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JPRS-SSA-87-017

*l MARCH 1987

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

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JPRS-SSA-87-017

L\ MARCH 1987

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

CONTENTS

INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Briefs

Africa Fund for Frontline Relief 1

ANGOLA

MPLA Factions Divided on Relations With West

(Rui Ramos; EXPRESSO, 27 Dec 86) 2

UNITA Foreign Secretary Tito Chingunji on Political Issues

(Tito Chingunji Interview; TEMPO, 18 Dec 86) 4

Lusophone African Nation Summit Concludes in Luanda

(Luanda Domestic Service, 29 Jan 87) 7

BOTSWANA

Briefs

Masire Blames RSA 8

ETHIOPIA

Statement on Draft Constitution Changes

(Addis Ababa Domestic Service, 21, 22 Jan 87) 9

Part One 9

Part Two 18

-a -
Briefs

ELP Demands ICO Support 30

Muslim World League Aid 30

PRC Agriculture Grant 30

Scientific Research Agreement 31

ISSR-Built Technical Schools 31

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

GHANA

President Obiang Arrives in Nigeria for Talks

(Lagos Domestic Service, 29-31 Jan 87; PANA,

1 Feb 87) 32

Babangida Praises Cooperation 32

Talks With Babangida at Banquet 32

Talks Continue; Communique Issued 33

Holds News Conference; Ends Visit 34

Student Union Pledges Support for ANC

(PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 8 Jan 87) 35

University To Begin Commercial Production of Pharmaceuticals

(Frank Otchere; GHANAIAN TIMES, 16 Dec 86) 36

Exchange Program for Ghana, Lumumba Universities

(Yvonne Ayitiah; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 7 Jan 87) 37

Delegation Named to Islamic Call Society Conference

(PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 5 Jan 87) 38

Moslems Urged To Campaign Against Anti-Social Acts

(George Sydney Abugril; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 8 Jan 87) 39

Youth Minister Calls for New Youth Movement

(Rosemary Ardayfio; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 2 Dec 86) 40

New 'Youth Leaders' Group Formed

(Kodjo Atsu; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 1 Jan 87) 41

Ongoing, Proposed Geological Mapping Surveys

(Shika Agbenyeke; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 28 Nov 86) 42

PNDC Secretary on C0C0B0D Economizing

(PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 8 Jan 87) 43

C0C0B0D Distributes Sheanut Supplies

(George Sydney Abugri; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 2 Jan 87) 44

b -
KENYA

Canadian Agricultural Grant Agreement

(Deborah Fynn; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 27 Nov 86) 45

French Experts, Efforts To Boost Cotton Industry

(Kojo Sam; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 4 Dec 86) 46

GDR Railway Carriages, Railways Rehabilitation

(Fiifi Mensah; PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 29 Dec 86) 47

Tano Basin Oil Exploration Initiated

(PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 20 Dec 86) 48

Dutch Gold Prospecting for Ankobra Basin

(PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 17 Dec 86) 49

Timber: Marketing Lesser Known Species

(PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC, 2 Jan 87) 50

Briefs

Gold Production Increase 51

Algerian Oil Cooperation 51

Increase in Soviet Scholarships 51

Planning Minister Ouko on 1987 Growth

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 3-9 Jan 87) 52

MALAWI

Banda Criticizes Imprisoned Former Minister Chirwa

(Blantyre Domestic Service, 27 Jan 87) 53

MOZAMBIQUE

New Moderates in Government Lend Credibility to Regime

(Editorial; DIARIO DE NOTICIAS, 14 Jan 87) 54

U.S. Fertilizer Unloaded in Maputo

(NOTICIAS, 27 Dec 86)... 56

Netherlands Finances Project in Alto-Chengane

(NOTICIAS, 1 Jan 87) 57

Italians Inspect Projects in Pemba

(NOTICIAS, 1 Jan 87) 59

Mancia Province Needs 5,000 Tons of Grain

(Jordao Domingos; NOTICIAS, 1 Jan 87) 61

- c -
Briefs

Drought Aid Congesting Nacala Port 64

Ship's Engine Repair Shop 64

Cooperation Agreement With Japan 65

Yugoslavian Aid to War Victims 65

Cabo Delgado Water Project 65

Palma Airstrip Rehabilitated 66

NAMIBIA

NIGER

Outgoing Cabinet Member Will Promote Dialogue

(SAPA, 31 Jan 87) 67

SWAPO Reports PLAN Military Actions

(PANA, 30 Jan 87). 68

Briefs

White Election Called For 69

Land Mine Injures Official 69

Two Representatives Join Cabinet 69

Briefs

Kountche Receives French Minister 70

Grant From Japan 70

NIGERIA

NNPC Supports OPEC Policy; Issues New Quotas

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 3-9 Jan 87) 71

Naira Slips, Central Bank Intervenes

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 3-9 Jan 87) 72

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

Briefs

French Cooperation Minister Arrives 73

SENEGAL

Commentary on Diouf, PS Congress

(Mam Less Dia; LE POLITICIEN, 23 Dec 86) 74

LD-PMT Congress Positions Set Forth

(FAGARU, Dec 86) 77

- d -
TOGO

Government Reduces Capital Spending for 1987 Austerity Budget

(AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST, 3-9 Jan 87) 82

UGANDA

Musevini Anniversary Speech Addresses Security, Priorities

(Yoweri Musevini; Kampala Domestic Service, 26 Jan 87) 83

Briefs

Loan From Pakistan °"

Transport Agreement With Burundi 89

ZAMBIA

Kaunda Supports ANC Use of Violence

(PANA, 29 Jan 87) 90

Kaunda Denies Frontline Division on RSA Sanction

(Lusaka Domestic Service, 29 Jan 87) 92

Kaunda Appeals for Sanctions Against RSA

(Lusaka Domestic Service, 1 Feb 87) 93

New Zealander Sentenced on Bomb Charges

(PANA, 3 Feb 87) 94

Briefs

Country Looking After 120,000 Refugees 95

Canadian Loan, Aid 95

Delegation Visits Iraq 95

ZIMBABWE

New Look for Zanu (PF) Organization

(THE HERALD, 3 Feb 87) 96

Armymen Visit People's Militia Training Camp in Marondera

(THE HERALD, 3 Feb 87) 98

Mugabe Discusses Beira Link During Visit to DPRK

(THE HERALD, 22 Jan 87) 99

Application Lists Open for Beira Corridor Project

(THE SUNDAY MAIL, 1 Feb 87) 10°

Swedish Project To Aid Teacher Training

(Berit Hard; DAGENS NYHETER, 12 Jan 87) 101

- e -
Minister Urges Industrialists To Step Up Export Drive

(THE HERALD, 22 Jan 87) 104

Country Now Said To Be »Largest Cotton Producer' in Region

(THE SUNDAY MAIL, 1 Feb 87) 105

Explosives Manufacturing Plant Envisioned

(Andrew Rusinga; THE HERALD, 22 Jan 87) 106

Fuel Reports in Gazette Seen as 'Misleading'

(THE HERALD, 22 Jan 87) 107

SOUTH AFRICA

BLACKS

Society Under ANC Regime Visualized

(Howard Barrell; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 16-22 Jan 87) 108

Western Reporting of Black Versus Black Violence Described as Myth

(Manase Neo Sefatlhe; SUNDAY NEWS, 25 Jan 87) Ill

Radio Freedom Director Describes Appeal of Broadcasts

(Andrew Meldrum; DAILY NATION, 18 Jan 87) 113

Putco Cuts Losses in Spite of Boycotts

(FINANCIAL MAIL, 23 Jan 87) H4

Exiles Engage Successfully in Agriculture

(Vivienne Walt; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 16-22 Jan 87) 115

SOCIOPOLITICAL/OTHER

PW Botha Seen To Favor Conflict Over Consensus

(Hugh Roberton; THE ARGUS, 22 Jan 87) 117

Voting Rights for New Citizens

(Frans Esterhuyse; THE ARGUS, 22 Jan 87) 119

Nation's First Multi-Racial School Opens New Era in Education

(CITY PRESS, 18 Jan 87; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 23-29 Jan 87) 120

Uthongathi To Be Model, by Sbu Mngadi 120

Headmaster Explains Significance of New School, by

Carmel Rickard ^20

/12223

- f
INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

AFRICA FUND FOR FRONTLINE RELIEF—The heads of state or government of the

Africa Fund Committee yesterday made a passionate appeal to the international,

financial, and other organizations and individuals to contribute generously to

the fund to show solidarity with the struggle against apartheid. Meanwhile,

Foreign Minister Comrade Luke Mwananshiku has said that the fund has been set

up essentially to deal with the problems of the Frontline States and not as a

provider of military war to liberation movements. Speaking in an interview

with the Zambian pressmen who accompanied President Kaunda to the summit,

the minister said the fund would provide services and commodities and money

to frontline countries to enable them to carry out programs provided by the

committee. He said whereas the Southern African Development Coordination

Conference, SADCC, dealt with the long-term process of disengaging the

economies of the countries in the region from South Africa, the fund would

attend to immediate needs of these economies. The minister dismissed

notions that the fund would fail to take off like the Namibia fund which

was launched in Havana, Cuba, in 1981. [Excerpts] [Lusaka Domestic Service

in English 0600 GMT 26 Jan 87 MB] /9274

CSO: 3400/978
ANGOLA

MPLA FACTIONS DIVIDED ON RELATIONS WITH WEST

Lisbon EXPRESSO in Portuguese 27 Dec 86 p 5

[Commentary by Rui Ramos]

[Text] "It was not exactly a disaster, but we were close to this," official

Angolan sources commented to EXPRESSO, regarding the visit of Angolan Foreign

Relations Minister Afonso Van Dunem (M'Binda). Awaited with some expectation,

this first official visit to Portugal by an Angolan chief of diplomacy fell

far short, in fact, of satisfying those, both in Luanda and in Lisbon, who

were wagering on the complete normalization of Portuguese-Angolan relations,

once the "phase of the thaw" had been achieved with the meeting between

presidents Mario Soares and Jose Eduardo dos Santos on the occasion of the

funeral rites for Samora Machel, in Maputo.

Indicative of the relative failure of Afonso Van Dunem's visit was the fact

that no official joint communique was released (as is customary on these occasions), nor was any date even scheduled for the visit of Jose Eduardo dos

Santos to Portugal, which had been expected in the first quarter of 1987.

Three or four issues—such as the rehabilitation of the Benguela Railway line

or a larger Portuguese consular representation in Luanda, the opening of the

Portuguese school in the Angolan capital and construction of a Portuguese

cultural center in Angola—were brought up or vaguely decided. The continuing

impasse, meanwhile, is the problem of UNITA in Portugal, although Angolan

political circles attribute some sense to the comparison which Portuguese

Minister Pires de Miranda made with the "ETA [Basque Fatherland and Liberty

Group] phenomenon."

Second Nito Alves?

A different understanding of the matter is still held by sectors within the

MFLA hierarchy which oppose the present opening up to Portugal and to the West

in general, as outlined by the Angolan president. This is the case with Roberto

de Almeida, the powerful secretary for ideological affairs, who is now very

close to the positions of the USSR and is a notoriously frequent visitor at

the Soviet Embassy in Luanda. Political circles in the Angolan capital even

reported that "Soviet pressures" have been brought to bear on Jose Eduardo dos

Santos, to dissuade him from this opening up to Portugal. Coincidentally,

during Afonso Van Dunem's visit to Portugal, Roberto de Almeida launched a
veritable "parallel diplomacy," distributing, via the Portuguese news agency

ANOP, two commentaries criticizing the Portuguese tolerance toward UNITA in

particularly violent fashion.

Caught between two fires—his own mission, which was to lift the blockade, and

the public hostility of Roberto de Almeida—M'Binda chose the prudent course

and behaved even more cautiously than had been initially foreseen, even in

his planned meetings with the Portuguese press. Circles close to Jose Eduardo

dos Santos did not hide their dissapointment at this "opportunity lost" by

his foreign relations minister. Hence the meeting of the Mixed PortugueseAngolan Commission, scheduled for next month in Luanda, is considered a decisive

test, not only in terms of future relations between the two countries but also

in terms of the current power struggle in the MPLA.

It is, incidentally, in this context that independent observers call attention

to the role of Roberto de Almeida, a countryman of Agostinho Neto who experienced a meteoric rise in the MPLA organs of decision and who has recently

figured prominently in the confrontation with the "pragmatic line" of Jose

Eduardo dos Santos.

Counting on the backing of two apparently antagonistic forces—the Soviets

and the Protestant Church—to curb the present leaning of his government toward

the West and the Catholic Church, and even relying on the declared ill-feeling

between the Cubans and Eduardo dos Santos, Roberto de Almeida is already

pointed to in Luanda as "a second Nito Alves."

Diplomatic circles see as unlikely the emergence of a new "Nitism," which

culminated, it is recalled, in a failed coup d'etat in 1977. However, the

imminent collapse of the Angolan economy and UNITA*s broad military advances

throughout the north of Angola could herald important changes in the Angolan

[political picture] in the course of 1987.

6362

CSO» 3442/71
ANGOLA

UNITA FOREIGN SECRETARY TITO CHINGUNJI ON POLITICAL ISSUES

Lisbon TEMPO in Portuguese 18 Dec 86 p 23

[Report on interview with Tito Chingunji, UNITA's secretary of foreign affairs,

by Joao Rosa, in Lisbon, date not supplied]

[Text] At only 31 years of age, Tito Chingunji has become UNITA's secretary of

foreign affairs, succeeding Jeremias Chitunda, who is now vice president of the

party. Chingunji studied business administration in Mocamedes, but he early

opted to join the military and political ranks of the movement, where he

acquired the ultimate degree of training in guerrilla warfare and diplomacy,

"since I had President Savimbi as schoolmaster and comrade." He has already

represented UNITA "in several African countries and in some European capitals,

specifically in London." He has already reached the rank of brigadier general

and, in the recent congress, he was elected to his present post, given the nod

by the movement's leader, whom he always accompanies on major diplomatic trips,

such as the ones this year to Washington and Strasbourg.

Stopping in Lisbon en route to the United States, Chingunji visited our installations, where he consulted with Nuno Rocha, our director, and with Marise

Oliveira, our secretary general (and editor of Savimbi's most recent book) and

where he granted us a short interview.

UNITA's secretary of foreign affairs has his headquarters in Jamba itself and

he normally spends long periods in the territory occupied by the movement, even

at the combat fronts, "because it is only by direct contact with this reality

that we can prepare ourselves to function abroad, including in the diplomatic

milieu."

In a summary analysis of the history of UNITA, he acknowledged that this year

[1986]] was marked by a noteworthy intensification of political and diplomatic

activity by the movement, starting with Savimni's reception by President Reagan

in Washington and his trip to the seat of the European Parliament. All this

was preceded, in the beginning, by the phase of military implantation on the

terrain and the administrative organization of the population and then, starting

in 1982, the increasingly frequent trips by foreign newsmen to the controlled

territories and the also increasing, albeit difficult and discreet, diplomatic

effort, including the efforts of Savimbi himself. Now the White House has

decisively opened the doors for him to most of the international forums.
"It was, effectively, the political and diplomatic recognition, by the principal leader of the Western World, of an already historical de facto situation;

i.e., the representativity and legitimacy of UNITA and its struggle in and for

Angola," points out Tito Chingunji, in fluent, measured and well-constructed

Portuguese ("although I am frequently absorbed with English, French and some

Angolan dialects in conversation and in my reading, and have been for some time."

Many African, Asian and European countries have, for several months, shown a

"much greater openness to contacts with UNITA, a clear acceptance of its positions, albeit reserved, and a tacit recognition that Angola's future will only

be peaceful and legitimate when the MPLA and UNITA come to an understanding."

The inevitable question! "Which countries, for example?"

The inevitable answer* "We are still at war and maximum discretion is essential,

even to protect the national interests of the countries involved, most of which

also maintain relations—relations which are indispensable to them—with the

official Government of Angola."

In the case of the new Portuguese-speaking African countries, Chingunji had the

same reservations, but he noted that Aristides had already announced his

readiness to serve as an intermediary in a future dialogue between the contenders. He recognized that Machel might also be a potential party to the

discussion. And he believes that Chissano could be the same.

Unrealistic and Incoherent

Regarding Portugal the UNITA secretary for foreign affairs made a point of

stressing«

"UNITA is still the victim of an adverse situation which it inherited and which

was created by Portugal's handling of the decolonization. This must be said

by us and must be admitted by Portugal. It will be in the interest of the

Angolans and the Portuguese that your country can and will play a truly positive

role in restoring normality in Angola, which can be achieved only by peaceful

dialogue between the MPLA and the UNITA. This is the only way Portugal can

atone for its own real responsibility for the distortion of the process initiated

with the Alvor Accord."

In this context, Chingunji feels that Cavaco Silva's recent position in Washington, advising the United States against giving military aid to UNITA, is

"unrealistic and incoherent."

"It is unrealistic because the USSR has already been engaged militarily in

Angola for 10 years and, without the balance provided by the engagement of the

United States, as well, we will lack the conditions of dissuasion and balance

that lead to dialogue and to peace; incoherent because, after all, on that

same occasion, Cavaco Silva also advocated, as he has done many times, this

dialogue of reconciliation among Angolans. Given the premise that the Portuguese prime minister would not believe that the MPLA would dialogue with a

militarily weak UNITA, the incoherence is flagrant—but forgivable. We

believe in the future."
Hope

Regarding the Angolan authorities themselves, Chingunji confirmed that the

"UNITA has established confidential contacts with some individuals in the

MPLA government who also believe in the possibility of national reconciliation, as well as many other Angolans who are very representative of our people.'

"Contacts, where? Inside Angola? Outside Angola?"

"Inside and outside Angola."

Officially, however, the MPLA, specifically Eduardo dos Santos, continues to

rule out this possibility, now and in the future, and our interviewee is well

aware of this, but he does not appear impressed by this talk, which is

"simply demagogic and less and less convincing, inside and outside the country,

and only represents a stubborn unwillingness by the current MPLA leadership

to go back on its word."

"Do you think it is possible that the MPLA of Eduardo dos Santos could come

to change its words?"

"This is so necessary and so urgent that we sincerely believe it will come to

this. Reconciliation in Angola is inevitable."

6362

CSOt 3442/71
ANGOLA

LUSOPHONE AFRICAN NATION SUMMIT CONCLUDES IN LUANDA

MB291553 Luanda Domestic Service in Portuguese 1200 GMT 29 Jan 87

[Text] The ministerial commission of the five Portuguese-speaking African

countries has voted for the implementation of the program of action adopted at

the last summit of the five countries' heads of state. The participants

concluded that the program of action relating to the period between May to

December 1986 should continue to be implemented because of its significance

and practicality, as well as its important contribution toward the development

of South-South cooperation.

On examining the international political situation, the meeting paid

particular attention to Southern Africa, where, according to participants,

South Africa is the principal cause of tension. The ministerial commission

reiterated that the solution of the problems of the region entails the

elimination of apartheid. The meeting also spoke in favor of the application

of UN Security Council Resolution 435 for the independence of Namibia. Thus,

the participants once again expressed the five countries* solidarity with the

struggle of Namibian people under the leadership of SWAPO. They also

expressed solidarity with the Maubere people.

Accordingly, they condemned the Indonesia's annexation of East Timor and

reaffirmed their support for the peace plan put forward by the Revolutionary

Front for an Independent East Timor [FRETILIN]. The participants urged the

Portuguese state to fully assume its historical, moral, and judicial

responsibilities by engaging in talks with FRETILIN.

In his speech during the closing session, Angolan Minister of External

Relations Afonso van Dunem Mbinda stressed the ideas contained in the

meeting's final communique and expressed his satisfaction with the fact that

the meeting had achieved its objectives. Our friendship and solidarity which

has been consolidated over the decades justifies the emotion we feel at this

moment when we prepare to conclude the proceedings of our five countries

Seventh Ministerial Commission, the result of which were once again a major

success, the Angolan external relations minister said in conclusion.

/12913

CSO: 3400/895
BOTSWANA

BRIEFS

MASIRE BLAMES RSA—The president, Dr Quett Masire, says South Africa is to

blame for the recent attempt to enforce a blockade against Botswana trains.

In an interview with a Swedish television crew yesterday, Dr Masire said the

blockade caused delays and aroused unnecessary fears in the business

communities of the two countries. He said this act took place in an

atmosphere of threats of aggression, constant (?forms) of provocation, and

threats of sanctions against South Africa's neighbors. Dr Masire recalled

that the South African president said last year that the attacks his forces

carried out against Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe had been the first

installment. He said it was sad that a government could continue to play to

outmoded social and economic theories which it uses to intensify an unjust

political system. Dr Masire said that the white rulers of South Africa bask

in glories of the voyages (?and) adventures of the 16th and 17th centuries and

want to relive the wars of conquest in Africa. He said white South Africans

still want to rule that country on the basis of a colonial heritage of laws

and their subjects. Asked what the dismantling of apartheid could do to

Botswana, Dr Maqsire said the end of apartheid would mean peace for Botswana

and the rest of Southern Africa. [Text] [Gaborone Domestic Service in

English 1610 GMT 29 Jan 87 MB] /12913

CSO: 3400/895
ETHIOPIA

STATEMENT ON DRAFT CONSTITUTION CHANGES

Part One

EA231424 Addis Ababa Domestic Service in Amharic 1710 GMT 21 Jan 87

[Part One of the Statement on Clarification by the Constitutional Drafting

Commission on Changes to the Draft Constitution Based on Popular Discussion]

[Text] It has been stated in decree number 304/1986/87 that the preparation

of the draft constitution on the formation of the People's Democratic Republic

of Ethiopia, PDRE, and on the people's administration has been carried out at

various levels and the document will not be put to referendum. The draft

constitution which was presented for public debate is now being presented

for approval by referendum after it has been enriched by Ethiopians who took

part in drafting the constitution as members of the Constitution Drafting

Commission and through the direct participation and suggestions and questions

raised by the people. The participation of people from various sectors in the

preparation of the draft constitution has been a great historical achievement

enabling the people to show that they have won their democratic right of selfdetermination. From now on, the people will build upon this democratic right

till the formation of the republic. The adoption of the draft constitution by

referendum is one way of expressing the development of the democratic rights

of the people.

It is thought that with the activities which still have to be carried out for

the formation of the republic and with the directives of the bodies that the

people will form at various stages, the people will attain a higher level of

development of these rights, the struggle to build the new system and the

results of this struggle.

This document was prepared briefly to explain to the people the process of

enriching and improving through public suggestion and discussion the draft

constitution which will come up for referendum and clearly to explain the

changes made. Regarding the changes made, this document concentrates on the

major questions and points of view of the people and briefly sketches the

issues discussed in the chapters of the draft constitution and major changes

which have been made and the reasons for these changes. By explaining to the

people the difference between the draft documents presented for discussion and

the referendum, they will be able to understand the contribution that they
have made toward enriching the draft constitution. It is believed that this

will enable the people to participate more fully in the referendum.

The process of the preparation of the draft constitution: More than 12 years

have passed since the working masses of Ethiopia have, through direct

participation, been struggling to build the new Ethiopia as stipulated clearly

in various documents issued by the PMAC, which undertook the historic

responsibility of organizing the popular struggle and leading the people of

Ethiopia along the path toward the formation of the republic, one of the major

steps in the Ethiopian revolution.

In this respect, various activities have been carried out in all sectors to

create favorable conditions for the formation of the republic. These

activities include destroying the political structures of the old regime and

replacing them with a new system, expanding public ownership which is decisive

in the speedy development of the people of Ethiopia and laying down

foundations for the mutual prosperity of the people. As a result of all this,

we are undertaking various political and cultural activities to supplement the

people's development.

Although the struggle carried out in these sectors requires great sacrifices,

the people have played a major role and made a great contribution to the

achievement of popular power in Ethiopia. These supplementary activities

involved in the struggle have not only enhanced our revolution by enabling the

working masses to achieve more victories, but have also hastened the progress

toward the formation of the republic.

It could be said that the necessary foundations for the formation of the

republic were laid with the outbreak of the revolution, and hence the

development stage we have reached is the overall result of struggles since

that time. In this process, the formation of the republic has been one of the

principal items on the agenda of the struggle following the formation of COPWE

[Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People Ethiopia] and the

founding of the WPE in particular. Since the preparation of the constitution

is one of the major activities in the formation of the PDRE, necessary work on

this started following the establishment of the Nationalities Affairs

Department under COPWE and the formation of the Nationalities Studies

Institute.

The preparation of the constitution was a task that required research,

assessment and analysis of Ethiopia's political, economic, social, and

historical conditions in the prerevolutionary and postrevolutionary periods.

Since it is a legal document further to prepare conditions for the building of

the new Ethiopia, it has to be designed to show the way forward.

To make the document as complete as possible, basic studies were not limited

to issues within the country alone. Efforts were made to assess and learn

from the experiences of countries which had recently reached a high level of

development by studying the problems they had encountered at their various

10
stages of development. This work has made it possible to fulfill the

conditions necessary for the preparation of the draft constitution.

As soon as this had been done, the Constitution Drafting Commission was

formed. The commission has since been preparing the draft constitution. In

order to enable the Constitution Drafting Commission successfully to handle

the responsibility placed on it by the unique decree establishing the

Constitution Drafting Commission to prepare the draft constitution, its

members were selected properly according to age, sex, nationality, religion,

profession, and the like. Therefore, it was possible to study, analyze, and

reflect the various points of view of Ethiopia's working people. Since organs

of the political system were represented on the commission, they expressed

opinions and ideas that prepared conditions in which the Ethiopian revolution,

for which Ethiopian revolutionaries have been martyred and which is

victoriously marching forward, can progress with even greater speed with the

help of constitution.

Hence, the preparation of the draft constitution is not only based on the

detailed research carried out at the beginning. It is a process that has

reflected the representative nature of the commission through realistically

reflecting the perspectives, desires, and interests of various sectors of

society.

It should be recalled that the responsibility of the Constitution Drafting

Commission was to prepare the draft constitution through which the PDRE was to

be established and administered, and to present it for public discussion. The

commission was then to enrich it by obtaining public views on it, prepare the

final draft and present it to the WPE Central Committee.

At its first session, the Constitution Drafting Commission drew up guidelines

and established various committees. At its second session, it prepared the

draft constitution in a form which could be presented to the public for

discussion. It completed its work at this third session after giving the

document its final shape based on the news of the public. Various changes

have been made to the document since the commission's second session when it

studied the document drafted by the organs it set up at its first session.

These changes were made on the basis of group discussions by the commission's

members, the ideas they put forward and subsequently, the results achieved by

the session of the commission. Ideas and opinions conducive to further

ensuring revolutionary Ethiopia's security and the supremacy of the working

people, and which enriched the draft constitution were put forward during

democratic discussions among the commission members. The draft constitution

was prepared by the commission alone. A system was devised whereby the people

could directly study the document and give their opinions.

The document was presented for public discussion as a result of resolutions by

the commission and subsequently by the WPE Central Committee. The working

people of Ethiopia were thus able actively to participate in this historic

process, which further confirmed their direct ownership of the revolution and

its victories. The working people put forward over half a million questions,

11
opinions, and ideas when they discussed article by article the document which

will be the supreme law of the land. The document was presented to the people

of Ethiopia not only so that they could understand the contents of the draft

constitution properly, but also because it was thought that they could

contribute important ideas to enrich the contents of the draft as they had an

in-depth knowledge of issues related to their daily lives.

This concept was proved correct by the opinions and ideas put forward during

public discussions. The questions, opinions, and various ideas put forward by

Ethiopian citizens within the country and abroad at over 25,000 fora held for

them have been detailed according to their content by the commission.

Accordingly, ideas and opinions which have helped to improve the draft

constitution have been taken into account, and the constitution is now at its

current stage.

In general, it can be said that the people wanted fully to understand the

issues contained in the draft constitution and to know in advance how it was

going to be implemented.

A major task has been accomplished by deploying representatives of the

Constitution Drafting Commission to public discussion fora to answer questions

and by using the media to provide correct and timely answers to clarify the

contents of the draft. Details have been given of useful ideas put forward by

the public and of those which have helped to improve the contents of the draft

constitution have been utilized.

In this respect, two new ideas have been incorporated into the preface and

five new subarticles have been included in the remaining parts of the

constitution. Corrections that change the contents have been made in the

preface and in 12 articles of the draft. Since 2 individual articles have

been incorporated in 1 article, the original 120 articles presented for

public discussion number 119 on the referendum. To clarify the matter, 138

corrections have been made by adding new passages and words, omitting others

and making other corrections to the 11 paragraphs of the preface and 40

consecutive articles. In addition, numerous points have been corrected to

improve the clarity of the document.

Here are the main points raised by the public on the various sections of the

draft constitution and corrections made. On the preface: the principal ideas

put forward by the public instrumental to improving the preface of the draft

constitution.

Why has only the victory at Adowa been mentioned?

Give more details on the victory over fascism.

All the contents of the preface should be compiled in a way which indicates

that the working people are the owners.

The role of the PMAC should be given in more detail.

12
As is known, the preface to the draft constitution summarizes the noble

history of the people of Ethiopia in defense of their freedom, their current

stage of development and indicates the future path of development. The

various events that mark Ethiopia's past history of independence and that have

taken place at different times at Gundet, Gura, Dogale, and similar scenes of

struggle are known to Ethiopians and the international community. It is known

that these events have made a major contribution to ensuring our independence

and unity.

It cannot be denied that the victory of Adowa over the imperialists and

colonialists in particular made us an example to the rest of the international

community and was a great event that revitalized our noble history. Hence,

the victory of Adowa brought respect to the citizens of this country at the

time and also to succeeding generations. It was a victory that carried the

torch of independence for the global anti-imperialist struggle, in particular

for the people of Africa serving as an example. This victory in itself was a

symbol representing other victories by virtue of setting an example, not

because our other victories recorded in our history have been overlooked.

Even so, the opinion of the public is that the victory of the Ethiopian people

over fascism should be mentioned as well as the victory of Adowa because it

has rejuvenated our history. As the proposal has been accepted by the

commission, a sentence that states the following has been included in the

fourth paragraph of the preface:

Ethiopia has again proved and history has confirmed that through the victory

she achieved over fascist aggression, the result of 5 years of sacrifice and

struggle waged by her patriots, no force can deter her from flying her banner

of freedom.

