SOUTH AFRICA

PROFESSOR BARRY DEAN ANALYZES NATION'S EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Cape Town LEADERSHIP in English Vol 5 86 No 4 pp 58, 59, 60, 62

[Article by Barry Dean]

{Text ]

South Africa's executive has for some time possessed
sufficient power to govern the Republic by adminis-
trative fiat supporting the charge that a de facto consti-
tutional dictatorship has emerged in this country.

Notwithstanding all the recent changes, however, the
constitution still reflects democratic political values
particularly in the white sector. ‘The result is that the
government is prepared to tolerate opposition — white,
and toa very much more limited extent, black —ata level
that most authoritarian governments would have aban-
doned a long time ago. It is these political values in the
constitution — part and parce! of the Westminster system
~ which have become ingrained in Afrikaner political
thinking and practice that have tempered the way in
which power is being exercised in this country. Thi
what has prevented South Africa, until now, from sliding
into absolute totalitarian or authoritarian government.

‘The Afrikaner largely achieved power by democratic
and constitutional means and that experience influ-
enced the way in which he has exercised power.
Afrikaners themselves are constantly pointing out the
paradox: if Afrikaners achieved power through the bal-
lot box, why are they denying black people the oppor-
tunity of doing the same?

“The move away from the Westminster model in the
1983 constitution has made it much more difficult to

maintain these values. ‘That was a move towards con-
stitutional dictatorship . . . in a very subtle way. Dis-
cussion of those changes normally focuses on institu-

tional changes — the tri-cameral legislature, the Presi-
dent’s Council and the executive presidency. But the
move away from Westminster is important in a much
more fundamental sense — in the sense that it marked a
movement away from the political values — the demo-
cratic values of the Westminster system.

56

‘The claim that the 1983 constitution has created a

constitutional dictatorship can be based on the following,
four propositions:
O The 1983 Republic of South Africa Constitution Act
is built ona constitutional system which already vested
vast powers in the executive arm of government. ‘These
powers are so wide that apart from the need to seek
parliamentary authority to spend money annually they
would permit the executive to conduct government
largely without the co-operation of parliament.

‘The government can, for example, control commerce

and industry, imports and exports, exchange control and
the production and distribution of essential products.
There are a series of acts of parliament which give gov-
emment extensive powers to implement its economic
policies without further parliamentary co-operation.
When there was an oil crisis, government used the
Petroleum Products Procurement Act to take substantial
control of the petroleum industry. In terms of the
Procurement of National Resources Act, war-time
powers have been given to government to regulate
economic activity or undertake such activity itself. And
if government were prepared to act illegally in one re-
spect only, viz, financial appropriation, it could run the
country without recalling parliament at all.
O Experience under the new constitution has shown
that if the executive cannot obtain the free flow of
legislation which it wants from parliament, it will resort
to extra-parliamentary powers to govern the country.
‘The growing use of the “royal prerogative” (common law
powers which formed part of the law of South Africa
when a monarchy, and which are now vested in the State
President) and emergency powers under the Public
Safety Act of 1953, are examples of this trend.

From a constitutional lawyer's point of view this is
very interesting because it mirrors developments in



Cape Town, Vredendal, Stellenbosch, Saldanha, Potchefstroom,
Rustenburg, Letaba, Soutpansberg, Nelspruit, Exmelo, Dundee,
Eshowe, Ladysmith, Durban North, Durban Central, Durban West,
Vryburg, Kuruman, Pretoria North, Grahamstown, East London,
Aliwal North, Welkom, Bethlehem, Souther OFS, Beaufort-West,
Oudtshoorn, Soweto, East Rand, Worcestor, Paarl, Springbok,
‘Waterberg, Middleburg, Standerton.

‘There are 448 mini-JMCs in the following towns: Utrecht, Dundee,
Dannhauser, Paulpletersburg, Eshowe, Melmoth, Empangeni,
Plessislacr, Howick, Ladysmith, Bergville, Newcastle, Glencoe,
Vrybeid, Magud, Nyoni, Mtubatuba, Pietermaritzburg, Camperdown,
Richmond, Estcourt, Matatietde, Kokstad, Ixopo, Greytown, Stanger,
KwaMashu, Westville, Chatsworth, Isipingo, Wentworth, Port
Shepstone, Harding, Kimberley, Herbert, De Aat, Britstown,
Hopetown, Witdraai, Kakamas, Groblershoop, Stella, Kruman,
Sishen, Laudium, Verwoerdburg, Eersterus, Silverton, Brits, Akasia,
Ateridgeville, Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage, Humansdorp, Kareedouw,
Grahamstown, Bathhurst, Kenton/Boesman, Adelaide, Somerset East,
Komga, King William's Town, Queenstown, Indwe, Tarkastad,
Barclay East, Lady Grey, Ogie, Winburg, Brandfort, Hertzogville,
Bloemfontein, Welkom, Henneman,. Theunissen, Bultfontein,
Himeville, Kranskop, Wartburg, Durban North, Verulam, Mayville,
Pinetown, Umiazi, Amamzimtoti, Scotburg, Margate, Barkly West,
Vaalharts, Philipstown, Prieska, Upington, Keimoes, Pofadder,
Vryburg, Pomfret, Griekwastad, Pretoria City, Mamelodi,
Bronkhorstspruit, Soshanguve, Schoemansville, Pretoria North, Por:
Elizabeth North, Kirkwood, Jeffreys Bay, Koegs, Alexandria, Fort
Beaufort, Cradock, Bedford, East London, Stunterheim, Cathcart,
Dordrecht, Sterkstroom, Aliwal North, Elliot, Maclear, Jamestown,
Boshof, Dealesville, Excelsior, Botshabelo,’ Virginia, Ventersburg,
Odendaalsrus,, Hoopstad, nskroon, Bothaville, Heilbron,
Steynsrus, Koppies, Vredefor, Clarens, Harrismith, Fi
‘Tweeling, Vrede, Reitz, Clocolaan, Paul Roux, Ficksburg, Ladybrand,
Tweespruit, Zastron, Petrusburg, Bethulie, Koffiefontein,
Trompsburg, Redersburg, Fauresmith, Rouxville, Aberdeen,
Jansenville, Murraysburg, Steyllerville, Beaufort West, Fraserburg,

Prins Albert, Victoria West, Burgersdorp, Hanover, Middleburg
(Cape), Noupoon, Steynsburg, Albertinia, De Rust, Great Brak River,
Joabertina, Ladismith, Oudishoom, Riversdal, Uniondale, Soweto
East, Krugersdorp, Springs, Benoni, Germiston, Soweto West, Cape
Town, Athlone, Worcester, Wesselsbronm, Parys, Lindley, Kroonstad,
‘Edenville, Bethelehem, Kestell, Warden, Villiers, Comelia, Meme,
, Senekal, Fouriesburg, Rosendal, Hobhouse, We pener,
Jagersfontein, Jacobsdal,
Dewetsdorp, Springfontein, Si
Pearston, Willowmore, Camarvon, Laingsburg, Sutherland, Williston,
Cotesburg, Hofmeyr, Molteno, Richmond, Venterstad, Calitzdorp,
George, Heidelberg (Cape), Knysna, Mossel Bay, Plettenberg Ba
‘Siilbaai, Roodepoort, Vaal Triangle, Brakpan, Heidelberg, Kempion +
Park (Tvl), Wynberg, Bellville, Geres, Robenson, Touwsrivier, :
Wolseley, Prince Alfred Hamlet, De Dooms, Barrydale, McGregor,
Brandvlie, Clanwilliam, Klawer, Loeriesfontein, Middelpos, Nuwerus,
Vredendal, Malmesbury, Moorreesburg, Franschoek, Klapmuts,
Porterville, Redelinghuys, Philadelphia, Springbok, Port Nolioth,
Hondeklipbaai, Kamieskroon, Steinkopf, Stellenbosch, Strand,
Stanford, Gansbaai, Napier, Caledon, Riviersonderend, Greyton,
Saldanha, Hopefield, St Helena Bay, Potchefstroom, Klerksdorp,
Harbeesfontein, Lichtenburg, Schweizer-Reneke, Onosdal, Bloemhof,
Zeerust,. Koster, Phalaborwa, Tzaneen, Messina, Warmbad,
Naboomspruit, ‘Thabazimbi, ‘Barberton, Nelspruit, Loskop,
‘Swellendam, Rawsonville, Tulbagh, Montagu, Ashion, Bonnievale,
Galvinia, Citrusdal, Doringbaai, Lambert's Bay, Lutzville,
Nieuwoudville,'Van Rhynsdorp, Atlantis, Piketberg, Paarl, Groot
Drakenstein, Wellington, Eendekuil, Darling, Riebeeck West,
Alexander Bay, Kleinsee, Garies, Nababeeb, Vioolsdrif, Somerset
West, Kleinmond, Hermanus, Elim, Bredasdorp, Grabouw,
Genadendal, Villiersdorp, Vredenbrug, Laaiplek, Langebaan, Gatsrand,
Noordvaal, Wolmaranssiad, Delareyville, Christiana, Coligny,
Rustenburg, Marico, Pietersburg, Louis ‘Trichardt, Nylstroom,
Potgietersrus, Ellisras, Lydenburg, Onderbek, Middicbrug (Tvl),
Secunda, Standerion, Wakkerstroom, Ermelo, Belfast, Bethal,
Volksrust, Piet Retief, Carolina, : Be ew

National Security Management System in Action

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 3-8 Oct 86 p 13

[Article by Moira Levy]

[Text]

COMMUNITY organisations in the Cape
Flats townships of Bonteheuwel and Bishop
Lavis, only recently aware of the existence
of a Joint Management Centre (JMC) in
their area, regard. it with some scepticism
and a good deal of suspicion.

They are particularly angered by a
recent directive, known to have been
issued by the House of -Representative’s
Department of Education: and Culture, that
requires the principals of all secondary
schools in the area to attend some JMC
meetings.

‘The principals have been told to draw up
lists of what they identify as the chief
grievances at the schools.

Local teacher and advice office worker,
Mark Abrams, said the people being co-
opted onto the JMC committees were in no
way part of the .area’s grassroots
organisations,

“They . are not
talking to the people
in the street. If they
want fo find out what

22

the people’s needs
are they should be
talking to the
people’s organisa- '
tions.”

He is particularly.
sceptical about the
participation in the
JMC of the Labour
Party .member of
parliament, Patrick
McKenzie. He said
McKenzie got an 11-
12 percent poll'in the
elections for the
tricameral parlia-
ment two years ago,
and that in 1982 he
had been asked to
resign as head of the
tion bec-
links with
the management
committee.

The JMC has also
drawn local industry



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SOUTH AFRICA

DETAINEE TELLS OF SOLITARY CONFINEMENT, BEATINGS
MB130606 Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 12 Oct 86 p 2

[My 108 Days of Hell: Detainee Tells Her Story and Alleges Police
Brutality--by Jon Qwelane]

[Text] It's hell in there and they beat up people, including children as
young as seven years old.

So says industrial sociologist Miss Sally Sealey, one of the longest-held

detainees of the current State of Emergency, as she tries to adjust to life
this side of the iron bars and the dark, cold and forbidding walls of prison.

Pretty, petite Miss Sealey (23) spent 108 days at the Leeuhof Prison near
Sebokeng township in the Vaal, having been spirited away from her De Deur home
to jail three days after the declaration of Emergency.

"I spent all that time in solitary confinement. They took me to the
Vereeniging police station for questioning three days after my detention, and
after that it was back to the prison cells for more solitary confinement. All
in all I was interrogated on 12 separate occasions at Vereeniging Police
Station.

"It was at the police station where I saw four little boys who could be six or
seven years old--they were definitely under 10 years old--emerging from a room
where they had been beaten by members of the security police," says Miss
Sealey, an honours graduate in industrial sociology employed at the University
of the Witwatersrand library.

She says: "I felt terrible at what I saw and heard. A white policeman said
to me: 'You uncivilised bitch, I hope you are very proud of yourself. It is

all your fault that these children are getting a hiding'.”

She says she asked one of the black policemen in the station why the children
were being beaten and he said it was only a "hiding" before they were sent
back to their parents.

This was not the only incident which Miss Sealey witnessed at the police
station.

65



SOUTH AFRICA

TRAINING PROGRAM FOR UNEMPLOYED TO BE EXTENDED
MB150533 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0518 GMT 15 Oct 86

[Text] Pretoria, Oct, SAPA--The government has given the green light for a
five-year extension of the Department of Manpower's training programme for the
unemployed.

The director-general of manpower, Dr Piet van der Merwe, speaking at a press
conference in Pretoria yesterday said an estimated 420,000 unemployed people
would be trained this year in 182 basic skills at 200 different places.

There is a 25 to 30 percent success rate in the placement of the trained un-
employed immediately after completion of courses.

The government has made R885 million available for the 1985/86 financial year
for training of unemployed persons and special work creation programmes.

An amount of R5 million has been earmarked for the current financial year for
the training of the unemployed who enter the informal and small business sector
as entrepreneurs.

/7358
csO: 3400/221

76


ZIMBABWE

MINISTER URGES INDUSTRY TO SUPPORT TRAINING PROGRAMS

Harare THE HERALD in English 3 Oct 86 p ll

[Text]

INDUSTRY was yesterday urged by the Minister of
Labour, Manpower Planning and Social Welfare, Dr
Frederick Shava, to support institutional training
programmes designed to give technical trainees ex-
perience at places of employment. .

And the country’s. technical colleges were urged
not only to train people to master the present tech-
nology, but to take the lead in the development of
-new technologies. Cde Shava was speaking at Harare
Polytechnic’s prize-giving ceremony yesterday. .

About 170 prizes were given’ to the most out-
standing students in the various Polytechnic training
courses.

‘These include library science, civil engineering,
mechanical engineering, automotive engineering, ap-
plied sciences, printing and graphic arts, business:
and‘ secretarial studies, computer studies and mass.
communications,

Cde Shava is confident that many .compani
would support the proposed institutional training
programmes and accept trainees go that: they could
receive their (companies’) experience:

“The major incentive is that, while the traince
1a receiving such experience, costs will. be shared
between the company and the Government, with the
company paying nothing towards the allowance of
we trainee during the initial phases of such train-
ing.”

The minister said details will be worked out by
the ministry~to help those companies offering their

19274

csO: 3400/177

facilities to training schemes. Such a scheme, how-
ever, wag not aimed. at abolishing apprenticeship
and other. forms of on-the-job training. :

On the development of new technologies, Cde
Shava said: “This is a challenge I am making to the
seven technical colleges in Zimbabwe.”

He added: “I would like to see the competition
in technological innovation that has started already
here at the Harare Polytechnic continued and in-
tensified.”

‘The Government was looking at technical’ col-
leges to train thousands of school-leavers coming out
of secondary education. Without skills, such pupils
were not easily employable, whether in the formal
employment sector or on their own. 4

They had to have skills and the major source of
these were the technical. colleges.

To facilitate flexibility in recruitment and schedul-
ing of courses, arrangements would be made to’
enable technical. colleges to remain open throughout’
the year. This would mean a review of the conditions
of service of lecturers and instructors.

The ministry hoped to introduce such a condition
by January next year, said Cde Shava.

The minister said that provisions had been made
to examine trainees locally in ali courses run through:
private colleges. Regulations to this effect would soon!
be gazetted in time for changes to he introduced next;
year. : :
Tuition to local students from such countries as!
South Africa would be discontinued, he said.

12


SOUTH AFRICA

BUSINESS FOR SECURITY COMPANIES BOOMING AS CRIME RATE SOARS

Port Elizabeth WEEKEND POST in English 4 Oct 86 p 3

{Article by Shirley Pressly]

[Text]

BUSINESS for security.
companies. is booming ‘as.

the crime rate’ soars.
Mr-Ken Blignaut, of
-- Seeurity.: Guards:

and Seeurity Services, who.
has:. been: inthe: security:
business.for 25. years, said
the past year had-been his:
busiest.

Business. had “increased
between 25% to 307%.

Mr Blignaut said secur-
ity firms had mushroomed
in the past few years.

His security control
centre was.manned around
the clock..Alarms which
sounded were first investi-
gated by a patrol from his
firm before the police were
called.

The control room has
direct lines to the Fire

Department .and-to'the ra--

‘dio room.at. Louis Je Grange
Square.

Sharp. Security’s Mr
Peter chairman

Sharman,
of the Port ELizabeth
branch of the SA National

/12828
CSO: 3400/205

Security: Employers: Asso-

ciation, ascribed the in-
creased volume of business
to the need for legal, pro-
fessional security.

Rising unemployment
was one of the reasons for
the high crime rate.

His firm . provided
guards, dogs and electronic

~ security systems

Some buildings were
equipped with computer-
ised instruments which di-
alled through every hour to
the-control inspectorate.
~- Mr Phil Halkier, of Alert
‘Security Guiards, said busi-
‘ness was steady: He had not
noticed’ a. dramatic: in-
‘crease’ in’. burglaries and
said they had not reached.
epidemic proportions.

Mr Bob O'Neill, a senior.

-‘patrolman for Sekurit

Electronics, said the in-
crease in installation of
house.alarms ran at about
20%.

His employer, Mr Ken
Victor, Rad noticed a new
trend in burglaries while
the township curfew was in
operation.

Burglaries during the
curfew took place between
5.30am and 7am, not be-
tween 10pm and 4am as had
been the practice before

71

the state of emergency was.
declared.

“Mr O'Neill said his firm:
monitored 24 hours a day in
the control room and sent

‘out .armed -mobile patrols
to investigate if an alarm
sounded.

-Mr Elmar Joubert, of
Select Security — which
provides guards and dogs to

particularly wages.

A disturbing trend by
commerce and industry
was to drop insurance be-
cause of increased premi-
ums and to rely solely on
security alarms.

Others had dropped se-
curity services altogether



SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

BILL PUBLISHED--A bill to pave the way for a uniform local government
electoral system for all races has been published in Cape Town. According to
a memorandum with the Local Bodies Franchise Amendment Bill of 1987, the
election of members of white, colored, and Indian local government bodies is
governed by different ordinances and regulations in each province. Voting
rights for these racial groups are governed by the Local Government Bodies
Franchise Act of 1984 and for blacks by the Black Local Authorities Act of
1982. According to the memorandum, the Council for the Coordination of Local
Government Affairs has identified the need for a, uniform electoral system for
the local government bodies in South Africa in respect of all population
groups. Before making the electoral bill applicable to blacks as well, it
will be necessary to amend the Local Government Bodies Franchise Act of 1984
to provide for the granting of voting rights to placks. [Text] [Johannesburg
Domestic Service in English 1100 GMT 8 Oct 86 MB] /12913

HAILS MONITORING OF UDF--Pretoria 9 October SAPA--The Conservative Party
spokesman for law and order, Mr Louis Theunissen, said today it was time the
activities of organisations such as the UDF. [United Democratic Front] be
monitored. He said there were many organisations in South Africa that were
promoting a revolution in the country, adding that they were nothing but
Marxist-inspired puppets. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English 0917 GMT 9
Oct 86 MB] /12913

cso: 3400/162

29



industrial firm. Alternatively, they may be too lenient
and gracious (so as to maintain their popularity) and
allow apathy and inefficiency.

Yugoslavia has been plagued by a fairly high rate of
inflation (19,4% between 1970 and 1980) if compared
with fully industrialised countries. When one compares
it with other semi-industrialised countries, notably in
Latin America, the picture is less serious. Reasons for
inflation may be found in the excessive distribution
and price-fixing by monopolies (or the absence of ef-
fective local and international competition).

Granting more freedom obviously leads to some
compromise with egalitarian principles. Though Yugo-
slavian income distribution is more equal than that of
most developing countries, there is still a substantial
hierarchy of income differentials.

In spite of the ideals of grassroots democracy, author-
itarianism may still emerge. Managers may use their
committees as mere rubber stamps. Chosen represent-
atives of workers may develop elitist attitudes. Anothér
difficulty is the simultaneous presence of different
types of authority: the communist party, the trade
unions which are organs of the party but also channels
of worker interests, and the workers’ committees and
their managers, which are supposed to be responsible
to those selfsame workers.

Marxists would deny that there could be unemploy-
ment ina truly socialist state. The unemployment rate
in Yugoslavia is fairly high. Here too, competition be-
tween technological innovation and labour may play a
role.

Democratic socialism is no better than its capitalist
and socialist counterparts in its failure to address the
problems of economic growth in a world of limited re-
sources and in not paying sufficient attention to the
dangers of ecological destruction.

Social democracy can best be understood as a system
which has moved as far in the direction of egalitarianism
as is feasible within a capitalist context, while demo-
cratic socialism has moved as far as possible in the
direction of free enterprise within a socialist context.
Social democracy has shown that it is possible to reach
greater equity in a system made productive by private
enterprise, simply by loosening the link between pro-
duction and distribution. Democratic socialism has
shown that free, risk-taking initiative can be allowed to
develop in a system committed to the social ownership
of the means of production, simply by separating owner-
ship from control and usufruct.

In this way each has made an attempt to resolve the
contradiction between economic achievement usually
associated with free enterprise, and egalitarian prin-
ciples usually associated with State intervention.

In a deeply divided and conflict-ridden country like
South Africa it is not surprising that the rhetoric about

political economy tells you more about what people are
against than what they are for. Apart from intellectuals
on the left, most significant white interest groups are
“against socialism and for free enterprise”. But they
are less clear about what that means in a South Africa
devoid of the apparatus of apartheid. Most black politi-
cal groupings, at least since the Fifties, have been
against unbridled capitalism and for some variety of
socialism! Again, the details are unclear.

The debate is, however, becoming more sophisti-
cated and it is no longer possible for groupings on the
left or on the right and on either side of the colour-line
to resort to slogans and to reiterate what they are
against.

The social transformation which this society is going
through is violent, messy and muddled. No player has
all the aces and no blueprint for South Africa’s future
from the left or the right can be imposed like a template
upon this society.

How then will the issue of the future shape of South
Africa in economic terms firm up? Without a crystal
ball, one has to resort to advocating some propositions
which all the players will have to take into account.
(1 If South Africa is to survive its social transformation

it must keep two objectives clearly in mind:
accumulation and segitimation. Accumulation, in the.
sense that it must achieve a reasonable growth rate
perannum if itis to meet the aspirations of its grow-
ing and youthful population in any future post-
apartheid regime. Legitimation, in the sense that
no group of players will get away with economic,
political or social policies which are not broadly
willed and do not have the consent of the people,

[The “democratic experience” of industrializing
nations has been that they progress best when ex-
perience triumphs over dogma. The collective good is
best achieved when the players are able to move
out of their entrenched positions (dogma) and find
common ground where they can use their power
bases to resolve issues and find solutions to com-
mon problems. The arena of industrial relations in
recent years has demonstrated that conflict can be
resolved by hard collective bargaining without de-
stroying the whole, We need less slogan shouting
from capitalists and socialists, the stakes are too
high.

( “Capitalists” and “Socialists” who are seeking
democratic solutions to South Africa’s problems
agree on more than they imagine. They agree that
apartheid is indefensible and must be eradicated;
that whatever takes its place must be a democracy
and not a tyranny; that in the process the post-
apartheid society does not have a chance if its
economic base has been destroyed; and that the
social transformation must count the human costs,
of the change it is experiencing.

100


VISTA UNIVERSITY CHANGES EXAM FORMAT; OTHER CHANGES

Johannesburg THE NEW NATION in English 25 Sep-8 Oct 86 p 2

[Text]

VISTA University is to
~ introduce a new system
of examinations in 1987,
: following complaints
from students which led
to the closure of three
campuses nationwide.

Campuses which have
been closed are in Port
- elizabeth, Soweto and
ae ein of
ince the inception of
Vista in 1983, students
have challenged the
,combination of the
“semester and full-year
exam mark system used
to determine their res-

‘ults.
Although there were
other grievances, Stud-
ents’ Representatives
Councils (SRC) chose
the-exam system as the
main rallying point.
Frequent s disruy
tions finally led to the
closure of the three
ses.
7 new programme,
‘scheduled for next year,
was revealed by Rector

Prof C F Crouse to. the
NEW NATION.

19274
cso: 3400/17

* He said it would be a

computerised system
which would create
various alternative ways
of examining students.

.. For example, a pupil
who has completed the
syllabus earlier than
fellow-colleagues and
feels ready to sit for the
exam, could write imm-
ediately.

Vista would still use
the same material on a
different approach to
examine students. who
would be ready at a

“kno
ther change inv-
olves adopting a method
similar to the Universit
of South Africa (Unisa)
by providing study
materials to students.
The material will give

_Students an opportunity

to continue with their
studies at home even
during possible school
disruptions.

Prof Crouse pointed
out that it was unfort-
unate that problems at
township Is usually

spilled over to the Vista
campuses.
The rector added that.
‘the Vista Council is
scheduled to meet this
week to discuss and
finalise the new prog-

ramme.
A press conference
will be held next week

for a formal announce- :
ment. :
Prof Crouse reiterated

Previous statements that

about 78 per cent of the .
total campus population ~

will be able to continue
their education . next

year,
He said the figure
tallied with the 'varsity's
normal annual pass-rate.
Earlier on, the Soweto
Vista Interim SRC had
issued a statement say-
ing it realised the
inefficiency and incom-
petence of the auth-
orities in dealing with
reasonable demands.

The closure of the
campus, the SRC said,

36

SOUTH AFRICA

was  politicall
motivated and had littie
academic reasoning.
_.,"We deplore this form
of action by-the auth-
orities and call upon
them to review their
position and re-open the
university immediately
for meaningful learning
to take place. We also

; call on them to re-admit

all students uncondition-
ally," said the SRC.

Azanian Students «
Organisation | (Azaso}
also their voice o}
protest, saying it did not
solve the problems. but
complicated and worse-
ned them.

“We firmly believe
the students” demand
was genuine and just-
ified. We support the
action taken by students .
in exposing the unreas-
onable system of writing
exams at Vista. As
students, they have an
inalienable right to stand
up against academic
irregularities affecting
them," added Azaso.


"Things came to a head one day, I think it was the first Saturday in August.
A skirmish broke out between detainees and the prison officials. It began
because we were only given cold samp for lunch that day.

Linda said the prison warders brought in Alsatian dogs. "But by that time
most detainees had decided to sit down in protest. The warders, using the
dogs, herded most in the courtyard into single isolation cells."

He said a prison task force later strip-searched all in the cells, even those
who had watched the tussle from windows. Then the officials removed the
detainees' representatives from the cells.

The following day, Linda said, a new section of the prison, which received no
sun, was opened up. He said the officials had placed those they called
troublemakers in the new section, although when challenged, the prison
authorities said they had opened the new section because of overcrowding.

"I was also put in the new section," Linda said. "After three weeks, ,when
the quality of food had still not improved and the warders were continuing
their hostile behaviour, my section began a hunger strike on September 3.
The authorities made us sign a form headed 'Notice: Dangers of Hunger
Strikes.'"

~

We ‘nly saw a doctor on the fifth day. He was surprised and angry about
seeing us.only five days after we had begun refusing food.

"People began to collapse very often after this. Some were taken to hospital
and a few were then released. Inside the cell we stopped everything, even
laughing... We sat there like mummies. By day 10 there were only 14 of us
left still on the strike, but we managed to comfort each other and were
strong."

Linda said they called off the strike when the authorities agreed to put them
back in the old section with the other detainees, and to add eggs, cheese and
milk to their diet.

"I lost seven to eight pounds during the fast," Linda said. "I still suffer
from headaches and sleeping on thin mattresses for so long has given me
backache."

Linda who with his brother supports his family of eight, has returned to
freelance journalism.

Mike Loewe was listening to a lawyer explain the rights of the individual
under the three-day-old emergency regulations when security police marched
into the suburban church housing a meeting called by the Black Sash, Progres-
sive Federal Party and End Conscription Campaign to discuss the emergency.

61



19274
CSO:

3400/17

was again detained after attending a
funeral at which she allegedly sang ANC
songs, distributed ANC pamphlets, dis-
played an ANC flag and drapped it across
the coffin. She was held in solitary con-
finement for seven months.

Mrs Sisulu was later charged and con-
victed of furthering the aims of the ANC.
She was sentenced to jail for four years in
1983. Mrs Sisulu was, however, granted
leave to appeal and allowed free on bail of
RI 000. Last year she was one of the 16
UDF leaders charged and acquitted of
treason in Maritzburg.

As she spoke of the situation in Soweto
in Dr Asvat’s clinic the appeal against her
conviction for furthering the aims of the
ANC was still pending. A four-year jail
sentence hung over her head. But she was
not cowed,

The decision to post soldiers on guard
duty at most Soweto high schools rankled.
“The government does not want our chil-
dren to be educated,” she said. “The sol-
diers are even in the classrooms. Who can
concentrate on learning when soldiers are
pointing guns?” Mrs Sisulu charged that
soldiers at Matseki High School, near her
home in Orlando, had entered classrooms

‘to indoctrinate the pupils. “Who was the

first man who came to South Africa?”
they allegedly asked students, going on to
answer their own question: “Vasco da
Gama! And where was your Mandela and
your Tambo?”

But, in spite of her foreboding sense of
mounting tension and imminent vidlence
in Soweto, Mrs Sisulu remained confident
that the outcome would be favourable to
her cause. “With me the future is bright,”
she said. “While the government thinks
killing our children has made us afraid, it
has united us and made us more déter-
mined. It will take time to win. But it
won't take more than five years.”

But before victory she had to attend to
the patients in the waiting room.

After working as a nurse for the Johan-
nesburg health department for 37 years,
Mrs Sisulu, grandmother and politician,
was still a dedicated professional.

“You've taken too much of my time,”
she said, making shooing signs. “I’ve got
patients to see.” o

32


Prison Services React
MB111025 Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 9-16 Oct 86 p 13

[Text] Asked to comment on the allegations made by Mike Loewe and Eric Linda
about detention conditions, the chief liaison officer of SA Prisons Services
said the following:

"The SA Prisons Service has repeatedly demonstrated its commitment to high
standard physical treatment of all entrusted to its care.

"This is also the approach adhered to at the St Albans Prison. It is
emphasized that medical treatment, general hygiene and nutrition have the
highest possible priority.

"Sufficient cleaning materials and disinfectant are regularly provided.
Bedding is washed, exposed to air and disinfected as often as necessary.

"As far as the quality of food is concerned, the diet scale has been compiled
by dieticians and satisfies the minimum standards of the World Health Organi-
zation with regard to nutritional value. Apart from the prisons service's own
measures in this regard, quantitative and qualitative control over the prepara-
tion and provision of food is exercised by the medical officers serving the
different prisons.

"If it sometimes happens that the food is cold, it is due to the detainees
failing to be ready at serving time.

"It is clear that the detainee's account of the so-called skirmish between
members (of SA Prisons Service) and detainees is biased and also coloured by
his own subjective experience of the situation.

“Discipline and order must, for obvious reasons, be maintained at all times,
especially in the confined space of a prison. For the necessary perspective,
it should also be pointed out that the detainees threw eating utensils at the
members and that two members were also injured during an attack with sharpened
objects. In order to restore order, two dogs and their handlers were brought
in.

"The allegation that detainees were forced to eat is far-fetched and devoid of
all truth. Detainees and prisoners are not forced to sign any forms/documents.

"Detainees or prisoners who refuse to eat, are provided with three meals per
day, and are treated strictly in accordance with the internationally accepted
guidelines pertaining to the handling of those persons as is set out in the
Tokyo Declaration.

“All prisoners/detainees are daily given the opportunity to lodge their
complaints/requests with the head of the prison. These complaints and/or
requests are noted in a register and dealt with promptly, after which the
outcome and steps taken are also recorded."

/7051

csO: 3400/195 64


19274
cso;

3400/168

For too long we have run our politics as we have run
our economy, as though only whites live here. How we
run our politics and our economy in a post-apartheid
South Africa will, I suspect, reveal the paucity of
economic ideologies of the left and the right. For it is
one of the redeeming features of South Africa that its
people have evinced a degree of pragmatism, common
humanity and good sense which will enable them to
find an economic policy appropriate to its needs and
humane in their application.

Given our political history and our problems of
development I am sure we will need to avoid blind
allegiance to Adam Smith's capitalist credo or Karl
Mar’s socialist one. My own sense is that a social
democratic option, suitably hammered out on the
anvil of South African and southern African realities,
has the best chance of achieving accumulation and
legitimation.

101



SOUTH AFRICA

UCCP LEADER MOKOENA ON GOALS, FINANCIAL BACKING
MB101640 London BBC World Service in English 1515 GMT 10 Oct 86
[From the "Focus on Africa" program]

[Text] At the beginning of the week a new political party was started in
South Africa, calling itself the United Christian Conciliation Party, the
UCCP. Among the policies of the UCCP are a firm opposition to sanctions and
support for the government's ban on the outlawed ANC until it renounces
violence. This last policy is, perhaps, not entirely surprising as many of
the members of the party are councillors and mayors who have been forced to
leave the areas they represent by township radicals. The joint presidents of
the UCCP are Bishop Isaac Mokoena, representing black independent church
groups, and Tamasanqa Linda, a black major from the eastern Cape. They are
both in Britain at the moment seeking funds and support for the party, and Tim
Judo asked Bishop Mokoena why they had felt it necessary to form a new party:

[Mokoena] Well, people in South Africa have become very tired of what is
happening, and we felt there was a need for the moderate black people to have
some platform from where they can speak on behalf of their own people. We
will be able to carry the message across, representing the sentiments of the
moderate blacks in South Africa.

[Judo] What is this basic message?

[Mokoena] The basic message is to inform the people that the violence that
has taken grip of our townships must come to an end, and people should be
given the opportunity to be able to voice their feelings. We must be an
alternative voice which can speak to the government of South Africa and say
this is what we want and this is what we do not want.

[Judo] Some people have said that since very many of your positions are
similar to the government, that the government of South Africa is behind it.
How do you answer these charges?

[Mokoena] Well, we have no connection whatsoever with the Government of South
Africa.

[Judo] Where are you getting support from and funds?

