
at the expense of the others,merely for the sake of preserving the country.'s. in-
tegrity. Actually, many tegions of the country are also neglected, although not
as badly as Casamance.

At a time when the desert is gaining ground at an accelerated rate, the south of
the country remains the only green paradise and, as one agricultural technician
recently pointed out during an ORTS [Senegalese Radio and Television Office] pro-
gram: "Casamance possesses huge potentialities; if they were developed, the whole
country would benefit from them." This is far from being a new idea. Indeed, it
has been obvious for a long time. But apart from political speeches claiming
priority for agricultural development, no truly rational efforts have been made
to derive as many resources as possible from the land. And especially not from
the Casamance land. so

It is not only the region's agriculture that has been forgotten. "Go to the labor
office," we were told. "Dozens of people are going there every day to find a
problematic job. It is always in vain. Even when a building site opens in Casa~
mance (and usually Dakar entrepreneurs get the contract), contractors will come
here with their own laborers. As if there were not men able to work in Casa-
mance. Look at the people in the Fleuve region: at least, they benefited from
the construction of Diama;-on the few occasions when they condescend to build
here, there is nothing for us to gain." .

Therefore, a lot remains: to be done in this region (and in all other regions as
well) to create a more relaxed situation. And the populations should not be
lulled with more radio programs* on potentialities and projects for the region;
what is needed is concrete work.

The latter solution may prove the best, the one that will ‘meét the legitimate
demands of a population which, otherwise, might some day become the active rank-
and-file of the separatist movement. It would also enable the state to save face
for, now that the desert is advancing inexorably, nothing is more rational than
making Casamance the keystone of a policy of food self-sufficiency. Apart from
all political considerations, it would be in the best interest of both parties.

9294
CSO: 3419/274

er
* We should mention that the programs investigating the Casamance economy
had been prepared before the Diabir events.

92

ee |



TROUBLED SITUATION GENERATES INSECURITY, SLOWS TIMETABLE

London WEST AFRICA in English No 3461, 12 Dec 83 p 2860

[Text]

THERE IS cause for concern for all
Liberians — including the Head of State,
General S. K. Doe — who have expressed
commitment to returning the country to
democratic rule in April 1985: things are
already behind schedule, and no en-
couragement is provided by the current
matters of ex-Commanding General Tho-
mas Quiwonkpa, the alleged coup plot,
and unrest in Nimba County and within the
armed forces.

The final report of the Constituent
Advisory Assembly was presented to
General Doe in early November. Accord-
ing to the election timetable it submitted to
the People’s Redemption Council (West
Africa, August 8, 1983; p.1849) the PRC
was to promulgate a decree on election
regulations on October 1. Also on that
date, the Special Election Commission was
to present draft decrees on the number and
shape of constituencies, as well as on the
register of voters, to the PRC for consid-
eration. The PRC was then expected to
publish the finished decrees on November
1. Apart from the appointment of five
people to the Special Election Commission
(all with a strong True Whig Party back-
ground), and the presentation of the Con-
stituent Advisory Assembly report behind
schedule, it is not clear that anything else
on the above timetable has materialised.

Without the foregoing decrees and reg-
ulations, it seems improbable that either
the referendum on the Constitution or the
registration of voters can take place cor-
rectly between January 9-19 next year.
And against the background of threatened
purges -of “people with non-Liberian
ideas” and the insecurity this generates
among potential critics of the government
who are also patriots, it becomes ever
more unlikely that the ban on political
activity can be lifted next April 12 and

political parties can start organising in the
appropriate atmosphere of democratic
freedom of thought and association. .
Referring to continuing events in Nimba
County, Dr. Doe has reportedly said “the
killings must stop”. According to the Ex-
ecutive Mansion, one of the accused, a
Private Paul Tuah, has allegedly said that
the recent killings in Yekepa, Bong Nimba
County, were directly related to a plot
implicating several officials of government,
public corporations as well as army offic-
ers. Certainly, there have been an undis-
closed number of arrests, and a conflicting
estimate of deaths so far — including the
killing of former Chief of Staff General
Robert Sey — for which explanations so
far offered cannot yet go down as historical
truth. .
The 48-hour deadline ultimatum for
General Quiwonkpa and ten others to give
themselves up has long expired. But in

Monrovia, the spectacle has unfolded of

already accused persons in the custody of
the National Security Agency being para-
ded to the press. The first parade was
“intended to dismiss the fears that those
accused of the plot were being mistreated
and intimidated to confess their guilt”. The
accused reportedly said they were testify-
ing at will — although, presumably, they
were in custody against their will — and
that the investigation was being profes-
sionally handled.

The second visit of journalists was to
hear “a principal suspect”, Major Kalago
Luo, appealing to the PRC “for mercy on
behalf of himself and others involved”. He
nevertheless did not place General
Quiwonkpa at the origin of any plot; he
reportedly alleged the existence of a plot
“in the making” with Quiwonkpa’s con-
sent, but said “there was no specific plan or
date” for implementation.

71

LIBERIA



a king-size headache, in the absence of accurate census figures

on the populations the "troubles" have driven from one zone to
another. Then there is the matter of transport. "What good is
food if there is no way to get it to the hungry people?" asks a
highly placed Chadian official. There are still not enough UN
trucks. The absence of any real roads and the hazardous condi-
tion of the existing tracks makes each distribution trip long and
difficult. On top of that is the lack of security. In the South,
attacks by roving bandit gangs and ‘guerrillas hostile to the cen-
tral government are very frequent. In the North, while Habré's
troops and the French have better control of the terrain, there
are some stretches of the Abeché route where convoys need military
escort if they are to avoid surprise raids. Even fairly close to
Ndjamena, the night still belongs very often to the "road-blockers"
-- looters, irregular fighters breaking parole--. witness the two
attacks “in September .on an FAQ’ expert: "First they took: every cent
T had on’ me, and..when: that:wasn't. enough they pulled up my chin
with the barrel of a Kalashnikov and threatened to kidnap me for
ransom. After an hour's driving, my Jeep broke _dowmm and they ran
away."

"Emergency aid can never be more than a stopgap. We mustn't turn
these peoples into lifelong welfare cases." On this point, the
experts in the international organizations are unaniimous. Deser-
tification creeps forward at the rate of several kilometers each
year. It is possible to halt this process by establishing en-
claves away from where the flocks and herds can get at it and so
allow the plant cover to come back and anchor the soil. Actually,
though, what really has to be transformed is agriculture in these
regions, little by little, adapting it to thrive with about half
the rainfall it used to have. In the long term, we shall have to
select or develop millet and bean seeds that require far less
water. .

In the interim, FAO and WFP are betting on "Food for Work" pro-
grams, which pay in food instead of wages for construction work.
Through this device, the international organization experts, as
well as those from the National Rural Development Office, hope
gradually to change the ingrained habits of North Chad's peasant
farmers. "The tug of tradition is very strong. They will go on
planting millet the way their fathers and grandfathers did, even
though they know that there is almost no chance of their reaping
a harvest. When the food allotments stop, they will stop working
on these [construction] projects," says the UNDA chief in Mao.
For a year he has been trying to put together a wadi development
program to irrigate crops in these valleys where the water flows
3 to 4 meters below the surface, three-quarters of which is caked
with salt.

6182
cso: 3419/ 244

32



The shift of different groups of students briskly and dexterously handling
jobs of sorts in different printing presses under the guidance of regular
employees is a captivating sight indeed. Grit, effervescence of youth and
the pleasure of contributing something to the nation are writ large on their
faces, according to an expatriate teacher.

It sums up the objectives of an educational pattern that emphasizes the all-
round devélopment of an individual by keeping the youth in the right track
and by channelling their creative energies to a purposeful and productive
direction. In short the Black Lion School, Addis Ababa has set an exmple

well worth emulating.

CsO: 3400/491

44



TANZANIA

DIESEL FUEL DELIVERY TO BUKOBA TO EASE ACUTE FUEL SHORTAGE
Dar es Salaam SUNDAY NEWS in English 25 Dec 83 p 1
[Article by Deo Mrusha]

[Text] More than 100,000 litres of diesel have been delivered to Bukoba
in Kagera Region to ameliorate the acute shortage of fuel which has caused
factories to shut down throughout the region.

The coffee curing plant the Coffee Processing Company (BUKOP), the Tanganyika
Instant Coffee Company (TANICA) and the National Milling Corporation (NMC)
are among the factories which were closed. The diesel shortage also caused
an electricity black-out for Bukoba township.

The factories are expected to start operating aa soon as they get their
allocation of the diesel.

A spokesman for BP ofl company in Bukoba has said 55,000 litres of the
consignment was gas ofl and the other 50,000 litres industrial diesel.

The Kagera Regional Development Director (RDD), Ndugu Christian Kisanji,
said. the amount of diesel delivered would be good enough for a short period
because the monthly regional requirement stood at 400,000 litres.

It was not immediately known how much loss the factories which were forced
to close have suffered as a result of the fuel shortage. However, the
BUKOP spokesman said his company had suffered a loss of already about
75m/- in earnings since last week. BUKOP factory cures about 100 tonnes
of coffee every day.

The shortage of diesel has also affected the supply of foodstuff in the
region especially after the privately owned milling machines and those owned
by the NMC were forced to stop for lack of fuel.

The fuel shortage has subsequently affected the price of bananas--the staple
food of the region. One bunch of bananas which used to cost between 60/-
to 80/- now goes for between 400/- and 600/-.

Although the Government issued a directive that fuel for Kagera Region be
shipped to the region directly from Dar es Salaam instead of béing allocated
its share from Mwanza, the directive is yet to be effected.

CSO: 3400/487

113



GAMBIA

PRESIDENT'S OFFICES REPLIES TO CRITICISM OF CIVIL SERVICE

London WEST AFRICA in English No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83 pp 2930, 2931

[Text]

1 AM directed by the secretary-general and
head of the Gambian Civil Service to refer
to the article entitled “Roundholes: Square
gs” which appeared in your issue of
fest. Africa no; 3457 of November 14,
1983, ~
As most Gambians who have anything to
say about: the Civil Service, especially
negative things, usually. preface their re-.
marks with: the sdying “Square pegs in
round: holes’ (which includes some of
them). most of- your Gambian’ readers,
including those. in the Civil Service were
led to ‘expect by the title of the article that
it was: att article‘on major managerial and
personnel issues and problems in the Gam-
bian.Civil Service. . ° cae
Although the article touched on'some of

these: managerial problems briefly, the ~

thrust. of: this. article seems,.to be on the
allegéd salary differentials between

accounting/finance clerks in the treasury
and major departments on the one hand
and heads of department and permanent
secretaries on the other.

“The article also seems to have’ been
motivated by recent frauds perpetrated’ by
junior clerks in the Central Bank, telecom-
munications department and treasury de-
partment. Your correspondent seems to
have used these frauds to jump to the:
conclusion that permanent secretaries and
heads of department are paid much higher
salaries than clerks and lower grade staff,
and that these salary differentials are the
cause of the theft of public funds. .

For the record, and the information: of”
your readers, I would like to illustrate the
evolution of lowest and highest wages and.
salaries in the Gambian Civil Service as
well as the ratios of the highest to‘ lowest
salary during the last 20 years.

49

The ratio of the highest to the-lowest
salary is presently 9.4, which may appear
low rather than high in African compari-
son. It means that the secretary-general is
earning orily 9.4 times more than an office
¢léaner. The ratio between the earnings of
head of department and an accounting
cletk would of course be less, approximate-
ly half, or 4.5. Even more important than
the present level of salary differentials is
the past steadily declining trend:in salary
differentials ‘between the highest and
lowest. From the level of 26.0 in 1965, the
year of independence, the ratio dropped to
13.4 in 1979-80. ‘By the following year
1980-81, it was further down to 9.8, and as
already stated, it is-at present only 9.4.

Your correspondent's main thesis about
vast salary differentials is therefore entirely
without foundation. While there may be a
correlation between low salaries and cor-
ruption and embezzlement in both ‘de-
veloped and developing ‘countries alike, I
am sure that your corresporident must -be
aware that ‘there are other contributory
factors such as ‘those brought out in a
recent paper by Leslie Palmier ‘entitled
“Bureaucratic Corruption and It’s Re-
medies” ‘delivered at the University of
Birmingham Conference on corruption in
June 1982.

Concerning the other points raised in
your’article, especially the rural develop-
ment project (RDP) commission of inquiry
and it’s recommendations, suffice ‘to say
that government has taken the necessary
action considered appropriate to the mat-
ter in accordance with the existing public
service commission regulations and admi-
nistrative procedures. Jt is noteworthy that
while pointing out the RDP affair. and
some persons involved, your correspon-
dent failed, perhaps deliberately, to men-



ETHIOPIA

BRIEFS

UK, ROK DONATE VEHICLES--The Relief and Rehabilitation Commission yesterday
received in donation 40 vehicles with their spare parts from the Government
of the Republic of Korea and seven landrovers from the Save the Children's
Fund of United Kingdom. The keysets to the vehicles were handed over to
Comrade Dawit Wolde-Giorgis, Commissioner for Relief and Rehabilitation, by
Ambassador Deuk To Kim of the Republic of Korea and Mrs Libby Grimshaw,
Director of the Save the Children's Fund of U.K. in Ethiopia. Comrade Dawit
thanked both donors for their assistance and said the vehicles are needed to
transport relief aid for drought victims in Ethiopia. He pointed out that
the drought situation was grave requiring all sorts of input to avert it.
Comrade Dawit recalled the assistance given to the RRC in the past by the
Government of the Republic of Korea and expressed hope that it would con-
tinue in the future. Ambassador Kim praised the efforts being made by the
RRC in helping people affected by man-made and natural calamities. Mrs
Grimshaw said that the vehicles donated by the Save the Children's Fund of
U.K. are intended for the RRC activities in Wollo region and also promised
further assistance in the future. (ENA) [Text] [Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN
HERALD in English 24 Dec 83 pp 1, 3]

cso: 3400/491

45



MOZAMBIQUE

MACHEL'S RAPPROCHEMENT WITH WEST DISAPPOINTS SOVIETS
Lisbon 0 JORNAL in Portuguese 8 Dec 83 p 44

[Article by Daniel Ribeiro, in Paris: "Is the USSR Cutting Supplies to
Mozambique?" [

[Text] Early this week in Paris, Jacinto Veloso,
economics minister of the People's Republic of Mozambique,
called on European countries, particularly France, to
provide emergency aid to his country. The Soviet Union,
displeased with the rapprochement of the former
Portuguese colony with the West, will not keep its
promises about supplying oil and foodstuffs.

According to information received yesterday, Wednesday, in the French
capital, President Samora Machel sent a real SOS to the Western nations,
writing to several European heads of: state, especially Francois Mitterrand,
and the European Economic Community for emergency aid to his country.

Jacinto Veloso, the economics minister, was in Paris early this week, thus
reinforcing Samora Machel's request for aid.

The economic situation in Mozambique is critical now; 250,000 tons of cereals
are needed for the next 5 months. The country's food reserves are almost
gone, mainly because of the drought.

In Paris, it is known that the oil shortage has already forced Maputo to
halt domestic flights and could totally paralyze the country. Meanwhile,
according to information from a reliable source, the USSR has never
supplied Mozambique with oil and only rarely sent food because of its own
problems. Recently, however, it supplied airplane fuel and 10,000 tons of
rice. Bulgaria also sent a shipment of cereals, initially earmarked for the
PLO in Beirut. The usual supplies from the USSR are clothing, farming
equipment and political literature.

The reasons the USSR is not meeting Mozambique's expectations reportedly
relate to Maputo's policy of openness, mainly toward the USA.

74



SENEGAL

GOVERNMENT REPORTEDLY SEEMS HELPLESS IN FACE OF CASAMANCE SITUATION... +”
Paris LE MONDE in French 9 Dec 83 p 6 ;

[Acticle by Pierre Biarnes "Dakar Seems Helpless in Face of Separatist Agitation
In Basso Casamance"/

[text] Late in the afternoon of Tuesday, 6 December, some 15 policemen whio had
‘tried to disperse a meeting of the Movement of Democratic forces ‘of Casamance
(MFDC) which was taking place in the sacred woods of the little town of Diabir,
near the airport of Ziguinchor, the main city of Casamance, were attacked by
angry participants who tried to lunch them. Three of them, including their
leader, Lieutenant Kajou, were filled by machete wounds, and four others were
very seriously wounded (LE MONDE of 8 December). There were no casualties~-at
least according to available information--among the ranks of the militant
separatists, who all apparently escaped before the arrival of the first
reinforcements. :

Five hundred state troopers were immediately dispatched from Dakar to bolster
local security forces.

These incidents coincided with the commencement of the trial--on Monday, before
the state security court--of 41 MFDC militants involved in the disturbances of
26 December 1982, during which the Senegalese flag was lowered from several
public buildings and replaced by the white flag of the separatists.

Father Diamacoune Senghor, the parish priest of the village of Kafountine, while
denying any direct involvement--he had in fact been put under preventive detention
several days earlier--nevertheless, loudly proclaimed his nationalist convictions
before the court: "Our grandfathers," he declared, "always told us that Casamance
was not a part of Senegal."

Even though it expected an upsurge of agitation in connection with the trial,
the Senegalese Government--which, according to official sources, had hoped to
see the proceedings end with a verdict of clemency~-was undeniably surprised

by Tuesday's violence. This year it had committed itself to take measures which
it believed responded to Casamancian aspirations, particularly with respect to
the region's representation in the National Assembly, the government, and the
policymaking bodies of the ruling Socialist Party /PS/. The security services,
for their Part, felt that they had fully "penetrated" the MFDC. It seems that

84



ETHIOPIA

TWO WATER ORGANIZATIONS EXCHANGE VIEWS
Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 23 Dec 83 p 1

[Text] The Ethiopian Water Works Construction Authority (EWWCA) and. the
Water and Sewerage Authority (WSA) have just concluded a three-day exchange
of views on joint efforts towards better coordination and division of
responsibility in the two areas of activity.

Taking part in the three-day seminar organized for the purpose at the
National Water Resources Commission were experts and other key personnel
from the commission and the two authorities.

The participants reviewed activities undertaken to date to bring potable ~
water within reach of the rural masses in line with the "drinking water
for all" scheme and also hammered out future courses of action.

Discussions and explanatory briefings were also made on the sinking of
water wells, the utilization of foreign aid and budgetary matters. The
seminar further deliberated on the proper maintenance and repair of rural
water service stations under direct local responsibilities,

Comrade Alem Alazar, Commissioner of the National Water Resources Commission,
said when closing the seminar yesterday that the participants should apply

in practice the lessons derived from the parley and urged the two authorities
to make both joint and individual effort to discharge the responsibility
entrusted to them. (ENA)

cso: 3400/490

39



TANZANIA

CANADIAN-TANZANIAN FINANCED WHEAT PLAN REPORTED FAILURE
Johannesburg THE STAR in English 21 Dec 83 p 7
[Article by Henry Reuter]

[Text]

DAR ES SALAAM —
From Tanzania’s wheat-
lands a“story has
emerged over the past 14
years which smacks
more of fiction. than the,
usual African govern-
ment’s

“It began. in 1970: when

the Canadian Internation-
al Development Agency.
(Ciday launched itself: on
a bout of do-gooding in
Tanzania. . .
‘At would, it said, show.
Tanzania how to grow
wheat on a mase scale,
spending some illion
to:make the country self-
sufficient in the crop.

: This suited Tanzania
fine. Up on the slopes of
Mount Kilimanjaro it had
& group of about 20 Euro-
pean wheat farmers.

. Between them they
were producing nearly
19000 tons of wheat a,
year from farms cover-
ing a total of 8 000 ha.

CSO: 3400/494

~. This was some 40 per- .

cent of the cot 's total
wheat demand. But, re-
grettably, there was no
room for white farmers
in independent Tanzania
and they would have. to

g0.
At first Tanzania want-
ed just to kick them. out
without any compensa-
tion but eventually. and
reluctantly Britain gave
Tanzania‘ a R20 million
agricultural aid grant on
condition that part of it
‘was used to buy out the
white wheat farmers. |
The farms were bought
for a pittance. One gov-
ernment valuation of a

200ha estate was R26 000.-

against a commercial va-
luer’s figure of R330 000.
Out went the Europe-
ans. The farms were
handed over to govern-
ment parastatals which
ran them down from a
production of 50 bags a
hectare on the richest
land to virtually nothing

as the farms reverted to
* bush.

Nobody cared very
much. Some 200km to
the southwest Cida was
developing 24000ha of
new wheatlands to meet
all the country’s wheat
requirements.

Now, 13 years.later, it
has just been reported
that after the expendi-
ture of R80 million, half

rovided by Canada and

lf by Tanzania, produc-
tion is nowhere near’ the
annual target of 35.000 to
40 000 tons by 1984.

Worse, Canadian ex-
perts have concluded that
with demand rising by
five percent a year the
project has no hope of
making Tanzania self-

sufficient in wheat pro- -

duction.

One reason for this
conclusion is fear that in-
tensive mechanised
farming techniques are
-already turning the new
wheat region into a dust-

bowl, and that yields will

decrease annually.
Also, the local Barbaig
tribesmen who formerly

109

ranged the region with
their cattle complain that
the land remaining to
them is heavily over-
grazed and critically
eroded.

Canada’s aid pro-
gramme ends next year,
and people operating it
say: big new investment
will be needed to keep

roduction at present
levels and that Tanzani-
ans will never be able to

‘run it without outside

ip.

Ironically, Tanzania is
now making an agonising
reappraisal of its agricul-
ture policies and is ap-
Pealing to private indi-
viduals and companies to
develop its unworked
farmland, offering them
the carrot of retaining
overseas a percentage of
returns from export
crops.

But among the former
wheat farmers of Mount
Kilimanjaro there have
been no takers. For them,
once in a lifetime is
enough.



UPPER VOLTA

OUAGADOUGOU'S LEFT FACTIONALISM EXAMINED

London WEST AFRICA in English No 3461, 12 Dec 83 p 2875

[Text]

FOUR MONTHS AFTER the August
coup which brought the Left to power in
Upper Volta, there are signs that the
marriage of forces which led to the take-
over is straining to hold together.

The potential for such tensions was
apparent right from the start, when Sank-
ara came to form his government. The two
major political tendencies who had helped
bring about the downfall of Doctor-
Commandant Jean Baptiste Ouedraogo,
the Patriotic League for Development
(Lipad) and the Union of Communist
Struggles (ULC) were called upon to form
the government team. The pro-Albanian
Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party
(PCRV), another of the parties on the
Left, had politely declined to join the
process, arguing that a military coup could
not serve as a substitute for genuine
popular revolution.

