the basis and the justification for our struggle, which is founded in the demo~
cratic ideal, in fundamentalism and in nationalism."

Asked to explain these three principles more fully, Evo Fernandes said:

"Democratic, because we want a pluralistic society based on dialogue, which
is impossible in a monolithic totalitarian regime like the present one.

“Fundamentalist, because we want to respect the national traditions of a society
which speaks several languages and professes several faiths. Obviously, the
official language is and will continue to be Portuguese. But for peaceful pro-
gress and consolidation, one must respect history and not flout it. We reject
the Marxist interpretation of history, just as we reject the violation of the
cultural values and traditions. This is not conservatism. On the contrary,

it is true revolution: to build a state of law, a modern state, in which the
traditional institutions and objective realities evolve through the progress

of the economic and social dynamic itself. One cannot simply pass a decree

and tell an Arab that he is no longer an Arab or a Christian that he is no longer
a Christian, just because communism ig atheistic--much less impose such a decree
by force,

“This would be reactionary brutality, just as everything is reactionary which
goes against human rights and the basic freedoms of citizens. This, precisely,
is our concept of fundamantalism, which has a lot to do with the humanist concept.

“Today, in the modern world, the most reactionary and conservative parties are
the communist parties, both in cultural and ecological terms.

“Nationalist,” Evo Fernandes stressed, "because we demand that Mozambique must
be an independent and sovereign nation for all Mozambicans, one in which everyone
feels national pride in having been born in this land, regardless of his religion
or traditional language. We demand a state of law, where citizens feel they

are protected and defended, not oppressed and enslaved.

“These are the three basic principes for which we are fighting and which govern
our revolution, the revolution of the future. The first African revolution

can be said to have taken.place at the end of the last [second] world war, with
the independence that came of the Yalta accords in 1944, The second African
revolution will be for human rights, for freedoms, for national rights. This
is why our people, under the leadership of Afonso Dhlacama, president of RENAMO,
are warring against the regime of Samora Machel.”

5 Million Mozambicans Liberated

Fernandes talked about the war. We asked him about the war situation, support,
possibilities, the future.

The MNR secretary general explained that RENAMO currently divides the territory
into three zones: liberated, controlled and war zones.

“The liberated zones," he explained, " are those where the movement is installed
with its own civil and military structures, and there is a liaison ('mujiba')

15



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SENEGAL

PAPAL VISIT OPPOSED BY MUSLIM LEADER
Dakar WAL FADJRI in French 14 Dec-28 Dec 84 pp 14-15

(Interview with Dr, Cire Ly, founder of the Muslim Association of Black African
Students, by Youssoupha Ndiaye; date and place not specified]

[Excerpts] Despite his very busy schedule, Dr. Cire Ly has
agreed to a second interview with us. From the proposed papal
visit to Senegal to thoughts about the "Islam and Development"
Study and Research Circle (CERID), and even the pilgrimage to
Mecca: questions about all these current issues are answered by
this founder of the Muslim Association of Black African
Students, member of CERID and author of a publication entitled
"Le Christianisme et 1'Islamn."

[Question] There is more and more talk about Pope John II coming to Senegal,
especially since he was visited by the head of state when the latter was
passing through Rome. As a Muslim intellectual concerned with the spread of
Islam, what significance do you give these rumors? If they prove to be true,
what would you think about such a trip? A flagrant provocation? A necessary
visit for the consolidation of the coexistence between the two communities,
which appears to be the official view in this case?

[Answer] Praise to Allah. Peace and health to the seal of the prophets,
Muhammad, his Family and his Companions. The child of the Virgin Mary, the
Prophet Issa (peace be unto him), marked a decisive step on the path to
authentic spirituality: the monotheistic movement, which alone leads toward
God. For those Muslims and Christians who are not opposed to a rapprochement
“on God's doorstep," the coming to Dakar of the head of the Catholic Church
could be an opportunity for a faithful and useful dialogue.

Unfortunately, the weight of evidence suggests that the typical structure of
John Paul II's itinerary is not propitious for a fruitful Islamo-Christian
dialogue. Now such a dialogue’is an ongoing thing in our country.

Also, the refusal of the Catholic Church to accord official recognition to the
prophetic mission of Muhammad (blessed be his name) remains a major stumbling
block in the path of achieving fraternal union between the believers of the two
religions. So what serious Muslim could show inordinate zeal to honor a
personality who, though of course meriting our deep respect as the leader of a
human community, nevertheless categorically rejects our profession of faith?

36



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

. SENEGAL

MAURITANIA. SEEN AS PRESSURIZING NATION ON KHEUNE DAM
Dakar WAL FADJRI in French No 17, 30 Nov-14 Dec 84 pp 9-10
[Article by Y. Ndiaye: "Mauritania's Blackmail"]

[Text] With the Kheune dam rebuilt, everything seems to
be returning to normal. But things have not been going as
smoothly as that, particularly behind the scenes, between
Senegal and Mauritania. The matter has even taken on
dimensions of threats by our neighbor to the north, as was
discovered by our reporter who visited St-Louis several
days before construction began.

Just as they did last year, the state-run media (radio and television) once
again made a fuss over the Kheune dam, located some 85 km from St+Louis,
all the while remaining silent on the closely-negotiated deals between the
Senegalese and Mauritanian governments on the dam.

This silence is no doubt explained by the numerous concessions made by the
Senegalese authorities to Mauritania.

As we know, the Senegal River forms the border between Senegal and Mauritania.
In this regard, all work done on the river necessarily has consequences for
both countries. The Kehune dam is no exception. Already in 1983, negotia-
tions lasted several weeks before Nouakchott gave the green light for
construction to begin. In 1984, when one-third of the dam (about 100 meters)
collapsed under the force of the water, more bargaining was necessary before
Mauritania agreed to rebuilding Kheune.

Yet Senegalese and Mauritanians alike draw definite benefits from the dam,
since the saltwater tide that invaded the river from December to July was
equally harmful to the two countries--both sides of the river, Rosso, Senegal
like Rosso, Mauritania, went without fresh water and crops.

While recognizing the situation described above Nouakchott nonetheless
posed a number of conditions (about four of them) before agreeing to
"Kheune 2." Specifically, the Mauritanians criticize the dam for depriving
those living downstream (i.e., between Diama and Kheune) of fresh water.
But the most important grievance concerns the Rosso ferry. It is, as

32



marabout are not simple-minded people or fatalists. My own clientele includes
politicians, high-ranking officials in the bureaucracy, heads of business °
enterprises, artists, other kinds of marabouts (see below, "The Four
Marabouts"), and ordinary people, Often people of a certain social class
consult with us very discreetly. It is because of the secrecy that surrounds
the profession that some have a tendency to believe that going to see a
marabout is something only gullible people do."

One can see from Thiemoko's appearance and the places he frequents that his
work gives him a decent livelihood, that it is very remunerative and also
exciting for the practitioner. In fact, the reason he tried to come to France
was that hundreds of other marabouts are living in Europe. Their calling cards
can be found in abundance in the subway stations at Barbes, Pigalle, La
Chapelle, etc. Their general headquarters can be found in the 18th and 19th
arrondissements. Marabouts, like griots, follow their compatriots wherever they
may be found.

Ritual

Thiemoko is of Malian origin. He often comes to Dakar, where he owns a house
kept by one of his four wives. His office, which is located at the house,
consists of a small entrance-hall, which also serves as a waiting room, and a
private room where he receives clients. This is also where he conducts ritual
ceremonies. Very discreet clients are received or come to seek him out late at
night. The work often begins with "istikhar" (clairvoyance). Next comes a
discussion of the problem and the fees. On this point he says that the fee is
proportional not only to the seriousness of the problem but also to the
financial means of the seeker, -

He has no other business. Most of his work is done at night, which means that
he sleeps much of the day. Though he has a relatively high income, he always
tries to avoid ostentation. He is not like a successful notary who invests more
and more in luxury and comfort. Thiemoko came to maraboutism after having
studied the Koran and a smattering of theology. (Very few marabouts understand
Arabic perfectly.) In his own view, he has two important assets: he studied
“asraar" (secret knowledge) with a great marabout for a long time, and he gets
"istijaab" (positive results), These are elements that count a great deal in
his profession. One can know a great deal about the work and still have
problems in terms of "istijaab."

The marabout is a normal man who lives an ordinary life. He claims to have
mystical knowledge, to know the secrets locked in certain verses of the Koran,
and to be able to provide services. If the marabouts are not repudiated by
people who run the city or do its planning--if indeed they come to ask for
their services, just as they would come to those with expertise in “rational"
kmowledge, such as doctors and notaries--it is quite simply because they have
tested the effectiveness of the work and obtained results. "It often happens
that an eminent person in trouble calls on me to prevent a catastrophe."

Accidents

How can one get to be a member of this profession in the absence of training
centers? T.B., marabout: "Quite simply by obtaining secret knowledge that is
transmissible. The secrets are not inaccessible, and it is not hard to

41



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

MAURITIUS. ,

PROGRESS OF PRC CULTURAL AGREEEMENT DISCUSSED
Port Louis LE MAURICIEN in French 29 Dec 84 pp 1,4

(Excerpt] The Chinese and Mauritian delegations, led respectively by Lu
Zhixian, deputy minister of culture, and R. Goordyai, principal secretary of
the Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs, held a working session
yesterday at which they concluded that the 2-year agreement (1985-1986)
between China and Mauritius can be carried out in full.

The two delegations studied the various sections of this cultural protocol,
which was signed for the Mauritian Government by the minister of education
and cultural affairs, Armoogum Parsooramen, during a visit to Peking this
year. The protocol covers, among other things, exchange of publications
television programs, and culinary exhibitions, the organization of a Chinese
film festival in Mauritius, a tour of gymnasts and boxers, tours by Chinese
and Mauritian journalists, and scholarships.

The Mauritian officials also presented further requests to the Chinese
delegation, including requests for an increase in scholarships granted by the
PRC, and Mandarin-language teachers to train Mauritian personnel. In regard
to these requests, Lu Zhixian replied that he would submit them to his
government on his return, and that an answer would be sent through the Chinese
Embassy.

9920
CSO: 3419/239



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

U.S. ELECTIONS SEEN AS CAUSE FOR ANTI-GOVERNMENT DEMONSTRATIONS
Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 8 Dec 84 p 12

{Text] There is an aspect of the growing American demonstrations at South
African offices in the United States, which has still not been completely
analyzed in South Africa, and which is played down in American discussions,
for obvious reasons.

Much of the motivation and planning behind the agitation has little to do
with South Africa. The reasons lie rather in American racial relations,
which deteriorated during and after the presidential elections.

Among American blacks there is a feeling of disillusionment because after
several years of "emancipation," they still have so little to show for it.
Large numbers of them are no better off now than they were a decade ago. -

The demonstrations, participated in chiefly by black leaders of the American
civil rights movement, are just as much a ventilation of black frustrations

over their own lot, their failure in the election and Reagan's win, as they

are a protest against the South African situation.

South Africa serves (as has been the case so often in many parts of the
world in the past decade) as a lightening rod for obscure storms of temper
with which it has, relatively speaking, little to do.

Against warnings from moderate leaders, Rev Jesse Jackson—an American

Dr Boesak--and his aides pumped up the blacks, who make up one ninth of the
American voters, for months, to get them to register to vote, and to make
them a united block, first at the nomination of Democratic candidates for
president and vice president and for all other available offices, and later
in the election itself.

He was very successful in this, but was not strong enough to get into high
office himself. He was able to persuade black voters to vote overwhelmingly
for the losing candidates, Mondale and Ferraro.

To the more or less bitter disappointment of those blacks, Reagan and Bush
made a clean sweep of all America.

51



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SENEGAL

HISTORY OF ISLAMIC EXPANSION TRACED
Dakar WAL FADJRI in French 28 Dec 84-11 Jan 85 p 14

[Text] An Islamic news weekly has been born, the first of its kind in Africa,
and it is boldly invading the marketplace. Muslim intellectuals of differing
outlook representing a number of different schools of thought are coming
together under the banner of Islam. The National Association of Senegalese
Imams held its first constitutional convention. The year 1984 has certainly
been a year of great Islamic expansion based on the joining together of strong
Islamic movements, as seen in the many conferences and dinner-debates organized
throughout the country.

But no dull sermons. No more demagoguery, And no propaganda, either. Senegal's
Muslims in this past year have instead chosen to mount a strong counter-attack
against ‘the arguments made by the supporters of secularism.

No all-purpose sermons or propaganda. That was the defiant slogan of the
Islamic weekly WAL FADJRI, a slogan that provoked some skepticism on the part
of the public. But by taking objectivity in information seriously, as Islan
directs, and by constantly taking the lead in responding to attacks made
against Islam, it has surely carried out a part of its mission: contributing a
new approach to organization of Senegal's Muslim community, precisely along the
lines of work suggested over the years by schools of thought such as Jamaa
Tbadou Rahmane, .

Important Event

Following WAL FADJRI, we have seen the establishment of the "Islam and
Development” Study and Research Circle (CERID), which had its baptism by fire
on 1 February before a tribunal of religious dignitaries. The event was
important because it brought together into the same circle, for the first time,
intellectuals trained in the West and those who were trained in Arab
universities--two groups that differ in every way (training, attitudes, etc.)
but are united by Islam, which they both try to serve. And the creation of the
National Association of Senegalese Imams, which held its constitutional
convention on 3-4 March, brought a new dimension to the expansion of the
Islamic movement.

The year 1984 was also distinguished by conferences and dinner-debates. The

Jamaa was to set the tone for the new initiative: bringing the revolution to
the deluxe hotels used for the meetings held by secularists and free-masons.

49



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

GROWING DISCONTENT ABOUT LENGTH OF ARMY SERVICE SAYS POLL

Durban DAILY NEWS in English 15 Jan 85 p 13

[Text]

cso:

CAPE TOWN: Although South
Africans seem to have accepted
the new legislation making
young immigrants liable for na-
tional service, there is growing
dissatisfaction at the length of

service.

A recent Gallup Poll of 1000
white adults in main metropoli-
tan areas shows that 93 per-
cent'support last year’s Govern-
ment announcement making im-
migrants liable for service, but
59 percent believe a two-year
stint in the armed forces to be
too long, said Mr Nick Green,
managing director of Markinor,
which undertook the poll.

‘Of the 1000 people polled, 11
percent were immigrants, he
said.

Support for a shorter period

_of national service came from
the English-speaking communi-

3400/446

55

ty, those in the 16 to 24 age
group, the better educated and
those with higher incomes.
Overall, 40 percent voted for a
12-month period of national ser-
vice and 10 percent for 18

months.

One indication that immi-
grants themselves were in fa-
vour of national service was the
large number of immigrants
who had voluntarily begun their
two-year stint earlier this
mo

“A circular sent in December
received an overwhelming re-
sponse from immigrants who
opted to begin their service in
January rather than postpone
it,” said a Defence Force Head-
quarters spokesman.

‘The circular had said there
were vacant posts available and
many immigrants applied.

SOUTH AFRICA



He said chiefs and councils would be required to allocate Tand for industrial
estates for the Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO).

Since small-scale industries are lbour intensive, the development of the sec-
tor will create more jobs and facilitate the transfer of technology from the
urban to rural areas and thereby improve the quality of life of the people.

"I want you, our traditional leaders, to do your best to assist the Ministry
of Commerce and Industry and SIDO in the development of industry," he
directed.

The Party and its government would provide back-up service such as feasibility
studies for projects, common user facilities such as accountancy, management
services, repairs and maintenance facilities for equipment and machinery, mar-
keting facilities and services for products and initial capital for those who
could not afford it.

cso: 3400/444

59



JPRS=SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SENEGAL

NEED FOR TRUE DEMOCRACY STRESSED
Dakar WAL FADJRI in French 28 Dec 84-11 Jan 85 p 2
{Commentary by Sidy Lamine Niass "Democracy Reconsidered" ]

[Text] Three days from now 1984 will fade into the night of time to become part
of history. According to tradition, this is a time for taking stock, and this
we have not failed to do. In fact, much of this issue represents the results of
our strenuous efforts to provide a brief overview of the year which is just now
drawing to a close. Of course such a summary cannot claim to be complete with
respect to all the events that have attracted our attention in 1984, We simply
wanted it to be representative of events in those areas in which we are
particularly interested, such as economic, social and religious affairs, and,
of course, politics. Throughout the year we were continually drawn back to the
political aspect in our daily commentaries on democracy in Senegal.