42


COAL EXPORTS HAVE STABILIZING EFFECT ON WORLD MARKET

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 3 Oct 86 p 26

[Article by Madden Cole]

[Text]

South African coal ex-

-ports have on the world

coal price should not be
underestimated because
of their reliability of sup-
ply, competitive pricing

19274

cso:

3400/133

“coal

and consistent quality,
says Trans-Natal Coal
Corporation’ - chairman
Steve Ellis in his annual
review.

He points’ out that the
world steam coal market
will be affected by three
major factors during 1987

— the continuing over-
supply. of steam coal, the
price of crude oil, and the
extent to which sanctions
are applied against South
African coal.

While an oversupply of
anied by a
deflated crude oil price

will maintain downward
pressure on steam coal
prices, increased. sanc-
tions against South Afri-
can coal exports will have
the opposite effect.

Mr Ellis believes that
removing South Africa,
the lowest cost supplier
from the pricing equation
and substituting for it a
higher priced competitor,
can only raise the price of
the product.

If this happens, the
price in the short term
will move to a new aver-
age but in the medium
term it will tend to the
price of the higher cost
supplier as some produc-
ers in other coal exporting
countries are unprofitable
at current world market
prices.

Considering. the pre-
vailing low price of coal,
Mr Ellis feels that it
would be unreasonable
for South African export-
ers to grant “political dis-
counts” with the over-
hanging threat of’ sanc-
tions, thereby subsidising
the higher priced foreign
competitors. He is confi-
dent, however, that the

group is well placed to
maintain its export share
in the coming year in line
with its export allocation
through the Richards Bay
Coal Terminal. .

But with the current
low rate of growth in the
South African economy,
expansion in the general

. domestic: trade market

will be minimal. Sales
tonnage to Escom power
stations is likely to be ad-
versely. affected as large
generating units are com-
missioned at some of Es-
com’s new power sta-
tions, Mr Ellis says.

Following the acquisi-
tion of McAlpine the
group’s share of the in-
land market is expected
to increase slightly.

Commenting on coal
reserves he states that the
group holdings of uncom-
mitted reserves in South
Africa are sufficient to

84

SOUTH AFRICA’

support growth in the
power generation, petro-
chemical, export and gen-
eral trade markets far into
the next century.

Greenfields __explora-
tion activities have de-
creased over the past few
years and will continue to
do so, and future explora-
tion activities will concen-
trate on consolidation and
extension of the large un-
committed coal reserve
holdings mainly in the
Northern Free State, Mr
Ellis says.

Some R66' million will
be invested during the
next five years, mainly to
consolidate extended
large uncommitted coal
Teserve blocks. ~

Included in future de-
velopments are the inves-
tigation of the supply of
coal to a possible power
station in Swaziland and
the policy of entering the
synthetic fuel market is
being contineed.

MrgElis says that while
planning of mining ven-
tures to satisfy the group’s
export allocation and to
supply the domestic mar-
kets are well in hand, the
imposition of sanctions
could delay the imple-
mentation of the capital

expenditure programme:



for blasting rock in order to provide ballast. Tender number 2473 is for the
supply in five lots of rail fastening components. Some of the items required
include 1,980,000 cam bolts and nuts, and 990,000 grooved sole plates. All
the three tenders close on November 3, 1986. Am EEC spokesman said that the
project is not connected in any way with the present rehabilitation work being
carried out in the Beira corridor. ‘The project is part of Mozambique's na-
tional development programme which is being financed by the EEC. He said:
"Supplies called for in tenders 2471 and 2473 are being manufactured in Zim-
babwe and, I think, local companies stand a good chance of winning them."
More information on the tenders is available from the EEC, telephone Harare
707120, [Text] [Harare THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE in English 3 Oct 86 p 9] /9274

DEBT RESCHEDULING TALKS RESUME--Representatives of seven western banks will
meet IMF and Mozambican officials in Washington on 29 September to discuss

the rescheduling of $200 million of Mozambique's commercial debt. AED under-
stands that agreement may be difficult to reach as Mozambique has apparently
asked for all debt to be rescheduled over 12 years, with a four-year grace
period, terms unacceptable to the banks. Agreement is also said to be unlikely
before completion of negotiations between the IMF and Mozambique on a standby
facility (AED 12:7:86), The bank advisory committee, which is headed by Paris-
based Banque du 1'Union Europeenne, includes the US* Citibank, the UK's
Standard Chartered Bank, France's Societe Generale and Portugal's Banco Pinto

& Sotto Mayor, It has been involved in rescheduling negotiations with
Mozambique for about two years (AED 2:11:86), Representatives of the seven
banks met in London on 23 September to prepare for the forthcoming Washington
meeting, Recent movement on debt rescheduling negotiations and talks with

the IMF are largely attributed to the appointment of Eneas Corniche as gover-
nor of Banco de Mocambique (central bank), Portugal agreed to reschedule about
$170 million in bilateral debt under an agreement signed earlier this year, The
agreement covers payments of interest and principal due on 30 June 1986 on debt
contracted up to February 1984, Some 95 per cent of repayments will be made
between 31 December 1990 and 30 June 1996 and 5 percent is due between 31 Decem-
ber 1986 and 31 December 1990. Agreement with Portugal was concluded in August
1985 as part of the $200 million-250 million rescheduling of bilateral debt
agreed by Paris Club (AED 17:8:86). Negotiations on a new Portuguese credit
line are expected to begin in Mozambique in the first two weeks of October.

The value of the credit line is expected to be higher than the $25 million
originally agreed, [Text] [London AED in English 27 Sep 86 p 16] /9274

FRANCE'S CCCE BACKS NACALA RAILWAY--France's Caisse Centrale de Cooperation
Economique (CCCE) has announced a FF 165 million ($24.7 million) loan for phase
two rehabilitation and upgrading of the 615-kilometre railway line from Nacala
to the Malawi border, Financing arrangements for the $100 million second phase
are not yet complete, but Canada is expected to provide $22 million, the EEC
$23.7 million, Finland $1 million and Italy $2.2 million (AED 10:5:86, Southern
Africa Monitor; 15:2:86, Southern Africa Monitor). In addition, Portugal is
contributing $40 million for phases one and two, the UK's Overseas Development
Administration $3 million in technical assistance and the Mozambican government
$15 million (AED 29:7:83). Phase two involves replacement of the 330-kilometre
line between Nampula and Cuamba and minor improvements of the 77-kilometre



Article Profiles UDF's Albertina Sisula
(Patrick Laurence; FRONTLINE, Sep-Oct 86) ..

UDF Official Comments on Strength of Democratic Movement
(Murphy Morobe; FRONTLINE, Sep-Oct 86) ..ssececeessecceces

Soweto Said Facing Financial Crisis
(THE NEW NATION, 25 Sep-8 Oct 86) wceevecseecesccsccececes

Vista University Changes Exam Format, Other Changes
(THE NEW NATION, 25 Sep-8 Oct 86) wccvecvececescrsceccecce

Transkei's Matanzima's Regime Described as Brutal
(THE NEW NATION, 25 Sep-8 Oct 86) .cccecceccccesccvcccvces

IAS Makes Progress in Organizing Unemployed
(THE NEW NATION, 25 Sep-8 Oct 86) .cssceescccceecesccccore

UDF Treasurer Vows To Go Underground if Banned
(Ashar Cachalia Interview; BBC World Service, 9 Oct 86)

UCCP Leader Mokoena on Goals, Financial Backing
(BBC World Service, 10 Oct 86) wreccecececccevsereescecver

Malnutrition Noted Among Children in Khayelitsha
(Andrew Donaldson; CAPE TIMES, 22 Sep 86) ......-

SOCLOPOLITICAL/OTHER

De Klerk Discusses Education, Other Domestic Issues
(Hugh Murray; LEADERSHIP, No 4, 1986) .ecccceceevscenccece

Professor Reviews Nation's Security Legislation
(Tony Mathews; LEADERSHIP, No 4, 1986) ..sccaceececceccece

Professor Barry Dean Analyzes Nation's Executive Branch
(Barry Dean; LEADERSHIP, No 4, 1986) ..ccccccevceccvececes

Released Detainees Describe Experience in Prison
(THE WEEKLY MAIL, 9-16 Oct 86) .cccccesccccccscccecccceees

First Hand Accounts
Police Issue Statement on Charges
‘Prison Services React

Detainee Tells of Solitary Confinement, Beatings
(THE SUNDAY STAR, 12 Oct 86) ..cecececvcccceccverecceseces

Heunis Seen as Next State President
(John Maclennan; THE WEEKEND ARGUS, 4 Oct 86) ..cseceeeese

31

33

35

36

37

39

40

42

Ah

45

52

56

60
60

64

65

67



IAS MAKES PROGRESS IN ORGANIZING UNEMPLOYED

Johannesburg THE NEW NATION in English 25 Sep-8 Oct 86 p 16

[Text]

1HE plan to organise ;
unemployed workers has :
, swung into top gear with
“yet another group, the:
lustrial Aid Society, *
announcing significant ,
progress in uniOnising »
the millions of jobless.

Tt has already initiated ‘
three co-operatives for ;
unemployed workers in!
parts of the Transvaal.
According to the IAS ;

. chairman, Ellison Moh- !
labe, the co-ops will ;
soon be handed over to -
the Congress of SA
Trade Unions which has
resolved to organise the
country's millions of
jobless into a single
national union.

The Industrial Aid
Society which, started
off as an advice office, +
has been at the forefront »
of organising the un-
employed since 1983.

ith recent surveys
estimating unemploy-
ment at close to a
staggering six million,’
organising those out of
work will not be an easy
task. And it certainly is
not one that can be
ignored by the indepen-
dent labour movement.

There are already two
other projects in prog-
ress which are geared
towards building a
single unemployed
workers union, the
Amalova Association on
the East Rand being one
of them.

19274
cso; 3400/170

jand Allied Workers !

“The Sarmcol co-op in
Howick, ‘Natal, organ- :
ised by dismissed Metal

Union members, is

other.
three IAS co-ops :
were set up when it §
‘became apparent that the
society's activity, which
centred around advising ,
workers on basic rights, °
was self limiting in its |
organisational potential. :
\e co-op project
proceeded to become;
one of the IAS's most |
i tin recent years |
with organising activity ;

..being concentrated in. !

the Eastern Transvaal :
areas of Brits, Nigel,
MUI buying schemes,
ul ig schemes,
small scale vegetable
farming, brick casting -
and sewing are some of
the activities workers

have been organised

arou:

The society's .
attempts at organising
the unemploye
represents a clear shift
away from its initial role-
in assisting in the ©
formation of trade,
unions of employed |
workers. .

Having laid the basis
for the formation of the
Mawu in the Transvaal,
the IAS began con-
centrating on workers
who fell outside the
scope of trade unions.

39

SOUTH AFRICA ©

This shift in policy
goes back almost four.
years (following the ;
formation of the UIF ad °
hoc Committee which :
proposed changes to the’!

Unemployment Insur-"
ance Fund

- It has also responded
to the growing unem-
ployment problem by
encouraging greater
commitment from
independent trade union
movement to organise
the millions of jobless.

In addition the IAS
set up industrial aid
centres in both the Vaal
and Pretoria areas to
deal specifically with
basic worker rights.

TAS. analysis show
that the majority of
workers needing advice
are from peripheral
industries that are either
too smail to organise ‘or
from sectors where trade
unions are still absent.

Although it remains
outside the Cosatu
stable, the IAS says it
perceives the federation
as representing a non-
sectarian position -- a
strategy, it says, best
served the interests of
the working class.

The IAS is based on
the third floor of the
Camperdown building
on the corner of Polly
and Kerk streets, Johan-
nesburg, telephone
number 23-8467/ 79.



SOUTH AFRICA

GOVERNMENT IMPOSES CLAMPDOWN ON EXPORT-IMPORT INFORMATION

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 11 Oct 86 p3

{Article by Brian Stuart]

[Text]

TO PROTECT South
Africa’s international
trade, the government
has imposed a clamp-
down on information
about goods entering
or leaving the country.

The decision not to dis-
close, details of cross-bor-
der trade, exports or im-
ports, has the full support
of opposition parties in
Parliament.

At this stage, there are
no restrictions on the
media reporting the arri-
val or departure of ships,
aircraft or trains, an SA
‘Transport Services
spokesman told The Citi-

zen yesterday.

The news clampdown
merely ‘meant that gov-
emment departments,
such as SATS, Finance
and Trade — Industry,
would not disclose details
of imports and exports.

In view of sanctions, it
was not in the national in-
terest to provide figures
relating to South Africa’s
trade with other coun-
tries. .

“At ministerial level we
will not supply informa-
tion about goods crossing

/12828
CSO: 3400/205

our borders or moving *

through our harbours.
“The same will apply to

airways, and we will not

disclose passenger and.

freight figures in future,”

said the spokesman.
Protect

Mr Harry Schwarz, MP
for Yeoville and Progres-
sive Federal Party spokes-
man on finance, said
South Africa had to pro-
tect herself in the face of
an economic war.

“If you have people
seeking to impose sanc-
tions and you are trying to
overcome those sanc-
tions, then you cannot
supply information that
will assist those waging an
economic war against
you,” said Mr Schwarz.

“Our whole economic
life is dependent on our
international trade.
About 60 percent of our
Gross National Product is.
related to import and ex-
port,

“It is not surprising for
the government to take
action to p¥otect this vital

trade.”
Consent

Mr Schwarz said in
terms of existing legis-
lation, information about
South Africa’s industrial
activities could not be
communicated abroad
without the consent of the
Minister of Trade and In-
dustry. This could be used
to protect information
about trade.

Mr Kent Durr, Deputy

70

Minister of Trade and In-
dustry, said the govern-
ment should not over-
react in imposing con-
trols: But it was appropri-
ate to withhold certain in-
formation because of
legitimate requests from
importers and exporters.

The Conservative Party
and the New Republic
Party also supported the

move.
"They said it was vital to
tect South Africa’s
trade against boycotts and
sanctions.

It was also necessary to
protect those ‘who sup-
plied goods to South Afri-
ca or bought South Afri-
can products in spite of
sanctions.

“You cannot conduct
an effective sanctions-
busting business if you are

. going to disclose this sort

of information,” The Citi-
zen was told. .

The Minister of Agri--
cultural Economics, Mr
Greyling Wentzel, and
the South African Agri-
cultural Union, indicated
earlier that information
about the import and ex-
port of agricultural prod-
ucts would also not be dis-
closed in future. This is to
protect South Africa’s
substantial sale of fruit
overseas and this coun-
try’s periodic purchase of
wheat.

The same will apply to
the Department of En-
vironment Affairs and
Tourism under Mr John
Wiley. .



SOUTH AFRICA

INDUSTRIALISTS' MEETING REVEALS EKANDUSTRIA'S INCENTIVES BEST

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 1 Oct 86 p 5

{Article by Linda Ensor]

{Text ]

‘HIGHER decentralisation incen-
tives were offered for the decon-
centration point Ekandustria, out-
side Bronkhorstspruit, than for any
other such area in the PWV. This
was told to a meeting of leading
industrialists on the East Rand
terday by KwaNdebele Dev ore
ment Corporation (KNDC) G!
Philip Kotzenberg.

Great interest was expressed by
the businessmen about whether
production in Ekandustria was be-
ofthe largest enterprises ~ Simon

e largest ent ‘ises — Simon
Wolman, of Plastop — reassured
those present he had experienced
few labour problems.

Incentives for Ekandustria in-
clude: wage rebates, ranging from
R35-R80 per worker per month ona
tax free basis for seven years; a
rental rebate of 25%-45%, on
the decentralisation market-relat-
ed rate for 10 years, an interest
subsidy of between 25%-45%; key

nel housing subsidies; train-.

grants; relocation grants and
While proposals have been mad

ile pro] ve made

for industrial land in the central

Witwatersrand and the East Rand

to be either frozen or provided in

limited supply to ensure that eco-

19274

CSO: 3400/160

nomic growth is channelled to the

" fringe areas of the PWV, a‘plentiful
exists

supply of industrial.
around Bronkhorstspruit...
Government owns extensive
tracts of land in the district and
Kotzenberg said the KNDC had ap-
plied for an extra 240ha of industri-
mated coct of Bi2ea. At present
mat of im. At present
240ha has been devel: or is un-
der : construction 109ha_has
been fully provided with. infra-
structure. :

The Development Bank of South-
ern Africa, he said, had a
KNDC application for a Ri8m loan
for the construction of 30 more fac-
tory buildings, which would involve
an investment by the private sector
of Ri3m.

“Unfortunately, insufficient
housing has been ided in the
Ekangala residential area and the
great majority of the emp!
are req to commute ly
from the hinterland of KwaNde-
bele, which is an undesirable situa-
tion. Urgent attention is being giv-
en to this aspect,” Kotzenberg said.

The present black population of
27000 in Ekangala is expected to

79

services of economic agglomora-:
tion without the negative cost ele-:

ments; H
Oilts labour force was already|

e industrial infrastructure
was comparable to the best in the
PWV was inexpensive in com-
parison to other major industrial

areas.

Since its establishment in Janu-
ary 1984, 65 industries, with a total
capital investment of R102m, had
been established in the KwaNde-
bele part of Ekandustria. About
3500 job opportunities had been
created, The private sector had in-
vested R45m.



020087

JPRS-SSA-86-111
6 NOVEMBER 1986

Sub-Saharan Africa Report |

_ [FBIS] FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

ee

| REPRODUCED By : - ; 7
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE |
NATIONAL TECHNICAL |
INFORMATION SERVICE
| _ SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161 _f 190)

k& AQ6,



company to finish an exploratory drilling programme which will take about
three years to complete and is expected to cost Rll million. It is also en-
visaged that the new company-owned in the following proportions, Freegold
57 percent, Duiker 25,8 percent, AAC and associates 15,6 percent and ‘Anglo-
vaal and Middlewits 1.6 percent—will be formed to take the cession of the
mining lease and will cede the lease to Freddies which will exploit the lease
area, [Excerpt] [By Madden Cole] [Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English

3 Oct 86 p 27] /9274

INTERNATIONAL CREDIT STANDING--Johannesburg, 6 Oct (SAPA)--In the eyes of the
international banking community, South Africa has been losing status as a good
credit risk for several years, SABC radio news reports. A high-ranking source
in the financial sphere said today that South Africa had never ranked in the
top 15 or 20 best credit risks, and had always come behind the leading indus-
trial nations, He said the Scandinavian countries and even one or two Third
World countries had scored better ranking. One factor which has caused South
Africa's position to decline had been the recent debt-repayment standstill,
but even before this the situation had been affected by political factors.

He said many investors were using the political situation as an excuse to dis-
invest, however, while the real reason lay elsewhere. An increasing concern
with the South African Government's policies on taxation and state-spending
was giving rise to grave misgivings about the future of the economy, and lead-
ing to a withdrawal of investments. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English
1836 GMT 7 Oct 86 MB] /9274

NEED FOR CANADIAN WHEAT--The chairman of the Wheat Board, Mr Charles Cilliers,
says South Africa does not depend on Canada for its wheat supply because the
grain can be tendered or from other countries. Reacting to an announcement by
Canada earlier today that it no longer will sell wheat to South Africa, Mr
Cilliers said this country had once only bought wheat from that country, After
that he said the Canadian Wheat Board had taken the initiative in submitting
tenders to South Africa. Mr Cilliers said at this stage it was not possible
to say if South Africa would import more wheat this year. [Text] [Johannes—
burg Domestic Service in English 0915 GMT 7 Oct 86 MB] /9274

CIVIL CONTRACTS CONTINUE SLUGGISH--The flow of new civil engineering contract
work remains sluggish but stable, the SA Federation of Civil Engineering
Contractors says. The value of the 105 new civil engineering contracts
recorded by the SAFCEC in August for work in the RSA and the TVBC states
was R102m, little changed from the figures for the past few months.

The August figure brings the total value of recorded new work this year

to R940m which in monetary terms is up on the R885m for the same period
last year but below the R1000m in January to August 1984 when there was

a slight upturn in the industry. However, if the inflation rate in the
construction industry is taken into account, the flow of new work in real
terms has continued to drop. Nevertheless, the SAFCEC says, "the intake

of new work so far this year appears to be stabilizing albeit at quite a
low level." Most of the contracts are for roads and outside the Western
Cape but Racec Cape has a R1,5m contract’ fdr! ithe maintenance of rail sidings
in Epping and Ndabeni and another for civil work at the Peninsula Technikon
in Bellville. [Text][Cape Town CAPE TIMES (Business) in English 26 Sep

86 p 6]/12828

CsO: 3400/205

105



Minister Urges Industry To Support Training Programs
(THE HERALD, 3 Oct 86) secsscesecccsccccccereccseceensones

Minister Criticizes Banks for Lack of Rural Investment
(Harare Domestic Service, 13 Oct 86) .ccccceccsccsecvceeve

Merchant Bank Issues Report on Economy
(SAPA, LO Oct 86) ceeececcevcercccsccecseccrceerenceceeres

Briefs
RSA Sanctions Threat Dismissed
External Radio Service Planned
Maize Crop Surplus
Land in Mozambique Attracts Farmers

SOUTH AFRICA

AFRIKANER/GOVERNMENT

BLACKS

Heunis Considers Reéstablishing Provincial Legislature
(SAPA, 9 Oct 86) ..

CP Leader Threatens ‘Resistance’ Over Black Power
(SAPA, 10 Oct 86) ...

State Structure Influenced by Security Forces' ‘Shadow Structure’
(THE WEEKLY MAIL, 3-8 Oct 86) .......

Network Detailed
National Security Management System in Action, by
Moira Levy

Minister Says Government Examining Equal Education
(SAPA, 13 Oct 86) .cecevcccnccrccccncccecssescereceesceers

Education Minister on Inequities in Spending
(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 14 Oct 86) ..eveccececcece

Government To Investigate Juvenile Imprisonment
(SAPA, 13 Oct 86) .ccccccccccccvvceccuvevcevsecescsccesees

Briefs
Bill Published
Hails Monitoring of UDF

ANC Statement Condemns RSA Aggression Against Mozambique
(Harare Voice of Namibia, 14 Oct 86) ..

12

13

18

20

21
21
22

25

27

28

29

29

30


SATS TO BEGIN AIR SPACE DEVELOPMENT

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg THE STAR (Metro) in English 25 Sep 86 p 24

[Article by Zenaide Vendeiro]

[Text]

Draft legislation’ which will
allow the development of air
space — a new concept in
South Africa — is being-con-
sidered and the South Afri-
can Transport Services
hopes to. begin its first air
space development project
early next year.

Air space developments have

occurred successfully in the
United States, Australia, ;Eu-
rope, Hong Kong and Japan for
decades. These have included
the construction of hotels,’ su-
permarkets, apartment build-
ings and carparks above rail-
way stations, rights-of-way and
freeways. "
. “Although one is legally enti-
tled to lease one’s air.space
there'is no way in South Africa
at present that the air space can
be sold or for leases to be no-
tarily registered. An Air Space
Bill is under consideration,” said
Mr Nigel Wolfson of the SATS
business development depart-
ment.

/9317
cs0: 3400/192

Stations

‘As SATS is the only Govern:

ment department allowed’ by
law to lease its land for private
sector. development, the Bill
would only refer to space above
railway stations and other SATS
properties.

The business aevelopment de-
partment, which manages the
SATS property portfolio, has
identified a few air space loca-
tions in the major centres which
are suitable for development.

Mr Wolfson said air space de-
velopment could make an excit-
ing and positive contribution: to
cities in South Africa if properly
planned and executed.

It could revitalise and renew
blighted areas; it would provide
locations close to or above pub-
lic transport facilities; it could
link parts of the city previously
divided by a railway line and it
would provide an additional
source of income to cities in the

106

form of property rates and
taxes, licences, and usagé of
water, electricity and sewerage.

There were disadvantages,
too. Building costs were gen-
erally higher because of irregu-
lar foundation ‘layout. between
railway tracks and the creation:
of a deck on which development
could take place...

. Air space development ‘would

disrupt rail and. other: traffic
during construction, make main-
tenance, more difficult, and limit
the’ future expansion of these’
services. a

It would also create many en-
vironmental problems sich as”
increased car traffic, lack of
basement parking, noise and vi-:

‘bration.

@ The South’ African Property
Owners’. Association Ww! T be:
holding a seminar ‘on land and
air space developments in
Johannesburg on October 28.
For further information tele-
phone SAPOA at 331-2637.


SOUTH AFRICA

EDUCATION MINISTER ON INEQUITIES IN SPENDING
MB140757 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 14 Oct 86

[Text] The Minister of National Education, Mr F. W. de Klerk, says the main-
tenance of existing education standards will be the final test for any future
decisions on financing education. Reacting in a statement issued in Pretoria
to reports implying that the government was cutting back drastically on finan-
cing certain education departments, Mr De Klerk said that no firm decisions
had been taken by the government as to how it was to implement its proposed
intention of providing equal education opportunities for all population
groups. The only announcement which had been made was that a subsidy formula
was being determined by negotiation with members of all interested bodies.

Mr De Klerk said that it could not be denied that there were inherent. differ-
ences in expenditure per pupil in the education of members of various popula—
tion groups as a result of historical and other factors. These differences
could not be removed overnight regardless of any availability of money. He
had already excluded the possibility that full equality could be achieved
within the next 10 years. The minister said that it was a just assumption
that a certain degree of rationalization would be demanded of those education
departments which found themselves in more favorable positions. He said that
the government had repeatedly declared that in its striving for equality and
the rationalization that would accompany this goal there would be no negative
effect on existing standards of any education department. Mr De Klerk said
that in the middle and long term the main source of finance for the improve~
ment of black and colored education would be the addition of funds made
available by the government.

/7051
cso: 3400/200

.-27



SURVEY PREDICTS SALARY INCREASES

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 29 Sep 86 p 11

[Text]

: ‘Average pay increases over the

next 12 months should climb to

about 12,6 percent compared _

with 11,1 percent over the past
year.

This is the prediction of PE
Corporate Services.

But there will be wide varia-
tions, depending on the job cat-

“ egory and the particular busi-

ness sector, and the vast ma-
jority of pay packets will still
trail behind
tion,

The following tables exam-
ine the forecasts made in a na-
tionwide survey that invited
predictions from more than

e rate of infla-

1000 employers which between
them have labour forces of
1,2 million workers. :

@ 1 Projected raises by job cat-

egory and race group, showing -
the percentage of workers like- :

ly to fall into particular in-
crease brackets.

@2 Sector by sector, the per-
centage of companies that
forecast the pattern of the in-
creases they have in mind.

record of percentage increases
in basic salaries over the past
decade — and compares them
with climbs in the consumer
price index.

TABLE 3

PERIOD

Whites Asians Blacks Coloureds CP!

7,1 16,7 13,2° 10,6
10,5 28,1 13,9 9,2
12,4 13,2 14,5 13,5
7,1 13,8 18,2 146
22,1 24,6 14,3 145
24,2 20,3 18,0 14,4
12,1 13,6 12,3 12,8
10,3 11,6 11,5 12,4
10,7 12,3 10,3 16,4
11,6 11,3 10,4 16,9

394,5 457.4 358,9 355,0

86

@3 The table follows the track

SOUTH AFRICA



RAND PRICE OF GOLD EXAMINED

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 2 Oct 86 p 5

[article by David de Kock, MD Currency Risk Management]

[Text]

SOUTH AFRICA is the. world’s
largest producer of gold — yet the
metal is more expensive in this
country than anywhere else.

This is a strange situation, but .
when you consider that bullion is
priced internationally in US dollars
and our currency is relatively un-
dervalued versus the US dollar,
then it is less strange.

Undoubtedly, the rand price of
gold. should ‘carry considerably
more importance in SA than the
dollar price. This is not, however,
the case in actual practice — we all

have some inkling of the dollar «

price but few look at the rand price.

Fluctuations:

The rand value of gold is more
important because, as a producer
nation, our production costs are in-
curred in rands, our revenues
earned in rands, profits and taxes
calculated in rands, etc.

Over the last two months we
have consistently earned in excess
of R900 per ounce and for much of
the time were, in fact, earning
close to R1 000 per ounce.

Prior to this the rand gold price
tended to fluctuate between R650
and R900 per ounce. I must point
out, however, that the R900 level is
a fairly recent phenomenon, occur-
ring for the first time in August
1985.

Reaction

In earlier times the rand gold
price generally ranged between

R400 and R6v0 per ounce — ie., a
level high enough above the cost of
production to ensure relatively

e profits for most of the
gold mining industry.

‘The most recent rise to more
than R900 per ounce has some in-
teresting aspects. For example, the

old price to pick up in dol-
lar terms in late July/early
August. The rand did not, however,
begin to appreciate against the US

dollar until late August/early Sep- :

tember. .

The result of the delayed reac-
tion of the rand was that the rand
gold rice hit record levels around
mid-August. The measured
was R1 015 on August 13. Since then
the rand gold price has been drift-
ing down but still holding above
R900 per ounce. This is significant,
especially for gold mine investors

and those involved with the vaga-"

ries of the rand/dollar exchange
rate. It implies that the rand is
keeping track with the dollar gold
price. One could almost say that SA
is back on the gold standard.

Established

If we look at the individual com-

nents of the rand gold price viz

e dollar price and the rand/dollar
exchange rate, it would seem that
this trend will continue. The gold
price is established in a bull phase,
with the channel indicating support
at $420 per ounce and resistance at
around #50, per ounce. The three
surges in the gold price since
August have each out-performed

81

* defore we could begin an argument '

SOUTH AFRICA

the last and the technical retrace-":
ment has not gone below the pre- '
vious peak. .
This is a formation — in '
fact, a very strong formation and I
wouldn’t be at all surprised to see.a
massive upmove, possibly before

Of course, this technical analysis
also has foundation in the: funda-
mentals. Gold is traditionally seen
as both a store of value and a store
of wealth, From the store of value
viewpoint we are a begin-
ning to see signs of world Tnflation
pi i up but, more importantly

the wealth - viewpoint, we .
have many problems, not the least
of which are falling share prices
and latent problems in the Ameri-
can banking system. Thus the fun-

tential of a rise in the

damental pot
_ 80ld price is also looking good.

The rand is not in a bull phase. It
needs to breach the February highs |

for this. However, the trend is up,
with support at US$0,44 and resis-
tance at US$0,48. Compared with
the support and resistance levels
on gold this implies that the rand
‘old price maintains a level around
per ounce. In the circum-
stances we can look to the rand/
dollar exchange rate continuing to
track the gold price.

If, for some reason, gold breaks
significantly out of the channel
lines, what can we expect for the
rand? I would submit that a down
break would not see a significant
fall in the rand, simply because —
as stated — the rand is not in a bull



Mr Nkomo was accused of plotting. a coup when arms caches were discovered on
ZAPU properties.

Mr Nkala said "vetting" of whites returning from South Africa had been going
on for a long time.

A new committee would soon be formed consisting of representatives of several
ministries and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, which would insist that would-be
returnees repatriated all the assets they had exported.

Some applicants had already "failed to make the grade."

“Those who went out felt that were unsafe. Now they are safe they should bring
back the assets they took from this country.

"If they don't, then I don't think we need them," said Mr Nkala.

“Some of these returnees have farms, houses, and cash in blocked accounts which
they get back."

Mr Nkala blamed returnees for pushing up the price of houses in Zimbabwe through
extravagant bids with their newly-released funds.

"We will not accept those who want to come back and take away jobs from Zim-
babweans, but if they are in the critical skills sphere there is no problem,"
he said.

Over 100,000 whites are believed to have emigrated to South Africa since the
start of the bush war in 1977, many claiming South African passports by des-
cent in order to enter the republic as "returning residents."

Under newly introduced legislation abolishing the right to dual citizenship,
they will have automatically lost their Zimbabwean status, even if born in
Zimbabwe, and have no right of residence. The position of those who retained
Zimbabwean citizenship alone is not clear.

/12232
cso: 3400/139



of all groups to work together on the basis of
joint decision-making with regard to every-
thing that binds us. It doesn’t mean we are
Jeaning towards the Conservative Party
simply because we recognise the existence of
groups and the need for group security.

It seems blacks, from the most moderate to
the most radical, are determined to accept
nothing less than full participation in
government at the highest level. You have
a National Statutory Council working on.
a solution to black participation, but could
not such an ideal ultimately find expres-
sion through the formation of a government
of national unity?

The term “government of national unity” is
usually used to depict a temporary situati
which you create when a country is in cri
People say, Jet's put aside our differences
and work against the common enemy and we
will resume our normal constitutional pro-
cess once we are over this hill. That is what
a government of national unity, in my view,
really means. However, that is not what our
opponents want. ‘They want us to abdicate,
to lose our legitimacy as a government.
They, and maybe even some of our
friends, want to reduce the government to
just another party sitting around the confer-

19274
cso: 3400/167

51

ence table together with the ANC under the
chairmanship of someone else. That ] can
never accept.

My objection to the suggestion of a
government of national unity, apart from
the fact that the government is exercising
power control which makes it unnecessary.
is that such a step will bring its legitimacy
into question. | therefore say it is unneces-
sary and unwise. As to the other part of the
question: if you analyse the proposed
National Statutory Council, it does meet,
on an interim basis the requirements for the
creation of more meaningful participation by
blacks in decision-making. Built into the
council proposals are firm steps towards joint
decision-making.

But the people who participate in the
council have to be satisfied that their con-
tribution will be regarded sincerely and
that their participation will in fact lead to
meaningful involvement in government.

How can they be satisfied or convinced
until they participate? As I said earlier,
lively discussions are taking place on the
issue of black participation. I don’t want to
prejudice negotiations and I am sure the
government will make its position known
when the time is right.



all things to all people was also demonstrated

when:

© The business sector established the
South African Foundation in 1959 with a
view to pleading South Ai
abroad, the Department of Information
followed but had to pay the price of the
wrong ethical concept that “the end
justifies the means”;

O The private sector inaugurated the
Sports Foundation of Southern Africa, the
Department of Sport and Recreation fol-
lowed quickly on its heels. Unfortunately
we are now out of international sport;

O The private sector was in the process of
establishing the Development Bank for
Equatorial and Southern Africa, the
Minister of Finance announced in 1971
that it was going to establish a similar
bank in this country. The announcement
effectively withheld considerable capital
from EDESA, even though the govern-
ment’s counterpart was established only
12 years later.