This left Lipad and the ULC in the
driving seat. Between these two, a struggle
developed over which party would secure
the “strategic” posts and thus control the
principal decision-making centres.
Although tensions such as these were at
first under the surface, they have gradually
come into the open.

Because it had been in legal existence for
10 years during the days of the “liberal”
regimes and was better organised than the
ULC, Lipad had an early advantage in this
battle. (The ULC was only formed shortly
after Colonel Zerbo was overthrown.)
Added to its relative lack of experience,
the ULC had the disadvantage of being a
group formed of dissidents and people
expelled from the General Union of Vol-
taic Students (UGEV), which in turn was
affiliated to the pro-Albanian party which
had declined participation in government.

Elements close to Lipad showed their
relative strength on September 13, when a

118

group of workers, who had formed a
Provisional Management Council, seized
the Director-General of the Voltaic Elec-
tricity Company (Voltelec). A few days
later, a planned march on Ouagadougou
Town Hall to expel the Mayor was stopped
at the last moment by the soldiers in the
National Council for the Revolution, poss-
ibly because they saw in the move another
attempt by Lipad to gather the reins of
power by controlling top posts. Such acts
may have been interpreted by some mem-
bers of the (military) National Council for
the Revolution (CNR) as a disloyal act.

Since the foiled demonstration, the UPC
has openly attempted to gain ground over
Lipad. There is now talk in Ouagadougou,
for example, of the formal creation of a
“Popular and Democratic Union” (UDP).
Its Constitutional Congress was to have
taken place on November 5, but was
called off the day before when top Lipad
officials made it clear that they didn’t want
anyone rocking the boat.

Between Lipad and the new political
structures of the CNR, matters are no less
tense. The formation of Committees for
the Defence of the Revolution (CDRs) is
seen by some Lipad leaders as a threat to
the trade unions’ traditional power, a
power which has on occasions in the past
Jed to the making or breaking of a regime.
Lipad, which controls the largest and most
radical union, the Voltaic Union Confed-
eration(CSV), led by Soumane Touré, has
seen this threat as in some ways a direct
attack on itself.

The results of these political intrigues
may ultimately depend on what position
the military men take, and in this regard a
number of alternative theories are posited.
One says that the squabbles suit the milit-
ary men very well; they can stand above
them and maintain unified and ultimate
power. Another, more worrying scenario,



JPRS-SSA~84-009

20 January 1984

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

ConTENTS

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Hunger in Africa Described

(Jean-Claude Pomonti; LE MONDE, 11-12 Dec 83) ...ccseeeees 1
Donor Countries Contemplate Catch-22
(Mare Semo; LE MONDE, 11-12 Dec 83) sssscesecscerececccece 5
ANGOLA
Portuguese Press Continues To Report on Civil War
(Various sources, various dates) ....ssseeeee 8
UNITA Victories Threaten Regime
UNITA Advances in Luanda Province
UNITA Takes Andulo City
MPLA Announces Victories
Costa Carneiro Commentary
French Journalist Visits Cahama, Caxito
(Colette Braeckman; LE SOIR, various dates) ... eeceee 14
BENIN
Iranian Foreign Ministry Official Talks With Ministers
(Tehran Domestic Service, 5 Jan 84) w.scsccescececcecceeee 22
Briefs .
EDF Grants 23
French Development Aid 23
BOTSWANA
Raid by Zimbabwean Troops Strains Relations
(AFRICA NOW, No 32, Dec 83) sescecseccecececssececcesceres 24
CAPE VERDE
Briefs
Restoration of Praia Port 26
-ae (IIT - NE & A - 120]



Many good white instructors transferred in due course to white schools in
well-to-do neighborhoods where they could earn considerably larger salaries.

Large amounts of money that are now collected by schools are not, however,
intended first and foremost for the compensation of iristructors, but

to maintain existing amenities or create new ones. This is coupled with an
ever greater burden on the shoulders of parents who in many cases can scarcely
afford it.

The state has an obligation to whites to see to it that schools cannot be
eventually divided into "rich" and "poor" schools. Schools must be made
capable of supplying, within limits, their own needs from state grants.
Then the emolument of educators and other corrupt practices will disappear
as well.

In recent years, whites have gone through a process of gradual impoverish-
ment. Under no circumstances is it allowable that the education of our youth
be affected by this.

Griqua Identity
Bloemfontein DIE VOLKSBLAD in Afrikaans 16 Nov 83 p 16

Gaitorial: "Griqua Identity"7

(fext7 The Griqua people are a minority in a land of minorities, but one
that has kept its identity over the years, And this without their ow
territory, because Griqualand West and Griqualand East today are merely
regional names indicating no right of ownership, only historical witness to
the migrations of peoples under a British government with dreams of a buffer
strip on the eastern frontier--in an area without diamonds.

In spite of the dreams of a homeland which live on in certain Griqua hearts,
the Constitutional Committee of the President's Council has found, after a
comprehensive investigation, that the majority of Griquas do not agree with
the idea, wish to practice their politics by means of the colored House of
Representatives, and wish to administrate for themselves only on the local
level, although they of course want to have a say in affairs that affect them.
They request economic help that will enable them to help themselves, but

do not pin their hopes on laws for the perpetuation of their identity and
culture.

This is a realistic approach in % “land of many peoples: pride and preservation
of one's own, but at the same time the realization that withdrawal from
society at large will cause more problems than it will solve; rejection of
the creation of unnatural homelands (in contrast to the natural, existing
black population areas), but determination to remain oneself.

12271
cso; 3401/30

102



DONORS ENDORSE PNDC'S RECOVERY PROGRAM

London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2783

[Editorial: "Support for Ghana's Recovery Plan"]

[Text]

IF PLEDGES were horses, Ghana would already be
flying out of more than 10 years of steep economic decline
on the wings of international praise. However, there was
enough sobriety during the recent donors’ conference in
Paris, conditioned specifically by the magnitude of Gha-
na’s problems, and generally by the persistence of world
economic recession and the falling trend in concessional
and other aid flows to keep things in proper perspective.

This was the first consultative group meeting on Ghana
for 13 years, and a notable feature was the almost
unanimous endorsement of the PNDC’s recovery pro-
gramme by the eight countries and 11 multilateral institu-
tions taking part. Setting the tone from the chair, the
World Bank asserted that “. . . to date no government in
Ghana, and few elsewhere in recent years, have attemp-
ted as comprehensive and far-reaching reforms as have
been introduced in the course ofthe past year. . . in as
difficult circumstances as may be imagined”. It described
the three-year rehabilitation and recovery programme as
“well-conceived, feasible and realistic”, and commended
its modest pitch in consideration of resource availability in
the present aid climate. Had it been based on full
requirements of the economy, funding levels would have
to be five or six times higher, it said. The donors also
praised the PNDC’s “courage” and “steadfastness” in
pursuing the programme, as well as recognition — on the
evidence of this past year — of its ability to solve problems
of institutional, financial and mangerial weaknesses.

Also notable was the presentation of Ghana as some-
thing of a test case in sub-Saharan Africa, again in the
context of international and local economic crisis. Dr.
Kwesi Botchway, Secretary for Finance and Economic
Planning, was not alone in emphasising that significant
progress would only occur if more international aid —
with more of it on concessional terms — was made
available to complement maximum effort on Ghana's
part. In the. World Bank’s words, “if Ghana’s far-reaching

62



cso:

He chided the community: in which he
‘said there had been much. in recent times
that has caused.dismay and grief in the way
some Gambians had abused their positions
of trust and: treated. their. citizens. lightly.
He appealed ‘to all to: be: guarded: in their
actions: and’show’ by their daily living; in
private: and” lig tht they upheld
- justice: and’ straight jing: in. their: own.
interests and in the interests-of the com-
munity they-serve. 0)

‘The: ‘general superintendent's: dismay
appears. to spring. from evidence: of the
‘sickening ~ get-rich-quick fever. which. is.
ravaging the Gambian workforce. resulting
inthe unabating incidence of theft, embez-

3400/492

48

‘zlement,. and. fraudulent. accounting léad-
‘ing. to. arrests, detention. and‘conviction. of

“many” officers both’ in. the: private: and.

public sectors,

ee The dignified, coldurful, and highty. reli-

gious ceremony. closed : with a::speech: by
President; Jawara‘:robed’ in. his red:,and

Ablack: Jaw :regalia..an.; honour: from:.the-

University of Ife. Nigeria. The opening
exhortations were delivered by the Attor-
ney-General and Minister of Justice, Mr.
Fafa Mbye. and the congregation included
High Court judges. state counsel, private
practitioners, district commissioners, jus-

tices of the peacg. and other officials at the
Law Courts. °



SOUTH AFRICA

EDITORIAL COMMENT, REPORTAGE ON INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS
Coordination Council Progress

Capetown DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 4 Dec 83:p.22

(Editorial: "The Role of Local GovernmentsTM/7

(fext7 The role of local governments--the so-called third-level government-—~
in the new constitutional system has yet to be worked out, but it is already
known that these governments are destined to play a much more important role
than they do now. The prime minister, Mr P. W. Botha, has already said on
occasion that they will eventually be the cornerstone of democratic govern-
ment in the nation.

The announcement this week of the composition of the Council for the Coordina-
tion of Local Government Affairs, which will be created on 1 January, is
proof that the government wants in all seriousness to keep the momentum of
the reform process going. The council, which will consist of whites,

coloreds and Indians, will advise the government on district, metropolitan
and local government affairs. And although the council will have no execu-
tive powers, it can nonetheless play an important role in promoting more per~
tinent government at lower government levels,

At the same time, the creation of the council is a continuation of the
process of consultation between whites, colored and Indian which is such a
fundamental element of the new constitutional system. In that system, it
will be of less use if communication occurs only on the level of the central
government, especially since it is a cardinal premise of the government's
constitutional guidelines that there must be a maximal devotion of authority.

Discussions in the just-announced council offer a unique opportunity for
white, colored and Indian to gain a greater understanding of each other's
needs and problems and to seek common solutions. For this, a continuous
climate of good will willbe a prerequisite.

Whatever ultimate form the third-level government takes, the electorate will

gain a much larger responsibility. They will become much more actively
involved in the affairs that affect their immediate community.

97



BENIN

TRANIAN FOREIGN MINISTRY OFFICIAL TALKS WITH MINISTERS
LD051832 Tehran Domestic Service in Persian 1630 GMT 5 Jan ..84

[Text] The political director general for Aftab and African countries in our
country's Foreign Affairs Ministry, who is visiting several African countries
at the head of a delegation, yesterday met the Benin foreign minister and
submitted a message from Mr Velayati, our country's minister of foreign af-
fairs. He also met with that country's trade, energy, industry and planning
ministers. In the course of a meeting with the foreign affairs minister of
Benin, who had earlier visited Iran, they discussed bilateral relations,
expansion of economic relations between the two countries, international
cooperation, reasons behind Iran's refusal to take part in the Morocco summit,
the imposed war, Saddam's recent attacks on Iranian cities and residential
areas, and the proposal for the Iélamic Conference organization to visit
these regions. The Benin foreign affairs minister, while making some re-
marks on the Islamic Conference organization and the role in it of progres-
sive countries, referred to the Iraqi-imposed war upon Iran. He said: We
hope that the war will end with victory for the people of Iran.

The Benin trade minister, when meeting with the political director general
for Arab and African countries to our country's Foreign Affairs Ministry,
said: Through your Islamic revolution you created a motive among countries
to defend themselves against conspiracies; therefore, imperialism has brought

pressure to bear on you.

The Benin energy and industry minister, speaking at the meeting, said: Iran
is an independent and proud country, and [fan's struggle against imperialism
has shown the people of Africa and countries of the region how to stand
against the pressure exerted upon them by powerful countries.

The Benin planning minister, while explaining possible fields of cooperation
between the two countries, said prayers for the Imam ummah's health and long

life.

cso: 4640/82

22



actions of the UNITA (the "deslocados") and the victims of the drought that
ravaged the central region of the country for 2 years. According to interna-
tional organizations, Angola has over 600,000 interior refugees for whom UNICEF
has made an emergency appeal for $4.75 billion. An undeclared war, the war

in Angola is also a forgotten war and the people are short of everything. It
is estimated that in central and eastern provinces, which are practically
without access, infant mortality amounts to 50 percent of all children under
the age of 5, while in Luanda itself, malnutrition affects 15 percent of the

population.

"The price of the war is too high," we were told by desperate women in a
"muceque," a shantytown of Luanda, a shappy collection of cardboard and
corrugated metal. "The stores are empty; there is no medicine. That is war,
but we are going to starve to death."

In fact, defense absorbs 80 percent of the government's budget and 50 percent
of its foreign exchange resources. Western sources estimate that while foreign
exchange income totals an estimated $1.5 billion, war absorbs half that amount.
Of the remaining $800 million, $350 million go to pay back credits (so far a
cautious manager, Angola has had to borrow for 2 years) and $150 million are
used to pay the foreign technical assistants who make up for the lack of
trained national personnel. The remaining $300 million have to cover the
country's needs, with half going to buy food products.

While war mobilizes the essential energies and resources, it also paralyzes
the economy and its political price is’ becoming heavier and heavier.

[14 Dec 83 p 8]

[Text] Caxito, 11 November, Angola’ s national holiday, the anniversary of
that extraordinary day 8 years ago when the MPLA proclaimed independence in

a surrounded Luanda. A South African armored colutin was no more than

100 kilometers from the capital and the Zairian Army, backing the FNLA, camped
some 10 kilometers outside the city. Only the night before, the Cubans had
decided to fight alongside the Angolan revolution and their intervention would
mark a turning point in the history of Africa. For 8 years, despite the war
that had resumed and the current difficulties, the MPLA has not forgotten and
before 30,000 members gathered together in the small city of Caxito, where the
first mercenaries fighting alongisde the Zairians were once captured, Presi-
dent Dos Santos paid fervent homage to the internationalist soldiers. Without
giving up cooperation with Western nations, he said he was “ready to consoli-
date and expand economic relations with socialist countries." In the eyes of
observers, the speech marked a new rapprochement with the East and constituted
the political counterpart of the increased military aid obtained by Angola.

In the Shadow of Cuban Guns

The Angolan chief of state enumerated the progress of 8 years of independence:
700,000 adults having completed literacy training, 2 million children in

school, vaccination campaigns, free medicine, the construction of new housing,
mainly by Cuban brigades. The crowd, very calm and very silent, reacted only



It is obvious that this swing was brought about by the referendum. Even

the extreme leftists in the party had to realize that they are in danger of
being ousted as official opposition if the voters vote in the coming general
election as they did in the referendum. Because the judgment of the people
was clearly against extremist fringe elements and in favor of reason.

The PFP leadership realized, moreover, that it is assured of the support
of the far Left. To whom else can they turn? That is why there is now the
attempt to bring moderates who in the past have voted Progressive back into
the fold through a show of reason and responsibility.

The strategy of using Chief Gatsha Buthelezi to try to drive away white
voters apparently did not work. The Progressive leadership evidently decided
that that method is counterproductive, thus Dr Van Zyl Slabbert's promise not
to obstruct the government's task of gaining the support of coloreds and
Indians. That is why there was only a vote of thanks to Chief Buthelezi,

a quick assurance that the PFP did not misuse him, and the congress dropped
the subject.

A split was averted by sidestepping a point-blank collision between the two
wings of the party, and throwing the whole weight of the left wing behind
the turnabout by announcing at an early stage the support of Boraine, Suzman
and Eglin for it.

The question is now whether the PFP can sell its new strategy to its youth
movement and its other allies, such as the Black Sash. Will Buthelezi find
the President's Council less offensive if the Progressives cooperate in it?
And will the PFP be able to maintain its unity until the coming election
without a large part of its supporters seeing through its little plan?

On Education
Pretoria. DIE AFRIKANER in Afrikaans 23 Noy 83 p 6

(faitorial: "A Sign of Danger"7

[fext7 A dark omen for white education is the practice which is gaining

ground at schools more and more of compensating educators for all sorts of
“extras".from school funds. As reported last week, a school in Pretoria has
begun to collect a huge amount of money that will in part be used for this

purpose.

One obvious result of this will be that educators at schools in well-to-do
areas will be better off than their colleagues at schools in less well-to-do
areas. Educators, and especially competent educators, will in this way be
lured to schools where they can enjoy these fringe benefits, with an
accompanying drop in educational standards at schools in poorer neighborhoods.

Present happenings tend in:the same direction as events in the United States,
where poorer children ultimately had to be content with black instructors.

101



staffs, and who do not always remember to turn in their sidearms
at the cloakroom on their way to the dancefloor. On the outskirts
of "viable Chad," along the road to Abeché, you pass Legionnaire
and paratroop outposts. They control access to and exit from each
little town, sharing that duty with the Chadian forces. Further
on to .the North, you see only Habré's troops.

The war is only an indirect cause of the famine that once again
stalks the country. Of course, 15 years of whremitting upheaval
partially explains the "absolute-underdevelopment" here. There-is
no industry. There are no 20th-century market systems, except
perhaps for the Southern cotton market. No raw materials. Even
the loot from the repeated sacks of Ndjamena had to be lugged to
Nigeria for sale, in the absence of local outlets for such booty
as typewriters, household appliances, etc... The per-capita pro-
duction is the lowest in the Sahel region. Almost 90 percent of
the population is illiterate.

Drought, war, floods of refugees: the fragile equilibrium is
shattered. The Chadian government has uttered a cry of alarm
that echoes the one from Mr Saouma, secretary-general of the FAO,
on 19 October, about the food situation in 22 Sahel countries,
"where widespread malnutrition, not to say famine, threatens

150 million people." The Chadian National Disasters Minister,
Abdeldjelil Taher, left at the end of October on a tour of the
Northern provinces stricken by drought. "The situation is even
more desperate than last year, when atleast some of the central
provinces had adequate harvests."

For the time being, the nomads are managing to squeak by. They
are planning, one more time, to make the migratory trek to the
South this year. They will push on into the tropical zone in
spite of the danger of disease for their stock and the likeli-
hood of clashes with the local sedentary populations.

The cows they have -- about 60 head per family -- are still
giving milk -- often less than a liter per day in the dry season
-- barely enough to meet their basic needs. The occasional sale
of a cow in the course of the year provides the necessary cash
for buying rock-bottom necessities. The cattle are bought most
of the time by Arab traders and smuggled into Nigeria, where pri-
ces are higher. Even so, prices have fallen in the past 2 years.
Cattle plague, now just about put down, has shuttered markets in
neighboring countries. And the drought is an incentive for grow-
ers to sell off the cattle they know cannot live much longer as
quickly as they can. On the other side of the coin, the succes-
sion of droughts has pushed up the price of feed. A scant month
after the rains, when theoretically grain and feed prices should
be lowest, the price per coro (2.5 kilos) was already over 300
CFA francs in the Northern markets. For the farmers and semi-
nomads who have only a few cows, it will soon be impossible to
buy enough millet to eat and to plant next season.

30


TANZANIA

FRG TO SUPPLY FIVE MORE DIESEL ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES TO TAZARA
Dar es Salaam DAILY NEWS in English 23 Dec 83 p 1
[Article by John Waluye]

[Text] Five more diesel electric locomotives worth 80m/- for the Tanzania-—
Zambia Railways Authority (TAZARA) are expected in the country from West
Germany in the first quarter of next year, it was learnt in Dar es Salaam
yesterday.

TAZARA Acting General Manager, Ndugu Anase Shayo told the Daily News that
the five locomotives to be supplied through a 90m/- (20 million deutsche
marks) loan by the West Germany bank for construction--Kredstantalt fur
Wielderaufbau--will be concentrated on the Mlimba-Chozi stretch of the
railway line.

Nine other locmotives worth 120m/- also from West Germany, arrived in the
country for use on the 1,860-kilometre line between June and August this
year.

Ndugu Shayo said the’ locomotives, which will bring to 14 the total number of
diesel electric locomotives--each 3,000 horse power--were expected to
considerably cut down motive power problems the line was experiencing.

He explained that the 14 DFH-2 locomotives which had been fitted with mtu
engines from West Germany would be used on the Dar es Salaam-Mlimba and
Chozi-Kapiri-Mposhi stretches in Zambia which have less gradient.

The Acting General Manager pointed out that the Dar es Salaam-Mlimba and
Chozi-Kapiri-Mposhi stretches have each one percent gradient while the
mountainous 546-kilometre Mlimba-Chozi stretch had two percent gradient.

The Mlimba-Chozi stretch, Ndugu Shayo said, which required twin DFH-2

locomotives when hauling cargo to and from Zambia would require only one of
the diesel electric locomotives from West Germany.

111



cso:

ultimate development of an integrated
national economy — had long been aban-
doned in favour of the profit motive.

With the impressive performance ot
GTP workers in their first year operating
the factory, it is clear that a change in
direction has been initiated towards the
original aims of the textile company. The
success story of ‘this first year has come
partly from the sheer determination to
succeed, the sacrifices, high morale and
hard work of the workers. The new rela-
tions of production and discipline have also
contributed. There is now popular parti-
cipation in the running of the factory
through democratic committees of workers
and senior staff of GTP. Regular political
education sessions are organised among
workers, and cultural and welfare projects
have been taken up. One year of operation
is too short to form the basis of definite
conclusions but it appears that workers of
GTP are poised for more successes.

However, unsettled issues, such as the
government’s stand on GTP, broad gov-
ernment policy in relation to industry, and
the attitude of bureaucrats in the civil
service and the banks may pose problems
for further progress. One year on, the
PNDC is yet to issue a White Paper and
give formal legal recognition to the work-
ers’ action even though it declared its
support only one day after last year’s
takeover.

3400/470

54

Significantly, PNDC member, Mr. Ebo
Tawiah (deputising for Fit-Lt. Rawlings)
declared the PNDC’s support for actions of
the people to liberate themselves from the
tyranny of exploitation, “especially when
those who own the means of production
use their exclusive monopoly to intensify
the suffering of the masses and undermine
national stability in general’’; But he also
made it clear that the PNDC does not
support nationalisations and takeovers as a
general policy.

At the moment, workers and new. man-
‘agement of GTP are demanding (in the
words of the factory’s defence committee
chairman) “legal backing for GTP, a
national policy on cotton production. clos-
er attention to the import licence needs of
the public sector, and deepening of popu-
lar democracy”.

It seems the hesitation of the PNDC to
give formal recognition of the GTP take
over is related to its policy of attracting for-
eign investment and avoiding measures that
will scare off Wester international financial
institutions. However, the reaction of the
PNDC to the clearly political demands of
the GTP workers will be an indication of its
readiness to transform relations of produc-
tion and of its concrete support for work-
ers’ initiatives as part of the aims of the
December 31 revolutionary process, over
which considerable debate and struggle
continue to rage.