This business of democracy continues to excite a great deal of interest around
the world, especially in the Western world. But these Westerners are looking at
what is called Senegalese democracy through their own special lens. As a
result, they see things backwards. For they imagine their own desire is a
universal reality.

But the realities with which the rest of us live, and which we have defended
throughout the year, give the lie to those preconceived ideas about Senegalese
democracy. The facts prove that the great majority of the people are Muslim. If
respect for majority rule is one of the foundations indispensable for
democracy, can Senegal legitimately be classed among the states with a
democratic system?

Democracy begins with the implementation of majority rule, and Senegal's Muslin
majority has an ideology, a credo, a political stance, etc., all of which is an
integral part of Islam. And the majority respects the rights of others, the
rights of minorities (religious, ideological, etc...) who should not be
harassed. For Islam, which is a complete system, inculcates that respect, and
in fact cultivates it.

We must quit giving credit to those who speak with high-blown phrases to make
people believe the lie that our people are more attracted to the virtues of
pangolisme [translation unknown] or animist religion, or that the Church would
be gaining more and more supporters. through its actions, but for the fact that
certain profane ideologies, such as communism, have won the hearts of the

47



“The resort to such desperate propaganda is typical of FRELIMO, itself desperate
because it only controls the large urban centers and the paths of communicaton.
to the outside. There is no national-government in Maputo; it is an occupation
government which is holding on only because it receives massive military support
from Russia, Cuba, the GDR, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. It is an occupation govern-
ment which does not hesitate to use chemical warfare. During the droughts,
FRELIMO ordered the poisoning of water wells in the controlled zones (not in
the liberated zones, to which it no longer has access). The world must be

told about this," concluded Evo Fernandes.

Regarding military support, we asked the MNR secretary general if it was isolated
or if it also received foreign support. Fernandes stressed that “a liberation
movement which defends human rights and basic civil liberties, which fights
against a totalitarian and inhumane regime like FRELIMO, naturally arouses the
sympathy of many countries which follow the same principles for which we are
fighting.

“So RENAMO has had the support of some countries which, obviously, I cannot
name," he stressed, “but this is primarily moral and diplomatic support, which
has helped us to conduct, expand amd intensify our struggle. However, most

of the weapma we use have been captured from FRELIMO troops. The war has
already gone on for several years, long enough to obtain great quantities of
war materiel from the enemy. Today we have more than 2,000 well-armed soldiers,
but, as I said earlier, RENAMO is the military arm of the people. Our great
strength comes from the people, which also gives us legitimacy. We have
legitimacy on our side, against Maputo's illigitimate ‘legality.’ To be broken,
the law must be legitimate.

“This is what the Western powers and, particularly, South Africa must understand.
Nothing will happen in Mozambique without RENAMO's participation,” Fernandes
declared, adding: "We do not receive military support of any kind from South
Africa. Following the Incomati Accords between Pretoria and Maputo, a joint
military commission was formed to monitor the borders. Even Samora Machel and
Jacinto Veloso admit that, up to now, no war materiel has crossed the borders."

Power Struggle

We told Fernandes that FRELIMO accuses the MNR of being an organizaton commanded
by whites.

The MNR secretary general smiled and said: "The FRELIMO propaganda does not
measure its words"; he explained that “less than 45 percent of the members of
the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Maputo government itself
are black.

“All of us in RENAMO are Mozambicans who were born in Mozambique," he added.
“Look at Jacinto Veloso, a member of the FRELIMO Central Committee Political
Bureau, a member of the president's cabinet and Samora Machel's representative
at the Incomati Accords; he is white and was born in Portugal, precisely, in
Santa Comba Dao!

19



The visit to Senegal last May of an advance scout from the Vatican occasioned
recriminations and bitter arguments in the tribunal of the imams and among high
Muslim dignitaries, While it is not a provocation, the pope's visit is not .
without its risks, particularly for domestic peace and tranquility among the’
nation's religious communities.

[Question] If you condemn the visit of the pope to Senegal, why do you do so?
Is it a question of legitimacy as you have described, or quite simply a
question of appropriateness and morality?

[answer] I neither approve nor condemn a proposal which does not concern me
directly, the point of which is not apparent, and the realization of which will
alter neither my daily life nor my convictions. Most of the country's political
leaders are Muslims, whom I believe to be sincere and cognizant of the designs
various parties have on Senegal in its current difficult economic straits.

The starving nations of the Sahel, those "victims of the dollar," which drought
and dehydration have denuded of everything but their afflictions, are the
targeted prey of imperialists of every sort. In this affair, the only thing
which shocks me is that all of the governmental media and institutions of a
country that is nominally secular urbi et orbi should be mobilized for the
benefit of what ought to be considered primarily a vast exércise in religious

propaganda.

(Question] All things considered, do you believe such a visit would be
inopportune?

[answer] You speak of opportunity. The problems that are besetting religious
people are more acute, more serious, and more alarming in the Vatican, in
Italy, in Poland...in the West, than in Senegal. Think about the galloping
advance of criminality, which has not even spared the head of the Church
himself, and think about the spiritual degeneration of a very permissive
society where all the moral barriers are ignored. If they want to sweep their
own house clean, is that not the beginning of wisdom? The European
ecclesiastical authorities have an immeasurably vast field of action at home.
And besides, what clergyman could bring the Senegalese people spiritual values
that are not already incarnated in the Koran, the hadiths, the legacy of
cultural and artistic humanism bequeathed by Saikou Oumar Tal, Sheikh Ahmadou
Bamba and Seydi El-Hadj Malick Sy, their forefathers, their contemporaries, and
their disciples?

9516
CSO : 3419/226

37



History of Islamic Expansion Traced -
(WAL FADJRI, 28 Dec 84-11 Jan 85)....-.+eeeeee oencees weeeeee AY

SOUTH AFRICA

U.S. Elections Seen as Cause for Anti-Government Demonstrations
(DIE BURGER, 8 Dec 84)... se ceccccceecececeeesesesees OL

Professor Discusses Need To Do Away With Influx Control Laws
(S. P. Cilliers; CAPE TIMES, 10 Jan 85)....seeeeeesereceeee 53

Growing Discontent About Length of Army Service Says Poll
(DAILY NEWS, 15 Jan 85)....cceecesccccreccceeercssceceserees 55

Entire Village Council Resigns
(CAPE TIMES, 7 Jan 85)...scssececsccceccccccceeeeceeseeeses 56

Assocom Predicts Weak Economy in Early 1985

(DIE BURGER, 12 Dec 84)....... 57

ZAMBIA
Chiefs Urged To Help Curtail Smuggling, Aid Development
(ZAMBIA DAILY MAIL, 9. Jan 85)..-eseeceececcecsccecesonceeees 58
Shortage of Spares Slows Copper Production
(DAILY DISPATCH, 28 Dec 84)....-.seeeeees
Briefs
Illegal Miners Deported 62
Burundi Envoy Visits 62
Tanzanian Minister Arrives 62
ZIMBABWE
Cape Intelligence May Be Denied to West
(WEEKEND POST, 29 Dec 84)....-seeeeeeeee scccceeccceecseesee 63
ZANU-PF Official Comments on White Candidates
(THE HERALD, 14 Jan 85).secssccecveccccececeessceces seeeeee 64
Briefs
Various Exports 66



not, acceded to Soviet requests for permission to construct a naval tase
there. Such plans which could have led to a shift in the strategic balance
in the South Atlantic had been reported in March of 19843 but they apparent-
ly turned out to be false. But there are Soviet radar installations on the
islands.

In 1982, President da Costa began opening up toward the West. He started
by sending an ambassador to the former mother country of Portugal which
had settled the two islands along the equator a good 500 years earlier.
Sao Tome also maintains embassies in neighboring Gabon, in Luanda and a
mission at the UN in New York. The U.S. government is said to be giving
thought to opening an embassy on the islands. Bonn's ambassador to Angole,
Wand, is also accredited to Sao Tome.

Relations with Angola are very close by tradition—as can be seen among
other things from the twice weekly flights to Iuanda. In addition, there
is an occasional and uncertain connection to Libreville, the capital of
Gabon and, since the state visit to Sao Tome by Portuguese President
Eanes in April 1984, one flight per -month to Lisbon, In addition to the
commmications links, the close relations with Angola are based on "con=
sultation" in security matters—-there are said to be some 1,000 Angolan
military pefsonnel stationed on Sao Tome—-and on Angolan oil shipments to
the islands. In May 1983, President da Costa (who studied economics in

the GDR) visited Paris which was construed as a further sign of his tum-
ing toward the West. The West also demonstrated its interest in better re-
lations with the help of a military presence during the pest several months.
An official American naval visit came off without difficulty in November.
Both Great Britain and the FRG are said to be contemplating naval visits.

The poor economic conditions on the two islands may be one major reason
for the adoption of the new dlocefree policy which seems not to have caused
any controversy inside the country. Da Costa's hold seems firm enough but
there is talk of personal rivalries within the unity party. The bad econo=
mic situation is based on the fact that the country has a one=crop economy.
90 percent of its hard currency earnings stem from the export of cocoa. The
price of cocoa on the world market has been going down, In addition, the
state-run farms are poorly managed. In 1973, the annual cocoa harvest still
amounted to 10,000 tons (and it is considered to be the best cocoa in the
world) but as of 1981 the yield has been just 4,000 tons. The islands are
the oldest tropical plantation region in the world. Neither the fishing
industry—the coastal waters abound in all kinds of fish—, nor the tourist
industry—the volcanic islands with their tropic and highland forests have
been called the "pearls of the ocean"—have as yet been adequately developed.

9478
cs0: 3420/24

30



between the local chief (‘regulo') and RENAMO. In these liberated zones, FRELIMO
has no possibility of penetration. Liberated Mozambican territory includes

the north of Gaza Province, eastern Inhambane Province, almost allof Manica

and Sofala provinces, eastern Tete Province and practically all of Zambezia
Province. In these regions, the first to be liberated, there are between 4

and 5 million Mozambicans--half the total population.

“What we call controlled zones cover the rest of the country, except for urban
centers and international paths of communication. There are areas where the
MNR is not yet well enough implanted and where FRELIMO can launch attacks, using
helicopters, tanks and planes. Nonetheless, the last large~scale operation

by FRELIMO, designated ‘Operation Cabana,‘ was in the middle of last year.

This year they have conducted only one important operation, in the zone of
Inhambane.

“However, for the first time since the war began, they did not conduct any opera-
tion this 25 Septemebr, which is significant, hecause this has been the trae
ditional date for major FRELIMO attacks. They wanted to mark the date on which
the colonial war began--25 September 1964. Today, FRELIMO is in the position

of defending the urban centers and the vital communications paths.

[27 Dec 84, pp 13,14]

[Text] In Part 1 of this interview, published in the last issue of 0
DIA, RENAMO Secretary General Evo Fernandes explained the

cultural and religious composition of his country (Moslems,
Christiars and animists), the current economic situation and

the corruption resulting from the food_aid from the West, the ~
ideological principles which govern RENAMO (the military arm

of the popular revolt) and the political-military division of

the territory into three zones.

Regarding this last point, Evo Fernando talked about the
liberated zone and controlled zones. We begin this second and
last part of the interview with the war zones. The three
types of zones are marked on the map accompanying today's
text. Analyzing the map and noting RENAMO'S strong implanta~
tion in the land, one can conclude that the Maputo government
has no future. The Western powers must understand this; in
particular, South Africa must understand this.

In effect, any large-scale foreign investment in Mozambique or any unilateral
negotiations with Maputo which exclude RENAMO are doomed to failure, because
FRELIMO no longer controls the country, despite all the foreign aid.

"In actual fact," Evo Fernandes told us, "the Maputo-Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia)
and Beira-Zimbabwe rail lines and the Zimbabwe-Malawi highway are defended by
5,000 Zimbabwean soldiers and 7,000 Tanzanian soldiers. As its military command

and staff, FRELIMO has about 1,000 Cubans, 850 Soviet advisors, 80 North Korean
advisors and 120 East Germans."

16



early as next month, the Netherlands-would donate 23 trucks, 15 of which will
be sent to that province, along with sufficient fuel for 3 months.

The Netherlands may supply 5,000 tons of corn, and half of it would be sent

to Manica. Another American organization (World Vision International) will
Provide Mozambique with 10,000 tons of corn, and 4,000 tons of this grain

are due to be sent to Manica Province. Sizable numbers of hoes will, moreover,
be supplied to Manica to aid farm production.

Nevertheless, the requirements of Manica Province, particularly during this
phase wherein thousands of Mozambicans are returning from Zimbabwe, are far
greater. Governor Manuel Antonio claimed that it would be an urgent necessity
to send more food, to make it possible to aid the Population seriously stricken
by the calamity.

Another problem is that Manica Province has tremendous difficulty, despite the

procurement of means and tools for agricultural production to execute programs

aimed at developing production, at the same time that the emergency assistance
is going on.

2909
CSO: 3442/147

22



“FRELIMO's so-called armed forces are a fiction. Maputo'’s own secret services
estimate that 20 percent of the troops would desert the first time the eapital --
is attacked." :

Through documents to which 0 DIA has had access, this reporter could easily
verify that RENAMO has informants both in the area of the Central Committee
and among many of the FRELIMO armed forces commanders.

“Despite this military potential," Fernando continued, “FRELIMO lost the first
initiative. It does not show any offensive capacity. The forces are strongly
concentrated in the urban centers, in a defensive strategy, and they are seeking
to protect the paths of communication which are under constant attack by RENAMO.
This is where the problem of the foreign cooperants arises."

FRELIMO Kills Cooperants

“In its international propaganda, Maputo accuses us of attacking cooperants,
particularly Portuguese cooperants, Thus us strictly untrue. RENAMO attacks
the communications paths or mines certain segments of these paths. We have
absolutely no idea who is traveling in the columns under heavy FRELIMO military
escort or who sets off a mine,” Fernandes explained.

“In this regard, we have repeatedly announced that Mozambique is in a state

of war and hence that cooperants are responsible for their own safety. We know
that all the foreign governments have drawn up evacuation plans for their coope-
rants, but the Portuguese Government has not done this yet; there is not even
any life insurance planned for the Portuguese cooperants.

“We have great historical and sentimental ties with the Portuguese, but we have
no way of knowing who will step on a mine or who is inside a physical target
that we consider strategic or military.

"Besides," Fernandes continued, "FRELIMO itself, through its special forces,
has ordered the murder of cooperants in a vain attampt to arouse international
antipathy toward RENAMO.

“The most obvious case of this grim FRELIMO tactic was that of the two Italian
cooperants who were reported to have disappeared last September.. On 6 October,
FRELIMO's Security Minister Sergio Vieira publicly stated and informed the Italian
Government that the two cooperants had been captured by RENAMO and decapitated.

“We immediately demanded that Maputo authorize the Italian.Government to conduct
an inquiry and we placed ounselves at the disposal of the Italian authorities,
to interrogate us and to conduct the necessary investigation where they wished,
specifically in the area indicated by Sergio Vieira. Maputo refused. Faced
with Rome's insistence and our willingness to assist the Italian Government,
FRELIMO first presented the body of an Italian, shot to death (not decapitated)
and then another body, which was not that of an Italian. The Rome government
then presented a formal protest to Maputo, recognizing that this had not been
the work of RENAMO.

18



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

BRIEF

MINISTER ON CUBAN COOPERATION--During a recent interview, the minister of
international cooperation of Sao Tome and Principe, Dr Carlos Tiny, said

that the Cuban cooperation is the least expensive that exists in his country,
remarking that the two countries are cooperating in all socioeconomic areas.
"We do not hesitate to state that the Cuban cooperation in Sao Tome and Prin-
cipe is very inexpensive," commented the minister from Sao Tome, who was
addressing the Cuban newspaper GRANMA; then adding: "We realize that it
represents an enormous sacrifice for Cuba and backing that we gage in every
dimension." The two countries are cooperating in the areas of health, educa-
tion, planning, information, agriculture, livestock raising, fishing, trade,
construction and transportation, and sports, as well as technical advice.
Based on the observation of its minister of international cooperation, the
government of Sao Tome and Principe considers the most important aspect of
this cooperation to lie in the aid from which the people of Sao Tome benefit
in the training of cadres, a sector which Tiny described as "improved." Carlos
Tiny noted: "There is a famous proverb which says: 'I could give you a fish
if you were hungry, but teaching you how to fish is better; or I could teach
you how to fish."" The same speaker said that the new health system in his
country is benefiting from the long Cuban experience, and that one out of
every three physicians in Sao Tome and Principe is of Cuban nationality; one
of the factots that has given the people of Sao Tome the longest life expec-
tancy in Africa (65 years), as well as a reduction in infant mortality.
"Generally speaking, the Cuban cadres and specialists that we have in Sao
Tome and Principe are of high quality," remarked Minister Carlos Tiny, who
then stressed that when he was minister of health he had observed "on the
spot" the concern on the part of the Cuban authorities to improve and raise
the qualifications of the present specialists. [Text] [Maputo NOTICIAS in
Portuguese 14 Dec 84 p 5] 2909 .