Personally I believe that private initiative
can do these things better and with more
credibility than the public sector.

The Rupert group's involvement in social
responsibility projects across a wide front
(housing, nature foundation, historical

homes, etc) have cost enormous amounts.
Why are projects of this kind so important?

It has been our consistent viewpoint over the
company has a three-fold

ity: towards its shareholders, to-
wards its personnel, and towards the com-
munity in which it exists and from which it
derives its success.

From the beginning, we realised chat the
confidence and goodwill of the public are one
of the most important foundations on which
a healthy enterprise should be based. Thus,
it has always been a matter of honour for us
to fulfil, to the best of our ability, our obli-
gations to the community as a whole.

You cannot do long-term business success-
fully in an unhappy and deprived community
without any hope or prospect of a better fu-
ture.

Through the World Wildlife Fund, and its
SA Nature Foundation connection, you
have shown great interest in the environ-
ment. Demographics show the SA environ-
ment and ecology to be severely threatened.
Is the situation as hopeless as some make
it sound? Can business make a major con-
tribution in this regard?

93

Our region is no stranger to the world’s
environmental problems. It is indeed so that
the planet's capacity to support people is
being seriously reduced in both developed
and developing countries. The figures of
population growth in relation to limited
natural resources are frightening — but only if
we do nothing. While the problems may be
stark, fortunately the possible solutions are
clearly set out in the “World Conservation
Strategy”, initiated and published by the
World Wildlife Fund.

‘The goal is sustainable utilisation, where
population, urban growth, food production
and development are all in proportion; all
capable of being sustained. A means to this
end is conservation.

Development means using the earth’s
living and mineral resources for human.
benefit. But economic development without
conservation is like financing an irresponsi-
ble spending spree on credit, without
thought for tomorrow’s budget. By digging
into future income through the wasteful
exploitation of natural resources, temporary
gains are made at the cost of impoverishing
our future.

This is cutting down an apple tree to pick
the apples, and we sentence our children’s
children to a lifestyle spent in the pursuit of
mere survival.

Business has started making a contribution
in this respect. A number of them have ap-
pointed senior managers, with direct access
to the chief executive, to overview all com-
pany activities which may impact on the
environment. Environmental concerns are
being referred to in corporate advertising and
annual accounts.

In South Africa the SA Nature Foundation
is mainly funded by commerce and industry.
This organisation has been instrumental i

O The creation or en-
largement of 25
National Parl
Southern Africa over
the past 18 years;
© The launching of the
SA Natural Heritage
Programme, encour-
aging conservation
on private land in
co-operation with the owner;
O The establishment of / s first chairs
in conservation and wildlife management
at Pretoria and Stellenbo: i
O The initiation of a National Parks ‘Trust
Fund of R9m where interest will be
available for land purchase for urgently
needed new national parks
OD The implementation of protective me:



SOUTH AFRICA

NEW METHODS TO CURB SOIL EROSION USED IN EASTERN CAPE

Port Elizabeth WEEKEND POST in English 4 Oct 86 p 4

{Article by Jenny Cullum]

[Text]

. ANEW method of curbing soil erosion in pineapple lands {

-in the Eastern Cape almost eliminates top-soil loss and |
could lead to huge savings in the lucrative industry, which |
earns R88 million annually in exports.

Results of tests so far have been “spectacular”, accord- i
ing to Mr Noel Kieck, head of Technical Support Services |
in the Eastern Cape region of the Department of Agricul-
ture and Water Supply.

By covering the ridge furrows between new pineapple

plantings with a mulch of old pineapple plants, called
“plok”, soil loss was cut from 61,4 tons per hectare. to:
between 1,1 tons and 2 tons per hectare, over a six month
period.

A minimum tillage system, combined with the
cover of mulch, also cuts erosion — as well as cultivation,
and production costs.

The research tests showed an average cut in erosion a

» between 96% and 98%. This means an estimated financial
saving to the farmer of R144 per hectare annually and a
saving of R650 per hectare over the four-and-a-half year
life of pineapple plants.

One major producer with nine million plants hasi
adopted the system and has already registered substantial
savings.

‘The research has been led by Mr Kieck and Mr Brian
Denyer, senior industrial technician (soil conservation) at
the Bathurst Research Station.

Some tests taken over a shorter rainy period have shown
that 67 times more soil was lost on bare ground than on
ground covered with “plok”.

Pineapple lands are especially vulnerable to scouring
out of top soil through water run-off because pineapples
are cultivated on steep slopes, in erodible soils, and on
ridges which are kept bare of all vegetation for up to three
years.

The pineapple plant itself provides virtually no ground
cover for the first 18 months.

Research has shown that it is inexpensive for the “plok”
— which was previously burnt or ploughed in — to be cut
and packed into the ridge canals. About 40 tons of le per
hectare is sufficient for a good mulch,

/12828
CSO: 3400/205

~ The pineapple industry in the Eastern-Cape produces |
200 000 tons of cayennes annually, or 85% of the country’s:
crop.

Growers are spread over 22000 hectares in the East
London and Komga areas, and 9 000 hectares in the Bath--
urst area.

“Top-soil is the farmer’s capital and it is essential for
him to protect it. This research we are doing is practical ;
conservation work for problems in the field and farmers !
are showing great interest in it,” said Mr Kieck.

“We have shown that by using this system, soil erosion
can be reduced to virtually nothing. Results have been
most impressive and the benefit reaped by the Pineapple .
industry as a whole should be great.”

72



SOUTH AFRICA

UDF OFFICIAL COMMENTS ON STRENGTH OF DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT

Johannesburg FRONTLINE in English Sep-Oct 86 p 43

[Article by Murphy Morobe]

[Text]

HE democratic movement has
not been crushed. While wide-
spread detentions — over 70% of
which are UDF affiliates —
have hit some areas hard, many activitists
foresaw the emergency and took the nec-
essary precautions. They have been able
to avoid detention and
remain active, even if covertly. Our

organisations are stronger and deeper than |

before and are thus better able to replace
activists detained, killed or forced into
exile.

While the army and police continue
terrorising local populations, they have not
gone unchallenged. Increasingly, the
people are fighting back.

The State hoped that with the elimina-
tion of the democratic movement, dummy
bodies could be revived and propped up.
Yet councillors continue to resign and
numerous local authorities have been
taken over by white officials.

Most significant, however, is the victory
of the kwaNdebele people. In the face of
tremendous repression they literally laid
down their lives to defeat Pretoria’s
schemes. The UDF salutes the courage
and determination of our people in this
area.

It is true that the stringent curbs on the
Press, bannings of meetings and other
harsh emergency regulations have made it
difficult to mobilise and organise on the
legal terrain. Yet our people's capacity for
united action has not been broken.

@ The emergency has not undermined the
growing unity between trade unions and
the rest of the democratic movement — a
unity which the State finds very threaten-
ing. Shortly after the declaration of the

emergency, numerous retail workers went
on strike against it and in protest against
the detention of their leaders. The June
16th stayaway went ahead as planned.
More recently there was a successful
stayaway in Uitenhage.

@ The information black-out has not
resulted in an acceptance by the majority
of the people of the misinformation fed to
us by the Bureau for Information. In fact,
in kwaNdebele the government’s propa-
ganda about “black-on-black” violence
has backfired.

Despite the bureau’s claims that the
conflict was a result of faction fighting
among blacks, the Imbokotho have been
exposed as death squads operating to elim-
inate opponents of apartheid. The conflict
was clearly between those people colla-
borating with apartheid and the majority
of people fighting against it.

It is in communities which do not
directly experience what is going on in our
townships and villages, that the media
black-out has to some extent enabled the
State to pull the wool over people’s eyes.

@ The regime has failed to retain
control of the townships and prevent the
growth of people’s power. Despite the
bans on meetings, people have devised
ways to meet — right under the noses of
the troops and Casspirs. Street commit-
tees are being set up for the first time in
places like Soweto. The rent boycotts have
not been crushed, in fact they have
spread. People have had no alternative but
to defend themselves againt rent evictions
and seizure of their furniture.

School students have successfully used
a variety of tactics to resist attempts to
break the development of people’s power

33



SOUTH AFRICA

DE KLERK DISCUSSES EDUCATION, OTHER DOMESTIC ISSUES
Cape Town LEADERSHIP in English Vol 5 86 No 4 pp 27, 28, 30, 32, 33

(Interview with Minister of National Education F. W. de Klerk, by Hugh Murray;
date and place not given]

{Text}

F Wde Klerk, Minister of National Education, Chairman of the Minis-
ters’ Council, and leader of the National Party in the Transvaal isa stickler
for protocol. , _

He will not comment on any matter which may be the province of
another minister. Nor does he take kindly to speculation that he is P W
Botha’s heir apparent. There is a disarming orthodoxy about this stance.
But is it genuine?

The De Klerk contingent in Parliament, who are adamant that the
50-year-old minister is the front-funner for a move to Die Tuynhuys,
maintain itis. Itis difficult to disagree, particularly when one examines
his track record.

Son of the legendary Jan de Klerk, for many years President of the
Senate, and younger brother of Willem de Klerk, editor of Rapport,
“F W” has seldom put a foot wrong — in government terms of course!

He will not be drawn into casual gossip about his colleagues. Indeed,
there is an air of gravity about him which immediately discourages the
pursuit of anything casual at all. He has the demeanour of a traditional
Nationalist leader.

The business community has blown hot and cold on him. At one
point he was its undisputed favourite. Then, as he adopted a more con-
servative line, confidence waned. There seems to be a resurgence of
businessmen’s interest in him at present, though this may be the result of
a general private sector belief that he will take over from President Botha.

To Leadership editor Hugh Murray, who interviewed him for this
edition, De Klerk remains an enigma. But, Murray concludes, it is per-
haps white nationalism in 1986, rather than the man himself that remains
obscure —a puzzle.

45



take note of this and must realise that they
must make a choice on this. ‘The national
council. [ think, offers a real opportunity to.
establish a negotiated system, Rejection of
that opportunity, I think, plays into the
hands of those who want to prevent peaceful
solutions in South Africa,

Another perception is that government is in
fact run by a small, tight group of people — a
very limited number of ministers and a
couple of very high-level officials. The
perception is that they operate in much the
same way as the Stuart kings, with a kind
of inner cabinet, a sort of cabal. Is that a
correct perception?

I really think it is a wrong perception. ‘hat
sort of situation typically develops, for
instance, under the Westminister system.
But if you implement, as we are now doing,
the principle of devolution of power, that in
itself divides power. It creates new power
bases where decisions are taken. ‘The own
affairs concept is also a form of division of
power. It brings into being checks and
balances. We are moving towards more
checks and balances and less centralisation
of decision-making and the more we succeed
in doing so, the less true that perception
will be.

The perception is that the type of cabal to
which people refer enables the State
President to implement anything he chooses
and that the kind of devolutionary govern-
ment you are describing is simply a matter
of divide and rule.

Obviously, the State President has a lot of
power. Mrs Thatcher has a lot of power. In
most modem and developed states, the head
of state is in an extremely powerful position.
But style is also important and as a senior
cabinet minister who has served in cabinet
now for some eight years, I can testify that
the style of the State President is highly
democratic. He is a team man in the real
sense of the word and he is not a dictator in
any sense. His style, therefore, is another
argument against that perception. What is
more, the State President is going to great
lengths to draw into the decision-making
Process energy and talent from outside
government ranks. It is he who initiated the
recomposition, for instance, of the economic
advisory council with a private sector chair-
man. So I really think it is the wrong per-
ception. We are trying to broaden democracy
in various way and we are honest when we
v that.

50

As leader of the National Party in
Transvaal, you have to deal, more than any
other leader, with the reality of nationalist
conservatism. Are you prepared to make
concessions to Andries Treurnicht'
Conservative Party in order to st:
power?

in

T think that any commentator who accuses
the National Party of leaning over back-
wards, of trying to be as conservative as the
Conservative Party, is either uninformed or
he is making that accusation maliciously. 1
think that our track record since the rift in
the National Party, since the formation of
the Conservative Party is one of taking our
people into our confidence, of fearlessly
adapting our policies.

‘The acceptance by the National Party of
the concept of power sharing, and the
honest, open way in which this has been
stated and re-stated. is clear proof that we
have set our own course and that we are not
looking over our right shoulder. | also think
that the threat from the right is not as strong
as it is made out to be. Tam not underesti-
mating it but the National Party in the
‘Fransvaal has no intention at the next
general election of losing to the Conservative
Party.

We believe that our policies afford the
only workable alternative being offered in
South Africa. The Conservatives, and the
Herstigte Nasionale Party, tend to ignore the
reality of interdependence between the
various population groups. They tend to
underplay the need for interaction and they
deny the need for joint decision-making.
‘They are chasing a dream — that it is possible
to totally separate from each other, in the
political sense of the word, the various
population groups in South Africa. We say
no, that is not possible. On the other hand.
the Progressive Party underplays or ignores
the reality of diversity in South Africa. And
they are, likewise, chasing a dream — that it
is possible to build from this diversity one
harmonious whole in one common federal
system in which ethnicity won't be much of
a factor.

On the one hand. there is the diversity
which must be accommodated in any system
which you evolve. Security must be given
to each group. otherwise groups won't take
the risk of co-operating in one system with
regard to joint decision-making. On the
other hand, there is the need for joint deci-
sion-making because of the interdependent
nature of the total population. We must
marry these factors and create a s'
which will accommodate the diversity but
multaneously make it possible for leaders



Murray: You are play-
ing major roles in part-
icularly complex and
ive areas of our
society. How do you
see your position?

k: [have a dual
bility in my

as a minister.
rer of National
fairs depart-
Phen Tam

* Council in the

Pp:
On the one hand, Lam Mi
Education which is a general
ment portfolio in the cabinet.
chairman of the Mi
House o
Budget in the House of Assembl
ing Nai Sducation, obvious!
dealing with one of the most sen: Wey
in the South \frican debate. The Depart-
ment of National Education new
department which was formed when the
three-chamber parliament came into being.
Uneil chen - apart from the black education
departments of the national states — we had
an education department for black educa-
tion, we had one for coloured education and
one for Indian education. There wasn't one
department catering for all population groups
and formulating and co-ordinating general
policy. The new Department of National
Education was established following the De
Lange report which suggested that there
should be one department for
education,

tn the constitution, education is ch
defined as an own affair with the e:
of certain facets, namely: norms and stand-
ards of financing for education; norms and
standards for syllabi and for certification of
academic standards; registration of all teach-
remuneration and
conditions of service of all teachers. These
matters are prescribed. in constitutional
terms, as general affairs and that is the area
of my responsibility in education. It is m
task to ensure that government's commit-
ment to equal provision of education is car-
ried out, We are making headway in the
fields of the norms, and standards for
financing. I have announced that [am now
negotiating a 10-year plan which will not
achieve full equality in the provision of
education, but which, Lam sure, will make
dramatic breakthroughs on the road to
achieving that goal. It cannot be attained
overnight. I know that people use against us
the inequality in education. They quote
figures that we spend so much per child in
white education and only so much in black
education. The problem however, is com-
plex. The underlying cause for the so-called

sembly and also Minister of the
Regard-
Tam

46

inequality, is, firstly, that the average
standard of qualification of the teachers in
black education is too low. Before we can
obtain equal provision, we will have to up-
grade the qualifications of teachers in black
education and there are various programmes
being implemented in this regard. Secondly,
there is the teacher/pupil ratio which is very
low in the case of white education but very
high in black education. To rectify that you
need to train more teachers, build more
schools and establish the financial formulae
to achieve an equal balance

Are you going to be able to achieve your
objectives in relation to the boycotts of
classes and the often violent anti-govern-
ment political activity in the schools? How
can you function in a highly politicised
environment where pupils, for example, are
unilaterally re-naming schools “Nelson
Mandela High” or “Walter Sisulu Pri-
mary"?

Minister Gerrit Viljoen, who is in charge of
black education, would be the best person to
teply to those questi y
believe education is one of
the most important things in the life of any
family. Parents take a particular interest in
the education of their children. If we can
visibly prove that we are making headway in
the improvement of standards — and I be-
lieve we will be able to do so - then I think
that responsible parents, who obviously form
the vast majority of all parents, will realise
that something is happening. If, however,
propaganda succeeds in making them believe
that nothing is really happening, that our
commitment to equal provision for education
is just empty talk, then obviously we won't
make headway, We are doing every
our power to prevent this and 1 y
believe that the positive things which are
happening and which will happen, will help
to restore equanimity

If one really analyses the figures, you find
that, yes, what you said about unrest does
pertain in certain limited areas. However, the
it majority of schools in all education
departments are running smoothly. We have
normal attendance figures and things are
going well in most areas.

If there is a distorted picture about what is
happening, isn’t this because the Press and
other interested parties are largely forbidden
to enter certain areas under the State of
Emergency regulations?

You need that type of regulation because



SOUTH AFRICA

MERCEDES-BENZ TO SUBSIDIZE EMPLOYEE HOUSING
MB170708 Johannesburg SAPA in English 2320 GMT 16 Oct 86

[Text] East London, 16 Oct, SAPA--Mercedes-Benz has committed R4 million to
the social upliftment of its employees in the fields of housing and education.

The chairman of the management board of the company, Mr Jurgen Chrempp,
announced at Umhlanga Rocks his company was committed to a social programme
for a better quality of life of all population groups, specifically in hous-
ing and education. Mr Chrempp said his company was looking at ways to improve
the lot of its staff in East London and was consulting the urban foundation.
At present the company was working to improve housing subsidy schemes.
Assistance would be given on a non-racial basis but was aimed primarily at
blacks and coloureds. The main emphasis at present would be on improving
education with housing improvements coming later.

The mayor of East London, Mrs Elsabe Kemp, congratulated the company on what
she called a fine gesture.

17358
cso: 3400/221

75



SOUTH AFRICA

DURBAN PORT WITHHOLDS DOCKED SHIPS LIST
MB090606 Johannesburg SAPA in English 2234 GMT 8 Oct 86

[Text] Durban, 8 Oct, SAPA--In an apparent move to counter sanctions, Durban
port authorities--acting on a government request--today refused to release the
daily list of ships in the harbour. A South African Transport Services [SATS]
spokesman in Johannesburg said the decision to withhold the list was taken fol-
lowing a "request" from the minister of trade and industry, Dr Dawie de Villiers,
and "in the interests of our clients." Dr de Villiers could not be reached for
comment tonight, and it could not be established what official restrictions
would now be in force relating to shipping information.

However, deputy trade and industry minister, Mr Kent Durr, said a general request
had been passed on to various state departments at the request of the private
sector. "We made known to them the problems that some firms were facing and
asked that appropriate steps be taken to protect the interests of particular
people." He said the question of whether the SATS move to withhold the list
was in response to the general request issued by the ministry, or as a result
of a specific directive, was one Dr de Villiers would have to answer. "Our job
is not to trade. The government is there to facilitate trade, to advise where
appropriate, and to respond to the needs of the trading community." He said
that while it was important for the government not to "over-react," by following
“a road of strict control," there would be times when it would be more appro-
priate to withhold certain information because of legitimate requests.

Lists of shipping movements at other South African ports were released as normal
today.

/7358
csO: 3400/165

85



SOUTH AFRICA

UDF TREASURER VOWS TO GO UNDERGROUND IF BANNED
MB091934 London BBC World Service in English 1515 GMT 9 Oct 86

[Interview with UDF treasurer Ashar Cachalia by Julian Borja on the line to
Johannesburg from the "Focus on Africa" program; date not given]

[Text] The South African Government has finally published an order declaring
the United Democratic Front, the UDF, to be what is termed an affected organiza-
tion. The UDF is the country's leading antiapartheid organization and was
founded 3 years ago to campaign against the new constitution, which excludes
blacks from power sharing. Ashar Cachalia is treasurer of the UDF. On the line
to Johannesburg, Julian Borja asked him what effect the order will have on the
movement. :

[Begin recording] [Cachalia] Well, the legal implications are that firstly the
United Democratic Front itself will henceforth not be able to receive or raise
any moneys from outside of the Republic of South Africa. And secondly that the
moneys presently in possession of the United Democratic Front, which we have
raised from abroad, cannot be used.

[Borja] How badly will this hit you? How much of your funds do you raise
abroad? :

[Cachalia] Well, since the declaration of the first emergency the UDF has been
subjected to such severe repression in the form of trials, bannings, and deten-
tions that the UDF's capacity to raise funds internally has obviously been very
severely affected. Since the first emergency, therefore, the UDF has raised a
very substantial proportion of its funds abroad.

[Borja] What kind of percentage are we talking about? Fifty percent? Seventy
percent?

[Cachalia] Well, we are talking about over 50 percent of the funds of the UDF
have been raised abroad.

[Borja] Do you think this is the first step toward the ban of your organization?
[Cachalia] We feel that if the government does not achieve its purpose of ren-

dering the UDF inoperative, the next step will be to ban it. So, we fear that
that is certainly a distinct possibility.

40



ESCOM POWER STATION GO-AHEAD PLEASES CONSTRUCTION LEADERS

Johannesburg THE STAR (Business) in English 1 Oct 86 p 20

{Article by Frank Jeans and Sven Lunsche]

[Text]

The capital market has discounted the effect of the R1,7 billion |
Escom will have to raise in loans on the domestic market to meet i
its financial requirements in 1987.

Analysts said yesterday the market had been aware of this for |
half a year and with the cash flow of institutional investors into
public sector securities estimated at about R5,8 billion for 1986,
Escom should have no trouble raising these loans. |

‘As a result of capital expenditure cuts and cost control plans, *
Escom’s estimated funding through the capital market will :
amount to only. R1,3 billion in 1986.

Mr Larry Harper, Escom’s senior general manager, finance,
announced a R3,42 billion funding plan for 1987. Of this R1,7 billion
will be raised in the primary and secondary capital market. .

“Escom aims at taking up no more than 25 percent of the insti- |
tutions’ prescribed assets in public securities over the next three
years, in order not to exert to much pressure on local interest :

SOUTH AFRICA

rates,” he said. .

South African construction lead-
ers are elated at Escom’s deci- :
sion to go ahead with its new
spread of power stations which
will put billions of rands-into the
industry.

The Escom decision is a
major boost for the struggling
civil engineering industry which
has seen work volumes dimin-
ishing rapidly.

When Majuba, the big project
in the commission’s network,
was put on ice some time ago it
came as a shock to construction
men who were looking at an
overall contract in the region of '
R2000 million.

110

Now, not only Majuba at
Voiksrus but Kendal (Witbank)
and Matimba (Ellisras) have all
got the go-ahead and with each
power station costing around
R3,5 billion, the benefits to con-
struction companies and ancil-
lary industries will be enormous
and should make a significant
impact on unemployment.

Favourable impact

The three stations, along with
Tutuka (Standerton) and Letabo
(Vereeniging), are all at various
stages of construction, but the
first three still have consider-
able construction time down the
ine.


JPRS-SSA-86-111
6 NOVEMBER 1986

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

ConTENTS

ANGOLA

Briefs
MPLA Military Convoy Attacked
56 Angolans, 2 Soviets Killed
60 Rebels Reportedly Killed
39 UNITA Killed, 19 Captured
GDR Package of Corporate Grants

NNER

MOZAMBIQUE

South Africa Revealed Aiding Renamo
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 27 Sep 86) ..

Briefs
Dutch Officials for Beira Port
Electricity Talks With Zimbabwe
EEC Fund To Upgrade Railway Line
Debt Rescheduling Talks Resume
France's CCCE Backs Nacala Railway
Italy's Interconsulting Projects
Maputo Port Traffic Declining
Renamo's Jorge Correia Dismissed
Security Talks With Seychelles
French Loans
India Offers Military Training

WUDDAAVUVGEHEHE

ZIMBABWE

Minister on Calm in South, Returning Whites
(SAPA, 1 Oct 86) wecsecevcercereccrccerscccccrcesecescesee 8

Paper Asks Botswana Not To Subvert Sanctions
(SAPA, 1 Oct 86) ceccccccccscccctececrcccccssceccssesveree 10

Nation's Gold Refining Switched From RSA to Australia
(THE CITIZEN, 3 Oct 86) .cccceccveccevcccccccverccessccses 11
-a-



SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

SAFTO PUBLISHES RSA-US TRADE FIGURES--Two-way trade between SA and the US
was worth more than R6189m last year, with imports into this country
exceeding exports in value by nearly R130m. Figures published by the SA
Foreign Trade Organization (Safto) show that in 1985 the biggest’ single
item in 22 cross-trading categories was the importation from the US of
machinery and parts valued at more than R1072m. SA's biggest single export
to the US was base metals,’ worth well over R747m last year, with, exports

of mineral products running to nearly R250m and precious and semi-precious
stones accounting for nearly R209m. The value of chemical and allied
products exported to the USA was R127389962 and prepared food-stuffs and
beverages accounted for R121967184. Apart from machinery and parts, the
main items imported into SA from the US were chemical and allied products
(R471684666), transport equipment and parts (R299926006), vegetable products
(R225638490), precious and semi-precious stones and articles made from them
(R212126546), precision equipment (R200592072), paper-making materials and
paper products (R155787808) and artificiam resins, plastics and rubber
(R118816265). President Ronald Reagan indicated at the weekend that he
will adopt the EC bans on iron, steel and voluntary new investment if his
veto of a stronger Congress sanctions bill is sustained. [Text][Cape

Town CAPE TIMES in English 30 Sep 86 p 11]/12828

THREATS TO CLOTHING EXPORTS--Growing us protectionism, in addition to the
pressure for sanctions, means a. double threat to SA clothing exports, the
President of the National Clothing Federation, Mike Getz, said at the
weekend. He was commenting on news that the US House of Representatives
had passed a Bill with measures including a fee to be levied on all
merchandise imports. The main reason for the measure was to curb Japanese
imports, but Getz said that if it became law it would be bad for this
country's clothing industry too. He said that only 3% of SA's clothing
production was not exported to the US. "But in the present situation, when
we are trying to recover, any market lost is a loss of badly-needed jobs."
[Text] [Cape Town CAPE TIMES in English 30 Sep 86 p 11]/12828

MANGANESE ORE SINTERING PLANT--Samancor is to establish a plant for the
sintering of manganese ore at its Mamatwan mine. The plant, which with its
facilities will cost R60 million, will be completed in 1988. Sintered ore

has a number of advantages over lumpy ore, and its production will significantly
improve the cost-effectiveness of Samancor's manganese alloy operation.

103



He chose the third option. After steadily cutting down on his consumption,
he began refusing all meals.

At the end of the third day he suffered a severe asthma attack. Although he
banged a shoe against the cell door to alert the police, he received his
pills only late that night.

The next day a concerned district surgeon who had tried to dissuade him from
embarking on the fast examined him and rushed him to hospital. He was dis-
charged after 10 days and after a last night in isolation, was placed in a
cell with four white detainees from Grahmstown and Port Elizabeth.

Throughout his detention, Loewe said, he repeatedly complained to prison
officials, the police and district surgeons about the conditions in prison
and the police cell in which he was held. He was never visited by a judge.

During his 83 days in detention, Loewe's freelance news agency came to a
standstill. Now a restriction order banning him from disseminating news or
contributing to publications means he cannot return to his profession. "No
journalist should feel at ease when we can be silenced with such broad
restrictions," he commented. He is contemplating legal action.

Police Issue Statement on Charges
MB111022 Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 9-16 Oct 86 p 12

[Text] The South African police public relations division in Pretoria gave
the following response to the allegations of Port Elizabeth state of emer-
gency detainees Eric Linda and Mike Loewe.

“We do not comment on the detention of individuals. Generally speaking, how~
ever, we would like to make the following comments:

"All persons detained in terms of the emergency regulations are given a
balanced diet and sufficient blankets. ,

"Should a detainee require medical attention, this is arranged without delay.

“Talk of a police state in South Africa where thé ratio is only 1.6 per 1,000
of the population is not worthy of comment.

"Those in police detention are visited by a variety of officials such as
judges, magistrates and senior police officials, besides the normal visit
every hour. There is, therefore, ample opportunity to complain about condi-
tions, food, etc. If instead of lodging complaints with officials, ex-de-
tainees choose to complain to the media, one can only come to the conclusion
that the allegations are made solely for propaganda purposes.

"If any person is of the opinion that there is legal cause for complaint,

affidavits can be made available to the police through any of a number of
channels. The allegations will then be investigated."

63



sooner than it would have done, doesn’t
mean that Parliament comes to a standstill.
“The Bills which we would have preferred to
finalise during this session will be discussed
in the committees and will hopefully be
ready for Parliament early in the next ses-
sion.

T also want to say that it is incorrect to say
that the government refused to debate the
Soweto issue. The opposition wasn’t satis-
fied with the time which the speaker was
originally prepared to afford. Government
subsequently agreed to a longer debate
because it by then had the opportunity to
investigate the incidents. Really, Parliament
isn’t in such a crisis as is alleged. On the
contrary, it is playing a far more significant
and meaningful role than it did under the old
Westminister system.

If the tri-cameral Parliament has worked so
well, what prevents government from, at
the very least, introducing a fourth chamber
for blacks?

Moderate black leaders have rejected a
fourth chamber, among them Chief
Buthelezi of KwaZulu. In any case, a fourth
chamber doesn’t make sense because it
doesn’t recognise the multi-cultural compo-
sition of the black community. Who do you
include in the fourth chamber? We have
already established legislative assemblies for
each and every black nation in South Africa,
and the TBVC states are now independent
with their own parliaments. We have also
decided to create legislatures and executives
for blacks outside the self-governing terri-
tories, for example, in such metropolitan
areas as Soweto. Some of these relate toa
geographical basis, some to an ethnic basis.
The result will be a number of own political
bases for identifiable
black groups and com-
munities,

Now, against that
background, a fourth
chamber in Parliament
doesn’t make sense.
What we need to do
now is to negotiate and
that is why we don’t

prepare blueprints and put detailed plans on
the table as to how blacks can participate in
the legislative process and how they can
participate at executive level. ‘Chat is an

ie which is being investigated with great
urgency and which is part and parcel of the
negotiation process.

What is government going to do to attract
blacks to its proposed National Statutory

Even moderates, like NAF-
COC’s Sam Motsuenyane, are increas-
ingly responding to the more radical
elements in black society. It seems that as
time goes by, it will be increasingly difficult
to draw blacks into a meaningful negotiat-
ing forum.

There is some substance to your perception.
On the other hand, when the National
Statutory Council Bill was published, there
widespread positive reaction, so wide-
spread that the Bill couldn't be put through
during the recent session of Parliament. The
responsible minister has said he must now
negotiate the issues that have a He is on
record as saying that intensive dis
taking place. In other words, there is 3 lively
debate taking place. The State President has
also indicated that the composition and future
role of the council is the subject of discussion
with other leaders. ‘There is strong evidence
—and in my position I know it to be true —
that the. perception that the council proposal
is faltering is incorrect. Unfortunately — and I
am not referring to any individual — there is
too much public posturing about this. If one

what everybody asks for.

Ic offers the opportunity for structured
negotiation about the constitutional future of
South Africa and the opportunity to become
part of the decision making process. :
body approaching this in a negative way
must bear the respon: ity for letting an
opportunity pass by.

People like Motsuenyane are saying they
are tired of advising government on how
blacks should be governed. They want a
direct say in government. Can that advisory
role in the National Statutory Council be
converted into involvement in direct deci-
sion-making at the highest levels?

One of the objectives of the council is to
negotiate how direct participation should be
attained. There must be acceptance of our
bone fides ay we accept power
sharing. We are now at a stage where that i
no longer in question but I get the impres-
sion that not everybody believes us when
y we have accepted power sharing.
What is now on the agenda is: How do we
do it? We sincerely believe it must be done
in a way which will prevent a power struggle
and which will not put any particular group
in a position to dominate another.
Atthe same time, people must realis
there is a concerted effort in many quarters
to ensure that the national council will not
succeed. All responsible South Africans must



of these examples have had to contend with the prob-
lems and opportunities which confront us in South
Africa. But it is instructive to look at the principles they
enshrine.

‘There are a number of variations of social democracy
in Western countries. The following are some of the
basic principles which are generally applied in a country
like Sweden.

Social democrats, usually strongly representative of
labour, believe that it is not only possible but also pru-
dent to gain power through democratic means and then
subject the existing capitalist system to progressive re-
forms, rather than to disrupt the economy by violent
revolution and entrust a possibly totalitarian regime withr
the task of constructing an entirely new system.

The principle of free enterprise is retained to en-
courage private initiative and achievement. But the State
has to lay down basic parameters within which the
economy is allowed to operate. Examples of specific
responsibilities of the State are peace and stability
(military, police, legal system), education and training,
social securities and health services, quality inspection,
maintenance of economic growth and full employment,
control of inflation, and a sound balance of payments.
On the whole the guideline is: as much govemmentas is
necessary, as little government as possible.

The means of production remain in private hands but
the State has to guard against undue concentrations of
economic power. The ideal is to break up monopolistic
conglomerates and ensure free competition. The State
may take over key industries to protect essential infra-
structural services from disruption (for example, the
transport and communications network, power and
water supplies). It may also acquire substantial share-
holdings in private companies to gain experience of how
the economy works and to influence the direction it
takes.

‘The free market remains the basic mechanism reg-
ulating the allocation of resources and the distribution of
goods and services. However, the State may fix mini-
mum wages for certain job categories. It may also regu-
late prices of essential commodities such as agricultural
products, to cut out excessive price fluctuations or to aid
disadvantaged sectors of the economy.