Another issue raised by the public regarding the preface requests that the

role of the PMAC, which has made a significant contribution to providing

leadership to the Ethiopian revolution, be clearly stipulated. The commission

has accepted the proposal that the PMAC has eradicated the forces opposing our

revolution since its inception and, in pursuance of its public responsibilities, has eradicated the exploitative foundations of the former system;

has taken steps fundamental to ensuring the supremacy of the working people;

has represented the working people and led them to the establishment of the

republic and has properly shouldered its historic mission. Therefore, the

eighth paragraph of the preface which previously read:

Due to the absence of revolutionary vanguard leadership at the beginning, the

Army, being an integral part of the people, took over the coordination and

leadership of the struggle; has been amended to:

As there was no organized body providing vanguard leadership at the inception

of the revolution, the PMAC, which is on the side of the working people and

which is part of the Armed Forces, coordinated the struggle and assumed

leadership of the struggle.

13
Another significant amendment to the preface based on public opinion is the

use of the term "us" throughout the preface in a manner which shows the

working people's domination of history, events, and power. On the level of

the basic concept of the domination of the working people, the points raised

about the preface had also been made in the first draft. Even so, as the

proposal put forward asked for the wording to be uniform throughout, not only

at the end as was the case in the draft presented for public discussion, the

commission has made corrections in all the necessary places.

Part I: On the Social System

Part I of the draft constitution deals with the political and economic systems

to be promoted by the PDRE, social and cultural policies, national defense,

the security of the people and revolution, and foreign policy. In the article

that defines the political system, it has been clearly stipulated that power

belongs to the working people, that the vanguard role belongs to the WPE and

that the people will participate fully in the political, economic, and social

life of the country through forums provided by mass organizations. Ways in

which the principle of democratic centralism will be implemented have been

properly expressed.

It has been stipulated that the PDRE is a unitary state that protects the

interests of the working people and that ensures the equality of

nationalities. It has been stipulated that workers of all nationalities who

are owners of the country will exercise state power equally. Methods of

implementing regional self-autonomy have also been examined in the draft.

As it is necessary to have a common medium of communication for accelerating

joint development and for strengthening the class unity of the working people,

it has been stipulated in Part IV that Amharic is the official state language.

The [word indistinct], protection and respect for the languages of all

nationalities has been given legitimacy in the articles of this constitution.

The economic system to be pursued by the PDRE will involve accelerating the

rate of production in order to free the economy from backwardness and will

facilitate the laying of the foundations for socialist relations of

production. In this system of socialist (?relations of) production,

governmental, and cooperative producers associations have been allotted a

major role in the country and the economy. Private and other forms of

ownership have been given proper attention.

The requirements of the PDRE's social and cultural policy will enable

Ethiopian's to get full social security and become capable citizens who are

physically and mentally developed. It will also assist the protection of

historical artifacts that have been accumulated over a long period and bring

about the systematic prevalence of a proletarian culture by freeing the

working people from negative cultures inherited from the feudal system.

Inasmuch as the major task of the PDRE's defense forces is to safeguard the

sovereignty of the government, territorial integrity and the revolution, the

14
organization of the defense forces and the historic role of the working people

in this respect are adequately reflected in the article of the constitution.

One of the major issues incorporated in this section is the PDRE's foreign

policy. The foreign policy to be pursued by the PDRE is based on proletarian

internationalism, nonalignment, and peaceful coexistence as laid down in the

articles of the draft constitution.

During the public discussions, some of the questions raised on the social

system specified by the draft constitution asked: What is the meaning of

power belonging to the working people? What will be the nature of the

implementation process of the relations between the party and government? Why

does private ownership need constitutional guarantees? What do the various

military establishments [words indistinct] to the constitution? Are

nonalignment and proletarian internationalism not contradictory? And the

like.

The PDRE is a socially broadly-based state. The organs expressive of the

working peoples ownership of power and the sections of the society able to

participate directly are clearly specified in the various articles of the

constitution. The rights, responsibilities, and working systems of these

organs and other fundamental issues are reflected in the draft constitution

and on this basis the people's affairs will be codified in the laws to be

proclaimed in detail.

One of the major factors indicating that the republic accepts the party's

leading role as laid down in the draft constitution is that the WPE and the

government have adopted a common stance in leading the revolution towards its

ultimate goals. The relations between the party and government in the

implementation of this common stance will be expressed in various ways, but

the basic issue is to ensure that the tasks of the government and society are

based on the party's policies.

The question raised on the establishment of our defense force is not basically

to be answered at the constitutional level, but will be codified in detailed

laws to be proclaimed on the basis of the articles of the draft constitution,

which states that the duty of the defense forces of the country is to

safeguard the people and the revolution.

Several questions arose as to whether proletarian internationalism and

nonalignment were contradictory? Nonalignment is not a concept inhibiting

participation in the struggle of the international working peoples.

Nonalignment should therefore be viewed as being related to, as opposed to

being in contradiction with, proletarian internationalism. The two concepts

constitute major principles on which the republic's foreign policy is based.

Relations entered into on the basis of these principles in conjunction with

peaceful coexistence will ensure that the republic's international role will

be soundly based. Although each of these concepts exists independently, their

reflection in the draft constitution is indicative of their interrelatedness,

15
ensuring that our foreign policy to be pursued in accordance with our

revolutionary objectives is soundly based.

Such issues raised during the discussions were explained and will be further

clarified in the continuing explanatory measures to be adopted in the

implementation process.

Following study and analysis of the comments forwarded by the public, the

basic suggestions which have effected major changes in the draft constitution

are:

The article which stipulates that ownership be replaced by public ownership in

various forms contradicts the revolutionary government's earlier proclamation

rendering rural land public property. The article should therefore be

amended.

The article which stipulates that private property can be utilized by the

government should be strengthened in such a manner as to provide individuals

with incentives to invest their money in the interests of the country.

Regular participation in sports should be clearly laid down.

The responsibilities of society should be laid down in the article stipulating

the preservation of cultural and historical artifacts.

What are the differences between the statements stipulating the preservation

of cultural and historical artifacts?

What are the differences between the statements stipulating the need for a

strong defense force and strengthening the country's defense capability

appearing in different articles? [previous two paragraphs as heard]

As various articles of the draft constitution stipulate, power belongs to the

working people. The National Assembly, specified by the draft constitution as

being the supreme organ of power is a manifestation of the working people's

ownership of power. Other government bodies specified by the constitution

will exercise the powers vested in them by law at the direction of the

National Assembly which is established by process of universal suffrage. In

general, this indicates the existence of close ties between the working people

and government bodies in the PDRE and that the government bodies are the

working people's instruments of power.

Notwithstanding that Article 13 of the draft constitution enshrines the

essence of this basic issue, suggestions have been forwarded from the people

during their discussions that it should be clarified, and inasmuch as the

commission considers that this situation should be more clearly specified, it

has accordingly inserted Subarticle I of Article 13 defining state property

as being people's property. This now clarifies the issue.

16
The revolution has taken several radical steps to form a basis for the

development of the working peoples. On the eve of the formation of the

republic it has prepared the ground so that political power can be transferred

to the working people step by step. In this respect, the revolution has been

preparing the ground for expanding public ownership by using the political

power of the working people to create a situation conducive to bringing about

the management of private ownership. These types of public and private

ownership exist in Ethiopia today. They will have their own roles to perform

in the process of building a socialist system and as there will be public and

private ownership in the PDRE, their roles have been clearly defined in the

draft constitution. Private ownership is accordingly guaranteed by the

constitution.

In the Article 17 stipulating that the state can nationalize, purchase, or

make use of private property, this guarantee is clearly reflected. The

article not only points out that the state must provide cause before taking

any of these forms of action, but also lays down that the state will effect

the necessary compensation. During the discussions the people asked if this

meant that the state would not pay for the use of private property. Inasmuch

as the draft constitution did not intend to convey such a message, Article 17

was clarified to specify that the state can make use of private property by

effecting appropriate compensation. The article which originally stated that

the state when it finds it essential in the public interest, can, following

legal routes buy, or use or nationalize any property by paying compensation,

has been rephrased to read: When the state finds it essential in the public

interest, it can, following legal routes, buy, or use any property by

effecting the appropriate payment and can buy, nationalize that property.

Other amendments have been made to clarify the chapter on the economic system.

In particular the changes made are:

Article 10 Subarticle (I): The term 'wildlife* is replaced by 'Wild

animals.'

Article 16, which states that the right to private ownership, according to

law, is preserved, has been amended to read the right to transfer private

property, according to the law, is preserved [quote from Article 16 as heard].

These are the major changes to be mentioned.

In the chapter dealing with social and cultural policy, major amendments have

been made in Article 14 and Article 23. Clearly, the work being done by the

working masses depends on mental and physical health. One of the factors

conducive to mental and physical health consists in consistently engaging in

sports and physical training. Notwithstanding that the draft constitution has

given due consideration to this issue as stipulated in Article 19: The

government and society will give the necessary support for citizens in

physical training and sporting activities.

Other issues through which the draft constitution was enriched, and which were

discussed by the people, were based on culture and historical artifacts

17
stipulated in Article 23. It was proposed that the article should not merely

say that these things should be preserved by the government, but should

clearly stipulate the responsibility of society. The people's suggestions

make it clear that public participation should have a decisive role in the

implementation of the article.

While the basic message of these articles is as stated above, the suggestions

arising from popular discussions have resulted in some changes in the chapter.

Since it was believed that the article that states the republic will have a

strong defense force, and the article that shows the objectives of the force,

should be combined, the above statement will be elaborated and its content

improved. The commission has combined Article 25 and 26 into one, with

Subarticles I—the PDRE will have a strong defense force, and II the defense

force of the PDRE will be a force of the working people that struggles for

peace and socialism, for the supremacy of the working people, and the unity of

the country.

Since the two articles have been combined, the 120 articles of the draft

constitution presented for discussion become 119 in the draft constitution

submitted to referendum. Hence, all the articles after Article 25 have been

adjusted accordingly.

Part Two

EA241714 Addis Ababa Domestic Service in Amharic 1713 GMT 22 Jan 87

[Part Two of the Statement on Clarification by the Constitutional Drafting

Commission on Changes to the Draft Constitution Based on Popular Discussion]

[Text] Part II. On Citizenship, Freedoms, Rights and Obligations

This part assesses the citizens' constitutional freedoms, rights and

obligations after answering the question of who is the beneficiary of the

rights inherent in the glorious honor of being an Ethiopian citizen, and of

the laws based on the constitution having a political content.

The freedoms and rights stipulated in this part have been gained by the

Ethiopian people through bitter struggle over the centuries and through great

sacrifice. After our victorious revolution, they have been reinforced stepby-step. Their formulation is based on our development process, and will be

strengthened through the constitution in the future years of struggle to lay

the foundation of a socialist system. These freedoms and rights have been

brought to fruition by the Ethiopian people over the past years of the

revolution. Through the PDRE [People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia], the

working people, being the direct owners of power, will bring them to full

fruition through the organs of the republic.

The rights stipulated in this part can be taken as group rights, social and

economic rights, political rights, justice-related rights, rights and

obligations. The issues embraced in this part of the draft constitution

18
concern the basic objectives and achievements of the revolution and the dayto-day life of the people. Since this part includes articles stipulating the

relation between state and society and the relation of citizens among

themselves, there have been more questions and suggestions concerning it than

other parts.

Most questions and suggestions on this part were based on the desire for a

better understanding of the content and messages of the draft constitution,

but some of them concerned the basic right to equality based on various

beliefs and traditions. Questions and suggestions on this part indicate how

various social groups within our society see the victories we have scored in

the course of our revolution, their outlook on our future progress, and how

best their wishes can be reflected. Among the questions and suggestions put

forward, the main ones were:

Can a person, one of whose parents is a foreigner, choose his citizenship?

Giving equal rights to children born out of wedlock could affect the family

based on legal marriage, and should be amended.

The phrase unless caught red-handed (Article 45) paves the way for an increase

in crime, and should be amended.

Can the sanctity of places of worship be clearly enacted?

By what actions can an Ethiopian be said to have betrayed his mother country?

Care should be taken so that the rights and freedoms enacted in this part

should not be used by counterrevolutionaries; and other similar questions.

As has been pointed out on various occasions, the draft constitution was

drafted on the basis of the basic equal rights of citizens. Since these equal

rights should be enjoyed in their fullest form, it was intended that they

should be embodied in the constitution, which will lay the foundation for all

citizens to fully and equally enjoy all the benefits they are entitled to as

Ethiopians. It also points that the obligations of citizenship should be

equally fulfilled.

Articles of the draft constitution on citizenship, freedom of religion, the

rights of children and other similar issues were prepared with these basic

concepts in mind. Most of the above questions will be answered directly in

detailed laws to be issued based on the draft constitution. When citizenship

law, family law, criminal law, and other laws directly related to these

questions are issued, every point will be covered in detail. The question of

choosing the citizenship of a person one of whose parents is a foreigner, the

practical implementation of the rights of children, the sanctity of places of

worship, actions amounting to betrayal of the country, and so on, will be

defined. Since the republic will have executive power under the constitution

and other laws it will issue, it will be able to prevent crime, protect civil

rights, and in general protect the system.

19
As was done with various parts of the draft constitution, briefings on this

part were given in discussion forums and the mass media. In addition to

questions and suggestions that enabled the people to gain better understanding

of the constitution, the discussion process has brought up ideas that enabled

points in this part to be corrected and improved. Among these ideas and

suggestions the main ones were: More emphasis on the equality of men and

women.

Monogamy conflicts with some religions and traditions, so can this article be

amended?

The proposal for more emphasis on equality of men and women, which was raised

by many Ethiopians, both men and women, was one of the issues thoroughly

examined by the commission. Basically, as it concerns freedoms, rights, and

obligations, the draft constitution presented for public discussion holds that

all citizens are equal.

In Article 36, previously 37, Subarticle I, in which the draft constitution

points that all citizens are equal irrespective of sex, women have equal

rights with men, there were suggestions that the phrase women with men still

creates the impression that women are inferior, and this made it necessary to

reexamine this article. To convey the right message, the commission has

decided to change women with men to women and men, and Article 36, Subarticle

I has been amended to: In the PDRE, women and men have equal rights.

Henceforth, when referred to separately, the articles will be numbered as in

the draft submitted for referendum.

Other suggestions that the commission has given special attention to and

considered for amendment to the draft constitution were those concerning

Article 37, previously 38, Subarticle I. Even though some wanted the

subarticle left as it is, most opinions on this subarticle were based on the

idea that the part that says bigamy is forbidden seems to conflict with

various religions and traditions, and should be amended. The concepts

embodied in the draft constitution were based on the victories of the working

people of Ethiopia during the revolutionary years, and during the future

course of the revolution. Among these the major one is ensuring the equality

of citizens. This is not only manifested in the draft constitution, but has

been developed in its various forms during the revolutionary years. Enacting

it in the draft constitution so that it will be reinforced is complementary

with the policy we follow. Accepting conditions that weaken the equality of

citizens could jeopardize the victories and progress of the revolution.

For this reason, there is no alternative to enacting a law to ensure the

equality of citizens as was done in the draft constitution. The commission

has found it necessary to thoroughly examine the part of the article that says

bigamy is forbidden, without departing from the basic concept. Basically,

what this phrase of the subarticle implies is that bigamists will be charged

and punished for the offence. However, omission of this idea from the wording

of the constitution does not mean that the government supports bigamy, but

20
indicates that it makes the necessary provision for changes achieved through

political, economic, and social developments. Since there were very many

polygamous marriages contracted before the draft constitution was submitted

for public discussion, it was considered that what was included in the draft

constitution jeopardized all of them. The phrase has been deleted because the

commission decided that deleting it is better insofar as this does not

contradict the concept of equality of women, including in the family.

Therefore, Article 37, Subarticle I, which read—marriage is based on consent

between one man and one woman who have come of age. Bigamy is forbidden.

Husband and wife have equal rights in their family relations. Marriage will

be provided with state protection—is amended to—marriage is based on consent

between one woman and one man who have come of age. Husband and wife have

equal rights in their family relations. Marriage will be provided with state

protection.

On the part of the draft constitution concerning the basic freedoms, rights,

and obligations of citizens, amendments based on suggestions from the public

discussion were made to Article 44, previously 45, Subarticle I, and Article

45, previously 46, Subarticle III. Most suggestions put forward by the

people on these articles, and in particular on 44, Subarticle I, were based on

the opinion that they should be amended so as not to create a loophole for an

increase in criminal acts.

Suggestions put forward on Article 75, previously 76, Subarticle I were also

similar to this. Since it was found out that most of the questions were a

matter of understanding, the necessary answers were given through explanations

and briefings. Nevertheless, since the commission believes it is important to

clarify the content of the articles, Article 75, Subarticle I, which read—

unless caught—is changed to—unless found—and—will not be held in custody—

to—will not be arrested. Article 44, Subarticle I, which read—unless caught

red-handed or by the order of the attorney-general or a court decision or the

law so states, no person will be held in custody—now reads—unless found redhanded or by the order of the attorney-general, or by a court order of the law

so states, no person will be arrested. Article 75, which read—unless caught

red-handed committing a grave crime, no MP can be held in custody or charged

with any crime without the consent of the state council—was amended to—

unless found red-handed committing a grave crime, no MP can be arrested or

charged with a crime without the consent of the assembly, or if the assembly is

in recess, without the consent of the state council.

Also, in Article 44, Subarticle II—a person in custody—is changed to—any

person arrested—and the subarticle is amended to—any person arrested must

appear in court within 48 hours. However this time does not include the time

required to reach the nearest court.

To clarify Article 45, previously 46, Subarticle III, the commission has

changed—serious crime—to—grave crime—and—the details will be decided by

law—was changed according to what is decided by the law.

21
Thus, the subarticle that read—any accused person has the right to defend

himself or to hire a lawyer. If it is proved that a person accused of serious

crime cannot hire a lawyer the state will provide him with one. The details

will be decided by law—is amended to—any accused person has the right to

defend himself or hire a lawyer. If it is proved that a person accused of

grave crime cannot hire a lawyer, the state will provide him with one

according to what is decided by the law.

Part Three: On State Structure and Functions

Another part of the draft constitution that drew very many questions and

suggestions was Part Three, on state structure and its functions. The main

points of this part of the draft constitution concern powers, functions, and

interrelation of state organs that will execute the basic statutes in Parts

One and Two of the draft constitution, and laws to be issued based on these.

It can be said that the organization of state organs in a new form began in

Ethiopia only when organs that upheld the past system were abolished and the

formation of new organs, in accordance with need, began. Through the

activities and revolutionary steps taken to organize state organs in a new

form, very important results were achieved. The implementation of various

revolutionary laws, plans and directives, and the fact that their combined

result enabled the revolution to reach the present stage of development is

demonstrable. Nevertheless, state organs created within the PDRE, or

organized in new form, are what is demanded by our forward march. The PDRE is

to be entrusted with the responsibility of raising to a higher level victories

achieved during the past revolutionary years charged with the task of

accomplishing the objectives of the revolution, and in which the working

people will be direct owners of power. It was because this was understood

from the early years of the revolution that the establishment of the PDRE in

our Ethiopia was given special attention, and the necessary preconditions have

been provided.

Part Three of the draft constitution stipulates the functions, duties,

responsibilities, operations, and relations of organs responsible for

implementing the objectives of the republic. This section sets out the

functions and responsibilities of the National Assembly, which is the working

peoples' highest representative organ power, the State Council, which is the

permanent organ of the National Assembly, the republic's president, the

Council of Ministers, regional administrative organs, the judiciary, and the

procurator's office.

It is clearly stipulated in the draft constitution that members of the

National Assembly will be directly elected by the people. Notwithstanding the

basic criteria governing candidature, the right of every Ethiopian to elect or

be elected without any discrimination is preserved. Even though candidates

will be nominated by the organs mentioned in the draft constitution, the right

to stand for election emanates not from institutional representation but from

the rights of citizenship.

22
The working people will exercise their rightful tenure of power through the

National Assembly, to which they will elect representatives.

The National Assembly is the source of the power exercised by other state

organs stipulated in the above-mentioned section. These organs will exercise

various duties and responsibilities granted under the law, in addition to

those granted by the constitution. Similarly, other organs that are deemed

necessary for the proper development of the republic, will be established and

allocated duties and responsibilities under new laws rather than under the

constitution. Since the constitution is a document of general significance,

some issues have been left for definition under the law.

During their discussion of articles relating to state organs, the Ethiopian

people raised various issues and forwarded their views, as they have done with

other parts of the constitution. If we look at the major issues that were

discussed, we find that the main questions asked were:

What shape will the republics' structure take when adopted?

Can an article that allows religious institutions to nominate National

Assembly candidates be included in the constitution? Can these institutions

be represented at the National Assembly?

Will powers shared by the State Council and the republic's president not

conflict?

Can the powers and duties of the republic's vice president be included in the

constitution?

Why are neighborhood courts and other courts of law not mentioned in the draft

constitution?

Does the appointment of procurators and the procurator general stem from the

need to ensure responsibility in carrying out the law in its entirety or does

it have some other purpose. Other questions were also asked.

The various articles of the draft constitution stipulate that the PDRE is a

unitary state in which all nationalities live in equality. The country is

divided into administrative regions and autonomous regions. Various articles

stipulate that there will be organs power. The organs, ranging from the

National Assembly, which is the manifestation of the working peoples tenure of

power, down to the basic administrative units, will be established by

election. There will be regional administrative organs responsible to the

National Assembly. Under the constitution, the assembly will form the State

Council and elect the republic's president.

In addition to the duties they exercise while the assembly is in session,

these organs exercise responsibilities which are vested in them by the

constitution and other laws when the assembly is not in session. In terms of

the constitution the common duty of these bodies is to enhance development

23
activities engaged in by the Ethiopian working people. Since this common duty

can be accomplished jointly or individually as the case may be, the draft

constitution takes account of the common objectives of the various bodies by

stipulating a specific division of labor, so that the work can be carried out

in a coordinated manner. It is felt that this will create a favorable climate

for meeting planned targets.

It is felt that the division of the republic into administrative regions and

autonomous regions, and the formation of regional assemblies to carry out

regional activities will give the working people a greater role in enhancing

their comprehensive development at times when the National Assembly is not in

session. Since this creates a situation in which the working people of

Ethiopia can strengthen their class unity, the attention paid to regional

assemblies will produce reliable results. The clauses in the draft

constitution that give special attention to nationalities whose development is

at a lower level and the implementation of autonomous self-administration are

additional guarantees for the achievement of the expected results.

As can be seen from the points mentioned above, most of the discussion about

articles and subarticles in this section stemmed from the need to have a

clearer understanding of the whole issue and to properly understand the

requisite governmental structure in order to contribute to the struggle after

the formation of the republic. An appropriate response was given by members

of the commission who clarified various points at various forums formed for

the purpose. Clarifications were also issued through the media.

The work of enlightening the people as part of future practical activities

will continue in view of the constitution's nature. All the issues mentioned

above will be further clarified through laws, based on the constitution, which

will be issued. Various issues will be defined by detailed laws. These

include the republic's vice president and other matters defined in the

constitution. It is felt that when the duties and responsibilities of

neighborhood tribunals, other law courts and similar bodies are defined by

other laws based on the constitution, the contents of the constitution will be

fully clarified and understood.

Following people's suggestions and questions, the commission has made various

amendments to this part in the belief that they will enrich the draft

constitution and help convey a clear message, the amendments affect the

following articles: Subarticle III, B, of Article 63, which was Article 64 in

the previous draft constitution, Article 65, which was Article 66 in the

previous draft constitution: Subarticle II of Article 83, which was Article

84 in the previous draft constitution: Article 89, which was Article 90 in

the previous draft constitution: Subarticles II and VIII, which was

Subarticle VII in the previous draft constitution of Article 92 which was

Article 93 in the previous draft constitution [as heard]: Subarticles I and

II of Article 93, which was Article 94 in the previous draft constitution:

Article 97, which was Article 98 in the previous draft constitution: Articles

101 and 105, which were Articles 102 and 106 respectively in the previous

draft constitution.

24
It is to be recalled that during the discussion of the draft constitution, the

organs of the National Assembly would establish in accordance with Article 63,

Subarticle II, B, were: The Council of Ministers, ministries, commissions,

and authorities. One question that arose during the discussion was: During

the process of our revolution some national committees were formed—does this

mean that when the republic is formed, these committees will not exist? And

if they are to exist, who will establish them? As these questions make clear,

the above-mentioned committees have been carrying out their work since the

founding of the PMAC. It is understood that future practical activities will

encourage the formation of such committees. The commission believes that if

any of these bodies are to be created, responsibility for establishing them

should be that of the National Assembly.

So, Article 63, Subarticle III, B, which used to list the Council of

Ministers, ministries, commission, and authorities, has been amended to list

the Council of Ministers, ministries, national committees, commissions and

authorities through the inclusion of the words: National Committees.

Since the amendment of this article affects other relevant articles of the

draft constitution, Article 92, Subarticle II, which used to read: "Will

direct and coordinate the work of ministries, commissions, and other state

administrative bodies directly answerable to the Council of Ministers," has

been amended to include the words: National Committees. It now reads: Will

direct and coordinate the work of ministries, national committees,

commissions, and other state administrative bodies directly answerable to the

Council of Ministers.

As a result of popular suggestions, another change has been made to Article

65. In general, it was thought there might be problems in implementing the

principles defined in Subarticles I and II, so the commission has reexamined

the article. Article 65, Subarticle I, listed four major principles for

election and included the phrase: "On the basis of the population," which

referred to implementation. Since this phrase refers to holding elections, it

has a connection with the stipulation in Subarticle II. The commission

believes that major election principles should be defined in one subarticle

and that election-related issued intended to assist the holding of elections

should be covered in different subarticles, and that this will clarify the

message the article is intended to convey. So the phrase: "On the basis of

population" has been omitted from Subarticle I. The subarticle, which used

to read: "The election of members to the National Assembly shall be on the

basis of the population, including everyone voting directly and in secret,"

has been amended to read: "The election of members to the National Assembly

shall include everyone voting directly and in secret."

Since it has been decided that the phrase: "On the basis of the population"

should have its own independent subarticle, the clause: "The election of

members to the National Assembly will be on the basis of population" will

become Subarticle II of Article 65. Accordingly, Subarticle II, which

reads: "Nationalities will be assured representation in the National

Assembly" has become Subarticle III.

25
Questions raised during the public discussions on the draft constitution, and

the comments forwarded, occasioned the amendment of Article 83, Subarticle II

of the draft constitution. It was suggested that the wartime administration

and state of emergency referred to in this subarticle are not properly

worded and therefore need rephrasing. According to the subarticle, the State

Council is empowered at such times when the National Assembly is in recess to

decree a state of emergency. Regardless as to whether it is man-made or

occasioned by natural causes, a state of emergency differs from a situation

generally considered normal as reflected in the well-being of the nation,

revolution, state, and people. When such emergencies occur, the state will

take steps to control them.

It has been suggested that in addition to the measures laid down in Article

83, Subarticle II, others should be stipulated with a view to controlling

states of emergency. Thus, inasmuch as the public has drawn attention to the

need to clarify the subarticle, and following the study, the commission has

decided that Article 83, Subarticle II which reads: "At such times as the

National Assembly is in recess, the State Council is empowered when it is

unavoidable to decree a state of emergency, war or peace," be rephrased as

follows: "At such times as the National Assembly is in recess, the State

Council is empowered, when it is unavoidable, to decree [as heard] a state of

emergency, war, a wartime administration, mobilization, or peace.

Another article subject to amendment resulting from public discussion is

Article 89, Subarticle II. In brief, the public asked: Are the posts of

commissioner and member of the Council of Ministers always interrelated? How

is the situation obtaining throughout the years of the revolution to be

changed, and how will it be done in the future? These questions have resulted

in the rephrasing of the subarticle. A situation will arise in which offices

directed by commissioners or individuals with the rank of commissioner will be

established for various functions. However, a commissioner or individual with

commissioner rank who heads an office is not entitled [as heard] to membership

of the Council of Ministers. Inasmuch as a number of officers of such rank

will be appointed, who will not be members of the Council of Ministers, it has

been decided that the word: "Commissioners," be omitted from the subarticle.

However, inasmuch as some commissioners, depending on the nature of their

work, could be members of the Council of Ministers, their status as such is

comprised in Subarticle II of this article by the phrase: "Other members to

be defined by law." It was concluded that the omission of the phrase would

solve the problem arising from it and create favorable ground for such offices

to be established for developmental purposes. Accordingly, Subarticle II of

Article 89 which reads: "The Council of Ministers will comprise the prime

minister, deputy prime ministers, ministers, commissioners, and other members

to be determined by law," has been amended to read: "The Council of Ministers

will comprise the prime minister, deputy prime ministers, ministers, and other

members to be determined."

26
The question occasioning the amendment of Article 92 of the draft

constitution, which was based on Subarticle I of Article 63 above was:

Having empowered the National Assembly to decide fiscal and financial policy,

why was the Council of Ministers also empowered to act in this matter?

Obviously, the Council of Ministers will perform a major role in deciding on

fiscal and financial policy. Inasmuch as fiscal and financial matters are not

only related to planning and budgeting, but with other practical activities,

the commission is convinced that it is necessary to ensure that the

responsibility of the Council of Ministers in these respects is incorporated

in the constitution. Accordingly the clause: "It will ensure the

implementation of fiscal and financial policy," has been inserted as

Subarticle VII of Article 92, and the numbering of subarticles subsequent to

Subarticle VII of Article 92, which was 93 in the previous draft constitution,

have been adjusted.

With regard to Article 92, Subarticle VIII—formerly Subarticle VII—-of the

draft constitution, stating that the Council of Ministers would advise the

president of the republic on the republic's foreign relations, it was pointed

out in the course of public discussion that the National Assembly and the

Council of Ministers had a role to perform in the republic's foreign

relations. Accordingly, laying down foreign relations as one of the duties of

the Council of Ministers is not only consistent with the other issues

stipulated in other articles, but serves to create better working conditions.

The commission therefore concluded that the article should be amended in

accordance with the suggestions.

Accordingly, Subarticle VIII of Article 92, now reading: "It will advise the

president of the republic on the republic's foreign relations," has been

amended to read: "It will advise the National Assembly, the State Council and

the president of the republic on the republic's foreign relations and will

ensure implementation thereof."

Another article amendment in this part applies to Subarticle I of Article 101

which was formally Article 102 in the draft constitution. Genuine suggestions

were made to the effect that the wording: "Judges of other courts," was

unspecific and unclear as to which courts it referred to and needed amendment.