BELGIUM PLEDGES CONTINUED FINANCIAL AID TO MARINE TRANSPORT

Dar es Salaam DAILY NEWS in English 28 Dec 83 p 1

[Excerpt]

so:

THE’ Belgian Secretary of
State for Development
Cooperation, Mr Francoes de
Donnea, has pledged his
government's continued finan-
cial assistance to Tanzania in
developing marine transport.

He said Tanzania was
mired for her courageous ef-
fort to develop her economy,
adding that Belgium had been
following with sympathy and
keen interest Tanzania's
achievements.

Speaking at a dinner hosted
in his honour by the Tanzania
Railways Corporation (RTC)
on Monday night, The
Secretary of State said
success in the Streng-
thening the transport sector
was of vital ‘importance
not only for the social and
economic development of
Tanzania, but aleo for the
economies of neighbouring

‘countries. =~

3400/487

108

He said the signing of a
cooperation agreement in
‘Mwanza between Tanzania
and Belgium in 1977 had
created favourable ‘condition
for his government's con-
tinued support in developing
transport systems on Jakes
Victoria and Tanganyika.

He said during his sta:
the country, he would hold
talks with Government of-
ficials in Dar es Salaam with
a view to strengthening the
existing ties.

Welcoming him, the Deputy
Minister for Communications
and Transport, Ndugu Henry
Limihagati, thanked’ the
Belgian government for
assisting Tanzania acquife:
five ships for marine tran-
sportation. The ships are mv
‘Mwongozo and mv rain
Kigoma, mv Bukoba, mv
Butiama and a tug boat mv
Ukerewe in Mwanza.

TANZANTA



cso:

Some people have remarked that there is
a clear contrast between this parade of
living canaries — several of the accused in
detention have been naming names and
making allegations — and the hurried
manner in which Major-General Weh-
Syen and five other members of the PRC
were done away with in 1981.. This: time,
Head of State Doe has not declared that no
time would be wasted, but has rather
promised a fair trial. This promise, howev-
er, become a little strange when those
already in detention have been brought out
of the cells to implicate themselves and
others in admissions of guilt well before
any date for the trial has been set. One
might ask: why bother to go to court at all?

Whatever the outcome of the present
situation, it is clear that there is an unusual
anxiety in Liberia. Traditional chiefs (who
normally kept their counsel in line with the
patronage received from the Executive
Mansion) sought to reconcile Generals

3400/470

72

Doe and Quiwonkpa weeks ago ‘before
things got really hot. They were roundly
rebuffed by Dr. Doe. who insisted that
Quiwonkpa had to apologise and succumb.

The recent sacking of the editors of the
state-owned New Liberian newspaper re-
vealed the sensitivity and insecurity: of the

"government, apparently seeking to avoid

critical examination of the proceedings in
the press or elsewhere. Of course, it would
not be advisable for potential critics of the
current events to raise their voices whilst
“a massive search” is going on for ten’
soldiers and civilians allegedly implicated
in the affair. .

Although some have tried to treat
these events as a ‘Nimba County matter”,
it is a national issue, and it begs an answer
to the question of “tribalism” in this
delicate period of national affairs. But
meanwhile, all Liberians are also expected
to be still engaged in the massive search for
democracy in Liberia.



RAID BY ZIMBABWEAN TROOPS STRAINS RELATIONS

London AFRICA NOW in English No 32, Dec 83 pp 22, 23

[Text]

Early on the morning of November 8 a
unit of the Zimbabwe National Army
crossed the border with Botswana
north-east of Francistown, accompanied
by helicopters and spotter planes. Their
mission was to hit the bases of
“dissidents,’’ anti-government guerillas *
operating, the Zimbabwean Government
claims, from inside, Botswana.

But this time at least they did not find
any dissidents. Instead they attacked the
village of Maitengwe, 4km inside
Botswana, burning six huts and forcing
the inhabitants to flee. Even worse from
the Zimbabwean point of view, they ran
into troops of the Botswana Defence
Force (BDF). Shots were exchanged before
the invaders were swiftly airlifted back.to
safety.

The Maitengwe attack is the latest of a
series of incidents along the Botswana-
Zimbabwe border. Africa Now received
reports of ‘hot pursuit’’ missions across
the border as long ago as January.

In April the Botswana Government
claimed that a group of 21 men, including.
veterinary officials, had been abducted by
the Zimbabwean army. They were later
returned unharmed. Then in October
Botswana again claimed that Zimbabwean
troops had crossed the border. This time
they had beaten a village headman and
others who did not give them information
about Zimbabwean dissidents.

The initial Zimbabwean reaction to the
latest incident was to say that it was
dissidents who had opened fire on the
BDF, not the army. This was for public
consumption and could only be sustained
because it was not widely known that
aircraft were involved.

Behind the scenes there was a frantic
tush to repair relations. The Botswana-
Zimbabwe defence and security.
commission met within two days in
Bulawayo. Delegations were led by Daniel
Kwelagobe, the Minister of Public Service
and Information who is responsible for
the BDF, and Emmerson Munangagwa,

Zimbabwe's Security Minis-
ter.

The official communique
was bland enough: the meet-
ing was "frank and cordial"
and the issues were resolved
"amicably." The Zimbabwean
delegation assured their

counterparts that the
army-and, air force s were'tinder ‘stfict
instructions never'to' cross. the border."
fact: this'is something of'a1
the previous. 2 Zimbabwean attitude, which
has:béen that the border is long and:,. <
undefined and ifsits troops are ‘attacked it:
tannot guarantee: that'they might not
stray oyer-it,:Clearly the Zimbabwean:
werg-embarrassed:and Wanted to’ pair’:
the’ damage*quickly. "3
Behind the. whole affair‘is,a:Jong.
history..of strained. relations. ‘between he =
two, govertiments. During ‘Zimbabwe's.’
liberation war Botswana was host; o
guerrillas from Joshua’Nkomo’:
arid'to thousands of” "refugees. As ‘ith
Zambia, ZIPRA's other main base, the. at-
titude of Robert Mugabe's governmen
has been pointedly ‘cool. But when the......
Zimbabwean: Government faced increasing
problems from. ex-ziPRA dissidents, Zam-
bia co-operated by. turtting away Zimbab-
wean: refugees,...At,one.point Emmerson
Munangagwa.was.visiting Lusaka-almost—
weekly to co-ordinate the counter- -
insurgency effort... “2
Botswana,.on the other. hand,
maintained its traditional open-door
policy towards refugees. When President
Quett Masire visited Zimbabwe a.year
ago, Home Affairs Minister. Herbert
Ushewokunze: told him that he should -
hand over the ‘criminals’?.he was
harbouring. Masire’s answer was cryptic ..
and unhelpful: he said that the protection
of Zimbabwean. interests should. not, ‘
endanger those of .its neighbours,

24

BOTSWANA



SENEGAL

STATE REPORTEDLY AVOIDING ESCALATION OF VIOLENCE IN CASAMANCE

Dakar TAKUSAAN in French 20 Dec 83 p 7

[Article by special correspondent in Casamance: “When the State is Sitting on
the Fence'']

[Excerpts] Ziguinchor, 12 December. Some people in a region
are threatening to secede, attack the police (for the second
time), killing four men. For much less, many regimes in
Africa and even in the world would take drastic measures,

for instance declaring a "state of emergency," and would
place the region on a war footing. No such thing happened

in Casamance. The army, the gendarmerie and the police are
of course on location in large numbers, and those who are

not are confined to their barracks: but it is not to enforce
the law brutally.

No curfew, no identity controls. No more is done than to
guard strategic points in the town and send patrols even
into the bush. It is as if the state were trying to quiet
things down, to impose peace through peace, instead of
showing off its superior force and be done with the separa-
tists once and for all.

There may be several reasons for that.

As paradoxical as it may seem, the events of Diabir may have served the Senegalese
government. The horrible death inflicted upon four policemen and gendarmes by

the separatists have aroused the sympathy of many people in Casamance who will
not go along with such atrocities. "Ye are all for giving Casamance due political
and economic consideration, but we cannot condone such acts," they say. Under
these conditions, acting in a more brotherly manner than the other party is a
sure way to,attract the sympathetic trend that has developed, and this is just
what the government is doing when it refuses to fight a battle that might lead

to bloodshed, even though the government could not lose.

Actually, resorting to force would only aggravate the situation in.a region where

solidarity is not an empty word and where, even if not all militate in the Move-
ment of Democratic Forces in Casamance, they nevertheless unanimously agree that

90



INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

DONOR COUNTRIES CONTEMPLATE. CATCH-22
Paris LE MONDE in French 11-12 Dec 83 p 7

[Article by Marc Semo:"Helping Victims Without Making Them
Lifetime Welfare Clients"]

[Text] Rome. -- On 19 October, the Director General of the FAO,
Mr Edouard Saouma, sent. out a cry of alarm about the food situ-
ation in 22 African countries -- particularly the Sahel---- who
are victims of a drought at least as savage, if not more so, -—
as the one in 1973. "We gravely fear that, overnight, the people
of these countries, who number close ta 50 million, will be
plunged into a situation of extreme economic distress and hunger.
There may be the threat of generalized malnutrition, not to say
famine," Mr Zaouma warned.

The satellite pictures speak volumes: the green line of vegeta-
tion that appears during the rainy season is 150 to 200 kilome-
ters further south than it was last year for the entire Sahel
region. In some regions of Mauretania, Senegal, and Chad, the
1982 harvests are running at less ‘than a third of normal.

To deal with this calamity that plays havoc with the traditionally
precarious equilibrium of countries which always find it a little
harder each year to pay for the food they must import, the FAO

is calling for immediate shipment of 700,000 tons of additional
food, which would barely cover a fourth of the rock-bottom mini-
mun requirements for next -year.

The representatives of the 25 donor countries gathered in Rome
for the 22d FAO conference met on 10 November, Some of them have
already decided to provide major food aid to support the stricken
African countries. The United States has promised $25 million,
The Netherlands $20million. Others, like France, have stated
that they would move up the delivery dates of their shipments and
have promised to increase the shipments for next year.

"The efforts already made by the donor countries are considerable,
but they are inadequate, particularly in that the need has risen



LIBERIA

BRIEFS

STRINGENT MEASURES TO RELIEVE ECONOMY--The Liberian government has announced
stringent measures to bring relief to the economy. The measures include a
freeze on duty exemptions, a freeze on foreign travels for government and
public corporation officials, and a freeze on purchases of vehicles and
transport equipment. The government also proposed immediate reinforcement
of revenue collection measures. All ministries and public agencies have
been asked to immediately defer the execution of any purchases beyond a
certain amount and construction contracts not yet executed. Last week the
government announced a freeze on the disbursement of all cheques other than
salary cheques, and placed a temporary ban on the importation of rice.
[Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec’83 p 2832]

OIL EXPLORATION BEGINS--Liberia's Minister of Lands, Mines and Energy, Dr.
Foday Kromah has announced in Monrovia that the first series of oil explora-
tion in Liberia's territorial waters have started. Exploration is being

carried out in Grand Cape Mount County by the AMOCOC Liberian Exploration
Company. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2834]

cso: 3400/458

73



MOZAMBIQUE

ZIMBABWEAN TROOPS REPORTED FIGHTING WITH FRELIMO FORCES
Lisbon 0 DIA in Portuguese 6 Dec’ 83 p 23

[Text] Zimbabwean soldiers fighting in Mozambique with government forces
massacred more than 300 people and burned around 150 houses in attacks on
settlements whose residents reportedly supported the guerrillas of the RNM
[Mozambican National Resistance].

Paulo Barbosa, our correspondent in Harare, sent us the report on this
massacre; he specified that those responsible for the massacre belong to
the Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade, the same brigade which last year was accused
of massacring nearly 1,000 peasants in Matabeleland in southwest Zimbabwe.
These soldiers of Robert Mugabe's army were instructed and trained by North
Koreans.

The 300 people massacred in Mozambique lived near Vila Paiva de Andrade in
the settlements of Tambarare, Chitacha, Mucodza, Nucurumadzi, Tsiquir,
Inhassongoro and Murombozi. The survivors of the slaughter told of scenes
of horror they witnessed, mainly of seeing dozens of bodies covering the
ground in various settlements, some of whom were horribly mutilated.

The survivors of the settlements attacked by the Zimbabweans stated that
these residents had openly rejected FRELIMO's plan for settlement in communal
villages controlled by government forces. With this refusal, they signed
their own warrant for destruction or death.

Counteroffensive .

Currently, the Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade is involved in operations with
Samora Machel's troops against guerrillas of the resistance, The Zimbabwean
forces are taking part in the offensive with BM-21 combat vehicles, T-54
tanks, BRDM and BTR armored vehicles and B-10 and B-11 guns, said Paulo
Barbosa, stressing that several communications in English between the forces
in the operational area and the command of the city of Beira had been
intercepted.

The RNM just published a communique announcing a counteroffensive in that area

which reportedly destroyed joint units of Mozambican-Zimbabwean forces in the
areas of Mucurumadzi, Mavunduzi, Chitacha and Murombozi. According to the

79



INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

HUNGER IN AFRICA DESCRIBED
Paris LE MONDE in French 11-12 Dec 83 pp 6,7
{Article by Jean-Claude Pomonti ]

[Text] Ten years ago, Africa was ravaged

by pitiless drought, which killed hundreds of
thousands of people, 200,000 of them in the
Wollo province of Ethiopia alone. The lack of
rain now, 10 years later, is even more tragic.
This time, it is -not only the arid Sahel that

is hit: so is Southern Africa. Viewed from a
different perspective, however, while the vic-
tims seem, ‘for the time being, far fewer than

in the past, Africa looks less prepared to de-
fend itself, because agricultural production
there, over the past 20 years, has lagged behind
population growth. This drought may well shatter
the fragile equilibrium between the minimum
level for survival and mass starvation.

Crops burnt, flocks and herds decimated from
the Sahel to Southern Africa: this is a dis-
aster that threatens death to millions.

From the eastern fringes of the Sahara to the once verdant lands
of Southern Africa, this continent is caught up in the same night-
mare that threatens millions of people. Not all the incantations
of the village medicine-men, nor all the prayers of Muslim and
Christian can exorcize it. When the rains did finally come this
year, they arrived too late to do any real good. Africa has been
stricken by the most terrible drought in 10 years. Fields are
completely dehydrated. Cattle, gaunt and sick, are dying. The
peasants can, at best, sell the hides and perhaps the hoofs, used
to make glue. People are dying of hunger.

In most of the 18 states threatened with the worst famine in a de-
cade, food production has dropped by half. In Mozambique, as in
Ethiopia, people are starving while, according to the American
secretary of agriculture, some 200 million tons of grain pile up
in the elevators of rich countries. On the one hand, food produc-
tion has dropped sharply in the 20 Sub-Saharan African states.

1



ROMANIA, HUNGARY, GDR TO PROVIDE VIJANA WITH EXPERTS

Dar es Salaam DAILY NEWS in English 23 Dec 83 p 1

[Article by Boniface Byarugaba]

[Excerpt]

cso:

3400/487

:. The
“provide between .15 and 20

ROMANIA, Hungary and the
German Democratic Republic
(GDR) have ‘agreed to provide

the Tanzania Youth
Organization (VIJANA) with
experts who will ‘help

establish productive youth
brigades in the country.

VIJANA ‘Secretary General,
Ndugu Mohamed * Seif
Khatibu, told’ a press _con-
ference in Dar es Salaam
yesterday thatthe trio had
agreed in principle to provide
the experts, especially in
agricultpre; .

He was talking after a tour
of Yugoslavia, Romania,
Soviet Union, GDR,
Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria
from November .1 to Decem-
ber 20, this year, He had led a
four‘member delegation.

‘VIJANA signed friendship
agreements with ‘all the coun-
tries, he said. Delegations
from the socialist countries
have been invited to attend
the VIJANA electoral
national congress to be held
in Arusha between March 15
‘and March 20,-this year.

The countries also offered
VIJANA educational vacan-
cies for Tanzania youths.
Soviet Union will

places for higher education
and: two for .cadreship;
Bulgaria — one ‘for higher
education and two for study

107

‘tothe Soviet

tour; Hungary — one for
higher education, and
Romania -— {wo on. youth
leadership.

Romania also’ pledged to
train music cadres and invited
VIJANA to next year's
pioneer camp while
Czechoslovakia would provide
sports gear and GDR would
train youth. leaders.

VIJANA offered one place
Union and
another to the GDR for study
atthe Zanzibar-based In-

stitute of Kiswahili and
Foreign Languages.
Ndugu Khatibu = said

VIJANA agreed with youth
organisations .of the seven
countries ‘to co-operate in
fighting ‘colonialism, neo-
colonialism, imperialism,
fascism ‘and zionism.i

They also pledged to co-
operate in assisting ruling
parties and governments in
their respective countries in
building’ ‘socialism, The
organisations would exchange
delegations at least once in
two years. -

He said VIJANA. assured
the organisations that Tan-
zania. supported efforts aimed
“at attaining world-peace and
reducing East-West tension.

He said they learnt a lot
from their counterparts, par-
ticulary on the question of
mobilising youths in building
socialism.

TANZANTA



In making an over~all analysis today of the period that has transpired since
the Third Congress, we ascertain that our party has become established in a
solid and irreversible manner throughout the country.

The FRELIMO Party constitutes the leading force of the state and society.
Our party leads all of the people in the consolidation of independence, the
defense of sovereignty, economic reconstruction and the creation of the
bases of socialist society in Mozambique.

The experience of the building of the party during this period showed that in
a géneral way we achieve greater successes when we base ourselves more deeply
in the real situation and know how to value the revolutionary experience of
the people.

Along with the creation of the cells, the party apparatus was structured at
the various levels. It was observed, however, that generally the growth of
the party apparatus did not: keep up with the growth of the party in number

of members and. geographic distribution. From the apparatus of the Central
Committee to the apparatuses of the provincial, district, city and village
committees, we have not yet succeeded in providing the party with cadres in

a quantity and quality capable of insuring in a permanent and effective way
the leadership of the basic structures, in particular. There was a need to
guarantee control of the state, the fundamental instrument of class power, the
principal instrument that implements the building of socialism. For that
reason, the essential element of the party cadres was concentrated on execu-
tive tasks of the different echelons of the state. The governments, whether
at the level of Council of Ministers, of the provinces or of the district
executive councils, observers of the cadres to the detriment of the state
apparatus [sentence as published]. The Seventh Session of the Central
Committee analyzed this imbalance and its consequences and laid down directives
that should be applied urgently.

The weakness of the party apparatus led the party cadres in many cases to
encounter difficulty in reaching a clear definition of their tasks. That led
to either a dispersal of efforts on secondary matters or to passivity and
ineffectiveness. Reaction sought to take advantage of this situation to try to
demobilize the members of the party and to discredit the basic structures.

{21 Nov 83 p 13]

[Text] .In the process of structuring the party, it happened also that the
cells replaced the political structure that previously existed in the place:
the Dynamizing Group. The Dynamizing Groups played a basic historical role
in mobilizing the people to report vestiges of colonial behavior, in the
consolidation of independence. They acquired great prestige among the masses.

They constituted a positive experience of the exercise of popular power; they
were an important school where the people learned to exercise power and to
practice democracy.

As interpreters and executors of the political line of the Liberation Front
and a phase when the apparatus of the colonial state had practically not been

77



CP HITS EXCLUSION OF COLOREDS, INDIANS FROM ARMY DUTY

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 24 Dec 83 p 4

[Text]

‘THE Conservative party
welcomed the - govern-
ment’s move yesterday to
provide for military ser-
vice for immigrants who
qualify for - citizenship,
but scorned that
Coloureds and Indians
were still excluded from
army duty.

The party’s Defence
‘spokesman, Mr Koos van
der Merwe said: “The
comprehensive measures

cso: 3400/463

to ensure immigrants do
military service are wel-
come and in line with the
principle that all citizens
must defend the coun-
try.”

“But why is compulso-
ty military service for
Coloureds and Indians —
who will be the constitu-
tional equals of the
Whites in the new dispen-
sation —not also intro-
duced?” he asked.

“To compel Whites and
now also immigrants 'to
do military service, but to
exclude the sons of In-
dians and Coloureds, is
an outrage against the
White and the immigrant.

“The fact that the
Coloureds and Indians~
are not obliged to do mili-
tary service because their
leaders — the Rev Alan
Hendrickse and Mr Ami-
chand Rajbansi — refuse,

103

SOUTH AFRICA

indicates the unfairness
and impracticality of the
new dispensation,” Mr
Van der Merwe said.

“The government has
become the political pris-
oner of its Indian and
Coloured associates be-
cause they would with-
draw from the new consti-
tution if they (the govern-
ment) dared to act against
their wishes.” he said. —
Sapa 7



SENEGAL

PS REPORTED TO BE DEEPLY DIVIDED WITHIN ITSELF
Dakar LE POLITICIEN in French No 95, 15 Dec 83 p 12
[Editorial by Mam Less Dia: "Crisis Within the Socialist Party"]

[Excerpt] Contradictions within the Socialist Party, the party ruling our coun-
try, are no longer of secondary importance. They no longer boil down to a mere
struggle for influence, to a peaceful confrontation among "institutionalized"
trends that would be a genial illustration of internal democracy. No! Contra-
dictions within the Socialist Party are past this stage. They take place in an
atmosphere of antagonism and they may well become irreconcilable before the
opening of the next extraordinary congress, which has been convened under con-
ditions that are well known, and by Abdou Diouf alone. Under his and no one
else's responsibility.

What is then the nature of these contradictions? What is it that fuels them
and why is it that they subtly appear to be antagonistic?

If we are to understand the manifestations of the internal war which is taking
place within the Socialist Party, we should first circumscribe it in time in
order to identify its most highly significant moments. Actually, the Socialist
Party's crisis dates back to the cabinet reshuffle of last April, which was es-
sentially marked by the abolition of the position of prime minister--a position
which was held by the present president of the National Assembly, the party's
number two man--and the fact that the new cabinet included personalities whose
sole political characteristic was that they supported the president's policy,
and who had no political ties with Socialist Party hierarchies.

As is known, the reshuffle marked a break with the usual practice of the ruling
party. It was a challenge to the: long-standing order of priority according to
which no one could become a minister unless he had been elected or appointed to
a position of responsibility within the party, at least as general secretary to
coordination.

The natural consequence of the reshuffle was the creation of a coterie of frus~
trated people who were edged out and now feel as in a political coma, the ir-
reversible prelude to total and final death. Quite understandably, such a set
of frustrated people will look for a new balance of the country's decision-
making organs. Just as understandably, that same group--which until now.

had full control over the party--will take advantage of all crises, all poli-

88



cso:

chit system, also aims at introducing far-
mers to modern banking and business
practices.and also encouraging farmers to
increase their acreages, because through
this new form of payment the farmers will
always be assured of their return on
money. The banks have been duly autho-
rised to honour all such (Akuafo) cheques.
It is further intended that this form of
payment will help to- stem the flow of
excessive liquidity in the financial system.

