*The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the

District of Minnesota, sitting by designation.

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 00-2859

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United States of America, *

*

Appellee, * Appeal from the United States

* District Court for the Eastern

v. * District of Missouri.

*

Mary Lee Sanford, * [UNPUBLISHED]

*

Appellant. *

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Submitted: March 13, 2001

Filed: March 22, 2001 

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Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD and FAGG, Circuit Judges, and MONTGOMERY,*

District Judge.

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PER CURIAM.

Police used a confidential informant to buy crack cocaine from Tyrone Mack.

Mary Lee Sanford, Mack's spouse, drove the couple's vehicle during the buy and

directed the informant to the drug's location in a ditch. At her jury trial for aiding and

abetting the distribution of crack cocaine, Sanford's main theory of defense was that she

did not know a drug transaction was happening. Over Sanford's objection, the district
**The Honorable E. Richard Webber, United States District Judge for the Eastern

District of Missouri.

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court** admitted testimony from a cooperating witness who was at Sanford's home on

several occasions in 1998 and 1999 to buy drugs. The witness testified that on those

occasions, he saw Sanford retrieve bags of crack cocaine from a hiding place in her

back yard or inside the house, and hand the bags to Mack outside. The witness also

said Mack would sell the drugs after Sanford went into the house. The district court

instructed the jury to consider the testimony for the sole purpose of proving whether

Sanford knowingly and intentionally aided and abetted the distribution of cocaine base.

The jury convicted Sanford, and the district court sentenced her to 121 months in

prison. 

On appeal, Sanford contends the earlier bad acts testimony was not admissible

under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). Rule 404(b) permits admission of earlier bad

acts to show proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, or absence of mistake or accident, but not to show propensity to commit the

charged crime. See United States v. Shoffner, 71 F.3d 1429, 1432 (8th Cir. 1995). We

review admission of earlier bad acts evidence for abuse of discretion and reverse only

when the evidence clearly had no bearing on the case. See id. Earlier bad acts are

admissible under Rule 404(b) if the evidence is relevant to a material issue, proved by

a preponderance of the evidence, greater in probative value than prejudicial effect, and

similar in kind and not overly remote in time to the charged crime. See id. Sanford

asserts the testimony does not satisfy these criteria because Sanford did not know that

the bags contained drugs or that Mack was engaged in drug transactions. We conclude

the district court did not abuse its broad discretion in admitting the testimony. 

Sanford's earlier possession of crack cocaine and distribution of the drug to Mack was

relevant to show Sanford's knowledge and intent, the jury could reasonably find by a

preponderance of the evidence that the earlier bad acts occurred and that Sanford was

the actor, the probative value of the testimony was not substantially outweighed by the
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risk of unfair prejudice, and the earlier bad acts were sufficiently similar to the charged

crime to support an inference of criminal intent. See United States v. Molina, 172 F.3d

1048, 1054 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 893 (1999); United States v. Loveless, 139

F.3d 587, 592 (8th Cir. 1997); United States v. Logan, 121 F.3d 1172, 1178 (8th Cir.

1997); Shoffner, 71 F.3d at 1432. We thus affirm Sanford's conviction.

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.