Social democrats are moderately committed to egal-

itarianism in that they are careful not to jeopardise
economic achievement. Private initiative is encouraged
but Power advantages are neutralised as far as possible.
Progressive taxation (which means the higher one’s
income, the higher the percentage of taxed income)
and heavy death duties are meant to level out steep
discrepancies in income and wealth. Positively, the
weaker sections of the population are helped to become
more competitive through such measures as regional
equalisation policies, subsidies, free and equal education
and training, consumer protection, State-run research
or credit facilities,

98

While competition is encouraged and achievement is
rewarded, the less gifted or less fortunate are protected
from dropping out completely and ending up in misery.
Unemployment insurance, pension schemes and old-
age homes, subsidised health services and medical
schemes, life-insurance policies, and sub-economic
housing are planned to try to ensure that nobody is left
destitute.

Trade unions are encouraged to counterbalance the
power of employers’ organisations. Legal instruments to
settle industrial disputes are provided. Workers or their
unions are represented on the managerial bodies of the
enterprises in which they are employed. Workers or
unions are encouraged to become shareholders in the
enterprises concerned. The State promotes the wide
spread of capital ownership in the population.

Technological innovation is encouraged so that the
national economy remains competitive in international
markets. Workers are protected from losing their jobs
through new techniques by extensive training program-
mes and the provision of alternative jobs.

Proponents of social democracy can look back on
considerable achievements in the countries where it has
been implemented, particularly in western Europe.
Between the end of World War Two, when Europe was
in tatters, and the early Seventies, these countries have
witnessed a period of sustained growth, great techno-
logical innovations, rising standards of living for the
entire population, increased equity and welfare and a
low rate of inflation. Industrial conflicts have been
kept at a relatively moderate level and the previous
trend towards violent revolution and radical solutions
has been reversed, as in the Swedish example, and in
West Germany.

While not ideal, social democracy certainly seems to
combine the best features of both systems. Unfortu-
nately the system is not without its problems. More
especially, it has not been able to prevent a series of
crisis-generating developments with which the modem
world economy currently has to battle.

Since the early Seventies, the Western world has
witnessed a new phenomenon, the long-term combi-
nation of economic recession (stagnation) and rising
prices (inflation), a phenomenon referred to as stagfla-
tion.

The concentration of capital in multinational corpo-
rations means that they can evade guidelines or restric-
tions imposed by national governments. On the other
hand, social democratic governments lose their legiti-
macy if they fall out with powerful trade unions within
the country or the rank and file of lower classes in
society. Under these circumstances economic discipline
is hard to enforce.

So far, social democracy has achieved greater equity
and security only within nation states that belong to the
world economic centre. Egalitarian principles and social



into its security’,
network. Local
businesses or
factories sympathetic
to the idea have been .
divided into six
zones, . with one
company in each
responsible ‘for:

canvassing the support of other companics

in the area and encouraging them to join
the scheme,
The scheme was described as a “Ii

link” between the South African Police
stationed in Bishop Lavis and industry in
the area.

Pritchards Security Service is the pivot

of the scheme. According to its operations *

manager, Jonathan Deal, the company was
chosen because of is centrality and
“because we are a security company and
have the manpower resources and staff to
operate this sort of scheme”.

While reluctant to talk to the press, Deal

said that radio links had been established +

between his firm and: other companies in
the area. Pritchards is in turn linked by
radio to the local police station.

Deal said the idea was to “co-ordinate the
resources in the area, human, financial and
technical, into one effective unit that can
react.to any form of emergency”

The scheme involves: training staff in
emergency procedures such as first aid and
pistol shooting. It is “récommended” that
all levels of staff participate. For example,
Deal. said, “tea girls and receptionists
should learn first aid because they are
likely to be at the scene of any emergency.

Pistol shooting classes usually attract the
“upper levels (of staff) ... people who have
got a weapon but don’t have the facilities
and knowledge to use it properly.”

Deal said the scheme was in no way
designed specifically for unrest situations.
There is “a fine line” between ci unrest
and other types of emergency, he said.

Deal liaises closely with Bishop Lavis
police station commander Major FG Kotze

who initiated the link-up between local /

industry and the police.

Kotze, the head of the JMC in the Bishop, ;

Lavis-Bonteheuwel area, insists there -is
“nothing political” about the scheme.

He said ‘the hierarchy of JMCs, which
extends all the way to cabinet level,
enables the grievance of the community to
be channelled to the highest authority.

Information was gathered at the local

level, he said, “and if we cannot solve the,

problems we pass it on to a higher
authority to see what they can do to help
the poor communities.

“We give instructions to our committees
to go out and talk to the people and find
out what makes them unhappy. In the past
it was said that problems never reached the

23

top. Now with this system’ we can. hearTM

what people are saying on the ground.”

The: information is passed up the
" rarchy -to the municipalities, the
jonal council, and if necessary. the
cabinet

Kotze is enthusiastic about the network.
“The whole society should praise the State
President. He has brought them something
good. It is no longer necessary for people
to take the wrong way or to become
radical.

“Now they can come and talk to the
authorities. They can say ‘I am unhappy
about the street lighting or the pavements’.
But it is up to the people on the ground.
They must do their job. If- they co-operate

and use the right
channels things will
change and be better.

There are JMCs in
Athlone, Mitchells
Plain and Bellville -in-
the Western Cape,
Kotze said.
Represented on the
committees “are

members of all state-

departments, man-
agement committees,
the divisional coun-
cil, as well as rate
payers and personnel
from the army and
“local commanders”,

Kotze is also a
member of a separate
working committee,
linked to the JMC,
where represent-
atives of the Depar-
tment of Education
and Culture meet
with principals,
teachers, parents an
students to discuss
problems in the
schools.

“We go to the
principals and
teachers, the parents
and the students to

ask them what is’

wrong in society.”
The JMC is known
to be considering building a new school, a
day hospital, improved sporting facilities,
pavements and introducing street lighting.
According to a number of activists who
came out of hiding to talk to Weekly Mail,
the authorities are paying special attention
to Bonteheuwel.
They believe the state is using a mixture
of repression and reform to curb::the
militancy of the area.


The process of devolution of powers from central government to the provinces
had already begun, with functions of, among other laws, the Group Areas Act
and the Black Local Authorities Act being transferred with effect from 1
October. A considerable further number of functions would be transferred from
his department within the next few months, of which the training of personnel
and provision of information to local authorities was one of the most
important. A number of problems had been encountered in setting up this
training system in terms of the Local Authorities Act of 1985, and a special
effort was being made by his department to be able to transfer a functioning
system to provinces on 1 April next year.

“When the devolution of all these functions is completed, probably by January
next year, the size of my department will have been reduced from about 1,700
approved posts to about 327," Mr Heunis said. The devolution of his
department's functions to provinces was only a start and it was expected those
of other government departments would start soon as well. This would lead to
smaller general central government departments with mainly policy-making and
coordinating functions, while implementation would be carried out at lower
government levels.

/12913
cso: 3400/162

19



MID WITS GOLD EXPLORATION IN OFS ENCOURAGING

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 30 Sep 86 p 26

[Text]

RESULTS of the major |

gold exploration. pro-
in the Orange
Free State have been suf-

ficiently encouraging to

warrant an increase in the ©

tempo of drilling, "the
chairman of Middle Wit-
‘watersrand (Western
Areas), Clive Menell,
tells shareholders in his

teview for the year ended

Anglovaal Group finan--’

cial, exploration and in-
vestment company, spent
almost R8 million on ex-

ploration, research and ,

the development of value-
added projects. In the
light of the increased level
of gold exploration, ex-
penditure on this, and on
research and develop-
ment is likely to rise to
about R13 million in the
current year. In addition,
acquisition of mineral
rights and coal mine de-
velopment could absorb a
further R14 million.
Included in the latter
amount are funds which
are to be used to develop
a new colliery at Klip-
spruit, near Newcastle.
This will replace produc-
tion from two other Natal
collieries that have been
closed down by Grinaker

/12828
Cs0: 3400/209

Desert Spar (GD S) as
the mines’ reserves were

Prieska

amounted to R7,9 million
and contributed’ 81,9 :
cents a share to attributa- ,
ble earnings. Since the
end of the financial year a *
further dividend amount-
ing to R3,9 million has
been received from this
source. He _ reminds
shareholders it is now es-
timated that, at current
rand. prices for copper
and zinc, sufficient pay-
able ore will be available
to allow profitable mining
operations to continue at
Prieska until at least De-
cember 1987.

The book and carrying
value of listed invest-
ments and associates rose
to R42,8 million (R41,8
million), but their market
value increased by 41 per-
cent to R403,7 million
(R286,3- million). The
book and carrying value
of unquoted investments
was slightly lower at R8,5
million (R9,0 million).
Net worth of the ordinary
shares rose to 4 712 cents
(3 352 cents).

102

Turning to the coal ex-
port industry, the chair:
man says that this has
been constrained by.sev-
eral factors, including the
rapid.decline in oil prices
which, if sustained for any
length of time, can have a
more marked impact on
the growth potential of
the world’s coal trade.
Apart from sanctions that
have already been put in
place by some countries,
the growing threat of gen-
eral trade sanctions and
boycotts has complicated
the marketing position of
local coal producers


ARTICLE PROFILES UDF'S ALBERTINA SISULA

Johannesburg FRONTLINE in English Sep-Oct 86 p 23

[article by Patrick Laurence]

[Text]

rs Albertina Sisulu could

hardly have been more forth-

right or, tragically, correct.

“The situation in Soweto is
very bad,” she said. “All hell is going to
break loose.” She was speaking only hours
before at least 20 people were killed by
police gunfire in Soweto on
August 26.

Children played outside in the dusty
scrapyard opposite Soweto’s Regina
Mundi Cathedral as Mrs Sisulu, aged 68,
answered questions unflinchingly in the
tiny consulting room in the clinic run by
Dr Abu-baker Asvat.

Women sat patiently in the crammed
waiting room; knowing that Mrs Sisulu
had a role to fulfil and a duty to discharge
as a president of the United Democratic
Front. Paradoxically, Dr Asvat is a promi-
nent member of the rival Azanian
People’s Organisation. It was one of those
anomalies South Africans have learned to
live with.

It became apparent during the inter-
view that two persona co-exist in Mrs Si-
sulu’s psyche. Depending on the question,
a warm grandmotherly figure or her stern
political alter ego replied.

Her eyes lit up when she spoke of her
husband, children and grandchildren, even
though South Africa’s political strife has
impinged heavily upon their lives.

Her husband, Mr Walter Sisulu, is serv-
ing a life sentence for sabotage. Two of
her five children are living in exile. A
third, Mr Zwelakhe Sisulu, editor of New
Nation, has been detained several times.
Her adopted son, Jongumzi, is serving a
five-year jail sentence for treason.

31

SOUTH AFRICA

The only trace of bitterness when she
spoke of them was a gentle irony.
"But when she talked of political issues
per se she was uncompromisingly tough.
The state of emergency was a cover for
“legalised killing of black people,” she

said. Necklacing, however, was “retalia-

tion” against government agents and vigi-
lantes paid to “loot the houses of activ-
ists”, she contended. co

Of the Inkatha president, Chief Man-
gosuthu Buthelézi, she said: “He uses illit-
erate people who still believe in the wars
of Shaka. But that is coming to an end.
Even in Natal there are places where he
won’t put a foot down. In the hostels of
Clermont . .. We are getting closer.”

Mrs Sisulu’s toughness, however, was
not: that of a theorist. Her. political soul
was forged in fires of South Africa’s grim
political struggle. .

She came to Johannesburg from Trans-
kei to train as a nurse in 1940. Four years
later she married Walter Sisulu, a found-
ing member of the African National Con-
gress Youth League, which was to change
the ANC from a movement pleading for a
better deal to one which launched the
Defiance Campaign of 1952 and which
eventually, after its banning in 1960,
embarked on guerilla war.

Her husband, who was general secre-
tary of the ANC, was jailed for life in
1964 and Mrs Sisulu started nearly 20
years of twilight existence as a restricted
person.

For most of that time she was house-
arrested from 6 pm to 6 am. Even before
that, in 1963, she was detained for 90
days by security police. When her banning
order was allowed to expire in 1983, she



SAA CHECKS UNPROFITABLE SERVICES

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 2 Oct 86 p 1

[Article by Zenaide Vendeiro]

[Text]

/9317
CSO: 3400/192

South African Airways is evaluating its European
services and may consider combining several of its
more unprofitable services, an airline spokesman
‘said today.

SAA staff in several European capitals fear for
their jobs because of rumours that several flights will
be discontinued. :

‘The airline’s international director, Mr Henry van
Wyk, flew to Amsterdam last week for a meeting
with all SAA managers in Europe, according to an
SAA source there.

Mr van Wyk was said to have told the managers
that SAA might discontinue most European flights
from next year and concentrate on its profitable ser-
vices to London and Frankfurt.

On abandoned routes, SAA would enter into agree-
ments with other airlines for a share of their revenue,
in return for being allowed to operate to and from
South Africa.

‘This was denied by the SAA spokesman. He admit-
ted that SAA was “having a very good look at all
services in relation to the demand”.

“Patronage has been a bit down both locally and
overseas, We are looking at possibly combining some
flights, particularly in the low season.”

South African travel agents have been predicting
large cuts on SAA’s overseas operations for some
time.

Most SAA services to European capitals, one agent
said, were operated as “flag-waving exercises”. SAA
was forced to fly around the bulge of Africa, resulting
in greater fuel bills and longer flights than those of
European carriers.

By discontinuing these unprofitable routes, closing
offices, selling off the older and fuel-inefficient air-
craft and retrenching staff, SAA could be trans-
formed into a smaller, more efficient and profitable
airline, the agent said.) || | at

112

SOUTH AFRICA


securiey-law crimes in South rica. "I hey.also do not, as!

in the Israeli occupied territories, authorise the de-

striction of houses as a reprisal for terrorist offences

“(though this is frequently done in effect ‘through vigilante

action). In general, the distinction beaveen South Afri-

can emergency government and military rule is hardly
” significant.

‘However, the emergency regulations are not neces
si to be taken at face value. Some of them, such as
aspects of the definition of a subversive statement, have
‘been struck down by the courts. The detention regula-
tion was deciared invalid by a full bench of the Naral
court and then immediately revived by a contrary full
bench judgment of the same division. An urgent hearing
before the Appellate Division is likely to resolve this
conflict soon bur, even if the decision goes against the
State, a simple verbal change (the substitution of “and”

‘or") will cure the difficulty.

In an action brought by the proprietors of several
newspapers, the regulations imposing rigid censorship of
the media have been attacked as ultra vires (beyond the
powers of the State President) and itis strongly likely chat
some of these regulations will fall due to their sweeping
and indiscriminate wording; but even if they do, nar-
rower prohibitions on the Press can be envisaged which
will effectively silence independent reporting on the
‘emergency while passing the legal test for validity. The
special emergency regulations introduced for black
schools, which include the right to arbitrarily reject ap-
plications for registration and to make arbicrary place-
ments of scholars in classes or standards, have also been
questioned before the courts but at the time of writing
judgment was still being awaited.

Whatever the outcome of court hearings now taking
place on an unprecedented scale, itis clear that a battle
is being fought to preserve the tattered remnants of the
rule of law and the public accountability of the security
forces. The stories that have filtered through the tight
net of censorship suggest that the removal of legal and
public accountability has encouraged a new wave of of-
ficial lawlessness and that terrible deeds are being done
in the name of law and order. If the battle is lost, lawless
power will finally be enthroned in our country with dire
consequences for the peaceful resolution of political
and social conflict.

‘The security authorities in South Africa have a truly
mindless belief in the effectiveness of crude repression.
‘The evidence, however, is overwhelmingly against that
belief, The first repressive security measure introduced
by the present government was the Suppression of
Communism Act of 1950. In the year of its introduc-
tion, the political troubles consisted of a one-day strike
and a protest meeting against apartheid laws. In the next
three and half decades, security laws multiplied and
became increasingly harsh until finally the security
forces were equipped with the full armoury of the police
state. With what results?

In the last few years there have been over 2 000) unrest
deaths as well as enormous property destruction and
massive and incalculable social damage to soci In
1986, with all our detention laws, bannings, shootings
and beatings, we are infinitely worse off than we were in
1950 when government launched the country on the
road to the coercive control of the then largely latent
forces of black nationalism, From the vantage point of
1986, the Fifties were a paradise of peace and tranquil-
ity and the years ahead look to becoming a bartle-
ground of ever-increasing strife, casualties and de-
struction. The repressive machinery of the Nationalist
State has certainly not led us towards, nor will it lead us
to, a stable social system or a life of peace and tranquil-
icy.

55

‘The reasons for the failure of the security system are

not hard to find. The laws which constitute itare a sub-
stitute for, rather than an aid tareform through political
bargaining and accommodation. These faws are in fact
ranged behind the policies of apartheid and white priv
ilege and they are used against all effective opponents
of racial segregation and white control, whether or not
their opposition is of a subversive nature.

‘The current emergency has confronted South Africans
once again with the familiar round-up of those who are
working peacefully against, or exposing the ugliness of,
the present system. The detention net has been thrown
wide and has brought in clergymen, journalists, social
workers, trade unionists and teachers. Many of these
hapless victims of “law and order’, perhaps most of
them, are engaged in peaceful activities to alleviate,
expose or change apartheid. A security system that is so
indiscriminate, thacis ranged against the politica/interests
of the majority of the population and that is so man-
ifestly without a moral basis, is bound to make more
enemies than it can eliminate and so arouse the bitter
hatred of the greater part of the population.

No security system, the MacDonald Commissionre-
cently declared in Canada, can be effective without the
broad confidence and trust of the people. Both in its
design and the methods of its application, the South
African security programme is fated to alienate that
confidence and trust. The lawless behaviour of the sec-
urity forces, as exemplified by the confirmation in the
Cape Supreme Court of the interdict granted against
them over involvement in vigilante bumings and killings
in the Cape squatter camps, is fuelling deep hatred and
resentment towards the law and its agents among the
black people of South Africa.

‘The present emergency regulations may temporarily
bring unrest under control but the methods being used
are likely to ensure that each time it flares up anew, the
crisis will be more severe. This has certainly been the
pate of the last 30 years and there are no signs of an
impending change. Considered in this light, the strug-
gle between those who wish to extend security power
and official lawlessness and those who wish to contain it
will soon determine whether brute force or the reason of
the law will finally triumph.

‘One of the most important arenas of that struggle is the
courts and their response to it will have an important
bearing on the outcome. As the result of long neglect in
the old Rhodesia, the reason of the law has finally been.
vanquished in Zimbabwe where just recently the gov-
ernment blatantly flouted five consecutive court orders
for the release of a number of detainees. Its extinction
‘has been signalled too by the Mugabe govemment an-
nouncement that it will not feel: obliged to honour
judgments against the security forces.

“This is the destination towards which we are being led
by the security policies of the ruling party in South Af-
rica with no real prospect of eliminating on the way the
terrible deeds of violence (such as car bombs or land-
mines) against innocent citizens of all races. The time
te halt that process is now — tomorrow will be too late.

DEADERS HIP
A security
system that is so
indiscriminate
is bound to
make more
enemtes than it
can eliminate.



[Article by David Furlonger]

{Text ]

DECLINE IN VW SALES FIGURES REPORTED

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 1 Oct 86 p 10

VOLKSWAGEN South Africa has been
overtaken by VW’s Nigerian operation
as the German car-maker’s African

money-spinner.

With a 33,2% decline in the
Deutschemark value of its sales in

1985, VW SA ranks ahead
of only Argentina and
Yugoslavia in VW’s in-
ternational empire.,

Vehicle sales dipped to
DM598m from DMeoem
in 1984, while the value of
Nigerian «sales soared
29,4% from DM561m to
DM726m.

Values, of course, were
badly distorted last year
by the rand’s collapse
against other currencies,
particularly the mark. In
terms of vehicles’ sold,
SA sales were more than
50% ahead of Nigeria’s
— 33625 against 20 671.

According to VW’s an-
nual report, SA produc-
tion fell 22% last year
from 38668 to 30099;
capital investment fell
42% from DM144m to
DM84m; and the work-
force fell 4,8% from 6 312
to 6010.

/9317
CSO: 3400/192

i In VW’s worldwide
scheme of things, SA re-
mains small fry. VW
sales in West Germany
last year were worth
nearly DM39bn and those
of its Audi subsidiary
DM9,6bn. Other major
contributors included
VW in North America
with DM12,7bn, Brazil
DM4,7bn, Mexico
DM2,lbn and Belgium
DM2bn.

In terms of unit sales,
SA’s 33 625 ranked ahead
of Nigeria’s and Yugosla-
via’s, but streets behind
Brazil (355000), North
America (318000), Bel-
gium (169 000) and Mexi-
co (92 000).

109

SOUTH AFRICA

The annual report says
that although VW sales in
SA fell 10% last year, its
market share increased.

It says: “A further im-
provement was prevent-
ed, particularly by work
stoppages and plant clo-
sures.

“The earnings situa-
tion continued to deterio-
rate in the fiscal year
1985, particularly as a re-
sult of the low volume of
business and the unfa-
vourable exchange rate
for the rand. Volkswagen
AG therefore took exten-
sive measures to assist
the company. Despite
this, Volkswagen of SA
returned a loss.”



SOUTH AFRICA

FINANCE MINISTER DENIES CRITICISM OF BUSINESSMEN
MB091638 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1453 GMT 9 Oct 86

[Text] Pretoria, 9 Oct, SAPA--The minister of finance, Mr Barend du Plessis,
has issued a statement from Munich, released from Pretoria, in which he says,
inter alia, that:

--It is untrue that the FINANCIAL MAIL (FM) formally interviewed him in Washing-
ton and that;

~-A report on the matter in the latest issue of the FM contains "a series of
untruths."

The FM's report, which quoted the minister as criticising certain South African
businessmen for their alleged support of American pressure on Pretoria to change
some of its policies, was prominently featured in the South African press today.

In Johannesburg, BUSINESS DAY said: "A new storm is brewing between finance
minister, Barend du Plessis, and the business community after he reportedly
threatened certain top businessmen because of their anti-apartheid activities..."

The minister's statement begins: "It is untrue that the FINANCIAL MAIL recently
had a formal press interview with me in Washington from which they now purport
to quote. The report also contains a series of other untruths. I, therefore,
dissociate myself from the content and the spirit of the report, and reject it."

The ‘October 10 issue of the FINANCIAL MAIL said "special delegations of (South
African) businessmen, including a major corporations team, gave American poli-
ticians the clear impression that pressures on Pretoria would be welcome in
some parts of (our) country."

The FM then quoted Mr du Plessis as having told their Washington correspondent:
"We know who these people are. We hear their voices on the BBC and see their
pictures with Oliver Tambo in London and Lusaka. And we know what to do with
them when the time comes," he was said to have added--according to the FM:
“with no attempt to hide the menace in his voice."

73



SOUTH AFRICA

MINISTER SAYS GOVERNMENT EXAMINING EQUAL EDUCATION
MB132018 Johannesburg SAPA in English 2014 GMT 13 Oct 86

[Text] Pretoria October 13 SAPA--The government had not yet taken any firm
decision about how it intended to attain its stated goal of equal provision of
education for all population groups, the Minister of National Education, Mr
F.W. de Klerk, said in Pretoria tonight. He said in a statement it had been
announced that a subsidy formula was being finalised to enable the government
to move towards the goal of equal education on an "orderly" and "non-disrup-
tive" basis.

Mr De Klerk's statement was in reaction to news reports which he said created
the "impression that the government is in a process of making massive cutbacks
in gome departments of education, which might have a destabilising effect on
the provision of education." He said that when the formula was finalised,
particulars would be made known to all interested parties. Finalisation would
be preceded by a proper negotiation with the organised teaching professions.
Mr De Klerk pointed out that during the past session of parliament, he an-
nounced the negotiation of a 10-year plan “which should result in a marked
and even spectacular progress towards the goal of equality in education. How-
ever, I specifically excluded the possibility of attaining full equality in
the provision of education within 10 years time," Mr De Klerk said.

He said figures in recent press reports were incorrect in many respects.
“What is correct, and there is no secret about it, is that there are inherent
differences in the expenditure per pupil in white, Indian, coloured and black
education as a result of various historical and other factors. The two most
important of these relate to the average qualification level of teachers and
the teacher-pupil ratio that differ substantially from one department to the
other. This cannot be changed in the short-term, irrespective of the availa-
bility of funds."

Mr De Klerk said it was also correct that a "certain degree of rationalisation
would be required of those departments that found themselves in a favourable
position. “However, my predecessor and I have repeatedly stated that the move
towards equality in the provision of education and the rationalisation flowing
therefrom will not negatively affect the educational standards that have
already been attained in any department."

25



SOUTH AFRICA

BUSINESS LEADER DISCUSSES STATE OF ECONOMY, ROLE OF BUSINESS

Cape Town LEADERSHIP in English Vol 5, No 4, 1986 pp 10, 12, 14

[Interview with Dr Anton Rupert, chairman of Rembrandt group by Hugh Murray in

Stellenbosch; date nat given]

[Text]

On October 4, Dr Anton Rupert, chairman of the
giant Rembrandt Group, turns 70.

He and Mr Harry Oppenheimer stand unchal-
lenged ax South Africa's premier business leaders.
Some would say they are the country’s only real
statesmen. At home, and abroad, they are legends.

It would be gratuitous to make comparisons at
all, except that they lead by quiet example and un-
derstated brilliance.

So who better to pay tribute to Anton Rupert
than Harry Oppenheimer?

Rupert seldom gives interviews. Indeed, he is
almost reclusive when it comes to the media.
Leadership editor, Hugh Murray, Ae therefore

irticularly pleased at the opportunity of spending
ceeral outs with Rupert in Stellenbosch - shortly
before he left on an overseas trip. as often happens
with people of Rupert's stature, some of the con-
versation was not for the record.

Nonetheless, the great man had some important
things to say for publication.

Murray: You have always had a fascina-
tion for leadership, and even published a
book called Leaders on Leadership. What
are the essential ingredients of the kind of
leadership required in South Africa today?
Do we have real leadership potential?

Rupert: Of all the characteristics of leader-
ship which can be named, the attribute
which I regard as one of the most important
is selflessness — the willingness to serve
others and to help them to develop on their
own.

Leadership depends more upon judgment
than upon mere specialised knowledge, and
therefore the “generalist” — the person who

91

has the ability to see the diverse components
of a matter as a whole and who can assess
rapidly what is important — is in my opinion
better equipped to lead than the specialist.

It is for this reason that I have repeatedly
pleaded for the versatile, the balanced, the
many-sided leader — the man for all seasons. ,

To lead, to administer, to manage and to
motivate, we need versatile leaders who will
be able not only to explore a new course for
our country, but who will also be able to
understand and to reconcile diverse views.

Versatility embraces more than know-
ledge. It indeed implies a broader humanity.

Yes, we do have a lot of leadership poten-
tial - we may even have an excessive poten-
tial. That is why the potential for conflict is
also very high.

Our problem may even be that there are
too many people who want to be leaders
themselves rather than followers. The ulti-
mate result could be that we would have too
few reliable followers.

To me the most urgent need right now
and in the future is for the development of
more and better leaders in all fields of en-
deavour — leaders who will have the know-
ledge, courage, conviction and human un-
derstanding to cope with the specific prob-
tems of our time.

There are these leaders among our pop-
ulation groups, and I have been privileged
to know some of them. A mentor of the
standing of Bishop Alpheus Zulu, in my
opinion, compares favourably with any of the
elder statesmen I have ever met. But we
need more of his calibre.



track between Cuamba and Entre Lagos on the Malawi border. The communica-
tions system will also be improved and a training programme implemented. A
relatively small portion of the work on the Nampula to Cuamba section——
financed by the EEC--will be put out to international tender (AED 5:7:86).
Phase one, which involves upgrading the line between Nacala and Nampula, is
nearing completion; 140 kilometres of the 192-kilometre stretch has been
laid, Work is expected to end before the end of the year and phase two to
begin almost immediately thereafter, Consultant for both phases of the
project is France's Sofrerail, Work on phase one is being done by an inter-
national consortium consisting of Borie SAE and Dehe, both of France, and
Somafel of Portugal. [Text] [London AED in English 27 Sep 86 p 16] /9274

ITALY'S INTERCONSULTING PROJECTS--Italy's Interconsulting consortium is to
carry out two projects totalling L 17,300 million ($12.3 million) for planning
studies, technical assistance, supplies and management services in the dis-
tricts of Homoine, inland of Inhambane and Manhica, north of Maputo. The
projects come under the Fondo Aiuti Italiani (FAI) programme, administered
by undersecretary of state Francesco Forte, Interconsulting consists of four
members of the Lega delle Cooperative Cooptecnical, DAM, Italconscoop and
Progint. The Homoine project, worth L 12,700 million ($9 million) is for
integrated rural development; that in Manhica, worth L 4,600 million ($3.3
million), is for resettlement of farming families, [Text] [London AED in
English 27 Sep 86 p 16] /9274 .

MAPUTO PORT TRAFFIC DECLINING~-There has been another decline on the use of the
port of Maputo--which is operating at a loss, the Mozambican weekly magazine
TEMPO said, TEMPO said that in the first six months of this year Maputo port
had handled 1,159,000 t of goods while during the same period last year it had
handled 1,265,000 t. Before independence Maputo port handled 7,5 million t.
TEMPO said the salaries of the port workers were now 50 percent government
subsidised. [Text] [Johannesburg THE STAR in English 2 Oct 86 p 16] /9274

RENAMO'S JORGE CORREIA DISMISSED--The Lisbon-based spokesman of the Mozambique
National Resistance movement (MNR), Mr Jorge Correia, has been dismissed from
his post, sources close to the movement said. Mr Correia's dismissal was
ordered by the MNR leader Mr Afonso Dhlakama, they added, Mr Correia's dis-
missal follows the sacking of the MNR's secretary general Mr Evo Fernandes,
In.the past the Mozambican Government had said there was no possibility of
talks with the MNR because some of its leaders were not Mozambicans but Portu-
guese nationals, [Text] [Johannesburg THE STAR in English 25 Sep 86 p 6]

SECURITY TALKS WITH SEYCHELLES--Mozambique's minister for security, Sergio
Vierira, began a four day visit to Seychelles on 24 September. His arrival

in Victoria could be linked to the discovery of a plot against President

France Albert Rene and the "resignation" of his defence minister Ogilvy Berlouis
(see ION No 248), For the Mozambicans relations between Maputo and Victoria
are said to be "excellent", Mozambique's ambassador to Tanzania and

Seychelles, Francesco Madeira, a former head of his foreign ministry's Africa
department, who is based in dar es Salaam, has just been posted to Harare.

His successor has not yet been named. [Text] [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWS-

letter in English 27 Sep 86 p 3] /9274


The minister was then reported to have been asked who the dissenting voices
were, and to have replied: "You know them better than I do...certain bankers,
some of the mines and most of those Johannesburg merchants. We shall give them
an opportunity to come out into the open and state their case. We will make
them put their case to their colleagues in a great forum. Then, when they can't
persuade the others to follow them, why should we listen to them at all?"

The minister's rejection of the FM report also says: "Another untrue statement
in the (FM) report involves Minister Pik Botha. The truth is that Minister
Botha fully informed me about the circumstances surrounding the U.S. senators
(and) that I, in the light of all the facts, supported his actions, that I in-
formed the South African delegation attending the IMF's annual meeting, and
that they have, upon further enquiry, denied having discussed the issue with
the FM's correspondent in Washington after the vote (on SA sanctions) in the
(U.S.) Senate."

Mr du Plessis' statement ends: "During the past two years I have become accus-
tomed to this kind of treatment and personal attacks on me by the FM. I only
react now because other persons are directly and unfairly being implicated by
the report."

17358
Cs0: 3400/165

74


SOUTH AFRICA

PAPER ON COLLAPSE, FUTURE OF PORT ELIZABETH CAR INDUSTRY

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 1 Oct 86 p 5

[Text]

AT A time when economic indicators:
increasingly are toward re-

covery for SA, Bort izabeth re- |
mains mired in the depression’
brought on by the collapse of its car |

industry. :
Ford Motor Company shocked the :
city by shutting down its assembly
plants at Struandale and Neave, re-
trenching more than 4 000 workers in .
the past 20 months.
~ General Motors has dismissed hun- ;
dreds as well; and Volkswagen has .
thinned its staff by attrition.
_. Inall, employment at the three car
giants has been halved since 1983, to
about 7 000. . Il
: ilers in the North End and oth- ,
er areas are just now recovering ,
the second boycott of their
by black consumers in a year ;
and face a third within two months. .
“Business is lousy,” said the owner
of a small clothing store on Main

Street. ;
- And politics and violence still
domii life in the townships. Ru-
mours of another stayaway from
black schools, to begin , Were cir-
culating on Monday. ,

Port Elizabeth’s depression, made
deeper by SA’s long-weakened eco-
nomy, has touched nearly everyone.

Retailers have lost sales, and un-
employment among whites has
grown steadily. Many whites re-
trenched by local companies have left
the area and estate agents, report a
10% vacancy rate for the city’s

mes.

19274

CSO: 3400/160

Diversified

But say the worst is for |
many sé past

the city’s business .

“There is no hiding the fect that
Port Elizabeth is going throu, rough
times, but it’s frue that PE’s
residents are fond of making the situ-
ation sound worse than it is,” said
Chamber of Commerce secretary

-Tony Gilson.

Indeed, some of the small compo-
nents manufacturers that once sup-
plied Ford have diversified into new
markets, and larger companies with
country-wide customer bases say
they have been less affected by the

region's decline. :
‘ilson points out that the number
of retail licenses have actually in- -

creased in the last two years — al-
though most are for smaller stores.

It is Port Elizabeth's blacks who~

have been hit hardest — and longest.

fe nena
in August, a com
by Vista Universit 1

has improved slightly from a year
ago, when it was measured at 56%.

But these fi do not include the
7 000 blacks who work for R4 a day on
government relief eS, as
‘well as those who have given up look-
ing for jobs. Joblessness ly may
be closer to 70%, others say.