Meanwhile, the PNDC has gone to the
extent of fulfilling all outstanding arrears
due to farmers for all cocoa purchases
made under the old chit system. The
dreaded spectre of many farmers of facing
the Citizens’ Vetting Committee (CVC)
for holdings of 50,000 cedis and above in
banks has been removed by a government
-promise that génuine farmers will not be
vetted.

But how does the Akuafo cheque system
work? Under this new scheme when the
farmer takes his cocoa, coffee or kola to
the purchasing clerks of the GCMB the
exact amount due him is recorded after the
“weigh in” and a cheque is issued to him to
cover his cocoa sales. The weight of the
cocoa and amount payable are recorded on
the cheque. The purchasing clerk is obliged
to sign the cheque, which is countersigned
by the treasurer of the local society of the
National Farmers Co-operative Union.
The farmer goes to the nearest designated
commercial bank for his money.

To avoid long distance travel, a new
form of ‘service to the farmer has been
evolved and this is “banks on wheels”.
These mobile banks tour remote -villages
that are far removed from banking centres
to serve the needs of the farmers. These
mobile banks perform the dual role of
paying and receiving. .

Under the new system the farmer is also
encouraged to open a special farmer's
savings account in addition’ to routine
deposit and current accounts. Technical,
financial and investment advice are also

3400/459

56

being offered to the farmers. The farmer is
free to transfer amounts from his special
farmer savings account to any of his ex-
isting bank accounts and vice versa.

It is to be noted and emphasised that the
farmer is under no obligation to open the
spécial account. He may choose not to do
so, but banks are prepared to confirm that
most farmers are opening the accounts. in
case, they say. “the rainy day” comes.
There have been one or two minor prob-
Jems, such as the “bank” that fails to arrive

- on time, but better late than never.

The other side attraction of this new
service to the farmers is that most of the
banks have designated “Akuafo cheque
booths” in their branches to help ease the
congestion and long waits at cash counters.
Further, the banks have extended their
normal weekday working hours for the
holders of the Akuafo cheque. Still, it
would be helpful if the banks were to open
on Saturday mornings as most farmers take
Saturday and Sundays off; but there are
logistic and manpower problems.

[t is suggested that taking banking to the
people also means staying with the people;
therefore the banks should start recruiting
and training more agricultural specialists to
be stationed at their district branches to
advise on farmers’ problems.

‘The new cheque system is still a growing
baby and the banks must be wary of their
clerks taking on the habits of the old
“secretary receivers”.

No system is fool proof. It therefore
behoves the. PNDC to keep a constant
review of the workings of the Akuafo
cheque system and if possible extend such
facilities to other cash-crop producers.

Clear success for the Akuafo che-
ques, could help to transform the attitude of

the présent-day farmers in their quest for
modernity and benefit Ghana. As for the
Ghanaian banks, this is a challenge and
opportunity for them and they have to
decide whether to come right out into the
open or stay behind their walls.



cso:

state-owned factories. Yet managers of
these factories found alluring the prices
offered by the market women — often ten
times state-controlled prices. In the end
the market women got some 80 per cent of
all production passing them off at 20 times
the official prices. Others travelled to
neighbouring Togo, Liberia and Nigeria to
bring in goods,

Often, many politicians served as link-
men between managers and the market
women. In the three months when Rawl-
ings ruled from June to September 1979,

‘he put many politicians and market women.

in jail and banned them from certain
trading sectors. Rawlings’ harassment
caused them to move to the food trade, an
uncontrolled area. Now they effectively
control food supplies and prices in all
urban centres, making them a potential
political force once again.

3400/470

52

Since coming into power a second time
in December 1981, Rawlings has consis-
tently asked the market mammies to help
him succeed. In 1979 he had his fingers badly
burnt. Under harassment from soldiers, the
women withdrew all goods-from the market
‘causing the country’s worst shortages.

Today the market women operate freely
relative to others. Rawlings will find it
difficult to control them because if he
should try, the already bad food situation
would worsen to a politically explosive
one.

For the moment the revolution will have
to come to terms with the capitalist mam-
mies, and in the long term the mammies
may well serve as the revolution’s own
stabiliser. .



ANGOLA

FRENCH JOURNALIST VISITS CAHAMA, CAXITO
Brussels LE SOIR in French 13, 14 Dec 83
[Article by Colette Braeckman: "Angola Engulfed in War"]

{13 Dec 83 p 12]

[Text] Cahama, Nov--Beyond the lines in front of the food stores, beyond the
military convoys crisscrossing the country and the compulsory mobilization of
all young people 18 and over, beyond the refugee camps and the 600,000 dis-
placed persons, it is in Cahama in the southermost region of Angola that one
has to look for the real face of war.

Bullet-riddled walls, collapsed roofs, land pitted by shells, Cahama was
stripped from the map in July 1981 by a South. African air raid. Although the
Angolan Armed Forces (FAPLA) now control the city, Cahama is but a ghost city,
where ‘the poems of Jose Marti are scribbled on sections of walls. Moreover,
the writings are the only Cuban reminder in the region because Cahama, in

the heart of Cunene Province in southern Angola, is exclusively occupied by
the Angolan Army.

Trip to the South, a Few Steps From the South African Army

Captain Zumbi, who commands the southern front, explains: "In order to avoid
any internationalization of the conflict and direct confrontations between
South Africans and Cubans, the latter have withdrawn to within 300 kilometers
of the borders, where they form a kind of threshold. Here, the Angolan Army
is alone, on the front line. Anti-aircraft batteries are burried in silos;
the bush is a labyrinth of trenches and munitions dumps."

Beyond are two-thirds of Cunene Province, occupied by the South African Army
which has dug in in the capital of Ngiva. Clashes are almost daily.

South Africans and Angolans

Some 17 kilometers south of Cahama, Angolan patrols furtively led us to a kind

of no man's land of ruins and pitted roads that are regularly overflown and |
bembed by South African planes and helicopters. Every day, new refugees

arrive here, fleeing the occupation, all complaining of being the victims of

14



The feed-back from the organizations in which the students worked last year
has been positive and encouraged by the success of last year's labour educa-
tion campaign, the school has launched a systematic programme this year.

On the suggestion of the organizations which involved students in the labour
education campaign, the duration of work for each group of students has been
extended from 15 days (as in last year) to one month this year.

In deploying students for labour education projects, printing presses come
handy as they can offer a lot of unskilled work for students who are capable
of handling.

That is why the Black Lion School students involved in the campaign are sent
to various printing presses.

The Commercial Printing Press, the Artistic Printing Press and the Central
Printing Press have each taken in 100 students and the Terramed Printing
Press 40. Groups of 50 students each work in the morning and afternoon in
the first 3 printing presses and groups of 20 each in the Terramed Printing
Press. In addition, 35 students are involved in work in the school campus,
bringing the total number of students involved in the campaign to 375 at a
time.

The students working in the morning shift contribute 3 and 1/2 hours of labour
and those in the afternoon 3 hours. It is the students of grades 9 to 11
that take part in the Campaign in their out of school hours.

The target of the school's labour education campaign this year is to involve
2,900 students in the project, each group working for one month apiece, said
the campaign and school co-ordinator Comrade Ashbir Taye.

The effective control exercised by the school has helped to channel the
creative energies of youth to a well-organized labour campaign highly lauded
by the officials of the various printing presses in which the Black Lion
School students are employed.

Comrade Bisetegn Mitiku, head of Administration and Financial Services of

the Terramed Printing Press, said that the students of the Black Lion School
contributed a lot in achfeving the production targets set by the press last
year. While the major share of the work done by the students is in the book-
binding section, students are randomly selected to work as machine helpers as
well, he added.

Comrade Fitur Tesfagiergis, Production Manager of the Central Printing
Press, observed that ‘the students are bringing forth their best, fully
aware that their performance, regularity, discipline, etc would be
reported back to the school.

Comrade Channe Rufael, Production Manager of the Commercial Printing Press,

appreciated the services of the students and pointed out that the involve-
ment of students in a campaign of this kind saved a lot of labour.

43



CLERGYMAN EXAMINES NATION'S LEADERS' RESPONSIBILITIES

London WEST AFRICA in English No 3462, 19-26 Dec 83 pp 2929, 2930

[Text]

THE GREATNESS of a nation is linked
with the righteousness of its leaders, for
righteousness exalts a nation. So pro-
nounced the Rev. lan C. Roach, chairman
and general superintendent of the Gambia
Methodist Mission to President Sir Dawda
Jawara and the berobed dignitaries of the
bar and bench who assembled at MacCar-
thy Square in Banjul on October 30 to
celebrate the opening of the 1983-84 legal
year. :
The Rev. Roach, who culled his text
from the Book of Proverbs (chapter 14,
verse 34), held the Gambian bench and bar
and a nearly 5,000-strong audience's atten-
tion during a 20-minute sermon in which he
examined the responsibilities of leadership
in the execution of justice and fair play in
the life of a democratic nation. “We have
not eschewed. materialism.” he charged,
‘but rather.some of us have shown an
‘unprecedented love for it. This attitude can
only bring grief to all.”

These statements, said one commenta:
tor, were warranted in the light of the rash
of corrupt and contemptible practices of
public officers which had necessitated the
establishment of the -nine-month-old
Assets Evaluation Commission which, it-
self, has also come under serious press
attacks in its failure so far to bring anybody
to book. The Commission has been criti-
cised for waiting on people-to report others
before an investigation can begin. Letters
to the editor of the Senegalese-owned
weekly, Senegambian ‘Sun -have taunted
the Commission to establish its credibility
by, investigating top government officials
first. Some ‘have gone as far.as to suggest
starting with the President.”

47

Rey, Roach urged the Gambian lead-
ership to ‘uphold righteousness in all its
aspects as a great privilege. To'be set aside,
he said, and entrusted by.comimon consent
to guide .the.affairs of others must be a
most ennobling thing, and at the same'time
must be seen as implying a great .and
solemn responsibility which should make
us humble’ and not, rather, fill us with lust
and desire for material things. It calls for a
deeper appreciation for righteousness, jus-
tice, straight and fair-dealing in our every
action. “In the execution of your duties.in
high office as leaders of this nation,” he
asked; “‘are’ your hands clean?” o

He went on to appeat~to-teaders in
parliament, and in city, urban,:and district
councils, ‘to recognise the ‘solemnity
attached to their high office and to allow
justice and ‘righteousnéss to ‘guide their
daily ‘actions, never giving anyone in the
‘community ‘any. excuse ‘for acting against
‘the law. Remember, ‘he urged, the great-
ness’ of this nation ‘is linked ‘up ‘with the
righteousness of its leaders. ~ \

Rev. Roach drew -the ‘government's
attention to the need for-consultation-with
the broader non-political'sectors of society.
He called for a: meeting of ideas, both
political and religious, in.a situation where
both people and leaders would move for-
ward in a spirit of both collective and
individual ‘accountability. . *,

Politics, he said, concerned: the welfare
of human: beings while religion: expressed
God's: concern. and’. interest in’ human
beings. The religious person, therefore,
could do-no: other :than: be®interested in
those: decisions of the State’ that affected
the daily lives of ordinary human beings.

GAMBTA



MOZAMBIQUE

FRELIMO CENTRAL COMMITTEE DEFINES LEADING ROLE OF PARTY
Beira DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE in Portuguese 18, 21 Nov 83

[Fourth Congress--Report of the Central Committee: On the leading role of
the FRELIMO Party in the construction of the bases of socialism]

[18 Nov 83 p 13]

[Text] After the approval of the candidacies by the masses, they were
transmitted to the provincial secretariats, which confirmed acceptance in
the party as full or candidate members.

The national campaign for structuring the party represented an enormous leap
forward, solidly establishing the party throughout the territory of our
country and incorporating into its ranks tens of thousands of new members.

The method of calling on the people to express themselves on the behavior of
the members made it possible to apply a strict standard in analyzing the
candidates. In this manner, the purity of the ranks was defended and the
popular character of our party was reinforced.

It represented a guarantee of the prestige and the influence of party members
among the people. This method implements the principle that the member of
the party must enjoy the trust of the masses and be recognized by them as a
part of the vanguard, one who watches over the people's interests.

The national campaign for structuring the party guaranteed that the workers,
the most conscientious citizens, and those who in various fronts had shown
themselves to be exemplary in their dedication to the people and the
revolution, would join the FRELIMO Party.

The members of the party constitute the vanguard of the working classes. For
that reason, they have been particularly targeted by the enemy, whether by the
Rhodesian aggressions or the criminal acts of the armed bandits.

The experience of these 6 years shows that the historic decision to create

the Marxist-Leninist party was strategically and.tactically correct. The
decision responded to the real demands of the revolutionary process.

76



insistine on remaining in the areas where the guerrillas operate. Spain
assumed this position after UNITA accepted King Juan Carlos' request to free
two Spanish nuns, Maria Teresa Romero and Julia Montero, who had been detained
by the rebels last September.

There continues to be no news of the remaining foreigners (among them
several Portutuese and Czechoslovaks) UNITA holds as hostages. Their
respective governments have not shown any interest in their fate.

Despite President Jose Eduardo dos Santos' worsening position, he once
again categorically refused to hold any talks with the rebels, whom he
considers to be "agents of South African imperialism." Dos Santos made
these statements in an AFRIQUE-ASIE interview. Pressure from the MPLA's
"hard line," on one hand, and the recent reinforcement in Soviet and Cuban
aid, on the other, explains the intransigence of Luanda's leaders. Last
Thursday, Assistant Foreign Affairs Minister Venancio Moura categorically
rejected the suggestion put forward at the Commonwealth Conference in New
Delhi to have a multinational force stationed in Angola to replace the Cuban
expeditionary force. Meanwhile, contrary to the policy of good relations
with the Lisbon government, the MPLA's central committee proposed to revise
Portuguese cooperation with Angola. It alleged that "campaigns against the
People's Republic are unfolding" in Portugal. At the same time, according to
the Brazilian newspaper ESTADO DE SAO PAULO, which is known for its good
sources, Jose Eduardo dos Santos reportedly rejected the advice of his
Mozambican counterparty, Samora Machel, to establish a "modus vivendi" with
the Republic of South Africa.

In an attempt to mitigate the effects of the guerrillas' advances (now
reinforced with the capture of Andulo) on international public opinion, the
government's propaganda services reported on Saturday several victories over
the rebels but they did not provide details. MPLA agents in London also
spread around a report that Jonas Savimbi is hospitalized in a British
hospital "to receive treatment for serious cardiac and gastric ailments."
They also reported that there are great divisions within UNITA, which is said
to be in a "desperate" situation.

Few observers will give any credence to this diagnosis of UNITA's condition.
This diagnosis appears to be completely unfounded. As of now, we have
received no confirmation or denial of Jonas Savimbi's illness. Nevertheless,
Savimbi signed the 24 November UNITA communique tearing down Jose Eduardo
dos Santos' rationale in the AFRIQUE-ASIE interview and challenging the MPLA
to hold free elections in Angola. "If the MPLA wants free elections to be
held in Angola now under OAU or UN control, UNITA guarantees it will
participate," says the president of the rebel movement. He adds, "The OAU
inquiry’ commission that visited Uige, Luanda, Huambo and Bie in August 1975
established unequivocally: that UNITA enjoys majority support in Angola. Its
report, as well as the Alvor Agreements, provides a political and legal
basis legitimizing our past and present struggle."

"The MPLA will have to think realistically about holding talks or. confronting
the inevitable," this communique adds. The Angolan liberation movement "is



MARKET WOMEN FEATURED AS POTENTIAL POLITICAL FORCE

London WEST AFRICA in English No 3461, 12 Dec 83 pp 2872-2873

{Article by Patrick Quarcoo]

[Text]

WITH AN empty government chest and a
country unable to import large quantities
of consumer goods, the PNDC, facing its
worst crisis since taking over from the
corrupt but popularly elected civilian gov-
ernment two years ago, may well have its
market women to thank.

In spite of the government's radical
thetoric and increased control of the eco-
nomy, its efforts are yet to bear fruit
especially in the agricultural sector.
Although the two state giants, the Food
Production Corporation, the Food Dis-
tribution Corporation and other agricul-
tural task forces have been encouraged,
they have little to show for the support.

Rather, it is Ghana’s market women,
often vilified by left-leaning politicians,.
who continue making it possible for Gha-
na’s cities to eat. The market women go
into the hinterland and come back in
tolling wagons bringing in maize, yams,
plantains, cooking oil and other vegetables
forsale. In other cases they liaise with
middlemen who bring in the food, buy
truckfuls and move on to resell.

In the face of the fact that almost all
supermarkets in Ghana have shelves which
have nothing but dust to display, Ghana’s
open air markets are the only places
available for shopping.

In every market, including the four big
ones in the central Accra and minor ones in
suburbs, a market chief exists who deter-
mines prices daily ensuring uniformity and
responding to shortage and oversupply in
Ghana’s seasonal agricultural production.
Two months ago in their off season, one
tomato cost 50 cents, now a small basket-
full of over fifty tomatoes cost less than two
dollars.

51

The market women, often earning sub-
stantial profits, have raised the ire of the
emergent radical groups in Ghana. Take
Auntie Koshie, one of the best known
women in: Accra’s major Makola No. 2
market. Born in 1925 she was selling by the
time she was 20 moving from frying dough-
nuts to hawking cigarettes and biscuits.
After independence in 1957 she moved to
the more lucrative cloth trade, a booming
sector, and soon becoming a tycoon.

For African women, cloth is a vital part
of dressing, buying up to four pieces of six
yards yearly with -a boom at festival and
childnaming times. Most women use some
two yards as a waist wrapper, with another
two yards for carrying babies and the other
for.making colourful blouses.

‘Up until recently when the government
regulated the cloth trade, Auntie Koshie
had made enough to build a two-storey
building and own three cars, including one
taxi. Other market women control trade
also in perfumes, tales, and all other
bric-a-brac,

In 1979 with the first takeover of the
government by young radical airforce offic-
er Fit-Lt. Rawlings and in the face of the
apparently total control of the economy by
the market women, the airforce officer
embarked on a campaign of harassment
blowing up by dynamite Accra’s largest
market now a car park. Several market
women were openly caned, often naked (a
grievous traditional insult to African
women), for overpricing, tax-evasion and
what some radicals termed “capitalist ten-
dencies”, .

Many of the goods they sold including
tinned milk, Milo, matches, plastic bowls
among many others were produced in

GHANA



MOZAMBIQUE

Machel's Rapprochement With West Disappoints Soviets
(Daniel Ribeiro; O JORNAL, 8 Dec 83) .ssssceseeceeeeseees

FRELIMO Central Committee Defines Leading Role of Party
(DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE, various dates) ...cccscsccececeece

Zimbabwean Troops Reported Fighting With FRELIMO Forces
(O DIA, 6 Dec 83) cesecececscecccceeseeseeeeseeseueeeees

Underground Water To Supplement Capital Water Supply
(NOTICIAS, 19 Nov 83) .escccccccccccvecccevccsesvecsccess

Firewood, Charcoal Production Down in Sofala
(DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE, 21 Nov 83) .ssccceeccecvcveceevece

Briefs
Hippos Trample Corn Crops
SENEGAL

Government Reportedly Seems Helpless in Face of Casamance Situation
(Pierre Biarnes; LE MONDE, 9 Dec 83) wrccccsccccecesevees

Opposition Front Rejects President's Appeal
(LE SOLEIL, 3-4 Dec 83) scscccecsssecsccccceverecececeres

PS Reported To Be Deeply Divided Within Itself
(Editorial, Mam Less Dia; LE POLITICIEN, No 95, 15 Dec 83)

State Reportedly Avoiding Escalation of Violence in Casamance
(TAKUSAAN, 20 Dec 83) secessscccceencccccceeeseeceesnenes

SOUTH AFRICA

Favorable Trade Balance for 1983 Reported
(THE CITIZEN, 24 Dec 83) ssssecsceecccesceccceeeserecees

Sluggish Economic Growth Expected
(THE CITIZEN, 21 Dec 83) ..cccccccsccccscvcsccveseecseece

Escalated Cost of New Ergo Plant Reported
(THE CITIZEN, 23 Dec 83) sccccccccscseccececececececcvess

Editorial Comment, Reportage on Internal Developments
(Various sources, various dates) .sseccccccscccecvevsccee

Coordination Council Progress, Editorial
Election Prospects for 1984, by Koos Botha
NP's Challenge in Transvaal, Editorial
Implications of Niehaus Case, Editorial
New PFP Policy, Editorial

On Education, Editorial

Griqua Identity, Editorial

-da-

74

76

79

81

82

83

84

86

88

90

93

94

95

97



GUINEA-BISSAU

POLITICAL REFORMS EARN FRENCH, WORLD BANK AID
Lisbon DIARIO DE LISBOA in Portuguese 9 Dec 83 p 9

[Text] Yesterday Alden Clausen, president of the World Bank, started an
official 3-day visit to Guinea-Bissau, after visiting Ghana and Senegal.

Clausen, who is accompanied by David Knox, the World Bank vice president,

was greeted at the Bissalanca International Airport by Vitor Saude Maria,. the
Guinea-Bissau prime minister, four other members of government and the governor
of the National Bank of Guinea-Bissau.

In a statement to the press on arrival, Alden Clausen said that "the World
Bank is pleased to be associated with Guinea-Bissau's efforts to develop
its economy and is impressed with the political reforms which are being
introduced to deal with the economic problems."

Since 1979, the World Bank group has granted Guinea-Bissau credits of $45
million (5.85 million contos) for highway projects ($9 million), offshore
seismic tests for forthcoming petroleum prospecting ($20 million) and the
construction of a new port of Bissau and four river ports ($16 million).

The World Bank held a round table on Guinea-Bissau with donors in November

in Lisbon and is preparing to finance, through loans, technical assistance

for restructuring the state-run sectors connected with the economy (banking,
economics and finances, planning, industry and education), new highway projects
and prospecting and oil drilling on the maritime continental shelf.

Loans From France

France granted Guinea-Bissau loans of 9.76 million francs (156,000 contos)
to continue phosphate prospecting, road construction and other development
projects.

Bartolomeu Pereira, the Guinea-Bissau secretary of state for planning and
international cooperation, and Viaud, the head of the permanent French
cooperation mission in Guinea-Bissau, signed four loan agreements in Bissau.

A loan of 3 million francs (48,000 contos) will be used to continue the third

phase of phosphate prospecting in northern Guinea-Bissau where deposits were
found that the French consider exploitable.