CSO: 3442/147

31



“Within these territorial limits has lived, for many centuries, a population
which we can estimate today at about 10 million people,” Fernandes noted, “con~°
sidering that the most recent population census was conducted by the Portuguese
administration in 1970 and came up with 9,500,000 inhabitants.

“Tt should be remembered, however, that among the Mozambican peopte there are
different languages and different religions. So there is a cultural diversity.
It can be stated objectively that there are at least 12 languages. Regarding
religion, about 3 million inhabitants are Arabs who follow the Sunni line (which
predominates, for example, in Oman, a Persian Gulf emirate, in contrast to the
religious line followed by Khomeni, of Iran, which is Shiite). About 1.5 million
Mozambicans are Christians, owing largely to the missionary activities of the
Portuguese, and the rest~-about 5 million-~are animists.

Respect for Various. Cultures

"In the picture which I have described briefly here," the secretary general
continued, "it is obvious that there is great cultural diversity, embodied in
commmities which have their native chiefs("regulos") and their own common law.
This is a reality which should not be attacked impetuously or altered by decree.

“FRELIMO accuses us of supporting the “regulos," attempting to insinuate in
-this way that we go by colonial rules. The aceusation is absurd and not very
intelligent, but it derives from the communist philosophy which the Maputo
government has outlined.

“In effect, Samora Machel approved a program, designated ‘Operation Production,‘
a program copied from another one which the Red Khmers carried out, violently,
in Cambodia. We are all familiar with the notorious forced dislocations of
populations which Stalin organized in the Soviet Union.

“This is what FRELIMO, in an irrational and childish acceptance of Soviet and
Chinese methods, intended and intends to do in Mozambique. It is clear that
this policy dictated by Maputo provoked the rebellion among the people.

“Here we have, Fernandes explained, "one of the reasons for FRELIMO's failure
at the national level and one of the reasons for our success. Whereas FRELIMO
violates and attacks the culture and traditions of various Mozambican cultural
communities, we defend and respect them. Hence the RENAMO guerrillas move among
the people like fish in the water."

When 0 DIA asked for an example and a current picture of the Mozambican economy,
Fenandes explained that the forced transfers of people to which he had referred
were aimed, according to a FRELIMO plan, at creating “communal villages for agri-
cultural production, except that," he continued,” aside from being moved around
by force, the peasants in the communal villages are not paid wages, but are
only given some food for their subsistence. It is a regime of slavery, here

at the end of the 20th century, imposed by the mindless and psychotic government
of Maputo."

13



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SOUTH AFRICA

ASSOCOM PREDICTS WEAK ECONOMY IN EARLY 1985

Cape Town DIE BURGER in Afrikaans 12 Dec 84 p 26

[Text] Most authoritative predictions of business activities for next year
paint a bleak picture, especially in the first quarter of the year. In
the second half of the year a slight improvement.is expected, which can
clear the way for the long awaited amelioration in the economy in 1986.

So says Assocom [Commerce Association] in its latest quarterly review.

Assocom points out that, thanks to the importance of the world economy for
South Africa, any improvement here depends chiefly on South Africa itself
and on how the country uses its resources.

Another very important factor that will determine the country's economic
growth next year is the weather.

So, if the rest of the world experiences satisfactory growth and if the
drought cycle has reached a turning point, the country will finally have
reached the stage where it can begin its recovery, after the deep recession
in which it has been stuck fast.

But recovery cannot occur immediately; How far interest rates will fall
from their excessive high level, even by the end of next year, and return
to more realistic levels will remain a question in the consumer's mind

for a long time to come. It will especially be caused by the high interest
rates.

According to Assocom it is expected that the rate of inflation next year will
go no lower than ten percent. What is more, the increases in incomes will
be lower. .

Assocom points out that if national spending remains high, taxes will also
remain high and can even rise.

12494
cso: 3401/58

57



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

KENYA

BRIEFS

POLITICAL DETAINEES RELEASED--FOUR detainees whose families early this year
unsuccessfully challenged in the high court their continued detention were on
Wednesday released by President Daniel arap Moi. In his Jamhuri Day speech
the president announced he had set free those detainess who had reformed while
under detention. The four were two former MPs, Mr. Koigi wa Wamwere (Nakuru
North) and Mr. George Anyona (Kitutu East) and two former Kenyatta University
College lecturers, Mr. Edward Oyugi and Mr. Kamonji Wachira. The families of
the four detainees had filed a suit in the high court in March challenging the
commissioner of prisons to show cause why they should not be released. The
suit was however thrown out by the chief justice, Mr. Alfred Simpson. With
the release of the four, there now remains three more detainees in Kenya: Mr.
Raila Odinga, the son of the former vice-president, Mr. Oginga Odinga, who was
detained soon after the August 1982 abortive coup; Mr. Atieno MakOnyango, a
Nairobi journalist, also detained soon after the attempted coup, and Mr.
Mwangi Stephen Mureithi, a former deputy director of the special branch of the
Kenya police. Mureithi was the first person to be detained by the Moi govern-
ment. [Excerpt] [Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 14 Dec 84 p 9]

OLL CONSUMPTION DOWN--Kenya may soon enter into several other oil exploration
agreements in other parts of the country. In the meantime, the Government's
emphasis on energy conservation is continuing to show the desired results.

For example, in 1980 Kenya's export earnings from coffee and tea, the two
major foreign exchange earners, could finance about one-half of the nation's
oil imports. In 1983, however, about two-thirds of the country's oil imports
pill could be financed from the same source. This has been achieved through a
gradual reduction in the quantity of oil imported and an improvement in earn-
ings from tea. This is despite the fact that the Kenya shilling was devalued
in 1982 and the value of the US dollar has considerably appreciated. Mean--
while, the demand for petroleum products continued to decline. It fell from
2,284,000 tonnes in 1982 to 2,158,600 tonnes in 1983, when it was 34.5 per
cent below the 1980 peak of 3,296,900 tonnes of petroleum products actually
imported into the country. Besides, the share of oil products in total energy
consumption fell from 82 per cent in 1980 to 75 per cent in 1983. Indications
are that it is falling further. On the other hand, the import bill for
petroleum products remained immense--a mind-boggling Kb342.3 million in 1983,
52.7 per cent of the total value of exports. In 1980, however, the percentage
was higher at 53.8. [Excerpt] [Nairobi JAMHURI ECONOMIC REVIEW in English Dec
84 p 21]

cso: 3400/421



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

NIGERIA

BRIEFS

YOUTH CORPS OFFICER SENTENCED--A former higher stores officer with the NYSC
[National Youth Service Corps], Amos Adenuga, has been sentenced to a total
of 68 years imprisonment by the Lagos zone of the Special Military Tribunal
on the Recovery of Public Property. He was found guilty on a four-count
charge of receiving kickbacks, running a private business, and making false
declaration of assets. Amos Adenuga is, however, to serve 21 years as the
sentences are to run concurrently. Delivering judgment, the chairman of the
tribunal, Air Vice Marshal Muktar Muhammad, remarked that the love of money
made Amos Adenuga to suppress his religious sentiments. The tribunal also
ordered that a total of 2,467,450 naira be forfeited to the Federal Military
Government as well as two houses and a hotel complex built for the convict.
[Text] [Lagos Domestic Service in English 0600 GMT 22 Jan 85]

PRISON CROWDING-—-The NEW NIGERIAN, in its editorial, stresses the need for the
government to decongest the country's prisons. It reaffirms that remanding
suspects in prisons for too long without trial is both undesirable and unneces-
sary. It also believes that granting suspects continuous amnesty on the grounds
of overcrowding leaves the society exposed to the sinister activities of
criminals. The NEW NIGERIAN suggests that the most effective way to reduce

the increasing number of inmates is by bringing suspects to speedy trial. In

a similar editorial, the PUNCH advocates the release of some former politicians
and those who have not been formally charged for any offense. The paper advises
the Federal Government to explain the reasons for the delay. [Text] [Lagos
International Service in English 0830 GMT 18 Jan 85]

Cso:. 3400/455

28



JPRS-SSA-85-013
- 12 February 1985

ZIMBABWE

ZANU-PF OFFICIAL COMMENTS ON WHITE CANDIDATES
MB211030 Harare THE HERALD in English 14 Jan 85 p 1

[Text] White members of ZANU-PF are welcome to stand against Independent or
Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe [CAZ] candidates in the forthcoming general
election, says a member of the party's Politburo.

The party secretary for administration, Cde Maurice Nyagumbo, was commenting
on reports in Harare that white members of the ruling party wanted to challenge
the Independents and the CAZ for the 20 seats reserved for whites under the
Lancaster Housem Constitution.

Comrade Nyagumbo said the party had a "sizeable" white membership. "But we
won't ask them (to stand as candidates); they must come forward, they must
offer themselves as candidates," he said.

"We are aware that because of our peculiar situation there is a special roll
for whites. But after the elections we are going into, which we believe we
will win, we'll do away with this part of the constitution. We shall have one
roll, so that everyone, white, Indian, coloured or African, will be on that
roll."

Comrade Nyagumbo also answered criticism among white members of the party that
not many of them were elected to top positions at branch, district or provincial
level.

"We can't dictate. When elections are held we can't dictate who should be
elected. Moreover, they (the whites) don't turn up for elections, perhaps
because they are not affiliated to any branch."

One reason could be "the language difficulty," bur he had come across many
whites who spoke Shona. The branches in such areas were headed by domestic
workers, most of whom did not speak English.

Political commissars in the branches were tackling this problem, which did
not involve white members only.

64



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

ZIMBABWE

BRIEFS

VARLOUS EXPORTS--THE national freight airline, Affretair, has carried horses
to Angola, crocodiles to Egypt and flowers, fruit and vegetables to Europe
during its recent busy period, an airline statement said last week. Sixty
horses, weighing on average 500 kg each, were flown to Luanda on two flights
and five attendants travelled with the animals. A total of 208 crocodiles
from the Spencer's Creek Crocodile Ranch at Victoria Falls were freighted in
47 crates to Cairo. The two largest crocodiles were about four metres long.
The statement said the large crocodiles had their mouths tied to prevent them
damaging each other and all had been fed and sedated for the journey. As an
extra precaution to keep them calm the reptiles' eyes were taped. December
always created a heavy demand for fruit, flowers and vegetables in Gabon and
Europe and Affretair had carried a total of 20 tonnes a week to Libreville or
Amsterdam, the statement added. [Text] [Harare THE SUNDAY MAIL in English

30 Dec 84 p 2]

CSO: 3400/445 END

66



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

NAMIBIA

PAPER VIEWS SIR GEOFFREY'S STATEMENT ON LINKAGE
MB181444 Windhoek DIE REPUBLIKEIN in Afrikaans 9 Jan 85 p 4
[Editorial: "How Now, Howe?"]

[Text] The low profile Britain has maintained over the South-West Africa/
Namibia question ended rather lamely, politically speaking, when Foreign
Secretary Sir Geoffrey Howe spoke out last Monday against a linkage between
a Cuban withdrawal from Angola and the independence of South-West Africa/
Namibia.

We say it was lame because the British diplomat chose Harare in Zimbabwe from
which to make a statement, which indicates a renewed interest,on the part of
this member of the Western contact group in the territory's affairs.’ Zimbabwe
is hardly the place for a Briton to speak on the achievements and formulae
for independence.

The linkage of the Cubans in Angola to the independence of the territory is
a device jointly agreed on by America as leader of the West, and South Africa
as holder of the mandate over the disputed territory. The demand for a Cuban
withdrawal has gained stature and apparently coincided with the disbanding

of the Western contact group as a vehicle intent on finding a solution to

the South-West Africa issue.

As America took the lead with its policy of constructive engagement in southern
Africa, Britain, France, and Canada, as members of the contact group, took
the opportunity to slip out of the spotlight over South-West Africa.

Now, out of the blue, Sir Geoffrey in Harare jumps back into the ring, con-
deming the American and South Africa settlement demands and brandishing the
1978 version of Resolution 435 as the wonder formula for South-West Africa/
Namibia. And he does this in Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe where Britain's flame
of independence still burns in the hearts of people. The Zimbabwe which is
fast becoming the African headquarters for terrorist organizations like
SWAPO, while other African states are becoming increasingly critical of
Nujoma and his organization.

Was it Mrs Margaret Thatcher, Sir Geoffrey's Conservative Party leader, who
wanted terrorism to be declared an international crime after the Brighton bomb?
What about SWAPO?

25



Discovering Cameroon

Today, after arrival at the Yaounde airport at 8:15, the Soviet delegation:
will pay a courtesy call on the Honorable Salomon Tandeng Muna, president of
the Assembly, followed by a working session at 16:00 with the deputies. There
will be a dinner in their honor at 19:30 by President Muna and the evening
will end with a recreational cultural event. In addition to the numerous
visits to several members of the government, during their travels throughout
our provinces the Soviet deputies will meet the governors of the East, the Far
North, the Coast and the South as well as with a few of the traditional
authorities of these regions. This trip will also permit them to see the
wealth of tourist attractions in Cameroon (Arts and Crafts Center, Waza Park,
Palace of the Sultan Bamoun) and several industrial and agricultural
achievements.

1500 Elected Members

The USSR parliament, the Supreme Soviet, is elected for 5 years and is made up
of approximately 1500 members including 767 for the soviet of the Union in
charge of general interests, and 750 for the soviet of nationalities which
represents local aspects. The deputies are elected by secret ballot on the
basis of universal equal and direct suffrage. The deputy members of the
Supreme Soviet must render an account of their work and the work of the
Supreme Soviet to the electors and the latter can remove them from office
before the end of their mandate. The presidium of the Supreme Soviet, headed
by its president, the chief of state, has 21 members and 32 committees. The
Supreme Soviet is responsible for all matters dealing with the constitution,
the admission and the formation of new republics and autonomous regions, the
formation of the council of ministers, the approval of economic and social
development plans as well as the state budget, the election of the Supreme
Court and, finally, the nomination of the public prosecutor. It should be
noted that, in addition to the Supreme Soviet, which is the supreme
parliamentary authority of the USSR, there are also local soviets (around
50,000) whose number of deputies exceeds 2 million.

9772
CSO: 3419/222



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

CAMEROON

SUPREME SOVIET PARLIAMENTARY DELEGATION FRIENDSHIP VISIT
Yaounde CAMEROON TRIBUNE in French 5 Dec 84 pp 1,3

{article by Quentin Otabela: "Friendship Visit by a Parliamentary Delegation
of the Supreme Soviet"]

(Text] A delegation from the Supreme Soviet, the
parliament of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
(USSR) arrived at Yaounde this morning at 8:15 for a visit
of friendship, until 13 December.

Nine members strong, including two officials of the USSR
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and led by a member of the
Supreme Soviet Presidium, the Soviet delegation will be met
by the Honorable Salomon Tandeng Muna, president of the
National Assembly. During their stay they will be escorted
by a delegation of Cameroon deputies led by Mayi Matip
Theodore, first vice president of the National Assembly.

A Soviet parliamentary delegation, composed of seven members of the Supreme
Soviet and two officials of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, arrived this
morning at Yaounde for a friendship visit, until 13 December. The Soviet
deputies, led by M. Chakirov Miktat Zakirovich, member of the Presidium of
the Supreme Soviet, will be met by a Cameroon delegation led by Theodore Mayi
Matip, first vice president of the National Assembly. The plan for their stay
ineludes visits to the provinces in the Far North, the East, the SouthWest,
and on the Coast, as well as meetings with several members of the government.
The arrival of this parliamentary group in Cameroon approximately 6 months
after the visit to Moscow of a similar Cameroon mission, falls within the
scope of interparliamentary relations which Cameroon maintains with a certain
number of countries in the world for the purpose of promoting a mutual

’ knowledge of parliamentary procedures and to reinforce friendship between
peoples. The Soviet deputies will thus have the opportunity to know Cameroon
better, its developmental efforts, and the status of projects enjoying USSR
financing. Armed with the lessons they will have drawn from the functioning of
our Assembly, the dynamism of our economy and society, and the feeling that
the Cameroon authorities have for Soviet cooperation, our illustrious guests
will be better able to understand, even influence, future relations between
their country and ours.