The resulting poverty is difficult to
miss. Outside Zwide, a black township
‘just north of the city’s major industri-
al area, thousands of wood and alu-
minium shanties jam the plain where
no proper homes have been built.

As many as 150 000 of the region’s
450 000 blacks live in the slum, nick-

80

named “Soweto-by-the-Sea”.

Experts believe the black unem-
ployment rate may
recently because bl
to move from the area in the last six {
months to Transkei and Ciskei — both
to find work and to escape the vio-
lence of the townships.

Exodus

Vista’s Levin says the ‘number of
occupants per site in black areas has
declined to.6,9 from 7,9 a year ago.

But the exodus is not expected to
vas ogee MatlSck, regional policy di

er regional pol -
rector of the Urban Foundation,
pects the 4,5% historical growth rate
the black population around Port
Elizabeth eventually will accelerate -
to between 6% and 8% annually, as :
drought-stricken farmers no longer |
bound by influx control regulations
flock to the city in search of jobs that
don’t exist. :

“Even if someone washes one car a
week here, they're likely to get more
income than they would in the wilds
of Moiteno,” Matlock said.

Meanwhile, the Emthonjeni group
training centre, 10km north of the city .
centre, will train 7 000 unemployed —
mostly blacks and coloureds — this
year, as drivers, mechanics and con-
struction workers.

e special programme for the un-
employed, financed by the Depart-
ment of Manpower, originally was to
last one year, it has been extended to

ive.

But deputy director Leon De Vil-
liers estimates that only 30% of those
trained will find jobs in the near
future.


39 UNITA KILLED, 19 CAPTURED--FAPLA combatants killed 39 UNITA puppets in the

pay of the Pretoria racist regime in Moxico, Lunda, and Cuando Cubango provinces
in the 3d, 5th, and 6th military regions, according to military sources. In the
operations, FAPLA soldiers captured another 19 bandits and seized large quanti-
ties of war materiel. Our combatants also released 62 civilians from the bandit's
yoke. [Text] [Luanda Domestic Service in Portuguese 0500 GMT 9 Oct 86 MB] /7358

GDR PACKAGE OF CORPORATE GRANTS--Launda, 12 Oct (ANGOP/PANA)--Grants worth about
$100 million will be given to Angola by 14 GDR enterprises participating in the
third Launda international fair. This was revealed by Mr Werner Forster, com-
mercial attache of the GDR embassy in Angola. Mr Forster, speaking at a press
conference, said that a portion of this amount will be in the form of a loan.

He also announced that projects for the development of communications in Uige
Province, in northwestern Angola, and the reconstruction of a water dam in
Launda Province in collaboration with GDR enterprises are currently being
studied. Commenting on relations between Angola and GDR enterprises, Mr Forster
said that at the last Leipzing autumn fair in the GDR last September the two
sides signed an agreement providing for the supply of trucks to Angola's abamat
enterprises. Moreover, the GDR commercial attache stressed that his country is
interested in buying wood, coffee, oil, diamonds, and cocoa from Angola. To
this end a contract will be signed with the Angolan enterprise Panga-Panga for
supplies rosewood plywood from northern Cabinda Province. [Text] [Dakar PANA
in French 1241 GMT 12 Oct 86 MB] /7358

CsO: 3400/176



Robotics

The Regensburg plant will turn out about 50 cars a day by the end of this
year. Production will rise to 150 by May 1987 and to 400 by 1990, or about
100 000 a year. At full production, the plant will employ 3 500 people on
two shifts and will use robotics on the assembly line and in the paint shop.

When the Regensburg plant is operating at capacity, production at the older
Munich plant will be reduced by about 100 cars a day.

About 66% of the company's production is exported and this has been achieved
in spite of currency fluctuations. America is the largest market--June
being the best month with sales of 8 600 units.

One in every four cars imported by Japan last year was a BMW, says Dr von
Kuenheim, European sales increased substantially, particularly in France.

Total German production rose by 3% in the first six months of this year to
2,27-million cars and employment has increased by 20 000 since the beginning
of the year.

BMW has a 1,5% share of the world market of about 30-million cars.

Referring to the launch of the Seven Series, Dr von Kuenheim says few
manufacturers operate in the top segment of the market.

19317
csO: 3400/192

108



BUSINESS ASKS FOR GOVERNMENT COOPERATION

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 30 Sep 86 p 3

[Article by Stephen Rogers]

[Text]

19274
cso:

3400/159

‘THE PRIVATE sector has made urgent
representations to government to:co-op-
erate in the development of counter
measures to combat the sanctions cam-

ign.
an a document sent to the Minister of
Trade and Industry last month by a com-
mittee comprised of leading members of
the export community, government was
to consult with the private sector

on the sanctions issue. ~

The report estimated that a “< pro
mise” sanctions package — including
bans on exports of iron, steel, coal, urani-
um, and agricultural products — was
likely to be introduced by the US, Europ-
ean Community ‘and most Common-
wealth countries before year end.

Furthermore, more © punitive sanctions
— which may affect all SA trade, finan-
cial transactions, shipping and aircraft
movements — could be mandated under
Chapter 7 of the United Nations Charter
at the start of 1988.

The report suggested that recent esti-

mates that multi-lateral sanctions may

result in more than one-million jobs lost °

and reduced exports of R3,2bn may have

seriously underestimated the eventual |

cost to the SA economy.

Tt was therefore prudent to act well
before these developments to limit their
likely effects. As a counter measure, an
agressive export marketing campaign
was advocated.

Other measures advocated included
diversifying exports into alternative
ithe report also ted using the

e report also su; using
ot nd conciliation ma-

dispute settlement ai

chinery of GATT to combat countries
which ‘use sanctions to gain a trade ad-
vantage. However, the effectiveness of
that avenue may be limited if sanctions
were declared under the UN charter.

78

SOUTH AFRICA


Further advantages include a reduction in production costs; a higher
manganese content; a reduction in electric energy consumption for alloy
production; a decrease in carbon reductant requirements and furnace
maintenance costs; and an increase in furnace and electric load availability.
{Text] [Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 30 Sep 86 p 27]/12828

U,S. PHARMACEUTICAL GIANT SELLS STAKE--Baxter-Travenol, giant American pharma-
ceutical conglomerate, has announced the sale of its 40% stake in its SA sub-
sidiary, a Washington research group said yesterday, Travenol sold its inter-
est in Sabax-Kreagrams, a pharmaceutical company that employs 886, to another
SA company, according to Alison Cooper, an analyst at the Investor Responsi-
bility Research Centre (IRRC), This brings to 20 the number of U.S, corpora-
tions that have disinvested from SA operations so far this year, Six other
companies, including CocaeCola, have stated their intention to withdraw, Cooper
said Proctor and Gamble, a consumer goods conglomerate, had announced it would
sell its Richardson-Vicks SA subsidiary. Marriott Corporation and Delaware
North are to abandon catering operations at Jan Smuts Airport when contracts
expire this year, Diamond Shamrock and Fairchild Industries will close their
subsidiaries, the IRRC said, [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English

1 Oct 86 p 1) /9274

WINE INDUSTRY FIGURES--Cape Town--The South African fortified wine industry
has fared well in the past year in spite of the prolonged recession. Accord—
ing to the latest national sales figures released by the Cape Wine and Spirit
Institute and the Oude Meester Group, total sales for the industry for the
year ended June 1986 amounted to R217.4 million, This encompassed a total
volume of 44,6 million litres, Sales increased by four percent during the
winter months. Mr Kobus Smit, public relations manager of KWV, said that, in
view of the recession and overall decrease in alcoholic beverages sales,
fortified wines had performed well, [Text] [Johannesburg THE STAR in English
30 Sep 86 p 11] /9274

AGRIFOKUS TO HELP FARMERS--Agricultural financial problems have prompted a
major SA bank to establish Agri-Fokus-~a financial advisory service. A team
of Volkskas agricultural finance experts will assist farmers at different
levels of their financial planning. A volkskas spokesman said the purpose of
AgriFokus was not to advise farmers on technical farming matters, He said:
“We will make use of modern computer technology to assist the farmer on his
farm, We will also assist local branch managers in their task of advising
farmer clients," Farmers were experiencing problems with cash flows and the
repayment of debt, He said: "These problems are primarily the result of the
combined effect of unprecedented drought, a cost squeeze due to high inflation
and high interest rates." [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 3 Oct
86 p 3) /9274

AGREEMENT ON ORE BODY EXPLOITATION--An agreement for the possible exploita-
tion of ore bodies underlying certain farms to the east and southeast of
Freegold's Freddie's Mine has been reached by the boards of directors of
Freegold and Duiker Exploration Ltd. The farms involved are New
Mameeldoorns No 139, and portions of the farm Leeuwbosch No 285, De Hoop
No 57, De Hoop No 276, Elsinore No 12 and Wonderkop No 15, About 3,026

ha in extent, these farms are east and south-east and contiguous to Free-
gold's Freddie's Mine, The proposal envisages the formation of a new

104



SOUTH AFRICA

STUDY SAYS DRIVERS' MINIMUM WAGE BELOW STARVATION LEVEL
MB060824 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0806 GMT 6 Oct 86

[text] _ Cape Town, 6 Oct (SAPA)--The minimum wages for most drivers are below
starvation levels and their salaries have declined in real terms over the
past 10 years, a University of Cape Town [UCT] study has found.

Drivers in all categories were compelled to drive for longer hours than
people in similar jobs in Britain.

These’ surprising findings have been disclosed in a study released by UCTS
Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU).

They come in the wake of a growing concern about the number of accidents in
South Africa involving trucks and other heavy-duty vehicles.

The SALDRU study shows that the minimum wages in May this year--as laid down
in industrial council agreements-~for drivers of vehicles under 500 kilograms
were all below the supplement living level (SLL), determined by the Bureau
for Market Research at the University of South Africa. ‘The minimum wages of
one-fifth of these were below 50 percent of this level.

Yet, the study says, "a wage below the SLL is truly a starvation wage,"

Only cight percent of the minimum wages for drivers of vehicles between 500kg
and 3,500kg were above the SLL, while the minimum wages for 21 percent of
drivers of vehicles between 3,500kg and 9,000kg were above the SLL, and 47
percent of those for drivers of vehicles above 9,000kg.

The study says that since May 1976 "the percentage of jobs falling below the
SLL has increased alarmingly for all categories of drivers, the percentage
of jobs with wages above the SLL has decreased for all categories, while the
number of jobs with wages less than 50 percent of the SLL has also increased
in all categories."

The hours worked by drivers ranged from 57 a week to 42 a week, and 53 per-

cent of the agreements specified maximum weekly hours between 44 and 46
hours a week,

89



England in the 17th century where exactly the same
tendency occurred. In the 17th century the Stuart kings
made strenuous and ultimately unsuccessful attempts to
rule without parliament.

An example of the side-lining of parliament isa situ-
ation tracked down by a UCT colleague in which the SA
govemment tried to come to an accommodation with the
Ciskei government to run part of the country in terms ofa
secret agreement. Strictly speaking such arrangements
required parliamentary sanction. The circumstances
surrounding the Mgawa/i Raid meant that the government
attempted to circumvent parliament completely and run
part of the country by proxy in terms of “international
agreements”. To do this, government had to argue on
the basis of the ancient common law powers, the pre-
fogative powers, of the crown — powers which date
from the period before parliament became an essential
organ of government and which today normally play fi
tle part in constitutional government. The prerogative is
thus becoming one of the really important features of
the new constitution because it is a way of dealing with
situations outside parliament.

These powers were always “lying around” in the
background to be retrieved when necessary. Similarly
when government was trying to “normalise” sport, it
issued a series of directives which effectively suspended
the Group Areas Act in relation to sport activities in
black townships. Whites could enter the townships to
attend fixtures and their tickets would constitute a per-
mit in terms of the Act. It was the equivalent of a power
which was used by the Stuart kings — the power to sus-
pend laws. James II used that power to protect his fellow
Catholics. Its use was declared illegal by the English Bill
of Rights. What we have is a situation in which govern-
ment is literally stripping the constitution of the 18th
century, and particularly the 19th century developments
which democratised Britain and subjected government
to the rule of law.

Because our constitution, like the English constitu-

tion, is evolutionary in character, if you strip away the
later developments there in the central core is essentially
the 17th century authoritarian government — providing
government with powers which were used by 17th
century kings. .
O The 1983 RSA Constitution Act has built on this sys-
tem by giving the State President greater security of
tenure and powers to manipulate the legislative process
in a way which enables him to secure the legislation
which he wants largely when he really wants it, The re-
cent Public Safety and Internal Security Amending Acts
are examples.

‘The State President now enjoys greater security of
tenure evs-a-e7s parliament than prime ministers under
the 1961 constitution. ‘The President can continue to
govern without the support of the majority in parlia-
ment. Indeed, this will usually be the case. As the Rev

57

Alan Hendrikse recently pointed out, the Public Safety
and Internal Security Amendment Acts were enacted
against the wishes of the majority of the members of
parliament. The president can in theory even continue
to govern without the support of the majority in the
white House of Assembly although this is unlikely to
occur in practice because ultimately he must face indi
rect re-election by the white electorate. Between elec-
tions the President can be removed from office or be
obliged to resign only if all three Houses agree.

Even the need to face re-election every five years has
been attenuated by the extension of the life of the white
House of Assembly.
© The 1983 RSA Constitution Act does allow for par-
ticipation by persons classified as “coloured” and “In-
dian” in the decision-making processes of central gov-
ernment but does so in a manner which ensures the
continuance of white supremacy.

It does this by ensuring that there is no way in which
popular support for “coloured” and “Indian” politicians
can be translated into political power because the
majority in the white House of Assembly ultimately
controls the election and removal of the State President.

It ensures that in the event of determined opposition
from coloureds and Indians within the parliamentary
system, the whole system can revert to the 1961 con-
stitution operated by the white House of Assembly by
means of a series of “fail safe” provisions. There is-no
institutional basis on which the “coloured” and “Indian”
parliamentarians can prevent or significantly delay
legislation which government seeks — the recent
emergency legislation and the use of the President's
Council is again an example. Government will attempt
to compromise but in the last resort will impose its will.

It ensures that the division between own and general
affairs is a political matter decided by the State Presi-
dent subject to ultimate responsibility for his decisions
to the majority in the white House of Assembly and
electorate. It is the whites’ perception of “own” affairs
which is decisive.

The informal arrangements for the conduct of cabinet
government in which the State Security Council appears
to be emerging in practice as the central decision-mak-
ing body in the executive arm of goverment are further
evidence of this situation. In much the same way that
Charles II used a “cabal” or “inner cabinet” to make
important decisions, the present government has used
the State Security Council. This ensures the retention of
real policy-making power in the hands of an “inner”
white cabinet.

Notwithstanding government protestation, it seems
that the State Security Council is a major, if not decisive,
influence on basic policy. Because the Cabinet has be-
come a multi-racial body, it can no longer function as a
central, effective, white decision-making body. While it
may be true to say in formal terms, and the government



‘The legislation just reviewed constitutes the core of
the South African security system but is surrounded and
te-inforced by several fearsome provisions in the gen-
eral legislation governing the police and defence forces
of the country. Defence legislation, for example, per-
mits the State President, without declaring a national
emergency, to employ members of the Force in opera-
tions to counter internal disorder or terrorism, and while
so employed, these members enjoy legal immunity for
actions performed in good faith in the course of opera-
tions.

The State President also has the power to stay legal
proceedings arising out of actions which he deems to
have been performed in good faith in the course of anti-
terrorist operations. A trial of several servicemen on a
charge of murdering a civilian in Namibia was recently
stopped by order issued under the authority of the State
President.

In addition to their normal powers of entry, search and
seizure, the security forces have a special power to enter
premises in which they suspect a meeting that may en-
danger internal security is being held, in order to conduct
search and seize operations there, as well as to take other
actions deemed necessary. The laws which authorise
official intrusions into private property (in many in-
stances without the need for a search warrant) remove
the security which people in free societies normally as-
sociate with hearth and home. The Earl of Chatham's
statement of the position under English law, while
somewhat romanticised, expresses the substance of the
citizen’s rights in that country:

“The poorest man may in his cottage bid defiance to
all the forces of the Crown, It may be frail — its roof
may shake — the wind may blow through it—the storm
may enter— but the King of England cannot enter—
all his forces dare not cross the threshold of the
ruined tenement.”

‘These moving words describe vividly what many
South Africans have cither lost or never enjoyed. The
true reality in this country has become the security
policeman’s late night knock, the township raid or the

a this reality, including all the
Prosecutions and jailings, that
is described with terrifying casualness as the “ordinary
law of the land”,

‘The objective of the 1985 and 1986 emergencies was
to increase, to add to and extend the powers contained
within permanent legislation. ‘The emergency regula-
tions promulgated in 1985 enlarged them considerably
but it was in 1986 that the legal draftsman went entirely
overboard and produced a set of emergency regulations
which substituted for the notion that justice must be
seen to be done, a system of justice that has to be seen to
be believed.

The grotesque excesses of the 1986 regulations, and
of the actions taken under them, together make up one

of the reasons for the new court activism of the present
year — an activism which has startled even civil rights
lawyers with the spectacle of detainees being released
from detention and regulations being struck down as
invalid. Without wishing to detract in any way from the
significance of the involvement of the court in the law-
and-order arena of society, it may be said that if the ju-
diciary had been unwilling to intervene now, it would
have condemned itself permanently to a spectator role
in the search of justice in South Africa.

There must be a feeling, even among lawyers who
have preferred to remain uninvolved asa kind of breed of
Jegal Pontius Pilates, that the country now stands on the
brink of the final descent into lawlessness and anarch
‘The regulations which have brought us to that point re-
quire brief examination before their nature and impact
can be fully assessed.

As on the two previous occasions, the 1986 emergency
regulations include a provision empowering the au-
thorities to detain without trial. While there were no
permanent detention laws on the statute book when the
1960 emergency was proclaimed. at the time of the 1985
and 1986 emergencies six such laws were in existence.
‘There are two main reasons for adding to the existing
laws for detention.

‘The first is to authorise arrest and detention by any
member of the security forces as opposed to the higher-
ranking officials who are normally required to take the
decision. ‘The second is to free detention from all pro-
cedural checks and safeguards.

In fact, when the court held last year that emergency
detainees were entitled to a hearing prior to extension of
their detention by the minister, the regulations were
immediately amended to remove this fundamental right.
“The purpose then is to authorise detention without trial
en masse and without restraints or controls,

In the 1960 emergency, over 11 000 persons were
detained; in the 1985 emergency the figure was about
8 500 and the current emergency has so far resulted in
approximately 10 000 detentions. The intervention of
the courts in the administration of emergency detention
should not be over-estimated.

Prior to the short-lived decision declaring the deten-
tion regulations invalid in August 1986, they had been
able to order releases only when the actions of the au-
thorities'blatantly proclaimed their impropriety, as in the
case of a nun who was detained after protesting about a
security force assault on a township dweller. The
working of the detention provision has restricted re-
leases by order of court to an insignificant minority.
And even if the Appellate Division upholds the 7senoht
ruling in Natal and declares the detention regulations
invalid, a simple amendment is all that will be needed to
revive the power to detain.

A specially sinister feature of detention in the present
emergency is that it is a crime to disclose the name and

53



In the period ending in June this year, output for all manufacturing groups was
assessed to have grown by 6.7 percent.

In the agricultural section, maize deliveries were expected to have reached
their peak late last month.

Given the disappointing exports and local expectations, stocks were likely to
reach 2.5 million tons by March, said the report.

/12232
cso: 3400/139

15



MALNUTRITION NOTED AMONG CHILDREN IN KHAYELITSHA

Cape Town CAPE TIMES in English 22 Sep 86 p 7

[Article by Andrew Donaldson]

[Text]

19274
cso:

ALMOST half of the pre-school chil-
dren at Khayelitsha’s Site C site-and-
service squatter camp are nutritional-
ly stunted and suffering from chronic
malnutrition, a survey has found.
The nutrition survey was conducted
over three weeks in March by Dr C T
Hugo-Hamman and Professor M A Ki-
bel, of the University of Cape Town’s
Child Care Unit and the Red Cross

War Memorial Children’s Hospital,-

and Dr D Yach, of the Medical. Re-
fearch Council’s Institute of Biostatis-
ies.

And the situation was likely to have
deteriorated substantially in view of
the devastation of Crossroads in June,
which left an estimated 60000 home-
Jess, Dr Hugo-Hamman said yester-

he: survey also found that there
were relatively low levels of acute
malnutrition, with 14 percent of chil-
dren underweight by weight for age
and only one percent underweight by
weight for height, he said.
‘Percentages can be misleading.
These one percent of children are at
risk of death from malnutrition-relat-

3400/170.

ed disorders and in a community with
an estimated size of 60 000, this would
amount to about 100 children.”

It was also “alarming” that only 42

reent of children had an available
immunization and health-record card.

“This is clear evidence that the
growth of these children is not being
monitored and raises serious doubts.

about the efficacy of. immunization’

programmes,” he-said.

There was a need for continued nu-
tritional surveillance by authorities to
identify children with severe acute
malnutrition and the State should be

made to relieve the burden of private--
ly funded organizations like the Cape.
Nutrition Education Project's Nutri-’

tion Clinic at Khayelitsha.
“Secondly, there is as ever a need to

promote health and prevent disease,”
e said. The plethora of health au-

thorities in the Cape Peninsula was a

-“serious constraint” in achieving this.

“Finally one cannot but express
pessimism about the possible success
of any intervention in the absence of
major structural Political and econo-
mic reforms.”

44

SOUTH AFRICA


all in favour of interaction between young-
sters. They need to get to know each other,
and it applies across the board.

Does the same apply to black and white
children?

Yes, but the interaction needn't be in the
same classroom or on the same school bench
where you are being taught maths and
science and geography.

So how must children interact if not in
classrooms?

You meet in certain youth organisations,
extra-mural sport, and so on. [ think that
interaction can and must be expanded. But,
in the final analysis, education is there to
educate the child, and not to attain political
goals. If one starts misusing education for
ulterior motives, however commendable the
ulterior motives may be, then it is the
education of the child that suffers.

Hasn't the government been accused over
so many years of doing that, of abusing the
educational system, or misusing the
educational system to entrench the ideology
of separate development, or apartheid?

It is crue that that accusation is made and
that it is the argument that is being advanced
against our present education system. But it
is not true that it is government’s motivation.
T don’t want to repeat myself, but what we
are doing in education rests on sound educa-
tional principles.

The same philosophy is being applied
elsewhere. I know that there are differences
and the comparisons are odious. But still, if
one looks at the system in Belgium one finds
proof that in a bilingual country where there
are only ewo groups, it was found necessary
to divide management of schools. ‘They also
have the own affairs concept in which schools
are divided and managed on a cultural basis,
and it is a success.

So you believe implicity that in terms of
the new constitution, the concept of own
affairs is working well?

Ie’s working well, and finding it’s feet. In
education it was easy to attain this in the
sense that the constitution is fairly explicit,
and we have had the benefit of the De
Lange report and the government’s white
Paper.

In certain other disciplines, the
principles have been worked out, but work

48

still has to be done when you come to the
nitty gricty of dividing functions between
own affairs, and general affairs. This process
is taking place with regard to municipal
government, health services and a number
of other areas which have been identified as
own affairs. But basically, the own affairs
concept is working well. One of the main
reasons is that there is a proper balance built
into the situation, a balance between what is
an own affair and full autonomy with regard
to that, and what is a general affair, coupled
with co-ordinating functions.

A policy is emerging which ensures that
there is cohesion and that you won't get one
own affairs department running off ina
direction which is totally counterproductive
toa happy society and to good government.

The Assembly recently came to a virtual
standstill when opposition parties protested
that Parliament was becoming a farce
because, for example, government refused
to allow debate on unrest incidents in
Soweto. As chairman of the Ministers’
Council, what are your comments?

T think too much weight is being attached
to what I would like to describe as an isola-
ted incident in Parliament. There is general
consensus that one of the advantages of the
new tri-cameral system is the committee
system. In our old Westminister system, the
party with the majority could force through
any legislation without the opposition party
having much say. A Bill was put on the table,
it was debated, it was voted through and
apart from recording the objections and
speeches, opposition parties didn’t have a
teal opportunity to influence the final
formulation of the Bill. Now everything
is referred to a select committee and all
parliamentarians feel they are really doing a
worthwhile job in formulating legislation.
Secondly, debate is still on a very high level.
Things are going well and the incident you
referred to is the result of what I would like
to call growing-pains in the whole system.
With the new committee system it is
extremely difficult to maintain a balance
between the debating of Bills in Parliament
and the production of Bills by standing
committees. You don’t really have any
control on how long standing committees
will sit on a Bill, wich the result that the flow
of Bills is sometimes interrupted. This is
exactly what has happened now. There was
also a problem, to a certain extent, with the
input of Bills. All this resulted in our pro-
jection of the flow of Bills not materi:lising.
But the fact that Parliament adjourned



SOUTH AFRICA

ACADEMIC FORECASTS AGRICULTURAL TRADE UNIONS
MB141550 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 1500 GMT 14 Oct 86

[Text] The director of the school of business leadership at Unisa [University
of South Africa], Dr Nic Wiehahn, says certain sectors of South African agri-
culture will have to prepare for the establishment of trade unions. Speaking
at a meeting of the Transvaal Agricultural Union's [TAU] labor committee in
Pretoria, Dr Wiehahn said it was difficult to ascertain the extent to which
trade unions had been established in agriculture, because of the size of the
industry. He pointed out that good labor relations which demanded that farmers
knew their workers well and understood them was a better alternative to the
formation of trade unions. South African farm workers also did not have the
necessary experience to organize themselves in trade unions at this stage.
Meanwhile, it is reported that the labor committee of the TAU has decided

at its meeting in Pretoria to formulate policy expressing itself against the
formation of trade unions in the agricultural industry and emphasizing the
importance of improved labor relations within the industry.

17358
cso: 3400/221

77



ZIMBABWE

PAPER ASKS BOTSWANA NOT TO SUBVERT SANCTIONS
MBO10935 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0901 GMT 1 Oct 86

[Text] Harare 1 October SAPA--Zimbabwe's semi-official daily newspaper THE
HERLAD has appealed to Botswana not to frustrate planned air sanctions against
South Africa by allowing Gaborone to become a regional terminal.

The newspaper claimed that British Airways and the independent British Caledo-
nian were "engaged in a bitter wrangle over which of them should get the licence
to fly to Gaborone."

Caledonian at present flies to Lusaka, and BA flies to Durban and Johannesburg,
stopping at Harare en route.

The HERALD says BA fears the loss of traffic worth R200 million, and is claim-
ing it has to set up an-"escape route" for South Africans with a right of resi-
dence in Britain.

An editorial expresses sympathy for Botswana's statement that it cannot impose
sanctions itself on South Africa because of its vulnerable situation and mem-
bership of the South African customs union.

"But is Botswana's inability to impose sanctions also a means to be used to
subvert sanctions which will be imposed by most of the international community?
For that would be the effect of shifting flights from terminating at Lusaka,
Johannesburg, Durban and Harare to Gaborone.

"The Botswana Government, we are sure, will not agree for the frontline state to
be used so openly to subvert the sanctions," says the HERALD.

Making concessions to either of the British airlines would start a rush by other
world airlines, and although this would boost Botswana economy it would be at
the cost of the "South African liberation struggle," the editorial said.

"The effect of sanctions should be to bring down the apartheid system and not
divide us."

/12232
CSO: 3400/139

10



SOUTH AFRICA

PROFESSOR REVIEWS. NATION'S SECURITY LEGISLATION

Cape Town LEADERSHIP in English Vol 5 86 No 4 pp 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55

[Article by Tony Mathews]

[Text]
When the State President proclaimed an emergency on
July 21, 1985 and again on June 12, 1986, he declared, as
he was required to do by the Public Safety Act, that in his
opinion the ordinary law of the land was inadequate to
contain the unrest then raging across the country.

The words “ordinary law” in the State President’s
declaration arc certainly required to endure an unac-
customed and grossly distorted meaning. ‘The semantic
strain which he put upon this language becomes evident
as soon as one reviews the laws which he described as
“ordinary” and simultaneously “inadequate” for main-
taining order.

They include six permanent detention laws of which
two authorise indefinite detention of subjects. one for
preventative and the other for interrogational purposes.
Neither of these two detention provisions is subject to
effective safeguards and both go far beyond what is
permitted in Israel and Northem Ireland, two countries
with comparable security problems.

This year, an amendment to the Internal Security Act
introduced a seventh detention law which can be made
operative by the State President at any time and which
has been carefully drawn so as to avoid the limited re-
straints which the courts have recently put upon the
exercise of some detention powers. If all these detention
provisions are “ordinary” laws which government finds
inadequate for maintaining security, the mind boggles
at the thought of what the ruling party must regard as
exceptional powers that will pass the strenuous test of
“adequacy” for its security mission in South Africa.

Of course, detention powers are only part of the story
and the catalogue of laws which have become so unre-
markable as to merit the adjectives “ordinary” and “in-
adequate”, includes the power to ban organisations with
no effective right vested in the victims of such action to
appeal to the ordinary courts for relief. At present, over
30 organisations are banned and these include the prin-
cipal vehicles of African nationalism — the African

National Congress and the Pan Africanist Congress.

‘The banning power also extends to meetings and
processions and in respect of these the Minister of Law
and Order has untrammelled power to control the right
of assembly in both public and private places. For some
seven years now, open-air mectings other than sports
gatherings have been illegal unless cleared by prior
permission from the authorities.

In addition, specific meetings are regularly banned by
magistrates who have more limited powers to curtail the
right of assembly in their districts. So-called ordinary law
therefore gives government the power to determine
whether, and if so. when and where, its opponents may
mect or process. There is also permanent power to ban
individuals and such an order imposes a kind of civil
death upon persons who are subjected to it.

A banned person is confined to a magisterial district
{and may even be “house arrested” if the ister SO
determines), prohibited from attending a wide range of
gatherings of two or more persons, silenced by a ban on
the quotation of all his or her speeches or utterances and
subjected to many other pains and penalties. Though
banning has recently been eclipsed by the extensive use
of detention laws, it could be revived at any moment in
the discretion of the minister.

To the preceding list of these “normal” laws, we have
to add some very broad security crimes such as subver-
sion, sabotage, furthering the aims of communism (as
conceived in South Africa) and intimidation. Finally
there are extensive powers to ban or censor publications
or films and these powers arc used regularly to control the
political debate in South Africa.

The corpus of regular law which our government be-
lieves to be inadequate constitutes a security system that
would gladden the hearts of many a dictator or autocrat
and bring a gleam of admiration into the eyes of such
men as Machiavelli, Ghengis Khan or Mussolini if they
could be here to observe it.

52


Cape Town's Train Coaches Continue Desegregation Process
(Peter Dennehy; CAPE TIMES, 6 Oct 86) ..

ECONOMIC

Government Imposes Clampdown on Export-Import Information
(Brian Stuart; THE CITIZEN, 11 Oct 86) ..ccsssececceeeeers

Business for Security Companies Booming as Crime Rate Soars
(Shirley Pressly; WEEKEND POST, 4 Oct 86) ..ssescecececece

New Methods To Curb Soil. Erosion Used in Eastern Cape
(Jenny Cullum; WEEKEND POST, 4 Oct 86) ..ccececcccccceceve

Finance Minister Denies Criticism of Businessmen
(SAPA, 9 Oct 86) ..ccsereceecceceteeeececetceeeceeeecerees

Mercedes-Benz To Subsidize Employee Housing
(SAPA, 16 Oct 86) .ccccccccvcceccscvcvcccectcecececscncees

Training Program for Unemployed To Be Extended
(SAPA, 15 Oct 86) ccsceveccccecsctceencretcessreecereseees

Academic Forecasts Agricultural Trade Unions
(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 14 Oct 86) ..ececccceccees

Business Asks for Government Cooperation
(Stephen Rogers; BUSINESS DAY, 30 Sep 86) ...ccecevceceecs

Industrialists' Meeting Reveals Ekandustria's Incentives Best

(Linda Ensor; BUSINESS DAY, 1 Oct 86) ..ssececccceecssceece

Paper on Collapse, Future of Port Elizabeth Car Industry
(BUSINESS DAY, 1 Oct 86) ..

Rand Price of Gold Examined
(David de Kock; BUSINESS DAY, 2 Oct 86) ......0e-

Low Grain Prices, High Surplus Seen Advantageous in Sanctions Game
(Linda Ensor, Gerald Reilly; BUSINESS DAY, 3 Oct 86) .....

Coal Exports Have Stabilizing Effect on World Market
(Madden Cole; THE CITIZEN, 3 Oct 86) .csceccsccscvecscvece
wees
Durban Port Withholds Docked Ships List
(SAPA, 8 Oct 86) .eccececccccvcvcvcccccvcscesecncesscecees

Survey Predicts Salary Increases
(THE STAR, 29 Sep 86) ..ccecccccesccccccvcceecesevcvccesee

69

70

71

72

73

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

83

84

85

86


CAPE TOWN'S ‘TRAIN COACHES CONTINUE DESEGREGATION PROCESS

Cape Town CAPE TIMES in English 6 Oct 86 p 1

[article by Peter Dennehy]

[Text]

ANOTHER 460 former “whites-only”:
carriages on the Cape Town suburbani
lines will be opened to all races this.
week, . “4
This brings the total number of.
mixed coaches in the local system to!
3000. But 1400 coaches still remain
racially segregated. : !
The SATS regional manager, Mr
Bertie Heckroodt, said yesterday that
non-racial carriages had been in-*
creasingly accepted by Cape Town’s
white train commuters over the past
year. : i
“All that we have done this week is
to reduce the number of whites-only
carriages from three to two on each of
the 220 eight-carriage southern sub-
urbs line trains a day, and from five to
four on each .of the 240 eleven-car-
riage Bellville lines trains a day,” he

sald.
‘The change was the. result of a pat-'

/12828
cso: 3400/206

tern that had been established over!
the year, Mr Heckroodt said. {

“As time went on, more and more
people sat in the non-racial section.
‘The changeover took place more read-
ily on the Simon’s Town line, while the
Bellville line pattern has remained
fairly stable,” he said.