In recognition of this and the need for clarity, the commission decided to

amend it as follows: The words "will be appointed by those of other courts,"

will be rephrased to read: "Will be appointed by those of other courts will

be appointed by their respective regional assemblies, [sentence as heard]

Thus, what previously read: "Whereas judges of the Supreme Court will be

appointed by the National Assembly, those of other courts will be appointed

by their respective assemblies," has been amended to read: Whereas judges of

the Supreme Court are appointed by the National Assembly, those of other

courts will be appointed by their respective assemblies."

Notwithstanding this amendment, Subarticle I Article 100, which was formerly

Article 101 of the draft constitution, the appointment of judges of other

courts to be established will be governed by the laws which will establish the

courts.

27
Article 105, formerly Article 106 of the previous draft constitution was

ambiguous in apparently providing for translation services to be given to any

person appearing in court. The public suggested it be amended to provide for

such services to be given on court-related issues. Based on this suggestion,

the commission decided to amend the word "anyone" to read: "concerned

person." Accordingly, the article reading: "In the performance of their

duties the courts shall provide translation services to anyone unable to

understand the language of proceedings," will read: "In the performance of

their duties the courts shall provide translation services to a concerned

person who is unable to understand the language of the proceedings."

Amendments were suggested to apply to this part of the constitution with

regard to the articles on the national flag, emblem, anthem, official

language, capital, legal supremacy of the constitution, and amendments to the

constitution, which are the symbols of the republic.

These symbols manifest the supremacy of the republic and demonstrate the

implementation of the political institution of the ownership of power by the

working people. This part of the constitution provides for the nature of the

national emblem and anthem to be defined by law. It is expected that the

definitive laws to be enacted to govern these sectors will reflect the

basic character of the republic. They will be made public at the time.

Some of the questions raised during the public discussion of these issues

were: Why are the emblem and the anthem not specified in the constitution?

How can providing for Amharic to be the official language be seen as being

consistent with respect for and the development of language? Why was it

necessary for the Constitution to designate Addis Ababa as the capital when it

is a fact well known to everyone? It will be recalled that Addis Ababa has

been the country's capital by virtue of historical developments. It will

continue to be the republic's political hub and will host a number of

national, regional, and international bodies. It is appropriate to state

clearly that it will be the base where the National Assembly, which will be

the manifestation of the ownership of power by the working people, and other

power and administrative bodies will carry out their activities.

Questions on the emblem and the anthem mostly concerned form and concept. No

problem arises from the absence of definition applied to them by the

constitution. Other related questions received appropriate replies in

explanations coinciding with the discussions.

Unreserved efforts have been made to embrace the participation of the working

people since the time when basic studies for the preparation of the draft

constitution began. This participation has been greatly manifested through

the establishment of the Constitutional Drafting Commission and through the

presentation of the draft constitution for direct public debate. The

presentation of the document for public discussion not only reflects popular

democratic participation, but illustrates the objective of enriching the

document. The commission accordingly implemented the ideas that emanated from

public discussion of the draft constitution, which enjoyed the greatest

28
participation in the history of our country. The suggestions have been

integrated with a view to enriching the draft constitution. The popular

participation manifested since the inception of the revolution and during the

process of preparing and discussing the draft constitution is clearly

demonstrative of the political development of the working people and [passage

indistinct]. It is believed that by approving the draft constitution it

[words indistinct] for the formation of the republic and governing the people,

Listeners, details of the changes made in the draft constitution following

public discussion have been released to the press.

/9599

CSO: 3400/927

29
ETHIOPIA

BRIEFS

ELP DEMANDS ICO SUPPORT—Khartoum, 27 January (KUNA)—The Eritrean Liberation

Front [ELF] called Saturday ont he Islamic summit to reactivate the goodwill

committee which was assigned by "Al-Ta'if" Islamic summit to seek a peaceful

solution to the Eritrean (?problem) with the occupying state of Ethiopia. In

a statement issued today ELF Chief Executive 'Abdallah Idris Mohamed renewed

an earlier demand for political and material support to "the just struggle of

the Eritreans for freedom and independence." The statement expressed hopes

that the summit will resolve on accepting the front as an observer in the

Islamic conference organization and paid tribute to the host-Kuwait "for its

continued concern with the Eritrean struggle." The ELF is the pioneer of the

Eritrean armed struggle against Ethiopia, but ideological and other

differences in recent years (?leading) to the creation of splinter groups such

as the Eritrean People's Liberation Front—EPLF—the ELF unified Command and

ELF Revolutionary Council, [passage omitted on history of Eritrea] [Excerpt]

[Kuwait KUNA in English 0858 GMT 27 Jan 87 LD] /12913

MUSLIM WORLD LEAGUE AID—The Relief and Rehabilitation Commission [RRC] and

the Muslim World League yesterday signed an agreement under which the latter

is to build a childrens village at a cost of 2 million birr at the Pawe

Rehabilitation site in Gojam Region. The league, which opened an office in

Addis Ababa last year in collaboration with the RRC, yesterday handed over a

check for 100,000 birr as part of the total amount allotted for the project.

Under the four year agreement, 25 dwelling units, a school, a clinic, and

other facilities will be constructed for accommodating 150 orphans.

[Excerpts] [Addis Ababa in English to Neighboring Countries 1530 GMT 30 Jan

87 EA] /12913

PRC AGRICULTURE GRANT—Today the Ethiopian Red Cross society received a

donation of agricultural implements estimated at 700,000 birr, from the

Chinese Government. The documents relating to the donation were presented to

Comrade Abebe Ongedasew, First Deputy Chairman of the Society by Zhang Ruijie,

PRC ambassador to Revolutionary Ethiopia, at the society offices. Comrade

Abebe noted that the Chinese Government had earlier donated foodstuffs and

medicines at a time when the drought had created great problems. The

agricultural implements donated this time will be a great contribution toward

development activities in the agricultural sector. Zhang Ruijie gave an

assurance that his government would make further donations to assist the

society in its humanitarian activities. [Excerpts] [Addis Ababa Domestic

Service in Amharic 0930 GMT 23 Jan 87 EA] /12913

30
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AGREEMENT—An agreement on joint biological and scientific

research was signed today between revolutionary Ethiopia and the Soviet Union.

Scientists from the two countries will participate in research under the

agreement, which was signed at the Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission

office. The agreement is valid until the end of 1988. The research will be

coordinated by the biology department of Addis Ababa University. Research

institutions of the Ministry of Agriculture will also take part in the work.

The agrement will not only strengthen relations between the Ethiopian Science

and Technology Commission and the Soviet Academy of Sciences, but will also

open up avenues for future joint research. The agreement was signed by

Comrade Abebe Muluneh, Ethiopian science and technology commissioner, and

Comrade Valentin Omitriyev, USSR ambassador to revolutionary Ethiopia, on

behalf of their respective countries. [Excerpt] [addis Ababa Domestic

Service in Amharic 1000 GMT 17 Jan EA] /12913

ISSR-BUILT TECHNICAL SCHOOLS—15 January 87 a protocol agreement to build six

professional and technical training schools has been signed today at the

offices of the National Committee for Central Planning [NCCP] between

revolutionary Ethiopia and the Soviet Union. Under the agreement signed

between the two friendly countries, professional and technical training

schools capable of training 400 students each will be built through free aid,

including building materials needed for the schools. Educational equipment,

as well as 30 teachers each serving for three years, are also included. The

schools will be built in various regions of Ethiopia, and will mainly train

agricultural mechanics and technicians. The agreement was signed on behalf of

revolutionary Ethiopia by Comrade Aklilu Afewerk, head and commissioner of the

production sector of the NCCP, while Comrade (Zenopin), economic counsellor at

the Soviet Embassy in Ethiopia signed on behalf of his country. [Excerpt]

[Addis Ababa Domestic Service in Amharic 0900 GMT 15 Jan 87 EA] /12913

CS0: 3400/894

31
EQUATORIAL GUINEA

PRESIDENT OBIANG ARRIVES IN NIGERIA FOR TALKS

Babangida Praises Cooperation

AB291635 Lagos Domestic Service in English 1500 GMT 29 Jan 87

[Text] President Ibrahim Babangida has said that the warm and cordial

relations between Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea should be maintained in the

interest of both countries. Welcoming President Obiang Nguema Mbasogo to

Nigeria, Major General Babangida said that it was necessary that the two

countries remain as friends. He expressed the hope that during the three day

visit of President Mbasogo steps would be taken to foster the relations

between Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea.

President Babangida said over the years Nigerians and Equatorial Guineans have

moved freely into each other's (?country). He expressed the hope that

whatever official arrangement that had been made to [words indistinct]

positive steps [words indistinct]. He reassured the Equatorial Guinean leader

that Nigeria would at all times bear in mind the interest of the two nations

in her (?program) of action.

President Nguema Mbasogo, in his response, said that his country appreciated

the fact that Nigeria always stood by her in times of trouble. He thanked the

people and Government of Nigeria for the moral and financial support to his

country. President Mbasogo also noted that the friendly relations between the

two countries had been [words indistinct] and hoped that the bilateral talks

during the visit would strengthen the relations. He condemned the isolation

of [words indistinct] and try to do everything possible to [words indistinct]

of matching the relations.

President Mbasogo arrived in Lagos earlier today on a three day visit to the

country. Representatives of the two countries will hold the first round of

talks later today.

Talks With Babangida at Banquet

AB302203 Lagos Domestic Service in English 2100 GMT 30 Jan 87

[Text] President Ibrahim Babangida says Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea should

not pursue policies that will be detrimental to the internal security of each

other. Speaking at a state dinner in honor of President Obiang Nguema Mbasogo

32
in Lagos this evening, Major General Babangida said on her part, Nigeria would

not relent in her effort to develop and strengthen cordial relations between

them. The president said he was pleased that the two countries continue to be

mindful of the rules to maintain a state of good neighborliness and friendly

understanding which constituted an important (?medium) for peace in the

subregion. He said his administration had addressed itself to the

strengthening of cordial relations with other African nations and will pursue

it vigorously.

President Babangida said Nigeria had watched with admiration the pursuit by

Equatorial Guinea of policies aimed not only at her economic advancement, but

also at a greater economic integration of the Central African subregion. He

remarked that achievement by Equatorial Guinea in this respect is a positive

response to OAU's call for greater regional economic interaction. It also

constitutes an important prerequisite to the creation of an African Common

Market included in the Lagos Plan of Action.

On the Chadian crisis, President Babangida said all efforts to resolve the

dispute must be vigorously pursued. He again called on all factions of the

Chadian crisis to come together for a peaceful settlement of issues involved.

The president gave an assurance that Nigeria was ever ready and willing to put

her services at the disposal of genuine efforts to resolve the Chadian crisis.

Talks Continue; Communique Issued

AB311459 Lagos Domestic Service in English 1200 GMT 31 Jan 87

[Text] A communique on the bilateral talks held between Nigeria and

Equatorial Guinea was signed in Lagos today by President Ibrahim Babangida and

President Obiang Nguema Mbasogo.

Details on the communique were, however, not made known. In his speech after

the ceremony, President Babangida noted that though the visit was very short,

he sincerely hoped that President Mbasogo was able to see and know more about

the people of Nigeria. He stated that the useful discussions held during the

visit would serve as the first and right step towards cementing relations

between the two countries.

Responding, President Nguema Mbasogo stated that the discussions had opened

the road for better cooperation between the governments and peoples of the two

countries. The visit to Nigeria, he said, has sealed the efforts made by his

government in the past years to strengthen cooperation between the two

nations. The Equatorial Guinean leader remarked that he was leaving Nigeria

with very good impressions and would convey the sincere feelings of the people

of Nigeria to his people.

President Nguema Mbasogo stated that Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria were two

brotherly countries that have been destined to live together and relations

between them must therefore be on an open and sincere basis. The Equatorial

Guinean leader and his entourage has since left for home.

33
Holds News Conference; Ends Visit

AB011448 Dakar PANA in English 1147 GMT 1 Feb 87

[Text] Lagos, 1 February (NAN/PANA)—The president of Equatorial Guinea, Col

Obiang Mbasogo, has said that there was no truth in the news of South African

military and economic presence in his country.

He told newsmen at the Murtala International Airport in Lagos, shortly before

he left for home at the end of a three day visit, that the publications were

false.

President Mbasogo said that people who spread the rumours were only aiming at

disturbing the good relations between his country and Nigeria. "People who

believe this rumour only try to create a climate that is not favourable to

both countries," he said, adding "I will like to emphasize that those rumours

were lies and without basis" he said.

He appealed to the Nigerian press to be more objective and avoid sensational

news that could affect the morale and prestige of the nation. "My government

and country are in favour of Africanism. Equatorial Guinea favoured African

emancipation and will fight for the rights and better conditions for the

African people," he said.

On the possibility of his country having a military pact with Nigeria,

President Mbasogo said that was a general agreement on cooperation between

both countries that could lead to other areas. He said that his country's

Armed Forces were being rained in Nigeria and that Nigeria had recently

donated a naval patrol boat to his country.

On the possibility of investment in his country, President Mbasogo said that

the climate was favourable and urged investors to visit the country and see

what areas they could be interested in.

Earlier, President Mbasogo signed a communique with President Ibrahim

Babangida at State House, Marina, to mark the end of his visit to the country.

/12913

CSO: 3400/908

34
STUDENT UNION PLEDGES SUPPORT FOR ANC

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 8 Jan 87 pp 1, 8

GHANA

[Text]

THE All Africa Students

Union (AASU) hat

pledged to rededicate its

membership for the

struggle against apart:

heid in South Africa, its

colonial occupation in

Namibia and against

anti-democratic regimes and institutions

- throughout Africa.

It further affirmed to

re-commit itselfto struggle

alongside the peoples of

Africa against imperialism

and neo-colonialism for

genuine-freedom, peace

and progress.

These were contained in

a statement issued by the

AASU Secretariat in Accra

in commemoration of the

75th anniversary celebration of the African National Congress (ANC) which

falls today.

The Union also pledged

to expose the hypocrisy of

the governments, of the

United States, Great BrU

tain and their allies including Zionist Israel

which are the shameless

accomplices in. the crime

against humanity and civilisation;

To make the celebration

memorable, the AASU

called on all its member,

unions and friendly organisations to undertake

special activities during

the week and also carry

out programmes throughout the year to focus

greater attention on the

South African people's

struggle.

It outlined activities

such as rallies, demonstrations, symposia, conferences seminars, essay and

sports competitions, poster,

and fund-raising campaigns and campaigns for

educational and other materials:

The statement however

pointed out that these, activities could-be undertaken according to the national, realities and organisational abilities of member

unions of the AASU and

other friendly organisations.

The AASU also called

for the intensification of

the special campaigns for

the release of Nelson

Mandela and all other

Spilth African patriots as

well as for mandatory

comprehensive economic

sanctions against the

apartheid regime.

It therefore urged all

progressive forces to use

the the occasion to rededicate themselves and support the struggle of the

people of South Africa and

recommit themselves to

the struggles of their peoples for true democracy,

justice and peace.

. This is because, it said»

with the aim of resisting

the robbery of African

lands and pass laws,

among others, the ANC,

founded in 1912, set on the

course of uniting the people in their struggle in the

form of petitions, protests,

demonstrations and strikes.

According to the statement, the ANC's principled position, relentlessness,

purposefulness, continuity, dedication, steadfastness -ancl unwaveringness against apartheid and

all its manifestations have

won for it the unqualified

support of the African

people 'and the international community.

"Its ranks are swelled

with. workers, peasants,

professionals, religious

leaders and other sections

ofthe society among whom

are the youth and students

who have played no small

role in the glorious life of

the ANC" it added.

/9274

CSO; 3400/932

35
GHANA

UNIVERSITY TO BEGIN COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS

Accra GHANAIAN TIMES in English 16 Dec 86 pp 1, 3

[Article by Frank Otchere]

[Text] The Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology,

Kumasi, has completed arrangements to commence commercial production of a

wide range of drugs using mostly local raw materials.

Initially, the sale of the products will be restricted to hospitals and pharmacy shops.

Sources close to the UST told me here, yesterday that the project formed part

of the University's income-generating activities to finance research and other

academic programmes.

The Ministry of Health, the sources said, had provided the Faculty with a

truck for the collection of medicinal plants and chemicals, while the

Pharmaceutical Society of Ghana had donated 0250,000 towards the improvement

of facilities for research and other projects.

According to the sources, traditional medicine had been introduced into the

Bachelor of Pharmacognosy degree programme in response to the increasing demand for an indigenous system of medical practice which would be efficacious,

cheap and easily accessible to the people.

The Department of Pharmacognosy, the sources said, was currently engaged in

the identification and evaluation of specific medicinal plants that could be

substituted for imported drugs.

It was also working towards the standardization of locally used crude drugs

for the compilation of monograph as a first step in publishing a local

pharmacopoeia.

/9274

CSO: 3400/932

36
GHANA

EXCHANGE PROGRAM FOR GHANA, LUMUMBA UNIVERSITIES

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 7 Jan 87 p 1

[Article by Yvonne Ayitiah]

[Text] A formal agreement on scientific and cultural co-operation has been

signed between the Universities of Ghana and Patrice Lumumba Friendship of

Moscow in the Soviet Union for a period of two years.

Under the agreement, there would be a three months' exchange programme which

would require lecturers and students of both universities to participate in

post-graduate studies, lectures and joint research programmes.

According to the current edition of the University of Ghana newsletter,

lecturers from the Soviet Union will handle special courses and assist in the

fields of geology and prospecting of oil and gas deposits, general medicine

including tropical medicine and plant, fruit and vegetable growing in the

tropics.

Other areas in which they wo tLd assist with research and lectures will include,

economics, methods of planning, planning of industry, law, philosophy, sociology and history of liberated countries of Africa.

The Soviet University will, under the agreement, provide lecturers in the

Russian language for the University of Ghana on contract basis and also receive

three candidates from the University of Ghana to pursue full educational courses

in the Russian language.

The University of Ghana will also send lecturers to the Soviet University to

give lectures in similar fields.

The two universities further agreed on a regular exchange of academic information, periodicals, teaching and methodical literature.

There would also be a joint research work by both universities in various

branches of agriculture including the technology of preserving and processing

of agricultural products and cattle breeding.

/9274

CSO: 3400/932

37
GHANA

DELEGATION NAMED TO ISLAMIC CALL SOCIETY CONFERENCE

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 5 Jan 87 p 3

[Text]

A 24-MEMBER delegation of the Islamic National Secretariat left Accra

at the weekend to

attend the third

conference of the

Libya-based Islamic Call Society for

West African coun-.

tries which opens

in Tripoli on Wednesday.

The delegation was led

by Alhaji Dauda Otoo, coordinator of the secretariat.

Also oh the plane was

Mr Matouq Azubedy,

leader of the society's delegation to the celebrations marking the fifth anniversary of the December

31 Revolution.

According to Mr Azubedy,-the two-week conference will be attended by

delegates from Ghana.

Guinea, Togo. Benin, Nigeria, Senegal and The

Gambia. . Others are Mali, Sierra

Leone, Camerouh, Mauritania, Congo and The Central Africa Republic.

Mr. Azubedy said the

conference would aim at

strengthening the cordial

relations existing among

member states.

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38
GHANA

MOSLEMS URGED TO CAMPAIGN AGAINST ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 8 Jan 87 pp 8-9

[Article by George Sydney Abugril]

[Text]

THE youth and

elders of predominantly Moslem

communities in the

country have been

told they can make

a significant impact on the revolutionary process by

upholding only attitudes and values

which reflect the

teachings ofIoi«—

Addressing the an

nual convention of

Jamat Islamiayart

an Islamic conven,

tionatWa.theUppei

West Regional Undei

Secretary for agriculture, Mr Seidu

Imoro who deputised

for the Regional Secretary asked both

youth and elders in

Moslem communities

to campaign against

acts which militate

against national interest.

He explained that

the PNDC is engaged

in an economic resuscitation programme

which requires the

concerted effort Of all

Ghanaians for its

success and urged

Moslems to preach

against such economic crimes . as

smuggling and currency trafficking.

The Under Secretary said by forming

co-operatives for various forms of productive and profitable

economic activity,

Moslem communities

could provide members with a decent

means of livelihood

and also earn the income heeded to finance community

development projects.

Mr Imoro who assured the Moslems of

the PNDC's commitment to freedom of

worship however

pointed out that the

government would

not counternance the

use of religious freedom in the country

for divisive and other

negative purposes.

At a fund raising

rally held during the

convention* voluntary cash contributions totalled

#1,103,729. The money will be used to

finance educational

programmes in Moslem communities in

the region.

Present at the convention was a delegation from Egypt.

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39
GHANA

YOUTH MINISTER CALLS FOR NEW YOUTH MOVEMENT

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 2 Dec 86 p 1

[Article by Rosemary Ardayfio]

[Text]

THE Ministry for Youth and Sports is to se>

up a movement of children between the ages

of five and 15 as a base for a future national

youth movement for the country.

This is because the Ministry has realised that it is

necessary for the revolution to have ai youth movement

which would understand its objectives and would be able

to pursue the process after the present generation.

Mr Ato Austin, Secretary for Youth and, Sports, made

these statements during an interaction with CDR cadres

at the first National Review Conference of CDRs currently taking place in Accra.

He explained that since large numbers of youth organisations with various characters to suit their objectives

continue to develop in the country, it has become

necessary to have a national youth organisation that

would respond to the needs and demands of the revolution outside that of the other youth groups.

Mr Austin noted that since it is not possible to create a

monolithic national youth organisation, what is to be set

up by his ministry would exist side by side with other

youth groups. *

He said the ministry has

started the exercise by attempting to create material conditions for the

tako-bff.

Furthermore, the Ministry will establish a

number ofyouth centres in

the country and the Accra

Community Centre would'

be used as one of these

. centres where the children

would be given the necessary cultural and political

education necessary for

future development-, he

added.

The Secretary, pointed

out however that it is necessary to ensure that sufficient resources are put

into political organisations

and national youth groups

in the country because the

economic interest of a

country should not be the

only criterion to determine

what should be the major

political goals of the

country.

Mr Austin also stressed

that for the CDRs to survive as a- movement, it

must be composed of people who should be politically motivated as youths.

Participants at the conference were of the view

that the age group should

be extended to 18 instead

of 15

They said that the youth

between the ages of 15 and

18 also need political education that will prepare

them to be able to help in

national development

when they attain adulthood.

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40
NEW 'YOUTH LEADERS' GROUP FORMED

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 1 Jan 87 p 7

[Article by Kodjo Atsu]

GHANA

[Text] A 32-MEMBEK patriotic

youth group known as

the "Youth Leaders"

was out-doored at a ceremony at Hohoe yesterday as part of activities marking the 31st

December Revolution.

The .groups under the

auspice« ofthe|district secretariat of the National

Youth Organising Commission (NYOC), is to form

the model for a youth leadership training programme in the district and also

to bring into reality the

country's youth programme.

Members of the group,

between the, ages of 10

and 20?are receiving training in 'Ghanaian culture,

patriotism and militarytraining to help instill in

them the discipline required oftrue patriots.

In his inaugural address,

Mr Yaw Akrasi-Sarpong,

Secretary at the PNDC

Secretariat» pointed out

that if Ghana is to progress, the youth must begin to examine how best

they can organise and mobilise themselves to take

over the productive sectors

of the economy from the

ageing population.

_He stressed the fact*

that about 45 per cent of

the country's population is

below 24 years which indicates a youthful and dependent population. He

alsosaid that ifthe average

age of a farmer is about 50

years, while the country's

survival depends on increased production, then

there is the need to orientate the youth to take thendue place in the country by;

playing the role required of

them.

' Mr Akrasi-Sarpong said

that many progressive nations in the world today

have passed through a revolution and stressed that

for Ghana also to progress,

there is-the need for the

type of revolution which

we are witnessing now. He

.therefore called on the

youth, tomorrow's leaders,

to embrace the December

31} Revolution and make

sure it succeeds.

Earlier in his anniversary . address, the

District Secretary, Mr

Frank Gyamwodie, said

that as Ghanaians look

forward to the sixth milestone the revolutionary

process, they must pause

and reflect over their activities and contributions

towards the development

ofthe country.

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41
GHANA

ONGOING, PROPOSED GEOLOGICAL MAPPING SURVEYS

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 28 Nov 86 pp 1, 5

[Article by Shika Agbenyeke]

[Text]

iFAR reaching proposals

are to be submitted to the

government by the Geological Survey Department

(GSD) in its efforts to

undertake projects to sustain the mineral resource

potentials ofthe country.

The department hopes to achieve

this by updating old reports and

mapping out in greater detail the

mineral reserve zones in the country.

This was disclosed by Mr J. K. A

Banson,.Deputy Managing Director

of the GSD in an interview in Accra

yesterday.

Projects to be undertaken include

the United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP) phosphate evaluation project in the Aflao-Keta

area, which he said can go a long way

to help in the manufacturing of fertilizer.

The department will also continue

with the joint project between Ghana and the Federal Institute of GeoScierices in West Germany which is

aimed at producing a modern geological map of south -west Ghana.

. According to Mr Banson, the map,

which is the first the department is to

produce in the metric scale wflT enhance mineral exploration and mining activity in that part of the

country.

Another project he mentioned is

the reactivation of the Nangodi

Goldficlds through the joint cooperation of the department and a

Romania geological team known as

Geomin which is also to map out in

detail the mineral zones stretching

from Navrongo, Zuarungu, Gambaga

and Bawku in the north eastern part

of the country. •

To make .„sure the

country is self-sufficient in

cement production, the

Buipe Cement Project in

the Northern Region will

have to be reactivated, he

added.

He said the department

will also work in conjunction with a British geological team which will be arriving in the country next

year to Conduct studies on

gold deposits in rocks

formed 4.5 billion years

ago.

. He said this project is

estimated to. be completed

within the next two years.

Mr Banson further said

that- other projects in - the

pipeline int^ide the Brong

Ahafo Talfcwaan project

which-, was,-examined by

some Rujtertlns in the 1960s

and another gold belt project which stretches from

Nandom to Wa in the

Upper West Region.

Mr Banson also observed that since the PNDC

came into power the department had received

more proposals in terms of

technical assistance.

He noted that most of

the machines and equipment .in the department's

laboratories were installed

in the 1960s and are now

obsolete.

Inaugurating the department's CDR last

Wednesday, Mr George

Adamu, Secretary for

Lands and Natural Resources, said that a revolution is a partnership that is

built on mutual respect,

understanding and dedication.

He said it is the responsibility of each and even

Ghanaian to participate

constructively towards th«

development ofthe nation

Mr Seth MacSadjo wh<

represented the Political

Counsellor for the Economic Development of the

CDRs, called for cooperation among members

of the department in order

to create good industrial

atmosphere.

Addressing the workers

on behalf of the chairman

of the Civil Servants Association. Mr S. Y. A. Chigabatia../called for a better'

inlofnfation flow from the

authorities to the rank and

tile;

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42
PNDC SECRETARY ON COCOBOD ECONOMIZING

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 8 Jan 87 pp 8-9

GHANA

[Text]

THE Ghana Cocoa'

Board (COCOBOD) will

now confine itself to

those activities which

cannot be undertaken

more efficiently by other institutions or the

private sector.

Or I. K. Adjei-Maafo,

Secretary at the PNDC

Secretariat, announced

yesterday that the board

will shed all duties which

are not directly related to

its purchasing, marketing,

extension and research

(unctions.

Speaking at a rally organised by the COCOBOD

CDR in Accra as part of

activities marking the fifth.

anniversary of the 31st

December Revolution,'Dr

Adjei-Maafo, said the decision followed recommendations of a committee appointed by government to

study and rationalise the

board's operational cost.

The Secretary said the

COCOBOD will divest itself of 52 out of 92 cocoa/coffee plantations and .

enter into a joint venture

arrangement for the

Abuakwa Formulation

Plant, which produces pesticides and fungicides.

The board will transfer

the responsibility for developing and rehabilitating

feeder roads to the Department of Feeder Roads.

Dr Adjei-Maafo further

announced that the restructuring of the COCOBOD. plantations and its

attendant staff retrenchment will be implemented

soon.

These measures, he said,

aimed at making the operations of the board cost

effective so that the farmer

and the central government will each get a fair

share of the revenue generated by the industry.

He said government

disapproves of the high level of COCOBOD's operational cost of (295,000 a

tonne as against a producer price of C85.000 a tonne.

He appealed for the cooperation of the COCOBOD CDR in the implementation of these measures to revive the industry.

The chairman of the

CDR, Mr Joseph ObengDarko, urged the government to seek a review of

conditions attached to external loanssuch asforeign

experts.

"How can anyone convince me that we need a

foreign agronomist to

advise us on cocoa when we

have such reputable orga-

. nisations as the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana

and the universities right

here," he. asked. —GNA.

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43
GHANA

COCOBOD DISTRIBUTES SHEANUT SUPPLIES

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 2 Jan 87 p 8

[Article by George Sydney Abugri]

[Text] THE Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD)

has started distributing a special package for sheanut pickers in the Upper West

Region in recognition of their significant

contribution to the development of the

national economy.

About 9,130 pieces of real wax print, 8,500 pieces of

imitation wax print and 21,560 hurricane lanterns are

being distributed to the pickers who constitute the mosjt

important group of workers in the sheanut industry but

who have had very little or no access to textiles, lanterns

and other basic domestic needs in the past.

Committees for the Defence of the Revolution (CDRs)

are exercising vigilance to ensure that the wax print and

lanterns reach the hardworking sheanut pickers and do

not fall into the hands of traders and market-speculators,

the Regional Organising Assistant of CDRs. Mr Mike

Nagumo. has said.

A CDR team conducting a search on a Kumasi-bound

State Transport Corporation (STC) bus at Wa discovered

and confiscated 13 pieces of'wax print ancT 12 hurricane'

lanterns believed to have been taken from the pickers

package-, A trader who claimed ownership' is being

questioned.

The distribution of the wax prints and lanterns forms

part of a larger package under which COCOBOD is tq

supply the pickers with most of their domestic needs

which are only available at urban centres and which sell

at prices they cannot afford.

Seven-member committees comprising chiefs, representatives of CDRs. treasurers of sheanut societies and

COCOBOD purchasing clerks are to ensure the fail

distribution of the package at sheanut buying centres in

the region,

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44
CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL GRANT AGREEMENT

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 27 Nov 86 p 9

[Article by Deborah Fynn]

GHANA

[Text]

GHANA and Canada

yesterday signed an

agreement under which

Ghana will take advantage of a 6.5 million Canadian dollar grant.

The facility will be used

to import 10,000 tonnes of

wheat, 2,700 tonnes of vegetable oil and 700 tonnes

of skim milk powder from

Canada.