Verge : of Bankruptcy

“Regardingthe economic situation, I can say the following: in 1973, the Mozambican
economy ranked eighth in Africa. Today, in 1984, Mozambique is one of the 12
poorest countries in the world, a part of what is already being called the

‘fourth world,’ surpassing in poverty the area known as the Third World, When
FRELIMO points to the drought (the lack of rainfall) as the reason for this
situation, this is demagoguery and mendacity. The economic collapse of Mozambique
began in 1975, with the application of the Marxist rules,

“Mozambique is on the verge of bankruptcy. It suspended payments early last

year and the foreign debt is currently about $2 billion (about 320 million meticals).
In 1983, exports declined 40 percent in relation to 1982, at current prices,

adit is predicted that this year (1984) they will decline 60 percent from

1983, .

“The phenomenon of the black market in currency is the best barometer to measure
the situation. Officially, in Maputo, $1.00 is equal to 42 meticals (the national
currency); in the black market, $1.00 is worth 4,200 meticals. This is the

pure truth: 100 times as high!

“The only reason Mozambique is not yet bankrupt," the secretary general continued,
“is that France and Belgium made an agreement with Maputo that the debt would

be paid off over 11 years, with a 5-year grace period. Financial interests
override world geostrategic policy. .

“We note that it is the West," Fernandes stressed, “which is providing food

aid to Maputo. Obviously we do not question the humanitarian intent of this
aid, but we want to alert the West to monitor its destination. In effect, what
is happening is that most of the food is going to the armed forces and the rest
is being sold to the people and not given away. Thus the food aid offered to
Maputo is turned into a form of high-level corruption, in which the ruling class
is involved."

Democracy, Fundamentalism and Nationalism

We said to Evo Fernando that one of the accusations put forth in the FRELIMO
propaganda-~and repeated in a certain segment of the Portuguese press-~is that
RENAMO does not have an ideology.

The MNR secretary general replied that “the movement is not a political party,
which, by definition, must display 4n ideological label and state its position
on the Right, Center or Left.

“It is a matter of a popular mass movement whose military arm is RENAMO and
which absolutely rejects a totalitarian, cruel and brutal dictatorship, personi-
fied in Samora Machel and institutionalized by the FRELIMO regime, as a single
party with a Soviet and Marxist affiliation.

"In any event, the movement is guided by certain principles which are, obviousty,
ideological principles. When we win the final victory, we plan to hold a congress,
out of which will come a party, or even two parties. The important thing is

14



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

KENYA

GOVERNMENT EFFORTS TO CONTROL FINANCIAL SECTOR

Nairobi THE WEEKLY REVIEW in English 14 Dec 84 pp 22, 27

THE collapse of Rural Urban coincided
with the presentation of a bill in parlia-
ment seeking to give the government more
powers to run mismanaged financial
institutions. On the day Rural Urban was
closed last Wednesday, the amendment
bill appeared on the order paper of
parliamentary business but was not
debated. The bill seeks to empower the
Central Bank to appoint managers to take
over the running of banks or financial
institutions which are being conducted in
a manner detrimental to the interests of
depesitors or the public. It says that with
the approval of the minister for finance,
the Central Bank ‘will appoint a person
who in the opinion of the bank is compe-
tent to advise the bank or financial
institution on the necessary remedial
measures. The bank or financial institu-
tion will also be required to submit its
business to the Central Bank or a person
appointed to assume control of all
facilities for the effective management
and conduct of its affairs.

The bill.seems to be part of the
government’s efforts to exercise stricter
control and supervision in the financial
sector. First to be considered was the
insurance industry where the government
recently introduced a bill with this objec-
tive in mind. But some of the provisions
met with stiff resistance from within the
industry, prompting the government to
withdraw it for further amendments: The
original insurance amendment bill went a
little further, however, as it provides for
the office of a commissioner of insurance
to act as the government’s watchdog over
the industry. As a means of ensuring the
efficient management of insurance com-

3400/421

panies, the bill had empowered the com-
missioner to approve the appointment of
the principal officer in a company. But
following protests from members of the
industry that this would amount to an
infringement of the rights of manage-
ments to choose their own officers, this
particular provision was excluded from
the amended version of the bill. Despite’
continued protests, however, some of
which were echoed by MPs in parliament,
the rest of the powers of the commissioner
were retained. Among them, the com-
missioner will be empowered, in cases of
suspected contravention of the act by
members of the industry, to ask for infor-
mation about the member's affairs, issue
directions restricting dealings with their
assets, prohibit particular transactions
and with the minister’s approval, order an
investigation into their affairs.

The banking act already provides for

“the inspectorate division of the Central

Bank to inspect.the affairs of a bank or
financial institution without prior notice

“and: institute legal proceedings against
_those found to be flouting the banking

act. The new bill is therefore an indica-
tion that this has been seen as serving
only the purpose of safeguarding the law
without necessarily ensuring the protec-
tion of those whose deposits have been
jeopardised by poor management. If the

“bill is passed in parliament and if the

Central Bank implements its proposed
wide-ranging measures aimed at greater
supervision over the banking industry, it
is expected that the financial sector as a
whole will eventually reach a stage. where
only the efficient institutions .will
survive. . .


“Afonso Dhlacama, president of the Mozambican National Resistance and commander
-in chief of RENAMO, is black; he is a-man who is going to surprise the statesmen
of the world. He has the soul of a statesman. Moderate, thoughtful and intel-
ligent, he will be one of the most important African leaders of our generation.

“Also regarding the Mozambicans, white or black, who have gone to Portugal,"
Fernandes continued, "Machel told President Ramalho Eanes and former Prime
Minister Pinto Balsemao that he wanted all the Mozambicans to come home. That
statement was broadcast on Portuguese television in October 1983. It is the
only point on which we are in agreement with Samora Machel. However," he added.
“Jacinto Veloso has repeatedly made statements to the contrary, contradicting
Machel.

“The disagreements are not just between Samora and Veloso, however. The highest
organ of the regime (the Political Bureau of the Central Committee) is itself
divided. The Portuguese may never have heard of Guebuza, who is also in the
president's cabinet, but the power struggle between Guebuza and Machel is
unrelenting. The armed forces themselves are divided because both men seek

the support of operational commanders. It always happena this way in countries
where Russia colonizes and dominates the center of political decision. In this
struggle between Guebuza and Machel, the Soviets will have the last word,"
Fernandes observed.

"I have already explained,” the MNR secretary general concluded, "that the war
zones are restricted to the major centers, their periphery and the paths of
communication to the outside.

“Thus Maputo is a war zone. I will take this opportunity to alert the Portuguese
Government that we cannot assume responsibility for the safety of Portuguese
cooperants. Maputo is almost surrounded by RENAMO forces and every night there
is gunfire in the outlying districts. Everyone knows it. The foreign diplomats
who used to spend their weekends in Namacha or Swaziland are no longer traveling
by highway. There is no security. To leave Maputo today, you need a heavy
military escort.

"Soon, the capital will be completely surrounded. The corruption and the power
struggle within FRELIMO will help things along. In the final attack, we know

that we can count on most of the FRELIMO troops. The responsibility will lie

with the Maputo leaders who sabotaged the Pretoria discussions. The delegation
led by Jacinto Veloso applied blackmail: it did not accept any of our proposals,
even though, at one point, we agreed to Machel's continuation as president until
general elections could be held. We atso abandoned the negotiations because,

while theywere going on, the Maputo press was continuing to call us armed bandits.
How could we believe in the good faith of Machel's envoys?

“Peace will come after the final attack on Maputo." Fernandes ended the interview
quoting the words of RENAMO. president Afonso Dhlacama:

“Peace is not just the absence of war. Peace is an ethical, political and social
concept which implies a government of the people, by means of just, general and
periodic elections, respect for the national traditions and history, the guarantee
of private enterprise and social progress and recognition of basic civil rights.
Peace means the reconciliation of the Mozambican family. This is the peace

we desire; this is the peace we will make."

6362

ts

3442/143
20



128065u

JPRS-SSA-85-013

12 February 1985

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

FBIS

19980224 134

FOREIGN BR OAH eos DRMATION SERVICE
ee \O)

Nie x Ns ——
- nes:
Wont i ss DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
7 — ee
“ ; Approved for public release;
aa L. PPP ystribution Unlimited

WW
Age



Considering the social role it plays--providing security and consolation--
maraboutism might be considered not merely a marginal profession but a
full-fledged member of the liberal professions, It is far from being a
phenomenon tied solely to underdevelopment or exoticism. For in France, for.
instance, a study shows that billions of francs are spent every year to consult
clairvoyants, just as there is a flourishing market for specialists in ESP, who
are really only marabouts under another name. Parapsychology is alive in both
the East and the West. What is called maraboutism here is...science elsewhere.
But here or there, it is above all a profession.

The Four Marabouts

Because of its accommodation to both the spiritual and the temporal, Islam
presents itself as a layman's religion. In general, revealed religions have
chapels in which clergymen, their hierarchy and their institutions are
ensconced, This is not the case in Islam, except in Shi'ite Islam, where the
mosque sometimes becomes more than a mere place of worship, where at the top
one has the Ayatollah, the wielder of supreme power, considered as the Guide or
Imam, with the mullahs, Hojat Islam, etc. at the bottom of the hierarchy. But
even so, Islam does not have clergy or priests in the Christian sense of the
terms, and the Muslim mosque does not have the same significance as a church or
synagogue. Its character makes it equally adaptable to the many different
societies in which it is practiced. It is for this reason that some speak of
black Islam, Soviet Islam, Malian Islam, Arab Islam, etc. This classification
in no way detracts from the unity of Islam, but merely channels it and gives it
concrete manifestations, 7

In sub-Saharan Africa a characteristic feature of Islam is maraboutism. It is
an outgrowth of Muslim religious brotherhoods. It is a phenomenon that
originated in the Maghreb. The word is reputed to come from "m'rabet" which is
derived from "Ribat" (tie or link with Islam), But the most credible derivation
in our view is from “murabitun," denoting the disciples of Ibn Yassin, founder
of the Almoravid dynasty and propagator of Islam in North Africa, whose sphere
of influence spread to sub-Saharan Africa.

Maraboutism is an exclusively male profession. With its links to the Islamic
religious brotherhoods, it has acquired a position of some significance in
black Africa. Originally, the word denoted learned Muslims who played the role
of teachers or advisors about religious practices. It evolved in form and
content. Today there are four types of marabouts, each of which have socially
distinct spiritual, social, economic and (to a degree) political functions.

The dynastic marabout: He is considered a marabout by virtue of his ancestry.
This is often quite independent of his religious or mystical knowledge. Thus,
he can be called a marabout by inheritance. He is venerated because of what his
parents or grandparents represented. He is the guardian of the ancestral
traditions and assures the continuation of certain traditional social
relationships. This branch engenders the Great Khalifs, the Great Marabouts of
villages or regions, and out of it have come the great aristocratic families.
The dynastic marabout is often a big land and property owner and exerts a
powerful influence on the masses, reinforcing his social importance and, in
some countries, his political power.

43



government wanted to muzzle in revenge, because the government could no longer
stand the opposition criticism against the ministerial purchases and trips.
Though the 24-percent unfortunately aroused little reaction, even though it
strangled the press, the journalists, wih only a few exceptions, rose up as
one and united against the gag deposit. The government then had to retreat
and present a more acceptable law. The press's victory was unfortunately
saddened by the loss of Dr Philippe Forget, its most precious asset.

In the wake of the journalists, it fell on the leaders of the religious
secondary schools and all who believe in pluralism in education to oppose a
government trying quite simply to snuff out these academic institutions. Here
also, the reaction was strong enough so that the politicians did not win out.
These insitutions were able to retain a minimum of autonomy, and keep their
60-year-old teachers and foreign religious personnel.

The Sugar Authority came out initially with a clearly intolerable approach

It was nothing less than.a disguised expropriation, with the owner keeping the
titles to the property but the Sugar Authority controlling the levers of
control. The directors would have been simply carrying out orders. The
reaction was effective enough so that that body was to become a center of
control, oversight and information, even though its authority suffered a
passing blow.

The debate on the Companies Bill showed that the government had grasped the
lesson. Instead of presenting the concerned sectors with a fait accompli, as
had been done at the beginning of the year, it had the intelligence and wisdom
to first submit the draft bill to these sectors. The latter had the time to
study the rather voluminous document and to point out to the authorities the
flaws and difficulties. The opposition raised an outcry on the pretext that
the government was yielding to certain pressures. However, common sense
prevailed, for it is easier to later strengthen a too lenient law than to
revive economic activity strangled by arbitrary regulation.

At the same time, the bill on insurance is undergoing quiet examination by
representatives of the private and public sectors. We hope that the insurance
companies will not have to carry out a “sit-in.” The journalists would not
have had to do so either if the government had first sought a dialogue rather
than regarding them as an element who could be ignored.

Thus, there has been some progress. From a government that at the beginning
of the year was shut into its ivory tower, despite some appeals for national
unity, we have progressed to a government that has begun to engage in
dialogue. Only good can result from dialogue. The government has everything
to gain from dialogue and launching trial balloons to the appropriate sectors
rather than taking a bad direction from the start. It is never pleasant to
have to retrace your steps. Having launched the trial balloon, the government
can await the fallout and reactions, and take the decisions that will receive
active approval with full knowledge of the facts

The opposition politicians must, in turn, show that they are capable, in the
interest of the country, of rising above futile partisan or personality
squabbles. Political divisions are tolerable, at most, on the eve of



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

MAURITIUS

PEOPLE MUST COMBAT GROWTH OF 'BIG BROTHER' GOVERNMENT
Port Louis L'EXPRESS in French 31 Dec 84 p 9
(Editorial by Yvan Martial: "Deliver Us From Fear"]

“ [Text] A million nonpoliticians cannot continue to endure without stumbling
under the yoke of some hundreds of politicians, as if the latter had become
the masters of the country and the former their slaves, with the iron chains
having been replaced by others that are invisible but just as paralyzing.

All you have to do is open your eyes to perceive how fearful Mauritians have
become, afraid to displease this “big brother" who ends up knowing everything
and is capable of anything. The government employee no longer dares to
breathe for fear of offending today's or tomorrow's prince. The wise approach
is thus not to do anything, because he who does nothing makes no mistakes: the
files accumulate, no one dares to take the slightest initiative, even the most
inconsequential. The most urgent projects mark time.

For example, the sugar industry, despite its critical situation, hardly made
any progress in 1984. Reports have followed the master plans, and reform
plans have followed the modernization and restructuring plans. Under this
deluge of words, the country's backbone industry is crossing the threshold
into 1985 under the same conditions as for 1984. In 3 or 4 months, we will
begin to hear the appeal of sugar refineries lacking liquid assets.

The private sector is no better off. It knows that the government has an
arsenal of regulations, taxation, and authorization measures on which
enterprises depend at last resort for the whiff of oxygen that keeps them
going. What owner today can boast of the good health of his enterprise unless
he is quite sure of enjoying the favor of the prince. However, that exactly
means a servile attitude and not the noble stance of a breaker of chains
praised by history. Who in Mauritius today wants to play hero? It is much
easier to retreat into your shell and wait for the end of the storm.

However, the fact is that there will be no end of the storm if everyone
retreats into his shell and leaves the field free for the politicians. If the
latter are seeing bent backs, they will be encouraged to be even more
fearsome. They will change their mind if they find Mauritians determined not
to give them a free hand.

Very happily, several sectors demonstrated in 1984 that they will not easily
submit to being plucked. First of all, there is the press, which the



ENTIRE VILLAGE COUNCIL RESIGNS

Cape Town CAPE TIMES in English 7 Jan 85 p 2

[Text]

cso:

3400/446

: aparthei

PORT ELIZABETH. —
Cradock’s Ilingelihle
Village Council — one of
the first 29 community
ccuncils to become a ful-
ly-fledged council under
the Black Local Authori-
ties Act last year — re-
signed en masse last
week.