Hundreds of train-apartheid signs
will now be sent to the scrapyard, and
“may end up on somebody's bonfire”.

Those which remain would be
screwed down because people some-
times turned around the “slip-out”

‘boards, which had “whites only”:on

one side; the other side was painted
brown, which indicated the carriage
could be used by all races.

Whites-only coaches had been laid
on because of specific requests, and
Mr Hendrik Schoeman, the Minister of
Transport, had said any other group
could also request exclusive car-
riages. This had not happened, Mr
Heckroodt said.

69

SOUTH AFRICA



Bonteheuwel, a seriously overcrowded
and poverty-sticken area, originally built
in the Sixties to accommodate coloureds
moved from District Six and the white
suburbs, has a reputation as a particularly
politicised and militant area.

The activists are cynical about the
committees that they know are operating in
their area.

“We don’t reject these things. These are °
demands that the community has been
campaigning about for several years. But *
we know we are getting these things
though our struggle, and the committees
should not be getting the credit.”

Speaking for the first time about the
early weeks under State of. Emergency
conditions, they painted a picture. of a
community . virtually under seige, their ,
lives disrupted by the constant presence of
security police and reaction unit patrols,

Refusing to give their names for fear of
reprisals, the three students and a lawyer
said that in the: first few weeks after the
State of Emergency was declared, up to
200 school pupils wandered the streets
“homeless, like animals”, afraid to go to
school because of the heavy security
presence and afraid to go home: in case
they were picked up.

Residents in the  Steenberg-Retreat-
Lavendar Hill area in Cape Town have also
rejected the work of what appears to be a
local JMC. °

They were angered when a meeting
called. by the city engineer’s department
last month to investigate upgrading
sporting facilities, was addressed by the
station commander. of the local police
station. :

Three quarters of the audience walked
out before the end,

19274
CSO: 3400/173

24

National Security Official
Management. | State
System Structures

State Security
Council +>} Cabinet

I T
$C Work ey [ebinet Connites

Committee ld Department Heads
i 1
Inlerdepartmental
~ Committees ibid Departments
i i
Joint Management Executive Committees
Centres |* 7%} preva Pris)

i
few lowe ely | Regional Service

Centres Councils

i i
Mini-Joint A
(is €+> | Local Authorities

igement Centres

sa rr
How the Security Forces exert

influence: the security network, left,
forms a shadow structure alongside the
normal state structure, right, plugging
in at every fevel.



SOUTH AFRICA

HEUNIS SEEN AS NEXT STATE PRESIDENT
Cape Town THE WEEKEND ARGUS in English 4 Oct 86 p 12

[Commentary by John Maclennan]

Mr Pik Botha is seen as a “magnifi-
cent” Foreign Minister, but a non-starter

[Text] . TATE President Jan Chris-

tiaan Heunis. Roll it
around, savour the sound. His
chances for succession to the
country’s top political job in
the not too distant future have
been enhanced dramatically.

By stepping down as Cape leader
when he did not need to, Mr PW Bo-
tha has set the kingmakers to work,
and he is seen by the party to have
given Mr Heunis his personal bless-
ing, and a chance to groom himself
for the competition.

President Botha said he was giving uy
the job because of his excessive workload,
and made it clear he had no intention of
stepping down as national leader. But, it
is widely speculated that he will do so af-
ter the voters’ rolls have been brought up
to date, and the next elections, possibly
next year.

In taking over as Cape leader, Mr
Heunis is also following the identical
route to ultimate power taken by such
venerated Afrikaner political greats as
Dr DF Malan and Dr TE Donges.

The leadership stakes now involve onl
three other candidates: Mr FW de Kler!
(Transvaal leader, and Minister of Na-
tional Education), Mr Pik Botha (Minister
of Foreign Affairs) and Dr Gerrit Viljoen
(Minister of Education and Training).

Party sources concede Mr de Klerk has
a real chance of becoming President, but
say he faces enormous difficulties be-
cause the party is besieged in the Trans-
vaal, This could give him a loser’s image
because it is his job to stem the right
wing advance.

in the presidential race because he just
does not have enough support. In any
event, he failed in the previous tussle, and
nothing has happened to improve his
chances since then.

Dr Viljoen has a reputation as a formi-
dable strategist and thinker, but he does
not possess the dynamic charisma Afrika-
ners seek in political leaders. However,
he could well emerge as a compromise
President if there is a deadlock.

T= main reason why Mr Heunis —
dubbed Minister for Everything by
some of his colleagues — has a good
chance of winning is that his present port-
folio of Constitutional Development and
Planning is tremendously important.

His department is now involved in at-
tempting to create a new constitutional
dispensation which will secure a fair and
peaceful future for all South Africans. In
this respect, he is thus, after President
Botha, the single most important politi-
cian in the country.

The problem is that nobody under-
stands Mr Heunis. Reporters wince when
he stands up to make a speech because he
delivers it at an impossibly fast rate, and

what he says raises more questions than
the answers it provides.

He also uses wide and fine-sounding
generalisations which leave people no
wiser than they were before he stood up
to speak. His supporters say this is only
to be expected because nobody under-
stands the new constitutional structures
which are being created. He has to be
vague because he is involved in a juggling
act and cannot disclose what is going on,
and — anyway — Minister Heunis is

67



SOUTH AFRICA

RELEASED DETAINEES DESCRIBE EXPERIENCE IN PRISON
First Hand Accounts
MB111005 Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 9-16 Oct 86 p12

["The View from Behind Bars; Two First-Hand Accounts of What Really Happens
to Emergency Prisoners, as Told to Jo-Ann Bekker by Recently Released
Detainees Eric Linda and Mike Loewe"']

[Excerpts] Eric Linda and a friend were stopped at a roadblock outside Port
Elizabeth's New Brighton township on June 13, the Emergency's second day.

Linda was never told why he was arrested and held for 20 days at the huge
Algao Park police station on the road to Uitenhage, nor why his detention
order was renewed and he was transferred to St Albans prison for a further 75
days.

He said the police seemed most interested in recruiting him. "During my
interrogation sessions, the security police offered me a starting salary of
R500 to bring them information. I was also asked to set up an interview with
an activist they wanted, so they could catch him. I told them I wasn't
interested, there was too high a risk involved. They said they had many
activists working for them."

At Algoa Park, Linda said, detainees’ staple diet was sweet black coffee and
bread. Occasionally they received samp and beans. His bedding consisted of
two thin mats to sleep on and three blankets. "It was terribly cold," Linda
said. "No sun shone into the cell and I developed a bad cough."

At St Albans prison, about four kilometres from North End jail where Loewe
was imprisoned, Linda said he was held with 37 detainees of all ages ina
cell built for 26 people. “Our sleeping mats were riddled with bed-bugs and
fleas," he said, "and our diets consisted of bread, which was usually stale,
cold porridge and coffee."

Linda said the detainees elected representatives to convey their grievances
to the prison authorities. "We asked for those under 16 to be released, for
better food and for an end to degrading strip-searches of detainees." Linda
said the representations had little effect initially.

60


LAND IN MOZAMBIQUE ATTRACTS FARMERS--Zimbabwean farmers have expressed interest
in extending their operations to the central Mozambican province of Manica,
bordering Zimbabwe, says the Mozambican weekly TEMPO. The weekly said the
Zimbabweans were interested in farming barley and virginia tobacco in the rich
Zonue area in Manica. They had proposed the creation of mixed companies under
which the Mozambican Government would hold a 50 percent interest in the farming
companies, it added. The Mozambican Government is now studying the proposals.
[Text] [Johannesburg THE STAR in English 2 Oct 86 p 17] /12379

cso: 3400/136

17



19274

cSO:

3400/17

in their schools through the occupation of
their schools and the introduction-of the
“dompas”.

They have refused to register, burnt
their ID cards, embarked on limited
boycotts, occupied the schools but refused
to attend classes and have used the class-
rooms to teach people’s education.

@ The State hoped to crush the ANC and
defeat the armed struggle. If anything the
opposite has occurred. The armed struggle
has intensified and the ANC’s plan to
move from armed propaganda to people’s
war has become a growing reality with
increasing incidents of armed conflict
between the people and the security forces
not only on the borders but in the
townships.

@ Disputes and divisions among the rulers
reached a new intensity prior to the decla-
ration of the emergency. By declaring an
emergency, the State hoped to win back
support from the right wing by showing it
was capable of controlling the African
majority and by showing that it refuses to
bow to international pressure it hoped to
win the support of the liberal and business
community by proving that the restoration
of “law and order” is a pre-condition for
continued and successful reform initia-
tives,

With the exception of the right wing it
has failed. At least eight influential
businessmen have come out against the
emergency and demanded the release of
Nelson Mandela and the unbanning of the
ANC. Repression of a very wide range of
organisations, the restrictions on the
media and the handling of the sanctions
issue and the courts have alienated the
very people whose support the government
aimed to win. Qo

34



identity of a detainee without permission unless the
authorities have themsclves made the disclosure. This
may be termed detention “by cloud and by night”,
surely a mark of the police state.

All three emergencies have incorporated measures to
exonerate the police from dona fide but illegal actions
taken in the course of their emergency duties. While in
democratic societies such indemnities are often granted
by Parliament ar she end of the emergency, in South Africa the
authorities have been freed from Iegal accountability in
advance. Indemnities are objectionable measures even
when granted after the event. Dicey, the great 19th
century constitutional lawyer, wrote as follows of such
provisions:

“Of all the laws which a Legislature can pa:
of Indemnity is the most likely to produce injustice.
Itis on the face of it a legalisation of legality: the hope
of it encourages acts of vigour, but it also encourages
violations of the law and of humanity. The tale of
Flogging Fitzgerald in Ireland or the history of Gov-
emor Eyre in Jamaica, is sufficient to remind us of the
deeds of lawlessness and cnielty which in a period of
civil conflict may be inspired by recklessness or pas-
sion, and may be pardoned by the retrospective
sympathy or partisanship of a terror-stricken or vin-
dictive legislature.

The security forces in South Africa do not have to
await legislation from a “terror-stricken or vindictive
legislature”. Parliament has encouraged them at the
outset to take the actions they believe to be necessary
and proffered the legal protection which in other
cieties might be granted after the event. This licence for
official lawlessness has no place in a state that values the
tule of law, humanity or democratic government.

The removal of legal accountability by the indemnity
regulations has been accompanied in the 1986 emergen-
cy by measures which seek to free the security forces
from public accountability as well. ‘The regulations in
question prohibit the making or use without permission
of films and similar visual material, or of sound record-
ings, of unrest happenings or security force action to
counter them; authorise the Minister of Law and Order
to seize newspapers if he believes that they contain
subversive material; authorise the same minister to ban
publications and newspapers believed to contain sub-
versive statements; and authorise the Commissioner of
Police to make orders for, among other things, the con-
trol or prohibition of news or comment about security
force actions or conduct.

In terms of this last measure, the commissioner has
issued an order prohibiting newspapers from reporting on
the activities of the security forces. The combined ef-
fect of all these provisions has been the abrupt termina-
tion of the right of the Press and the public to give and re-
ceive independent information about the emergency

and other law-and-order matters. Two newspapers,
The Weekly Mail and the Sowetan, have already been the
subjects of seizure orders and similar action against
others could follow.

In fact, the regulations empower the minister to close
down the entire Press in South Africa if he chooses to do
so. The Press, so long cribbed and confined to enjoy
freedom in any meaningful sense has now for the first
time ceased to enjoy freedom in any meaningful sense.
Most of the censorship regulations have been the subject
of a legal challenge brought by several newspapers but
they are still being enforced pending a judgment by the
Natal court.

Yet another regulation authorises low-ranking mem-
bers of the force to order persons to leave a particular
place or to desist from specified conduct and, if such
persons do not immediately obey, to use such force as
the officer in question delieves to be necessary to dis
perse those present or to terminate the prohibited con-
duct. Under regular law, a police officer who disperses
a gathering must moderate the use of force according to
the needs of the occasion and may only use lethal wea-
pons in the special circumstances specified by the law.

Emergency law, on the other hand, provides no ob-
jective standard for the use of force since this will be
determined by the opinion of the officer on the spot; and
it provides no restraints on the use of lethal weapons.
‘The security forces also have extended power under
the emergency to enter premises and to search and
scize without legal warrants. This sweeps away the
minimal security of private homes provided by the regu-
lar law of the land.

Finally, the regulations enacted for the 1986 emer-
gency authorises the Commissioner of Police to make
tules and orders on a wide range of topics including any
matter which he considers necessary or expedierit for the
termination of the emergency. Orders have been is-
sued infer alia to impose curfews, to restrict movement,
to control the behaviour of school children and to prevent
meetings and processions, including the meetings of
specified organisations.

Considered on their face, the 1986 emergency regu-
lations have in effect put the country under security force
tule. They certainly go beyond what is permitted by
martial law under which the actions of the authorities
are restrained by the doctrine of necessity. It is well es-
tablished, moreover, that the courts may pronounce
upon the legality of the use of martial law powers when
military action has ended.

‘The emergency regulations, in several instances,
substitute subjective opinion for the objective test of
necessity and exempt the security forces from court
control in the performance of their emergency duties.
“The regulations, it is true, do not establish military tri-
bunals to try emergency crimes, but this is hardly
necessary considering the breadth and vagueness of

54


SOUTH AFRICA

CP LEADER THREATENS ‘RESISTANCE’ OVER BLACK POWER
MB101103 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1046 GMT 10 Oct 86

[Text] East London 10 October SAPA--Dr Andries Treurnicht last night warned
the state president he would prepare a resistance movement among his own
people if Mr P.W. Botha brought blacks into parliament.

"We warn him: Don't do it,” the CP [Conservative Party] leader told a
meeting in the East Long city hall.

Dr Treurnicht's speech to more than 200 people honed in on a possible general
election and a defence of his party's stand on separate states for the
communities in South Africa.

On the election, Dr Treurnicht said: "The state president will study the
political situation and, if it is good for the NP [National Party], he may
call an election. Before he calls an election, he will want to talk to black
leaders who are now setting conditions for participation in his national
statutory council. These include the release of (Nelson) Mandela and
scrapping the group areas act and other apartheid laws," Dr Treurnicht said.

Defending apartheid, which he defined as separateness, he said it was
practiced in Europe where the borders of states were drawn on these lines
while Israel would fight to the death to protect its borders for the same
reason.

Dr Treurnicht said if blacks were taken into the highest echelons of
government it would mean domination because there were 166 MPs now for five
million whites, 80 for three million coloureds, 40 for nearly 1 million
Indians.

There would have to be 530 MPs for the 16 million blacks outside the national
states and the selfgoverning areas.

“Work this out and it is easy to see there will be a black president.
Bringing blacks in would be a revolutionary move and I don't think the state
president realises the implications. We must resist this with all the
strength possible."

/12913

CsO: 3400/162
20


19274
sO)

TABLE 1

SALARY INCREASE RANGES PREDICTED ©”

less 5,0% 7.5% 10% 125% 15%

EMPLOYEE | than to, ‘to to to to Over
CATEGORY 5% —-7,5% 10% 125% 15% 18% 18%
Top Management —- 2 7 566 8 1
Senior Management _ 3 10 54 27: 6 -
2 n 52. 29 6 -
2 13 54 24 7 -
3 12 47 30 8 =
3 10 48 27 uv 1
2 14 47 29 8 ~
2 16 40 26 16 =
= 13 33 36 16 2
1 n 33 32 20 3
- 4 34. 32 18 2
1 u 46 32 10 =
OVERALL AVERAGE — 2 12 46 31 10 1
TABLE 2
SALARY INCREASE RANGES PREDICTED
less 5,0% 7,5% 10% 125% 15%
than to to to to to Over
INDUSTRY 5% - 7,5% 10% 125% 15% 18% 18%
= 4 2% 397.31 2 =
= 2 9 rn | 9 1
- oS 16 3 C~*‘ 8 -
_ 2 8B a 2 - _
pm .
Manufacture & Supply «.. - - 4 62 20 4 -
Consumer Goods :
Manufacture. - _ 10 39 42 9 -
Distribution _ 3 7 40 47 3 -
Service Industrie - ~ 2 53 29 15 1
Financial Institution: _ — 2 40 44 13 1
Non-Profit Organisations _ 2 9 59 20 a
OVERALL AVERAGE = 2 12 44 31 10 1
3400/133

87



[Borja] What would you do if you were banned? Would you all go home or would
you continue to organize underground?

[Cachalia] In a sense that decision does not lie solely within the hands of the
United Democratic Front. We are very clear. If the government bans the organi-
zation, that is not, certainly, is not going to stop our people from continuing
to organize against racism, against white domination, and in fact to continue
waging the struggle on all fronts.

[Borja] So you would go underground?
[Cachalia] Or, certainly. We will do everything in our power to remain alive.

[Borja] Why do you think the South African Government has chosen this moment
to place restrictions on you?

[Cachalia] Well, certainly after the international community has adopted sanc-
tions we feel that the government now feels that it has now carte blanche. The
international community has rejected it. It now might as well go ahead and do
whatever is necessary to destroy its opposition. So, in a sense this is perhaps
a message to the international community from the South African Government:

that they are not prepared to accept the reasonable and legitimate demands that
the people of South Africa and the international community are making upon it.
[end recording]

17358
cs0: 3400/156

41



LONDON GOLD -SPOT- 1 YEAR

mand CROSS WITH

an LONDON GOLD -SPOT- 1 YEAR

Ln

Sr ne ~~
700}

3 erm EER EE RTPA TH TON TOL THE

Sau ARE

19274
$0: 3400/160

82

trend, it still has past ee ae
enot

to do and it is not yet far
from the lows to allow for large

 Thusif the gold price were to fall

below $420 we will, in all probabil-
ity, see a decline in the rand price
of gold to below the R900 level.
Were we to experience an upside
break on gold of fairly significant

roportions, the rand A because it
Fas not yet developed a bull phase
— would probably lag somewhat.

This would especially be the case
as we approached the February
hi In this scenario, the rand

ld price will almost surely

ch the August 13 high.

Thus once again it would
that investors, importers ex-
Porters alike need to keep a fairly

close watch on the.gold price. In
Bet the d dollar price eis critical. A
s ies a disproportion-
ate surge in gold share prices anda
less than proportionate rise in the
ran

A fall could imply a greater fall
in share prices but not necessarily:

in the rand/dollar exchange rate.


© It raises important and difficult questions about the
tole of the judiciary because it represents a significant
shift away from government in terms of democratic
principles and the rule of law to government by ad-
ministrative fiat.

‘The most dramatic example is, of course, the current
State of Emergency, but the proposed legislation dealing
with economic deregulation would be another. In a
sense the judiciary encapsulates some of the most basic
values of the Westminster system of government such as
government by and under law, fairness, and rationality.
‘The new constitution and the current political situation
present the judges with a major challenge. Do they
simply absolve themselves of all responsibility or do they
play a positive role in formulating a democratic “reform-
ist” base on which all of us can build?

If the constitution gets into serious trouble, the courts
would, I think, be faced with a fundamental choice.
‘They would have to decide whether to go with the State
President by asserting the sovereignty of parliament, or
to protect the rights of “coloureds” and “Indians” by
adapting old concepts to give them greater political
power within the system.

At another level the tendency to avoid parliament and
to rule by administrative fiat has posed the courts with
a challenge which threatens the whole basis for their
authority. Over the fast 18 months there have been a
truly remarkable series of decisions dealing principally
with security legislation in which courts have adopted an
assertive attitude which a few years ago — or even two or
three years ago— would have been unthinkable, One can
only speculate on the reasons for this development.

One of the most striking reasons is certainly the
emergence of public interest law firms. The other is,
perhaps, the fundamental and growing concern (on the
part of at least some judges) that the powers being as-
sumed by government to deal with what is euphemisti-
cally called the “unrest” situation have gone so farand
on for so long that they are striking at the very founda-

19274

CSO: 3400/166

59

tions of the legal system and the administration of jus-
tice in the country. In other words, some judges are see-
ing the system which they'administer, on which they
depend for their legitimacy, as under immediate and
direct threat.

‘There comes a stage when the ability of the executive
authority to handle the situation effectively can be
called into question. And right now there are indications
that the courts are tending to say that their job is to pro-
tect the legal system. They might, if pushed, say that
they are no longer there to protect government (which is
largely what they have done in the past) but must pro-
tect the legal system.

In that situation the courts would also say that one of
the ways in which they can deal with the State of
Emergency is to attempt to do justice . . . because there
must be grievances underlying the disruption. If the
judiciary could meet those grievances, it might be their
major contribution towards dealing with the emergen-
cy. In this case it would be more important for the
judiciary to try to do justice than to give unqualified
support to the forces of law and order.

Te might well be that the courts are signalling here, in
their own peculiar fashion, a concern that most South
Africans would have expressed over the last few years: is
government fully in control? Should we fully support the
executive in what it is doing or should we mark out a
more independent line for ourselves?

In representing a fundamental shift away from dem-
ocratic government it may foreshadow the form of gov-
ernment which is likely to emerge in the medium and
Jong term under black majority rule in South Africa.

If such a government is likely to be based on a socialist
model of the Soviet or east European variety, it too is
likely to be bureaucratic in character operating behind a
democratic facade. We may be witnessing an organic
adaptation of our system of government to make it suit-
able for a future (“democratic”) South Africa.



SOUTH AFRICA

LOW GRAIN PRICES, HIGH SURPLUS SEEN ADVANTAGEOUS IN SANCTIONS GAME

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 3 Oct 86 p 1

[Article by Linda Ensor and Gerald Reilly]

[Text]

19274
cso:

SA “COULD ‘be using!
its advantageous buy- {
er position in a glutted
international grain;
market as a weapon in:
its anti-sanctions
campaign. .

. The world’s
with surplus ‘ks, and observers say
suppliers could be so eager to find a
market that it may be difficult for them
to agree not to sell to SA.

The US has surplus grain stocks to
provide for its needs for more than a
year. World grain production this year is
expected to reach 1,4-billion tons.

Further momentum was given to the
last-minute effort to sway the US Senate

esterday when SA Agricultural Union
Gaav) president Kobus Jooste telexed
senators representing US farming states.

Agriculture Minister Greyling Went-
zel supported Foreign Minister Pik
Botha’s threat to end SA’s imports of US
wheat if the US government applied
sanctions against SA farm exports.

Simple economics would ensure that

3400/159

-anaries are overflowing

sales went ahead, and any government
trying to hinder that would face an out-
cry from farmers.

Jooste said the low grain prices on the
international market and the large sur-

luses meant suppliers “would be climb-

ing over each other-to supply. Pik Botha
must believe he has ground under his feet
to speak so confidently”, Wentzel said.

Professor Ekhart ier of Stellen-
bosch. University agreed that inter-
nationallv it was a buyer’s market

‘The value of SA farm exports to the US
is insignificant compared with SA’s total
exports. A US embassy source said the
figure was R118m in 1984 and R98m last
year. US farm exports to SA totalled
$108m last year - .

83



SOUTH AFRICA

GOVERNMENT TO INVESTIGATE JUVENILE IMPRISONMENT
MB131045 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0911 GMT 13 Oct 86

[Text] Robben Island October 13 SAPA--A high-level government investigation
was to be undertaken into the welfare and conditions of imprisonment of juve-
niles in South Africa's jails, the Minister of Justice, Mr Kobie Coetsee, said
today. Speaking at a medal parade on Robben Island, he said the investigation
would also look at alternatives to imprisonment for young people.

"I want to say clearly that we do not want to see juveniles in our prisons.
But you must remember the prisons service is on the receiving end. Those
people who are sent to it with a legal warrant must be accommodated."

Mr Coetsee said he would prefer problem children to be entrusted to the care
of their parents or, if this could not be done, to be placed in reformatories.
"But we cannot wish away the reality of juvenile criminality, and if parents
cannot control the child and reform school does not have the desired effect,
what alternatives remain?"

In addition, the community had the fullest right to protection, and it was the
state's responsibility to ensure that order was maintained so that its citi-
zens could live in security.

"With the juveniles in our care as a reality, the question is rightly being
asked whether existing facilities and services with relation to the handling
and care of these young people are adequate, and whether they need to be
extended. To get answers to these questions I have asked the Commissioner of
Prisons to do a high-level investigation in consultation with the Department's
of National Health and Population Development, Law and Order and Justice, into
the welfare and conditions of imprisonment of juveniles in our jails. Alterna-
tives to imprisonment will also be examined."

The responsibility for combating crime did not lie only with the state. Crimi-
nals, young and old, came from the community. "Therefore, I want to address
myself to the community and its various institutions. Real and constructive
involvement with the youth can plainly be of the preventative nature. Oppor-
tunities must be created for better and for meaningful ways of spending free
time and so on."

/7051
cso: 3400/200

28



MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

DUTCH OFFICIALS FOR BEIRA PORT--The efficiency of operations at Beira port

is expected to improve following the recent secondment of experienced of-
ficials from the Port of Amsterdam Authority, A fully qualified harbour-master
and six other dock officers are expected to arrive at Beira next week, and will
remain for an extended period as part of Dutch government assistance to the
Mozambique Ports and Railway Authority. [Text] [Harare THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE
in English 26 Sep 86 p 1] /9274

ELECTRICITY TALKS WITH ZIMBABWE--A report detailing the present state of co-
operation in the electricity.sector between the Mutare region and Manica pro-
vince in Mozambique, is scheduled to be discussed at a meeting in Norway,
today, Friday, The report was compiled by a commission of experts who are
working with the Beira Corridor Authority (BCA), a Harare spokesman of the
Norwegian development agency, Norad, said this week, The Zimbabwe-Mozambique
electricity supply cooperation in the central and southern border regions in a
Sadcc energy project, involving the upgrading of existing transmission lines
and substations in the region, The project, which will be implemented in two
phases, is estimated to cost some US$200,000, the Norad spokesman said. Phase
1 will increase the capacity of the Mutare substation from the current 15 MW
to 40 MW, which is also the capacity of the existing transmission line between
Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Phase 2 comprises a feasibility study on a new trans-
mission line (60 MW) between the two countries. Said the Norad spokesman:
"The meeting in Norway will discuss the project, and also find out exactly the
present nature of the cooperation between the two countries. Norwegian in-~-
volvement in the project and also within the whole context of the Beira Cor-
ridor Group will also be discussed." [Text] [Harare THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE in
English 26 Sep 86 p 5] /9274

EEC FUND TO UPGRADE RAILWAY LINE-~-The Harare office of the EEC this week re-
leased three tenders issued by the Mozambique National Directorate for Ports
and Railways. They are calling for various supplies for the rehabilitation
work of the Nacala-Entrelagos railway line, Tender number 2471 invites the
supply in two separate lots of steel for reinforcing concrete sleepers. Lot
11480,000 tie-bars in tail steel; and Lot 2: 340 tonnes of 6mm smooth steel,
1,700 tonnes of 6mm notched steel, and 680 tonnes of 12 x 12 mm bar steel,
Tender number 2472 calls for the supply in one single lot of 330 tonnes of
nitroglycerine-based explosive, 510,000 metres of detonating fuse, 87,000
high-intensity electric detonators and 262,1000 metres of firing wire



[Mokoena] Up to now since the launching of the UCCP the founding members have
agreed to contribute some money out of their own as individuals, and what we
are going to do is each and every person who enlists as a member of the UCCP
will be expected to contribute a registration or a membership fee and apart
from that there would be nothing wrong in us seeking international financial
support from organizations, financial people within South Africa and even in
Europe and the United States of America.

[Judo] How can you organize in the townships if many of your founder council-
lors, etc., can't live in the townships because they are so unpopular?

[Mokoena] Well, we are not concerned with their unpopularity because that is
a created situation. We want the situation to go back to normalization and we
want to discourage the rioting, the looting and the killing of people, and,
therefore, I mean to say these people are unpopular is what the radicals are
doing [sentence as received].

/7051
csO: 3400/198

43



MOZAMBIQUE

SOUTH AFRICA REVEALED AIDING RENAMO
Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 27 Sep 86 p 6

[Text] A South African helicopter transporting men with military packs was
again seen landing on 12 September at Guegue, near the Ressano Garcia border
post 90 kilometres north-west of Maputo, a spokesman for the Mozambican armed
forces said on 19 September. Members of the "Buffalo Battalion," the South
African army's 32nd battalion, were also said to have been sighted in
Zambezia province, where fighting between government troops and Renamo
rebels has intensified in recent weeks, According to Maputo 620 rebels were
killed and 15 guerrilla bases destroyed between January and August this year
in that region,

For its part Renamo said from Lisbon that 519 Mozambican soldiers and 59
Zimbabweans were killed between 10 and 15 September in the southern provinces
of Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane and Sofala, The Renamo communique said the rebel
movement would not allow the operation of the Beira corridor to Zimbabwe and
would not permit "foreign investment" in the region. The Beira corridor is
the principal route enabling Zimbabwe and Zambia to export and import without
having to pass by way of South Africa,

1,0.N.--The continuing South African military aid to Renamo, while angering
the Mozambicans, does not imperil the Nkomati good neighbour agreement signed
between Maputo and Pretoria in March 1984. The Mozambican authorities still
believe that the principal utility of the pact is that it protects the
country from South African raids like those directed against Botswana, Zambia
and Zimbabwe earlier this year, It also allows Maputo to concentrate all its
forces on the war against Renamo,

19274
cso: 3400/180



TRANSKEL'S MATANZIMA'S REGIME DESCRIBED AS BRUTAL

Johannesburg THE NEW NATION in English 25 Sep-8 Oct 86 p 6

[Text]

A h Daliwonga,

the crowd roared when
Kaizer Daliwonga Mata-
nzima entered Umtata
Stadium on the evening ,
of October 26, 1976, to |
t the independence

. of the bantustan of

Transkei from South
Africa. |

The entire country
was still smarting from
the events of June 16,
and that roar had a lot to
do with tradition -- ack-
nowledging the presence
of a member of the royal
family -- and the
uncertainty which con-
fronted everyone.

Tt was not approval of
what KD Matanzima
was about to do.

That was 10 years
ago. And today, for
many people in the
territory it's been 10
years too long.

This week elections
were held for the third
parliament of Transkei
since independence, and
the results are predi-
ctable. Matanzima's
Transkei National as,
pendence Party >
will take all the seats in
the 150-seat parliament.

In fact, only 75 of the
seats were contested -~
the remaining 75 being
seats allocated by the
homeland's president to
traditional chiefs.

In the past couple of
years the official

opposition party, the
Democratic Progressive
Party (DPP), has had a
sole’ member in
liament, and that was
lee because almost
all: DPP members who
contested seats against
the TNIP in 1981. were
rounded up and held
under security legis-
lation. All were duly
released after the
elections.
Exasperated by Mata-
nzima's antics, many
DPP supporters called a
boycott of the. past:
elections -- convinced
that any election against
Matanzima in Transkei is
unwinnable.
This territory Transkei
-abounds with paradoxes
and contradictions, none
as dramatic as the fact
that it has within the
same family of Mtirara
iven to the country two
leaders who are least
alike -- Nelson Mandela,
revered and feared, and
on the other side of the

political spectrum his

nephew Matanzima,
who has come to typify
the classic homeland

leader.

In the 24 years that
Matanzima has been
head of Transkei, first as
head of the tribal
authority and later as
Prime Minister and
President, he has been
unwaveringly brutal in
dealing with opponents
- real or imagined.
Detention without

37

SOUTH AFRICA



ZIMBABWE

BRIEFS

RSA SANCTIONS THREAT DISMISSED--The minister of land, agriculture and rural
settlement, Comrade Moven Mahachi, has dismissed South Africa's threat to stop
the flow of imported and exported grains to and from neighboring countries.
Comrade Mahachi told the BC before leaving for a SADCC agriculture ministers’
meeting in Swaziland that Zimbabwe's 40,000 tons of imported wheat passing
through South Africa will have alternative routes should South Africa carry out
its threats. Although the minister does not know exactly how much wheat passes
through South Africa to Zambia, he said Zambia would not suffer much if the
threat was carried. Comrade Mahachi noted that in fact Zimbabwe exports maize
to South Africa, while the other SADCC countries, except Lesotho and Swaziland,
had no grain passing through the racist country. Zimbabwe this year sold
360,000 tons of white maize to South Africa itself is a primarily yellow maize
grower. [sentence as received] Comrade Mahachi also pointed out that, should
it become necessary Zimbabwe's surplus maize could be donated to its SADCC
neighbors after consultations. [Text] [Harare Domestic Service in English
1115 GMT 3 Oct 86 MB] /12232

EXTERNAL RADIO SERVICE PLANNED--The Zimbabwe Government is planning to estab-
lish an external radio service to address crucial questions in southern
Africa. The Minister of Information, Posts, and Telecommunications, Comrade
Nathan Shamuyarira, who was speaking on the weekly television program, The
Nation, last night, said that the government is seeking setting up finances to
this effect. Comrade Shamuyarira agreed that there are insufficient internal
resources, and this has prompted the government to negotiate with local
companies to produce cheap radios and televisions. He said Mozambique has
managed to establish a cheap radio set, which can be carried on bicycles and
helps to disseminate information to the people. Comrade Shamuyarira said the
Bulawayo-based Supersonic Radio Company has been approached by the government
to produce cheap radios and produced a sample which (?words indistinct].
{Text] [Harare Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 13 Oct MB] /7051

MAIZE CROP SURPLUS--HARARE~~Zimbabwe is trying desperately to cut its maize
production because of a huge surplus. Excluding next year's intake it amounts
to two years' domestic consumption. A price disincentive scheme has been
employed by the government in trying to halve the coming season's production.
Farmers will be paid R240 a ton for up to 50 percent of their output last
season. For the balance they will get only R134 a ton. Agriculture minister
Moven Mahachi said stocks were reaching unmanageable proportions. [Text]
{Johannesburg THE STAR in English 20 Oct 86 p 13] /12379

16



NATION'S GOLD REFINING SWITCHED FROM RSA TO AUSTRALIA

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 3 Oct 86 p 21

[Text]

/12379
cso:

3400/136

HARARE. — Zim-
babwe’s first 600 kg
shipment of gold for
refining .in Australia
instead of South Africa
was flown out to. Perth
a week ago, an: official
of the Reserve Bank of
Zimbabwe: has. con-
firmed.