68



BENIN

BRIEFS

EDF GRANTS--A grant of 0.2m, ECU is to provide financing between the already
completed cattle farming project in the Sud-Borgou region, financed under
the 3rd EDF, and its consolidation and extension in a follow-up project to
be financed under the 5th EDF. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3
3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2833]

FRENCH DEVELOPMENT AID--Under seven financial agreements signed in Cotonou
last week, the French government is to give the Benin government aid totalling
500m. CFA Francs ($1.22m.) for development projects. The agreement covers
rural development projects, health, education, information telecommunica-
tions and port projects. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460,

5 Dec 83 p 2835]

CSO: 3400/458

23



AREA COUNCILS--Area councils are to be set-up in all communities throughout
the country to help plan development programmes. Membership of the councils
will be chosen among residents. They would help to identify and expose
citizens who ignore their civic responsibilities, such as paying taxes or
partaking in communal labour. Mr. Gyasi Ankrah, co-ordinator of Accra
District Defence committees, announced this when he addressed the Dzorwilu
Zone 7 PDC rally to mark the zone's second anniversary. He said that the PDC
concept had become an integral part of Ghanaian society and appealed to the
elders in the society to co-operate with PDC members. [fext] [London WEST

AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2853)

EEC PLANT MEDICINE GRANT--The Noamesi Plant Medicine Research Centre at
Hohoe in the Volta Region has received an European Economic Community (EEC)
grant for the establishment of a factory to manufacture drugs from local
herbs. ‘The National Investment Bank (NIB) has also approved another ‘loan
for the creation of a botanical garden for the centre where local plants used
for both curative and preventive drugs will be conserved. [Excerpt] [Accra
GHANAIAN TIMES in English 17 Dec 83 p 8]

BORDER MALPRACTICES--Heads of organisations operating at the country's
borders have been asked to co-operate with each other to ensure that mal- .
practices prevailing at the borders are eliminated. Addressing a meeting of
border guards, officials of the Customs and Excise Department and Immigra—
tion Department, Mr Martin Amidu, Under Secretary of the Upper East Region
said most of the malpractices currently prevailing at the borders, could be
eliminated if the officials worked conscientiously in the interest of the
nation instead of personal benefits. He said reports reaching the regional
administration indicate that travellers were being molested, their items
confiscated and money extorted from them. Mr Amidu further stated that the
officials did not only help people to devalue the country's currency by
allowing them to carry more money than it is stipulated by law across the
borders but also they allowed people with dubious characters ‘to cross to
other countries only to disgrace Ghana. To this end, he appealed to the
officials to ensure that only people with genuine travelling documents

are allowed to cross the borders. He said identity cards should not be used
as travelling documents explaining that identity cards are only issued by
Ghana's missions abroad to Ghanaians, The Under Secretary pointed out to
them that the Paga border, though small, was very important and sensitive
and called on the heads to coordinate and co-operate with each other not
only to eliminate malpractices but also ensure maximum security at the
border. [Text] [Accra PEOPLES DAILY GRAPHIC in English 14 Dec 83 p 9]

PBL CREDIT LINE--Premier Bank Limited (PBL) a member of the Bank of Credit
and Commerce International, has granted Ghana a credit line to support
specific projects needing international finance. The bank has also granted
Chana 10 million dollars as a standby arrangement with the International
Monetary Fund (IMF). Announcing this at a.press conference in Accra at

the week-end, Mr S. F. Ujjainwala, executive manager of the PBL, said the
bank had plans to participate in joint economic ventures with the government.

66



Dr Botchwey wondered why the NDC and the TUC which were invited to the meet-
ing with farmers at which these new prices were agreed upon failed to explain
the circumstances leading to the new prices to the people, especially workers.

On the PNDC's untiring efforts to revive the economy, Dr Botchwey was
unhappy about criticisms that the recent donors' conference in Paris on
Ghana and the resultant pledges totalling 150 million dollars represent a
drift to the right.

He remarked that considering the liberal terms--repayment spread over 50
years with a 10-year grace period and an interest of less than one per cent--
it is only proper for Ghana which has been. declared 'a disaster nation among
21 others in Africa to take advantage of such an arrangement.

The Secretary regretted that cocoa output continues to be on the downward
trend because of lack of farm hands to clear them of weeds adding "this
is going on at a time when there are many idle hands roaming the streets."

Dr Botchwey urged Ghanaians to work hard to increase productivity and avoid
waste in the system.

COS: 3400/460

59



ay 0

SAO 5
SALVADOR 7" Damba
ZAIRE & wGE

= ¢ 4

= SAmbrizete: eat Asi

za olle
SS a I

iZA~

| agains hie: be Ming :

LY

4
Y x iw
Dx:

Zone occupée par. @..
l’armriée sud ‘africaine

tei

‘GZ Zones d’action:.

Key:
1. Railroad
2. Oil
3. Southwestern Africa
4. Zone’occupied by South African Army
5.

UNITA zones of action

16



EQUATORIAL GUINEA

BRIEFS

+ REDUCED SPANISH AID--Spain is to’ reduce its’ financial commitment to its
former colony-.following Equatorial Guinea's decision to join the Central
African Customs Union and the Central Bank of West African States, both of
which use the CFA.franc, which is linked to the French franc. A spokesman
for. the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs said aid would be reduced in the
fields of education, health and defence. He added that Equatorial Guinea's
joining of the Franc Zone was "the best thing that could have happened",
[Text]: ..[London WEST AFRICA in English No':3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2852]

CSO: .. 3400/459

33



WORKERS, NEW MANAGEMENT SEEK LEGAL BACKING FOR GTP
London WEST AFRICA in English No 3461, 12 Dec 83 pp 2877-2878

[Article by Kojo Owusu]

[Text] -THE TAKEOVER of the Ghana Textile speeches of the two leaders, as well as

Printing Co. (GTP) by its workers just one
year ago marked one of the high points of
the process of social change initiated by the
PNDC. The takeover represented a serious
attack on the foreign domination of Gha-
na’s economy: the former controllers of
GTP, the United Africa Co. (UAC) a
Unilever subsidiary, is the oldest and most
extensive transnational corporation in
Ghana with powerful connections and in-
fluence in the neo-colonial state apparatus.

The GTP action was an important sym-
bol which inspired a number of other
takeovers and occupations of factories and
enterprises, both foreign and locally-
owned, by militant workers. One such
action involved Juapong Textiles Ltd
(JTL) another UAC-controlled company
which is vertically integrated with GTP as
the supplier of its main raw material, grey
baft.

The workers of GTP shot into promi-
nence among urban workers, offering lead-
ership and making contributions to the
struggles of other working people in Gha-
na. In the first few weeks after their action,
workers flocked to the factory to give
solidarity and. to learn the technique of
takeovers.

One year after the GTP takeover, the
results the workers have to show Ghana,
and the world are impressive. Recently,
the workers held a colourful rally to.mark
the anniversary of their historic action. To
celebrate the occasions the workers and
some of the invited guests wore a specially
designed cloth -in the national colours of
Ghana — red, yellow and green — with
portraits. of the late President Nkrumah
and of Fit-Lt. Rawlings, quotations from

imprints of clenched fists symbolising
popular power.

The chairman of the GTP interim man-
agement committee, the body that has run
the factory since the removal of UAC
control, announced at the rally that using
only 10 per cent of installed plant capacity,
the company had made C6m. it over
the past year compared to a loss of €10m.
in 1981-82 under UAC management. The
company has also made a C15m. contribu-
tion to state revenue in the same period. In
a bid to use local raw materials the
company has established an experimental
100-acre cotton plantation with JTL, and
plans to start large-scale cotton plantations
‘on its own in 1984.

At the time of last year’s takeover, the
UAC management was going to lay off
almost 600 workers. It said GTP was
bankrupt, having run at a loss for the three
previous years. This strategy of laying off
workers was adopted by many foreign

anies in Ghana to create disaffection
with the PNDC in its first year in office.
The UAC management refused to -rede-
ploy GTP workers in cotton production as
the workers had proposed.

Originally, the textile factory-was set up
as a state-owned enterprise by the Nkru-
mah regime with aid from Eastern Europe.
It was handed over to private interests
after the right-wing coup in 1966. At the
time of the takeover, the government had
55 per cent shares in the company, but
UAC controlled the management. The
original motivating factors for establishing
the factory — provision-of jobs and for the
social needs of the people; establishment
of state control over strategic industry; and

53



once: when the president announced that the ceremony would end with the
distribution of sandwiches and drinks. A number of members then vanished,
hoping to take advantage of the holiday to procure additional food. For its
part, Luanda has: scarcely changed in 8 years of independence. With its pastel-
colored buildings and old colonial residences, the sumptuous view of the bay,
one of the most beautiful in Africa, is as unreal as ever and does not conceal
the hideous courtyards or dirty streets, while beyofid the colonial old town,
the shantytowns have burgeoned as the population of 350,000 has risen to

a million. The revolutionary posters and slogans do not obliterate the memory
of the empty stores, where the mere rumor of goods arriving causes interminable
lines by dawn. For the crowd gathering together in Caxito for ‘the ceremony,.as
well as the inhabitants of Luanda, it is clear that before ‘thinking about revo-
lution, one first has to eat. And that is no easy matter! The average wages,
ranging from 5,000 to 15,000 kwanzas (25,000 for a minister), are regularly
increased and in principle allow the people to go to the "lojas do povo"
(people's stores), where products are sold at fixed prices and in specific
quantities. But not only do those stores offer few goods; above all, in order
to have access to them, one has to have a card: work card, party card, organ-
ization card. Selection is made, not based on ‘price, but by right of access.
Each one has his store: The diplomats have their own, and so do foreign tech-
nical assistants, but so too’do members of the Central Committee, party mem-
bers and finally, at the bottom of the ladder, the simple workers, members of
the people's organizations. In many enterprises, what counts over work, which
is itself undermined by absenteeism, is the card.giving access to the store

or canteen. Foreign companies try to keep their personnel by increasing the
number of bénefits in kind. For example, PETROFINA provides a daily meal with
theat four times a week, a luxury in Luanda. As for those who belong to no
"nomenklatura" and therefore have no card, they have nothing left but the
black market. And there, prices defy the imagination: Six eggs cost $6.00,
five oranges 500 kwanzas. While the dollar is worth about 32 kwanzas at the
official rate of exchange, $10 are worth 7,000 kwanzas on the black market!

Bartering

The value of the currency is so illusory and: difficulties getting goods so
great that monetary trade is giving way to bartering. In the country, .
peasants refuse to part with products except. in exchange for payment in kind
and in-Luanda, ai!!convertible bottle of whiskey"iis a unit of value as reliable
as the national currency!

Several reasons explain this disorganization of distribution: the exodus, on
the eve of independence, of 500,000 Portuguese who, even in the most remote
areas of the bush, monopolized retail trade; the absence of trained national
personnel capable of replacing them; but also the establishment of national
companies, lumbering, inefficient machines.

In addition, there is the lack of security caused by the war in rural areas,

which prevents crop growing and trade. Coffee production, once an estimated
250,000 tons, now amounts to only 25,000 tons a year.

19



SENEGAL

OPPOSITION FRONT REJECTS PRESIDENT'S APPEAL
Dakar LE SOLEIL in French 3-4 Dec 83 p 3

[Article by A. B.: "'The Front Is Not a Superficial Reaction by the Opposition'"7

[Text] Suxxali Reew Mi (Anti=Imperialist Action Front), incorporating four
opposition parties (LCT /Communist Workers ; League/, MDP [Peoples Democratic
Movement/, > PAI /African Independence Party/ and PPS [Senegalese People's Party/),
held its first press conference Wednesday afternoon at "Peoples House" in
Guediawaye, with numerous militants in attendance.

Mr Majmout Diop read a statement describing the events leading up to creation of
the Front. The election campaign and the way the presidential and legislative
elections were carried out, he said, "showed with still more clarity the absolute
necessity for opposition parties to join forces." Its leaders do not view
creation of the Front as a superficial opposition reaction, It is the result

of a long process "which finds its source in our people's tradition of struggle
and which is supported by the men and women who have been thrust to the forefront
of the historical scene by our people's struggle." Having assimilated the
lessons of the past and regarding the future with confidence, "Suxxali Reew Mi
is sure to make its contribution to the liberation and building of the father-
land." The Front's objective is "to put an end to the neocolonial PS {Socialist
Party/ regime, to bring renewal to Senegal and to contribute to African unity."
The Front is headed by a president, in the person of Mr Mamadou Dia, and the
general secretary is Mr Majmout Diop. The Front's organs are the people's
national council and the executive bureau.

Mamadou Dia says the Front is an example of transcending ideological differences,
generation gaps, etc. It is also an example which he is sure will spread.
Responding to a question, Mr Dia siad there are differences between cosu
{Coordination of the United Senegalese Opposition/ and the Front. COSU, he _
‘said, answered the needs of a time when only three parties were authorized Ito
engage in political activity/. In COSU, decisions were taken by unanimous vote,
and this was an impediment, while in the Front they are taken by two-thirds
majority.

The other difference is that COSU is an alliance at the top, while Suxxali Reew
Mi is an alliance from the bottom to the top. Moreover, the Front is open to
mass organizations. The Front, Majmout Diop said, has adopted internal bylaws

86



ETHIOPIA

REFORESTATION MEASURES FOR WATER, SOIL CONSERVATION UNDERWAY
Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 25 Dec 83 pp 1, 5

[Text] More than 62.3 million trees were planted during 1982-83, in seven
administrative regions of the country, on the basis of the latest report
released by the Soil and Water Conservation Department, within the Ministry

of Agriculture.

The report said that the field activities so far carried out in the area of
soil and water conservation in the last five years have produced encouraging
results, The report gives an account of the major activities covered from

1976-77 to 1982-83. These are physical conservation measures, reforestation
and the development of surface water resources for minor irrigation schemes

and flood control.

According to the report, the work done in the area of physical conservation
includes laying contour soil bunds, stone terracing, bench terracing, check
dams and gully control. Figures released in this connection show that in the
period between 1981-82 and 1982-83, terracing work totalling 159,908 kilo-
metres and 165.345 kilometres were carried out in the years mentioned above,
respectively. Check dams and closure schemes form part of the activities
implemented in the last two years.

The report shows that the scheme for planting of tree seedlings has ‘[as
published] from severe land degradation.

With a land area estimated at 1.22 million square kilometres, Ethiopia has a
population of about 32 million inhabitants, 85 percent of whom live in rural
parts of the country. The report indicated that the highlands of Ethiopia
are known for a large concentration of human and livestock population that
puts pressure on the fragile ecological system that in turn hastens the land
degradation process. The report said physiographic disposition and increasing
land use malpractices have intensified the magnitude of soil erosion which

is the most acute problem facing Ethiopian agriculture. According to esti-
mates, more than 50 percent of the country's land area is subject to severe
soil érosion that is responsible for soil loss of about 20 tons per hectare

per year.

40



MOZAMBIQUE

UNDERGROUND WATER TO SUPPLEMENT CAPITAL WATER SUPPLY
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 19 Nov 83 p 1

[Text] ‘The flow of undergroutid water which runs from Mahotas to Marracuene
willbe utilized to supplement the urban distribution network through
batteries of bores connected to a-pipeline. That information was revealed
yesterday during the delivery of a truck equipped with drilling equipment to
the Dutch Water~Supply Contractors (DUWACO) company by the National
Directorate of Waters (DNA). The Dutch DUWACO company was awarded the contract
for conducting hydrogeological studies for that project which encompasses

the opening:‘of more than 20 bores designed to investigate the viability and
the volume of the existing water.

The implementation of these studies, awarded to the Dutch DUWACO company is
financed by the Dutch Government and are part of the project of drilling bores
to determine the viability and the volume existing in the whole region
extending from Mahotas to Marracuene. As ‘a result of these studies it is
planned ‘to drill a chain of bores fitted with conduits that will be connected
to the urban distribution network for utilization of the underground water.

The hydrogeologic studies project, already in the preliminary geophysical
study phase, is taking place simultaneous with expansion of the present
station for impounding and treating the water of the Umbeluzi.

In its second state of full operation, this project is intended to reinforce
the volume of water that it is possible to impound at the Umbeluzi station
for supplying the city, utilizing the underground water which will also be
channeled into the urban distribution network.

The drilling equipment delivered yesterday to the company that is going to
carry out the project is the most powerful one in the country, with a capacity
for drilling and overlaying bores up to 400 meters deep. Up to now, the
machinery that had been operating in the country had a maximum drilling
capacity of 200 meters.

The term of delivery of the equipment was signed for the Mozambican side by
the director of Maputo Water Company, engineer Frederico Martins, representing
the DNA, and by R. de Vries, the director of the local representation, for
the DUWACO.

8711

CSO: 3442/76

81



GHANA

BOTCHWEY REPORTS NO INCREASE IN PETROLEUM PRICES
Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 19 Dec 83 pp 1, 4

[Text] Rumours that the prices of petroleum products have been increased
are baseless and have no foundation whatsoever, the Secretary for Finance
and Economic Planning, Dr Kwesi Botchwey, has affirmed.

He was addressing the closing session of a one-day seminar for media prac-
titioners at the University of Ghana at the week-end.

Dr Botchwey however confirmed the increases in the prices of rice, maize and
sugar and sufficiently justified why the need for the increases.

A bag of 50 kilogram of rice is now ¢2,300 instead of 7650. For the same
weight of maize and sugar, consumers will now pay ¢1,600 and ¢1,100 respec-
tively. The old prices were ¢300 and ¢400 respectively.

The new prices, Dr Botchwey said have been necessitated by various factors
including how much it cost farmers to produce the grains, the price offered
farmers by middlemen as against that of the Ghana Food Distribution Cor-

poration (GFDC).

Dr Botchwey said all these factors together make the farmer produce a bag
of rice at a cost of ¢1,300.

The GFDC, he said, bought the rice at ¢1,800 for storage when farmers were
being offered ¢3,000 per bag by middlemen.

Considering all these factors therefore, Dr Botchwey said it will be unwise
for the GFDC to sell the rice at the same ¢1,800 since it has to recoup the
money sank into the purchases. Besides, the GFDC price is by far cheaper
since on the open market rice is selling at between ¢3,000 and ¢5,000 per

bag.

On why both imported rice and locally produced rice have the same price,
Dr Botchwey said it is unjustifiable for the government to sell rice imported
with foreign exchange at a price lower than that for locally produced rice.

Besides, the taxes that will be paid in the purchase of the imported rice,
will also go to improve the revenue position of the government.

58



MOZAMBIQUE

FIREWOOD, CHARCOAL PRODUCTION DOWN IN SOFALA
Beira DIARIO DE MOCAMBIQUE in Portuguese 21 Nov 83 p 3. a

[Text] A source from the Department of the Division of Forests and Wildlife
of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture of Sofala told the DIARIO DE
MOCAMBIQUE that with a production of 144,709 sacks of charcoal for the period
between January and October of this year, the exploitation of this wood

fuel suffered a decrease of 76.6 percent compared to last year.

This low production occurs also in reference to the cutting of wood, stakes
and bamboo, for which the total production for the same period was 68,555
cubic meters: 68,184 of wood, 356 of stakes and 15 of bamboo.

The source indicated among other problems that are the cause of those low
production figures are the lack of manual saws which the producers of
charcoal, wood, stakes and bamboo use, the bad condition of access roads
and lack of transportation.

In the meantime, notwithstanding that low production, the number of licenses

issued authorizing the exploitation of wood fuel resources and construction
materials increased from 700 (last year) to 879 (this year).

8711
CSO: 3442/76

82



TANZANIA

BRIEFS

NORWEGIAN GRANT--Norway is to grant Tanzania about 75m/- to finance four
projects under an agreement signed in Dar es Salaam yesterday by the
Norwegian Ambassador to Tanzania, Nudgu Ola Dorum, and the Principal
Secretary in the Ministry of Finance, Ndugu Fulgence Kazaura. The grant
would finance projects by the Tanzania Coastal Shipping Line (TACOSCHILI),
Forestry Division of the University of Dar es Salaam and the construction
of residential houses for Norwegian expatriates in Rukwa and Dar es Salaam.
[Text] [Dar es Salaam DAILY NEWS in English 28 Dec 83 p 3]

CSO: 3400/487

117



UPPER VOLTA

TPR SELECTION FOR TRIAL OF THIRD REPUBLIC
_AB021430 Ouagadougou Domestic Service in French 0730 GMT 1 Jan 84

[Excerpts] The trial of the officials of the Third Republic and the Military.
Committee of Recovery for National Progress [CMRPN] begins within 2 days.

In our previous casts, you heard the comments of the government's spokesman
on the issue. On Thursday, the national secretary general of the Committees
for the Defense of the Revolution [CDR] granted an interview to the press.
During this interview, he raised the issue of who will sit on the People's
Revolutionary Tribunals [TPR].. We are asking you to listen again to a
communique issued by the national general secretariat of the CDR on this
same issue. It is read by NDL [expansion unknown] Ouedraogo Amadi.

[Begin recording] In order to draw the final list of the members of the
TPR and to prevent rotten reactionary and counterrevolutionary elements
from infiltrating popular institutions, the national general secretariat

of the CDR invites all the militants of the democratic and popular revolu-
tion to participate actively in the establishment of the TPR's by forwarding
to the national general secretariat of the CDR what they know about the
following comrades appointed on behalf of the people to sit on the TPR's.

All the militants are hereby reminded that the members of the TPR's must
satisfy the following conditions in accordance with the guidelines fixed
by the national general secretariat of the CDR: They must be true and
dedicated revolutionaries who are devoted to the course of the revolution.
They must have integrity. They must have very high morals. They must be
at least 18 years old and must have the courage of their own judgment.
They must not have been a known activist of any former political party
and must not have already held any form of political post in the former
reactionary regimes. They must not have been jailed for criminal or minor
offenses, such as misappropriation, absenteeism, mistrust, and theft.
They must not have been prosecuted for criminal or minor offenses. The
information must reach the national general secretariat of the CDR by

7 January 1984 at the latest.

Administrative authorities and the commanders of gendarmerie posts are
requested to see to the rapid dispatch of the messages by way of tele-
communications or by post. Revolutionary vigilance is a condition necessary
for blocking the way for reactionaries and counterrevolutionaries who might
infiltrate the TPR's in order to prevent the rendering of true justice to
the people.