Proceedsfrom the sale of

the food items will be deposited into the Canadian

Counterpart Fund Account at the Bank of Ghana to support priority development activities in the

country.

Dr Kwesi Botchwey, Secretary for Finance and

Economic Planning signed

for Ghana while Mr Aubrey Morantz, Canadian

High Commissioner in

Ghana initialled on behalf

of his country.

• Dr Botchwey on behalf

ofthe government thanked

the High Commissioner for

the enormous assistance

that Canada has_given to

Ghana since the Economic

Recovery Programme

(ERP) began.

He said that the offer is

particularly timely because it has come at a time

when the need to generate

cedi resources for development project]» is greater

than it has ever been.

Mr Morantz, on his part

stated that the grant

would make a significant

contribution to the ERP

by conserving valuable foreign exchange and helping

the government to meet

the food needs of the population.

The grant, he added is a

manifestation ofthe continuing commitment of the

Government and people of

Canada to Ghana's bold

efforts at economic restructuring.

Present were Mr Roger

Ehrhardt, head of the Aid

Section of the Canadian

High Commission and Mr

K. Sakyiamah, acting

Chief Director of the International Economic Division of the Ministry of

Finance and Economic

.Planning.

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45
GHANA

FRENCH EXPERTS, EFFORTS TO BOOST COTTON INDUSTRY

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 4 Dec 86 p 9

[Article by Kojo Sara]

[Text]

A TEAM of cotton experts from France which has

been commissioned by the World Bank to conduct

an all-round survey ofthe cotton industry in Ghana

with the view to revamping the industry has called

on the Northern Regional Under-Secretary for

Agriculture, Mr Adam Kaleem in Tamale.

The experts are currently spending more time in the

northern sector ofthe country where cotton production is

predominant to evaluate production potential ofthe area

and to find out how best problems associated with

production could be eliminated.

Briefing the Under-Secretary on their findings so far,

the leader of the team, Mr Guy Mahdavi, said cotton.

fields they have visited on their rounds show that the

cotton industry has a bright future contrary to wrong

assumption over the years that cotton- has no bright

future in Ghana.

Mr Mahdavi stressed that the setting up of the Ghana

Cotton Company was in the right direction because from

the team's assessement, the company has achieved good

results during its short term of existence.

He, however, pointed out that from the team's observation, the quality of cotton produced in Ghana is one of

the lowest it has come across. .'.•'

This is due to the fact that high-yielding varieties have

not been multiplied and supplied to farmer's.

He, therefore, suggested that modern varieties would

have to be imported for multiplication and cultivation.

Mr Mahdavi regretted that research work have been

abandoned over the year and'this has seriously affected

the technical know-now of both extension service ..personnel and farmers.

Mr Jeart-Marc Guimard, a member of the team, also

enumerated technical and managerial problems facing

the three cotton ginneries in the country and «aid if the

technical staff mantling the plant are reinforced the

ginneries could produce at maximum level instead .if the

present system which has made them under-utilised. • He, therefore, gave the assurance that the team would

make the necessary recommendation to the Wprld Bank

b/)th for the rehabilitation of the machinery and infusion

of more technical know-how to make the ginneries more

viable.

Replying, Mr Adam Kaleem reiterated the PNDC's

commitments to revamp the economy by placing emphasis on the rehabilitation of agro-based industries.

The government, Mr Kaleem said, is determined to

break the old idea that certain crops cannot be grown in

Ghana and cited cotton and rice as examples of crops

which were discarded but are doing well now.

The Under-Secretary, therefore, implored the team to

observe things objectively and recommend what should

be done to'boost the cotton industry.

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46
GHANA

GDR RAILWAY CARRIAGES, RAILWAYS REHABILITATION

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 29 Dec 86 pp 1, 9

[Article by Fiifi Mensah]

[Text]

TEN out of the 130 railway coaches imported

from the German Democratic . Republic

(GDR) under a barter

agreement between

Ghana and the GDR

have arrived at the Takoradi Harbour.

The coaches, worth 35

million dollars, were ordered by the PNDC as part

of the railways rehabilitation programme.

A ship carrying four engine» was also expected to

dock at the harbour last

weekend.

Thirty-three of the coaches are expected to arrive

in the country before the

end ofnext month with the

rest coming before October, next year.

Mr Kwame Peprah, Secretary for Transport and

Communications who took

delivery of the coaches expressed optimism that the

feeling of rejuvenation in

the Railway Corporation

will favourably affect the

operations of the Ghana

Ports and Harbour Authority and bring it back to its

former glory.

The railways and ports,

he said, form the backbone

of the country's export

section hence the decision

of the PNDC to rehabilitate those two vital sectors

of the national economy.

He disclosed that the rehabilitation of the Eastern

and Central Railway Lines.

would soon start.

The Ministry is also

undertaking studies into

the extension of rail lines

from Awaso to Sunyani in

the near future.

Mr Peprah said the development target of the

nation can be achieved

through hardwork, productivity and the willingness,to sacrifice certain

comforts to save for prosperity.

"It is only through sacrificing current consumption habits that the

PNDC's determination to

rehabilitate the major sectors of the national economy can be successful",

the Secretary pointed out.

The Transport Secretary expressed appreciation at the new spirit of

determination and hardwork in the corporation as

well as the cordial relations between management and workers.

Mr S. S. Nayak, outgoing managing director of

the Railway CorP°ration>

said the new coaches are

very important to the railways rehabilitation programme since for more

than 20 years no coaches

had been importedinto the

country.

He' said most of the

equipment in the corporation, especially the coa-

^hes, had become absolete

and uneconomical to repair'hence the decision to

import new ones.

The rehabilitation exercise, he pointed out, had

increased significantly all

its operations whilst in 1985,

the corporation carried,

T-2 million passenger traffic it carried 2.4 million in

1986 and according to projections there are hopes to

convey 3.1 million in 1987.

With cocoa, the corporation carted 16,000 tonnes

in 1984, 33,000 tonnes in

1965 and 80,000 tonnes in

•1986.

Mr Nayak said total

freight tonnage increased

from 346,000 tonnes in 1983

to 600,000 tonnesin 1986.

Projected estimates for

1987 indicate a figure of

850,000 tonnes.

He assured the government that the Corporation

is going to live up to expectation and its responsibility and it would ensure

safety, reliability, comfort

and progress.

: He appealed td the public to stop pilfering from

thecoaches and treat them

as national property that

must be cared for and protected.

The out-going managing

director who is expected to

leave for India in early January, described 1986 as

one of successful operations that would put the

Corporation on the road to

success.

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47
TANO BASIN OIL EXPLORATION INITIATED

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 20 Dec 86 pp 1,4

GHANA

[Text]

OIL exploration along the

Tano Basin by Messrs

Petro-Canada International

took off yesterday with the

drilling of the first well located between Atwebanso and

Ekpu.

The well is expected to be completed

next Thursday when work on a second one

willstart at Bonyere,

About 18 wells, spread between Allor

wuley Junction and Enzemetianu, both in

the Half-Assini area, are to be drilled in

120 days under, the 8.5 million dollar

project, a joint venture between the Governments of Ghana and Canada-.

These were disclosed by Mr William E.

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Roeske, Drilling Superintendent of

Petro-Canada, when customary rites were

performed on Thursday by the Western

Nzema Traditional Council to invoke the

blessing of the gods at the company's base

camp at Half-Assini.

As custom demands, a cow and a sheep

were slaughtered under an oak tree.

Okonifo Kofi Blay, chairman,of the Nzema branch of the Ghana Psychic and

Traditional Healers Association, read the

citations and poured libation.

Mr Roeske said though there is evidence

of oil in the area, it is not yet known if it is

in commercial quantity. He, however,

gave the assurance that with the equipment at its disposal the company would be

able to hit a valuable target.

He said about 40 experts

have arrived in Ghana to

undertake the project while 60 more are expected

shortly.

He appealed to the

chiefs and people of the

area for co-operation.

Speaking at the cere-'

mony, Awulae Anno Adjaye. II, Omanhene of We-,

stem Nzema, expressed his

gratitude to the PNDC

and the Canadian Government for exploring for oil

in the area.

He said prospects for the

production of crude oil

along with the immense

copra potential of the

Nzema District would be a

step further in the development of the area. He

hoped this would help the

PNDC carry through its

Economic Recovery Programme.

Awulae Adjaye pledged

his people's preparedness

to give every assistance to

the management of the

company.

He advised workers who

will be engaged in the pro48

ject to desist from any acts

which would disrupt the

company's work.

Mr Benjamin

Dalrymple-Hayfron,Jdjeputy Western Regional

Administrative Officer, assured the management of

the administration's continued assistance for the

project.

He urged the chiefs and

people to work hard to

provide themselves with

social amenities through

self-help projects, adding

"you should discard the

notion that when we get oil

all our problems are solved."

The District Secretary

for Nzema, Mr S. E. Nyanzu, asked future employees of the company to re-'

sist temptations to pilfer

vital equipment and

parts. Mr Nyanzu called

on the chiefs and people to

offer the workers every encouragement since the

area stood to benefit from

the project.

. A- large number of people, including chiefsUieads,

of government departments and school children

were present.—GNA.
GHANA

DUTCH GOLD PROSPECTING FOR ANKOBRA BASIN

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 17 Dec 86 p 1

[Text]

A NEW enterprise, the

Westar Mining Company, a joint GhanaianDutch venture, is to

prospect for gold in the

Ankobra Basin of the

Gwira Traditional Area.

In pursuance of this, customary rights were performed at Dominase last

Sunday to enable the

company to begin its operations.

Speaking-at the ceremony, the District Secretary for Nzema, Mr Samuel Nyanzu, said one of

the areas ofthe economy of

concern to the government

was the exploitation of

Ghana's natural resources.

He said the government

would accordingly encourage joint ventures by foreign and local partners in

mining as well as in the

manufacturing, food and

wood processing sectors.

Mr Nyanzu said through

this the government would

also ensure employment

and the development of

skills required by Ghanaians for the technological advancement of the

country.

He stressed that under

the PNDC's investment

policy, the doors of the

country are open to foreign

investors who, he said,

should take advantage of

the prevailing favourable

investment climate.

Mr Nyanzu warned the

fieople against practices

ike "gafamsey", illegal

gold prospecting .and expressed the hope that the

company would reciprocate any good gesture from

the communities by assisting them with social amenities.

The president of the

compXny, Mr Willem

Lammerts, was confident

that the efforts of the

company would contribute

in no small way towards

the. Economic Recovery

Programme.

Mr Lammerts said the

success of the company's

operations would bring to* -

the chiefs and people ofthe

area the benefits of economic development, prosperity and provide new job

openings for the youth.

He gave the assurance

that the. company would

strive to maintain the best

possible working relations

with the people and called

for their support and cooperation.

Awulae Mankra Panyin

IV, Omanhene of the traditional area, pledged his

people's support and appealed tb the management

of the company to recruit

youth from tne area. —

GNA.

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49
GHANA

TIMBER: MARKETING LESSER KNOWN SPECIES

Accra PEOPLE'S DAILY GRAPHIC in English 2 Jan 87 p 1

[Text] ASANFONA, one of the

lesser known species of

timber introduced to the

market during GIFEX

'85, is now a leading

specie on the world

market.

Asanfona now sells at

450 Deutsche Marks per

cubic metre, putting ifat

par with Afromosia, a primary specie.

In an interview with

newsmen in Kumasi on

Wednesday, Nan«' Yaw.

.Owusu, President of the

Ghana Timber-Association, said the next wood

fairto be staged in Accra in

February would introduce

lesser known species to {he

market.

He said a new catalogue

is being prepared on the

hardly known species.

GIFEX '85 helped to increase timber exports last

year by 20 per cent over

that of 1985, he added.

On the financing of GIFEX '87, Nana Owusu said

all organisations involved

in the industry, namely the

Ghana Timber Association, the Ghana Millers

Association and the Ghana

Furniture Association, will

pay a deposit of one million

cedis each.

Nana Owusu called on

the Forest Products Inspection Bureau (FPIB) to

evolve an effective monitoring system of log exports to improve on the

revenue earned last year.

According to Nana

Owusu, the banks require

collaterals before loans ar<*

given but only the logger,

can satisfy such condi

tions. Hencer millers with

fixed assetstake advantagi

of this to import logging

equipment and fell logs

indiscriminately thus

making it difficult for th<

FPIB to monitor their ex

ports by land. — GNA

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50
GHANA

BRIEFS

GOLD PRODUCTION INCREASE—Production by the State Gold Mining Corporation

started recording an upward trend from 3,000 to 4,000 fine ounces a month

since October, 1984 when the Ghana-Canada Mining Group took over the rehabilitation of the three mines at Tarkwa, Prestea and Dunkwa. Disclosing this

here at the weekend, the Canadian project manager of the group, Mr K. V. S.

Meyer, said the target was to reach 8,000 fine ounces a month by next year.

Mr Meyer was briefing the four-tfiember delegation from the Council for Mutual

Economic Assistance which visited the State Gold Mining Corporation offices

at the weekend. [Text] [Article by J. Arhinful-Mensah] [Accra GHANAIAN

TIMES in English 15 Dec 86 p 1] /9274

ALGERIAN OIL COOPERATION—The Algeria News Agency, APS, said yesterday that

Algeria proposed to supply Ghana with crude oil and cooperate with the Ghana

Government in oil prospecting. The agency said the proposals were discussed

in Algiers on Wednesday by Mr Sadek Boussena, Secretary-General of the

Energy Ministry, and Mrs Theresa Owusu, Ghanian Under-Secretary for Fuel and

Power, [Text] [Accra GHANAIAN TIMES in English 12 Dec 86 p 1] /9274

INCREASE IN SOVIET SCHOLARSHIPS—The number of academic scholarships granted

annually to Ghanaian students by the Soviet Union has been increased by ten

percent. Mr Johnny Hansen, President of the Ghana-Soviet Friendship Association announced this on his return from Moscow yesterday where he attended

the Inaugural conference of the Soviet-Ghana Friendship Association. He said

the association also agreed to sponsor Ghanaians who studied in the Soviet

Union to undertake post-graduate courses as well. [Text] [Accra GHANAIAN

TIMES in English 31 Dec 86 p 5] /9274

CSO: 3400/934

51
KENYA

PLANNING MINISTER OUKO ON 1987 GROWTH

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 3-9 Jan 87 pp 5-6

[Text]

Year-on inflation fell to 5 per cent in

November, Planning & National

Development Minister Robert Ouko said in

an end-December speech. This indicates

the government has been successful in

holding down consumer price growth

despite the longer-term effects of the

shilling's devaluation since 1982, when

inflation stood at 22.3 per cent.

Ouko also confirmed that the government

is expecting strong growth in 1987, on the

back of a strong economic performance in

the first nine months of 1986 (Kenya, An

AED Special Report, December 1986,

page 2). Agricultural growth, he said, had

been remarkable, with maize deliveries to

National Cereals & Produce Board more

than twice as high as in the same period of

1985. Similarly, coffee production rose by

20 per cent and the manufacturing sector

increased output by 5.3 per cent,

compared with 4.2 per cent in the first nine

months of 1985. Tourism earnings—at

KS 3,720 million ($232.9 million)—are

17.7 per cent up on 1985's KSh 3,160

million ($1.97.9 million).

Overall exports increased by almost 25

per cent, boosted by increased coffee

exports which were up 90 per cent overthe

same period in 1985.

Money supply reached KSh 30,360

million ($1,901 million) at end-June 1986

compared with KSh 28,860 million ($1,807

million) at the beginning of the year and

KSh 24,720 million ($1,554 million) at the

end of June 1985, says a report issued by

the Planning & National Development

Ministry. Monetary and banking sectors

recorded an improved performance, with

gross foreign assets up by 20 per cent, to

KSh 8,360 million ($523.5 million) at the

end of June 1986, from KSh 6,920 million

($433.3 million) the previous year.

Domestic credit also rose in the same

period, to KSh 33,800 million ($2,116

million) from KSh 27,720 million ($1,735

million).

/9274

CSO: 3400/935

52
MALAWI

BANDA CRITICIZES IMPRISONED FORMER MINISTER CHIRWA

MB271937 Blantyre Domestic Service in English 1800 GMT 27 Jan 87

[Excerpts] His excellency the life president, Ngwazi Dr Kamuzu Banda, has

castigated former Cabinet Minister Orton Chirwa for circulating lies that the

people of this country are tired with the Ngwazi. The life president was

speaking today on departure in Blantyre and on arrival in Lilongwe to continue

his country-wide crop inspection tour. The life president explained that

Orton Chirwa [words indistinct], claiming the people of this country do not

like the Ngwazi and that he, Orton Chirwa, would take over the government and

rule the country.

The Ngwazi said, in addition, Orton Chirwa is saying that the Chitufuko Cha

Amayi [Women's League] in Malawi is a form of Thangata [forced labor]. The

president emphasized that this is not true. He explained that in Mwanza and

at (Mgodi) in Machinga District, he gave [words indistinct] to women of the

Chitufuko Cha Amayi to grow their own maize. He stressed that the Chitufuko

Cha Amayi in Malawi was for women. Since its formation, it has done a lot for

the women of this country.

The Ngwazi recalled that Orton Chirwa wanted to come to Malawi to kill him,

cabinet ministers, and members of parliament and to take over the government.

He said the court proved him guilty and sentenced him to death. The life

president said he did not want Orton Chirwa and his wife, Vera Chirwa, to hand

and commuted their sentence to life imprisonment. The life president said

instead of showing appreciation for the commuting of the sentence, he is

circulating lies from prison. He said such a man does not deserve

consideration.

Touching on racial relations in the country, his excellency the life president

said that he was happy to hear that people are working together and that there

is no friction with people of other races. The life president pointed out

that this is what he wants, because he wants peace and calm, law and order to

continue to prevail. He emphasized that he wants people of all races to live

in peace and harmony and thanked his people for heeding his appeal to that

effect. The Ngwazi then revealed that many Europeans have admitted that they

were happier to live here in Malawi than anywhere else in Africa, [passage

omitted on district officials remarks]

/12913

CSO: 3400/838

53
MOZAMBIQUE

NEW MODERATES IN GOVERNMENT LEND CREDIBILITY TO REGIME

Lisbon DIARIO DE NOTICIAS in Portuguese 14 Jan 87 p 16

[Editorial* "Chissano's Options"; words within slantlines published in italics]

[Text] Without exactly coming as a surprise, the shakeup of the Mozambican

Government is of unparalleled political significance. On one hand, it reaffirms the position which has long been attributed to Joaquim Chissano; on the

other hand, it reflects the conditions imposed on the president by the difficult

military and economic situation.

The recent appointments show the growing influence of the moderate wing of the

FRELIMO; that is, the leaders who are considered more "liberal" and open to

dialogue. Pragmatic, nonaligned, favoring the reform of relations with the

Western countries, this wing had been gaining strength in the final years of

Samora Machel's administration. Joaquim Chissano was considered one of the

leaders of this wing, so it would be expected that any changes in the executive

would point toward its consolidation. For this very reason, the attitude of the

Mozambican authorities was singularly negative regarding the release of the

RENAMO hostages in Malawi; the harshness and intolerance manifested by the

Maputo officials at that time was not in keeping with the tact and procedural

propriety which have made Chissano's reputation.

Without pretending to establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship between

this incident and the changes now announced, we feel it is of interest to point

out the president's choice for the Foreign .Affairs Ministry» Pascoal Mocumbi,

a man trained in Switzerland, a former colleague of Eduardo Mondlane (also a

moderate), who has Chissano's complete confidence. As we said, we have no

intent of establishing a /direct/ link between his appointment and the case of

the hostages; nonetheless, is seems clear that, confronted with a difficult

economic situation and the military threat from RENAMO, the Mozambican Government

has increasing need of outside support—the West.

In effect, relying on /exclusive/ support from the East proved to be neither

effective nor desirable, which led Machel to initiate the opening to the West.

However, this opening involves winning over sympathy and support, not only from

governments but also at the level of public opinion (an important factor in

Western countries). This, in turn, implies great credibility—credibility

which, it must be admitted, the Machel government had not yet fully achieved,

54
a fact made clear from the editorials published in various Western newspapers

upon the death of the Mozambican leader. The pragmatism and political skill

of the late president were recognized, but it was stressed that Mozambique was

still governed by a pro-Marxist dictatorship which paid little heed to freedoms

and human rights. In reality, Portugal was certainly—and for obvious reasons—

the country which best understood Machel, his virtues and the problems with

which he had to contend.

It is within this context that Chissano's cabinet reform emerges; without

challenging the FRELIMO ideology, the current president appears to be pursuing,

logically and coherently, the orientation adopted by his predecessor. However,

there seems to be one exception to the moderate profile of the new government

team» Armando Guebuza, the new minister of transportation and communications.

Guebuza is a controversial figure; he has taken radical positions and was the

target of strong contention in Machel's time. His presence is not contradictory, however; rather, it represents an essential complementary factor. Guebuza's

popularity with the Armed Forces could be insurance against possible attempts

at intervention by ideological "hard liners." Moreover, Guibuza is a dynamic

man and enjoys prestige among the people. These qualities will be important

in a sector which is absolutely vital to the weakened economy and to the

military effort.

Thus, Joaquim Chissano has attempted to establish a balance—a fragile balance,

perhaps, but one on which rests not only his future, but the future of FRELIMO

and of the country itself.

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55
MOZAMBIQUE

U.S. FERTILIZER UNLOADED IN MAPUTO

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 27 Dec 86 p 3

[Text] Over 6,000 metric tons of fertilizer for the private agricultural sector in Maputo and Gaza provinces were delivered to Mozambique yesterday morning

by the government of the USA in a ceremony held at port facilities in Maputo.

This aid, valued at $2 million (about 80 million meticals), is the third phase

of the agreement to rehabilitate the private agricultural sector signed by the

Mozambican and US governments.

The fertilizer, which is to be used in the 1986/1987 season, was acquired by

Mozambique under the third phase of the program to rehabilitate the private

agricultural sector, whose total value is $10 million. Unloading has already

begun in Maputo.

The agreement providing for the delivery of the fertilizer was signed last

June. It also provides for importing agricultural tools and implements for

the private and family cooperative agricultural sector as well.

Spare parts for trucks and motorized equipment and raw material for the local

production of irrigation pipe were also sent to our country last November under the program to rehabilitate the agricultural sector. This January several

varieties of vegetable seeds for use in the second growing season this year

are scheduled to arrive.

The first phase of the program to rehabilitate agriculture began in 1984 with

the importation of agricultural equipment valued at $6 million. The second

phase in 1985 was valued at a total of $12 million.

Speaking at the delivery ceremony, US Ambassador Peter Jon de Vos said it was

a pleasure for the American people and government to deliver the donation to

the Mozambican people at a time when they are battered by serious economic

difficulties.

Castigo Chivite, secretary of state for cotton, who spoke as our government's

representative, expressed appreciation for this gesture on the part of the

American government, adding that the fertilizer delivered yesterday will be

put to good use and enable Mozambican farmers to produce enough to alleviate

the shortages the people are currently facing.

8844

CSO: 3442/67 56
MOZAMBIQUE

NETHERLANDS FINANCES PROJECT IN ALTO-CHENGANE

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 1 Jan 87 p 3

[Text] An Integrated Rehabilitation Program covering four sectors—agriculture,

health, education and water resources—has been in progress since the middle of

this year in the Alto-Chengane region of Chibuto District, Gaza Province. The

program is financed by the Netherlands and the Mozambican part of the project

is the responsibility of the DPCCN [Department for the Prevention of and Combat

against Natural Disasters]; the objective is to minimize the effects of the

drought and other disasters that have devastated that region of Gaza Province.

With an estimated cost of 1.3 million Dutch guilders, or close to 20 million

meticals, the Alto-Chengane Integrated Program is financed by the General Directorate of International Cooperation (of the Netherlands Government) and by the

Eduardo Mondlane Foundation, a nongovernmental organization in this West European country.

According to Issufo Jamaldine, director of the Provincial Department for the

Prevention of and Combat against Natural Disasters, this integrated project

provides for the rehabilitation of such sectors as agriculture, health, education and water resources.

He added that the program is to be executed within 1 year and was initiated in

the middle of [1986]. The official also reported that, on the Mozambican side,

the project is the responsibility of the DPCCN, with respect to all the operations for reception, distribution and shipment of the equipment purchased by

the project financers.

In effect, some works at the project locale have already been initiated, such as

the socioeconomic and hydrogeological study, followed by the drilling of bores

and wells for the captation of underground water, by GE0M0C [Mozambican Mining

Company].

Also, a center has been established in the area for the preparation of Loa, a

product used in the nutritional rehabilitation of children. The same center will

function as a training center, with the aim of extending this initiative to

other locations in Gaza Province where the effects of the drought and pillage

by the bandits are most severely felt.

57
Benefits of Program

Speaking of the benefits of the project, Issufo Jamaldine said that, in this

first phase, it is planned to benefit at least 50,000 people. At this time,

it is estimated that nearly 5,000 people in the Alto-Chengane region are

severely affected by the drought.

Incidentally, the fact that the number of drought victims in Alto-Chengane

District is smaller than the real number of people who should benefit from

the undertaking means that other settlements neighboring Alto-Chengane may also

benefit from the program.

Kamaldine said that the design and execution of the project is appropriate, since

the Alto-Chengane region is one among many zones in Gaza Province which, in

addition to the drought, were devastated by the escalation of the imperialist

aggression, through the armed bandits, most intensively in 1982/1983.

He added that, at that time, many schools, hospitals and farm plots were

destroyed by the bandits. "It was for this reason and because Alto-Chengane

is located in a zone bordering on other regions with the same problems, that we

decided to set up the program in that locale," Jamaldine explained.

Meanwhile, unconfirmed reports passed on by a DPCCN source in Gaza indicate that,

in the last 3 months, the Maqueze region has begun to register death; attributed

to the drought which that region has already been experiencing for more than

4 years.

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58
MOZAMBIQUE

ITALIANS INSPECT PROJECTS IN PEMBA

Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 1 Jan 87 p 3

[Text] Guissepie Imbalzano, inspector for the Italian Ministry of Foreign

Affairs, led a mission from the Italian Aid Fund [FAl] to the city of Pemba

last week to assess the progress of the projects within the framework of the

Reggio Emilia-Pemba sister-cities program. Imbalzano said the results obtained

to date are excellent and voiced satisfaction with the security measures taken

at the project sites by the local authorities.

Imbalzano was welcomed by Joao Baptista Cosme, governor of Cabo Delgado Province,

whom he thanked for the attention shown his delegation by the local officials

and by the people, as it carried out its mission, At that meeting, several

aspects of the twin-cities relationship between Reggio Emilia and Pemba were

discussed, as well as other bilateral relations between Mozambique and Italy.

The meeting with Governor Baptista Cosme was also attended by Ermando Bussei,

member of the Reggio Emilia-Pemba Friendship Committee, who praised the way in

which relations between the two cities were developing. "I can even say that

this work of evaluation, conducted in conjunction with the local authorities,

could show everyone, and particularly the people of Reggion Emilia, the value

of our initiative."

The Italian delegation, which also included the second secretary of the Italian

Embassy in Maputo, visited the various sectors of activity which are benefiting

from this sister-cities program. Imbalzano told the news media in Pemba that

this type of mission is customary for the FAI and is very important, because

the programs are assessed in terms of the planned objectives.

The Reggio Emilia-Pemba sister-cities program was initiated in July 1986, with

the arrival in Pemba of the Solidarity Ship bearing various donations—foodstuffs and clothing, among others, including materials to carry out socioeconomic

development and aid programs.

The results of this solidarity shown by the commune of Reggio Emilia, whose

programs are conducted through the Italian Aid Fund and the Foreign Relations

Ministry, are already noticeable in the city of Pemba—from the aspect of

cleanliness and environmental hygiene, much improved with the delivery of

various pieces of equipment to the Executive Council, to the agricultural

projects in the green zones.

59
The program includes a series of projects to be carried out at short and

raedimm range, specifically, projects linked to fishing, agriculture, hygiene,

small industry and technical assistance, among other areas. Most of the

projects are in the equipment-installing phase.

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60
MOZAMBIQUE

MANCIA PROVINCE NEEDS 5,000 TONS OF GRAIN

Maputo N0TICIÄS in Portuguese 1 Jan 87 p 3

[Article by Jordao Domingos]

[Text] According to data made available to NOTICIAS by a source in the Provincial Department for the Prevention of and Combat against Natural Disasters,

Manica urgently needs food aid estimated at approximately 5,000 tons of various

grains to assist the population affected by the drought and the actions of the

armed bandits in that area of the country.

According to the source, throughout Manica province, over 94,000 people are

now suffering from hunger and nakedness; most of them are in northern districts

of the province and one southern district* namely, in Barue, Tambara, Guro

and Macossa (north) and Matchase (south), since these zones are most affected

by the drought which has been devastating the province for years, along with

the vandalism by the bandits.

Meanwhile, it is known that if the situation persists until next January, or

if the needed food is not forthcoming, another 81,000 people will suffer the

same fate. To give sbme idea of the troubling situation in these administrative divisions, it need only be said that, in some zones, the people have

begun to wear the bark from trees and the children are very undernourished.

Inacio Palma [the source] added that, in Sussundenga District, although it is

considered wealthy in terms of agriculture and has great potential in some areas,

the peasants have been forced to abandon fertile land, fleeing from the criminal

acts of the bandits and settling in areas without minimum conditions to take up

their lives again.

Although the Department for Prevention of and Combat against Natural Disasters

[DPCCN] has done everything in its power to aid the neediest, sending foodstuffs

and articles of clothing to these zones, the existing fleet of 18 trucks cannot

cover all the districts in a short time, particularly since they are light

trucks. i "Normally, the average trip is 6 days, counting the time spent servicing the

trucks. This means that, if trucks leave for a district, it is 8 or 10 days

before we can count on them for another trip to a different zone, and since

61
these are light trucks, they carry very little in relation to the needs of a

district," he commented.

In his opinion, it would take trucks with a 30-ton capacity to conduct a largescale operation, not to mention that, at this time, the products are transported

to the districts via neighboring Zimbabwe, since some of our access roads are

impassable.

Development Projects

Because it cannot sit by with folded hands, waiting for foreign aid to solve the

people's problems, the DPCCN in Manica Province has adopted a combat strategy

against the famine, creating small projects that can offer minimum living conditions for the peasant population. The Red Cross is collaborating in this

effort, as well as other humanitarian institutions and also government and nongovernmental organizations in other countries, such as Germany's GTZ, whose

presence in Manica is felt in several areas of action.