Zimbabwe's numerous
small-scale mines produce
about 15 tons of gold each
year, making the metal
the country’s second larg-
est foreign currency earn-
er.after tobacco.

Since the birth of the

Zimbabwean industry 100
years ago, its amalgams
have been sent to Rand
Refineries, the largest
plant of its kind in the
world, which is capable of
handling 700 tons a year.
Last month, the switch
was made to Australia as
a temporary arrangement
to precede the establish-

ment of Zimbabwe’s own
Tefinery. The refinery will
cost about R5 million and
is to handle ore from the

entire Central and East:
African preferential trade;
area.

The project is to re

ernment and gold mining

The refinery, to be
built in Harare’s Msasa
suburb next to the high
security mint that produc:
es the country’s currency;

is expected to be in opera

tion in two years.

The Reserve’ Bank
spokesman refused to dis-
close how much it would
cost to refine Zimbab-
wean gold ‘in Australia
compared to South Afri-
ca.

Gold last year earned
Zimbabwe about R350

1

ZIMBABWE

million and further ex-
pansion is expected under
Zimbabwe's _socialist-

style five year plan.
Marginally _ profitable
“smallworkings”.may be
re-opened under govern-
ment sponsorship as
“workers’ co-operatives”
in a move to boost. pro-
duction of the ideal “high
value-low bulk” foreign
currency earner. Payabili-
ty rates of all former
workings are known to
ent in secret

Minty of Mines files.

Security of gold ship-
ments in Zimbabwe was
tightened up at mid-year
when a R250 000 ship-
ment from Bulawayo was
intercepted by thieves us-
ing an “inside man”.

Some of the gold has
yet to be recovered from
Switzerland, to which
part of the haul was smug-
gled. — Sapa.



Feeding Programs for Hungry Battling To Make Ends Meet
(Laura Nelson; THE DAILY NEWS, 29 Sep 86)....

Study Says Drivers' Minimum Wage Below Starvation Level
(SAPA, 6 Oct 86) .cececcceveecece

Business Leader Discusses State of Economy, Role of Business
(Anton Rupert Interview; LEADERSHIP, No 4, 1986) ...seeeee

Social Democracy Seen as Best Option for Post-Apartheid Economy
(James Leatt; LEADERSHIP, No 4, 1986) ....

Mid Wits Gold Exploration in OFS Encouraging
(THE CITIZEN, 30 Sep 86) ..ccccccccccccenccccscccscseseces

Briefs
Safto Publishes RSA-US Trade Figures
Threats to Clothing Exports
Manganese Ore Sintering Plant
U.S. Pharmaceutical Giant Sells Stake
Wine Industry Figures te
Agrifokus To Help Farmers
Agreement on Ore Body Exploitation
International Credit Standing
Need for Canadian Wheat
Civil Contracts Continue Sluggish

INDUSTRIAL/S&T

/7310

SATS To Begin Air Space Development
(Zenaide Vendeiro; THE STAR, 25 Sep 86) .cecccescvcceeveee

BMW Stays Despite Losses, Sanctions
(Don Robertson; SUNDAY TIMES, 28 Sep 86) ..vecccseccenvens

Decline in VW Sales Figures Reported
(David Furlonger; BUSINESS DAY, 1 Oct 86) .....

Escom Power Station Go-Ahead Pleases Construction Leaders
(Frank Jeans, Sven Lunsche; THE STAR, 1 Oct 86) ....+

SAA Checks Unprofitable Services
(Zenaide Vendeiro; THE STAR, 2 Oct 86) ...

SAA Begins Project To Refurbish 747 Fleet
(Erik Larsen; THE CITIZEN, 3 Oct 86) ..+...

91

96

102

103
103
103
104
104
104
104
105
105
105

106

107

109

110

112

113



SOUTH AFRICA

BMW STAYS DESPITE LOSSES, SANCTIONS
Johannesburg ‘ SUNDAY TIMES (Business) in English 28 Sep 86 p 32
[Article by Don Robertson]

[Text] BMW is committed to its South African connection--its only manufac-
turing plant outside Western Germany.

Walter Hasselkus, managing director of BMW SA, said in Munich at the inter-
national launch of the new Seven Series model range that in spite of continu-
ing losses and the possibility of sanctions, the parent company would
continue its operations in SA.

The export of components continued and BMW SA hoped to reach its target of
R50-million a year soon, he said.

The new Seven Series will be introduced in SA in October next year, and
BMW hopes for a large increase in sales in the top. end of the market.

Output Lift

The SA operations fit in well with the group's international plans for an
increase in production to bolster stretched facilities in Germany.

The parent company forecasts a satisfactory result for the year to December,
says chairman Eberhard von Kuenhein.

Worldwide sales in the first seven months of the year were:280 000 units,
much the same as in the previous year. Because of an expected continuation
of the favourable economic climate turnover in the year to Décember should
be higher than in 1985.

Turnover in the first six months was DM9,1-billion--4% higher than in the
previous year.

The factory at Regensburg being built at a cost of DM1,3-billion and the

Research and Engineering Centre in Munich will be completed later this
year.

107



On another occasion it was a black youth who was being beaten. I saw a black
member of the security police punching him in the region of the kidneys, after |
a lengthy interrogation behind closed doors.

"The youth was taken into a room and interrogated at length. I heard the
sounds of blows and groaning coming from the room. When the youth eventually
emerged he fell down, clearly in great pain. While he was lying against the
wall in the corridor, a black security policemen kicked him in his side and
made him stand up," says Miss Sealey.

After six weeks of detention--"I was bored with exercises and staring into
space"-~a Security Branch policeman lent her some novels.

"But police kept refusing when I wanted to consult my lawyer. I was allowed
to see her only three weeks before my release.

“Even the Government Gazette empowering them to detain you is supposed to be
handed to you when you are being taken away, but in my case they gave me a
copy shortly before I was let out," says Miss Sealey, who says she has not yet
adjusted to life outside prison.

"But I am glad to be out of prison, though things are bad outside with the
Emergency. I mean what has changed?"

At the time of her detention, her passport and identity documents were seized
and on her release, she says, the police refused to hand them over but said
she must collect them at a later date.

"I won't go back there for them. I will ask my lawyers to get the documents
for me," she says, adding that she has not been cowed by her incarceration.

Miss Sealey is planning to take up the case of child detainees with groups and
lawyers concerned with human rights and the welfare of detainees.

She says where she was held there were a number of girls under 16 years.

The SAP Directorate for Public Relations, commenting on the allegations of
assault at the Vereeniging police station, says it is not the policy of the
police to assault people or to condone any assault by any of its members.

"When people fail to submit affidavits (to the SAP) for investigation and
instead choose to approach the media... it creates the suspicion that it is
done for propaganda purposes."

But Miss Sealey says that after being detained for 108 days, in her particular
circumstances, she has little confidence in the police and their willingness
to properly investigate matters of this nature.

The Bureau for Information says it does not comment on cases such as the
alleged assaults at the Vaal police station "as it is the prerogative of the
Minister of Law and Order."

/7051

CSO:
3400/195 66


SOUTH AFRICA

STATE STRUCTURE INFLUENCED BY SECURITY FORCES' 'SHADOW STRUCTURE"

Network Detailed

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 3-8 Oct 86 pp 12

[Text]

‘THE prime characteristic of the National Security
Management System is its facelessness. From top
to bottom, it is an elaborate set of structures and
committees whose members and activities are
seldom known. .

At the top, is the State Security. Council (SSC),
one of four cabinet committees but the only one
enshrined inlaw. :

It is chaired by the State President and its
members are the most senior Cabinet Minister, the '
ministers of Defence, Foreign Affairs, Justice and
Police, any other Ministers who may be co-opted,
the heads of the Police and Defence Force, the
secretaries for Foreign Affairs, Justice and
Security Intelligence and any other heads of
departments who may be.co-opted.

Tt meets fortnightly.

The next level is the working committee of the
SSC, composed of heads of most of the
government departments and other cabinet
committees. It does most of the preparatory work
for the SSC, making recommendations to it.

Tt also meets fortnightly, the day before the SSC
meets.

The secretariate of the State Security Council,
based in a discreet, unmarked and highly secure
building in Pretoria, is the full-time staff of the
SSC. It coordinates the security system, passes on
cabinet security decisions and coordinates and
evaluates the work of all the country’s intelligence
systems.

It has four branches: strategy, national
intelligence’ interpretation, strategic
communications and administration. At its head is
the secretary, Lt-General PW van der Westhuizen.

The next level is a set of inter-departmental
committees, made up of representatives of all
government departments. When the secretariate
wants to develop a strategy for a particular
problem, it delegates the matter to the relevant
committee.

21

* Thie titles of the 13 committees give some insight

into what the SSC is dealing with: Manpower,
Security Forces, Civil Defence, Transport,
Security, National Supplies and Resources,
Government Funding, National Economy,
Telecommunication and Electrical Power Supply,
Science and Technology, Community Services,
Culture and Political Affairs.

Attempting to ascertain why the SSC should be
looking at political affairs, the Progressive
Federal Party was given this explanation in
parliament: “The political committee provides.
advice to the secretariate of the SSC. on matters
pertaining to national security arising’ fro’
international, interstate and internal political
developments. The term ‘political’ has the same
meaning as in political science and has no bearing
on party political activities.” :

The next level are the Joint Management Centres
(JMCs). Officials said this week there were IL
such JMCs, but a list of 12 was given in parliament’
in May. They are based in (with the chairmen’s
names and. affiliations in brackets): Durban (Brig
JH Pretorius, SADF); Kimberley (Brig JH de
Beer, SADF); Pretoria (Brig JPM Miller, SADF);
Port Elizabeth (Brig CP vd Westtuizen, SADF);
Bloemfontein (Brig WC Meyer, SADF);
Outdshoorn (Brig C van Rooyen, SADF); Walvis
Bay (Cmdt M van der Riet, SADF); Johannesburg
(Brig GHP Murphy, SADF); Cape Town (Brig
CA Swart, SAP); Potchefstroom (Brig JJ
Bisschoff, SADF); Pietersburg (Maj Gen C Lloyd,
SADF); Nelspruit (Maj Gen WHIF Paetzold,
SADF).

There were previously four separate JMCs to
coordinate policy towards neighbouring states.
According to SSC officials, however, these have
“petered out” and no longer exist.

"There are 60 sub-IMCs. They are based in Newcastle, Vryheid,
Pietermaritzburg, Kokstad, Greytown, Durban South, Port Shepstone,
De Aar, Kimberley, Upington, Pretoria Central, Moot, Port Elizabeth, «

Uitenhage, Cradock, Queenstown, Bloemfontein, Kroonstad,
Ladybrand, Graaff-Reinet, Middleburg, Johannesburg, West Rand,



FRENCH LOANS--Under an agreement signed at the end of August France is to pro-
vide 265 million francs (39.5 million dollars) to Mozambique in two loans,
One is a third economic recovery loan of 100 million francs to help increase
production of oashews, sisal and cotton in Nampula, Cabo Delgardo, Gaza and
Maputo provinces by purchasing consumer goods for distribution to small pea-
sant farmers of those regions. The second loan, of 165 million francs, is
for partial funding of the complete renovation of the Nacala-Malawi railway
line, which serves Nampula and Niassa provinces. The almost total suspension
of rail services from Nacala to Lichinga, the capital of Niassa (one train
every three months) because of the lack of maintenance and attacks by Renamo
rebels, is at the root of the famine threatening 430,000 people in that
province, The project, costing a total of 112 million dollars, is also being
funded by Canada, Italy, Finland, the European Economic Community and private

French and Portuguese loans, [Text] [Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in
English 27 Sep 86 p 7] /9274

INDIA OFFERS MILITARY TRAINING--Despite denials by Indian Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi, New Delhi does indeed intend to supply military assistance to
Zimbabwe and Mozambique, notably to help protect the Beira corridor. Accord-
ing to information obtained by THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER the matter was disc-
cussed by Mr Gandhi and Mozambican president Samora Machel at the Non-Aligned
movement summit in Harare and a bilateral agreement is being drawn up. India
is not considering despatching troops but will take charge of training
Zimbabwean and Mozambican by means of a team of military instructors. New
Delhi's increasing influence in the region is also noticeable in the two-week
visit to India.just begun by Kebby Musokotwane, the prime minister of Zambia,
whose president Kenneth Kaunda is the present leader of the Frontline states.
In this context it is worth noting that the Non-Aligned summit put the Indian
prime minister in charge of the new AFRICA (Action for Resisting Invasion,
Colonialism and Apartheid) solidarity fund to help southern African states to
cope with the results of economic sanctions against South Africa. [Text]
{Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in’ English 27 Sep 86 p 2] /9274

CSO: 3400/180



Mr De Klerk said the only definite decision taken related to the projected
financial provision for the next financial year. [as received] "The ration-
alisation required in this regard is of a mild nature and should not be dis-
ruptive in any sense of the word. In the medium and longer term, the main
source of funds for the improvement of black and coloured education will be
additional funds that will be made available by the government. Any calcula-
tions as to large percentages which may be cut from the present level of
provision of any departments must be regarded as speculative mathematical
projections on which no decision has been taken by the government."

Mr De Klerk said the final test for future financial decisions about education
would be whether "existing standards can at least be maintained by any depart-
ment of which rationalisation may'be required." He added he could not comment
on Indian education as "the determination of priorities was in the framework
of available funds exclusively resting with the Ministers Council in the House
of Delegates."

"17051
cso: 3400/200

26



change or merely as punitive measures with
the aim of bringing the country to its knees.

Sanctions applied in the past against
Mussolini's Italy, Franco’ in and Castro's,
Cuba did not prove to be very successful and
were in fact counter-productive.

After World War Tat the Treaty of
Ver predicted that the
punitive meastires contained in that treaty
would cause another war. Fle was proved to
be right.

Punitive sanctions can never be construc-
tive. They merely prolong the agony of all.

Are there any benefits of a siege economy?
Some believe it will create great opportun-
ity, others warn of disaster. Could we have
your thoughts on this matter?

It depends very much on how a country
reacts. It could stimulate the economy by
creating immediate opportunities but in the
long-term it harms all parties involved.

Tam afraid that if sanctions were imposed
with any degree of success, it would amount
to hara-kiri in this part of the world and be a
severe blow to private enterprise in the
whole subcontinent.

19274
CSO: 3400/168

95

Is there anything you did not do, and
regret, in relation to the development of
South AfricaP

Lam only sad that it took so long to convince
people that apartheid or separate develo}
ment, regardless of the good intentions with
which it may originally have been imposed,
can never bea practical solution in Southern

myth that apartheid is a safeguard
e's survival. On the contrary,
it endangers the existence and future of all.

What I regret is my inability to have per-
suaded more of my fellow-countrymen that
peaceful co-existence in Southem Africa
could best have been achieved through part-
nership and sharing. Also that we shall not
be able to sleep in peace ife our needy neigh-
bours do not cat.

Can the Afrikaner come to terms with a
dilution of power?

Yes, indeed. but I believe that he will only
settle fo rem in which he still has some
say in the affairs of che country and not be
subjected to one-man-one-vote once.



FEEDING PROGRAMS FOR HUNGRY BATTLING TO MAKE ENDS MEET

Durban THE DAILY NEWS in English 29 Sep 86 p 9

{Article by Laura Nelson

{Text}

THE soaring costs. of '
food and Petrol are !
just. two of the giants
Natal’s . feeding
schemes battle with
as they dig deep into
their pockets to fill
hundreds of thousands
of empty stomachs,

Many schemes are al-
ready in the red with lit-
tle hope of their finances
improving in the near fu- ;
ture. Even if their subsi- *
dies are suddenly in-

inflation — or
another related factor —
snatches back a large
slice.

“Last year we were
running at a loss of
3000 a month,” said Mr
Austin Walpole, admini-
strator of the Christian
Care Society’s feeding
scheme at KwaMashu.

“Then the KwaZulu
Department of Health
and Welfare decided to
increase our subsidy. But
no sooner had that hap-
pened than salaries of
nurses and domestic
staff went up — and we
try to keep up with Kwa-
Zulu salaries.

“That leaves us with a
loss of R14 000 a year, so
we are now looking at a
running loss of about
R1.000 a month.”

The feeding scheme
provides about 2000
meals a day to Kwa-

19274

CSO: 3400/158

: Mashu’s: starving. Only

10 recipients can afford

to pay R2,50 a month for |
them. i
“We aim at the aged,

but what can we do when

children living with an .

old person are hungry
too? We have to feed
them,” Mr Walpole said.
They also fed hungry
neighbours who saw
them giving out food.
“So this is. our prob-

lem. It’s just impossible ;

to single out just one sec-
tion of the community.
“We're deeply involved
in raising funds for more
accommodation, but I'm
afraid that when we're
short of money, we have
to dip into this account.”
Tafta’s Meals on
Wheels, which feeds 300
elderly people in the

88

Durban area every day,
has similar problems.

“Yes, we have a defi- \

cit,” said Mrs Mary Lep-
pins, senior social work-
er in charge of Tafta’s
community services.

“But we're not hysteri
‘cal about it. What’s the
point?” she said calmly.

Instead, they were
aware of the need to ap-
peal constantly to the
public for money.

The problem was in-
flation” = '

“The aged are on
fixed incomes and their
rents are high, so we
can’t pass any increase
in costs on to them.”

Meals on Wheels need-
ed R15 000 a month to
pay for food containers,
petrol, to maintain vehi-
cles and to pay drivers

_ and other staff. Food was
“the major cost.

The scheme did get a
government subsidy and
some of the aged could
afford to pay a small fee
for a meal.

“But this will never

be enough,” Mrs Leppins
said.

Meanwhile, feeding
100000 people in Kwa-
Zulu alone will cost Op-
eration Hunger R20 000 a
month or R264000 a

ar.

Overall, it feeds
720 000 people around the
country and needs to
raise not less than R1
million a month to meet
this huge need.

They have no over-

SOUTH AFRICA

draft facilities.
“We couldn't do it. It
would be too precari-

- ous,” said the press offi- .

cer, Ms Anne Scott.

So far they had enough
money raised for the
next three months. {

“We've found that be- ,
cause of the economy,
big companies ‘are cut- .
ting back, but fortunate- ,
ly people are still. giv- .

She said they would
often receive grubby R2

“notes from unemployed .

people who felt moved '
to make donations.

The. finances of proba-
bly the largest feeding

- scheme in the Durban

area, the Schools’ Feed...
ing Scheme, is “in a |
healthy position” after a

recent successful gener- ©

al appeal.

“Our present expendi-
ture is R7000 a month
and we feed about 9000
schoolchildren a day,”
said the honorary trea-
surer, Mr Don Porter.

However, they would
like to increase this.

“We would like to
have 10 times as much
money so that we could
feed 10 times as many
children,” he said.

To achieve this they
would need the commit-
ment and co-operation of
headmasters.

Mr Porter said, how-
ever, that the need for
feeding was beyond the
means of any scheme:
“It’s absolutely enor-
mous.”



ZIMBABWE

MINISTER ON CALM IN SOUTH, RETURNING WHITES
MBO11000 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0926 GMT 1 Oct 86

[Text] Harare, 1 October, SAPA--Recent progress in unity talks between Mr
Robert Mugabe's ruling ZANU (PF) Party and Mr Joshua Nkomo's ZAPU has greatly
reduced dissident activity in the south and west of Zimbabwe, the minister of
home affairs, Mr Enos Nkala, has revealed.

Mr Nkala told THE HERALD that security forces were achieving a high "kill rate"
and incidents of violence had fallen until they were "hardly anything to bother
us."

"They may be re-organising, but we are ready for them," Mr Nkala said.

"Joshua Nkomo has done a great deal. Almost every weekend he is in the bush
with some of the members of his party's Central Committee. I think this is
contributing to the relative peace that obtains in the affected areas," he
stated in an interview published today.

Mr Nkala also revealed more details about the committee on which his ministry
is represented which screens would-be returnees to Zimbabwe, most of whom are
whites who left to go to South Africa.

Mr Nkala, who has sweeping powers under the state of emergency, said he was
authorising ZAPU to hold meetings almost every weekend.

"They are busy in the bush telling people to prepare themselves for unity.
They urge people to report dissidents and any anti-social elements.

"Really, I think from the point of view of this ministry I am very happy,
because I look at what they say."

Unity talks between the two parties were now reported to be at an "advanced
stage." If successful, they would lead to the introduction next year of a one
party state, with the removal of the reserved white seats in parliament and
the installation of Mr Mugabe as an executive president.

Several thousand people are believed to have been killed in the unrest which
flared in Matabeleland after Mr Mugabe's post-independence "government of
national unity" broke up in 1982.



sures for more than 25 endangered or
threatened animal species, and the pro-
motion of plant conservation nation-wide;

O The funding of special programmes to
teach youth the necessity of conservation,
stewardship and sus ble utilisation:

© And finally, in supporting inter alia the
Institute of Natural Resources which spe-
cifically sets out to address the problems
of population growth and limited natural
resources.

What about socio-political change? Is busi-
ness doing enough to ensure the survival of
free enterprise?

South Africa today is fortunate to have an
enlightened business community. Our busi-
ness leaders have shown that they are not
prepared to watch the process of evolution
in Southern Africa from the sidelines

When positive initiatives need to be aiken,
they are willing to give support. “The estab-
fi hment of the ‘Small Business Development

Corporation is a case in point, as are the
activities of the Urban Foundation in its
efforts to enhance the quality of life of
urban dwellers.

As catalysts these organisations, under the
able leadership of Dr Ben Vosloo and Jan
Steyn, are doing whatever they can to
address the main components of economic
and social upliftment: namely job-creation,
housing and education. ‘Their three-pronged
approach to unemployment, the shortage of
housing and dearth of educational faciliti
has already proved to be a stabilising force in
our communiti

Many believe the least change SA will be

able to get away with would be to move the
country into the mode of Zimbabwe with

its mixed economy. Are there other alter-
natives?

Ina certain sense SA already has a mixed
economy, as evidenced by the magnitude of
State corpora ations and government control
of services such as our airways, transport
services, post and telecommunications, the
supply of clectricity and television and radio
services.

‘The alternative would be to move away
from excessive government regulations to
free enterprise and the allocation of more
resources to private initiative.

‘The free enterprise system ensures the
most productive utilization of resources. One
of the stabilizing qualities of the free enter-
prise system is the fact that it relies on the
profit motive, which is a powerful human
incentive.

94

Private initiative has often been accused of
pious selfishness, but an important defence
against these charges is the simple reality of
the system. Ir functions bi

South Africans are awaiting publication of
the book written by Willie Esterhuyse to
co-incide with your 70th birthday. I believe
it has a message to South Africans of all
race groups. Can you elaborate on the
central theme of the book?

‘The book has not been initiated by me and
therefore I think the author would be ina far
better position to elucidate the central theme
of the manuscript.

How can we draw blacks into the system
on a basis that will be acceptable to the most
significant number of South Africans?

Once we have clarity about the government
system that will evolve, everything possible
should be done to draw all South Africans in.
Personally [ believe that the Swiss canton
system with its maximum local autonomy is
the most successful example of its kind fora
country with a multi-cultural population,

It is widely believed that the Afrikaner
nationalist is not prepared to bend to
international pressure and would prefer
to tough things out. In this sense, it would
seem that Western pressure has been
counter-productive. Where does SA go
from here, if this is the case?

In a certain sense we are all prisoners of a
past fraught with misunderstanding. Inci-
dentally, we have reached a situation where
most of our peoples agree on the necessity of
reform. It is unfortunate that at ¢ we the
West deems it fit to apply punitive measur
against the country.

‘The Afrikaner obviously finds himself in
a tight comer as he believes that he is fight-
ing for his very existence. | fear that his
political leaders will s :ratch out the eyes of
the many friends we still have because they
do not agree with everything done here. This
would be counter-productive.

What we all need is a definite time-table
for reform. Itis also of the utmost importance
that we achieve the highest possible degree
of consensus among all South Africans.

How will sanctions, in your view, affect
SAP

It will depend on the extent of the sanctions
and whether these will be regarded as an
honest and constructive effort to influence



securities demand a high level of economic output.
Where poorer cotintries have been tempted to indulge
in such policies the result has usually been rampant in-
flation, since one can only share out as much as has been
produced.

Social democracy has not been able to come to terms
with the disruptive effects of technological innovations.
High and stubborn unemployment rates in the West
suggest that the process has finally caught up with in-
dustrial countries as well.

A more radical stance would point out that social de-
mocracy does not challenge the cultural legitimation of
greed as the prime motivational power in economic
terms. It follows a half-hearted ethic of alleviating the
harm without going to the roots of the problem,

Social democracy has, like its more radical counter-
parts, continued with an economic policy based on
growth. Whether unlimited and accelerating growth
spread over the entire world population is possible ona
limited planet has become more than questionable in
recent years.

In sum, while social democracy has gone a long way
towards alleviating the more rampant consequences of
capitalism within some industrialised countries, it has
not been able to contain or redirect disconcerting de-
velopments in the global economic system. Since South
Africa replicates the world situation in many ways, this
is an important observation for South Africans. The
luxury of social democratic institutions among the priv-
ileged white elite to the detriment or exclusion of the
black majority is an unacceptable proposition.

Democratic socialism is less common than sc
democracy. ‘There have been traces of it in many com-
munist countries, notably in Czechoslovakia during the
short spell of the ‘Prague spring’ before the Russian in-
yasion, ‘The only prominent and enduring example is in
Yugoslavia,

Democratic socialism emerged from a Marxist-
Leninist structure. The control of the communist party
over national affairs is retained in the democratic socialist
system. However, leaders are committed to democrat-
isation and the decentralisation of power. The ideal is
participatory democracy — which means that those who
are affected by decisions should be decision-makers.
‘There is less repression and more freedom of expression,
initiative, movement and organisation than in other
Marxist-Leninist countries. ‘The devolution of power
into small local entities is, of course, ‘also a way of re-
ing overall control in a society riddled with cultural,
historical and regional divisions.

This principle says that the employees of an enter-
prise have to do the actual running of the firm. In all
non-agricultural firms employing more than five people,
workers’ councils are established. If there are more than
30 employees these become representative councils.
Such councils are chosen and can be dismissed by the

99

workers. The councils choose and can dismiss the
managers of the enterprises. ‘This is also practised in
hospitals, schools, courts, research institutions or cul-
tural organisations.

‘The socialist principle that capital is a social asset and
should be owned by the State is retained. All enterprises
above a certain size — thus excluding small workshops
and family farms — belong to the State. Workers run
them and benefit from them, but they do not own them.
If a worker leaves a firm he has no transferable stake.

‘The State lays down certain parameters within which
all firms have to operate, and managers are controlled by
the party, banks or local authorities. But within those
limits there is a degree of freedom unusual for a Marxist
state. In short, democratic socialism has combined the
market system not with private enterprise but with
employee enterprise.

Firms have to make a profit. From this certain de-
ductions are made for national concerns and the wel-
fare of the community in which the firm operates. The
remaining surplus is distributed by the worker commit-
tee among its employees — mainly according to the
input, but need may be taken into consideration. The
basic principle is that work is regarded as a value and not
just a resource to be paid a price determined by the
market.

Yugoslavia is a developing country which was heavily
devastated during World War Two. Its achievements
must be seen in this light. Its growth rate averaged 5%
between 1960 and 1980 (SA 2,3%). Its gross domestic
product per capita now equals that of SA, Brazil, or
similar semi-industrialised countries. There is, how-
ever, a much greater equality in incomes. The equal-
isation process between centre and periphery regions
has continued to grow. There is more freedom and
genuine consultation than in other Marxist states. The
problems of cultural and regional diversity have been
dealt with relatively successfully.

On the one hand the system is built on the socialist
creed, yet it seeks to avoid the inefficiencies of central
planning and the stultifying effect of large-scale bureau-
cracy. On the other hand it takes advantage of the in-
itiative and responsibility generated by free enterprise,
risk-taking and competition without allowing the pro-
ceeds to go into the pockets of economic empire-build-
ers who did not share in the generation of the wealth.

One might gain the impression that democratic
socialism, like social deniocracy, combines the best of
two systems, though each having different compo-
nents. But this system too has its difficulties.

The record for productivity is not as bad as capitalist
doctrine would make us believe. Motivation can be
generated in ways other than by private ownership. Yet
there are a number of “leakages” of productivity which
have been observed. Worker-appointed managers may
not always be the most competent to run a modem



Apartheid is still deeply ingrained in the prison system, according to Loewe.
During processing, whites were grouped against one wall, blacks against an-
other. Loewe and Linda caught a glimpse of each other from their respective
rows; it was the only time their paths would cross for three months.

Loewe was taken to North End prison, an old and drab grey building, and spent
his first night in detention in solitary confinement. It was to be the first
of many.

The following day, a botanist and a conscientious objector who had been
arrested with him were brought to share his cel]. But three nights later he
was placed in an isolation cell]. "It was known as the bomb, because people
"bombed out' (were placed under severe stress) there. It was just big enough
to contain two thin mats which served as a bed, and a tin for a toilet."

After three days he was fetched by the security police, who said they wanted
him to write an eight-page autobiographical statement. "I said I had nothing
to hide but I wanted time to think about it and asked to be put back with my
friends. This was granted," Loewe said. "But at the end of the next week
the police returned and the prison authorities had told them I had written
nothing. One policeman became very angry and warned me I would stay in jail
‘until you rot’.

"Iwo weeks later, it was early in July, prison officials told me to 'kry jou
goed' (pack my stuff) and two security policeman took me to Louis le Grange
Square, Port Elizabeth's newly-built police headquarters.

"I was locked in a brick cell which was painted orange. A bare light bulb
burned 24 hours a day. It was too dim to read by but bright enough to make
it difficult to go to sleep. I was allowed only infrequent showers. No
outside exercise as the door leading on to an adjacent courtyard remained
locked. The mattress was damp and the blankets were hairy."

"Most of the time I was given 'black food' which was samp and gravy with an
occasional postage stamp-sized piece of tripe. An example of 'white food'
would be crumbed chicken, rice and three types of vegetables."

"But it was the prisoners’ singing which kept me alive," Loewe added. "They
sang about suffering, about war and about freedom. They also did military
exercises all the time. The police took to telling me they'd received
reports from the townships that the ‘emergency was working', but the moment
they left the militant youths would begin singing and marching agein.|

After more than two weeks in solitary confinement, Loewe said he felt the
police would keep him there forever. "I thought of three ways to get out: I
thought firstly of suicide because they suggested it to me quite frequently;
I thought of injuring myself seriously, and I thought of going on a hunger
strike."

62


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3400/206

making at least a good deal of it up-as he :
goes along.

Mr Heunis clearly enjoys his new job of
Cape Leader and would welcome the call
to the presidency. At the party’s Cape
Congress, in East London this week, he
was bonhomie itself, and he exuded the
confidence that came from knowing he
was a capable and popular choice.

You felt he believed he was the man
for the job, and that his time had arrived.

68



ZIMBABWE

MINISTER CRITICIZES BANKS FOR LACK OF RURAL INVESTMENT
MB131154 Harare Domestic Service in English 1115 GMT 13 Oct 86

[Text] The Minister of Cooperative Development, Comrade Maurice Nyagumbo, has
said the government is committed to promoting the savings and credit movement
in the country. He was speaking at the opening of the 5-day seminar on rural
savings and credit schemes in Harare today. Comrade Nyagumbo said the govern-
ment plans to legalize the rural savings clubs as well as establish a special
bank for cooperative organizations. _He said the government plans to train
cooperative members in savings and credit management and disclosed that there
are about 5,000 savings clubs and credit unions throughout the country.

The minister criticized the country’s financial institutions for showing no
commitment to the rural areas. He noted that the institutions are reluctant
to invest in rural areas while acting like parasites on the peasant masses.
Comrade Nyagumbo disclosed that rural people had a much larger savings
capacity than previously realized, adding that by the end of 1984 they had
earned about 115 million dollars by selling their cash crops.

He thanked the international labor organization and the United Nations
Development officials and members of cooperatives.

/7051
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13



SOUTH AFRICA

SOCIAL DEMOCRACY SEEN AS BEST OPTION FOR POST-APARTHEID ECONOMY

Cape Town LEADERSHIP in English Vol 5, No 4, 1986 pp 36, 38, 39, 42, 44

[Article by James Leatt, of the UCT Graduate School of Business]

[Text]

Each according to his ability to compete in a free market —
Adam Smith (1723-1790)

From each according to his ability to each according to his need
~ Karl Marx (1818-1883)

The debate about South Africa’s current economic
system, and about which would constitute the ideal
economic future for South Africa, is characterised by
interesting shifts in the rhetoric of the different interest
groups.

To oversimplify, there are on the one hand the pro-
ponents of “democratic capitalism”, and on the other
the proponents of “socialism”.

For “democratic capitalists” South Africa’s political
economy is deeply flawed in three important ways.

First, government is too “big”. De-regulation and
Privatisation are necessary to reduce goverment in-
volvement in the economy and to return to market
forces. Transport, housing, health services must, for
example, be privatised. Parastatals, must go, as must
control boards.

Second, the economy must be “de-racialized”, with
adequate protection and encouragement given to small
business, the informal economy and the disadvantaged.
Racial controls on freedom of movement must go. Influx
control, group areas, and white CBD’s are indefensible.
So too is the migrant labour system.

Third, business is too big; the system of corporate
“giantism” and interlocking directorships which charac-
terises big business in South Africa today is a threat
both to free enterprise and democracy.