The fatherland or death! We will overcome! [End recording]

cso: 3419/284

120



CHAD

CONDITIONS OF NEAR-FAMINE, INSECURITY NOTED
Paris LIBERATION in French 2 Dec 83 pp 24-25
[Article by André Vermont: 'The Seven Dolors of Chad! ]

[Text] Eighteen years of guerrilla warfare .and
civil war have delivered the death-blow to the
less-than-rudimentary economy of Central Chad.
On top of that, this year brought drought that
promises to be every bit as devastating as the
one that ravaged the Sahel in 1973. While in-
ternational emergency aid is in the throes of
organization, so is the Addis Ababa conference,
called in an attempt to unify political forces.

"The millet has run away."'" The few shoots that did come up are
already parched. The bugs and the millet-eating birds, the
kalea~kaleas, have devoured a good share of the little grain
that lived to ripen. On these briar-bordered plots of land, on
these few fields wrested from the hungry sand-dunes or the arid
plains seared by the northwest winds, the "Kanem," the harvest
will be next to nothing. For the third year in a row.

It didn't rain enough. But what is worse, it rained wrong. Af-
ter the little showers at the end of June, the peasants sowed as
usual, but not another drop of water fell for 3 weeks.. The earth
dried up. The seed did not germinate. So they had to sow again
in late July, when the rains came again. The millet shoots began
to grow. But there wasn't enough water to keep them growing.

The latest rains here fell in early September, whereas . they
ought normally to have fallen for another month or so. The

grain wasn't yet ripe.

The shoots were scorched to death before the grain could be
harvested.

A scant 100 kilometers north of Ndjamena, the millet looks scrag-
gly. As you move northward along the rutted, potholed road to
Mao, capital of Kanem, you notice that the stalks are more and
more stunted.

27



Grass and Roots

In Angola, as in Mozambique, the spread of guerrilla warfare comes
on top of the problems already created by the drought. In Zambia,
the starving peasants have been reduced to eating grass and roots,
some of thich are toxic and reportedly have caused the deaths of
seven people. Not even South Africa has been spared the scourge

of drought, because that country this year produced only 4 million
tons of corn, or less than half its usual harvest. That drastic
drop in production has forced Pretoria to import grain for the first
time in many a year.

The Bantustans in South Africa -~ the "homelands" set apart for
Blacks -- are the hardest hit, with half of their people suffering
from malnutrition every year, and that record is destined to be
even bleaker in 1983, because of the drought. These Bantustans,
with their embryonic economies, last summer looked like the Sahel:
crops sun-scorched and withered, gaunt cattle, parched and cracked
soil, and even the empty stares of babies with swollen bellies.
In Kwazululand, thousands of people are on the brink of starvation.

There are reports from these blasted areas of South Africa of a
fulminating outbreak of such diseases as pelagra, measles, and
tuberculosis. In many places, the peasants have stopped planting
in fields that are nothing but dry dust. All too often, they have
waited too long to sell their cattle, which constitute the only
capital they posess. Typical is Gazankululand, where almost 20
percent of the 400,000 head of cattle died of hunger and thirst
since June. Elsewhere, around the same time, starving cattle were
going for $5 a head.

In Bophuthaswana, in the more remote hamlets, women and children
spend most of their waking hours in looking for water. At the
peak of the suffering, during the summer, they sometimes had to
walk kilometers to find water in failing wells and stagnant stream-
beds, Very often, the water is infested with cholera bacteria.

Brushfires, Cattle Plague...

In the minikingdom of Swaziland, squeezed in between Mozambique
and South Africa, the Ministry of Health announced last June that
the lack of protein directly caused by the drought had caused the
death of 500 children in a single year. Kwashiorkor, malnutri-
tion in its final stages, has appeared in this mountainous country
for the first time in its history.

In the Sahel, the most vulnerable region on the continent, the far
northern tip of eastern Ethiopia is unquestionably suffering most,
since the most pessimistic estimates cite 3 million as the number
of people threatened by famine in Eritrea, Gondar, Tigré, Wollo,
and Balé. The coordinating Committee for Aid to Drought Victims
(ccTA) [8, Rue Git-le Coeur, 75006 Pari] has just uttered a cry

of alarm. A million people, three fourths of them women and chil-
dren, are, according to its estimates, totally dependent on food

3



ETHIOPIA

SCHOOL SETS EXAMPLE FOR LABOR EDUCATION, PRAISED
Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 24 Dec 83. pp 1, 5

[Text] In a glittering example of how labour education should be incorporated
in the overall educational pattern,,the Black Lion Senior Secondary School in
Addis Ababa ts sending its students out of its four-walls.to the wide arena
of labour willingly offered by various industrial organizations.

In line with the socialist pattern of education aimed at an all-round
development of personality, the Ministry of Education of Socialist Ethiopia
has recently issued directives to expose students to labour education
programmes.

And by sending students to various organizations to assist the workers in
accordance with the Ministry's directives, the Black Lion School seeks to
follow the avowed principles of labour education, said Comrade Desalegn G.
Michael, Director of the Black Lion Senior Secondary School, Addis Ababa.

Acquainting the new generation with the hard practical aspects of life
away from the ivory tower of scholastic pursuits by giving them a chance

to work side by side with labourers, preventing the young generation from
going astray in their out of school hours, helping through their free
services the economy of the country in whatever little manner the students
are capable of and inculcating the value of dignity of labour are among the
objectives of the campaign set afoot by the school last year, Comrade

Desalegn noted.

It ts estimated that the students of Black Lion School made a contribution
of Birr 20,000 worth of labour during the last academic year, the director

disclosed.

Effectively controlled by the school, the labour education programme was

carried out in an efficient manner last year. Out of the student population
of 3,300 last year, 1,321 participated in the campaign, different groups of
students taking turns, said Comrade Ashebir Taye, co-ordinator of the school

and its labour education campaign.

Each group of students worked for 15 days in an organization ‘out of the
shifts in which they attended classes. The Black Lion School students

worked in five different organizations last year.

42



On the other, the world recession has severely limited their
ability to import food.

In the absence of adequate emergency aid, "the number of famine-
connected deaths may well reach 2 to 3 million over the next 12.
months": that was the judgment, a few months ago, of Mr Mayrides,
a United Nations official who specializes in African matters. To
his assessment must be added the 4 to 6 million Africans "who die

each year of sheer poverty." "In any case," says FAO spokesman
Raymond, "a fourth of the continent's population -- some 510 mil-
lion in all -- is malnourished, and the food shortage has brought

price increases which help.: boost the number of cases of malnu-’
trition."

Half the People of Mozambique

This is the third time in 10 years that drought has ravaged Afri-
ca. Food problems are aggravated by the fact that the continent's
population has been growing twice as fast as farm production. It
is in the southern portion of the continent, however, that the
drought has been by far the most severe of recent years; the
scourge of drought and famine has never reached so far for so
long as this since the very beginning of the century.

In Zimbabwe a million head of cattle are threatened with death.
Graver by far: the drought threatens almost half the population
of Mozambique. The drought has ravaged farms and threatens the
drinking-water supplies of cities all over Southern Africa.
Zimbabwe, whose grain surplus only 3 years ago won it the title
of "Black Africa's granary," is forced today to seek emergency
food aid from the international community. The hardest-hit por-
tion of this country is the Southwest, on the fringes of the
Kalahari desert. This is where most of the people getting emer-
gency assistance live.

In Botswana, 300,000 head of cattle died this year. In this coun-
try, where cattle-raising has always been a major source of reve-
nue -~ beef exports to the EEC in 1982 brought $118 million, or

45 percent of the value of all meat exports from Africa -- this
decimation of the cattle herds aggravates the crop problem, since
cattle already weakened or driven to distant watering-holes can-
not be used for plowing. The grain harvest came to only 17,000
tons in 1982 -- as against the 50,000-ton harvests in bumper years
-- while the national consumer requirements are estimated at

1.3 billion tons.

In the tiny kingdom of Lesotho, an enclave surrounded by South
Africa, annual production of corn, sorghum, and other grains

has plummeted from 200,000 tons to 53,000 tons. More than 58,000
head of cattle have perished. In all, cattle losses and the ‘drop
in agricultural production add up to an overall 30-percent decline
in the gross domestic product. More than half the kingdom's po-
pulation of some 1.2 million souls is affected by the drought.



organisations. The organisation of the broad masses at all levels has
created favourable conditions for giving central leadership. . COPWE, which
is a result of the struggle of genuine revolutionaries and that.of the broad
masses in general, is step by step fulfilling its lofty mission. It is.
carrying out the task of propagating Marxism-Leninism and organising the
vanguard party in order to ensure the supremacy of the broad masses in the
political, economic, ideological, social and cultural spheres.

It was in this connection that Comrade Chairman Mengistu Haile-Mariam noted
that the basis for the triumph of a revolutionary party is first and fore-
most its heightened class consciousness, readiness for making sacrifice, its
defiant attitude and the support it obtains from the working people due to
the correct leadership which the people believe and uphold.

Proletarian Internationalism

It is therefore the duty of every revolutionary comrade to strengthen the
core of COPWE for ensuring the creation of the Marxist-Leninist Party which
is capable of mobilising the energy of the broad masses for economic, social
and cultural transformation.

In the struggle towards forming the vanguard party, proletarian international-
ism is a source of strength for COPWE. The revolutionary transformation of a
society can be successfully carried out on the basis of a sound unity of the
revolutionary forces of our time, In its international activity, COPWE ©
attaches paramount significance to the development of relations and co-opera-
tion on the basis of the principles of proletarian solidarity with the
countries of the socialist community, liberation movements and democratic
forces in the capitalist countries.

The activities so far undertaken by COPWE after its first and second
congresses with regard to strengthening the mass character of the revolutions
has enabled it to exercise party work while at the same time advancing the
formation of the vanguard Marxist-Leninist Party.

The development of relations with the broad masses is of great importance.
The fuller and more consistently party members act as a vanguard the stronger
and more fruitful are the Party's link with working people. As our revolu~!
tionary leader aptly put it: ."As some may imagine, becoming a member of
COPWE today and that of the Workers' party tomorrow is not a special ticket
for further promotion of the attainment of special privileges. Rather, it
is a forum where readiness to make sacrifice for the supremacy of the broad
masses will be tested. And this test will not be accepted as satisfactory
just because an individual member testifies for himself. On the contrary,
he is to be judged by the broad masses on the basis of his practical deeds
and on the criterion of his contribution to the organisation which he

accepts as his own."

It is true, indeed, that party membership gives no one any privilege but
entrusts revolutionaries with heavy responsibilities for contributing
towards strengthening the socialist path of development.

36



TANZANIA

MORE THAN 2,000 LOCALLY MADE HAND HOES DISTRIBUTED
Dar es Salaam DAILY NEWS in English 29 Dec 83 p 1

[Article by Tiruhungwa Michael]

[Text] More than two million hand hoes manufactured. locally have been
distributed to the regions, with Mwanza and Shinyanga getting’ the biggest

share.

According to a spokesman of the Ministry of Industries, 2,464,542 hoes were
distributed to the 20 mainland regions and Zanzibar between January and
December 20 this year. The national annual demand is 3.5 million hoes.

The spokesman said 2,318,139 hoes were manufactured by the Ubungo Farm
Implement (UFI), 137,330 by Mbeya Farm Implements factory (ZZK), 6,675
by the Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO) and 2,398 by the
Metal and Engineering Industries Development Association (MEIDA).

The distribution breakdown shows that Mwanza got 359,225 and Shinyanga
247,975 hoes compared to the distribution target of 518,496 and 404,755
respectively, set by UFI at the beginning of the year.

Other regions with big shares include Tabora (158,000), Kagera (157,893),
Kigoma (155,900) and Arusha (152,702) while Zanzibar, Lindi, Coast and Mtwara
have less than forty thousand hoes each.

The distribution to other regions is as follows: Tanga (129,520), Iringa
(121,975), Dodoma (120,385), Mara (116,145), Kilimanjaro (112,664), and

Morogoro (93,312).

Lindt received 22,000 hoes to Dar es Salaam (44,928), Coast (30,657), Mbeya
(68,202), Rukwa (68,689), Ruvuma (51,464), Singida (64,887), Mtwara (22,700)
and Zanzibar (18,312).

cso: 3400/487



exactions by Black auxiliary troops, often of Namibian origin, conscripted
by Pretoria's troops. These herdsmen complain that wells in the province
have been poisoned, that their huts have been burned and their livestock deci-
mated. Captain Zombi, who is in his third Angolan war (the first against the
Portuguese, the second against the FNLA and the UNITA, the third against the
South African Army), notes that the situation, relatively static since the
South African invasion in July 1981, now risks changing: "Since 10 November
1983, we have observed a great movement of forces brought to the occupied
zone. M60 tanks have been brought in, along with heavy-caliber artillery and
several battalions of motorized infantry. It is as if South Africa were
planning wide-ranging action."

On a table right in the bush, the FAPLA have laid samples of the weapons used
by the South Africans: grenades, small winged bombs, dumdum bullets with the
end hollowed out and explosives containing incapacitating gases (banned by
the Geneva Convention).

Pretoria officially claims that by occupying part of the Angolan province

of Cunene (40,000 square kilometers), it intends to bar the way to incursions
by the SWAPO and that the deep raids are only aimed at the 5,000 underground
fighters trying to win the independence of Namibia. But.in fact, the SWAPO
refugee camps are much further north and the operations of the Namibian sol-
diers take place on Namibia's own territory. Actually, it is'as if South
Africa wanted to keep part of the Angolan territory as ransom and above all,
from that enclave, aid the penetration of Angola by UNITA soldiers, Jonas’
Savimbi's troops who are waging a bitter struggle against ‘the Marxist MPLA,
which is supported by Cubans. Last summer, pitched battles took place around
the city of Cangamba in the interior. The site was finally retaken by the
Angolans and then bombed and destroyed by South African planes.

The Angolan Army, estimated to total 40,000 men and bag@ked by 20,000.Cubans,
is facing 10,000 UNITA underground soldiers, who are supplied, transported
and advised by South Africans. In recent months, the UNITA offensives, once
limited to murderous incursions into the central and eastern regions of the
country, have turned into much more sophisticated operations. During the
summer, it was feared in Luanda that the UNITA might have the intention of
trying to cut the country in two in order to control:the eastern provinces
from the Namibian border to that of Zaire, including areas where diamonds,
Angola's second-ranking resources after oil, are mined. To date, ‘the UNITA
has not taken control of any cdty or town, but it causes insecurity to prevail
over two-thirds of the territory, where roads are impassable and the Genguele
railroad regularly cut off.

Military Option

Rejecting any idea of negotiating with the UNITA, considered to be a "puppet
movement" which, without the support of South Africa, would rapidly weaken or
turn into mere ethnic dissidence (the UNITA recruits most of its members from
among the Ovimbundu, the majority ethnic group in the central and southern
regions of the country), Luanda has manifestly chosen the military option.

15



making an appointment with the MPLA for the end of March 1984 to talk or to
fight the final round of fierce physical combat that can still be avoided."

UNITA Advances in Luanda Province

Lisbon A TARDE in Portuguese 2 Dec 83 p 3

{Text] UNITA forces continue their offensive in Luanda province against
troops of the communist Angolan regime that are being supported by Cuban
and Soviet expeditionary forces. The FAPLA [People's Armed Forces for the
Liberation of Angola] general headquarters in Alto Chicapa, Luanda, was
overrun in an attack that began early Tuesday morning.

This report came from a National Union for the Total Liberation of Angola (the
Jonas Savimbi led nationalist organization) communique which also reveals
that the attack was filmed by a British television crew and followed by an
unidentified Portuguese journalist.

The communique adds that 25 Angolan government soldiers were killed and 11
captured during this military action by UNITA. Among those captured were two
lieutenants, Ernesto Jamba and Ala, ‘The latter is a member of the Luanda

regime's security police.

Two B-10 cannons, three 82 mm mortars and 53 light arms were also seized.
In addition, about 500 civilians who lived in the MPLA run area were liberated.

UNITA Takes Andulo City
Lisbon TEMPO in Portuguese 1 Dec 83 p 25

[Text] According to a communique put out by UNITA, Andulo, in central Bie
province, was overrun at 5:00 am on 26 November as part of UNITA's overall
offensive against the Luanda government. The city fell under the control of
FALA, UNITA's armed forces, after 3 hours of fierce combat. Jonas Savimbi's
organization also adds that the FAPLA, the MPLA armed forces, left 40 dead
on the battlefield: 3 Cubans, 8 Portuguese and 29 FAPLA men. They also

left a large number of wounded. There were 5 FALA soldiers killed and 12
wounded. Two Portuguese and their families were captured as well as 18 FAPLA
military personnel.

Different types of war materiel were also recovered. A depot was discovered,
two electric power plants, a dam and a water tank were destroyed.

MPLA Announces Victories
Lisbon TEMPO in Portuguese 1 Dec 83 p 25
[Text] ANGOP, the Angolan News Agency, repeating government reports, informs
in a communique we received at our news desk that "the Angolan armed forces

are successfully continuing their military actions aimed at completely
annihilating the puppet groups in the pay of Pretoria."

10



CP Hits Exclusion of Coloreds, Indians From Army Duty
(THE CITIZEN, 24 Dec 83) sssccssccccccescceescencceecees

Proposed Military Call-Up of Immigrants Examined
(Editorial; THE CITIZEN, 24 Dec 83) cscccssccsccccscceeees

Briefs
Land for Missile Range
Registered Voters

TANZANIA

Romania, Hungary, GDR To Provide VIJANA With Experts
(Boniface Byarugaba; DAILY NEWS, 23 Dec 83) .sscsceeeeeves

Belgium Pledges Continued Financial Aid to Marine Transport
(DAILY NEWS, 28 Dec 83) .rcccsccccccccccvcceccecvcesesnese

Canadian-Tanzanian Financed Wheat Plan Reported Failure
(Henry Reuter; THE STAR, 21 Dec 83) ..

Japanese Loan Financing Kilimanjaro Regional Electrification
(DAILY NEWS, 29 Dec 83) ..

FRG To Supply Five More Diesel Electric Locomotives to Tazara
(John Waluye; DAILY NEWS, 23 Dec 83) ..

Diesel Fuel Delivery to Bukoba To Ease Acute Fuel Shortage
(Deo Mrusha; SUNDAY NEWS, 25 Dec 83) ..

Road Damage Snags Maize Transport to Food Shortage Area
(DAILY NEWS, 28 Dec 83) seccssccceecceccccevcceesceneceees

Tanga Plant's Cement Output To Resume in Next Four Months
(DAILY NEWS, 28 Dec 83) cecccsssceccccceesccscceeeeecceess

More Than 2,000 Locally Made Hand Hoes Distributed
(Tiruhungwa Michael; DAILY NEWS, 29 Dec 83) ..scseceeceeee

Briefs
Norwegian Grant

UPPER VOLTA

Ouagadougou's Left Factionalism Examined
(WEST AFRICA, No 3461, 12 Dec 83) .cssccsecccseccceseceees

TPR Selection for Trial of Third Republic
(Ouagadougou Domestic Service, 1 Jan 84) .rscccseccccevves

103

104

106

106

107

108

109

110

111

113

114

115

116

117

118

120


SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

LAND FOR MISSILE RANGE--It may still take several months before the Depart-
ment of Community development begins buying land for Armscor's missile range
on’the Bredasdorp coast in the Cape. The department announced yesterday
that the necessary preparatory work such as obtaining deed reports and dia-
grams of the properties as well as the names and addresses of the owners,
had reached an advanced stage.. The department said that valuers should
start work in the middle of January next year. "The valuations, which
include a thorough investigation of property values in the area and a
physical inspection of each of the properties may take several months,"

the department said. Each landowner will be contacted to afford him an
opportunity of submitting any information which in their opinion should be
taken into consideration. After decisions have been reached, negotiations
will be entered into with each ower. [Text] [Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in
English 23 Dec 83 p 10]

REGISTERED VOTERS--According to the latest statistics, there are nearly three
million registered White voters in South Africa, 700 000 Coloureds and 300 000
Indians, the Minister of Internal Affairs, Mr F W de Klerk, said in Pretoria
yesterday. The exact figures--as on September. 30 this year--in a statement
released by the minister "for general information" are 2 844 609, 669 967,
and 295 523, respectively. The figures for the Coloured and Indian communi-
ties are particularly important as tests of opinion on their participation
in the new constitution to be implemented next year still have to be carried
out, either in the form of referendums or elections, or both. No firm deci-
sion has yet been taken in this regard. According to Mr De Klerk's state-
ment, the Provincial breakdown for Coloureds is as follows: Cape--596 896,
Natal-~14 238, Orange Free State--13 200, and Transvaal--45 633. A similar
breakdown for the Indian community is: Cape--7 811, Natal--247 837, and
Transvaal--39 875. The breakdown for White registered voters is: Cape--

809 506, Natal--329 695, Orange Free State--222 619, and Transvaal--

1 482 789. [Text] [Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 23 Dec 83 p 2)

cso: 3400/463

106



TRIBUNALS SABOTAGED--The Chairman of the Public Tribunal, Mr Addo-Aikins
last Friday, said thatno amount of intrigues by anti-revolutionary elements
can discourage them from carrying out their legitimate obligations to the
state. Speaking at the first sitting of the tribunal at Sekondi at the
Sekondi-Takoradi City Council Hall, Mr Aikins regretted that the tribunal
had not been able to sit in the region for the past three weeks because of
sabotage by some elements who feel threatened by the presence of the tribunal.
Such a move, he said, was dangerous and inimical to the administration of
justice in the country and should be avoided in order not to bring a head-
long collision between the old judicial order and the tribunal. "If the
anti-tribunal elements continue to frustrate our efforts, we shall be
compelled to bare our fangs and show our powers", Mr Addo-Aikins warned.