To paraphrase Inacio Palma, a project is underway to build dams to store water

to use later for irrigation in the dry season; this in M'Pendo, Mossurize District and also in Sussundenga in a first phase. Later, this project will be

extended to other areas in the province.

Paralleling this action, large farms will be cleared, which will be distributed

to the people as soon as they have been guaranteed farm tools and seed.

The interviewee explained that, to carry out this work more efficiently, an

agency has been created which will work closely with the GTZ, assisting the

peasants with tools, seed and so on, and also taking part in building schools,

hosW.tals and other infrastructures.

"Regarding agriculture, and with the support provided by the GTZ, we have been

able to distribute all the tools and seed promptly. For now, and because of

the recent rainfall in Manica, the first season crops are greening up nicely

and we expect that, if there are no reverses, there will be a good harvest.

Obviously, the reverses refer to the rain, if it stops falling or else if it

rains too much," he stressed.

Flood of Returnees

Aside from the populations affected by the drought and those liberated from

bandit captivity. Manica also has the Mozambican citizens who are constantly

returning from neighboring Zimbabwe, where they had sought refuge from the

actions of the bandits.

"Because the Defense and Security forces are always conducting sweeps of the

jungle, driving out the bandits, these citizens are returning to their country

and taking up their lives again. Certainly, in the beginning, they face problems, such as building houses; they have to start from scratch. But this will

be overcome, because they have received the necessary assistance, even if it is

not everything that could be desired, given the shortage of goods. Thus the

need for food aid," Inacio Palma said.

62
At the end of our conversation, the spokesman assured that his department will

continue to make an effort to alleviate the situation which exists now in the

districts; he added that, until the donations arrive, the necessary items will

be purchased from AGRICOM [Agricultural Products Marketing Company], although

what it has available is insignificant, in light of the needs.

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63
MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

DROUGHT AID CONGESTING NACALA PORT—-The agencies responsible for assisting the

victims of disaster and terrorism in Nampula, Niassa and Cabo Delgado provinces

are engaged in moving out the merchandise which has piled up at the port of

Nacala because there is no transport fleet to distribute it. In the next few

days, the national organs of the DPCCN [Department for the Prevention of and

Combat against Natural Disasters] should make available, through LAM [Mozambique

Air Lines], the planes to distribute the piled up merchandise, in unspecified

quantities and types, to the cities of Cuamba and Lichinga, in Niassa Province,

where the merchandise should have arrived by rail. The DPCCN is working diligently on this problem and others which have delayed the distribution of foodstuffs, tools and rehabilitation materials to the people in need, said a spokesman for the services who was interviewed in the nation's capital. Because of

the poor response capability of the LAM air fleet, which is not equipped to substitute for rail transport, and because the coastal shipping units are inadequate, the merchandise to serve as emergency supplies for the needy population

has been held at transit points. The DPCCN and the national organizations that

solicited the aid have discussed the service provided by the shippers and are

agreed that, although financing is available, there is no need to resort to

foreign shippers. Faced with the growing public demand for assistance, because

of the fomentation of destabilization, the agencies charged with channeling the

aid are counting on better coordination, particularly with regard to unblocking

the pile-up of merchandise in transit. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese

1 Jan 87 p 3] 6362

SHIP* S ENGINE REPAIR SHOP--There are plans, within this month, to open a new

machine shop in the city of Beira, devoted to repairing and providing all types

of technical assistance to ship's engines of the "Volvo Penta" make," installed

in many of the small fishing boats in this city. The NOTICIAS bureau in Beira

learned from Domingos Mostico, director of the Small Scale Fishing Association,

that the shop is equipped to repair 100 engines of this make in the first phase

of its operation. The shop will function next to the Beira fishing association,

occupying the facilities which, until recently, served as a parts warehouse for

this enterprise. Various equipment and spare parts, valued at about 4,000 contos,

have already arrived in the Sofala Province capital and preparations are being

completed for the inauguration of this new infrastructure. Director Mostico

added that more than 1,000 contos has already been spent to overhaul and improve

the facilities where the shop is to be installed. It is hoped that, once the

shoD is in operation, it will alleviate the problem of technical assistance tor

?he "Volvo" Penta" ship's engines, a problem which has threatened to paralyze

smll-sclle fishing iS the lity of Pemba. [Text] Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese

1 Jan 87 p 3] 6362

64
COOPERATION AGREEMENT WITH JAPAN—Jose Madeira and Yoshifumi Ito, the Mozambican and Japanese ambassadors to Zimbabwe, respectively, signed an agreement

yesterday in Harare on behalf of their governments providing for economic cooperation between the two countries. Reaffirming total willingness to continue

backing Mozambique's development under the leadership of President Joaquim

Chissano, the government of Japan made 700 million yen available to the government of the People's Republic of Mozambique. The funds will be used to buy

rice. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 26 Dec 86 p 1] 8844

YUGOSLAVIAN AID TO WAR VICTIMS—A cargo plane bringing 38 metric tons of medicine, foodstuffs and miscellaneous office equipment was unloaded last Saturday

in Maputo. The aid is intended for victims of natural disasters and the terrorist war waged by armed bandits, and the Foreign Relations Institute of the

Foreign Affairs Ministry. This is the first lot of the shipment promised by

this European socialist country at the First Conference of the Joint YugoslavMozambican Cooperation Commission, which was held last March in Maputo. The

donation, which is valued at $500,000, was shipped by cargo plane and arrived

in Maputo at about 11 pm last Friday. Two representatives from Jugoexport,

the Yugoslavian export-import company, were also aboard to assist in delivering the gift to our country. According to information provided at the delivery ceremony, the second lot of the shipment will arrive in Maputo later this

week. It will consist of equipment for the Foreign Relations Institute of

the Foreign Affairs Ministry, and Jugoexport, which has also shipped Yugoslavian donations to such African countries as Angola, Algeria, Zimbabwe, Zambia

and Uganda, will provide transportation. The foodstuffs, which include canned

meat and flour for light meals, among other items, will be distributed to war

victims through the Department for the Prevention and Control of Natural Disasters, first priority being the province of Tete. The office equipment, such

as typewriters and photocopiers, are for future diplomats at the Foreign Relations institute in Maputo. At the delivery ceremony for this shipment, Dragan

Nastic, charge d'affaires at the Yugoslavian Embassy in Maputo, said that

another shipment of books would arrive in Mozambique later this week, and that

they are also for the Foreign Relations institute. The photo captured their

arrival. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 30 Dec 86 p 8] 8844

CABO DELGADO WATER PROJECT—The Reggio Emilia-Pemba Cooperative Project in Cabo

Delgado Province is putting up windmills and water tanks in communal villages

to solve the water shortage problem. Work began in November with the assistance of UDAAS (Water Supply and Sewage Unit) and local people. Wells are now

being drilled so that windmills can be put in place. The project includes five

wells in the Maringanha neighborhood, Murrebue, two communal villages (Tratara

and 25 June), and the Ibo-Sede District. Giovani Grampa, the Italian windmill

installation technician, reported that the project has already put up windmills

in five villages. The system stores water in tanks. Each windmill has a

20,000-liter water tank. Grampa also said that the project is cooperating with

UDAAS to allow the latter to use the wells that have already been drilled.

Eight young men were chosen for a week to assemble and install a windmill and

tank. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 30 Dec 86 p 3] 8844

65
PALMA AIRSTRIP REHABILITATED—The Palma Construction and Water District Office

of Cabo Delgado Province sponsored a workday last November to rehabilitate the

landing strip that was abandoned 8 years ago. The workday grew out of preparations for the second general elections. In addition to personnel from this

office, district personnel under the leadership of Arlindo Assumane Aly, the

district construction and water officer, were also involved in getting the

work done. This official said that cleaning off the airstrip was extra work

for his office. Under the Pemba provincial plan to have each district rehabilitate 300 km of roads, the Palma Construction and Water District had the goal

of rehabilitating the roads linking Mocimboa da Praia and Nangade with Quionga,

Nhica-do-Rovuma and the administrative towns of Pundanhar and Ulumbi. "But,"

he said, "due to the problem of the reduced budget for materials and workers'

salaries, on top of transportation and fuel shortages, we were only able to

repair the road from Pundanhar to Nhica-do-Rovuma and the road from Ntoli to

Nangade, which was about 50% of our planned goal." The office has 23 workers,

of whom 3 are employees and 20 are contract workers. Of the latter, ten are

assigned to Palma and ten to Nangade. Due to the shortage of machinery, they

work manually, using hoes and axes. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 30

Dec 86 p 3] 8844

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66
NAMIBIA

OUTGOING CABINET MEMBER WILL PROMOTE DIALOGUE

MB311640 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1354 GMT 31 Jan 87

[Text] WINDHOEK 31 January SAPA—A veteran SWA/Namibian politician, Mr Eben

van Zijl, is to form a new organization to promote political dialogue and the

development of the territory's human resources.

Mr van Zijl formally leaves the SWA/Namibia Transitional Government today. He

served in the Cabinet as the SWA National Party [SWANP] chief delegate. He is

succeeded by the SWANP's senior deputy leader, Mr Jannie de Wet.

In a statement issued in Windhoek, Mr van Zijl said it had become clear to him

that the initial attitudes of reconciliation and nation-building had

dissipated as motivating forces of the transitional government. "Their place

was taken by party political conflict and confrontation (in the transitional

government)," he said. "A national solution thus becomes an ideal that

recedes farther into the future and national reconciliation and nationbuilding become terms of derision among our Marxist enemies."

Mr van Zijl resigned from SWA/Namibian transitional Cabinet after differences

of opinion with the SWANP leadership over interpretation of policy. He was

understood to have voted in favour of a Cabinet decision to open exclusivelywhite schools to all races in SWA/Namibia, which brought him in conflict with

the SWANP-controlled second-tier administration for Whites.

Mr van Zijl said further details of the proposed organization would be made

available at a latter stage.

/12913

CSO: 3400/961

67
NAMIBIA

SWAPO REPORTS PLAN MILITARY ACTIONS

MB301003 Dakar PANA in English 0905 GMT 30 Jan 87

[Text] Luanda, 30 January (PANA)—The People's Liberation Army of Namibia,

PLAN, shot down a racist South African helicopter gunship on 3 January

according to a SWAPO communique issued in Luanda today. The shooting down of

the helicopter took place in the (Stikango) area in northern Namibia. The

helicopter was gunned down by an RPG rocket, killing all occupants on board,

the communique said. In Janaury the PLAN combatants downed four military

planes and four helicopter gunships. In another spectacular attack, PLAN

demolition squad blew up ä petrol station used by racist troops in the central

[word indistinct] town of Gobabis on 13 January. Gobabis, lying near [words

indistinct] Botswana in the Kalahari desert, has hitherto been considered by

the army of occupation as safe from PLAN operation.

[Words indistinct] 12 December a water pipeline was demolished at Hashupua in

northern Namibia. Two enemy soldiers were killed and four others injured. On

30 December a South African military post at (Omutwewondjamba), 50 km north of

Ondangwa, in northern Namibia, was attacked by PLAN fighters the communique

stated.

It further said, that on 8 January, PLAN combatants ambushed an enemy military

convoy near Oshikango in the northern war zone. Three trucks were destroyed

killing 16 enemy soldiers. A number of other trucks were also damaged.

The communique added that on 9 Janaury an enemy agent, Thimotheus Shishiveni

from (Onekwaya), 50 km north of Ondangwa was eliminated while on a spying

mission.

/12913

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68
NAMIBIA

BRIEFS

WHITE ELECTION CALLED FOR--Windhoek 5 February SAPA—The leader of the SWA

National Party [SWANP], Mr Kosie Pretorius, has challenged the Minister of

Governmental Affairs, Mr Dirk Mudge, to arrange an election for whites in the

territory. In a statement today, the leader of the majority party among

whites in SWA/Namibia said Mr Mudge should let the electorate decide whether

they still supported the policies of the SWANP, which controls the ethnic

administration for whites. Mr Pretorius was responding to an earlier

statement by Mr Mudge, who is also leader of the opposition Republican Party,

that the SWANP no longer provided leadership to its followers, particularly on

the desegregation of exclusively-white schools in SWA/Namibia. In the same

statement, Mr Pretorius accepted an earlier challenge by Mr Mudge to

participate in a panel discussion on local television with other political

leaders in the Transitional Government on the schools issue. "I accept that

Mr Mudge will now make the necessary arrangements (for the TV discussion)," Mr

Pretorius said. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English 1633 GMT 5 Feb 87 MB]

/12913

LAND MINE INJURES OFFICIAL—Windhoek 4 February, SAPA—The Ovambo Executive

Committee member for public works, Mr Aaron Shikongo, and his brother were

seriously injured in a landmine blast in northern SWA/Namibia today, the SWABC

reported in Windhoek. The incident happened about 9 am when their vehicle

detonated a landmine on the road between Oshikango and Ongandjera. Both

occupants sustained multiple injuries and security forces who arrived on the

scene shortly afterwards applied emergency treatment, the SWABC radio news

reported. After treatment at Ongandjera by a military doctor to stop

extensive bleeding, the two men were taken to an Oshakati Hospital where their

condition was described as serious. The SWABC reported the landmine was of

Soviet origin and was believed to have been laid by SWAPO insurgents. [Text]

[Johannesburg SAPA in English 1218 GMT 4 Feb 87 MB] /12913

TWO REPRESENTATIVES JOIN CABINET—It is reported from Windhoek that the two

men representatives of the South-West Africa National Party in the Cabinet of

the transitional government were sworn in this morning. They are Mr Jan de

Wet, who replaces the former Minister of Agriculture, water Affairs, and Sea

Fisheries, Mr Eben van Zijl; and Mr Chris Liebenberg, who replaces Mr Tinus

Blou, Mr van Zijl's former deputy. It is not yet known whether Mr de Wet and

Mr Liebenberg will handle the same portfolios as the two previous

representatives of the National Party. [Text] [Johannesburg Domestic Service

in Afrikaans 1400 GMT 2 Feb 87 MB] /12913

CSO: 3400/961

69
NIGER

BRIEFS

KOUNTCHE RECEIVES FRENCH MINISTER—The French Minister of Cooperation, who is

on tour in Africa, was granted an audience by President Kountche this morning.

Michel Aurillac discussed some currently hot African issues such as Chad with

the president. [Begin Aurillac recording] France's position on a solution to

the Chadian issue [words indistinct] and lies in the fact that each country

has the right to live peacefully within its borders inherited from the

colonization and that the best possible solution would be an end to any

foreign intervention. This means that France has no desire to continue its

presence in Chad once Libyan intervention stops. We provide the Chadian

Government with all the assistance we can. We support any international

proposal in conformity with the right of self determination of people. Niger

lies in that region and has common borders with Libya and Chad so it is

carefully monitoring events and would like peace to be restored in the region

so all may live in peace. [end recording] [Text] [Niamey Domestic Service

in French 1900 GMT 28 Jan 87 AB] /12913

GRANT FROM JAPAN—Niger's acting Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation

and the Japanese envoy to Niger today exchanged documents relative to a grant

of 300 million yen, or 600 million CFA francs, to finance the implementation

of Niger's nutrition improvement program. [Summary] [Niamey Domestic Service

in French 1900 GMT 27 Jan 87 AB] /12913

CSO: 3400/907

70
NIGERIA

NNEC SUPPORTS OPEC POLICY; ISSUES NEW QUOTAS

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 3-9 Jan 87 p 8

[Text]

Nigerian National Petroleum

Corporation (NNPC) on 30 December

announced that it would apply a fixed price

for its oil from 1 February. It has also

informed joint-venture oil producing

companies of their new reduced quotas,

bringing Nigeria into line with the recent

OPEC agreement, which has reduced the

country's production quota from 1.3 million

barrels a day (b/d) to 1.238 million b/d.

The return to official selling prices, after a

year of netback pricing, followed similar

moves to fixed contract pricing announced

by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran, also to

take effect on 1 February (see MARKET

REPORT).

The price set for Bonny light crude is

$18.92 a barrel, in line with OPEC's

directives in Geneva on 20 December. The

prices of other Nigerian crudes are

expected to be quoted at differentials now

applying to all OPEC members.

Bonny light was being quoted on spot

. markets at $17.60 a barrel on 30

December, the same as North Sea Brent,

with which it competes closely. Industry

analysts say it was not clear if the recent

rise on spot markets would be sustained.

If the new OPEC price has been set too

high, Nigeria will find it difficult to maintain

output even at the reduced quota level,

industry sources in Lagos told AED.

However, if spot prices continue to rise and

overtake the new fixed prices, Nigeria will

benefit, despite the 5 per cent reduction in

its quota.

At an average price of $18 a barrel

throughout the year, Nigeria's oil earnings

could total $6,570 million, even with the

reduced output. This is 6.5 per cent above

the $6,169 million estimate presented by

Nigeria to its creditors in recent debt

rescheduling negotiations (AED 20:12:86,

page 8; 29:11:86, page 2). The earlier

estimate had been based on a high

production figure of 1.55 million b/d, but at

a low price of $ 13 a barrel.

Petroleum Resources Minister Rilwanu

Lukman has strongly urged the

government to base its 1987 budget

estimates on a low oil price, so that any

extra earnings could be considered "a

bonus."

Oil industry executives were called to

meet Lukman on 31 Decemberto be given

details of the phasing out of netback sales

contracts and their replacement by fixed

prices. All those contacted by AED

expressed confidence that their profit

margin of $2 a barrel would be maintained.

The companies were also informed of

their new quotas. Shell Petroleum

Development Company of Nigeria will

cut liftings from 660,000 b/d to 635,000 b/d

and Gulf Oil Company of Nigeria's liftings

will fall from 210,000 b/d to 205,000 b/d.

These two producers account for 68 per

cent of Nigerian output. The other quotas

are assumed to be: Mobil Producing

Nigeria 140,000 b/d; Agip Nigeria

100,000 b/d; Elf Nigeria 83,000 b/d;

Texaco Nigeria 50,000 b/d, and Ashland

Nigeria 25,000 b/d.

/9274

CSO; 3400/936

71
NIGERIA

NAIRA SLIPS, CENTRAL BANK INTERVENES

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST In English 3-9 Jan 87 pp 8-9

[Text]

The 18 December foreign exchange

auction—the 13th and last of 1986—

produced a marginal rate of $1 = N3.30,a

3 per cent fall on the previous week's

$1 = N 3.20.

Following Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)

intervention in the 12th auction making

bids below $1 = N 3.20 unacceptable, all

banks bid at or above this rate (AED

20:12:86). The highest bid, of N 3.60,

came from United Bank for Africa (UBA).

With only $50 million available, the rate at

which all the foreign exchange was

exhausted was $1 = N 3.30 and a total of

37 banks were successful. However,

Continental Merchant Bank and New

Nigeria Bank, which bid N 3.20, went

away empty-handed.

Most banks again bid for less than their

available allocation, indicating the

reduced demand for foreign exchange

from their customers. This fall is assumed

to be behind CBN's decision to reduce the

amount of foreign exchange on offer to $50

million a week from the $75 million

available since 9 October. The reduction is

also seen as means of "shaking up" the bid

rates, making the banks less certain they

can obtain their foreign exchange

requirements each week.

The next auction was due to be held on

8 January, as the Christmas and New Year

public holidays fell on Thursday—the

normal auction day.

Manufacturers are hopeful that the 1987

budget will give some relief to the present

liquidity crisis, allowing for larger amounts

of foreign exchange to be bid for and thus

for an increased level of manufacturing

activity.

Observers have noted that the naira has

started to firm up in value on the "third-tier"

or black market, where rates of

$1 = N 4.70 are being quoted. This is

attributed to lack of demand, particularly

from Nigerians who normally travel abroad

at Christmas but who this year cannot

afford the huge rise in airfares.

/9274

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72
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

BRIEFS

FRENCH COOPERATION MINISTER ARRIVES—Sao Tome, 26 January (AFP)—French

Cooperation Minister Michel Aurillac arrived here today for a 36 hour visit.

The minister will be received by President Pinto da Costa, and he and his Sao

Tome counterpart Fradique de Menezes will sign financial agreements on

economic and social projects. France is contributing to the effort to revive

Sao Tome's economy which is essentially dependent on cocoa production. In

September 1986, President Pinto da Costa made a three day official visit to

France to ask the country to increase its investments in the archipelago. The

Sao Tome and Principe Islands have a population of a little over 100,000

inhabitants and are located some 300 km off the Gabonese coast. The former

Portuguese colony became independent in 1975. Michel Aurillac is due to leave

Sao Tome tomorrow morning for Equatorial Guinea, a former Spanish colony

located north of Gabon. [Text] [Paris AFP in French 2035 GMT 26 Jan 87 AB]

/12913

CSO: 3400/907

73
SENEGAL

COMMENTARY ON DIOUF, PS CONGRESS

Dakar LE POLITICIEN in French 23 Dec 86 p 8

[Commentary by Mam Less Dia: "Abdou-God in Congress"]

[Text] Finally! The Senegalese have been rescued! They now have a demigod

for president. They are terribly well provided for, these Senegalese. After

the saints who fashioned the national conscience and the austere professor,

the inventor of the multidimensional Senegalese state, they are now led by a

kind of divinity. What luck! It is even a miracle, in this period of crisis

or universal breakdown of the world economic system.

In an absolutely brilliant editorial, Aladj Bara Diouf, boss of the government

daily and a lifetime member of the Political Bureau, reveals that this crisis

was the ideal occasion for our divine president to embark upon the path of

"restrictions of freedoms and renewed control of the people." This clearly

means that the idea of practicing totalitarianism still resides somewhere in

the minds of certain PS [Socialist Party] leaders. In short, the only difficulty is that the head of the PS himself does not have the soul of a dictator,

even if, as Aladj Bara writes, he is the reincarnation of the great Ulysses

of Greek mythology. Ulysses leading Senegal! What a fine illustration of the

Senegalese genius!

Abdou-Ulysses Diouf therefore occupied the entire Senegalese political scene

over the weekend, along with his disciples, on the occasion of a congress, the

11th, of the Socialist Party. However, it was also the first of its type. It

was, in fact, the first time since independence that the party in power has

organized a congress worthy of the name. At least this time, they will have

succeeded in discarding folklore. This is the finest feat pulled off by

Daouda Sow, No 3 man in the Socialist Party and previously president of the

National Assembly.

Everyone knows that 'Heiter Skelter" is not wild about the peripheral organizations that gravitate around the PS. He has always dreamed of neutralizing

them, failing to be able to absorb them. The secondary role he has had the

CONAGRISAPAD play, as well as the lashing clarification he managed to get from

the secretary general — which constituted a veritable cold shower for COSAPAD

and the "Friends of Jean" — are precise facts that indicate that the star

performers of the PS, the young old guard,- are determined to rock the boat

in order to reposition their party unambiguously in the front ranks of power.

74
Henceforth, the support committees will have to confine themselves to the role

that belongs to them. Their dream of a transformation into a political force

has suddenly vanished.

Outside of this victory of Daouda Sow, the 11th PS Congress has registered and

digested the new strategy conceived by the president himself and designed for

the creation of a counterweight capable of taking the place of the trade unions

when, for one reason or another, the unforeseeability of the implications of

the crisis helping "responsible participation" would be brought into question.

This is the meaning which observers give to Diouf's tirade on enterprise

committees. The latter, which, unlike the support committees, are part of

the party, will see their credit increase and their influence grow.

The only equation which the historic congress of the PS has not sought to

resolve is the equation posed by GRESEN (Research and Study Group for a New

Senegal, headed by "Minister Super-Der"), which now has some 1,000 members.

Basically, the New GRESEN equation is an equation without an unknown, for

this organization of cadres and intellectuals from different backgrounds has

already defined itself with the required clarity, as a marginal structure,

giving priority to reflection and the search for solutions over honors.

The least that one can say is that this attitude of GRESEN is a new approach

expressing a clear break with the practices of the old leadership team.

But this does not prevent one from looking to the prospects of cohabitation

between GRESEN and the PS, which has within it another almost rival group:

the CND [Nation and Development Club].

However, it is too soon to envisage that cohabitation in terms of conflictive

relations. Given the fact that a member of GRESEN is not necessarily a member

of the PS, nothing leads one to presume that coexistence between the two

groups, whose one and only common link is support for President Diouf, could be

peaceful.

Whatever the case, GRESEN has four ministers among its members who are not PS

members. However, they are just as "Dioufist" as any other PS member, if not

more.

Abdou Ulysses Diouf definitely does not not have an easy task ahead, which

is probably why he had to await the congress, a solemn occasion, to categorically deny the rumor to the effect that he is after the post of secretary general of the United Nations.

He clearly told his followers that he would not abandon them to their sad

fate, their anguish. He will continue to illuminate their path with his

oh-so-divine light and crush the mountains of obstacles erected in the way of

social progress.

Diouf will therefore not go to the United Nations and the newsmen who had the

nerve to say so are nothing but outright liars.

75
Neither a coward nor a traitor, our modern Ulysses will brave the waves of

the crisis that will unavoidably break over the surrounding social climate.

It is an unstable, trembling social climate that nothing more than a tiny

increase in the price of rice could plunge into catastrophe.

11,464

CSO: 3419/55

76
SENEGAL

LD-PMT CONGRESS POSITIONS SET FORTH

Dakar FAGARU in French Dec 86 pp 3-12

[Main guidelines of General Policy Report of Second Regular Party Congress

of the LD-MPT [Democratic League—Movement for the Labor Party]]

[Excerpt] The Second Regular Congress of the party will be held in Dakar

on 27 and 28 December 1986. For FAGARU's readers, we are presenting the main

guidelines of the general policy report.

New Aspects of the Regime's Crisis: Imperialist Redeployment Tactic

As a result of the "new policies," the economic landscape has entered a phase

of profound change that is impacting on the structures of society, the form

and nature of power and class ideologies. In short, the class struggle has

taken on a new look in our country since the First Congress.

All these policies mean the liquidation of the public and parapublic sector

and the government's "disengagement" vis-a-vis its essential responsibilities

of guiding and managing the national economy, which it thus turns over to

foreign financial backers. In other words, these so-called "new policies"

express the exaggerated privatization of the entire production, trade and

services infrastructures.

Consequently, since our First Congress, we can say that the process of transforming Senegal into a neocolony of international financial capital, a neocolony of the multinationals placed under the French-American regime has experienced a particularly accelerated rate. From this standpoint, Senegal

represents a classic example of the conversion of a neocolonial regime as a

result of the general crisis of imperialism.

Growing Isolation of PS Regime and Accentuation of Authoritarian Tendencies

of Neocolonial Power

The economic and social changes underway have brought about noteworthy modifications in relations between the government and society. The political crisis

is expressed through two phenomena: the growing isolation of the PS [Socialist

Party] regime and an accentuation of the authoritarian and antidemocratic

tendencies of the government.

77
The effects of the antisocial measures stemming from the new policies articulated because of the financial debacle have worsened the regime's political

difficulties. The weakening of the economic foundations and the reduction in

the government's financial possibilities because of the bankruptcy and the

control exercised by financial backers have reduced the government's ability

to corrupt and to integrate new and significant social forces, which would

enable it to broaden its base. Numerous sectors of society previously mobilized by the PS, either because of their objective interests at the time or by

mystification or blackmail, now tend to remain at a distance from the regime

or even turn away from it, lacking adequate incentives.

Party of Openness

Our task could not be and has never been to oppose Senegalese because they

follow any given principle of their religion. Our party rallies Senegalese

men and women of all beliefs on the sole basis of its program, its statutes

and bylaws. We are open to all sectors in this country which are determined

to move forward with us toward democratic and progressive solutions to the

crisis of neocolonialism.

Grave Threats to National Cohesion

The feeling of facing an uncertain future pushes individuals toward forms of

ethnic and regional organization within which they hope to find protection

and fulfillment which the national framework does not provide, owing to the

government's abdication of its responsibility to manage the national community.

The government tries to use such associations to solidify its policy of

survival. Its policies secrete local group interests.

As a result, the crisis threatens national cohesion. The deterioration of the

situation in Casamance, resulting from the government's blind policy of repression, is an illustration of that phenomenon. Actually, all the isolated

regions, such as the River and East Senegal, show similar signs of latent

discontent that could explode at any time if the regime's current policy

of failure is not halted in time.

Proposals of Jallarbi Plan for Emerging From Crisis

The Jallarbi plan is the plan to carry out the program of the National Democratic Revolution, a transition to socialism.

Three major objectives are defined in the plan:

1) Improving the cultural level of the people.

Illiteracy, ignorance, obscurantism and fatalism are evils afflicting Senegalese

society today and must be eradicated so as to create the conditions of full

responsibility of the masses, which have been awakened and made aware of their

historic role.

78
2) Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition

The failure of the neocolonial economy has a heavy impact on the diet, nutrition and health of workers and their families. Particularly for children and

mothers, food deficiencies are the cause of a high rate of child and infant

mortality and an alarming perinatal mortality. The dramatic situation in

rural areas, suburban areas and the shantytowns bears witness to the urgency

of suitable measures to be taken and the priority that must be given to the

eradication of hunger and malnutrition.

3) Construction of Material Base for Transition to Socialism

The third major objective is the founding of the transitional economy, which

must lay the bases for the construction of the socialist economy. The National

Democratic Revolution is not an end in itself; it is a historically necessary

phase for achieving the social liberation of the workers. These first two

major objectives: improving the cultural level of the people and eradicating

hunger and malnutrition, prepare the human base of transition which in turn

affects the material base. The latter provides the conditions for the fulfillment of the masses.

The Jallarbi Economic and Social Development Plan provides for six major projects aimed at achieving the socioeconomic objectives of transition: - 1) the

project to expand production capacities and increase yield; 2) the project

to build drinking water and sewage systems; 3) the project to build communications systems; 4) the project concerning rural and periurban electrification; 5) the project to reorganize the territory and the cooperative system;

and 6) the project to stimulate research and technological innovation.

These different projects, backed by others in the social field: housing,

health, leisure, and so on, contribute to the edification and consolidation

of the material base for the transition to socialism. Different socioeconomic

forces are involved in the achievement of the goals set: the government,

the private sector, cooperatives and collectives. As for the foreign private

sector, it will intervene within the limits set by the government, in accordance with the regulations and provisions guaranteeing the protection of national interests.