Councillors said they
had abdicated because
the community regarded
them as civil servants
who assisted the govern-
ment in implementing

In addition, the coun-
cil had been unable to
improve conditions in
the township because
they were not given a
hearing by the authori-
ties.

The decision was taken
at a meeting on Thurs-
day. Official resignations
were tendered yester-
day, but councillors said
they had discussed the
action months in ad-
vance.

Mr Donald Moni, who
was elected vice-mayor
on the day the council
disbanded, said: “We re-
alized that the residents
of Iingelihle really do
not accept the concept of
the Village Council. We
were not accepted as the
representative body.

“Sinee the unrest in
Ilingelihle last year,
residents have seen us as
civil servants who help
the government in imple-
menting its apartheid
policy. It was impossible
to carry on when we were
not wanted — it was use-
Jess to sit on a body when
we represented nobody.”

The decision was taken
in the absence of the
council's Town Clerk, Mr
GJ Barnardt, who draws

56

JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

up agendas for meetings,
as he was on leave. “We
wanted to do it alone,”
Mr Moni said. “It’s some-
thing which has been
brewing for a long time
and we have discussed it
for about five months.”

Mr Moni said the coun-
cil had failed to bring
about any developments
in lingelihle. “All the
plans for improving the
Toads and buiding
sportsfields have never
been. implemented, they
exist only on paper.”

Another councillor, Mr
Edmund Sixaba, blamed
this on government au-
thorities who were not
prepared to give the
council a hearing. He
said severe financial
problems had also ren-
dered the council impo-
tent.

Houses stoned

“We thought it wise to
resign because we repre-
sent nobody and are
given no hearing by the
authorities. As long as
two years ago we were
promised that the streets
would be upgraded and
the sport grounds built.”

Mr Sixaba said coun-
cillors had felt obliged to
resign since unrest
began in Ilingelihle last
year. At the height of the
trouble, councillors’
houses were stoned and
petrol-bombed.

The regional repre-

“sentative of the Director
of Local Governement,
Mr George Reynolds
(Chief Commissioner for
the Eastern Cape), said
he -had no comment on
the resignations as he
had just returned from
leave, but would investi-
gate the matter today.

SOUTH AFRICA



how such an inset could appear. Is it a matter of. negligence on the part of the
country's authorities? Or is SOLEIL merely permitted to say publicly what the
government feels privately? .

In any case, at Hann, where the headquarters of our national daily is located,
people love to go against the grain of governmental directives, That is the
only possible explanation for the generous treatment given to Christian as
opposed to Muslim demonstrations. As Senegalese Muslims, you will not get your
message out through SOLEIL, where they will use the orders of the president of
the republic to thwart you. Conferences organized by Muslims anxious to make
the masses better informed are simply boycotted on the basis of those
instructions.

9516
CSO : 3419/226

39



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

NIGERIA

FIRE DESTROYS MANY OFFICES IN IBADAN SKYSCRAPER
AB101155 Lagos NAN in English 1135 GMT 10 Jan 85

[Text] Ibadan, 10 Jan (NAN)—The 25-story Cocoa House, which was built in
Ibadan in the early 1960's went up in flames yesterday. A correspondent of
the NEWS AGENCY OF NIGERIA (NAN) at the scene reports that it took a combined
effort of the fire service, officials of the State Water Corporation, the
police, military personnel, boy scouts and individuals about six hours to put
out the fire.

The correspondent learnt that the fire started on the 16th floor of the skyscraper
at about 4:30 p.m. when most workers had closed for the day. A source close to
the fire service said that the fire might have been caused by some sparks from

a faulty electricity connection.

The state governor, Lt-Col Oladayo Popoola called off his engagements for the day
and ordered all officials of the state fire service and water corporation to re-
port at the scene and help put out the fire. Fire-fighting helicopters that
arrived from Lagos at about 8:30 p.m. could not offer much help as a result of
the intensity of the fire. An official of the fire service blamed the helpless
situation on lack of adequate equipment which could have been used to suppress
the inferno while it was raging on the top floors.

No estimate had been made on the extent of damage but fire officials believed it
would run into millions of naira as many of the offices within the building were
razed, These include the Odua Investments Company, the National Bank of Nigeria,
the Palm Produce Board and the Cocoa Development Unit.

So far no life has been reported lost but some fire-men sustained slight injuries
while attempting to put out the fire.

cso: 3400/455

27



The brotherhood marabout: The functions of the second overlap those of the
first, who may be his descendant. He is also venerated and plays the role of
spiritual teacher, He accumulates wealth by attracting followers to-his
brotherhood or sect; then he becomes their marabout and enjoys their material
support and veneration. This function is not hereditary, unlike that of the
first. The difference between the dynastic and brotherhood marabout is that the
former needs no training whereas the second must be trained by a Great Khalif
or another Great Marabout to assume his position. In any case, there is a
similarity in their functions. The brotherhood marabout can also found a
maraboutic dynasty.

The teaching marabout: He holds Koranic and theological knowledge. He lacks the
charisma of the others. His role rarely exceeds that of an educator, and his
relations with the faithful are simply those between teacher and student. He is
often destitute and lives on the paltry donations of his students. He is the
poor relative of the great maraboutic family.

The mystical marabout: This is the most widespread and professionalized of the
branches. He is a social worker, psychoanalyst, prognosticator, healer, service
provider, While the others have a restricted clientele motivated by religious
imperatives, the latter has a much broader clientele, and one that is not
always animated by religious faith.

Maraboutism, standing somewhere between occult science and traditional rituals,
is distinguished from magi¢ and fetishism by its links to the Koran. It relies
on divine grace and makes use of the “dhikr" (recitations of verses, the names
of God and the Angels), of writings that are to be swallowed, attached to the
body (amulets), or hidden in specific locations, of prayers, blessings, alms
and the "khalwa" (isolation in a room for a giyen period). Clairvoyance and
“istikhar" also play a role,

9516
CSO : 3419/240

44



Without endorsing the American and South African demands over independence
and the Cubans, it must be conceded that these two countries have remained
in the Namibian political workshop while others jumped ship. The ideal op-
portunity for Britain to become involved would have been last year, with
South Africa's Mr P.W. Botha offer that a Western power could take over
responsibility for the mandate.

Instead, Britain passed it off in diplomatic circles with a "He's got a
hope". And now, in Zimbabwe, Geoffrey Howe has become a wiseacre.

CSO: 3401/86

26



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

ZIMBABWE

CAPE INTELLIGENCE MAY’ BE DENIED TO WEST

Port Elizabeth WEEKEND POST in English 29 Dec 84 p 12

LONDON — South Africa
may stop supplying the
West with information col-
lected at the super-secret
Silvermine listening post in
the Cape unless it received
the aircraft needed for
intelligence gathering.

If no help was forthcom-
ing South Africa would con-
centrate on developing
electronic systems for the
shorter-range reconnais-
sance aircraft needed to
patrol its shores and stop
reconnaissance in the wide
area of the Cape sea route
for the West. .

This was made clear by
Commandant Piet Marais,
chairman of Armscor, in an
interview he gave to the
authoritative London-
based publication, Inter-
national Defence Review.

Commandant Marais
said: “In view of the fact
that the Western countries
are showing no active inter-
est in supplying us with the

of aircraft required

them any longer.”

He went on to say South
Africa was also considering.
stopping the supply of
information to the West via
the Silvermine coastal sur-
veillance network which is
linked into a worldwide
communications net.

But yesterday both the
British Foreign Office and
Defence Ministry were
unaware of South Africa’s

reported intentions.

Aspokesman for the For-
eign Office said there has
been no official South Afri-
can statement on the issue.

Commandant Marais
also emphasised that South
Africa was not going to buy
any aircraft from the Brit-
ish “under the present cir-
cumstances”.

This was a possible refer-
ence to Press reports earli-
er this year that South
Africa was considering the
purchase of the British
Aerospace Coastguarder
reconnaissance aircraft.

Commandant Marais
also said that feasibility
studies were under way to
build a South African heli-
copter.

South Africa was deter-
mined to keep up with
whatever sophisticated
defence equipment other
African countries might
_acquire and this was why
Armscor placed such a
heavy emphasis on
research and development.

Armscor employed
33000 people itself but
there were at least 80 000
people in the country actu-
ally involved in armaments
production.

The Nkomati Accord
with Mozambique and the
Luanda Accord with
Angola -earlier this year
could result in the scaling
down of the South African
Defence Force's require-
ments and this could make
room for the export of
more South African arms,
Commandant Marais said.



OPEC LOAN TO AID CROP PRODUCTION

JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

Nairobi THE KENYAN TIMES in English 31 Dec 84 p 16

[Article by Enos Nyagah]

(Text ]

cso:

FARMERS and entrepre-
neurs will benefit from ‘shs.
45 million Opec Fund for
International Development
Joan to the Kenya govern-
ment, the chairman of the
Kenya Commercial Bank,
Dr. Benjamin E. Kipkorir,
said yesterday.

The t signed in
Vienna, Austria, last week
will be on-lent to Kenyan
small farmers and small-
scale enterprises engaged in
agriculture = and_—aagro-
industry, manufacturing
and transport sectors of the

economy.
The loan is the second
line of credit which the Opec
Fund for __ International
Development have extended
through the Kenya govern-
ment and which the Kenya
Commercial Bank group
have executed:as the agent.
It now brings to a total
of shs. 90 million, funds
which have been provided to
KCB by Opec to cater for
Specifically ‘small-scale
entetprises in the country.
Dr. Kipkorir said . that
emphasis will, however, be
placed on projects which
seek and have the potential

_ tw expand the production of

3400/421

agricultural commodities,
manufactured goods or
the creation of other goods
and services.

The funds provided by

Opec fund through Kenya
Commercial Bank group
under the first loan agree-
ment involving US $$ mil-
lion, proved attractive to
smaller scale entrepreneurs
and were quickly committed
to help finance the bank's
customers largely in rural
areas.

The Kenya Commercial
Bank plans to distribute the
funds now being made
available through the se-
cond loan to eligible pro-
jects in all parts of the coun-
try, the chairman added.

The delegation that repre-
sented Kenya during the ne-
gotiation and signing of the
loan agreement was led by

the chairman of KCB, Dr.:

B. E. Kipkorir and included
Mr.” All Vienna, the
i of external aid in
the ministry of Finance and
Planning, Mr. E. K Mathiu,
jef manager of Kenya
Commercial Finance Com-
pany Ltd., and Mr. D. K.
Ameyo, a state counsel.

Meanwhile, Dr. Kipkorir
has wished President Moi, a
long and healthy life so that
he can continue to i
Kenya in the dynamic spirit
of peace, love and unity. He
has also sent goodwill greet-
ings to all customers and
well wishers of the KCB and
its subsidiaries.

KENYA



The RENAMO secretary general asked: "Is there any legitimacy to a government
and regime which is supposed to govern 10 million inhabitants, but which has
to rely on international assistance for their security?

“Except that the people are not with the regime or with the government. If
they were, RENAMO could not exist. This is what Pretoria must finally under-
stand. The military arm of the people, our guerrillas, are all Mozambicans.
We do not want nor do we need to internationalize our forces; we do not need
foreign bases.

“What we call war zones are the paths of communication which I mentioned, the
urban centers and their environs," Evo Fernandes expiained, “becuase they are
the only ones that merit this designation. The FRELIMO troops refuse to fight
in the jungle and their commanders do not force them to fight in the jungle
because, once there, they [the commanders] could be killed by their own men,
which has happened frequently.

“After they kill their commanders, the soldiers desert. Not all of them come
over to RENAMO; some of them organize in gangs of armed outlaws, pillaging and
raping, turning into thieves and murderers. But I think that the social
upheaval and traumas of a war of liberation always give rise to such phenomena,"
Fernandes observed, continuing his explanation to the Portuguese people about
what is actually happening in Mozambique.

No Lack of Military Power

“This year, FRELIMO received 48 MiG=-21 planes, with the respective Soviet pilots
and technicians, and 2 spy planes, also with Soviet crews; these planes have
highly sophisticated electronic equipment which even South Africa does not have.

“This equipment is much more advanced that that of the celebrated American U-2's,
which could photograph the ground from extremely high altitudes. With this
sophisticated equipment, these two planes which Russia has provided to FRELIMO
can detect any military movement on the ground. In military parlance, they

are called electronic planes."

Evo Fernandes’ whole life is devoted to his country and to his war of liberation,
and he did not want to go into other areas of conflict in the world, but this
reporter has an obligation to inform the readers that, a short time ago, the
United States sent a squadron into Nicaraguan waters to prevent delivery of
Soviet MiG-21 planes to that country. It is odd that South Africa does not
appear to be concerned about this air force, manned by Russians, a few kilo-
meters from its borders, but it is assumed that some of Pretoria's strategists
think that, by having a pro-Soviet cordon around their country, they might win
Western sympathy and support and thus be able to maintain théir internal racial
policy--a strategy which defies common sense and logic, but it exists.

In addition to this air power which FRELIMO does not control or even have the
technicians to do so, Maputo “regularly receives ‘Antonov’ cargo planes; they
come in -from Tanzania, carrying huge quantities of war materiel, such as tanks,
helicopters and heavy artillery, FRELIMO does not lack military power. What
it lacks," stressed the MNR secretary general, “is human capability."

17



cso:

of a national development plan. A
development plan must consist of
a strategy which facilitates the re-
alization of the stated goals. As a
strategy it must consist of enabling
mechanisms rather than of limit-
ing or coercive measures.

Tt is to be expected that the insti-
tution of freedom of movement
and settlement will, at least ini-
tially, lead to higher rates of mi-
gration in to urban and white-con-
trolled rural areas. In order to
-minimize the negative effects of”
:such developments a restructur-
ing of present systems of organiza-
‘tion and control needs to be
‘achieved along the following
lines: ;

OThe promotion of industrial
and commercial deconcentration
in existing urban andin particular
metropolitan areas in order to re-
store the present imbalanced ur-
‘ban systems. The aim must be to

eliminate the existing monopoly of

whites over the economic growth
potential of urban areas and to
maximize the use of existing infra-
structure.
Suburban

CiDormitory towns must be al-
lowed to develop into balanced
suburban communities, work-
places and living areas must be
allowed to develop in closer prox--
imity to one another, sources of
revenue for local services must be
allowed to develop in local com-
munities so that local authorities
can become viable entities. This
requires the opening of commer-
cial and ‘industrial areas to entre-
preneurs of all population groups.

Deconcentrated growth points
with existing urban complexes
must be promoted. .

OA review of the system of zon-
ing of land use in urban areas and
of the system of control over the
licensing of commercial and in-
dustrial activities so as to create
maximal opportunities for infor-
mal economic activity.

OThe institution of interme-
diary systems of urban and region-
al authority to structure total ur-
ban and regional systems
effectively.

OThe institution of a compre-
hensive housing strategy to cater

3400/446

54

for rapid urban growth and to pre-
vent urban congestion and overpo-
pulation.

This requires:

@Controlled informal ur-
ban settlement with security
of tenure in the place of un-
controlled illegal squatting;

@ Adopting the Slums Act,
extending its applicability to
black townships, and apply-
ing it strictly in order to con-
tain overpopulation, conges-
tion and decay in the formal
sectors of urban areas;

@ Further extension of the
housing policy to maximize
Participation by the private
sector, including the end-
user, in the housing process.

OThe systematic dismantling
and eventual scrapping of the
Group Areas Act so as to facilitate
intra- and inter-urban migration
and circulation of the growing de-
veloped sector of the population.

O Rural and agricultural reform
and development programmes for
both black states (national as well
as independent) and white rural
areas to facilitate and promote
both subsistence and commercial
agriculture maximally.

This requires a systematic re-
placement of communal land
rights by individual land tenure in
black areas and-the reinstitution’
of land tenure rights of blacks in
white rural areas. In final analysis
it calls for a major.revision of the
Black Land Act (1913) and of the
Black Land and Trust Act (1936).

,OThe extension of: full civil
rights to blacks and the basis of
domicile, as in the case of whites,
coloureds and Asians. This means

that blacks living in white-con-
trolled areas (such as those with
Section 10(1) a-c rights in urban
areas and those living as perma-
nent workers on white farms) must
be recognized as full citizens of
these areas with full freedom of
movement. Influx control and pass
laws for such people must be
scrapped.