The bottom line for “democratic capitalists” is a
future South Africa in which political freedom is ex-
pressed in some form of democracy, and a free enter-
prise system from which the last vestiges of statutory

96

racism have been removed. To paraphrase Adam
Smith: “Each according to his ability to compete in a
free market.” Numbered among “democratic capital-
ists” are black and white South Africans who argue that
neither apartheid nor socialism offer any long term
hope for South Africa which, they contend, is both a
First World and a Third World country.

By contrast, “socialists” offer a different analysis of
South African realities and a contrasting vision of the
future. For all socialists, the South African political
economy is deeply flawed in the followings ways.

First, capitalism and apartheid have piggy-backed
one upon the other in South Africa, to the benefit of
the white dominant class and the small black middle
class. The unholy alliance of capitalism and apartheid
has created structures of injustice which cannot be
eradicated simply by the removal of apartheid.

Second, the black working class, which has recently
been granted “industrial citizenship” through the new
labour relations dispensation, will not rest until it has
achieved political and social citizenship. Politically,
this means universal franchise and a powerful party
representing labour interests. In social-economic terms
the “workers’ struggle” is for redistribution of the wealth
generated by labour, and for a significant degree of
control over capital.

Third, given the legacy of “racial capitalism” in
South Africa, the “Charterists” within the ANC and
the UDF argue for the nationalisation of certain natural
and capital resources, such as minerals, forests and
financial institutions, in order that the State can address
the enormous development problems of the country.
Even black “reformist” groups such as Inkatha advocate
“welfare capitalism” — “capitalism with sisa and ubuntu”,
two Zulu words which can be translated as “capitalism
with a human face”.


SOUTH AFRICA

HEUNIS CONSIDERS REESTABLISHING PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE
MB091215 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1210 GMT 9 Oct 86

[Text] Durban 9 October SAPA--Careful thought would be given to the re~
introduction of a provincial legislature if it fitted into the unfolding
pattern of constitutional development, the Minister of Constitutional
Development and Planning, Mr Chris Heunis, said today. Speaking in Durban at
the first administrators’ conference on the new executive committee provincial
system, he said he had been accused of undermining the democratic foundation
of second-tier government when elected provincial councils were abolished
earlier this year.

"I said at the time I presided over the demise of those councils with a heavy
heart--and in spite of the derogatory comments this elicited, it was true. If
it had been politically acceptable and appropriate at that stage for the
government, I would have gladly accepted the introduction of a more
representative provincial legislature. Such a step, however, has and still
has, to be considered in the light of the wider programme of reform and
constitutional development in the country, and in that context, the timing was
not opportune,” Mr Heunis said. “Should the re-introduction of a provincial
legislature fit into the unfolding pattern of constitutional development, the
government will give careful thought to such a step."

Although there was now no legislative watchdog at second-tier level, the
provincial authorities were not off the hood when it came to public
accountability and political answerability. These two fundamental principles
of sound public administration were catered for in a “unique manner” in the
Provincial Government Act passed earlier this year. Proclamations by
administrators in terms of their increased executive powers had to be
published for comment first and also had to be approved by a parliamentary
standing committee for each province.

Mr Heunis described the new provincial system as "an experiment in power-
sharing and devolution” that could not, in the interests of everyone's future,
be allowed to fail. The executive committees were the first governing bodies
in the republic which consisted of representatives of white, coloured, Indian,
and black inhabitants of each province. “How these bodies function will be a
clear indication whether power-sharing can actually work." If they worked
successfully, "it will be an added stimulus for broadening the basis of
participation in other government structures," Mr Heunis told delegates.

18



many people, acting under different guises,
are involved in causing unrest. Then too,
Press and other media reporting, wittingly or
unwittingly, has been found to contribute
towards prolonging the unrest situation.
Obviously we would like everything to be
restored to normality as soon as possible, but
T don’t think that the wrong perceptions are
due to a lack of reporting. I think the wrong
perceptions are due inter alia, to reporting
before the emergency situation. The im-
Pression was created that because there was
trouble in, say, 10 to 20 or 30 schools, the
same pattern was developing at all schools.
‘That is just not true. The overwhelming
majority of schools in all departments — also
in the black education department where
unrest is obviously the most serious — are
operating satisfactorily and education is,
generally speaking, going ahead on a normal
ba:

Has the State of Emergency in fact had the
effect of calming things down at the
schools?

In general, yes, with some exceptions. As
has happened in all other fields of the unrest
uation, the State of Emergency has also
had a beneficial effect on what is happening
in education. However, I must emphasise
that we are making progress in the provision
of equal education. We have now accepted
legislation in Parliament to establish a certi-
fication board to ensure that there will be one
certificate issued by one certification board
for all school-leavers. We have accepted the
same principle for technikons. In other
words, we are making headway with equal
provision. In future anybody offering a par-
ticular certificate — let’s say a matriculation
certificate — will know that this certificate is
equal in value to any other certificate of any
other pupil having matriculated in any other
department, and a prospective employer will
know that this certificate represents an
evaluated standard which is equal to one
standard attained in all education depart-
ments.

A number of white schools have voted to
be open to all races, although regulations
prohibit mixed government schools. Is this
policy being reviewed?

Firstly, our policy with regard to own
education — in other words, provision of
education on a population group basis — is
firmly based on educational principles. It is
not for political convenience that we adopt
this approach. The proof of that lies in the

fact that we also provide white children wich
education on the basis of the recognition of
‘the multi-cultural character of the whites in
South Africa. There are Afrikaans schools
and there are English schools and in certain
provinces, like Transvaal, an Afrikaans child
won't be admitted to an English medium
school unless you can prove the child is more
proficient in English than in Afrikaans. The
opposite is also true: We believe that it is
best for a child to go to a school which is an
extension of his environment, his family
life, his cultural life.

As long as the National Party has a say, we
will favour and stand by the basic approach
of own education in government schools.
But, and that is the second point, we have
adopted a new policy. We realised that there
are exceptions where special circumstances
are present and, secondly, we realised that
some people feel very strongly about the

issue. Consequently we
have adopted a positive
approach towards the
subsidisation of private
schools. The new sub-
sidy formula basically
boils down to the fact
that we subsidise a pri-
vate school with the
same,amount per pupil
that we directly expend per pupil in govern-
ment schools.

‘Thus, there is an alternative for people
who feel strongly about integrated education.
And if entrepreneurs, if any members of our
community, feel very strongly about doing
something in that regard, they can channel
their energies, their funds, their support to
make this altemative available. Admission to
such schools is furthermore not based on a
permit any longer. A large degree of autono-

ate schools with regard

T think the white
community is fairly divided on this question
and on such matters as mixed English-Afri-
kaans, or parallel-medium schools. But
nevertheless, there. still exists a wonderful
spirit of co-operation among English and
Afrikaans speaking wi . notwithstanding
cultural differences. We are one of the few
countries in the world where bilingu:
a success, where both cultural groups regard
their knowledge of the other language as an.
asset and where we have moved away from
hatred, from the one group looking down
upon the other. And notwithstanding the
white education system in which English
and Afrikaans speaking pupils generally go to
different schools, I think that the white
communities are co-operating admirably. I’m



The recession, combined with political

pressures, have caused an atmosphere of
gloom and despondency among business-
men in SA. How can this be shaken off?

We should strive to fill our people with hope
for the future through an approach of live
and let live. Our sub-continent offers enor-
mous opportunities if only we would realise
that we are interdependent and could
achieve more if we work together.

Attempts will have to be made to siphon
off capital from defence and state adminis-
tration to development. Too small a percen-
tage of our national income has been avail-
able for necessary development.

In the private sector development over the
past 10 years has been lop-sided, the
emphasis having been excessively on presti-
gious buildings rather than on industrial
activities.

Each group thinks it
has the ability co lead.
Unfortunately we have
few leaders with the
necessary perspective
of their role and
responsibilities. ‘There
is too much jockeying
for position and too
little direction given.

South Afric: hould be freed to pursue
their own interests. Let us abandon fear of
the future and free ourselves from the dam-
ming-up of creative Creative energy
is like running wate:
flows through the mills of industry, com-
merce and agriculture. When itis free again,
it rushes on without restraint. But, like
water, energy, when stagnant, goes bad. It
cannot be bottled up and still be a source of
power, .

Will South Africa continue to be the heart
of the regional industrial complex beyond
the turn of the century?

South Africa is the catalyst for development
in Africa: I do not expect a huge inflow of
foreign investments to the ‘Third World in
the foreseeable future.

‘Taking the current situation into account
and the threat of the West imposing cynical
sanctions to the detriment of all in Southern
Africa, T nevertheless remain convinced that
South Africa will retain its dominant econo-
mic position.

‘The Republic's ability to feed, clothe and
house its peoples; to create enough energy
from its enormous natural resources; and to
further develop its treasure-house of metals

92

and minerals will ensure its position as the
economic leader in the subcontinent.

The creation of wealth seems to be taking
a back seat to the distribution of wealth.
be changed and, if so,

‘The emphasis is already changing. Many
countries in Africa are beginning to re
that the creation of wealth should get pre-
ference to the distribution of wealth as the
first step towards meaningful economic and
development.

Prosperity has to be created before it can
be shared. We are living in times of political
and social upheaval; we are experiencing a
revolution caused by increasing expectations.
‘The most important characteristic of this
revolution is the pursuit of political inde-
pendence without the potential of economic
viability.

‘The process of wealth creation will have to
be increased and a prerequisite for this to
materialise is the removal of all unnecessary
regulations and controls in order to free our
people economically and to allow them to
bring about innovations and to offer their
labour wherever the demand is greatest.

‘The moment opportunities are diminished
and people are deprived of the responsibility
for their own destiny, the way is paved for
inefficiency and stagnation, and for a dull,
unimaginative form of survival.

Your group has been at the cutting edge of
change for much longer than most “liberal”
businesses. Has this ever meant a serious
conflict with government?

‘The only conflict occurred in talks with Dr
Verwoerd. When in 1959 we tried, with the
ne ry self-contidence, to implement an
economic partnership between whites and
coloureds in a factory in Paarl, Prime
Minister Verwoerd threatened to close the
tory in spite of a unanimous and positive
decision by the board of Rembrandt.

‘The second time we had a difference of
opinion was after Sharpeville in 1960. 1
pleaded with him to grant land ownership to
the blacks in the biggest city, Soweto. He
id no, and also refused my suggestion for
ear and even 30-year leasehold.

Tt was not merely a conflict of personalities
but rather an ideological conflict: a conflict
caused by the difference in approach and
emphasis between the policy of apartheid
and of co-existence through partnership.

‘The government's obsession at that time
to monopolise development and to try to be



SOUTH AFRICA

ANC STATEMENT CONDEMNS RSA AGGRESSION AGAINST MOZAMBIQUE
MB141153 Harare Voice of Namibia in English 1900 GMT 14 Oct 86

[text] The African National Congress of South Africa, has vehemently con-
emned the intensified aggression of the Pretoria regime against Mozambique,
which was announced by apartheid Minister of Defense Magnus Malan.

A statement issued by the ANC secretary general, Comrade Alfred Nzo, said it
was clear that, through the new measure of aggression and destabilization, the
regime hoped to overthrow the government of Mozambique and install its own
puppets in power. The fabrication of the Pretoria regime about units of
Umkhonto we Sizwe [Spear of the Nation], the military wing of ANC, operating
from Mozambique was only a thinly disguised excuse by a regime which has
itself never ceased its support for the Mozambican National Resistance
Movement rebels.

Comrade Nzo pointed out that this new situation emphasized the urgent need for
the international community to impose comprehensive and economic sanctions
against the aggressive and criminal Pretoria regime, which has now declared an
all-out war against the (?southern African) state. He once again called on
the Security Council to impose comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against
the apartheid republic.

The ANC's secretary general saluted COSATU [Congress of South African Trade
Unions] and the National Union of Mineworkers for their decision to act in
defense of the Mozambican workers and people. He called on all democratic
movements in the country and all people to unite behind [word indistinct] in
the interest of all the people of the region of southern Africa.

The ANC also.reaffirmed their solidarity with Frelimo, the government and
people of Mozambique until apartheid is dismantled.

/7051
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30



ZIMBABWE

MERCHANT BANK ISSUES REPORT ON ECONOMY
MB101146 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1138 GMT 10 Oct 86

[Text] Harare, 10 October SAPA--Britain ranked as Zimbabwe's largest export
market last year, outstripping South Africa for the first time in many years.

But the weakness of the rand, made South Africa the cheapest source of Zim-
babwe's raw materials and other imported requirements, the latest quarterly
review of the RAL Merchant Bank of Zimbabwe said, according to ZIANA, the
semi-official news agency.

The volume of Zimbabwean trade with Southern African development coordination
(SADCC) countries was believed to be rising, the review said.

The bank calculated Zimbabwe's lower income urban families spend about 55 per-
cent of their cash on food.

The current rate of inflation for both lower and higher income urban families
averaged 19.6 percent.

Expenditure on food, rents, mortgage bond repayments, fuel, electricity and
vehicle expenses had risen appreciably, it said, and there were indications
these rises had been at the expense of the sale of durable consumer goods, and
savings.

The review forecast the rapid rate increases in the second quarter of this year
would continue into the third quarter and the dollars rate of decline could be-
come more pronounced, further adding to inflation.

On foreign trade, it said Zimbabwe's exports, including gold sales, went up by
23.5 percent in money terms last year compared to 1984.

But as the value of the local dollar weakened appreciably, the real value of
exports was thought to have improved by about 7 percent.

Shortage of foreign currency and falling consumer demand were the major fac~
tors affecting production in the manufacturing industry.

14



has certainly argued this, that the State Security Council
is simply an advisory body, a committee of the cabinet,
the operation of cabinet government is so fluid, so flex-
ible, that it can result in a subsidiary committee taking
basic policy decisions. And because of that commit-
tee’s membership, those policy decisions are almost cer-
tainly going to be formally endorsed by the full cabinet.

And the consequences of this situation are twofold:
O The parliamentary system established by the 1983
RSA Constitution Act cannot operate as the vehicle for
fundamental change in South Africa. Such change will
come about through extra-parliamentary action by both
the authorities and their opponents.

This is the real significance of what has virtually
amounted to a widespread popular uprising against
goverment over the last 18 months in particular. Within
this context the role of the military and police authorities
is particularly significant. Their growing power is evi-
dence of the creeping bureaucratisation of the South
African constitution, This is evident at the highest level
of government where the Cabinet's effective power is
being wiclded by a smaller group within that body, the
State Security Council, which is not only white but in-
cludes senior civil servants who are undoubtedly major
power-brokers in this country.

‘Their power reflects another problem in South Africa
and a problem which the constitution faces: that is 38
years of uninterrupted rule by one political party. The
Westminster system depends on competing parties that
are likely to become governments. The whole system is
distorted when one party remains in power for more than
30 years. We live in a de facto one-party State. One of
the consequences of that fact is that it is very difficult for
the civil service ro maintain its tradition of neutrality,
‘There is evidence which suggests that government
policy is often determined by civil servants and not by
Cabinet ministers.

This must inevitably lead to a shift in power away
from the political to the administrative structures and
that, again, is reflected in the State Security Council.
The composition of that council reinforces the argu-
ments about the extent of military influence on govern-
ment. You have the State President who is a former
Minister of Defence, the Minister of Defence is a former
Chief of the Defence Force and the Chief of the De-
fence Force is there too. They all sit on that body. The
proclamation of the State of Emergency is formal recog-
nition of the policy-making function of the police. Itis
they who now decide policy in much of the country.

But the problem is much broader than this. When the
Komani and Riktoto decisions significantly improved the
Position of urban blacks, there was evidence that offi-
cials in the Department of Cooperation and Develop-
ment were not implementing government decisions.
The difficulty in getting legislation through to change
influx control laws has been attributed partly to resis-

58

tance within the department. There are a number of
reasons for this situation: one is simply bureaucratic in-
ertia and the other is, even more critically, the fact that
the abolition of influx control presents a threat to the
jobs and workstyle of a large number of civil servants. If
you have been administering influx control laws all your
life, what do you do if they really go? Naturally you are
going to fight tooth and nail to maintain them!

This means that the administration has become a
major stumbling block to any reform process in South
Africa. When you have been administering a system that
has been moving in one direction for more than 30 years,
itis very difficult for you to change. The administrators
are a group with the greatest vested interest in the pre-
sent system. One wonders how far this is linked with
such overt political activity in the Herstigte Nasionale
Party, Conservative Party and Afrikaner Wei ds-
beweging.

No effective constitutional mechanisms are availa-
ble to deal wi

weakened by 30-odd years of de facto one-party rule.
Our constitution does not provide any effective means
of controlling the public service itself. 'o put it bluntly,
the new constitution is a framework for administering
the country and not reconciling conflicting political in-
sts. Fundamental change will always take place
ide parliament, not in it,
O The 1983 RSA Constitution Act also reflects this ten-
dency towards bureaucratisation in a number of ways.
‘The political power of coloured and Indian politicians
within the system is not democratic but bureaucratic in
character flowing from their position within the ad-
ministrative system and the support which they enjoy
from their white “superiors”. ‘| inship is

. The rela
trated by the way in which cabinet government hi
conducted under the new constitution.

Parliament's functions and value have become
creasingly bureaucratic. It is useful to extract inform
tion, to get to the “man at the top” when all else fails
and to make technical amendments to legislation. When
it attempts to take political action, as with the recent
emergency legislation, it is slapped down.

‘The changes in the system of provincial government
which deprive it of its democratic character and convert it
into a bureaucratic system — involving the devolution of
power but subject to tight control from the centre — are
part of this process. And the creation of regional services
councils represents a similar development at local gov-
ernment level.

‘The bureaucratisation of the constitution in turn has
at least four important implications:
C1 It highlights the importance of the loyalty of the
police, the military and the civil administration which
has come under question in recent tim
© It poses dangers for the free enterprise system to the
values of which bureaucratic values are antipathetic; and



/9317

The 3600 MW stations, each
with six generating sets, take
about eight years actual con-
struction time.

Mr Jimmy Oosthuizen, chief
executive of LTA says: “This de-
velopment will definitely have a
favourable impact on the indus-
try as a whole.

“A lot of people in civil engi-
neering, negatively affected by

present conditions, can now look

up again,” he said.

It is estimated that one power
station takes about 100000 tons
of cement over a. five-year
period, but to this must be
added the cement requirements
for infrastructure work such as
housing, roads and other build-
ing work.

Mr Guy Luyt, chairman of ce-
ment group PPC, says: “We
were concerned about the possi-
bility of any cutback on Escom
construction programmes and
this announcement can only be
welcome to the cement industry
as a whole. ;

“The continuation of the
Escom works can only result in
positive results. Such massive
undertakings will be an impor-
tant base for cement supply in.
the future.”

The Majuba contract was said
to be the biggest civil engineer-
ing project to date in South Afri-
ca and worth-about R300 million
in civil works alone when it was
postponed in 1984.

CSO: 3400/192

Mr Kees Legaay, executive|
director of the SA Federation of
Civil Engineering Contractors,
says that the civil works at Ma-
juba alone could create- more
than 1000 jobs, once work gets
started. 02 .

— Escom announced yesterday
that work on three of the six
sets at Majuba will start imme-
diately, with the other three sets
continued at a later stage.

“With all the auxiliary ser-
vices involved, like mechanical
and electrical work at the plant
and the development of infra-
structure in surrounding areas,
between 2000 and 3000 jobs
could be created. once. all six
sets are given the go-ahead,” Mr
Legaay says. .

« “Together with yesterday’s:
announcement of the go-ahead
for the Lesotho Highlands Dam
project, the Escom announcemt
makes prospects for the civil
engineering industry look fairly
bright in the near future.”. '
’ Mr Charl van der Merwe,
chief executive of Gillis Mayson,
‘whose company is strong in
power station construction, says
the competition in the civil engi-
neering industry is fierce at the:
moment, so that the tender for!
the new works might well be!
below market prices. :

He expécts tenders to be:
awarded this month, with the:

actual work starting in Marchi

or April 1987, _

111



SAA BEGINS PROJECT TO REFURBISH 747 FLEET

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 3 Oct 86 p 18

[Article by Erik Larsen]

[Text]

/9317

SOUTH African Air-'
ways have made a start
with a multimillion
rand project to refurb-
ish its Boeing 747 fleet,
used on international
routes.

The Lebombo, SAA’s
oldest 747 Super B, has
been refurbished at a cost
of R1,6-million. Work is
soon expected to start on
four of SAA’s older 747s.

The transformed Le-
bombo. was unveiled by
the chief executive of)
SAA, Mr Gert van der:
Veer, at a function at Jan
Smuts Airport yesterday.”

“We felt it was time to
look at our 747s and make
them more comfortable
for our. passengers,” he

said.

Mr Van der Veer said
that in line with SAA’s
policy of “We Make the
Difference”, special fea-
tures were built into the
aircraft, during the refur-
bishing programme.

CSO: 3400/192

These include a mod-

ern video projection sys-:
_tem, larger overhead stor-|

age bins, redesigned toilet
facilities and the latest in
interior design.

The new video system
will enable SAA to ex-
pand the range of films.
considerably and is con

trolled from a centrally

located operational point.

The.new system will al-
low the airways to pres-
ent the safety demonstra-
tion on video and, at a lat-
er stage, short news clips
and information program-
mes may become a regu-
lar feature.

The new storage bins
will provide passengers
with up to 500 percent
more storage space than
at present. This will en-
able passengers so stow
hand baggage, normally
stowed under the aircraft
seats, thereby creating |
more legroom.

The refurbished plane
features new wall panels,
starting with a dark blue

END

113

SOUTH AFRICA

carpet and toning grad- |
ually into shades of pink
and white.

The ~ various cabin’

classes — blue diamond,
gold and silver, each pro-
ject their own image —
blue for blue diamond,
camel for gold and silver.
The aircraft seats also
conform to this colour
scheme.

“One of the major
reasons for the SAA re-
furbishing programme is
to continue providing the:
aitline’s passengers with
the type of travel comfort
that has become synony-
mous with SAA —
class service, superb fa-
cilities, high safety stan-
dards as well as the most
comfortable travel sur-
roundings on offer,” said
Mr Van der Veer.

Mr Van der Veer ex-
plained that once the re-
furbishing of the 747 fleet
was complete, . SAA
would look into refurbish-
ing its internal aircrafts.



ANGOLA

BRIEFS

MPLA MILITARY CONVOY ATTACKED--Free Land of Angola, 6 Oct (KUP)--A war communique
issued by the UNITA operations office in Jamba yesterday stated that after a
UNITA attack against an MPLA military convoy, the enemy left in the field a

BIR PB 60, 4 fuel trucks, 5 vehicles loaded with foodstuffs, and 13 others loaded
with war material. That occurred 3 days ago and up to now UNITA forces are still
picking up the material left by the enemy in the battlefield. [Text] [(Clan-
destine) KUP in French to Southern and Central Africa 0605 GMT 6 Oct 86 MB) /7358

56 ANGOLANS, 2 SOVIETS KILLED--Lisbon, 10 Oct (AFP)--Guerrillas of the National
Union for the total Independence of Angola (UNITA) killed 56 government troops
and two Soviet soldiers in fighting in the southeast of the country last week,
the rebel group said in a statement released here on Friday. The statement said
the fighting took place near the Chambinga river in Kuando Kubango province, the
scene of much recent fighting between UNITA and the government forces. It said
the government forces, which have been pressing an offensive against UNITA's
main bases in the far south-east of the province, had fallen back towards the
town of Kuito Kuanavale after two hours of fighting. UNITA, which said its for-
ces had suffered three dead in the fighting, claimed that it had for the first
time deployed a new "anti-tank unit". The rebel group is supported both by the
United States and South Africa. [Text] [Paris AFP in English 1203 GMT 10 Oct
86 AU] /7358

60 REBELS REPORTEDLY KILLED--The Angolan Government claims its troops have
killed or captured nearly 60 UNITA rebels in recent fighting in three provinces.
The official Angolan news agency ANGOP says troops captured 19 guerrillas and
killed 39 in operations against the rebel group. Citing military sources in
Launda, ANGOP says government forces have also seized about 20 light and heavy
weapons and large quantities of ammunition. No mention was made of casualties
among the army, which is backed by an estimated 35,000 Suban soldiers. South
Africa has often been accused of supporting the rebel movement UNITA which has
fought the Marxist government since the country gained independence in 1975.
Rebels recently gained limited mercy aid from Washington. [Text] [Umtata
Capital Radio in English 0700 GMT 10 Oct 86 MB] /7358



"Maximum weekly hours for South African drivers compare very unfavourably
with those for drivers in Britain, where the range of ordinary hours is
between 34 and 40 per week.

“In South Africa only six percent of agreements specify ordinary hours of
40 per week; not a single agreement provides for ordinary hours below 40 per
week," the study says.

19274
CSO: 3400/137

“90


SOWETO SAID FACING FINANCIAL CRISIS

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg THE NEW NATION in English 25 Sep-8 Oct 86 p 1

[Text]

SOUTH Africa's biggest black
township, Soweto, is bankrupt
-- and has been since July this

ear.
This is the latest in a series of
developments indicating a deepening
crisis unprecedented in the township's
history.

The Soweto
Council has
accumulated
losses amo-
unting to R24-
million from
rents alone.

The govern-
aia poured

pou

in R17-million
+ a five-year
loan to bail the
council out.

The crisis in
both finance
and admini-
stration comes
just four months after the rent boycott
Started. -

Its initial reserve of R20-million has been
completely depleted. -

The country's Minister of Law and Order,
Louis le Grange, secretly visited the
sprawling township which has been thrown
into total disarray by the rent boycott .

The visit was confirmed to THE NEW
NATION, Le Grange's office, however,
described it simply as a" goodwill" visit that
had nothing to do with the state of the
township, or the recent claims of gross
irresponsibility on the part of the council
police.

19274
csO: 3400/17

35

Soweto's council police have, in recent
mo! It up a notorius reputation among
residents following the recent moves to evict
rent boycotters. Recent events in Soweto
point to confusion in ruling circles, with
claims that the council has lost control over
the township and its police.

In another development it has been
claimed that. the township's controversial
director of housing, Del Kevan was gagged
by the council authorities. And a ay h
house was.bombed by unknown assailants.

The imminent bankruptcy of other
townships could not be far off.

The government has already allocated a
stagerring R271-million to black townshi
in the last two years, according to the
Department of Constitutional Development.

Of this total, R151-million, which is twice
last year’s allocation, was pumped in during
this’ financial year, A further ad hoc
allocation of R45-million was made recently.

The Lekoa Council, which is also
technically bankrupt, was bailed out with
R10 million by the Department of Public

‘inance. -

Despite these fears the Department of
Constitutional Development okayed the
deployment of 17 000 council police around
the country, a clear symptom of the
deepening crisis. There has been an open
admission that the country's police force is
being stretched. .

At least 16 000 council police still have to
be trained. The first batch are currently
undergoing training in near Koeberg in the

‘ape.

Rents are being boycotted in about 53
townships with a total population of 4,5-
million. Soweto alone needs more than 2
500 council police.



In South African terms, then, all socialists are critical
of capitalist development and sceptical of any solution
for South Africa which does not address the structural
economic injustices inherent in the system, not all of
which can be laid at the door of apartheid. It follows,
therefore, that the eradication of apartheid is a necessary
but not sufficient condition for social justice. Socialists
will, however, differ greatly on how that social justice
will be achieved in a non-apartheid South Africa.

On the left of the socialist continuum are Man
Leninists who argue for “scientific socialism”. The
social revolution will not be complete until ownership
of the means of production has reverted to the working
class and a command economy has been installed.

On the right of the socialist continuum are social
democrats who argue for labour's control of govern-
ment through the ballot box, worker participation in
the ownership and control of corporations, and a measure
of State planning of the economy, including nationali-
sation of strategic resources. But all would identify
with Karl Marx’s aphorism: “From each according to
his ability to each according to his need!”

‘The’debate about the optimal political economy for
South Africa after apartheid is at once old and new, Old
in the sense that the notion of volkskapitalisme of the
‘Thirties and Forties in Afrikaner nationalist theory was
essentially about how economic policy and practice
could be made the vehicle of the Afrikaner nationalists’
reach for power.

In the Fifties, the debate which led to the writing of
the Freedom Charter, adopted by the ANC in 1956,
was essentially also about which economic policy
would best serve black nationalist interests. In the
meantime Afrikaner nationalists, having achieved
power, are now debating how to “modernise” their
economic and political policies to retain power and
share it from a secured base.

Since the Fifties, meanwhile, a discernible radicali
zation of economic policy imperatives has occurred in
black resistance politics.

The debate is also new in an important sense. An
organised black labour movement has become a sig-
nificant force in South Africa. The youth revolt and
schools crisis since Soweto 1976 has created a new site
for debate about South Africa’s economic system, from
the underside so to speak. Divestment and disinvest-
ment and the threat of economic sanctions against
South Africa have all sharpened the issues considerably.
Also, we are much better informed on strategic demo-
graphic and developmental issues which confront us
today.

It is necessary to revisit some basic issues in political
economy. There are two essential approaches to the
problem of how a political economy should be organised,
along the lines of pure “free enterprise” capitalism or
Marxist-Leninist “scientific socialism”. Both have

ist

their advantages which make them seem desirable and

their disadvantages which make them quite unaccept-

able. They can be summarised briefly.

(7 Free enterprise capitalism supposedly grants free-
dom. Individual and collective initiative and achieve-
ment are rewarded, the less efficient are punished
or pushed out. Supply and demand automatically
regulate the allocation of resources according to
profitability and utility. A highly versatile, innova-
tive, efficient and thus productive economy is the
result. But the tiger let loose to develop his wildest
instincts can also do most harm. In the free market
it is not need which counts, but bargaining power.
Bargaining power depends on control over institu-
tionalised decision-making processes, resources,
capital, expertise, labour and purchasing power.
The market system invariably works not towards
equilibrium, but to the greater benefit of the strong
at the expense of the weak. While the entire popu-
lation of a metropolitan country may benefit, it
creates massive concentrations of power and wealth
in the economic centres, and marginalisation and
misery in the economic peripheries ona global scale.

(J Marxist-Leninist socialism (also known as commun-
ism) is committed to the abolition of the oppressive
and exploitative concentration of power and wealth
in the bourgeoisie and to the creation of the equality
of a “classless society” brought about by the “di
tatorship of the proletariat” —in fact the dictatorship
of the leadership elice of the communist party.
Practice has shown that while a totalitarian state is
capable of enforcing a more egalitarian distribution
of income, this may occur at the expense of liberty
and productivity. State planning seems to be le:
efficient than the results produced by the free play
of the market mechanism. The prescriptions of an
incompetent and clumsy bureaucracy stifle initiative
and versatilicy and devour resources while the con-
centration of power in the hands of a few is even
more fearful than that in the free enterprise system.

Is it not possible to develop a system which retains the

advantages of both free enterprise capitalism and

socialism and avoids their respective pitfalls?

Two such approaches have actually emerged in recent
times, social democracy and democratic s i

Social democracy (also called welfare capitalism or a
social market economy) is a capitalist, free enterprise
economy which has been modified to incorporate
egalitarian principles such as equality of opportunity,
social securities and participation in decision-making,
even in business corporations. A classic example of a
social democracy is Sweden.

Democratic socialism is a Marxist, state-controlled
economy which has been modified to include entre-
preneurial initiative and a market oriented economy.
The classic example is Yugoslavia. Of course, neither

97



trial, banning and ban-
ishment are some of the
methods he has used:in
ensuring complete con-

Although now retired
as president in favour of
Chief Tutor Ndamase, .
who was installed in
February, it is KD who ,
holds the reigns of!
power and who is the
aw.

Observers have noted, '
not uncynically, that the
more he retreats from
public office, the greater
Control he exercises on
all instruments of
government,

_ The past 10 years of
“independence” have'
done little to move
Transkei away from
being a mere labour
resevoir for South
Africa. So that the.
fundamental philosoph'
of grand id is stil
intact — homelands will
never be allowéd to
compete for capital or
labour with “white
areas".

I ar from even atte-

mpting to be self-
icient, her economic
dependence on South
Africa is now so
complete that it receives
the largest grant of all.
the homelands from the:
government.
Last year R1 500°
million was paid by the:

South African govern- .

ment in grants to the

19274
cso: 3400/170

four independent home-
ands. Of that R616
million went to
Transkei, R353 million
to Bophuthatswana,

R333 million to Ciskei ,
and R160 million to!

Venda. Experts believe
these Transkei figures
will grow steadily.

Transkei's major
export is still labour,
mainly to South Africa's
mines,

At least 35% of the
141 000 miners em-
ployed in South Africa

m the TBVC areas are

. from Transkei.

Within Transkei itself,
the civil service is the
biggest employer. The
use of some of the

money in this depart-

ment is astonishing.

Last year a select:

committee found that the
chief of the Defence
Force, who had been
suspended from duty,
was mistakenly paid his
full salary of R34 000 a,
year. :

The committee also
found that the Police
Department had over-
flepped its budget by
R400 000 -- on salaries
to former Rhodesian
Policemen employed by

ranskei. The committee
found that many of those
claiming to have had
police experience had
never in fact. been
policemen.

38

O verspending by

the government was put
at R16 million. From
time to time some wild .
Ss are thought up °
in a desperate effort to
make the territory
economically viable. The
latest fantasy is

exporting water to the
Mika le Teast

If the homeland's .
government is frivolous
in handling money, it is
less frivolous. when it
comes to human rights.

Last year when
‘Transkei security forces
killed a young university
student, Bathandwa
Ndodo, Matanzima
absolved the police from
blame ~ declaring the
young student a
communist who was
responsible for a bomb
blast in Umtata.

The media and the
church have not escaped.
the wrath of KD's fury.

The Daily Dispatch
news-paper was banned
for a period after it had
published a report that
was unpalatable to
Matanzima.

The newspaper was
unbanned after the editor
had apologised to him.

Similarly, when the
Methodist Church of
South Africa refused to
recognise the homeland,
Matanzima was quick to
ban the church in the
territory and to sup;
the establishment of the.
Methodist Church of
Transkei.