LD/MPT: Party of Unity and Historic Initiative

We all know it: Not every government crisis necessarily leads to a revolutionary situation. Left to itself, the regime could remain in power for a long

time. Whatever the case, we must not harbor the illusion that it will fall

by itself, like ripe fruit from a tree, simply because of the sharpening of

its internal contradictions. Our party does not share that infantile conception of political and social phenomena. The fight for the revolution, democracy and progress can only triumph by the conscious, organized and active

intervention of the forces involved. For us, the solution to the crisis can

only stem from the.united struggle of the forces opposing the regime. Our

party, in its activities, has since its formation granted a cardinal role to

the fight of the forces of change. The slogans: unity of the Marxists and

79
unity of patriotic forces, have from the very beginning commanded the intervention of our party in the national political arena. For us, the unity option

is not a tactical or cheap political question, but rather, an option commanded

by life itself. Not to follow it is to go against the real movement of Senegalese society as it unfolds before our eyes. Giving up unity is to give up

finding a real solution to the crisis.

Unity of Marxists: Important Lever for Vigorous Promotion of the Struggle of

Revolutionary and Democratic Forces in Senegal

While the unity of opposition forces is indispensable to the victory against

neocolonialism, the unity of organizations demanding Marxism-Leninism is

necessary for an acceleration of the entire revolutionary process.

The national political situation will be qualitatively modified when communists pool their energies, intelligence and forces that were previously scattered and serve a single framework of struggle for the achievement of the same

ideal, the ideal of the happiness of the people of our country and the entire

world. That is why we place immense hope in the discussions underway between

our party and the PIT [Party for Independence and Work] of Senegal.

Improving Work Methods: Realities of Political Arena

And yet, comrades, whatever the importance of our successes, they are still

insignificant given the enormity of the tasks remaining to be accomplished in

order to achieve our revolutionary objectives. The Central Committee

activity report forcefully emphasized the many individual and collective

deficiencies marking our methods of work. We are far from having healed

certain serious evils that delay the forward movement of the party, mainly

carelessness and apathy, which are foreign to our Marxist-Leninist concepts

regarding organization and the political fight. The delay we have exhibited

in achieving many tasks which party construction and the national situation

require could not merely be attributed to the circumstances and the lack of

means, even if these are undeniable facts. The congress offers us an opportunity to reflect profoundly on all aspects of the record of our activity and

debate it at length, in keeping with our party's rules of democratic operation.

For its part, the Central Committee, at its 21st regular session, emphasized

the need for the entire party, its structures and members to ensure the solidification of the Leninist spirit in the approach to the questions of our revolution. We call on the entire party to double its wisdom and efforts aimed at

creating unusual forms of mobilization and organization of members and the

masses, based on the realities of the local scene and the specific requirements

of the profound national crisis we are now experiencing. The forms, methods

and content of party action, as well as its structures, must be redesigned and

constantly improved in terms of the dynamic of the class struggle.

Expanding Struggle on All Fronts

For the new period beginning with the Second Congress, our party will continue

and develop its action to promote the ideal of peace in international relations.

80
We shall participate in the campaign for disarmament and liquidation of the

nuclear threat which imperialism aims at mankind. The slogan "Peace and

Development" will guide us on that path, leading to the survival and fulfillment of the human species on this planet.

The LD/MPT must develop its participation in AAPSP [Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization] for the victory of national and social liberation movements of the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

On the national level, the LD/MPT will work with all its might and intelligence to rally all those fighting and wishing to fight, so that there will be

an end to the antinational policy our country has endured for 26 years. We

reaffirm our attachment to the ADS as the dynamic framework for the united

struggle of the opposition, as well as our unshakable will to take an active

part in its expansion and reinforcement.

Unite and Fight To Promote a Democratic Alternative to the Neocolonial Regime

Neither our party nor any opposition can by itself undertake and bring about

the changes expected by the Senegalese people. Uniting to overcome neocolonialism and overcome the crisis, or scattering our efforts with the danger of

being devoured by the offensive of imperialist redeployment: That is the

alternative facing the opposition. Our party has resolutely and unequivocally

opted for the first choice.

We want all the little streams of the current people's discontent to unite

in a torrent that will sweep away the edifice of neocolonialism in our country,

so that the Senegalese people, now the masters in their own country, will

shift the course of their destiny in a totally new direction.

3419/55

81
TOGO

GOVERNMENT REDUCES CAPITAL SPENDING FOR 1987 AUSTERITY BUDGET

London AFRICA ECONOMIC DIGEST in English 3-9 Jan 87 p 9

[Text]

A sharp—34 per cent—reduction in capital

spending is the main feature ofthe 1987

budget, presented in the NationalAssembly

(parliament) by Economy & Finance Minister

Komlan Alipui on 27 December.

The total budget balances at CFA 89,690

million ($271.4 million), an increase of2.8 per

cent on lastyear's CFA 87,283 million

($264.1 million) budget. But the investment

budget, which was increased by 39 per cent

lastyearfrom 1985'sCFA 3,600million

($10.9million) to CFA 5,000million ($15.1

million) is being cut back again to CFA 3,300

million ($10 million) this year.

Priority will be given to rehabilitation of

existing infrastructure, and newexpenditure

from budgetary resources will be strictly

limited, Alipui said. The budget, he said, was

one of "austerity and prudence" because of

Togo's "continued difficult economic

situation."

The allocation forpublic debtservice is

unchanged from the previous year's

CFA 23,500million ($71.1 million). This

reflects the priority accorded by the

government to paying offsome CFA 60,000

million ($181.5 million) in debts since the end

of 1982; a substantial portion ofthe

remaining foreign debt ofsome $1,000

million is owed by 24 parastatals that are in

the process ofbeing privatised or wound-up,

economic analysts say. Togo did notrequest

any foreign debtrescheduling lastyear and

is not expected to seek furtherrelief this year

either, they add (AED 2:8:86; 15:3:86).

The largestitem ofrecurrent spending

remains the public-sector wage bill, which

will be slightly higherin 1987 at CFA 29,790

million ($90.1 million), up 2.9 percent on the

1986 figure of CFA 28,964 million ($87.6

million). Alipui stressed that this "moderate"

rise was due to the government's adherence

to spending targets agreed with the IMF

underthe current economic recovery

programme, for which the fund approved a

SDR 23 million ($27.6 million) two-year

standby credit lastJune (AED 14:6:86).

Fiscalreceipts are projected at

CFA 79,489 million ($240.5 million) for 1987,

up4.5percentonlastyear'sCFA 76,053

million ($230.1 million). Alipuisaid the

increase was due to the inclusion forthe first

time ofcontributions from additional

parastatal organisations. This would provide

additionalrevenue ofCFA 8,250 million ($25

million).

However, contributions by Office Togolais

des Phosphates (OTP) and Office des

Produits Agricoles du Togo (OPAT) will drop

substantially this year. OTP's contributions

are set to fall from CFA 13,000 million ($39.3

million) to CFA 7,000million ($21.2million)

and OPAT's from CFA 6,600 million ($20

million) to CFA 5,000 million ($15.1 million).

Customs revenue is setat CFA 34,720

million ($105.1 million), up 11.8percenton

1986's CFA 31,060 million ($94 million). In

an accompanying outline ofeconomic

prospects for 1987, Alipuisaid that, despite

unfavourable price trends forthe country's

principal exports, GDP was expected to

increase by 7.2 percentin nominal terms.

Expressed in local currency terms, export

earnings forphosphates and coffee are

expected to decline by 21 per cent during

1987, and for cocoa by 19 percent, he

added. Although crop production is

expected to make a recovery afterthe poor

1985186 season, the value ofexport

products marketed by OPATis forecast to

fallslightly.

Production ofcoffee and cocoa is notlikely

to exceed 1985186 levels, while the cotton

crop is expected to be some 5 per cent

down.

/9274

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82
UGANDA

MÜSEVINI ANNIVERSARY SPEECH ADDRESSES SECURITY, PRIORITIES

EA262343 Kampala Domestic Service in English 1027 GMT 26 Jan 87

[Speech by Uganda President Yoweri Musevini at Kololo airstrip in Kampala on

the occasion of the first anniversary of the National Resistance Movement

victory—live]

[Excerpts] Friends and fellow Ugandans, when we took over power one year ago,

the security situation in the whole country was very bad. Three hundred

thousand Ugandans had been murdered in central Uganda alone. In the western

part of Uganda, people had been murdered and lots of property looted. In

Lango, the Okellos had created havoc with murder, rape, and looting. In Teso,

one army officer by the name of Kojuku was using helicopters to locate cows so

that ground forces could loot the cattle. In Karamoja, there was endemic

cattle raiding. Kampala and other parts of Uganda had been parcelled out

among warlords of different factions.

We tried to reach a peace agreement without Okellos in Nairobi. In spite of

the peace agreement, the Kasala mission near Luwero—the Kasala mission nuns

were raped, 100 people were murdered in Luwro town, [words indistinct] people

were murdered in [name indistinct[ that is near [name indistinct]. Not a

single punishment was meted out to the perpetrators of these crimes. By

taking over power in January, we dramatically reversed this situation. A

great deal of security was restored to central, western, eastern, west Nile

and northern regions. Even cattle raiding in Karamoja stopped.

We did not use the detention act against anybody up to today. You know the

detention act had been so much the order of the day in Uganda, [applause]

But I can tell you that up to today we have not detained anybody using that

act. Whoever is arrested, he is arrested and dealt with according to the

ordinary law.

You know that, however, the government of the old army who had fled to Sudan

launched attacks against our forces in the north. A new wave of insecurity

had set in inn the north. All attacks were repulsed with very heavy losses of

lives and equipment on the part of the remnants of the criminal army. The

enemies tried to impede movements of our troops on the [word indistinct] but

we evolved countermeasures and no battalion of our has ever withdrawn from a

position on account of lacking supplies.

83
Civilian transport, however, has been affected. Also affected has been

production and security of ordinary people. People have been continuously

destroying their groups since August, [sentence as heard]

The enemies found it difficult to retain the support of those they had

confused or coerced into supporting them, but had to resort to witchcraft and

mysticism, [laughter] They told their supporters that there was a woman by

the name of Alice Lakwena who had risen from the dead just like Jesus. This

lady had charms which could protect members of these groups from bullets. If

the NRA [National Resistance Army] fired a bullet, the magic would turn back

the bullet and kill those who fired them. This is the siasa [policy], the

politicization that is being carried out by those chaps.

This is all desperation and defeat by the enemy. Following this new line,

they have aggravated their defeat into disaster for their cause, if it can be

called a cause.

If one asks me: What do you think of the situation in the north? I would

answer him: Excellent, in spite of the hardship, [applause] This is because

of the following reasons: One, the fascist forces starting a new conflict

last August, they gave the people of Uganda a chance to give them a thorough

punishment. Otherwise, they would have remained a constant threat to the

security of democracy in Uganda given their fascist and primitive mentality.

You see, sometimes there is good in bad. People always think that whatever is

bad is bad entirely. We have got to put on proper binoculars and see through.

What appears bad on the surface, you may find some good in it or what appears

good may have something bad in it. By these thugs coming back from Sudan,

they gave us an opportunity to deal with them thoroughly. And this one, I can

assure you, we are doing.

Witness, for instance, the voodoo practices. I know many elements in our

society still believe in the ecstasy of primitive magical practices. It is,

however, a disaster. Some people who have led Uganda in various capacities,

for instance, in the army, for decades themselves believe in these practices

and rely on voodoo. It is alright for the ordinary people to believe in

voodoo and even to practice it, but for the leaders, for people who have been

leading us, to find that they can believe and rely on voodoo, that shows you

in what danger we have been living. It makes me feel sad that such people

could have held any leadership responsibility at all.

Therefore, the thorough defeat of these negative forces is an indispensable

prerequisite for permanent security in Uganda. You see, we should not fear

war if war is there, so you fight it. I do not fear war, if it is a just

fight. The only war I fear is the unjustified war, because that is useless

shedding of blood. But if you start a war for justified reasons, then we

fight it to its logical conclusion.

Merely chasing them to sudan as we have done in March somehow left the matter

unresolved. If you just chase these fellows, they run to Sudan, then they

keep on coming back, the matter is not resolved. The forces of [word

indistinct] and enlightenment must defeat them thoroughly.

84
Also, those foreign vultures who always utilize the weak elements of our

society must be made to [word indistinct] in that line of theirs, by

thoroughly disorganizing ^their constituency, [applause] because there are

those foreigners who are always looking for the ignorants, who are still among

our society and want to use them.

And as long as we have fools, we have uninformed people in our society,

foreigners will [word indistinct] apart. So it is our duty to eliminate that

constituency, the constituency of fools, of tribalists, of primitive people

who are always used by outsiders. That constituency must be eliminated,

[applause]

The people of northern Uganda have risen up against these primitive elements

by supporting the NRM [National Resistance Movement]. That is why some of our

(?policemen) have been killed by the rebels, thereby exposing the fallacy of

the idea of tribal political homogeneity which some confused elements always

try to peddle. By these thugs committing crimes in the north like they did in

the center here, they have exposed this fallacy of tribes. Therefore, within

this sad picture of disruption and unnecessary loss of life, there is emerging

a strength and the coalescing and crystallization of the patriotic elements,

just like what happened in Luwero and in western Uganda.

[Words indistinct] From fire you will get iron. Fire, if you are a good

blacksmith, you get there is fire and from fire you get iron from stone,

[sentence as heard] You separate the charcoal from the [words indistinct]

Nevertheless, the NRA [National resistance Army] is determined and in a

position to bring this insecurity to a decisive conclusion after five months

of preparation and action. We are working out an amnesty document for those

who did not commit crimes against humanity and are therefore pardonable. We

shall not pardon criminals, but those who are pardonable and can be

reintegrated.

The same applies to Karamoja. After we had taken over the east and the north,

the cattle raiders tried to raid cattle in Acholi, Lango, and Teso. In all

cases, they were repulsed by our forces with heavy losses. Only in [word

indistinct] area did they manage to make some penetration and seize cattle.

This brought stability to that area. When, however, the fascist elements

caused trouble in the north, we shifted forces from the northeast to the

north. This left fewer forces in the east. The cattle raiders took advantage

of this and in September up to early December terrorized large areas of

Soroti, Kumi, Lira, and Kapchorwa Districts. But in December we had, however

built up adequate forces to strike blows at the cattle rustlers. The biggest

confrontation with them was in Nabilatuk where we killed 250 cattle raiders.

After this confrontation, there has been peace in Soroti, Kumi, and Kapchorwa

Districts.

Well, I am told some people are saying: Why do these NRA publicize the

enemies they kill? Why don't they just keep quiet? Why should we keep quiet?

In one of the vernaculars, they say that if death is not ashamed to kill a

person, why should the one who buries the dead comrade be ashamed? If death

is the one who has started the trouble, then we finish it. So, if

troublemakers [words indistinct] we shall deal with them and we shall not be

85
ashamed to talk about it. [Words indistinct] the fascist rebels and the

cattle raiders, in the way we hit them, we cannot say that these elements have

been eliminated or they are severely hit. They have, however, been terribly

weakened and the stage for their total destruction is set. Obote, however,

and his agents are continuing to prepare groups to attack Uganda from outside.

Names of certain countries have been mentioned. I am warning whichever

country that may be involved that when it comes to making trouble to our

enemies we are not really surpassed. Those who are used to a weak Uganda that

is improperly led and cannot accept the present irreversible reality may have

to pay a price because of their folly. We are, therefore, continuing to

strengthen our defense forces. Not to do so will be like having [word

indistinct] in the open without protection.

So many interests do not want stability here. Stability here will mean that

there will be no possibility for (?leading) our country. Coming to politics,

I would like to say that the situation is also encouraging. One of the

biggest weakening factors in Africa is tribalism and other forms of

sectarianism. While in the other continents, you will find nations believing

and working together under cohesive political (?forces) which are powerful,

though diverse. In Africa, tribalism is always emphasized. But when it comes

to Uganda here, or for Africa, just 16 million of us are too many to live

together. So, we must have the tribes. We must have the Bantustans, or,

South Africa. This is a big shame.

Therefore, the NRM is totally opposed to tribalism. I am, therefore, very

much encouraged to see the slow process of detribalizing the politics in

Uganda, building up national consensus and supporting issues on their merits.

I can cite many examples in this past year. During the month of March, the

defeated forces from west Nile tried to use west Nile as a base of opposing

us. They were told by the people of west Nile in no uncertain terms that they

must go away or cooperate with the NRA. The same has happened in Acholi,

Karamoja, and Teso. During Christmas, for instance, the people of a certain

area of Teso rose up against the former Tito-Obote men and killed six of them

who were terrorizing them with guns and captured the six guns and gave them to

the NRA. And yet these were boys who were from that area who were trying to

use these covers of UPC [Uganda People's Congress] and what have you.

In all my tours, huge crowds turn up in all parts of the country. This is in

spite of the fact that we have not done much yet on the economic front. My

decision, therefore, is that the masses are tired of sectarianism. It is up

to the national resistance cadre to serve them with dedication. [passage

omitted on mismanagement of economy since independence].

The (?regimes) which succeeded Amin did nothing to reverse the declining

economic trend. Instead they made the situation worse. For example, per

capita production declined by 19 percent between 1978 and 1980, while GDP

declined by 15 percent. By 1986 (eighty-six) GDP was declining at a rate of

5.5 percent, while per capita GDP was declining at a rate of 8 percent.

This was in spite of the fact that in 1981, the Obote government ran a

recurrent program which purported to revive the economy. This program, which

86
was supported by most international institutions, had by 1986 mobilized

external funds amounting to $2,013 million. You cannot believe where Obote

put this money. I cannot understand.

Consequently, we are having to repay as of now $200 million per annum to our

external debtors instead of using the money to purchase the badly needed [word

indistinct] or raw materials and spare parts for our factories. In spite of

this massive inflow of funds, the available statistical information shows that

most sectors of Uganda's economy continued to decline during the period Obote

was in power and before.

However, because of lack of sufficient investable resources, we have found it

imperative to set priorities so that the available resources are deployed in

the most beneficial manner. These priorities are in those areas of the

economy which we think can act as engines for sustaining future growth.

Our priorities will be: The provision of agricultural machinery and

implements, seeds, herbicides and other animal drugs. This will be priority

group number one. Anything to do with agriculture will be a priority.

Group number two: The rehabilitation of roads to facilitate easy conveyance

of goods to the markets and from the markets to the people. This will be the

second category of priority area.

Third category: Trucks for transportation of produce and consumer goods to

the people.

Four: Provision of industrial raw materials and spare parts so that our

factories can produce (?adequate) consumer goods for local consumption.

And five: The provision of basic utilities, such as water and electricity.

Telephones can wait. Our revised investment plan clearly reflects this trend

of thinking.

We believe that if this is done and supplemented with proper fiscal and

monetary policies, our economy should be able to stand on its own feet once

again. The success of our program will depend upon the cooperation of all

Ugandans. Although it may call for further tightening of our belts, at the

end of it all we shall all be happy.

In the one year we have been in power, we have carried out at least partial

rehabilitation of the following enterprises: [word indistinct] power-sharing

we have rehabilitated the following enterprises: Nyanza textiles, Uganda

blanket manufacturers, Uganda brewery, Nile breweries, Uganda grain milling

company—that was for milling grain and making bred and things like that—and

the East African distillery.

All this, we did it with our own money, mainly. With outside assistance we

have also started the rehabilitation of the sugar sector and UDB [expansion

unknown] [words indistinct] with foreign assistance. On the base of [words

indistinct] we have also used tens of millions of dollars to equip the

National Resistance Army with appropriate weapons and equipment.

87
Of course we are also paying the debt left by Obote. One of our concessions

is that we are paying our debts now. People are thanking us: Oh, thank you

very much, at least you are paying your debts, [laughter] With the increase

and earnings therefore, providing we maintain the same proper management, we

can achieve much more on the basis of self-reliance.

If we have been able to do this little bit while we are paying so many debts

and we are earning little, suppose we increase our earnings, I am sure we can

solve our problems. We, of course, welcome foreign aid if it does not

interfere with our plans.

And it looks promising. And the provision of essential commodities is going

to improve this year. This year these little things which disturbed us, the

supplies will improve—things like sugar, like salt and so on because we have

made much more reliable arrangements, and I think the situation is going to

improve, both by manufacturing some of them here and by importing the others,

[applause]

In the same way, we fought the hard war against Obote. We are going to fight

the economic stagnation and I am sure we shall win. So let us be optimistic:

While the situation looks bleak now, do not forget the 27 people who went to

the bush 6 years ago, and this huge army you are seeing here came from those

27 gentlemen, [applause] In the same way, I am sure we shall handle the

economy, provided everybody works very hard and acquires discipline. We do

not want to prove what the South Africans are saying, that Africans are lazy,

they do not work hard, they should be kept in their won reserves so that they

can make themselves up [as heard]. We should work for our own future.

Finally, on foreign policy I would like to express the support of the National

Resistance Movement for the struggle for freedom in Southern Africa. We

should not concentrate on our own affairs only and forget about the plight of

others. In the same way as choirs were singing here, singing how we were

suffering in the bush, how Obote was massacring our people, how he was taking

our property, other Africans in the southern part of Africa are suffering just

like we were suffering, so we should always remember them and we should always

support them morally and materially if possible.

Before I end, I would like to inform the wananchi [citizens] that on this

occasion we have got a number of delegations from friendly countries.

Therefore, in the coming year I hope and am sure we shall achieve greater

victories than we did in 1986 and we shall work hard and make our country

contributing partner on the African scene. Thank you very much, all of you.

[applause]

/12913

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88
UGANDA

BRIEFS

LOAN FROM PAKISTAN—Pakistan has given Uganda a $4 million interest-free loan.

The pledge was made to President Yoweri Museveni when he met Pakistan

President Ziaul Haq in Kuwait. [Text] [Kampala Domestic Service in English

0700 GMT 2 Feb 87 EA] /12913

TRANSPORT AGREEMENT WITH BURUNDI—Uganda and Burundi have concluded a trade

agreement covering bilateral cooperation in air and transport sectors of the

two countries. Under the air transport agreement, Uganda Airlines will

operate services to Bujumbura and destinations beyond like Harare, Maputo, and

Gaborone. Air Burundi will also operate services from Bujumbura via Kigali to

Entebbe and destinations beyond. At a ceremony held in Kampala today, the

Burundi minister of transport and communications, Mr Mkenguruste, signed on

behalf of the Burundi Government, while the minister of foreign affairs

holding the portfolio of minister of [word indistinct] Musa Ibrahim Mukiibi

signed on behalf of the Uganda Government. [Excerpt] [Kampala Domestic

Service in English 1700 GMT 20 Jan 87 EA] /12913

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89
ZAMBIA

KAUNDA SUPPORTS ANC USE OF VIOLENCE

MB291822 Dakar PANA in English 1810 GMT 29 Jan 87

[Text] Victoria Falls, (Zimbabwe), 29 Jan (ZIANA-PANA)—Zambia's President

Kenneth Kaunda today ruled out any chance of the African National Congress

(ANC) renouncing violence until South Africa's President P, W. Botha accepted a Commonwealth five-point plan aimed at achieving democracy in South

Africa.

Speaking at the start of talks between the leaders of Zimbabwe, Botswana and

the visiting Canadian Premier Brian Mulroney, President Kaunda, [words indistinct] chairman of the [word indistinct] nation Frontline States, said: Let

President Botha denounce apartheid the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) and

other political organisations, release Nelson Mandela and other political

prisoners and begin talks with leaders of the black majority. If all these

five points were put before President Botha, and if he accepted, then it

would be time for the Frontline States to encourage the ANC to renounce

violence and start talks with the Pretoria regime.

While praising the United States for holding meetings with the ANC President

Oliver Tambo at the highest level, President Kaunda said the ANC started as

a non-violent organisation, but was forced to resort to violence. When we

speak of renouncing violence, what are we putting in its place? That is the

question we should be asking ourselves.

The conditions that led the American people to fight for independence exist

in South Africa today, he said. President Kaunda dismissed the argument in

some American circles that the ANC was working with communists from South

Africa, saying when it became necessary to fight the Nazis during the Second

World War, America and the Soviet Union fought together to defeat Hitler.

The Zambian leader gave Mulroney a run down of events in southern Africa

resulting from the continued existence of apartheid. The Frontline States,

he said, were not only struggling against under-development, but also against

the forces of apartheid. Apartheid is under pressure from the international

community, and the more that pressure begins to bear upon that evil regime,

the more the regime becomes desperate.

He thanked Canada for the support it gave to the Frontline States and its

stand against apartheid.

90
The prime minister, Robert Mugabe, said the visit by Mr Mulroney to

southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) countries

and their endeavours to try and achieve their economic goals. Mugabe

said countries in the region lacked inputs, financial resources, technology and skilled manpower and these are areas we will expect him to

explain because Canada has for a long time been a great friend of these

countries.

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91
ZAMBIA

KAUNDA DENIES FRONTLINE DIVISION ON USA SANCTION

MB290809 Lusaka Domestic Service in English 0600 GMT 29 Jan 87

[Excerpt] The president, Dr Kaunda, has announced that the government will

not take over milling companies that are already in financial problems because it does not want to saddle the public with liabilities. Commenting on

the recent rejection of the Copperbelt-based milling company, which is alleged plagued with indebtedness, Comrade Kaunda said it was important for the

merchants to realize that government cannot saddle people with something

which is not viable because they will have to pay more to keep it. in operation. The president, who was speaking at a press conference at the Mulungushi

Hall, said although milling companies have been declared a strategic industry

after last year's food riots, it was not [word indistinct] for the government

to take over liabilities. He said those milling companies which were indebted would have to struggle to keep in business because they will have

stiff competition from parastatal companies.

Comrade Kaunda also said Frontline States are still finalizing their own

package of economic sanctions to be applied against South Africa. The

president, who is also chairman of the Frontline States, admitted that

initially the economic sanctions were to be implemented on 31 December,

but had to be postponed as the measures to be effected were still being

worked out. He denied that there were serious divisions among Frontline

States on the sanctions issue, saying as far as lie was aware there were no

subdivisions. The president said that Zambia was in fact supposed to have

banned Zambia Airways flights to South Africa and vice versa on 31 December,

but had to postpone the decision until the region was properly galvanized.

/9274

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92
ZAMBIA

KAUNDA APPEALS FOR SANCTIONS AGAINST RSA

MB010905 Lusaka Domestic Service in English 0700 GMT 1 Feb 87

[Text] The president, Comrade Kaunda, has made an earnest appeal to those

countries which have not yet considered applying mandatory sanctions against

South Africa to do so now in order to avoid a Hitler era-type of holocaust in

southern Africa, He was speaking when he hosted a state dinner for Comrade

Quett Masiref the president of Botswana. Comrade Kaunda said there was a

need for tough economic measures to be taken against the racist regime by the

international community before many more deaths within that country occurred.

[Words indistinct] while the West sat quietly when South Africa turned a deaf

ear to calls from the international community to abolish its racial policy.

The president paid tribute to Comrade Masire, saying he faced a serious

problem [words indistinct] in the (?southern corner) of Africa. Despite

these problems, Comrade Masire had put up a strong front and opposed

apartheid publicly, and Comrade Kaunda assured him that Zambia was behind

his country's every move.

Comrade Kaunda also paid tribute to SWAPO Secretary General Toivo ja Toivos

SWAPO President Sam Nujoma, and ANC Secretary General Alfred Nzo for their

continued opposition to the apartheid system despite years of being hounded

and pushed around by the oppressors. Comrade Masire earlier officiated at

the United Nations Institute for Nambiia's eighth graduation ceremony at

Mulungushi Hall.

/9274

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93
ZAMBIA

NEW ZEALANDER SENTENCED ON BOMB CHARGES

MB031727 Dakar PANA in English 1710 GMT 3 Feb 87

[Text] Lusaka, [no date] Feb (ZANA/PANA)—A 29-year-old New Zealander was

sentenced by a Lusaka magistrate court today to a two-year prison terra with

hard labour after pleading guilty to a charge of being found in possession of

a time bomb last December in Lusaka.

James Martin, a salesman of Johannesburg, South Africa, was arrested by police

on 13 December. When they found him assembling a time bomb in Lusaka's affluent Kabulonga suburb.

Zambian bomb disposal experts established that the device found on the New

Zealander was a nine-hour delay time bomb.

Sentencing Martint the magistrate said the offence was a serious one which

carried a sentence of seven years maximum in jail with hard labour. The bomb

could have destroyed life and property if Martin had executed his vicious

crime, he said.

The Zambian Government is still holding four suspected white South African

spies accused of being sent by Pretoria on a mission of destruction of

strategic installations in Zambia. The four, all engineers from Pretoria,

were arrested last May while on reconnaissance mission of strategic installations, including the vital rail to Dar es Salaam, earmarked for destruction. President Kenneth Kaunda revealed that one of them had confessed that

he was a South African spy.

/9274

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94
ZAMBIA

BRIEFS

COUNTRY LOOKING AFTER 120,000 REFUGEES—Zambia is said to be looking after

more than 120,000 refugees from Angola and Mozambique. The refugees have

fled from their own countries as a result of the instability caused by

racist South Africa. The latest issue of REFUGEES, the monthly magazine

of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, says Zambia's refugee

population is the largest in southern Africa. [Text] [Lusaka Domestic

Service in English 1800 GMT 2 Feb 87 MB] /9274

CANADIAN LOAN, AID—The President, Comrade Naunda, has described the Canadian

prime minister, Brian Mulroney, as a great son in the world for his commitment to the cause of mankind can be matched by few people. The president was

speaking in Livingstone yesterday where he met the Canadian prime minister

and his Botswana counterpart, Dr Quett Masire, and Prime Minister Robert

Mugabe of Zimbabwe. He said Mr Mulroney's noble principles were manifested

by the assistance and support he has given to the human cause over the years.

Meanwhilet Canada has deferred the repayment of 6.6 million dollars in loans

owed by Zambia and has announced a 12-point (?5.6) million dollars general

human resources development program as well as a 15 million dollar food aid

facility. He said the Canadian Government had been impressed with the

steps Zambia had taken to set its economy on course. [Excerpt] [Lusaka

Domestic Service in English 0600 GMT 30 Jan 87 MB] /9274

DELEGATION VISITS IRAQ—A Zambian delegation arrived in Baghdad last night at

the invitation of the Ba'ty socialist party. This is a reciprocal visit to

one made by Comrade Ibrahim to Zambia late last year. Comrade Zulu observed

that had it not been for the war, Iraq would have achieved more in terms of

national development. He said Zambia's United Independence Party, UNIP, is

building a humanist state through socialism and would like to uplift the

standards of living of their people. The party chief explained that Zambia

has not enjoyed real peace since independence in 1964 due to her support to

the liberation movements in the Southern Africa region. Comrade Zulu said it

was in that (?view) that Zambia and other Frontline States supported

liberation movements in Angola, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe to attain their

countries' independence. [Text] [Lusaka Domestic Service in English 1800 GMT

18 Jan 87 MB] /12913

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95
NEW LOOK FOR ZANU (PF) ORGANIZATION

Harare THE HERALD in English 3 Feb 87 p 1

[Text]

ZIMBABWE

ZANU (PF) adopted

at the weekend a programme for reorganisation to register all

party organs and enable it to identify its

members from the

provincial and district party organisations right down to

the cells, the acting

Secretary for the

Commissariat and

Culture. Cde Maurice

Nyagumbo, told The

Herald yesterday.