The principle of domicile must
also form the basis of the alloca-
tion of political rights for all citi-
zens at local, regional and
national levels.



cso:

“tons of ore produced 2,54

3400/445

almost three times faster
than those running on
diesel fuel, the trucks
wear out more quickly,
they added.

The spares shortage
and related problems
have resulted in steadily
falling Zambian copper
production from an aver-
age of 683000 tons in
1970-74 to 551 021 tons in
the year 1983-84.

But defective equip-
ment is not the only
problem. The quality of
ore being mined has also
deteriorated in recent
years. In 1970-74, 100

tons of copper, com-
pared with only 2,13 tons
today.

Experts believe that
known economically re-
coverable reserves will
be almost exhausted in
15 to 20 years. Whether
or not deeper, geologi-
cally more complex de-
posits will be worth ex-
ploiting depends entire-
ly on the future price of
copper, they say

Demand for copper
has been badly hit by the
world recession, as well
as the trend towards
miniaturisation and sub-
stitution of copper wire
by fibre optics.

Although Zambia has
ambitious long-term
plans to diversify its eco-
nomy away from mining
and into agriculture, for
the moment at least ‘it
has no choice but to con-
centrate on copper as it
has hadrly anything else
except a small amount of
cobalt to sell to the
world.

One way it is tackling
the problem is by build-
ing a R500 million plant
to extract ore from tail-
ings or waste material
that still contains
enough copper to be eco-
nomically recoverable.

The project is central
to ZCCM’s production

61

strategy and is expected
to produce an -average
37000 tons of copper
annually from 1986 to
2001.

Although the plant is
expensive and will boost
output by a fairly small
amount over a short
time, experts say the
money will be well
spent.

“Even a 15 to 20-year
lifespan is sufficient to
justify the most efficient
use of copper,” said one
diplomat.

But there is some good
news. The Chinese-built
Tazara railway linking
Zambia with the East
African coast has had se-
vere difficulties over the
last few years due to
poor maintenance and
insufficient haulage
power and much copper

ad to be moved through
South: Africa.

But the Tazara’s prob-
lems have been eased by
buying West German
locomotives and 80 per
cent of Zambia's exports
are now reported to be
moving along this route.

Transit time from
Kapiri Mposhi, south of
Zambia’s copperbelt, to
Dar Es Salaam has been
reduced from 18 days
last year to five days,
although there are still
delays once the copper
reaches the port.

Zambia’s copper in-
dustry continues to rely
heavily on expatriates,

' almost all in senior posi-
‘tions, who number

almost 1800 out of
ZCCM’s 58000 work-
force.

Asked about the large

|mumber of expatriate

managers and techni-
cians, ZCCM officials are
quick to point out that
the company employed
6900 foreigners in 1969
and the number is con-
tinuing to fall.. ~



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SENEGAL

IMPACT OF FUTURE DAMS ON POPULATION, ENVIRONMENT EXAMINED
Dakar WAL FADJRI in French No 17, 30 Nov-14 Dec 84 pp 8-9

[Text] In 1986, Diama will have perhaps reached its
final state. This will be the first step in the vast
enterprise of developing the Senegal River, to be
followed by the second step with the laying of the
last stone at Manatali, expected 4 years from now.

Rarely has the planning and the execution of a project in Senegal given
rise to as much controversy at home and abroad as the building of dams on
the Senegal River. But today we can say, "come what may." We are on the
last stretch in the construction, and in 2 years, Diama will be operational,
with Manatali to follow 2 years later.

Nineteen-eighty-six will therefore be a turning point for a government that
has always hid its shortcomings and tried to alleviate suffering from natural
disasters by projecting visions of life after the dam. And, after all, the
dam is a program in itself, a lifeline to which we have clung without
loosening our grasp in spite of all the real disadvantages that it will
create in the surrounding area. We have heard talk of the development of
such diseases as schistosomiasis, the disruption of the social balance with
the introduction of new forms of subsistence, the destruction of the ecosys-
tem, etc. We have even heard of the limits of the dams to achieving their
basic objectives--which are to counter the advance of the desert and to
permit the development of land--over as wide an area as is foreseen.

We wanted these dams and now we will have them, in spite of the reluctance
of the financial donors who, at one point, appeared less enthusiastic than
at the beginning of this venture in the face of growing criticism and rising
costs.

But it is one thing to have dams; it is another to use them to the greatest
advantage. Today there is a great risk that tomorrow we will see mlti-
nationals or simply the agro-industrial companies proliferate in an area
that yesterday was arid and has become fertile, thereby increasing the
dependency of the rural population who will finally lose everything in their
natural environment to continue to live under a system of exploitation.

34



It is a situation that we seem to want to prevent, as is attested by a
conference held during last week on the post-dam period. Several days prior
to it, an inter-ministerial meeting, also devoted to the post-dam prospects,
had sketeched out a vast program that should bring about a socially success-
ful and financially profitable transition for the rural masses in the northern
region who are now practically disaster-stricken.

A vast program, as we have said, for a deadline that is relatively near. In
2 years, there will be a need for farmers and herders who have abandoned old
methods and are able to exploit the potential offered by the new forms of
farming and herding that they will have to face. But at present, as the
recent seminar held in Thies on integrated rural development demonstrated,
Senegal's new agricultural policy suffers from a lack of connection between
research, training and development.

The problems of farmer training and adaptation are not the only concerns
today. Having these dams does not mean actually having thekey to development.
Every day has its problems, and the post-dam period surely has better times
in store for us when we will have to manage and operate these structures
which we wanted at all costs, often allowing ambition to overtake reason,

and consequently, foresight.

For Diama, the first estimates have been issued. The SAED [expansion unknown]
foresees for 1987 the large-scale development of 6,000 hectares and the
expansion of developed areas from the present 11,500 hectares to 30,000
hectares.

12413
cso: 3419/198

35



During all this time, the supporters of secularism have not sat with their arms
folded. Following the indirect attacks in AFRIQUE NOUVELLE (Rene Odou: "The
Rise of Muslim Fundamentalism"), SOLEIL and AFRICA, which misfired, they tried
something else, They tried to sow discord between Muslims and Christians. And
when this failed, they tried to take advantage of the seasonal reconvening of
judicial tribunals to practice intimidation. But that, too, will fail. For the
Islamic solution leaves no one indifferent, to paraphrase the jurist Abdel
Kader Boye.

The year 1984, finally, was the year of the two Korites and the two Tabaskis,
which were only breaches opened up by the enemies of Islan. They were quickly
reclosed, thanks to the mobilization of those who--in Touba (Magal), Tivaouane,
Kaolack, Medina Gounas, Ndiassane..,(Gamou)--gave proof of their unity under
the banner of Islan.

A year of great islamic expansion has come to an end. Another is beginning, a

year for consolidation of the gains made and the rectification of mistakes, As
the year begins, the watchword is vigilance.

9516
CSO : 3419/227

“50



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

PIK BOTHA NKOMATI PLEDGE--Today's edition of NOTICIAS newspaper notes all
pledges are positive, but what is important are facts and not’ words. This is
in an editorial on the pledge made by South African President Pieter Botha to
implement the Nkomati Accord and see that it is implemented. In fact,
NOTICIAS points out, two theories may be considered: either the South African
Government does not want to implement the Nkomati Accord, or it finds itself
unable to see that it is fully implemented, The editorial notes that while
accepting the South African desire as genuine, it is possible that there may
be difficulties in controlling forces and sectors which carried out acts of
aggression against the People's Republic of Mozambique from the very beginning.
It adds that this shows that there is still hope that both Mozambicans and
South Africans placed in it. But it is not possible to wait much longer,
because to wait is to give time ‘to those who murder our people and paint our
history with horror and blood, the editorial concludes. [Text] [Maputo
Domestic Service in Portuguese 1200 GMT 19 Jan 85]

STATEMENT ON RENAMO--The South African authorities say they are investigating
allegations that the group of armed bandits who murdered two British citizens
in Ressano Garcia last Sunday sought refuge in South Africa. A communique
issued yesterday by the South African Foreign Ministry at the directive of
President Pieter Botha says that contacts would be established with Mozambican
security authorities within the terms of the Nkomati Accord. The South African
Government reiterates in the communique that it will not tolerate violence
against Mozambique from its territory and will not hesitate to deal decisively
against elements planning or carrying out acts of violence against Mozambique
from South African territory or seeking refuge in South Africa after committing
acts of violence in Mozambique. [Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese
1700 GMT 18 Jan 85]

NETHERLANDS LOANS--The Netherlands Government has decided to waive interest on
all loans given to Mozambique for 1984 and the first half of 1985. The decision
was announced to the governor of the Bank of Mozambique by the charge d'affaires
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Maputo. In 1983 the Netherlands Government
had already taken a similar decision. Prakash Ratilal, governor of the Bank of
Mozambique, told the Netherlands diplomat that the solidarity gesture once
again reflects the high degree of understanding for Mozambique's economic and
financial situation. The Kingdom of the Netherlands has already given Mozambique
gifts amounting to $70 million, which have been used in different development
projects to purchase essential goods. It has also given our country food aid
and various loans estimated at $50 million, for projects in roads, water,
energy, and shipping. [Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 1700 GMT

22 Jan 85 MB]

23



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

. . SOUTH. AFRICA

PROFESSOR DISCUSSES NEED TO DO AWAY WITH INFLUX CONTROL LAWS

Cape Town CAPE TIMES in English 10 Jan 85 p 6

[Article by S. P. Cilliers]

[Text]

INFLUX control has now clearly
emerged as a major issue affecting
the stability of South African
society and it needs to be attended
to urgently.

In view of the fact that influx
control forms a key element of the
policy of separate development as
pursued by the state, its removal
can only be achieved if a drastic
reconceptualization of the policy
of separate development is effect-

‘There is now an imperative need
for such a reconceptualization.
For this, itis necessary to consider
that the policy of separate devel-
opment has served (and still
serves) as the basis of the national
development plan of the state for
the past several decades. Its basic
aim was to preserve the identity
and autonomy of originally the
Afrikaner and later the white com-
munity in South Africa. 7

In view of its failure, an alterna-
tive national development plan
now needs to be formulated.

‘A national development plan
must have as its goal the restruc-
turing of the political, economic,
social and cultural aspects of the
societal structure so as to promote
the realization of the reasonable
aspirations of the population with-
in a democratic system.

Modernizing

On the political front it calls for
a restructuring that would allow
for all persons living within any
particular area of jurisdiction of
any political system to participate
in the decision-making process at
local, regional and national levels.

The economic system must cater
for growth and development in
order to accommodate a growing

53

and modernizing population. The
social order must allow for people
to maintain personal, family and
community relations as tar as pos-
sible. Cultural values as ex-
essed in peoples’ preferences
for lifestyles must be protected.

From the preceding, specific
2oncrete goals and guidelines may
be derived in terms of which an
overall development strategy and
specific strategies for urban
growth and urbanization may be
evaluated. Thus it should be clear
that the above goals require that
the strategy should aim at the
eventual institution of complete
freedom of movement and settle-
ment.

In the absence of such freedom
no effective political participation
can be achieved, economic growth
and development cannot be maxi-
mally achieved, peaple cannot
have normal family and commun-
ity relations, and preferences with
regard to lifestyles cannot be real-
ized in practice.

Influx control

The specific mechanisms of con-
trol envisaged in past proposals
and those contained in the present
system are based on the negative
resumption which denies the ex-
stence of claims to permanent
rights of residence to black per-
sons in white-controlled areas of
South Africa. It therefore denies
black persons — even those with
South African citizenship—one of
the basic rights of citizenship, ie.
the right to freedom of movement.
It follows from the above that it
is desirable to replace the present
system of influx control with a
national strategy for urban growth
and urbanization designed as part



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

ZAMBIA

BRIEFS

ILLEGAL MINERS DEPORTED--ABOUT 300 Senegalese illegal immigrants who were
rounded up in a clean-up operation on the Copperbelt last year have been de-
ported. Investigations conducted in Lusaka yesterday revealed that half of
the deportees left for home on Monday aboard a chartered DC 8 French Airline
plane. Others were still locked up in departure lounge at the Lusaka Inter-
national Airport where processing of necessary documents was done yesterday
while awaiting the plane to take them back to their home. [Excerpt] [Lusaka
ZAMBIA DAILY MAIL in English 9 Jan 85 p 5]

BURUNDI ENVOY VISITS--SPECIAL envoy of Burundi President, Jean Baptise Bagaza,
arrived yesterday to present a special message to President Kaunda. Speaking
on arrival at Lusaka International Airport, Minister of Commerce and Trade Mr
Albert Muganga said the message was about friendship and co-operation between
the two countries. Burundi is the current chairman of the Preferential Trade
Area (PTA). Mr Muganga who is accompanied by Director of President's -Cabinet,
Mr Bernard Ntahoturi said the funding of the proposed Preferential Trade Area
Development Bank to be established in Burundi will be discussed at the PTA
Council of Ministers meeting in June this year. [Excerpt] [Lusaka ZAMBIA
DAILY MAIL in English 8 Jan 85 p 1]

TANZANIAN MINISTER ARRIVES--A THREE-Man ministerial delegation headed by
Tanzania's Minister of Communication and Works, Mr John Malecela arrived in
Lusaka yesterday from Dar-es-Salaam to attend a one-day special meeting on the
operation of TAZARA. Speaking on arrival at Lusaka International Airport, he
said that TAZARA Council of Ministers would look into the reports prepared by
the TAZARA board of directors on the remittance of money from Lusaka to Dar-
es-Salaam. The last TAZARA Council of Ministers' meeting directed the board
of directors to find a permanent solution to the transfer of funds from Lusaka
to Dar-es-Salaam for the effective operation of TAZARA. Mr Malecela said
TAZARA was not experiencing serious financial problem, adding that it had
K16,000 balance in its coffers. He was met at the airport by his counterpart,
Minister of Power and Transport, Mr Fitzpatrick Chuula and other officials
from the ministry. [Text] [Lusaka ZAMBIA DAILY MAIL in English 10 Jan 85 p 3]

CsO: 3400/444

62



Briefs - - -*
Pik Botha Nkomati Pledge 23

Statement on Renamo 23
Netherlands Loans . 23
Soviet Fish Deliveries 24
FRG Food Aid 24

NAMIBIA

Paper Views Sir Geoffrey's Statement on Linkage
(Editorial; DIE REPUBLIKEIN, 9 Jan 85).....secceescesceeees 25

NIGERIA

Fire Destroys Many Offices in Ibadan Skyscraper
(NAN, 10 Jan 85)..

Briefs
Youth Corps Officer Sentenced 28
Prison Crowding 28
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

FRG Disaster Aid Brings Closer Links to West
(FRANKFURTER ALLGEMEINE ZEITUNG, 27 Dec 84)......eeeseeees + 29

Briefs
Minister on Cuban Cooperation . 31

SENEGAL

Mauritania Seen as Pressurizing Nation on Kheune Dam
(Y. Ndiaye; WAL FADJRI, No 17, 30 Nov-14 Dec 84)........ we 32

Impact of Future Dams on Population, Environment Examined
(WAL FADIRI, No 17, 30 Nov-14 Dec 84)....ccececececececees 34

Papal Visit Opposed by Muslim Leader
(Cire Ly Interview; WAL FADJRI, 14 Dec-28 Dec 84)......... 36

Iraqis, Government Newspaper Criticized
(WAL FADIRI, 28 Dec 84-11 Jan 85).....seceeeeeeee

Maraboutism a Flourishing Profession
(Yaya Diallo; AFRICA, Dec 84)....ceccceccccccccuccees eeeee 40

Preparations Under Way for Moscow Youth Festival
(LE SOLEIL, 8 Jan 85)......ceseceeseceees were ee eeceee wees 45

Need for True Democracy Stressed
(Sidy Lamine Niass; WAL FADJRI, 28 Dec 84-11 Jan 85)...... 47

-b-



. understand them." But they are closely held? "Not at all. The candidate should
come to the marabout armed with patience." Must he wait a long time to -
penetrate the universe of mysticism? "That will depend on the comportment of
the candidate. For the marabout must be prudent. He knows that the successful
candidate must conduct himself well, he should not be excitable or vindictive,
and he must not be a person who would abuse his knowledge and use it against
innocent people." Unlike brotherhood or dynastic marabouts, the mystical
marabout does not hold out his knowledge in exchange for work on his fields or
@ percentage of the candidate's wages. Instead, he waits until he knows the
candidate thoroughly from a psychological and psychical point of view before
entrusting him with occult knowledge. Are special conditions required before
carrying out a procedure? "There are risks and accidents in the practice of the
profession. The marabout may fall ill or lose his faculties if he has not fully
mastered the secret knowledge he uses, or if he fails to respect the rules. One
must always follow instructions to the letter, whether it is a question of
prayers or of ‘dhikr,' There are also secrets which are not utilized before a
certain age. Sometimes, before beginning a work, there are prayers to perforn,
things to recite or drink in order to reduce the risks. This is because during
the procedure the marabout may encounter bizarre beings who ask the marabout
what it is he desires. One can lose one's skin in such situations." Who
believes in maraboutism?