He pointed out that the old judicial courts and the tribunal were all fight-
ing towards the same goal and as such, "we have no intention to disturb the
courts and they must also’reciprocate." Mr Addo-Aikins said the tribunal
had been set up to administer justice and appealed to all for co-operation.
Mr Addo-Aikins said the Western Region abounds with more smugglers, illegal
gold dealers, profiteers and other economic saboteurs and warned all those
involved in such activities to desist from them since the tribunal would
deal ruthlessly with them. He said although the tribunal had the power to
hear all cases, it would restrict itself to cases involving acts committed
against the economy. [Excerpts] [Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English
19 Dec 83 pp 4, 5]

NEW SOLDIER MENTALITY--The Force Commander, Major-General Arnold Quainoo,
says one of the biggest challenges facing the Ghana Armed Forces is changing
the mentality of soldiers looking down on and maltreating civilians. Maj-
Gen Quainoo was speaking on the topic "The history, role, structure and
challenges of the Ghana Armed Forces" at the second one-day residential
seminar organised by the Ministry of Information for media practitioners

at the University of Ghana, Legon, at the week-end. Tracing the history of
the Armed Forces, the Force Commander said the forces were established by
the colonialists to protect their interests and the indoctrination they had
made them look down upon civilians.. It is this mentality, he said, that has
resulted in some soldiers seeing civilians as belonging to a different class
of people. Maj-Gen Quainoo said’ the restoration of discipline in the Armed
Forces is receiving critical attention considering the importance of the
roles of the army in the society. [By Edith Adugu] [Excerpt] [Accra
PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC.in English 19 Dec 83 p 1]

EXPORT CREDIT--Standard Chartered Merchant Bank has arranged a (15m.

general purpose line of credit, backed by the ECGD to finance British exports
to Ghana, The loan is intended to finance purchase of medical supplies,

raw materials, spare parts, essential consumer goods and capital goods.
Ghana's imports from Britain have been growing recently; in the first eight
months of this year they totalled (60m. The new Standard chartered line of
credit is the fifth since 1978 involving a total of A138.5m. [Text]

[London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2833]

65



And yet, the war and the lack of upper-level personnel do not. explain every~
thing. The paralysis of the economy and of trade is also caused by a bureau-
cratic, centralized system that. nips any ‘attempt at individual initiative in
the bud. Angola actually combines the baroque heritage of the Portuguese
administration, a certain African.nonchalance and a clerical bureaucracy
directly inspired by the socialist model, but ‘which without : question beats
all records for inefficiency.

Nevertheless, the regime has obvious social concerns, paralyzed bythe lack

of means. Medicine is free, but there are no drugs. Basic products are’sold”

at fixed prices, but there are few, although 50 percent of all imports are

comprised of foodstuffs. This is why the authorities are ‘trying to develop
"green belt" around Luanda.

Minister of Planning Lopo do Nascimiento,. formerly prime minister, is perfectly
aware of the problem. "If we want to win the war," he says, "we have to im-
prove the standard of living of the population, give priority to rural areas
so that peasants will want to produce more.".He ‘would also:like to replace
government enterprises’ by small: merchants who would have ‘something to buy ‘and
sell. But will the weight of socialist dogma allow’him to act? Lopo do Nasci-
miento is not afraid to call himself a revisionist: "I want to revise the
living conditions of our people," he says.

The crisis is not without discrimination, however. Not all the people have
access to the same stores. Angolans so wishing or; above all, who have the
means to do so, can travel abroad and each year receive an ‘annual allocation
of $520, while in the foreign enterprises, many higher-level employees have
accounts in foreign exchange abroad.

Furthermore, a-new phenomenon can be observed in Angola: Since ‘the reconcilia-
tion between Kinshasa and Luanda in 1977-1978, over 300,000 Angolans living in
Zaire have returned home.. Most of them, instead of returning to their native
region,.Uige Province, have settled in the capital. They are:"squatters" in
the houses and buildings abandoned by the Portuguese and, often better trained,
have occupied many intermediate-level .jobs. - They have also replaced the high- j
level cadres requisitioned bythe army .and:are often’the direct rivals of the
mestizos and Whites remaining in Angola. Above all, many of them have imported
Zairian habits into socialist Angola. ‘The "regresados" are now accused of
engaging in speculation on food products and of smuggling to Zaire the rare
products available in Angola: medicines when there are any, beer, cars or
property stolen from the government and even diamonds, whose production fell

27 percent in 1982, mainly because of smuggling. Nevertheless, the Zairians

or Angolans from Zaire living in Luanda seem satisfied with their fate. “It
only costs 5 kwanzas to take the bus, but.in Kinshasa, I had to cross the

city on foot," explains one construction worker; who emphasizes that even if
food is hard to find in Luanda, he can still have two meals a day, while in

Zaire, "meals were served once!"

The economic crisis caused by the drop in'oil resources, representing 80 per-
cent of all foreign exchange, and the lassitude created by an interminable
war that mobilizes the best cadres and militants certainly contributes to the
demoralization of the population, mired down in daily problems.

20



dramatically, -especially in the Sahel. We are at the end of
the fiscal year, and that makes additional contributions diffi-
cult, but we hope nevertheless that these problems will come up
for consideration next year," ventured Mr Kani Wagner, who is
coordinating chief of rescue operations at FAO.

Transport Problems

The first reports from the missions sent.: to the Sahel countries
over the past 2 months and at the close of the rainy season bear
out information as to the extent of the drought and its impact on

harvests.

While it is vitally important to send food aid, all the problems
that stand in the way of getting the food to the areas most in
need of it are still there -- generally difficulties of access
owing to the lack of roads, but also to the lack of transport.
Costs have increased sharply, sometimes almost doubled, as in the
case of. powdered milk which is shipped in large containers and
must be repacked into small cans. On top of that, in order to
offset the effects of malnutrition effectively, especially in
small children, there can be no question of stopping with an
occasional "sprinkling," or doling out dzvibs'and drabs at a time};
there must be a guaranteed ration of 10.5 kilos per month per
person for several months at a stretch.

Although, in view of the drought, the top priority goes to pro-

viding food aid for hungry people, we must also provide them with
the means to hold on to their means of subsistence, particularly
their cattle, which in Sahel | regions are a vital resource. The
grazing-grounds there are inadequate and overgrazed: the growth
in seasonal migration traffic to the South and the farming areas
gives rise to major risks of friction with the sedentary farmers.

Feeding the Cattle

Some way must be found, therefore, to distribute forage so as to
keep the cattle from dying or being dumped on an already surfeited
market. This is a real Catch-22, particularly in that practically
all the available logistics and trucks are already mobilized to
get food to the starving people. Furthermore, the by-products of
beets, grain, or alfalfa which might be provided by the donor coun-
tries as forage take up 25 percent more room than sacks of grain
for the human population. For purchases of forage, vaccines, as
well as seed-grain, pesticides, and small tools, which are truly
first-aid to the agriculture of the threatened countries, the FAO
is asking for a contribution of $76 million.

Aid in the form of food is a means of coping with an exceptional
situation. Nevertheless, it embodies some very serious risks in
the long term. The lower prices it brings, for example, are bene-
ficial only when they coincide with peak local prices for millet



The Zimbabweans have maintained all
along, that.the dissidents operate from,
rear-bases in Botswana. They claim that.
there exists .an organisation known as
“Super-Zapu’* which: is.linked to-elements
of ZAPU proper and is based at Pikwe in ,
central Botswana: They say that.the
guerrillas. receive South, African training.

Relations reached their lowest ebb after.
the Fifth Brigade was sent into .
Matabeleland. Several thousand refugees
fled into. Botswana, three-quarters of
them children, But the most prominent,
and the one who most angered the
Zimbabwean Government, ‘was Joshua
Nkomo. ..

The refugees (Nkomo excepted) were.
housed in the giant camp at Dukwe,
which is run by the Lutheran World
Federation under the auspices of the
UN High Commissioner for: Refugees and
the Botswana Refugee Council. Refugees
are allowed to organise. politically,. but in
February Daniel Kwelagobe made a tough.
speech in which he announced more:
stringent‘ roll .calls-and ‘identity checks
after reports that some inmates had gone
for military training. A BOF unit was |
posted to guard Dukwe.- .

. This was the beginning of an improve-
ment in relations between: the two coun-
tries. This: was sealed when Foreign "
Minister Archie Mogwe. decided that he
wanted to run for secretary-general of the»
OAU. He offered the Zimbabweans a;deal::
if they:voted for-him, Botswana would: :
hand back the.refugees they wanted.-

3400/418

And" that‘is-what' happened: on
Zimbabwean. security presented Botswana
with lists-of ‘‘dissident’? suspects who *. ./:
were then repatriated, more than 100 of .
them: 2

:The:two. countries also established full.
diplomatic relations at high commissioner
level. Extraordinary as it may seem, since
both countries are members of the
Southern African Development .;
Coordinated Conference, it took more
than three years from Zimbabwe's: .
independence for.them to do this.

By the time Mugabe made a state visit
to Botswana.in August relations were
much improved — if not exactly warm.
Masire and: Mugabe’s joint communiqué
said: ‘With regard to security, they
expressed satisfaction’ with co-operation -
between the two countries and: undertook
to ensure that any. elements bent.on
destabilising either country are dealt
with.” «4

At the ‘AU summit in June, the election
for secretary-general-became deadlocked ~ -
between the candidates from Gabon.and
Mali. This. was Mogwe’s chance: But
Botswana’s.attempt'to push him forward
as a comproinise candidate failed.and no

~secretary-general-was elected:

But Mogwe is'a strong:candidate and is
likely to try again.next year. When it
comes to.lining up supporters he will:
remind his northern neighbours that‘ they
still have a debt to pay @

25



SOUTH AFRICA

SLUGGISH ECONOMIC GROWTH EXPECTED

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 21 Dec 83 p 21

[Text] WHAT was going tobe a “more of a statistical illu-

cso:

year of sturdy recovery
for the South African
economy now seems like-
‘ly to be one of very slug-

3400/463

sion than an illustration of
robust economic advance.

This illusion will be
brought about by an in-
crease in inventories after
two years in which they
were dramatically run
down, and a strong posi-
tive growth rate in agri-
culture with normal rains

son’s disastrous drought.
Writing about the tum-
around in inventory in-
vestment, Barclays Bank
economist Johan Cloete
said this increase “would
‘not mean that the volume
of goods and services de-

94



and has taken as the starting point for discussion of its charter the old COSU
platform, "which had the undeniable virtue of having been signed, in its time,

by six organizations of the patriotic opposition." The Front rejects the appeal
of President Abdou Diouf, "because that would be to bow to the local bourgeoisie."
In rejecting that appeal, he said, "we are being consistent with our own posi-
tions, because with Abdou Diouf nothing has changed." The Front does not believe
that contacts between the head of state and the opposition would serve any

useful purpose.

9516
csO: 3419/259

87



or sorghum. Regular and sustained distribution of food, however,
tends gradually to discourage the farmer from continuing to plant,
and encourage him, instead, to go to the city and swell the lumpen-
proletariat population of the shantytowns, where food distribution
is more reliable. Wheat or corn, which account for most of the
mass of the food contributions, are also changing the people's
dietary patterns. And the agriculture of these countries will
never be able, come what may, to meet this new demand.

The danger, therefore, is that of transforming the recipient popu-
lations for international aid into "career welfare clients.

"Fifty-five developing countries, 22 of them in Africa, have not
the means to feed themselves, even in good years. There will be
66. of them, 30 in Africa, come the year 2000, unless they can
learn, meanwhile, to get the most out of their agricultural poten-
tial by moving ahead of and above and beyond their traditional
agricultural patterns," says Mr Raoul Dudai, FAO's director of
the division for land and water development.

The numbers of inhabitants are growing far faster than arable land
and crop yields. The African continent, with 50 percent of its
lands arid, is worst off. Only a scant 2 percent of cultivated
land south of the Sahara is irrigated. Hence the equally urgent
need for development programs: 40 percent of all FAO projects
right now are centered on Africa.

Even given the maximum development scenario, for: agricultural po-
tential from now to the year 2000, nineteen countries, four of
them in Africa, could not achieve self-sufficiency. For some of
them, such as Saudi Arabia, other resources, such as oil, make it
easy to make up their food shortfall with imports. But the four
African countries that will not make it -- Rwanda or regions in
the Western Sahara, do not have anything to fall back on.

6182
cso: 3419/292



FAVORABLE TRADE BALANCE FOR 1983 REPORTED

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 24 Dec 83 p 15

[Text]

cso:

3400/463

SOUTH Africa recorded
a favourable trade bal-

_ance of R4 544,8-million

for the first 11 months of
this year, according to.
preliminary trade statis-
tics released in Pretoria
by the Commissioner for
Customs and Excise.

Exports totalled R18
892,4-million, compared
with R17 392,5-million
for the corresponding
period last year:

Total imports for the
period stood at Ri4
347,6-million, comy
with R16 941,5-million
for 1982.

The figures were ad-
justed largely to bring
them into line with the re-
quirements for the compi-
lation of the country’s
balance of payments.

A breakdown of the
figures shows that Europe
remained the major im-
porter of South African
goods, with exports, there
totalling RS 380,2-mil-

Asia was South Africa’s
second biggest trading
partner, -with imports
from the Republic total"
ling R2395,3-million.

rts to America
fetched R1 830,1-million,
while exports to Africa

and Oceania realised
R744,6-million and
R105,6-million’ —respec-
tively. .

Exports of other un-
classified goods and bal«
ance of payments adjust-
ments amounted in total
to R8 410,2-million, while
ship’s and aircraft stores
totalled R26,4-million.

Europe also remained
the largest supplier of
goods to South Africa,
with the figure topping
R6 107,8-million. *

South Africa imported
goods worth R2 775,2-
million form America,
while imports from Asia
totalled R2 485,6-million.

Imports from Africa
and Oceania amounted to
R301,3-million and
R168,7-million - respecti-
vely.—Sapa.

93

SOUTH AFRICA



Election Prospects for 1984

Pretoria DIE PATRIOT in Afrikaans 1 Dec 83 p 3
[Erticle by Koos Botha: "Early Election Put Forward More Strongly"/

[Text7 With a number of interim elections in the wind,
the possibility of a general election in 1984 is coming
considerably closer.

Mr P. W. Botha's joy about his marriage to the wep [New Republic Party/ and
his piracy of PFP [Progressive Federal Party/ ‘supporters may make him decide
to take advantage of his victories and get rid of the PFP. The NRP may be
undramatically incorporated into the NP {National Party/ after a general
election. In Natal, such a coalition or stringing together will keep the
PFP out of provincial office.

Towards the Right, the prime minister's advisors believe that the divisive-
ness between the KP (Conservative Party/ and the HNP [Réconstituted National
Party] provides an opportunity to bear up against his greatest threat, the
threat from the Right. Information from voting districts indicates that NP
members of parliament from porder districts are exerting pressure on their
party to hold an early election. If the tendency continues that the HNP and
KP draw most of the votes, but the NP wins the seat, the rightists might be
dealt a big setback.

Interim Elections

All these considerations point to an election in the first half of 1984.
I£ this does not happen, a whole group of interim elections will in all pro-

bability have to be held again.

Mr J. H. B. Ungerer from Sasolburg and J. P. du Toit from Vryburg are weak in
health and, in addition, informed observers expect that Mr Botha will get rid
of Ministers S. F. Kotze and L. A. P. A. Munnik. This will make Parow and

Durbanville vacant.

An interim election must be held in Pinetown where the PFP representative,
Mr S. A. Pitman, died. Mr S. P. Botha resigned from his Soutpansberg seat.

It is not Mr P. W. Botha's style to hold early general elections, and if
he were thus to resist his party's pressure in this respect, it in fact seems
certain that approximately six interim elections will be held in the coming

months.

In rightist circles, pressure iis also being exerted on leaders to achieve
cooperation so that Mr P. W. Botha's abdication obsession can be stopped.
The white man's salvation can only come from the Right, and the feeling
appears to be strong that mutual discord ought to be cleared away.

98



TANZANIA

ROAD DAMAGE SNAGS MAIZE TRANSPORT TO FOOD SHORTAGE AREA
Dar es Salaam DAILY NEWS in English 28 Dec 83 p 3

[Text] . Transportation of the 1,000 tonnes of maize from Iringa to Dodoma has
hit a snag apparently due to a damaged section of the Iringa-Dodoma road at
Fufu some 75 km south of Dodoma township, Shihata reported.

The Regional Engineer Ndugu Andrew Makulukulu said yesterday that the recent
heavy rains have made the road impassable by heavy trucks. He said a team
of technicians was expected to travel to Futu yesterday to repair the road,

However, it was not immediately known how long it would take to finish the
task. .

Dodoma region is experiencing an acute food shortage. Until last Monday,
there were only 1,873 tonnes of maize, rice and millet in the National
Milling Corporation. (NMC) godowns in Dodoma. The region required 150 tonnes
of cereals a day.

The Dodoma Regional Development Director, Ndugu Michael Mapunda said on
Monday ‘that’ NMC had given permission to get 1,000 tonnes from Iringa out
of 8,000 tonnes allocated to the region. Dodoma has already collected 3,000

tonnes.
The region has also been allocated 5,000 tonnes of cereals from Dar es
Salaam and another 3,000 tonnes from Rukwa regions. However, it was not

immediately known if these allocations could be made available now that
road transportation from Iringa is held up.

cso: 3400/487

114



Mr Ato Austin, Secretary for Labour and Social Welfare, declared that the
power and strength of the working masses was vital in nation building.

The interest of the working class must be the interest of the society,"
he pointed out. [as published]

The Government, he declared, had no objection to the new leadership and
would co-operate with it.

cso: 3400/469

61



Mr Ujjainwala said economic progress in Ghana had been hampered by lack of
foreign exchange and promised his bank's support in the economic reconstruc-
tion of Ghana. He described the PNDC's Economic recovery Programme as "bold
and imaginative" and said with massive and generous assistance from inter-
national financial institutions the programme would lift Ghana from its
economic doldrums. Mr Ujjainwala appealed to the. government to extend

the PBL's licencé to other fields. of banking activity. He said the bank at
present did not cover personal savings accounts and described this as a
severe set back in its operations.--GNA. [Text] [Accra PEOPLE's DAILY ©
GRAPHIC in English 19 Dec 83 p 8]

EXHORBITANT PETROL PRICES--A drum of petrol is allegedly being sold between
¢9,000 and ¢10,000, while a drum of gas-oil is sold at ¢6,000 by alien fuel
dealer's operating at Goaso, in the Brong Ahafo Region. As a result of this,
drivers are charging exhorbitant fares. Disclosing this to the Ghana News
Agency at Goaso, a spokesman for the town development committee said the
situation was becoming unbearable as all efforts to get the "kalabule"

fuel dealers to sell the commodity at the approved prices have failed. He,
therefore, appealed to the authorities to help save the situation. [Text]
[London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2852]

MANGANESE MINE LOAN--Ghana's sole managanese mine at Nsuta in the Western
Region is to be rehabilitated and modernised with a 25-year loan from the
European Common Market worth $5.2m. New machinery and other equipment is
to be purchased to upgrade the facilities in a bid to restore production to
former levels. The loan, made under the Lomé Convention risk capital pro-
visions, will be managed by the European Investment Bank. The mine was
taken over by a government corporation in 1975. [Text] [London WEST
AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2833]

VALCO LAYS OFF WORKERS--Volta Aluminium Company (VALCO) of Ghana has. ordered
a leave of absence for 900 of its remaining 1,520 employees, effective from
January, 1. The decision followed the shutting-down of potlines at the Tema
VALCO plant due to the continued fall in the water level of the Volta Lake,
which feeds the Akosombo hydroelectric dam. VALCO consumes 60 per cent of
power produced by the power works. VALCO said the 620 employees who would
remain at work were more than required but that they would be diverted to
some community work projects.. Employees will be recalled when the plant
reopens, it said, but gave no indication when this might be. [Text]

[London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460, 5 Dec 83 p 2832]

CSO: 3400/458

67



pained the MPLA that UNITA was the only movement to fight Portuguese colonial-
ism in the nation's interior that had liberated zones and no rear guard in
Brazzaville and Lusaka. It is based on this experience that we are now
resolute in winning this dispute. The MPLA turned to the support of Cuban
mercenaries when it realized it would lose the elections, had they been
allowed to be held. The people who wanted to elect UNITA to political office
in Angola are the same people who support the resistance against the Cubans
with sacrifices. If the MPLA wants free elections to be held in Angola now
under the control of the OAU or the UN, we want to commit ourselves to
participating and assure victory as of now. The OAU Enquiry Commission that
visited Uige, Luanda, Huambo and Bie in August 1975 established unequivocally
that UNITA has majority support in Angola. Its report, as well as the Alvor
Agreements, provides a political and legal basis that legitimizes our past
and present struggle.

It is the MPLA that does not have the political or legal bases for demanding
free elections in Namibia when it knows it is in power exclusively because
of the Cuban mercenaries who destroy the land and men in order to keep a
handful of renegades serving the Soviets on top.

The current MPLA leadership is unable to give direction to the policies
of our nation and southern Africa, It has become responsible for the impass
in the Namibia independence question.

The USSR is going to mobilize all its clients in Africa and the world to
denegrate UNITA because the arms and the Cuban expeditionary force were
unable to win out over the will of the people. The MPLA will have to
realistically consider holding talks or facing the inevitable. UNITA is
making an appointment with the MPLA for the end of March 1984 to hold talks
or to fight the final round of fierce physical combat that can still be
avoided.

Costa Carneiro Commentary
Lisbon TEMPO in Portuguese 1 Dec 83 p 25

[Text] The political-military situation in Angola is becoming increasingly
worse. UNITA, the movement opposed to the Luanda regime, is aware of this
this situation (it is partly responsible for this state of affairs) and it is
modifying its policy. This change is being accompanied by an unprecedented
offensive which will reportedly end in March 1984.

Recent communiques published by the Jonas Savimbi led movement's respective
publications are proof of this. "So long as the Luanda regime does not learn
to talk, we will all have to learn to fight."

Meanwhile, according to reports that have reached our news desk, western
embassies are stirring. The socialist countries are unloading arms and the
most sophisticated military equipment in all the ports to the north of Luanda,
including Cacuaco. Reinforcements (Cubans and North Koreans) are also
disembarking even in Ponta Negra. They are then transported to Cabinda by

12



ESCALATED COST OF NEW ERGO PLANT REPORTED

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 23 Dec 83 p 20

[Text]

The new plant will treat only eleven of the slimes dams concerned.
remaining dam that is the existing Ergo tailings dam, is to be treated in

\THE new Ergo plant

to be erected on the
East Rand to treat ma-
terial from eleven
slimes dams, will cost
about R118-million in
escalated terms.

At the same time Ergo
will build a new talings
dam at a cost of R31,5-
million, also in escalated
terms.

This information was
made available yesterday

the present Ergo plant.

According to the technical advisers cost of operating the new Dagga-

To preserve this dam,
Ergo will build the new

R31,5-million tailings
dam. Ergo will also ac-
quire Dam 5L26 from a

subsidiary of EDM for §

375 000 Ergo shares.Ergo
shares are trading at the
moment around 900c,
which means the cost in-

volved will be about :

R3,4-million,

Dumpco will acquire
from Ergo slimes dams —

fontein plant will be coy-
ered by a gold price of
around $200 an ounce.

with the announcement
that Ergo and East Dag-
gafontein (EDM) reached
a detailed agreement in
principle on a scheme
concerning the treatment
of slimes dams on the Far
East Rand.

EDM shareholders will
be asked in January to
yote in favour of certain
resolutions which, if ac-
cepted, will lead to the
signing of formal agree-
ments.

‘or the rights to slimes
dams — for R24,6-mil-
lion. The purchase price
is payable by way of R11-
million in February 1984,
R10-million in February
1985, and R3,6-million in
February 1986.