He said the programme was adopted at a

meeting of a party subcommittee on Saturday

under his chairmanship,

which was attended by

the publicity department

headed by Dr Nathan

Shamuyarlra, the Youth

League, headed by Cde

Ernest Kadungure, Women's Affairs, headed by;

Cde Teural Ropa Nhongo and the nine party

provincial chairmen.

Cde Nyagumbo, who

is also the ruling party's

member of the polltburo

and secretary for administration. Said the meeting had formulated a

strategy for restructuring the party.

"So j we adopted the

organisational chart,

which will make it easy

for those in the village

committee or cells, to

identify their members

and make it easy for the

party branches also to

monitor the activities of

the cells," he said.

He said through the

newly adopted organisational chart, the provin-,

ocs and the party districts

would be able to get "full

information .of Whaitj is

going on in the branches,

right down to the grassroot« levels".

Also adopted was a

programme of activities

and how the party cells,

branches, «dlstrictys, provinces right to the central committee should be

organised and how information should be transmitted from the Central

Committee down to the

cell«.

"The programme lays

down also how major

party rallies are to be

organised. It has been

decided that all major

rallies are to be organised from the Commissariat which will assign

speakers ana also suggest a theme that

iShould be agreed upion

between the Central Committee and the Commissariat," Cde Nyagumbo

said

He said the programme

would also provide for

provincial and district

leaders of the party to be

invited to address tallies

In provinces other than

their own.

"Perhaps In this way

we will be able to do

away with regionalism

which is now facing us

an<i being talked about,"

he said.

Looking at the party's

performance last year,

Cde Nyagumbo said that

the party had not donn

well in thefields of discipline, organisation and

Ideological orientation.

The party had become

involved In the diplomatic activities which had

made 1986 an eventful

year arising from the

eighth summit of NAM,

Immediately after NA5I

the party had put it.«

weight behind the funeral arrangements tor the

Mozambican president,

Cde Samora Machel.

"However", he said,

"This year wo should U>

able to witness some

changes in the political

activities of the party.''

Cde Nyagumbo reiterated his opposition to the

practice of forcing people

to attend political parly

rallies, saying it W;i.';

' highly irresponsible" to

force people to attend.

"I would personally iiot

go to any meeting whoso

only theme was sloganeering and singing. I would

96
/9274

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' have many other things

to do rather than attend

any meeting of that kind",

lie said.

•» Nevertheless, people

were willing- , to attend

meetings where there was

a subject to be discussed

and whore speakers could

answer questions from

the audience.

He said that committed

party members would always attend meetings and

"if some people do not

want to attend meetings,

let them stay away".

It was true that because of the dangerous

situation facing Zimbabwe

as a result of the activities of the apartheid

regime, people had to be

frequently told at rallies

about the situation.

"The people should be

told what dangers ate

likely to be feeing them

and they will always like

to hear about this," he

said.

People were asking

many questions nowadays

about what was going to

happen to them in Ilia

event of economic sancItlörts 'being apiJMed

against South 'Africa, he

said.

"They would like to

know what items they

will be able to obtain and

which ones they will not

toe able to acquire. Answers to all such questions should be given :tt

the rallies and the people

will always attend such

meetings," Cdo Nyagunilbo said.

On the chances for

unity talks being concluded this year, he said

the Prime Minister, Cda

Mugabe, was current

chairman of the unity

talks and would fos the

one to answer such questions.

"I would only want to

be as optimistic as the

leader of Zapu, Cde

Joshua Nkomo, and say

that there are only minor

difference» that have to

be resolved as soon as

possible since all major

differences have been resolved.

"The issue of the name

of the party which had

been one of the differences In the unity talks»,

has already been resolved.

Cde Nyagumbo «aid.

97
ARMYMEN VISIT PEOPLE'S MILITIA TRAINING CAMP IN MARONDERA

Harare THE HERALD in English 3 Feb 86 pp 1, 5

ZIMBABWE

[Text]

SEVENTY members of

the Zimbabwe National

Army attending a command and staff course in

Harare, yesterday toured

the Gabriel Central Training Camp in Marondera,

where recruits of the people's militia showed their

skills in self-defence and

'.weapons handling.

., The course, Which i:i\

being attended by ranks

from captain to brigadier

gives the participants a

chance to see the Zimbabwe People's Militia

train.

They were briefed by

Wie camp commandant,

Major Ernest Gwinyal Kunaka, on the history of the

camp before a martial

arts demonstration, followed by bayonet fighting,

foot and arms drill and

minor tactics training.

The GCTC was formed

in 1984 to cater for both

military and farming

training to be in line with

the Government's policy

of "defence with production", said Major Kunaka.

"It was designed to

train three infantry battalions at a time under

the guidance of the Korean instructors. Generally

this programme progres- ,

sed well from that period,

up to February last when

the second and last Korean-trained intake passed '

out," he 3aid, During that

period faa-sic infantry

training was covered and

the recruits were made

familiar with all the battalion weaponry.

The GCTC had to restructure itself when the

Korean instructors left so

that it could be like other

ZNA training depots.

He told the course participants that at the training camp, recruits were

divided into three wings

— recruit wing, re-training wing and potential

junior non-comm'.ssioned

officers' wing.

Recruit training cover.

eJ basic military skills.

The recruits are taught

karate, judo and all th»

martial arts skills. The

training lasts three

months.

The trainees are also

taught bayonet fighting

so that when they run out

of ammunition, they can

still be effective and destroy enemy troops. Just

before passing out. they

go through the last phase

of drill where they are

taught to respect their

superiors.

They are also taught

minor tactics for use in

battle to defend the nation. When the recruits,

have completed their

three month basic military training they return

home to their' notmal

lives.

But they are recalled

for re-tralnlng courses as

soon as their services are

required. This training

lasts at least three weeks

after which members are

sent to various areas of

the country for duty.

During the initial three

months training, special

assessment is macVe of

those recruits who show

promise of leadership.

These men attend the

junior leaders course,

"Tills will enable them to

lead and command their

men during time of active

service," said Major

Kunaka.

Among subjects covered by recruits are: weapon training, physical

training, field craft, martial arts, minor tactics,

nrm3 and foot drills, tr.ip

reading, military low,

first aid, voice procedure,

public relations and polltics and administration.

Major Klinaka said although the training was

of high calibre, the camp

had not yet reached the

required standard and

that was why some of the

instructors were continuously being sent for

training at the school of

infantry at Mbalabaln.

The camp commandant

said he would lilte to see

tin)' Zlni'babwo I'eople's

Militia granted modern

equipment for training

just like any other 55NA

training camp.

Since its establishment,

the GCTC had tralued

well over 1500 peoplr-,

who were now playing o

vital role In defending

Borne" of the country's

strategic ttreas and lnfMSaPilatiions. The camp

was also the ZPM'a biggest' and needed t© bo

staffed like a p;arHjion.

Major Kunaka said.

The 70 course participants from Harare were

entertained with martial

arts display by the recruits. In a mock battle

the recruits taught "nnnea 'bandits".

/9274

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MUGABE DISCUSSES BEIRA LINK DURING VISIT TO DPRK

Harare THE HERALD in English 22 Jan 87 p 1

[Text]

ZIMBABWE

PYONGYANG.

ZIMBABWE'S existence

as an Independent sovereign state was very

much dependent on the

security of the Belra

Corridor, especially with

impending sanction!«

against South Africa, the

Prime Minister, Cde Mugabe, said yesterday.

He told leaders of the

Democratic People's Republic of Korea on arrival here yesterday for a

two-day official visit that

Zimbabwe was firmly

committed to defending

"our lifeline" and to helping the Mozamblcan people defend their sovereignty against South

African-backed M N It

bandits.

At a state banquet

hosted for him by the

Korean leader, Cde Kim

II Sung, tlto Prime Minister said South Africa

sought to create a constellation of states with

non-viable satellite states

gravitating around econnomlcaUy-dondnant South

Africa.

"Our existence as an

Independent» eioverelgn

state is very much dependent on the security

of the Beira Corridor,

especially with the impending sanctions against

South Africa and that

country's attempts at

strangling the economies

of the states in the region," said Cde Mugabe.

We told his hosts that

Zimbabwe would continue

to be most grateful to

its friends, among them

the DPRK, for assistance

to enable her to Increase

her capacity to defend her

unity, territorial Integrity

and national survival.

In response the Korean

leader said non-aligned

nations and all peaceloving countries ' must

apply strong sanctions

against South Africa in

the political, economic,

military and diplomatic

fields.

The 74-year-oia leader

of 60 million people appealed tor International

material and moral support to the South African

and Namlblan masses, Including the Frontline

States In their struggle

to eradicate apartheid

artd achieve the complete

liberation of Southern

Africa.

"We win In (he future

too make all our efforts

to give strong support to

and solidarity with the

just struggle of the Zimbabwean people and always stand Arm by the

fighting peoples of! South

Africa and Frontline

countries and all the rest

of 'the African people,"

said Cde Kim n Sung. '

Cdo Mugabe and his

delegation were scheduled to hold talks with

the Korean government

leaders before leaving

Pyongyang for India to

attend the NAM Africa

Furtd meeting In Now

Delhi which begins on

January 24. — Zlann.

/9317

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99
APPLICATION LISTS OPEN FOR BEIRA CORRIDOR PROJECT

ZIMBABWE

Harare THE SUNDAY MAIL in English 1 Feb 87 p 14

[Text]

APPLICATION lisis

open in Harare tomorrow for one of

the most ambitious

efforts yet in this

country to raise capital for what is essentially a regional selfhelp project.

This is the SADCG

Belra Corridor project

and the recently formed

BCG Ltd will open application lists tomorrow

through the Standard

Chartered Merchant Bank

for Its offer of 200 convertible debentures at

?5 000 each. The offer is

only open 'to companies

,and organisations.

The aim is to raise an

initip.l 51 million to allow

BCQ to take up shares

worth $250000 In the

umbrella body representing business interests in

the Belra Corridor and

to act as a conduit

through which the business sector can become

Involved in the provision

of commercial services

and handling facilities in l

the corridor.

If the response to date

1B anything to go by, the

offer Is likely to be well

oversubscribed, Indicating not only high business (interest In seeing

the project succeed, but

also the fact that there

Is still a great deal of

cash lying around in Zimbabwe just crying out

for a good home even It

as in this case, it is a

non-interest bearing possibly non-refundable one.

The stock exchange

has been unable to provide an outlet for this

extra cash because of tha

general shortage of scrip

and the apparent reluctance of listed companies

to heed, chairman Mr

Burdeitt-Coutts' call for

more rights issues.

But BCG appears to

have captured the imagination of businessmen In

Zimbabwe and It is understood that hurried

negotiations are now

under way to try and

clear the way for official

permission to accept all

applications, thereby aocommodating all lnter es ted companies anl

considerably increasing

Initial capital. A final

decision will be announced after BCG's next

board meeting on February 24.

Possession of a debenture will no doubt become

something of a status

Symbol and if the company is, for some reason,

unable to accept all applications, the unlucky ones

should not take their

failure too much to heart.

After all, as long as the

funds are raised to set

BCO In motion, ALL will

benefit.

But the prospectus

makes it very clear that

no special benefits or

favours will accrue from

having, a debenture and

all companies or organisations that approach BCG

for advice or help In setting up jpint venture companies and operations in

the corridor will have to

pay a fee for this advice

or help.

But perhaps the most

heartening aspect of the

reaction to the offer is

the fact that it has been

so great despite the that

BCG makes It quite clear

that the return on Investment — so dear to the

heart of most businessmen — will be nil and

that indeed, businessmen

might well never see

their money again.

Although the reason

for this could well largely

be the issue of the possible South African reaction to the growing

sanctions drive, it Is to be

hoped that, to some extent, it could also be due

to the fact that business,

men are alive to the fact

that Beira is. after all

our natural and most

economic route to the sea

and that SADCC's efforts

to renabllltaite and upgrade It deserve and need

their support.

If the latter is indeed

the case, it is encouraging

in view of the fact that

many businessmen have

too long tended to write

. Beira off as a "lost

cause" and have stubbornly stuck to their traditional routes through

South AiMca despite the

ongoing and steady improvement of the corridor's handling capacity,

over the last two years.

True, there are still the

occasional hiccups in the

system, but with the re.

laying of track fast Hearing completion and the

»ecuritly Rituatkm uiivdor

tight contol — plus all

the development projects

planned by SADCC and

the Mozamblcan government — the port is set

to ibecome a major regional asset.

SIADCC has already

landed pledges worth

US$180 million for the

project while the NonAligned Movement's

Africa Fund is expected

to channel a fair proportion of the US$70 million

raised so far into

SADCC's various regional

transport projects, including Beira

These, and possible

funds from other sources,

will help speed up the

Implementation of the

actual rehabilitation and

construction work being

co-ordinated by the Mozamblcan government's

Beira Corridor Authority

and the Zimbabwean Government's MachlpandaBelra Authority. ThP support and help of the business community in providing commercial services

and handling facilities

wlh be a valuable Input.

It is proposed that

SADCC and foreign business interests will be coordinated by a company

to be known as Belrncor,

which will be registered

in Belra. Under this will

fall Empresa Austral de

Desenvolvlmento, representing business Interests

in Mozambique; BCG

Limited, representing

business Interests In the

rest of SADCC, and B3G

A/S, representing foreign

business Interests.

/9274

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100
ZIMBABWE

SWEDISH PROJECT TO AID TEACHER TRAINING

Stockholm DAGENS NYHETER in Swedish 12 Jan 87 p 11

[Article by Berit Hard: "Zimbabwe Expanding Elementary Education—

Unemployment Awaiting the Young"; first paragraph is DAGENS NYHETER

introduction]

[Text] Chirundazi. The school in Chirundazi has 800 students, just twice as

many as there is room for. While half of the children have lessons indoors

the other half works outdoors. It works well when it does not rain.

The number of children in elementary school has grown in a few years from

820,000 to 2.5 million. This has turned Zimbabwe into a giant school

experiment—partly with Swedish aid.

With independence in 1980 Zimbabwe inherited a school system from which a

large part of the African children were excluded, and therefore the course of

study was not appropriate for African children. It dealt mostly with Europe.

The course of study was changed and the right of all children to attend

school was established. New schools were built, and were quickly overfilled.

Despite attending school in shifts, the classes are very large and one-third

lack trained teachers. Of those students who have finished school, the

smartest often begin teaching immediately.

In many areas, therefore, the quality of education has declined.

Parents' dissatisfaction with this is reflected in the "Letters to the

Editor" column of the daily paper. The complaints usually come from the upper

classes, who still must keep their children in school.

"But who is to decide which children will not go to school because of the

shortages of teachers and classrooms? The only choice is to go to shifts and

have larger classes," said Principal Dominique Savanu in Chirundazi.

Even the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have complained,

because they consider that through its school program Zimbabwe is putting too

much money into its social sector. Education is the largest item in the

budget of Zimbabwe.

101
Built By Themselves

The school in Chirundazi was built by the parents themselves. They made the

bricks, paid a contractor and contributed their own labor to build it. Some

of the building material was paid for by SIDA [Swedish International

Development Authority], and on the walls there are new Swedish maps of

Zimbabwe and Africa.

It is not just the school in Chirundazi where this has happened. All over the

countryside, even in the poorest areas, the parents are involved in a way

which has no equivalent in Sweden. Although they hardly have food for the day

they are working on the school buildings. They want their children to attend

school. And everywhere it is done in about the same way: the parents get

help with some of the building material and do the rest themselves.

As early as the first grade the children learn English and can write sentences

in English. When Mabel Tigere teaches the fifth grade the entire program is

conducted in English. I stayed in the classroom and listened to a lesson

dealing with health care. Food and health care and hygiene are new subjects

in school since the new course of study was introduced after independence.

"Which are the most dangerous childhood diseases?" asked Mabel Tigere, and 45

hands were raised.

"Diarrhea, measles, tuberculosis, whooping cough—"

"How does one protect himself from sickness? Form groups and write a report,"

instructed Mabel Tigere, and the children gathered in groups of six with a

pencil and paper and wrote their reports in English.

Then they talked about which foods small children should eat and why it is so

important to suckle babies. They talked about latrines and the importance of

keeping clean.

And the children learn. They take their knowledge home with them to their

parents and later out into life.

Major Project

None of the educational materials in the classrooms—except for the Swedishmade maps—are purchased readymade. Mabel Tigere has made them all herself.

Part of her treacher training was devoted to learning how to make educational

materials. Mabel is a product of Zimbabwe's ambitious program for teacher

training. In a project which attracted attention all over Africa, 8,000

students entered a four-year teacher training program. Now 3,000 of them have

completed their training. The entire program will be completed in 1988, and

then the shortage of teachers will be alleviated. But with a yearly

population growth of 3.5 percent, the highest in Africa next to Kenya's, it

will be a long time before the schools catch up.

102
Sweden contributes to teacher training with aid through SIDA. The new

teachers will be able to teach both children and adults, since many schools

have a literacy program for adults in the evenings. Teacher training schools

are not adequate for mass education, and therefore the teacher candidates can

get correspondence courses for self-study.

"We could not have accomplished this without SIDA and UNICEF," said Joseph

Pfende in the Department of Education at the capital in Harare.

Unemployment

Now a change is being prepared in the school system itself—away from the

English pattern—to something resembling the Swedish elementary school system

with both theoretical and practical lines. The schools in Zimbabwe will have

a more technical and less academic line. Experts from Zimbabwe have made

penetrating studies of the Swedish school system.

The 90,000 youths leaving school each year will also create a problem. They

will come out with expectations of jobs and higher living standards than their

parents had. Instead unemployment is waiting. Only about 7,000 new jobs are

created each year, and only a fraction of the youths will get jobs.

Agriculture, which gives the most employment in Zimbabwe, is now reducing its

requirement for farm workers.

Signs of concern and frustration are appearing among the youths. A social

problem is beginning to grow.

Five-Year Plan

In Zimbabwe's five-year plan it is calculated that the number of industrial

workers will grow from the present 169,000 to 200,000 by 1990, but even that

is a modest increase. Youth unemployment is growing into Zimbabwe's largest

and most difficult problem.

The right to an education for all was one of the goals of the struggle for

liberation. The government, including Prime Minister Robert Mugabe himself,

insists that it can never be a mistake to educate youths.

Others are inclined to agree with the principal who with great difficulty

educates 1600 students in a school built for 700, and who said, "We are

educating them, but for what?"

9287

CSO:3650/50

103
ZIMBABWE

MINISTER URGES INDUSTRIALISTS TO STEP UP EXPORT DRIVE

Harare THE HERALD in English 22 Jan 87 p 1

[Excerpt]

INDUSTRIALISTS have

been urged to redouble

their efforts to disengage

from the South African

economy and .make

greater use of alternative

transport routes.

to an exclusive message to The Herald for

Industrialists, the Minister of Industry and Technology, Dr Oallisttis

Ndlovu, also called on

them to continue finding

solutions to the shortage

of foreign exchange ..and

to step up their export

drive.

"Zimbabwe ls dutybound to participate to

the international economic

sanctions against the immoral regime in South

Africa and the Prime

Minister has already, announced that it lg a question of time bqfore Zimbabwe implements sanctions against that country," he said.

While it was true that

Zimbabwe's economy was

"intertwined with that of

South Africa", it could be

disengaged if enough effort was directed toward

identifying new sources

of supply iand export

destinations.

"This is the challenge

that you industrialist»

and businessmen must

take up and, given your

resilience, I am confident

that you will address the

problem squarely and

come out on top of the

situation. I do »ot

pretend that it will be an

easy task, but it can and

has'to be done-

"On its part, the Government is working Hat

"out to ensure that the

disruptive effect of sanctions on our economic life

will be kept minimal."

He commended the rol«

of the private sector in

the development of the

Belra Corridor andisal«

that to make the corridor

viable, importers and exporters had to use this

route whenever possible

while also examining the

visibility o* «sing tn*

Tazara line.

Reviewing developments

in industry during 1986,

he said that although the

year had started on an

optimistic note after the

"impressive" recovery in

1985, it had not been able

to sustain rapid growth

into 1986. As a result,

growth in the manufacturing sector moved from

11.4 percent in 1985 to an

estimated 3 percent last

year, although performance differed from on*

subisector to the other.

For example, while textiles and ginning, clothing

and footwear, wood and

furniture continued to do

well, growth slackened,

substantially i n tha

paper, mllfing, stockfeed

and transport equipment

sub-sectors.

"If there is a single

factor that can be identified as the major con«

stralnt on the growth of

the manufacturing sector

iln 1986, it was the shortage of foreign currency,"

Said Dr Ndlovu.

/9317

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104
ZIMBABWE

COUNTRY NOW SAID TO BE 'LARGEST COTTON PRODUCER IN REGION'

Harare THE SUNDAY MAIL in English 1 Feb 87 p 14

[Text]

ZIMBABWE Is now the

largest cotton producer

and exporter in Africa,

south of the Sahara, the

director of the Cotton

Training Centre Jn Kadoma, Mr Rob Jarvis, has

said.

Mr JarvlB was speaking

to visiting diplomats and

guests, who included the

Governor of the Midlands,

Senator Tranos Makombe,

during a tour of the Cot-

*ton Training Centre on

Thursday.

The purpose of the visit

was to introduce the people to the cotton Industry

and to show them what

goes on at the training

centre.

He said Zimbabwe exports 70 percent of its

total cotton production

and that it is the 19th

largest exporter in the

world.

The Cotton Training

Centre In Kadoma was

opened in 1980, to facilitate training and advisory

services of the highest

calibre for cotton producers. It offers courses in

cotton production, cotton

scouting and cotton picking, and can accommodate a maximum of 300

participants.

Last year, 1360 cotton

farmers were trained. As

a result of the efforts by

the centre, the number of

registered communal farmers growl«? cotton has

increased enormously

from 30000 in 1980 to

170 000 this year, and

there are 700 registered

commercial farmers.

The communal farmers

are now producing half of

the country's cotton, said

Mr JarvlB.

During the visit, the

diplomats were shown

video films on what goes

on at the centre and later

they were shown around

the fields.

Besides growing cotton,

the centre grows maize,

soyabeans, coffee and

groundnuts.

For the latter crop, the

centre encourageB the

communal fanners to

use the plowcon water

planting system, which is

a water conservative

form of irrigation, and

thjat they should also follow the crop rotation

system of malze-groundnuts-cotton.

However, Mr Jarvis

said the major problem

faced by the Cotton

Training Centre Is that

of sponsorship, as it depends more on outside

donors.

"We are hoping that in

the near future, cotton

farmers in the country

will also contribute to

the running of the centre."

• A two-week regional

cotton production course

will be held at the centre this week.

Ninteen participants

from Malawi, Tanaanla,

Botswana, Nepal and Zimbabwe will attend.

The course, which will

start on Tuesday, February 3, will be to show

the "participants the different systems and

methods used by Zimbabwe as. the largest cotton producer in the

Fouthern region, said Mr

Rob Jarvis.

The centre held two

such courses In 19S5 and

Innt vcar but this will bo

the first time nartlclonntn

have come from countries outside the continent.

/9274

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105
EXPLOSIVES MANUFACTURING PLANT ENVISIONED

Harare THE HERALD in English 22 Jan 87 p 1

[Article by Andrew Rusinga]

ZIMBABWE

[

Text] ZIMBABWE is to build

an $8 million plant

to manufacture explosive» for the mining

industry in a joint

venture between the

Industrial Develop,

m e n t Corporation»

Swedish explosive»

manufacturer Nitro

Nobel and «be SwedSsh

Fund for Industrial

Co-operation with Devclopfing Countries.

Building of the plant

starts to Kwekwe In May

in a deal that constitutes

one of the most significant

Industrial Joint • venture

projects between Zimbabwe ami foreign firms

since Independence. The

factory should start operating in March 1988.

The vice-president of

Nitro Nobel AB, Mr Sven

Ola Nilsson, told The

Herald last night that the

IDC would have a 51 percent shareholding in the

civil explosives manufac-"

turing company to be

named Nitro Nobel Zimbabwe Ltd.

Nitro Nobel would hold

a 25 percent equity and

Swedfund — an independent body which promotes

transfer of technology

from Sweden to develops

tag' 'countries through"

joint venture« — would

hold 24 percent equity in

the $7,5 million deal.

Foreign exchange investment in the project

will total $4,U million:

$1,9 million in equity

from Swedeni and $2,2

million In concessional

credit for imports of

plant and equipment for

the factory. The credit

will carry a 4,5 percent

interest rate. a_four-year

grace period and will be

repaid in four years.

The HXJ will Inject

share capital of about.

$1,0 million with the rest

of : thel . funding coming

from; local borrowings.

Th* agreement to net

up the company — th«

second joint venture b&<

between the IDC and Swe^

dish concerns — was concluded late last year after

"lengthy and cumbersome" negotiations that

started in 1983, Mr

Nilsson said. The other

joint venture company 1»

Optimus Zimbabwe based

in Kwekwe which Manufactures stoves and hurricane lamps. /

"The plant at full pro

auction will have a capacity to produce 4 000

tonnes of civil explosives a year to meet all

of Zimbabwe's demands.

The plaint will aim to

rtiti«iMt»:t^ imports comip.l<*tij--.-' 'lie vice-presl-

'«!•'•. I. SJ'''.. Zimbabwe imports its mining explosives

mainly fron» South Africa.

Mr Nilsson said the

plant will consume about

2 500 tonnes of ammonium nitrate a year —

the main ingredient —

to be supplied by Kwekwe-based Sable Chemical

.industries. The plant will

use the latest technology

in civil explosives manufacture — the emulsion

process.

The explosives named

emulite will be much

safer to manufacture and

handle than the nitroglycerine-based explosives being imported at

present, he said

Mr Nilsson, who is in

Harare with Swedfund's

legaü counsel, Mr Harald

Nordenson, to conclude

contracts for supplies of

plant, technical assistance

and licensing agreements

said the Kwekwe factory

will employ between 00

and 65 people. Two expatriates from Sweden will

he seconded to the factory.

Nitro Nobel — founded

In 1864 by Alfred Nobel

who is better known for

the Nobel awards — is

the only Swedish explosives manufacturing company and one of the main

exptostves manufacturer«

in the world.

/9317

CSO: 3400/893

106
ZIMBABWE

FUEL REPORTS IN GAZETTE SEEN AS 'MISLEADING'

Harare THE HERALD in English 22 Jan 87 p 1

[Text]

THE Financial Gazette recently published two Inaccurate stories saying 34 000 tonnes of fuel were

being bought from South Africa, a statement from

the Minister of Energy, Water Resources and Development, Cde Kumbirai Kangai, said yesterday.

The minister said the fuel was bought elsewhere*

and offloaded at Maputo and was being carried on

tne railways running from Maputo via Komatlpoort

on the South African border to Beltbridge.

The inaccurate stories published in South Afrlc&tt

papers and the Gazette were inaccurate, mischievous

nnd capable of causing despondency.

The Becohfl Gazette story published »Mt Friday

— the first was published on December 5 — said

that Air Zimbabwe had curtailed at least two flight*

because of a shortage of Avgas.

In fact, Air Zimbabwe does not even use Avgas,

the high octane petrol type fuej used by, piston

englned aircraft. Turbo prop and jet engines, which

equip the entire Air Zimbabwe fleet, use a paraffin

type fuel called Jet Al, which is in plentiful supply.

Cde Kangai said It was provocative to suggest

the airline was delayed by a shortage of fuel it did

not use.

In any case, there were adequate stocks of

Avgas and the ministry said it was regrettable that

the Gazette chose to Ignore the statement carried in

The Herald from the minister, which clearly stated

that Zimbabwe had adequate stocks of fuel.

The minister suggested the paper should direct

itself to factual Information instead of publishing

untrue statements that could arouse a public outcity.

/9317

CSO: 3400/893

107
SOUTH AFRICA

SOCIETY UNDER ANC REGIME VISUALIZED

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 16-22 Jan 87 p 14

[Article by Howard Barrell]

[Text]

Till-: kind of society the African National

Congress would create in South Africa — if it

came to power — would most likely depend as

much on its path to power as on its claimed loyalty

to those political equivalents of motherhood and

apple pie which find general acceptance

internationally.

A revolutionary victory after a protracted,

bloody and bitter struggle of the kind waged in

Vietnam would, at the end of the'day, mean an

ANC with a far less benign face than it is trying to

project today.

Negotiations on the South African conflict of the

Lancaster House type which brought ZANU(PF)

to power in Zimbabwe in 1980 would probably

mean-a gradual transformation of South African

society — though the pace would probably be

much faster than in Zimbabwe.

The key to the pace and nature of changes would

depend on the balance between the relative powers

of the' South African Defence Force, Umkhonto

weSizwe, the trade unions, the Communist Party,

and township and rural organisations. Not to

mention the attitudes of the United States

administration, the Soviet Union, the international

financial and commodity markets, neighbouring

African states and the like.

Until history answers those questions, it is

possible only to examine the rhetorical colour of

the ANC's motherhood and the disclosed

ingredients of its apple pie. That colour and those

ingredients, as is well known, are pure poison to

the government, its supporters and some others.

The ANC's vision remains a collection of

generalities largely. The ANC says it wants to

build a "non-racial, democratic and united South

Africa". In that, it differs, say, from Inkatha of the

Progressive Federal Party, which say they want a

non-racial, democratic but federal South Africa.

The ANC maintains it is sincere in its nonracialism. Its admission of whites as full members,

it points out, is evidence of its sincerity: Marion

Sparg, sentenced to 25 years in prison last year, is

the latest and most visible case. And the ANC

National Executive' Committee made an

impassioned appeal to whites last week to break

with the past and apartheid, and to join their black

compatriots in the fight against white political

supremacy. The cynics, of course accused them of

putting on a "charm show".

The ANC executive said: "We reaffirm that in

the new South Africa, the people — all the people

shall govern. We shall, together, translate that

fundamental democratic principle into practice

whereby each person shall have the right both to

vote and to be voted to any elective organ in the

new, united, non-racial South Africa".