What one discovers is that the great majority of people believe in maraboutisn.

But often people hide this fact. So going to see a marabout is an act of which
society disapproves? "No, it is an individual and personal decision. One has no
need to be ostentatious about it. Often the marabout will tell you to keep what
transpires between you a secret. Thus it is important to be discreet."
Motivations? "There is always the problem of security, Women, being more
fragile, more often buffeted by insecurity, constitute the bulk of the
clientele." The fees? "Fees for consultations and procedures can reach several
hundred thousand francs. It is frequently a question of the procedure itself
and the risks the marabout must undergo in performing it." T.F., a high
official: "I believe in it because of its truth and because of what it has
brought me. With the marabout I can hope that my problem will be resolved. He
has powers that others lack." If the work does not succeed, will you get your
money back? “Success depends on the client. A timorous client has little
chance." L.A., a teacher: "Success can come about through some other service
which was not asked for." T.B., marabout: "The success of the work sometimes
takes a long time; it can take up to 40 years; it May ultimately come to the
descendants of the seeker, rather than the seeker himself." S.D., teacher:
“Failure often results from poor implementation." L.A., teacher: "The seeker
must himself participate in the procedure by providing the necessary effort. I
have noticed that whenever I join in the efforts and work of the marabout, my
problem is resolved." Interlocutors all insist on the necessity of believing
sincerely in the marabout's ability.

The services of the marabout are solicited by people of every socio-vocational
level, some to find a spouse, some to find work, some to get a promotion, some
to harm their neighbors. (For some find their happiness only in the unhappiness
of others.) The clients are not all good Muslims, even though the practice is
based on verses of the Koran.

42



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SENEGAL

MARABOUTISM A FLOURISHING PROFESSION :
Dakar AFRICA in French Dec 84 pp 35-38
[Article by Yaya Diallo “The Marabout Profession"]

[Text] Thiemoko is a marabout, just as others are doctors. There is no doubt in
his mind: there are stupid people, but there are no stupid professions--
especially his own, thanks to which he has scoured Africa and the world at
large like a regular businessman, either searching for clients or responding to
their invitation. Today he has his own house, four wives and 12 children. For
Thiemoko, maraboutism is not just an alternative to starvation: "It is work
like any other," he says, “and one can earn an honest livelihood at it." All
the same, the incident at the Paris airport which he himself cites brings into
question the legitimacy, the legality and even the secular nature of an unusual
profession which leaves no one indifferent,

“Upon my arrival at Charles de Gaulle Airport at Roissy, the policeman, after
examining my passport for a long time, asked me what was my profession. I said
I was a marabout,. like it said on the passport. Furious, the policeman handed
over my passport to a plainclothes officer standing beside the booth who asked
me to go with him. Then I was put on the first plane leaving for Bamako along
with other arriving immigrants who had been turned back." The only reason
Thiemoko was turned back was that he was practicing the profession of marabout.

Now in the view of the French police who denied him entry into France,
maraboutism is nothing but charlatanism, chicanery, perhaps even delinquency.
In other words, it is a practice that threatens public order. However, the
clientele of immigrant marabouts even includes some Europeans who find value in
it (see “Les Francais vus par des Africains," AFRICA No. 165).

It is true that, unlike medicine or psychoanalysis, one does not have to have
any kind of diploma to practice maraboutism. Results are not guaranteed, for in
order to deny responsibility in case of failure the marabout will often say:
the matter is in the hands of God the Omnipotent. It is undeniably based on the
irrational and on metaphysics: nothing about it is tangible or logical. The
profession is not regulated by any legislation and those who practice it are
not members of any professional association. All of this makes it something
different, something unintelligible. But, at least in Thiemoko's view, neither
its irrationality nor the juridico-social vacuum in which it operates makes it
a marginal profession, one based on charlatanism, or one in which the results
obtained are completely random. "The people who call on the services of the

40



Black members were also not keen to attend meetings chaired by their domestic
workers, who would have been élected to top positions in the branches.

Comrade Nyagumbo listed five areas of Matabeleland North and South where he

believed ZANU-PF would do well in the elections—-Tsholotsho, Binga, Esigodin, -
Filabusi and Beitbridge. He said the party had made an impact in Matabeleland,
although it recognised the reality of the political situation in the province.

ZANU-PF had made a lot of headway in the province, especially since

Cde Callistus Ndlovu had taken over the charimanship of Matabeleland North.
Comrade Ndlovu is a former Central Committee member of ZAPU who joined
ZANU-PF last year.

Comrade Nyagumbo said that as a result of Comrade Ndlowu's “vigorous campaign"
in the province, his own pessimism about the party's prospects had been
transformed into optimism.

There had been an upsurge of membership in Nkayi, Lupane, Hwange and Dete.
Many people in these areas did not want anything to do with dissidents and in
Tsholotsho the peasants were going as far as "arresting" the dissidents, apart
from identifying them to the seeurity forces. ”

"This area will remain a ZANU-PF area for a long time," he said.

Comrade Naygumbo also said the defeat of ZANU-PF candidates in Bulawayo City
Council election last year had resulted partly from the party's choice of
candidates. "If you remember, when the results were anndunced, the total
poll was only 40 percent, which meant that a majority did not vote."

The voters were not in favour of the candidates selected by the party because

they were mostly Shona-speaking. "The Ndebele-speaking members in Bulawayo
Central thought they should stand for election because it is their home area.

If Shonas are standing in Mashonaland, Manicaland and elsewhere, what right

have they to stand in Matabeleland? I believe that this was a good argument,

but if party candidates are selected, they must be voted for by all party members."

ZANU-PF candidates for the general election will be chosen by the local party
people. The Politburo will intervene with a veto only if it believes that a
candidate is completely unsuitable.

"But we will first try to convince the local officials why we are vetoing such
a candidate," he said.

CSO: 3400/466

65



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

MOZAMBIQUE

FIRST PHASE OF CABO DELGADO PROSPECTING FINISHED
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 13 Dec 84 p 1

[Text] The results of the first phase of oil prospecting carried out by the
French company CGG, in Mocimboa da Praia, Cabo Delgado Province, paid for
by the American firm ESSO, are considered promising according to the view
expressed by our country's minister of mineral resources Abdul Magid Osman,
who visited the site this week.

However, the head of the Mineral Resources Ministry made a point of stating
that the final conclusions as to whether or not there is oil on that site
will be impossible to prove until after the first drillings, an activity that
will be starting during the second half of next year.

In fact, the first phase of the oil prospecting work that has now ended consist-
ed of seismic investigation of the region, so as subsequently to establish the
exact location for the drilling.

This preliminary work was done long before the time agreed upon, owing to the
efforts expended both by the team of French technicians and the Mozambican
workers who were members of it.

The seismic survey of the region began in January of this year and was carried
out in the area contained between the Rovuma River and the district of Mecufi,
south of the city of Pemba.

With regard to the slowness that this work entails, Minister Magid Osman
commented: "It is not something that can be resolved in 2 or 3 years." He
gave a reminder that, in the North Sea of Europe, which is now an area with
large production, the oil was not discovered until after many borings had been
made.

The minister of mineral resources also claimed that it was because of the good
work done at Cabo Delgado that the Mozambican Government signed a contract with
AMOCO for a probe at the mouth of the Zambeze River and, with British Petroleum
(BP), a contract for off-shore prospecting, that is, on the ocean platform.

"We think that, in the future, based on the way in which this work has proceed-
ed, other oil companies will be interested in signing prospecting contracts,"

10



For those who listened to Jackson, the result was, in esserice, a rejection
of the black and his cause, especially in the south, where the black vote
had worked strongly to bring the Democrat Jimmy Carter to power in 1976.

The election set in motion an intense excitement in the black community.
Some feel they have been betrayed by the white man, others blame their own
black leadership for leading them down a dead-end street.

There is tension in Jesse Jackson's black front, and doubt over his approach
which was so unfruitful in the election and which, in any case, can only
be tried once every four years in a presidential election.

Those who have planned the demonstrations are acting under these pressures.
They failed in the presidential elections. Their own leadership is in
question. Their followers needed an escape valve for their bruised feelings:
they want to see "action."

By allowing them to take custody of television prime time news, and to spend
the night in jail, the demonstrators are playing on the nostalgia for the
often violent, but successful civil rights battle of the 60's. By choosing
the South Africa question as a point of contention, they are attacking the
Reagan administration indirectly, over its policy of "constructive involve-
ment" in South Africa.

Reagan stands too strong, the victory is too recent, for them to be able to
go directly for him. They are choosing what they see as his Achilles heel,
because, according to their conception of his position on South Africa, he
is revealing here what he is trying to hide in America: that he favors
white skin over black.

In this anatomy of the demonstrations there is, unfortunately, no comfort
for us, and nothing good for race relations in the U.S. and that country's
relations with us.

A fanatical agitation of feeling for and against South Africa, and less
directly toward Reagan as "friend of the Pretoria government," is harmful
for the attempts at peace in South Africa and for American-South African
relations.

Hatred turned against something far away but actually incited by internal
policies and socio-economic frustrations of the American black, is poten-
tially no less destructive because the elements in it can be so clearly
distinguished.

12494
cso: 3401/58

52.



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

ZAMBIA

CHIEFS URGED TO HELP CURTAIL SMUGGLING, AID DEVELOPMENT
Lusaka ZAMBIA DAILY MAIL in English 9 Jan 85 p 1

[Excerpt] PRESIDENT KAUNDA yesterday told chiefs in charge of border areas to
be on the lookout for smugglers of essential commodities and further ensure
fair and equitable distribution of these goods.

“Our traditional leaders are requested to join hands with the Party and its
government in flushing out these economic saboteurs," said the President when
he opened the House of Chiefs meeting at Mulungushi Hall in Lusaka.

He described smugglers as greedy people who deprived the country of essential
commodities on the one hand and foreign exchange the country would otherwise
have earned if these goods were traded in the normal way, on the other.

Dr Kaunda said chiefs controlling areas adjacent to some neighbouring states
should help the Party and its government in "curbing this cancer by reporting
suspected persons to the appropriate authorities."

Chiefs also had a role to play in monitoring the availability and distribution
of essential goods in their areas and could help to provide reliable informa-
tion to appropriate authorities to ensure fair and equitable distribution.

"The chiefs should be vigilant to ensure that wholesalers and retailers in
their areas do not engage in illicit trade practices," he said.

Dr Kaunda, who last addressed traditional rulers in December 1982, reminded
chiefs that these were normal responsibilities that traditional leaders must
carry out in the interest of the people they served.

He said responsibilities such as fighting smuggling and other vices were in
line with decentralisation. "They are not new responsibilities. I expect
each and every chief to carry out these tasks to meet the aspirations of the
people in his area."

Turning to agriculture, the President urged chiefs to promote and sustain

small-scale industries in order to create more jobs and halt the population
drift from rural to urban areas.

58



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

MOZAMBIQUE,

MNR'S EVO FERNANDES DISCUSSES LIBERATION STRUGGLE, SUCCESSES
Lisbon 0 DIA in Portuguese 24, 27 Dec 84

[Report on interview with Evo Fernandes, secretary general of the Mozambican
National Resistance, by Paradela de Abreu, in Lisbon, date not supplied]

[24 Dec 84 p 2]

[Text] “Article 7, No 3, of the Constitution of the Portuguese
Republic recognizes the right of people to rebel against all
forms of oppression, specifically against colonialism."

“They can call us armed bandits, but we consider ourselves freedom fighters."
This is how Evo Fernandes, secretary general of the Mozambican National Resistance‘ .
CRENAMO [MNR]) began a long interview granted exclusively to 0 DIA.

Almost every day, for a very long time, the Portuguese media have been reporting
on the war in Mozambique between RENAMO and FRELIMO, but these are isolated
news items--an attack, an ambush, formal statements by the Maputo government,
RENAMO communiques or official positions taken by Pretoria (South Africa).

Given this type of sporadic information, propaganda and counterpropaganda, the
Portuguese have no way of obtaining an accurate idea of reality in Mozambique.
Above all, there is great confusion about the Incomati accords » recently so
blown up both in the national and international press and from which apparently
nothing useful or constructive has resulted.

Taking advantage of a trip to Lisbon by the RENAMO secretary general, O DIA
decided to interview him , with the sole purpose of giving the readers a clear
picture of the current situation in Mozambique. This interview will enable

the Portuguese to reflect on concrete data, and the nation's centers of political
decision will have reason to reflect.

Evo Fernandes sought to summarize the history of Mozambique. Although it was
a Portuguese colony for several centuries, its current geographical territory
was defined at the Conference of Berlin at the end of the 19th century, just

as, incidentally, all the African territories that belonged to the European
powers were also defined.

12



JPRS-SSA- 85-013

"12 February 1985

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

CoNTENTS

CAMEROON

Supreme Soviet Parliamentary Delegation Friendship Visit
+ (Quentin Otabela; CAMEROON TRIBUNE, 5 Dec 84)......e+eeeeers 1

KENYA
OPEC Loan To Aid Crop Production
(Enos Nyagah; THE KENYAN TIMES, 31 Dec BA) cc eeeccececcccceee 3
Government Efforts To Control Financial Sector
(THE WEEKLY REVIEW, 14 Dec 84)....-seeeeeeeeeeeee seceeeeeeee 4
Briefs
Political Detainees Released 5
Oil Consumption Down 5
MAURITIUS
People Must Combat Growth of ‘Big Brother’ Government
(Editorial, Yvan Martial; L'EXPRESS, 31 Dec 84).........+.++ 6
Progress of PRC Cultural Agreement Discussed
(LE MAURICIEN, 29 Dec 84)..cseeccccccccececccccsecees seeeeee 9
MOZAMBIQUE

First Phase of Cabo Delgado Prospecting Finished :
(NOTICIAS, 13 Dec 84) ..cccerrreccccccscccceccsesssereceeeees 10

MNR's Evo Fernandes Discusses Liberation Struggle, Successes
(Paradela de Abreu; O DIA, 24, 27 Dec B4) cc eececccececsceeee 12

Refugee Aid Program Set Up for Returnees From Mozambique

(NOTICIAS, 18 Dec 84)...cseseeeeeceeceeerceeeevees «. 21



everyone knows, a necessary crossing for all passengers and merchandise
destined for Mauritania. As such, it constitutes a source-of currency for
the government in Nouakchott.

Mauritanian Conditions

But with the Kheune dam preventing the seawater from reaching Rosso, which
consequently lowers the river's level, particularly in periods of strong
heat, ferry operations have had to be curtailed. It can transport no more
than one truck at a time, instead of the normal two or three, Knowing this,
it is easier to understand the gnashing of teeth that this situation has
caused on the other side of the river.

For all these reasons, Mauritania presented the following conditions to the
Senegalese party: that streams on the Mauritanian side be blocked off; that
all problems relating to the ferry be solved; that pumping operations, which
have slighted the Mauritanian party up to now, be regulated; and that fresh
water be supplied to those living downstream of Kheune.

The financing of all these measures falls to Senegal of course, as if
Mauritania drew no benefit from the Mheune dam. Better still, Nouakchott
is said to have demanded an agreement in writing from the Senegalese govern-
ment. For the most part, the negotiations between the two countries took
place in St-Louis and the minister of water resources, Samba Yela Diop,
supposedly met secretly with his Mauritanian counterpart in the capital of
the North. But it would appear that all of this was for nought since the
minister of water resources finally had to travel to Nouakchott to meet
Mauritania's head of state. And it seems that Senegal finally accepted the
Mauritanian demands without which the dam would not have been rebuilt? Yet,
negotiations, which at times have taken the form of threats by the Mauritan-
ian side, should in all probability resume next year since Kheune will not
hold for more than 9 months. It remains to be seen whether Senegal will once
again give in to Mauritanian demands.