As a result of the con- -

solidation of dams,
Dumpco: will have re-
serves of about 410-mil-
lion tons of slimes. One of
the reasons for converting
the new plant from a car-

With gold at $300, the
plant’s operating costs as
well as capital expendi-

95

According to the
scheme, all 12 slimes
dams concerned are to be
rationalised into a single
dump — owning com-
pany, Dumpco, which is
to be a wholly flowned

subsidiary of EDM.

The new plant will be
able to treat 1-million
tons of slimes a month
and will make use of the
carbon-in-leach ' process.
Conversion, however, is
envisaged to the flotation
Process in the late 1990s.

bon-pulp operation to a
flotation process — hope-
fully in 1997 — is to en-
able it to treat a further
140-million tons, which
are better suited to treat-
ment by the flotation pro-

cess.

The circular to EDM
shareholders also outlines
how the Dumpco agree-
ment will operate.. Anglo
American Corporation
will administer Dumpco,
while Ergo will treat the
slimes.

ture will be covered. Ergo
will buy its slimes ma-
terial from Dumpco



Both for the purpose of confronting an increasingly aggressive South Africa
(for the past 4 years, South African actions have caused damage estimated at
over $500 million) and trying to put down the UNITA once and-for all, the
Angolan leaders have ‘resolved to employ major means. In Cahama, the FAPLA
have new vehicles, sophisticated weapons. In the city of Lubango, Cuban,
Soviet and East German patrols march through the city, considered to be a
strategic key. Everywhere, new recruits are mobilized and trained and re-
gional military councils, which organize defense and the economy, have been
set up in six out of nine provinces. Last summer, President Dos Santos.prac-
tically endowed himself with full powers to face the situation. Finally,
after apparently vacillating for a long time, the Soviets have now decided to
give the Angolan Army 12-MI25 helicopters, a formidable anti-guerrilla weapon
also used in Afghanistan. . Each machine costs the trifling sum of $20 million,
payable in foreign exchange and immediately, as is proper. If the Cubans are
practically no longer. in the front lines, they ‘remain highly valued instructors
because the Angolans feel closé to them ideologically and in human terms, but
also because with a’ wage of $100 a month, they cost.infinitely less than the
Soviet, Bulgarian or...Portuguese technical assistants.

Return of the Portuguese .

The Portuguese have indeed returned to Angola! Several dozen former Portuguese
soldiers, veterans of the colonial war (12 years in Africa, one of them empha-
sizes proudly), veterans of the Portuguese Armed Forces Movement and the

"Pinks Revolution," have now re-enlisted as technical advisers. They main-—
tain, repair and above all, pilot the French Alouette II helicopters specially
adapted for the anti-guerrilla fight.

"Officially speaking, we are only instructors,’ but in fact, we are doing all
the difficult work," they say. And these colonial war veterans add that they
cooperate perfectly well with their former adversary, the MPLA, and that they
at least know the terrain where the guerrilla warfare takes place! They add,
not without nostalgia, that the FAPLA facing the UNITA now have four times
more weapons than they did to fight yesterday's colonial army. In fact, it was
after the visit by Portuguese President Eanes to Luanda in the summer of 1982
that this military’ cooperation between Portugal and Angola began. Luanda

was disappointed by the Soviets, who had up to then refused or neglected to
train special antiguerrilla units. However, since that time, forced to do so,
they are bridging the gap. i

Confronted ‘with the occupation of part of its territory by South Africa,
confronting the repeated aggression aimed at the economic infrastructure (in
Huila Province, we saw roads, bridges and factories destroyed by South African
bombing) and confronted with the intensification of the war by the UNITA,
Luanda has manifestly chosen the military option and is determined to pay

the price. But how high it is!

In addition to the 120,000 refugees from Cunene Province, who have fled to

enormous camps in the south where local authorities supply them with a minimum
infrastructure and land to cultivate, are the displaced persons fleeing the

17



GABON

BRIEFS

BAN ON OPPOSITION CONFERENCE--Bongo, the short-tempered president of Gabon,
wishes among other things that the opposition to his regime, living in exile
in France, would be less vocal. His wishes have just been partly fulfilled.
The fact is that a press conference called by the MORENA (National Recovery
Movement/ of Gabon was banned on Tuesday, 6 December, by the Paris Police
Headquarters cn the grounds that "it was likely to disturb the peace and
undermine the republic's international relations." Abbot M'Abassole, chairman
of that opposition movement, has deplored the fact that "the voice of those
who are oppressed cannot be heard in our days" but has reaffirmed his

"belief that France will help the oppressed and will uphold their rights."
The banning of this meeting, which was unlikely to stir much public interest,
was on the part of the French Government a gesture to pacify the president of
Gabon at least for the time being. The excuse of "keeping the peace" is a
poor attempt to hide the fact that the government does not want to incur

Mr Bongo'’s displeasure. /Texf7 Paris LE MONDE in French 8 Dec 83 p 3
8796

cso: 3419/236

46



the economy of Casamance has been neglected and "its cultural and historical
specificity ignored" (witness Queen Alice Sitoye whose death, after she had
been exiled by the French colonists, remained a mystery for 40 years),

The best tactic, therefore, and the one which the government appears to have
adopted, is to make sure that peace is restored and. to avoid an escalation of
violence that might bring into play mechanisms of solidarity and family ties.
Such ties ignore borders. And people in Guinee~Bissau are certainly not about
to forget that they found asylum among their Senegalese brothers when they were
fighting for their independence; they certainly would not pay much attention to
what Abdou Diouf and Nino Vieyra may have told each other at their recent meet-
ing, and would offer their Senegalese brothers a great rear base.

Another factor is that Casamance, together with Petite-Cote, is one of our major
tourism centers. Tourism is one of our main economic resources, like peanuts and
phosphates. And now that the latter two are no longer bringing much profit, due
to the drought and the drop in World prices, we should preserve our. country's
attractions and promote their sale. But tourists will not go where peace does not
reign. Therefore, we must have peace in Casamance and make sure that visitors
are not shocked by drastic military measures.

Considering the disastrous economic situation which is also plaguing our country,
it is in the government's own best interest to give our country the image of a
peaceful country, not that of a region in a state of war; this is very important
to foreign investors. We must also show that we are far from being in a state of
red alert, that the separatist movement has no real strength, and to do so we must
avoid a deployment of forces that would make people believe we have to do with a
powerful movement. Already, the minister of information regrets very much the
publicity which French media have given to the events, and especially the way
these were presented.

There are many reasons, therefore, which may have induced the government not to
put the region on a war footing. Actually, the situation is quite surprising,
especially for the soldiers in Ziguinchor. They wonder: "If the BMS [Bloc for
the Senegalese Masses] (the intelligence service) has sufficiently infiltrated
the movement and is in a position to keep the government informed of everything
it does, why don't they tell us where they are so we can be done with them once
and for all?" However, the government appears to have adopted a different tac*
tic, that of appeasement. Peace has therefore been restored, but nothing indi-
cates that it will last; members of the movement are still at large, and some of
them are the perpetrators of the Diabir crimes.

To defuse the situation entirely, there are two solutions.

One is to start political negotiations, especially since the separatist movement
is essentially perceived as the expression of rivalries within the Socialist
Party, or may even have been supported by rival groups in the Socialist Party
of the south. Now that the movement, as it appears, is no longer manipulated by
them, all there is to do is to sit around a table and negotiate conditions that
will unite Senegal in peace.

91



In addition to these completely destitute refugees huddled around
the bigger towns, are all the nomadic cattle-herders who managed
to get away with their flocks of camels and sheep and continue to
drift from one place to another, escaping all controls and all
attempts at census-taking. Where are they? A vague gesture re-
flects the vast expanse of sand dunes and grass cropped to the
roots. One comes upon their little encampments when one chances
on a well or a wadi, one of the valleys where the water reaches
the surface for a couple of meters and nourishes a patch of vege-
tation amid the waste of sands. There are ten tents, perhaps,
well separated from one another. Hobbled camels graze nearby.
"The Libyans came with trucks to take the cattle. So we drove
the camels out into the desert, then, when it got dark, we found
them again, pulled them together, and moved on."

The war has gone on now for 5 years -- or 15 years, if you're
talking about the far north. But today, on either side of the
"red line," there is a deployment of forces and weapons the like
of which Chad has never known. Before now, this war was a "war
between chiefs," a clash between highly mobile, very small for-
ces. The "combatants" -- part soldiers, part guerrillas -- move
at will about the desert and launch surprise raids on "strategic
positions," by which they mean the clusters of mud or reed houses
near a town or around an oasis. Intervention by Libya's air force,
followed by that of French troops, has brought the Chad war into
this century. Today that war has bogged down into a motionless
waiting game amid the endless sands. The 2,500 or so French sol-
diers assigned to Operation Manta take care of the infrastructure,
train the government forces, and provide radar and air cover for
the country.

Ndjamena and its European neighborhoods where the many villas
still in ruins, and picked over by waves of plunderers, remind us
that the city has changed hands three times in 5 years, has taken
on the look and feel of a garrison town. It looks like a poor-
man's Saigon, reeking of Gauloise cigarettes and pastis. Every
now and then there is a raid. A burst of machinegun fire rakes

a bar in the African quarter. A grenade is tossed into a movie
theater. By way of security, soldiers on leave are billetted in
the town's bars and hotels. They pass the time drinking beer --
brewing is almost the only local industry -- and mucking around
with the little black prostitutes. They don't show much enthu-
siasm about either pursuit; they are just sweating out their 45
hours.

"At first, I was supposed to be here to catch Habré. Now I'm
supposed to be here to protect him," says a completely unemotional
Air Force sergeant. The really posh night spot, the Pasha, is
reserved for officers. They sometimes rub elbows -- or exchange
hostilities -- there with ex- FAN "combattants" who have since
found niches of their own in the civil service and on ministerial
staffs, and who do not always turn in their side-arms at the

29



land and from there to predetermined strategic points by air. Civilian
aircraft are even being used for this purpose.

Meanwhile, the people suffer. The people lit erally die for want of bread.
This is Franciscan poverty in a country that exports oil and diamonds and
which, until recently, was considered one of the richest and most stable
countries in Africa south of the Sahara.

The leadership confines itself to hiding behind its insistence "not to talk."
It prefers to keep an illogical war between brothers open and heated only
because of man's vanity and folly and because a good measure of foreign
interests determine this to be the case. Why? To serve whom? On what
account? These are the questions frequently heard from the empty mouths of
Luanda's residents and those native to and residents of other places

where danger lurks every hour, every minute and where for a long time now it
has been forbidden to be outside after 8:00 pm.

What interests lie behind all this? Who does it attempt to serve? To what
ends, or better yet, with what gains?

Could it be that we will see Angola return to its pre-treaty of London
borders?

9935
CSO: 3442/82

13



ARTICLE CALLS FOR REDEFINITION OF PBC CONCEPT

Accra PEOPLE'S. DAILY GRAPHIC in English 17 Dec 83 p 8

[Article by Edith Adugu]
[Text]

THE activities of many PDC executives in
Accra, throughout. the year, -havée come
‘under ‘strong criticism by sections of the
communities within which they operate. -.

While some people have accused some
executives of having constituted:themselves

into cliquescontrolling the distribution ‘of

“essential: commodities in.communities, oth-
erg accuse. them of diverting and:selling
essential: commodities and: showing lack of
initiative in all.aspects of community life: :

These were ‘the general observations:cf.a
cross-section of: people interviewed in con-
nection with the just opened three-day Con-
ference of the Kaneshie Area PDCs.in com-
memoration of the second anniversary of the
December 31 Revolution. rar

The concensus therefore, in view of these

‘criticisms was that as from next year the PDG
concept. should -be redefined and all those.
who vie for membership to. executive -posi-
tions be critically vetted. ,

The secretary for the Kaneshie Unit 10
PDC,:Mr Richard’ Ampoma-Djan, said many
PDC members donot understand the PDC
concept. He requested that a from hext year
the-government shauld make it:compulsory
for all members of PDCs to'study the guide-
lines on PDC formation.” eo,

He also, appealed to’ the government. to
encourage the eldérly.in communitiés to join
the PDCs since it had.worked successfully in
his community, aa .

cso: 3400/460

“We have been able to
‘ cénvince-a tot of people in!
this unit to accept the

concept because ‘we first '

“wan over ‘the ‘confidence
‘of the oldmen and women
Who in turn: preachéd how
useful the concept:was to,
their. friends and fela-
tions", the secretary said:
+ Nil Owusu Darko, chair-
man of Uhit Two PDC said

his unit will-get to all social ;

gatherings and preach the
revolution-to them.
| He*disclosed that the
| unit had formed.a-coincil
i of elders which: comprises.
most ‘elders within thé
-community..The council
jadvises ‘them whenever.
'the need arises. "
| A thiddle aged politician
twho-is an adviser. to the
unit eight committee said
it-would’be better for the
‘government to invite peo-.
ple ‘who. can offer usefil
ideas-on’ the. formulation
‘of good policies to be

57

GHANA

used, especially honest
old politicians. -

“Many. people nave.
coiled back into their,
shells, because most of
these PDC members are
disgracing them,” MrV.E.
Bannerman the Unit Five
Chairman told the ‘Gra-
“phic’ " .
The ‘chairman said’ the:
whole concept is. now
funny, because people
i{ are:making fun of-it,so he
“also appealed to the PDC
to redefine the concept.

A’woman from the same
‘unit-had:this to say, “ma-
“dam, the’ only: thing that

Gan’ stop ‘kalabule’ is
when thé PNDC floods the
matket’ ‘with "its: own
goods”. - -. -
“She sai ‘when you
‘need anything despera-
tely there is nothing you.
ean. do but.to buy it at
‘kalabule® price thus en-
couraging ‘kalabule’
_ involuntarily’. -



JAPANESE LOAN FINANCING KILIMANJARO REGIONAL ELECTRIFICATION

Dar es Salaam DAILY NEWS in English 29 Dec 83 p 3

[Excerpt]

cso:

3400/487

FOUR towns and several
villages in Kilimanjaro region
will using electricity by the
‘end of next year.

The scheme financed with a
60m/- loan’ from Japan would
cover the towns of Mwanga,
Gonja, Mkuu Rombo and Hai
and the nearby villages.

. Talking to Shihata yesterday;
athe Managing. Director of the

Tanzania lectric Su pply
‘Company (TANESCO).
Salvatory Mosha said the

Kilimanjaro electric
transmission construction and
distribution work is going on well
ang that “if everything goes
well” the. work “would” be
completed next December,

Ndugu Mosha said _ three
electric sub-stations at Mwanga,
Sanya Juu and Gonja had been
built. and that two others at
Machame and Nyumba ‘ya
Mungu had been expanded.

He said distribution work
from ‘the sub-stations to other
areas started this month and that
in’ several places along the
surveyed areas, electric poles
and transmission wires had been
installed.

Mosha said, the scheme,
which is part of the expansion of
the Kidatu grid system will
encourage economic activities.

110

TANZANIA



Ndugu Shayo noted that four more DFH locomotives with 2,000 horse power
were being fitted with the engines ordered from West Germany. A total of
36 engines were ordered and each DFH locomotive is fitted with two engines.

He further said that 20 more MIU engines had been ordered from West Germany
to fit in the original DFH locomotives which were experiencing frequent
failures, leading to high maintenance and running costs.

Agreement for the 20 engines was signed with MIU in June, this year, he
said. But he did not say how much they will cost.

Ndugu Shayo said TAZARA could now haul between 90,000 and 95,000 tonnes
of cargo to and from Zambia.

cso: 3400/487

112



Briefs

CEAO Livestock, Yellow Fever Grant . . 121
Quedraogo Denounces 'Sages' : 121
ZAMBIA
Briefs
Kaunda Meets Swedish Delegation . 122



tical means available within the party, to undermine the government's power,
ridicule the newcomers and persuade the president that his post-election decision
is impopular.

If the president of the National Assembly had chosen to denounce the activities
of this fractious group, or if he had used his considerable authority within the
party to thwart them, they would never have presented a serious threat to Presi-
dent Diouf. But his active neutrality, interpreted as passive complicity, places
President Diouf in an uncomfortable position, as he wants both to preserve his
old political friendships and to honor the new demands of his mission: to rally
all the Senegalese around the essential in order to save democracy.

President Diouf's position is all the more uncomfortable as the dissident group
is now trying to isolate him by leading an insidious campaign of calumnies against
his most reliable and most responsible associates, especially Jean Collin whom
they want to remove at all cost from the General Secretariat to the Presidency,
and Moustapha Niasse whom they want to supplant or at least to double as poli-
tical secretary of the Socialist Party, since they cannot send him to Addis-
Ababa as general secretary of the OAU. According to extremely reliable infor-
mation, the dissidents have insistently asked neighboring chiefs of state to try
and persuade Diouf to part from Collin.

As President Diouf sees it, the development of the Socialist Party and the con-
solidation of what it has achieved imply that there will no longer be sudden and
unexpected appointments, that the Socialist Party will become truly accessible
to all, and that a high-level dialogue will take place between his party, which
he wants to become a spearhead for national reawakening, and the opposition
political formations that would want to share in the collective reawakening.

In the eyes of the dissidents, the party's defenses must be reinforced, as there
is no other way to prevent the massive entry of Dioufist intellectuals, either
communists or conservatives or liberals but all united by the same faith in the
president's integrity and the same determination to help him succeed.

There is no doubt that the extraordinary congress of the Socialist Party that
will open on 21 January will be dominated by the confrontation of these two po-
sitions. Already, under the influence of dissidents at thes National Assembly,
some circles in the Socialist Party have secretly adopted resolutions asking
for the abolition of Dioufist movements such as COSAPAD [Committee to Support
President Abdou Diouf's Policy] and the integration of these movements into the
party.

The dissidents have been especially active since the extraordinary congress was
announced, and their primary. objective is to find a majority that will conscious-
ly decide to dissolve the COSAPAD. After which, they will tackle the GRESEN
[Group for Meetings and Exchanges for a New Senegal, which they see as their
main enemy. To this end, they are making alliances, even with the opposition,
and in-depth action has been undertaken at the CNTS [National Confederation of
Senegalese Workers] where one Omar Thiam is increasingly distinguishing himself
by his talents as a zealous propagandist.

9294
CSO: 3419/274

89



ETHIOPIA

REYA EXECUTIVE BODIES HOLD MEETINGS
Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 25 Dec 83 p 1

[Text] Meetings were held here yesterday by REYA executive bodies in three
of the five zones of the capital to exchange views on the all-round partici-
pation of REYA in final preparations towards party formation.

This is in accordance with the recent Addis Ababa COPWE directives and
decisions on the need for coordinating and streamlining mass organizational
activities on the eve of the tenth anniversary of the Revolution.

The REYA meetings in zones One, Three and Five were conducted at the assembly
hall of kebels 18 Higher One, the Eastern Comprehensive Secondary School and
the Medhane Alem Comprehensive Secondary School, respectively, and were
chaired by zonal COPWE representatives.

Briefings were given on how best REYA executive bodies can ensure maximum
youth participation in preparations leading to party formation and on ways
and means of removing obstacles to the smooth functioning of these bodies.

The meetings were attended by COPWE committee members of the respective

zones, members of COPWE committees and chairmen of Higher Urban Dwellers’
Associations. (ENA)

CsO: 3400/490

34



UPPER VOLTA

BRIEFS

CEAO LIVESTOCK, YELLOW FEVER GRANT--On 4 November, Moussa Ngom, secretary
general of the West African Economic Community (CEAO) handed over to Finance
Minister Justin Damo Barro two checks for a total of 190 million CFA francs.
The first check of 140 million CFA francs will be used to rebuild our livestock
while the second will go to the yellow fever prevention program. In addition
to Minister Barro, the presentation ceremony, held in the finance minister's
office, was attended by Eugene Talata Dondasse, the minister of plan, by

Maj Abdoul Salam Kabore, minister of health and by officials from their
respective ministries. After the signing ceremony, Roger Nikiema, press dir-
ector of the CEAO, read the following press communique: as an expression of
the solidarity which characterizes social and economic relations between the
member states of the community, the Ninth Conference of Heads of States held
in Niamey on 30 and 31 October 1983 decided to give a grant of 800 million
CFA francs to the five member states, of this organization, which were
victims of the drought to be mostly used to rebuild their livestocks. The
sum was drawn from the earnings of investments made by the FOSIDEC /@xpansion
unknown/ Guarantee Fund. /Excerpt7 Quagadoudou LOBSERVATEUR in French

7. Nov 83 p 87 8796

OUEDRAOGO DENOUNCES 'SAGES'--The Secretary General of the Committee for the
Defence of the Revolution, Pierre Ouedraogo, visited towns near the Ivory
Coast border recently, notably Niangoloko, and denounced "the guardians of
imperialist interests in West Africa." "These so-called sages," M..
Quedraogo continued, "should understand that the Voltaic revolution is
irreversible". He went on to denounce two Voltaic politicians who had taken
refuge in Ivory Coast since the August 4 coup, Frederic Guirma, former
Ambassador to the UN, and Professor Joseph Ki~Zerbo, leader of the (banned)
Progressive Front Party. [Text] [London WEST AFRICA in English No 3460,

5 Dec 83 p 2850]

cso: 3400/459

121



The rest will come from funds in the form of convertable debentures offered

based on a formula which
should result in consider-
able benefits accruing to
EDM at a gold price of
$400-420. .

EDM also plans a
rights issue for R26-mil-
lion. Terms will be pub-

lished on January 13 next.

‘The listing of EDM will
also be changed on the

to ordinary shareholders,

cso:

3400/463

"ISE from the “Curtailed

Operations” to “Gold,
Witwatersrand and
others” sector,

According to UAL, the
merchant bank handling
the deal, . Dumpco’s
R4000 authorised share
capital will be divided
into 3 800 “A” ordinary
shares of R1 each for

“which. EDM: will. sub-
scribe at par, and 200 “B”
ordinary of Ri each
which will be issued to
Anglo American.

Ergo hopes to finance
the new plant and the new
tailings dam partly out of
the R24,6-million it will
receive from Dumpco.

The terms will be announced later.

96



The principle pursued by a Marxist-Leninist Party is to know the interests

of the people and to live in close contact with them, The activities being
undertaken by COPWE aré encouraging, although a lot remains to be done in the
effort to build a socialist society. The Second COPWE Congress has been an
important milestone in the effort towards speeding up the process of formation
of the Vanguard Party, which will ensure lasting victory in the struggle to
build socialism. At this decisive hour of revolutionary transformation, it

is the duty of all revolutionary forces in the country to step up the struggle
with great dedication and in a very organised and conscious manner in order

to score greater victories in the struggle ahead.

cso: 3400/491

37