The ANC's accession to power would, they said,

"guarantee the individual and equal rights of all

South Africans ... and include such freedoms as

those of speech, assembly, association, language,

religion, the press, the inviolability of family life

and freedom from arbitrary an-est and detention

without trial."

That's the grand scheme. What of the small

print?

The ANC puts an important restriction on all

this liberality. It would outlaw the organised

propogation of ideas of "fascism, racism and

ethnicity". That would mean any newspaper,

political party or organisation putting forward

these views would be outlawed.

On the press, a top political leader of the ANC

said in the middle of last year that a view

developing within the outlawed movement was

that the ANC was keen to have a healthy

divergency of views between different media, but

that existing press monopolies would have to be

108
broken — perhaps by nationalisation. He foresaw

that the ANC would have its own regional press,

charged with putting across its "line".

He rejected having a slavish commercial press.

And he responded favourably to some

Scandinavian models, for guaranteeing a Viable

multiplicity of newspapers, magazines and other

media. These Scandinavian models provide for the

taxation of advertising in major news

organisations and the use of this revenue to

subsidise and encourage younger publications'

viability. He particularly favoured this for the

trade union and community press.

But there was a corrollary to all this. He ended

by warning that the press would have to

substantially change its character, and embrace the

broad objectives of the new society, as well as find

ways of democratising its inner workings.

Winning over whites, splitting the white bloc

and isolating the government is also a tactical

imperative for the ANC. Logically, it must

weaken the ranks of what can be termed (although

it does not use the term itself) its "generalised

enemy". This causes some suspicion about the

sincerity of its professed non-racialism in some

quarters.

The central meaning of "national liberation" for

the ANC is the creation of a situation where black

South Africans achieve that access to state and

administrative power, economic resources,

education and other fruits which it considers are

warranted by black numbers, labour power and

needs.

National liberation for the ANC means

primarily black liberation. It has said repeatedly

in its policy documents that a formal acquisition of

state power is not enough. The economy will have

to be transformed, the ANC favours a "mixed

economy", its spokesmen again confirmed this

week, which may come as a surprise to radicals

hoping for instant socialism.

For the ANC a mixed economy means, in

particular, that South Africa's mining, banking,

farming, food, news and other monopolies will

have to be broken —where necessary, by

nationalisation.

Below these "commanding heights", small

businessmen, traders and professionals would be

free to continue ringing up their tills. The ANC

says the welfare of the working class, its

representation in the post-apartheid state and

access to resources are paramount in its view.

The "new state" would be "representative of all

the people of our country, and especially the

ordinary working people who own neither land

nor factories and neither the mines nor the banks",

the ANC executive said last week. Hence, a

transfer of power "must be accompanied by the

democratisation of the control and direction of the

economy so that indeed the people share in the

wealth of our country".

An ANC constitution for South Africa would be

"an elaboration of the freedom charter which lays

down the guidelines for a post-apartheid South

Africa", official ANC spokesman Torn Sebina said

in Lusaka this week. This means, in effect, a South

African variant of social democracy. In the ANC's

terms, it means building the political and

economic blocks of "national democracy".

A cornerstone of liberal policy, such as that of

the PFP, is the protection of individual rights. The

National Party's major concern is the protection

of ethnic group rights.

ANC spokesmen have said previously that the

movement has no objection in principle to a bill of

individual human rights. What it would reject

completely, however, is any guarantee of ethnic or

racial group rights. Protecting rights on this basis

would, for the ANC, mean entrenching sonic form

of nco-apartheid and be a betrayal of its 75-year

fight.

For similar reasons, ANC spokesmen say the

organisation is suspicious of any form of

federalism or confederalism, which it sees as a

device to create zones of white or black

dominance, again entrenching some form of ncoapartheid.

' An interesting discussion between a group of

ANC members overheard recently concerned the

adviseability of "group rights" along class and

stratification lines other than race or ethnicity.

The idea put forward was: what about entrenching

special rights for groups such as workers, both

employed and unemployed; for farmers; for

religious people; for craftsmen, retailers and

tradespeople; for white collar workers; for

intellectuals and cultural workers; for the youth;

and for women? The idea was put forward more

as a question than a proposal.

The ANC has, as the government so often points

out, long-standing traditional ties with the Soviet

Union and other Eastern-bloc countries. But the

officially stated policy of the ANC is not proMoscow, but non-aligned. Whether an ANC-ruled

South Africa might diverge from this policy

would depend both on the international "balance

of forces" and the political and electoral pressures

that develop inside the country.

As a self-conscious "national liberation

movement", the ANC has been careful to bring

together as broad a spectrum of anti-apartheid

forces as possible within its ranks. It is, currently,

in only a few ways comparable to a political party.

It contains ideological divergencies from militant

liberals to communists united — for the time

being — around this essentially social democratic

programme. But it can safely be said that it is the

more militant left which gets more powerful and

numerous with each passing day.

It is not impossible that an ANC government

could, some years into its life and after the

achievement of its agreed political and economic

109
programme, spawn several different political

parties putting forward different polices.

Assuming the impossible: that the ANC would

be allowed to take part in an election tomorrow,

its party manifesto would revolve around:

• Majoritarian parliamentary democracy in a

unitary state structure.

• One person, one vote.

•Individually guaranteed human rights, actionable in the courts.

• The direction of the vast bulk of the state's

energies towards re-allocating resources towards

black political, social, and economic advancement.

• A non-aligned foreign policy, with membership of the Organisation of African Unity.

• A whole lot of people going around calling

each other comrade.

It is a measure of present South African society

that to achieve this would probably require little

less than a revolution — such is the level of.

distaste in government and some other circles of

the ANC's pinko-black motherhood and the way it

wants to slice the pie.

This report on the ANC has

I been restricted so as to comply

—

with last week's regulations

/9317

CSO: 3400/887

110
SOUTH AFRICA

WESTERN REPORTING OF BLACK VERSUS BLACK VIOLENCE DESCRIBED AS MYTH

Dar es Salaam SUNDAY NEWS in English 25 Jan 87 p 3

[Commentary by Manase Neo Sefatlhe]

[Text]

WHAT! Black against Black

In South Africa? Is it really

"Black versus Black" or just

another form of racist

propaganda in a bid to prove

that "Blacks fight not only

against apartheid but also

amongst themselves"?

The Boer regime has a

special and costly budget

bargained for sowing seeds of

confusion ' and division

amongst the oppressed

African population.

Quite a considerable'

amount of the country's

military or rather, defence

budget Is allocated to the :

ivttdoeke, Vigilantes, groupöf Black mercenaries or to

put them In their right perspective. Black collaborators.

The president of the Cape

5fouth Congress (CAYCO),

Roseberry Sonto, says the

vigilantes who are sometimes

called the fathers "are

always acting in concert with

the police".

Sonto says "the vigilantes

are money-mongers sucking

money From the squatters

(Cross-Roads squatters in the

Cape Province)". He says the

vigilante's leader in the

Cross-Roads, "General"

Ngzobongwana, earns about

20,000/- and 50,000/- each

month from rentals collected

lh_the area.

"the' Weekly Mail" a

South African newspaper

quotes CAYCO president as

saying; "It is an ideological

battle between the

"progressive" and "corrupt

enemy agents".

CAYCO is basically a threat

to the "vigilantes mainly

because it calls for rent

boyootts arid similar protests,

luxuries that the vigilantes

cannot afford.

A glance «it the "City

Press" another South

African newspaper, takes you

to a bloody scene that a

reporter of that paper

visited: "The trouble can be

traced back to attempts by

the Cross-Roads executives .

(vigilantes) to destroy

progressive organisations

like CAYCO.... the trouble

between these groups

first flared up last December

(in 1085) but a tenous peace

was negotiated. It lasted until

Sunday when the worst

Violence ever seen in the

Western Cape flared üp."

This journalist, shocked by

the event continues reporting.;:." 1 was the first

reporter to arrive in Nyanga

biish, where fierce fighting

raged between the vigilantes

attd the progressives on

Sunday and Monday. The

scene shocked me. I had entered a war w>ne.

The. atmosphere was

charged with tension, anger,

hatred and vengeance. Grim

faced, unsmiling men, tired

after guarding their

possessions through the

night, walked around armed

newspaper has

"Cross-Roads

with a wide assortment of

weapons, including sharp

axes, pangas, knobkieries

and petrol bombs. It was

frightening to see several

young boys amongst them.

There were the Comrades.

And why all this?,

the "Star" a daily

the story:

was tense

early today after what

police described as a quiet

night. The official death toll

has risen to 18 unofficial estimates of those dead

range from 25 to \\. No accurate figures are available:

More than 3,000 shacks

have been systematically

destroyed and at least 30,000

people made homeless in

what health authorities,

church and relief workers on

the spot are calling "the

worse human tragedy in Cape

Town's history".

Reporters watched from a

building as men •— a group of

about 150 spread along the

section of the road —

smashed windows and indoors of shacks, in cases virtually loooting before setting

them alight. (These were

vigilantes, racist agents on

the attack).

All the men were ortned in

some way — with Merries (n

stick with a ball of the head),

sticks, iron bars, golf clubs,

an axe and a wheel-spanner

and all wore strips of white

material tied to the wrist or

111
arm, from which they get

their name "witdocke ("witdoekc is a boer word meaning a white cloth: This is done to

identify members of the

group as all are Blacks

during the fight). They are

said to be conservative

vigilantes".

Mind you, the police

deplore '.'violence", but

:

where were they on this

bloody day? The reporter has

the answer: "enspirs und

buffels carrying troops and

police made sorties down the

road, past makeshift

barricades but no action

was taken until about an

• hour later. Whistling and

Shouting to one another as

they milled about and shacks

blazed, the men appeared to

be In completed control of

the area, acting Without

panic or haste. (Note that the

police arc not intervening

but watching what they wi.ll

report as Black versus

Blacks).

Not heeding the police

vehicles rumbling past

some of the men carried away

mattresses', blankets and furniture as shucks started to

burn. Cross-Roads victims'

claim the police are aiding

the udtdoekes.

It is abundantly clear from

the above report, that this is

not "black against black",

buta war waged by fascist

surrogates against the entire

revolution against the obnoxious.system of a decaying

apartheid.

The international mass

media (western media) often ly reports such tragedies

as ' 'fighting amount rival

Black groups or tribal

clashes". These are unfounded reports. Such

clashes occur mostly in the

mines where White

businessmen deploy tvitdoeke

to attack trade union leaders

calling for belter working

conditions.

Behind the vigilantes are

men like Galsh Buthclezi,

leader of Inkatha,a self

proclaimed "leader of the

Blacks". Inkatha,a self

proclaimed liberation

movement is mainly composed of Zulu speaking

people,a division that tlie

progressive detest and hate.

CntsliH is one of America's

great sons, for he is bitterly

opposed to sanctions and

strongly denounces armed

struggle. He is always caught

speaking the language thata

Boer speaks; "sanctions will

hurt the Blacks". We might

also add, sanctions will help

bringing downa regime that

he so worships and honours.

When he was in the United

States, like Savimbi, he

walked proudly ona red carpet. He was accorded wild

publicity and portrayed by

the VOA asa leader of six

million Zulus, the largest

South Africans tribe.

Gatshaa one time member

of the. African National

Congress (ANC) while

studying al the University of

Forthare in Natal, was clever

enough to use the name of

the ANC to woo supporters

for his notorious Inkatha.

Thousands of Zulu

speaking people were

ignorant of the fact that Gatsha was using the ANC flag

and the name congress in order to give them the impression that Inkatha was an

underground for the ANC.

(note that this weis after the

ANC was banned in lfiBO).

Members of Inkatha tooka

long time to realise that their

movement heldo contrary

perspective toa theory of

devolution in South Africa. It

is impossible to resign iii

Inkatha, resignation will

mean your death.

The people of Kwazulu

(Kwazulu is one of areas

allocated to Africans for

"self rule", although it has;

not been granted "independence" it is of no''difference to the Transkei of

Matanzima) cannot be employed anywhere without

producing 'Inkatha'a membership card. Their children

cannot be enrolled in any

school unless they produce

pioneer's identity (Inkatha's); You need a

membership card in order to

be givena shelter. Bea

member of Inkatha or

else

In 11183, the Bantu

education author! tits announced that the University

of Zululand (whose chmicellor is Gotsha) would be

closed following serious

clashes between boycotting

students and members of

Inkatha, the witdoekrs.

Scores of students were injured as they jumped from

the fifth floor to escape the

sight ofa brutal vigilante.

Reasons for the attack ....

"students are insulting tiie

chancellor (Gatsha) and label

him as an agent. They support the aims of the ANC to

kill Gatsha".

As usual "law and order"

was not maintained by the

watching police; "a good

match of Blacks vs Blacks".

In another event, the

national President of the

UDF, Archie Gumcde, said

thafff big crowd of more than

500 men mined to the teeth,

stormeda prayer meeting

organised by the

Mpuma/Langa Youth

Organisation (affiliated to

(UDF) and savagely attacked

unarmed Christians ina

Church. Vigilantes burned

cars belonging to the youth

organisation.

In retaliating to three

and Such brutalities perpetrated by the witdoekrs in

proxy, the Comrades-, the

progressives. the "young

lions", have one medicine;

"taliesa tyre, fill it with

petrol and set it around the

neck ofa traitor. Set it alight

and kill the agent". (This

medicine is popularly

known as "necklacing").

'Mints how it is in the

whole of South Africa and

never Black vs Blacks.

/927A

CSO: 3400/965

112
SOUTH AFRICA

RADIO FREEDOM DIRECTOR DESCRIBES APPEAL OF BROADCASTS

Nairobi DAILY KATION in English 10 Jan 87 p 1

[Article by And rev? Meldrum]

[Text] The unmistakable sound of

gunfire from 'rapid-lire weapon

fills the air, followed by shouts of

"amandla" (power), then a voice

says: "You are tuned to Radio.

Freedom, the Voice of the African

National Congress (ANC) and

Umkhonto We Sizwe, the

people's army revolutionary

greetings."

This is the electrifying sign-on

used by the radio of the outlawed

ANC that thousands of South

African blacks and antiapartheid activists listen for on

their shortwave radios.

"We think it is exciting and

distinctive, especially to our

people inside South Africa," said

Kadio Freedom director Don

Noubeni. "When people hear

that gunfire they know they are

listening to us."

The kind of programmes that

follow — exhortations to fight the

apartheid system, to resist the

Pretoria government's attempts

to control the people and

explanations of ANC policies —

cannot be found on the statecontrolled South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)

radio. -

Listeners also hear antiapartheid songs by fighters in the

ANC'8 guerrilla force, Umkhonto

We Sizwe (Zulu for spear of the

nation).

"Those, songs are one of the

'ways we know people are

listening to us," said Noubeni.

"Since 1984, we have noticed at

funerals and in marches that

young people are singing them.

They could have only learned

. them on Kadio Freedom."

Mr Noubeni said exiles from

South Africa haye told how antiapartheid activitists huddle

together in cramped township

houses and tune in.

"They tape our broadcasts to

learn the songs and to send our

directives to the people," said Mr

Noubeni, a former schoolteacher

in South Africa..

The message is to support the

ANC's struggle against the

powerful Pretoria Government.

An announcer exhorts: "Fellow

countrymen. Let us engulf the

apartheid system in the fires and

thunders of the people's war. Let

us turn every corner of our

country into a battlefield. Let us

weaken the enemy and prepare to

seize power. Every patriot a combattant, and every combattant a

patriot."

The South African authorities

try to jam Radio Freedom's

broadcasts and even try to

destroy its studios. When the

South African army attacked

Zambia last May 19, it hit a

shack which used to be the

station's studio.

Now the broadcasts are taped

«n a back room of a small house in

a township outside Lusaka.

Since then, Mr Sisulu has been

serving a life term in a South

African jail.

/9274

CSO: 3400/965

113
SOUTH AFRICA

PUTCC CUTS LOSSES IN)SPITE OF BOYCOTTS

Johannesburg FINANCIAL MAIL in English 23 Jan 37 p 64

[Text]

If a company faces a boycott of its services as

well as savage competition, the chances are

its profits will suffer. But in the distorted

world in which black bus giant Putco operates, the reverse is true — these adversities

are pushing the struggling group into the

black.

Cancellation of uneconomical operations

— like the Durban-Umlazi route, which was

also hit by the unrest — and frequency cuts

on other loss-making routes have helped reduce Putco's losses. Indeed, the company

could go into profit for the first time since

1984. Ironically, the SA Black Taxi Association is now negotiating with Putco to buy

some 60 of its mothballed Natal buses.

Putco's profitability has declined progressively over the past two years, notwithstanding hefty State subsidies. After a R6,lm

profit in 1984, Putco ran up a R8,4m loss in

1985 and then slumped to a R18,4m loss in

1986. In the same period, passengers fell

from 1984's 353,3m to 323,2m in 1985 and a

low of 278,2m in 1986. This could fall further in 1987.

While gross revenue increased in the

period — R230m in 1984, R269m in 1985

and R299m in 1986 — this reflects the

impact of higher annual fares.

And boycotts could change even this inflated trend. The Soweto boycott followed a

17,5% fare hike from November 1 last year.

"We have already taken about 280 unused

buses off our Soweto route," Putco public

relations executive Pat Rogers tells the FM.

"This means drivers have lost jobs, running

costs are reduced and the remaining fleet of

370 buses can be more economically managed. With occupation levels on the Soweto

route still close to 50%, further rationalisation is being considered unless the boycott

ends or government helps out."

In the short term, black commuters are

the certain losers in the equation. Taxi fares

can be as much as 2,5 times higher than

Putco rates. Furthermore, heavily subsidised

services, such as those for black schoolchildren, could suffer if Putco is forced to scale

down Soweto services.

Rogers says Putco does not blame taxis for

exploiting the lack of control which has now

become "apparent policy." But it would have

preferred to see a more ordered development

/9274

CSO; 3400/965

114
SOUTH AFRICA

EXILES ENGAGE SUCCESSFULLY IN AGRICULTURE

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 16-22 Jan 87 p 10

[Article by Vivienne Walt]

[Text]

IT is a long way from home. Thirty kilometres

outside Lusaka, where a group of South African

exiles farm almost 3 000 hectares of land, there

are few traces of township life.

On the half-hour's drive along a bumpy dirt

road, there are only occasional signs of human

habitation. Here and there, huts have been built

alongside the road, but the paths to the farm

gate are bordered mostly by flat scrubland. It is

many kilometres to the nearest shop.

And, with extraordinary irony, Chongela

Estates sits next door one of Zambia's most

spacious and lucrative farms — owned by the

Anglo American Corporation.

Since the Swedish International Development

Agency bought a second, adjoining farm for the

exiles in November 1985, for $150 000 (about

R270 000), Chongela has more than doubled its

land, and is expanding its production and

developing the agricultural training given here to

those who have fled South Africa.

"Very few of us come from rural areas,"

explains Aaron Mafaje, 34, who runs Chongela.

Before going into exile in 1976, he lived in

Orlando and worked as a clerk at an engineering

firm in Johannesburg.

"I was never interested in farming," he says.

But after his training in farm management — in

East Germany and Tanzania — he changed his

views.

"We used to believe gold was the only thing. But

it's the development of agriculture that made

South Africa what it is."

"I had to be taught that it was very important.

Now, I don't jthink I will go back into any

township or town."

In the midst of widespread poverty and

malnutrition, the people at Chongela have

succeeded, with donated equipment, in producing

crops of maize, sunflowers and soya beans.

There are also sheep and chickens, 1 300 head of

cattle and 300 pigs — including the two plumpest

white pigs, baptised by the exiles as Botha and

Reagan in an irreverant poke at their enemies.

Reagan has been honoured with a pen of his

own in the middle of the long piggery, in which

he snorts and dribbles, shakes his head from

side to side and stretches down comfortably

into his warm excrement.

Before Christmas last year, Botha was

slaughtered to feed 89 exiles in Lusaka over the

festive period. \

Chongela serves not only to introduce

refugees to some new skills — it is also a

possible experiment for the future agricultural

production in South Africa, once the exile

community is able to return home.

After decades of homeland creation and forced

removals, the exiles interviewed at Chongela

foresee massive land redistribution should they

come to power in South Africa, when they will be

able to control crop production from the comfort

of Pretoria's Union Buildings.

115
But whether that land distribution will imply

concentrating on small, peasant-based farming or

creating large, collectivised state farms, appears to

be a matter still under debate.

With most of the farm management trained on

farms in Eastern Europe and Tanzania, the

preference is not surprisingly towards collective,

state-owned farms.

Now, with the farming experience he has

gained, says Mafaje, "I don't think I would

encourage individual ownership.. I think state

farms will serve the masses".

Certainly, Chongela is something of a success

story in Zambia, where years of drought and

economic mismanagement have battered the

agricultural sector into a state of apparent

inefficiency. Last month, food riots erupted on

Zambia's hard-hit Copperbelt when President

Kenneth Kaunda announced a 100% increase in

the price of maize meal. '

In contrast, Chongela appears to be a model

farm for the population it serves: the 800 or so

South African exiles living in Lusaka at any one

time, who are fed from the farm produce by way

of weekly food rations.

In one far corner on the estate, a new

slaughterhouse is being built to handle nine cattle a

day, and new fields are being planted. There's also

fish farming in the dam, where Mafaje has set up a

tan-coloured tent so people have protection from

the 40-degree heat.

A school has been built on the farm, and local

teachers have been hired to educate children under

10 years.

And finally, Chongela is starting to make a

profit, according to farm accountant George

Naicker, from Durban, who spent 14 years on

Robben Island after being convicted in the 1964

Natal sabotage trial.

A Rural Rebel Is Back on the Land

LENFORD GANYILE stalks the

maizefields, talking with a lucidity

and passion about the Pondoland

Revolt, the rebellion he led 30 years

ago, as if it had all happened last

week.

The younger exiles clearly revere

63-year-old Ganyile, commander of

one of South Africa's few rural

uprisings. Unlike the city youth who

have followed him into exile since

1965, the farm is his natural

environment. "I have always farmed. I

come from the land," he said.

But that land was threatened with the

creation of "homelands" during the

early 1950s, which led thousands of

Pondos in the Transkei to rebel

against their chiefs and government

officials. Armed forces eventually had

to be sent to the region to put down

the revolt and impose emergency rule.

"I was working as a baasboy in a

foundary in Johannesburg at the

time," recalls Ganyile. "The African

National Congress decided that I

should go Jiome and organise the

Pondos. fstarted in 1956, but I did not

make much progress. The movement

was still very poor, so the Pondos

decided to collect their own money.

There was a joining fee of Rl; they all

joined — everybody.

"We pleaded with the government

about the land that was being taken

away.

"The people were never told about

the bantustan policy. They were very

cross, and decided to leave the kgotla

(the court of tribal elders), to

organise apart from the chief.

"The chiefs did not want to join us.

We decided to burn the chiefs' homes

and kill them. We decided to kill the

paramount chief.

"The chiefs used to come home after

being trained by the government, and

started to shoot those people who were

not supporting the bantustans. We also

killed a lot of people.

"But the revolt failed, and movement

people were, deported to. remote

areas," said Ganyile.

19311

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116
PW BOTHA SEEN TO FAVOR CONFLICT OVER CONSENSUS

Cape Town THE ARGUS in English 22 Jan 87 p 24

[Commentary by Hugh Roberten]!

[Text]

SOUTH AFRICA

WHATEVER vision of the

future President P W(

Botha dangles before the'

white electorate when he

opens Parliament a week

from tomorrow, it will have

to be cloaked in a beguiling

disguise. The salient features

of our destiny under his aegis

already are clear and they

are too dismal to be put to

voters in unexpurgated form.

There can be no doubt, for

instance, that Mr Botha —

helplessly addicted as he is to

the hawkish advice he gets

from the military/police establishment which surrounds

him — has chosen the path of

confrontation and conflict,

rather than negotiation and

consensus.

His Government's almost

hysterical ranting against the

ANC and the UDF in recent

weeks, for instance, has made

it clear that negotiation with

these organisations — whom

the Government itself claims

are at the centre of the present crisis — is out of the

question, now or in the future.

Some might question this,

suggesting perhaps that the

massive waves of propaganda

against the ANC and UDF

(and many UDF affiliates)

are but an election ploy, that

once a majority of white

sheep have been herded into

the NP kraal once again, Mr

Botha (i e the military/police

establishment on the State Security Council) might be amenable to the view of the Nationalist MP for Innesdal, Mr

Albert Nothnagel, that a lasting peace in South Africa cannot be found without involving the ANC.

I doubt this very much.

Propaganda of the sort

now being directed against

the ANC and UDF bears a

price, as Mr Botha has

learned from the far right

breakaway.

You cannot indoctrinate

people and, when realities demand some adjustments to

the official stance, also have

:' unfettered freedom to change.

It is the apartheid propaganda on which the NP faithful

were nurtured in the 1950s

and 1960s that made the far

; right breakaway in the 1970s

and 1980s unavoidable.

Imagine; the rumpus if

there were to be a move by

the State to actually talk to

devils incarnate against

whom so much of the uniformed energy of South Africa has been directed for decades! As matters stand, it is

regarded as all but treason to

reject the notion of the "total

onslaught" (and its antidote,

the "total strategy"), let alone

to talk to those in the vanguard of the supposed

onslaught.

There is only one alternative to negotiation with an

opponent who has taken up

arms — violent confrontation. Thus, at least as far as

the ANC is concerned, the die

is cast under Mr Botha's

leadership.

Under him the future clearly will be pervaded at all levels by the military and the

police, a situation which inherently mitigates against

true negotiation and

consensus.

Aside from basic decisionmaking on the ANC and

UDF, they clearly are influential in formulating policy

on law and order, justice, regional strategies, foreign relations, decisions about

SWA/Namibia and, judging

by some of the personnel

shuffling that has gone on recently, they will have much

influence in such areas as foreign trade and even local

politics.

The Joint Management

Centres, for instance, pervade

the country and are linked at

every level with the military

and police and, at the top, to

the State Security Council.

They have a largely political

function and, among many

other things, they have been

accused by elected public

representatives of using taxpayers' money to work

against lawful opponents of

the NP, such as civic associa117
tions, and of usurping the'

powers of local authorities.

I

But let's take a look at

some of the other features of

the future landscape over

which Mr Botha will preside.

It has become painfully obvious that he has no intention

of making significant reforms

after the election, since if he

did it would have been a simple matter to have persuaded

an influential reformist MP

like Mr Wynand Malan, who

decided this week not to

stand again for the NP because of policy differences

.with Mr Botha and the party

leadership, to stay.

Likewise, Louis Luyt, a

shrewd survivalist,

seems likely to have been

willing to hold on (and to

have continued making generous contributions to the NP

coffers) had he been convinced that Mr Botha had the

answers to South Africa's

problems. It could not have

been easy for this pillar of

the Afrikaner business establishment to leap out of the

laager in a blaze of public anger and frustration just before an election and in the

thick of a national crisis.

And would a man with major reforms up his sleeve and

a willingness to negotiate seriously have allowed sanctions to have been imposed —

measures which, once in

place, were likely to gather a

momentum of their own?

Would he have made the

unequivocal promise to his

party congresses that the

most detested pillar of apart-1

heid, the Group Areas Act,

would stay so long as he was

party leader, that it was, in

effect, non-negotiable?

Would a Government bent

upon consensus and negotiation arbitrarily have imposed

Regional Services Councils on

the Western Cape against the

loud protest even of NP-sup:

1 porting local authorities?

Would a new chairman of the

President's Council have been

decided upon without even

consulting such allies in government as the Labour Party,

whose PC members felt constrained this week to formally protest?

Would a man bent upon

accomodation deliberjately have engineered the

public humiliation of one of

his own Cabinet members, the

Rev-Allan Hendrickse, which

the nation was witness to at

inordinate length on television last night? What did all

the convoluted waffle, the pedantic hair-splitting, amount

to other than to tell us that a

nonsense constitution had

produced yet another nonsense clash of interests in

which, as always, there could

be only one winner on points

and by technical knockout —

the one and only, the mighty

and incomparable El Grande

himself?

Archbishop Denis Hurley's

recounting of the Catholic

heirarchy's most recent meeting with Mr Botha provides

what the cognoscenti say is a

not untypical example of a

conversation with the volksvader. Mr Botha delivered

himself of a hectoring monologue (no doubt with much

finger wagging thrown in).'

The Archbishop continues:

"On concluding his remarks

the State President closed the

meeting."

This is a man of negotiation rather than

confrontation?

If Mr Botha had chosen

consensus above conflict,

would there have been all the

new forced removals now in

the pipeline? Would we have

had the sleeping dogs of

Group Areas roused to alarm

the good citizens of

Woodstock?

The first requirement for

negotiation politics and

consensus is freedom of the

Press so that the public is

equipped to take part in an

informed debate. We have

anything but such freedom

and the existing restrictions

on the Press are very likely

to become even stricter.

The publicly funded SABC

has become an obseqious servant of the NP at the taxpayers' expense and to suggest

that it could serve a useful

function in furthering a process of national consensus is

to make a weak joke.

Though Mr Botha is bound

to use sweet words to rally

the white tribe next week, the

future he holds forth is that of

conflict and authoritarian

rule, all under a pretentious

constitutional facade. We will

be seeing a man who shrank

from taking the hard decision

he ought to have because the

awesome uniformed power

around him has led him to believe that he has options

which he actually does not

have — power which, inexorably, has made him its

captive.

/9274

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118
VOTING RIGHTS FOR NEW CITIZENS

SOUTH AFRICA

Cape Town THE ARGUS in English 22 Jan 87 p 17

[Article by Frans Esterhuyse]

[Text] MANY immigrants

who have lived in

South Africa for five

years or longer may

be entitled to vote in

the general election

for the House of Assembly.

This has been confirmed by a spokesman

for the Department of

Home Affairs.

In terms of the South

African Citizenship Act

of 1949, as amended, all

immigrants who are between 15 and 25 automatically become South

African citizens as soon

as they complete the

qualifying residential

period of five years.

Exceptions include

those who declare in

time that they do not

want to take citizenship.

Such people forfeit thenright of permanent residence.

Immigrants who receive automatic citizenship in terms of provisions of the Act are

automatically placed on

the population register

from which voters' rolls

are compiled.

Check

This means they become entitled to vote in

the constituencies where

they live at the time of

the automatic registration.

Any change of address

should be notified to the

Department of Home

Affairs.

The spokesman advised potential voters to

check whether their

names are on the voters'

roll and to notify any

change of address.

Forms are obtainable

at police stations, magistrates' offices and at

offices of the Department of Home Affairs.

/9274

CSOt 3400/968

END

119