12413
cso: 3419/198

33



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

MOZAMBIQUE

REFUGEE AID PROGRAM SET UP FOR RETURNEES FROM MOZAMBIQUE
Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 18 Dec 84 p 1

[Text] A program is being readied in Manica Province to aid thousands of
Mozambicans who had emigrated to Zimbabwe in search of food and who are now
returning to their places of origin. At the present time, there are 12 centers
for Mozambican refugees in that neighboring country, lodging over 72,000
persons. It has been announced that 15 trucks, 10,000 liters of fuel and
sizable amounts of corn and hoes would be sent to Manica; but the province's
requirements are far greater, and the shipment of more food, seed, production
tools and clothing has become important.

Officials from Manica Province disclosed to NOTICIAS that over 306,000 people
are facing serious difficulties as a result of the prolonged drought, especial-
ly in Machaze, Guro, Sussundenga and Mossurize, among other areas. The popu-
lation of Manica totals 641,000.

Recently, the Ministry of Home Trade announced that both the northern and far
southern parts of Manica Province showed severe problems, simultaneously with
the occurrence of a migration movement to Zimbabwe; in addition to which
thousands of people have moved to Tete Province (another area seriously
stricken by the calamity) in search of better food conditions.

The governor of Manica, Col Manuel Antonio, was of the opinion that the aid
to the population hit by the catastrophe should also include means and tools
for production, so as to make it possible to produce anything. But Manica
Province has problems with the lack of production tools and seed, and it also
needs more food assistance.

There is an emergency program that is being directed by the Red Cross of Mozam-
bique, in coordination with the League of Red Cross Associations, in Machaze,
and it is planned to have the program cover Mungari.

Col Manuel Antonio also said that Manica Province has nearly 220 small dams
which are not being suitably used at present. He said that there was a press-
ing need to electrify some agricultural units.

Meanwhile, the national director of the Department for Prevention and Combating

of Natural Disasters, Amos Mahanjane, announced that CARE (an American organiza-
tion) would provide Manica with 10,000 liters of fuel, and that perhaps as

21



NOTE

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transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-'
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

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JPRS publications may be ordered from the National Technical
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Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SENEGAL

PREPARATIONS UNDER WAY FOR MOSCOW YOUTH FESTIVAL
Dakar LE SOLEIL in French 8 Jan 85 p 6

[Text] Senegal is actively preparing for the world festival of youth and
students that will take place next summer in Moscow, the Soviet capital.

A national preparatory committee has been at work since September to make sure
that Senegalese youth is well represented at the festival. The president of the
committee is the director of youth and socio-educational activities.

"This committee," according to Mr Mamadou Dieng, its secretary general, "is
comprised of the youth organizations that are members of the National Youth
Council of Senegal (CNJS), student representatives, delegates from the
Ministries of Higher Education and National Education, Culture, Information,
Youth and Sports." ‘

Four subcommittees (culture, sports, political affairs and finance) have been
created, and their members meet regularly. Their work will end in the
production of documents which will be our country's contribution to the Moscow
festival and will be seen by youth from around the world.

It goes without saying that the work of the first three subcommittees, and
particularly the one dealing with political problems, is receiving special
attention from the committee members. Rigorous and methodical work is demanded
of everyone at that level.

The Moscow festival will involve cultural and athletic activities, as well as
discussions of general problems in the field of education and training. Both on
the playing fields and in the working committees that will be established,
Senegalese youth will have a contribution to make.

For the moment, the committee is examining every possible approach to making
Senegal's participation in the Moscow festival a success. The financing of such
a trip, however, poses some problems. "Participation in such a festival," said
the secretary general of the committee, "requires considerable financial
resources, and the young people thought it would be desirable, from their point
of view, to obtain some subsidies from the state."

Mr Dieng hopes that with the help of the media, the demonstrations which the

committee has planned to promote state support will popularize the festival's
themes.

45



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SAO TOMS AND PRINCIPE

FRG DISASTER AID BRINGS CLOSER LINKS TO WEST
Frankfurt/Main FRANKFURTER ALIGEMEINE ZSITUNG in German 27 Dec 84 p5
[article by "vL": "Sao Tome and Principe Turning to West" ]

[Text] Frankfurt, 26 December—The African island nation of Sao Tome and
Principe has recognized the Berlin clause, For a good 2 years now, the
small, strategically important group of islands in the Gulf of Guinea has
peen trying to open its doors to the West. Without any restrictions and
without debate Sao Tome and Principe has now accepted the Berlin clause in
an exchange of diplomatic notes. In its development aid agreements with
Third World nations the Bonn government has been insisting on an inclusion
of the "Land Berlin" in the text. As a consequence of this acceptance, the
first aid shipment of foodstuffs from the FRG has arrived in Sao Tome during
the past few days consisting of 730 tons of wheat ‘flour. Continuing develop-
ment aid shipments in addition to this disaster aid package have not yet
been worked out but have now become possible.

Angola thus is the only African nation left which has not accepted the Ber—
lin clause at the insistence of the East Bloc. This is one of the reasors
why Angola has not yet become part of the Lomé agreement which was approved
by almost all African,. Caribbean and Pacific nations and the Zuropean Con=-
mmity. Mozambique—a former Portuguese colony like Angola and Sao Tome and
Frincipe—finally accepted the Berlin clause in the summer of 1982 after
years of hedging, It is difficult to tell at this point whether the dis-
missal of Angola's foreign minister Paulo Jorge a few weeks ago——who was
thought to have particularly close ties to the East--will make it easier
for Angola to accept the Berlin clause,

The "Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe," the smallest African
nation with the exception of the Seychelles and the smallest in terms of
population (100,000 inhabitants) had been strongly oriented toward the East
ever since attaining independence in 1975. There still are advisers from
the East Bloc in the country today: some 200 Cuban experts, it seems, such
as economic planners, educators and health professionals in addition to
about 100 advisers from the Soviet Union. The GDR trade representative's
office has a staff of about 20 or 30. Thus far, Sao Tome and Principe has

29



JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

SENEGAL

IRAQIS, GOVERNMENT NEWSPAPER CRITICIZED
Dakar WAL FADJRI in French 28 Dec 84-11 Jan 85 p 6

[Text] While looking over the columns of the 14 December issue of SOLEIL, our
attention was caught by a smartly prepared advertising inset on page 7. It was
announcing a so-called artistic competition being organized and sponsored by
Iraq on the theme of the alleged “horror and criminal atrocity" committed by
Iranians against Iraqi "prisoners." To provide additional enticement to artists
in the plastic media, a note at the end of the ad mentioned emoluments.

What kind of art is this, and which artists are being sought? This question
arises when the ornate ad says that inquiries regarding the theme must be
addressed to the Iraqi Embassy in Senegal. When we know that the artist is by
definition a being who is close sentimentally, emotionally and sometimes
physically to his material, we might well ask what artist worthy of the name
would play a game in which he is a pawn. In reality, any artist who would paint
those so-called “horrors" is no longer an artist insofar as he allows himself
to be manipulated.

The other impression one has from the advertisement is that Iraq is trying to
move the war with Iran onto Senegalese territory--in order to force the hand of
the Senegalese regime, in hopes of getting Senegal's active and effective
support in the international arena. And in order to do that, Iraq is trying to
use this competition as a means of stampeding Senegal's plastic artists.

These impressions are only the tip of the iceberg. The other part, hidden,
smells of petrodollars. This gets into the politics of "payoffs" in Baghdad.
For we should not fool ourselves--and we have material proof for what we are
saying--some local journalists, and not by any means the most insignificant
(the black sheep of the profession) receive a regular "salary" or a periodic
and substantial bonus from the Iraqi Government, This state of affairs
dishonors and tramples on the sovereignty of our nation. Our Mauritian brothers
on the daily CHAAB had first-hand experience of this when the publication
manager of the Arabic edition was put under arrest, after having been corrupted
by the Iraqis.

Whatever degree of corruption may be observed in the Senegalese press, SOLEIL
is and remains a governmental organ, and both its positions and its
“advertising” on issues touching on an international conflict are the
responsibility of the state. And given the neutrality which the Senegalese
Government proclaims with regard to the Irano-Iraqi war, we cannot understand

38



SOVIET FISH DELIVERIES--During the first 8 months of 1984, four Soviet vessels
docked at the port of Beira where they unloaded a total of 3,000 metric tons of
fish for the Mozambican Fish Export Enterprise. Soviet fishing vessels also
‘caught and handed to our authorities in Beira 90 tons of fish within the frame-
work of economic and technical cooperation signed between the two countries.

As part of Mozambique-USSR cooperation, agreements were signed in 1984 in the
field of fisheries according to which the USSR will give our country six
fishing vessels. [Text] [Maputo Domestic Service in Portuguese 1030 GMT

18 Jan 84 MB]

FRG FOOD AID--0n Tuesday, the government of the Federal Republic of Germany
approved the granting of 68.3 million marks' worth of food assistance to
combat the famine in Mozambique and other African states stricken by the
drought. The Mozambican Government will receive food and medicine worth
12.1 million marks.. The largest portion of German aid will go to Ethiopia,
amounting to 36.6 million marks for the purchase of wheat, edible oil and
trucks to supply the population. Concurrently, another 6 million marks will
be provided to supply 10,000 tons of wheat that had been promised to Addis
Ababa by the FRG minister for economic cooperation, Juergen Warnke, during

a visit that he paid to that country on 2 December. Other countries covered
by the assitance are Somalia (13 million marks), Sudan (9.2) and the Central
African Republic (3.4). The food products and the other assistance will be
distributed by international charitable organizations and private FGR agencies
and some associated with the Catholic and Lutheran Churches. The reinforce-
ment of the FRG's aid is due to the fact that, based on the predictions made
by the international organizations, the food calamity in Africa has not yet
reached its most critical point. [Excerpt] (Maputo NOTICIAS in Portuguese 13
Dec 84 p 1] 2909

CSO: 3442/147

24



important elections. However, the rest of the time we must create together a
better Mauritius, a Mauritius that is a better provider, since it now has a
million people. .

The opposition's attitude toward the Dulloo parliamentary committee to
investigate drug effects in Matritius will be indicative. Mauritius, which is
suffering a revival of drugs, will not understand if at a time when a strategy
is being developed to combat this affliction the opposition decides not to
cooperate.

The nonpoliticians have until now depended too much on the politicians to
accomplish their task. The attitude of resignation is no longer acceptable
Each has his role to play in his particular sector. Each must be attentive to
his rights and his duties. This requires that each vocational sector must be
able to mobilize its forces at any time the need arises. Also, we must no
longer be afraid to make known to everyone the serious problems that this or
that sector is facing. It is possible that what some may not be able to
achieve within four walls, public opinion may be able to achieve if it decides
that the cause is just and that it merits everyone's support.

Finally, it matters little who wins. or loses as long as Mauritius gains. This
victory of a more prosperous because more free Mauritius will be achieved if
everyone strives to fulfil his mission to his best ability.

For that, however, we must overcome fear. We must have the courage to
approach the other with confidence. The government must know that by treating
its citizens like slaves, it will not obtain a slave output.. The opposition
must always remember that it is expected to demonstrate that it is a credible
alternative, and must therefore accept cooperation with the existing
government when that is possible, and not engage in a systematic and
destructive opposition. The nonpoliticians must realize that freedom does not
fall ready-made from the sky. It is necessary to fight to achieve it, and
fight to keep it. Whoever is not prepared to go to prison to defend his rights
is not worthy to have them. He is not emancipated. He is still a slave.
Mauritius must not continue to be a slave to fear in the coming year also.

9920
CSO: 3419/239



SHORTAGE OF SPARES SLOWS COPPER PRODUCTION

JPRS-SSA-85-013
12 February 1985

East London DAILY DISPATCH in English 28 Dec 84 p 5

[Text]

CHINGOLA (Zambia) —
Thirty 120-ton trucks,
their wheels and en-
gines missing, lie in a
workshop next to Zam-
bia’s biggest open cast
copper mine.

The trucks, which cost
R1 million each, are
being cannibalised to
keep others moving.
Otherwise the fleet of
111 giant loaders would
grind to a halt for lack of
spare parts.

A severe shortage of
spares has hit the whole
of Zambia's copper in-
dustry, the basis of the
country’s economy and
virtually its only source
of foreign exchange.

The world price of
copper has been low for
years and Zambia is now
earning far less foreign
exchange than it needs.
It cannot afford to buy
equipment and spares to
keep the industry run-
ning efficiently.

So Zambia is the vic-
tim of a continuous
downward spiral. The
lack of spares hinders
production and lowpro-
duction means even less
foreign exchange to buy
spares. .

Now State-controlled
Zambia Consolidated
Copper Mines (ZCCM) is
spending R600 million to
replace or repair essen-
tial equipment, to buy
spares and improve the
skills of engineers and
technicians.

The World Bank, Euro-
pean Community and

60

African Development
Bank are providing ab-
out half the money in the
form of soft loans. ZCCM
is expected to find the
rest from its own re-
sources. .

But these are limited
as it is allowed to keep
only 35 per cent of its
foreign exchange earn-
ings, a proportion many
officials feel is insuffi-
cient.

Mr John Hoatson,
general manager of
Nchanga, the biggest of
ZCCM’s four copper-
producing divisions,
said he would be hap-
pier if it could retain 50
Per cent.

Because of a lack of
money only 22 million
cubic metres of overbur-
den or waste rock had
been removed from
Nehanga open pit
against a target of 31 mil-
lion cubic metres, he
added.

“Our first priority is to
maintain ore produc-
tion, provided we are
able to keep the spares
coming in and increase
our skills,” he said.

Officials said that in
an effort to improve effi-
ciency, 18 of the US-built
loaders now ran on rela-
tively cheap electricity,
saving 40 litres of fuel
each trip up and down
the steep edge of the pit.

The company plans to
hook up 15 more trucks
to the cable. But as the
electrically-powered
vehicles can travel

ZAMBIA


Also, the secretary of the preparatory committee for the Moscow youth festival
noted that only his committee "has the expertise to prepare and carry out all
the preparatory activities for the Moscow meeting." Mr Dieng made those remarks
in reference to the Senegalese political environment, where some 15 political
movements are competing,

He also added that "preparation and participation in meetings like the Moscow
festival of youth and students is strictly determined by governments.
Consequently, the national preparatory committee set up on 13 September under
the aegis of the Ministry of Youth and Sports is the only organization able to
prepare and carry out all the preparatory activities for the Moscow festival.
It should be noted that all the organizations of youths and students have
received invitations to participate and make their contribution to the
preparation of Senegal's documents destined for the Moscow festival."

Finally, in the opinion of the secretary of the national preparatory committee
for the Moscow festival, "Senegal, as always, is taking very seriously this
great convocation of youth from around the world, who will have the opportunity
to express their dreams, their fears and their hopes. As far as our country is
concerned, we are more than ever committed to support and keep supporting the
efforts of youth, to enable them to create their own means of expression and to
have them share in the responsibility for our collective destiny."

9516 :
CSO : 3419/240

46



masses, Assertions bereft of credibility, often accompanied by completely -_
unrepresentative public opinion polls or misleading photographs, and sometimes
relying on so-called sociological analyses based on demagoguery.

So what we need to remember now, on the doorstep of 1985, is that more than 90
percent of our people are Muslim and that Islam is a plan for society. And to
motivate the people at every level (cultural, economic and social) requires
acting on the basis of those deep convictions which alone can lead to a united
civic spirit. To those who say that a majority is not enough--that there is
also the question of truth--we say that Islam is the possessor of an
unshakeable truth, the pertinence and consistency of which can withstand close
inspection. .

With such a steadfast majority, and with respect for the minority, we can build
a solid democracy, respectful of our traditions, the vanguard of a stable
socio-economic development,

May God grant that all of us, in 1985, may fully live our faith.

9516
CSO : 3419/227

48



remarked Abdul Magid who, during his visit to Cabo Delgado, was accompanied
by the director of the National Hydrocarbons Enterprise and a representative
from ESSO; and in Mocimboa da Praia, he met with the director of the province,
Army Gen Alberto Joaquim Chipande.

The minister of mineral resources also claimed that the visit served to "survey
the situation completely, particularly checking on the progress of the coopera-
tion between the provincial structural agencies and the French company, and
also finding out how the work was done for coordination between the central
structures and ESSO."

2909
CSO: 3442/147

11